Good morning. I'm Mary Ellen and today I'm going to share with you my favorites, my fails. I'm gonna announce a secret giveaway winner. I'm gonna tell you how I got duped and gonna talk about television. Today is September 2nd. It is a beautiful day but I haven't used the color well in my hair so if it's frizzy that's why I haven't washed my hair this month. And I've been getting a lot of compliments on my skin. I really have and there's a couple of reasons for that. It's still humid, it's still hot, even though it's lovely and I retain water in warmer months just like with my ring. I usually wear it on this finger. I used to wear it on this finger and then I lost weight and in the winter a lot of times I have to wear it here.  Thank you very much and I always do put what I'm wearing, what makeup I'm wearing in the information area below this. And if it's not listed that means I don't have it on. I have never enjoyed shopping and I just about order everything online and I know now kind of why. I had to return a package to CVS in the next town over and I thought you know I'm gonna look at their makeup. Well the only cruelty free brands that I saw were Covergirl and Physicians Formula and Wet and Wild and some of the products that I wanted to try they didn't have any of them but they had they had tons of other makeup that wasn't cruelty free. And today in my favorites I do have some makeup and a little bit of skincare. And the first thing I want to talk about is a brush and I had given two sets of BK Beauty brushes away and one of them had this one in it and my friend Mary Glitzy Fritzy said oh my gosh I can't believe you gave the 102 brush away and here's the 102 brush. She said it was her very favorite powder brush and I think it's really meant for loose powders but hopefully I'll give you a demo of doing a light coat using the CC Plus Powder. I do love this brush. It just it feels so good on the skin and a lot of times all I really want is just a very light coat of powder and if I wear anything so this was a winner and I'm really glad I bought it. I bought it during I think she had 20 percent off. I do have a 10 percent discount code but if you sign up for her email anytime she has a sale she will send you an email. And speaking of Mary she did an excellent excellent video on all of the Sigma brushes she owns. I found it really fascinating. You don't have to own Sigma brushes to watch it but you may see a certain brush and you may have it from a different brand and if you know what that brush is intended for you you could put it to use but I really did enjoy that video and I will link it below. I placed an order to It Cosmetics. They had I think a 30 percent off sale and I was very happy to know they still have the CC Plus Airbrush Perfecting Powder. They don't claim that it is an SPF. They don't claim any SPF. The first three ingredients are mica, titanium oxide and zinc oxide. I guess I just didn't want to put the claim on there but I love that and that's what I'm wearing today but I'm wearing more than I did in the demonstration video that I showed you. I used a smaller brush and I filled in the areas here with a little brush. I bought this several months ago in an altar order and it is the Anastasia Beverly Hill Brow Freeze and I'll do a little demonstration. I absolutely love this. I've been using hairspray on my brows and that's something I do pretty well every day is my brows and I was noticing that there was a little bit of flakiness underneath my brow and I thought that's that alcohol in the hairspray so I had really been on the search for a long time for something good that freezes my brows. I don't have to use anything on them but something that's clear like this and and I love it and I anything that's in a pot I always store upside down and I and I don't have things dry out on me. I was talking to my friend Natalie the Beauty Diva. I was looking for some different eyeliners and I know I can get drugstore eyeliners and I know some of them are really good and they are really good but when you're a little bit older I just want to be I just kind of like with my eyes I want to use the best stuff that I can and she reminded me that if you order makeup from Nordstrom that there's no shipping and handling well I think if you order anything from Nordstrom there's no shipping and handling so I was wanting a powder eyeliner that you use with water and of course it has to be cruelty free and I found one from Trish McAvoy. I had to depot it and put it in this little container right here because it just came in a plastic thing but I really do like it. I've worn it on and off for a couple of months and I don't need to have I don't have to wear any eyeshadow any primer anything on my lids and it does stay all day and this is the brush I was using this little tiny brush right here I was using to apply it. I just squirt water right in the on the mirror and then get my eyeshadow and I like it. Something else I bought that I really like it's a Hello Lights Creme highlighter and I'll tell you this is gonna be a giveaway so just wait till later on and I'll tell you about it. Here it is I watched and demonstrated and what I do with it I don't have any on right now but I just use my two fingers on the bottom part of it and go like this and touch wherever I want to have highlighted and I don't know if that's gonna show in here or not but oh man it shows in my mirror here if I want to put it on in the inner part of my eye I would take a small brush and just put it there you know if you want to highlight your upper lip or above your eyebrows or your eyebrows but I do really like this so I got this from QVC and I better put some on this other side but I just kind of go like that and use it wherever I want just a little bit of highlight until this past year until this year I was a huge fan of the ordinary AHA 30 BHA peel and it just became too strong for my face well when I did my extras video and I shaved my face I just was so shocked on how much stuff came off I really was I almost didn't show it but I thought I'm gonna add something in and on June the 2nd I started using this and this is the ordinary glycolic acid 7% and it's a towing solution and I've tried it many ways and here's how it works for me I absolutely love this Shade O'Cottons and I cut them into four pieces so about a couple of times a week I will put this on my face and a little bit on my neck and I avoid the eye area and I will let it set for probably five ten minutes and then I go in with the miracle water the miracle water and I take it off if I leave it on too long it it kind of bothers me but what it does it really does help loosen any dry skin and I've noticed when I'm shaving even though I use my enzymatic pills every other Sunday this really has helped a lot and I know it's less than $10 and it's just been well it's been part of my routine since June 2nd and I still have a whole lot left I always wait a few months before I talk about something just because I want to see if it is as good and this is what it works for me it may not work for you but it works for me and I ordered it from Amazon and it's right here and Jim took a picture of me the other morning and if I can figure out how to put it in here if it were if it worked I'll show you what it looks like on it's made of rayon and spandex and in the description when you look at all the information it you know it says you're supposed to wash it and let it drip dry well I'm a good size 14 is what I pretty well wear and you would normally get an extra large well because I knew that I was not going to drip dry this I was I was going to dry it in the dryer and till it was almost dry and hang it up I ordered an extra extra large there's only one thing I don't like about it it comes up higher kind of like a princess style waistband and I'm fine with it I would have preferred it if it was longer I don't know if it's because I was bestie I really like it it's comfortable I can sit down without it opening up and and the color is just okay I prefer a pinker pink than this but I am really happy with it and I've been I don't know how many times I've washed it and it's held up just really well when as soon as I got it I checked all the seams and everything looked good I found some good elevation protein meal bars chocolate peanut butter I found them at Aldi they have 12 grams of protein 10 grams of fiber and I think they're 12 grams of carbs which you know I like them to be a little less low carb than that but I really do like them so I did find these and they're good and I got to read something to you I got a comment on my video and it tickled me to death and then I'll talk about something else and I'm not going to say who wrote it but she's a very nice woman who wrote this she said I love your videos and follow everyone that you do no offense to you of course but we tried three different flavors of built bars and it's like chewing rubber rubber tires glad you enjoyed them though I read that to Jim and he went well they are really chewy he said but they taste like good rubber tires but that's just like everything you know there's three flavors that I love I love the cookies and cream I love the peanut butter and the coconut almond those are my three go to they did send me some samples of the raspberry cheesecake and I don't have any left they were delicious but I will tell you they have seeds if your doctor told you not to eat anything with seeds there are seeds in these but they're delicious they had something new I think they'll come again they're called protein balls and this is the package that they were in and there were two of them and I really liked them I bought some I'm in fact I've got an order in right now the puff bars were back and I bought three boxes of those and with that I could buy a box of these for $14.95 I don't like them as much as I do the built bars and I love the puff bars so if you get their emails you're already aware of it and they'll probably be back I don't know that's one thing I don't understand things not everything's always available when you want it that maybe they'll eventually get it that way dermatology sent me their vitamin C plus E plus ferulic acid and I've tried it on this half of my face I guess for the last six weeks and I've used my I'm back to use I use timeless or skin diva is what I use and they're very affordable I think this sells for $69 and I do have a 20% off discount so I think it'd be like $55 I can't tell any difference at all I'm gonna continue trying it but if I know that I would not repurchase it because I'm liking what's going on with my skin at way under half the price of that so that's okay now I've got two fails when I place the order for the CC plus powder powder foundation I thought well I am gonna try one of their new no-tag gel eyeliners they replace their they reformulated they had it in blue it's when you have to sharpen I am fine I don't care if you have to sharpen them or if they're already you know the kind you roll up in fact sometimes I really do like a pencil better because I don't want a sharp tip because only thing I do with this is my upper water line it was horrible it was chunky I mean when I say chunky it would skip I don't know what they did but it does not work anymore it works very well for an eyeliner above the lashes but I don't I prefer other types I'm not one that has ever liked pencils above my eyelashes so this is a fail when it came to a upper waterline but if you use eyeliner above your lashes or below your lashes it was good but for my purpose it wasn't and then you know I've been wearing my Apple Watch 11 my Apple Watch I'm not having any problems at all with the stainless steel so I thought well all I can wear is 14 karat gold earrings I can get by with wearing sterling silver for a few hours but you know I don't have a lot of earrings well I thought well I can wear stainless steel so I'm gonna order some and I ordered two pair and I like both of them I wear a lot of huggies these little tiny huggies I put them in and within 15 minutes my ears started bothering me so my daughter isn't doesn't have any metal allergies you would think that stainless steel would not bother your ears but it did so I'll just keep wearing my gold earrings and I'm not gonna try anything else not going to now I want to talk about television we have internet and we have cable and there is absolutely no way that I can get rid of cable Jim there's so many shows that Jim likes he and he likes to DVR shows so all you people that were able to cut cable I am impressed for you if I lived here by myself I wouldn't have it I mean I really wouldn't I would have internet and I wouldn't have all those shows because I don't watch that much TV I watch TV when I come in the bedroom at night and normally it is on it's on some streaming device I always have Netflix and I do the one that just for one TV and I think it's 899 a month and then I rotate different ones and right now I have peacock is my other app that I use I heard about this from Melissa 55 and I tell you what it was called doctor death and I could not believe it I I couldn't believe it if you're going to be having surgery don't watch it because it's a true story about a doctor that caused death and harm to a lot of people but what was interesting is how they finally got him it was very scary very eye-opening and very well done so I mean I did enjoy it and so I thought I'd pass that on to you I am watching the ninth season of call the midwife love that love sister Monica Jones love sister Julianne I love the whole cast I think they're great I went to a Catholic school and we didn't have any nuns that had those pretty names our nuns were the school sisters of Notre Dame and we had sister Ann's Bertha sister Salisha and sister Ignatius it's a nice show if you haven't watched it it's I think it's very good something else I enjoyed was dirty John the Betty Broderick story and I'm not sure if it's on USA I had a hard time finding it and once I found it I watched it and I thought it was very interesting it kind of showed a little different side to what Betty Broderick went through I thought it was very good I finished two episodes of Yellowstone and I stopped it I mean there was killing and everything everything that you can imagine but it was a show what I like is something that grabs me that I want to watch the next one and I want to watch the next one so I watched one episode every night and I stopped at the end of the second season I know something surprising happens at the end of the third season so I thought I'd start watching it again once the fourth season gets aired I want to share with you and this may surprise a lot of you I want to I want to share with you my very favorite episodic series that I've ever seen and this was from my best friend since brownies she lives in Springfield and this was I mean years ago she said there is a show you have got to watch she said the character development is unbelievable the storyline is great I know you will love it and she told me the name of it so I searched it out on the internet and I watched the first episode and I said I don't think this is one I'm gonna like at all because it had everything in it she said keep watching well I tell you what that hooked me and I watched every episode and the name of it was justified in fact I told my friend Pat the one who passed away last on January 1st I was telling her about it and she loved it so much when she they bought a home out in the hills which Pat always wrote wrote horses and that she could go and ride her horses and the name of their cabin and their land is justified but it's not for everybody but it was one of them that grabbed me and it actually ended there was an ending to it there was a beginning there was an end you know I live in southern Illinois and we have a couple of counties that are south of us that if you get on the wrong gravel road people come out on their front porch with shotguns you don't know what's going on there so a little of that was realistic to me before I tell you about how I was scanned I want to announce the secret giveaway winner and that winner is Rose J Rose be sure and leave a comment below and I'll let you know how to get in touch with me congratulations okay I got to share something with you I was duped and I've got to make some changes my last video that I had announced the giveaway winners I put it in the title plus three winners I will never do that again what happened is within the first hour three people claimed their gifts and I was so excited that all three people watched within the first hour you know that that was like wonderful to me well one of them said PayPal and one of them said they wanted an e-vanilla gift card it was like a Visa card and then the other one the first one who said they want to PayPal sent me back and said can I change it well I said sure you know so I went ahead and went to this even Ella my vanilla gift card calm and I put in both of their information and I put in my debit number and it said it was declined so I emailed them back and said we'll have to do something different so they both wanted Amazon this was early on Monday morning didn't think anything of it my third winner claimed her gift and she wanted PayPal later in the day after all this was said and done later in the day I had comments from what I believe were the true winners you know I am so excited to win anyway it was a mess all of them ended up my $150 giveaway ended up being a $300 giveaway I had to close my bank account because not only was it it it wasn't accepted but it did it deducted the amount from my account and I called the bank and they said you need to get a new debit card close out that debit don't use it which causes a lot of problems because I have a lot of things automatically taken out of that checking account so then I opened up a new Gmail and that is only going to be for winners so what I'm going to do moving forward I am going to you know that when I do a giveaway the next time I upload a video I announce the winners so I'll never put winners in the title anymore and I'm going to wait for 24 to 48 hours before I send the gift I like to do it just like that I love that but those times are gone and I guess they just needed the money so after all that I want to let you know that today is a giveaway and I am excited it is international and you just have to be 18 years older older and I'll let you know what I want you to say after I talk about what I'm going to give away and because this is a giveaway I cannot reply to comments but if you go to any other video and if you need to ask me a question I'd be glad to answer it there the first gift that I have to give is the hello light cream and the brush and this has never been opened and I'll show you what the brush is like it has a tip like this and it would be great for lots of things so I'm this goes this isn't it cosmetics brush and it goes with the cream that I demonstrated earlier this one right here so this is what I'm going to call the set just the other day I received in the mail from dermatology their needle is serum and I got two bottles of it I am not going to use it and I'll tell you why I am really happy with how my skin has been behaving and I'm next month I'm going to be 68 so I've got to really be careful what I put on my skin and plus I mean like these are $69 even with my discount they're $55 and I'm just I'm just if my skin takes a turn downward I will buy some because I my oldest sister really likes them so I have two bottles of these so that is my giveaway for today and if you want to be entered in your comment below in the sentence if you want this is if this is your first choice use the word set and if you want this to be your first choice just use the word serum and I will know what you're interested in the first name that comes up gets their choice the second name that comes up if they've mentioned both of them they'll get the other so there'll be three winners it is all good thank you all for all your support I appreciate it more than you will ever know I will see you in my next video and take care and warmer and I was and she and because I will put it your you know the CC plus cream so that was one of my favorites in


If you've ever read a novel that kept you wanting to find out what's going to happen next, or watched a movie that drops ominous hints about the fate of one or more of its characters, then you've probably already experienced foreshadowing. foreshadowing is a narrative device in which suggestions or warnings about events to come are dropped or planted. Sometimes foreshadowing is relatively obvious. Other times it can be more obscure or esoteric, especially when certain elements can only be recognized as foreshadowing after the fact, when readers have more information with which to contextualize and make sense of what happened earlier. So foreshadowing takes advantage of the difference between two additional literary terms that, in conversation, are often used synonymously but actually mean pretty different things. Plot, which is the order of events in a narrative as they would take place linearly, and narrative, which is how those events are told or related. So when a piece of foreshadowing shows up early in the narrative, it hints at or gestures towards something that is going to take place later in the plot, usually not by giving away precisely what's going to happen, but by dropping a hint, or making an illusion to something that's going to occur down the road, so to speak. We're being told about it now in the narrative, then, to heighten our anticipation and make us want to find out what's going to happen in the plot. Foreshadowing can serve multiple purposes. The most common is to generate or increase narrative suspense or tension. This is why foreshadowing is often found at the end of chapters or sections, and why it's a standard feature in genres that really rely on suspense, like the Gothic novel, the horror movie. A classic example of this kind of foreshadowing can be found in Mary Shelley's famous Gothic and early science fiction novel, Frankenstein, from 1818. When Victor Frankenstein is telling us about his childhood, he is narrating from the vantage point of many years later, so he knows more than we, as readers do, about what's going to happen in the future. At one point, for example, Victor relates how during a family vacation when he was 13, a rainy day forced him to stay indoors, and Victor found some old books of occult philosophy by the medieval mystic Cornelius Agrippa. After beginning to read them eagerly, he asks his father about them, but gets only an offhand dismissal. Victor then tells us, quote, if instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded, and that a modern system of science had been introduced, I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside. It is even possible that the train of my ideas would never have received the fatal impulse that led to my ruin. But the cursory glance that my father had taken of my volume by no means assured me that he was acquainted with its contents, and I continued to read with the greatest pleasure. Here we have a very explicit bit of foreshadowing, something that clearly tells the reader to expect bad things to happen as a result of Victor's early exposure to mystical treatises that don't respect the boundaries and limitations of modern science. Just as Victor will famously go on to transgress the boundaries of the possible by learning to reanimate dead matter. But as I already mentioned, sometimes foreshadowing isn't this obvious. Sometimes it's not something the narrator says, for example, but something that happens whose significance only becomes clear later. And there's a good example of this just a few pages later in Shelley's novel. When Victor, still narrating his childhood, recalls a memory of watching, quote, a most violent and terrible thunderstorm. As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak, which stood about 20 yards from our house. As so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared and nothing remained but a blasted stump. The catastrophe of this tree excited my extreme astonishment, and I eagerly inquired of my father, the nature and origin of thunder and lightning. He replied, electricity. Shelley's original readers would likely not have known what to make of this scene, besides recognizing the sublimity of nature's power. But several chapters later in the novel, when Victor finally undertakes his terrible act of creation, it strongly hinted that the power behind it is the same power that devastated the oak of his childhood, electricity. When Victor describes his plan to quote, infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet, readers can think back to that original lightning strike and recognize its clever foreshadowing in a way that only comes into focus later in what Victor calls my workshop of filthy creation. As with much foreshadowing, then, this is Mary Shelley's way of telling readers, essentially, don't say I didn't warn you. Of course, foreshadowing is also frequently used in realist narratives, too. Anytime a first person narrator says something like, little did I know that my decision to skip my morning coffee would come back to haunt me by mid afternoon, we're in the realm of foreshadowing. Even if all that's being foreshadowed here is the fact that the narrator will fall asleep in an afternoon department meeting. Note this example is totally not based on personal experience.


That's right! With the Fazbear Fun Time service, you'll never be alone again! It's guaranteed! With our exclusive animatronics, you'll always have someone watching your back! They'll provide you with hours of fun, fun, fun entertainment and companionship! You can't hide! From a future of fun! Our special delivery will make you jump with excitement! Subscribe today! Don't miss this opportunity! And remember, we're always watching out for you! It's your lucky day! We've sent our highest-rated animatronic as a preview of our sensational service. Freddy Fazbear is on his way! Freddy's here! He's just dying to see you! It appears our patented Anim Stealth module is overreacting. Look around for residual interference. It seems Freddy's being a bit shy. Isn't that cute? Use the flashlight to help locate him. Oh dear! Freddy sure isn't himself today. Wait for Freddy to de-cloak, then use your shocker to reset him. Congratulations! You've been selected for our newest service! You'll never know who's coming to visit! Press yes now to experience the best we have to offer for the next 24 hours! We're thrilled that you chose our service! You may now look forward to the power of excitement! As part of our eternal package, another delivery is on its way! How exciting for you! You'll never be alone again! Error! System override! Reboot! The workshop will let you modify your new endoskeleton. How fun is that? So fun! For now, send Bear and Doe out to collect parts, select deploy, and then select salvage. While you're waiting for more fun to arrive, why not try out Remnant Collection?  Use the flashlight to draw it in and collect it. Be careful to avoid this shadowy Remnant guarding it, or you may get a surprise you won't like at all. Congratulations on completing your expert user certification! You now have the tools to enjoy an eternity of friendship with the Fazbear family. Now that you have an endoskeleton, let's head to the workshop. While salvaging, your animatronic will gather parts and bring them back. Remnant is used to power up your animatronics.  Don't worry, this never happens. It appears this animatronic has suffered a malfunction. Better luck next time. I bet you didn't expect me to show up. Did you now? I hope you enjoy my visit. I've got a special delivery just for you. I bet you didn't expect me to show up. Did you now? I hope you enjoy my visit. I've got a special delivery just for you. I hope you enjoy my visit. I'm planning on making it extra special for you. I hope you enjoy my visit. I've got a special delivery just for you. I've planned something special just for you. I've prepared a special happy fun time just for you. It looks like someone wasn't ready for Freddy to come to the party. It looks like someone wasn't ready for Freddy to come to the party. It looks like somebody wasn't ready for Freddy to come to the party. Most people like my hugs. Now would be a good time to hold your breath. Sound out? All that fear there isn't helping either of us. Round and round we go. We're going. Nobody knows. Round and round we go. We're going. Nobody knows. What's that to say? You didn't invite me too bad. When you wake up, just remember friends are forever. That sure was fun. Duck to the ground like a barnacle on the ship, aren't ya? What's wrong? Am I too fast for ya? Avasti, your time is just about run out. Avasti, your time is just about run out. I've got ya now! Dead men do a detail no tales. I should warn ya, there'll be no quarter for ya. Are you scared yet? Not long yet before ye will be feeding the fishes. Pretty soon you'll be walking the plank. Watch out for the hook unless ye be wanting to gouge your eye. Me hook is getting mighty hungry. Ahoy, it's time that ye should be getting properly afraid. Here I come! Ready to dance the dead man's jig. You scurvy landlubber never stood at chance. Your time's almost out. Sands of time are almost gone for you. Me bird's keeping an eye on ya. Shall we parlay? Just kidding. Are you scared yet? Good thing for me that ye were no ninja. Four, three, two, one. Didn't you know I would find you? Hold still, you won't feel a thing. Hold still, you won't feel a thing. I am so glad I found you. Let me find room for you. Inside I wonder what will happen when I try to scoop you out of your carton. I can hear you breathing, but not for you are very...  I promise now we can be together. Something bad always happens, always. Looks like something bad is about to happen. Soon you will be as broken as I am. We always find a way inside. We need you so we have a place to hide. Would you like me to make ice cream for you? There is something bad inside of me. We always find a way inside. I will make you suffer. Suffer like so many of the others. Hide if you want. It did not save the others. It will not save you. Got you. I can taste fear in your breath. I am here to claim what is left of you. I will make you suffer. Suffer like so many of the others. I am here to claim what is left of you. It is not your flesh that sustains me. It is your fear. It is time. It is not your flesh that sustains me. It is your fear. It is time. Let's see how many times you can be pulled apart and put back together again. It is not your flesh that sustains me. It is your fear. Let's see how many times you can be pulled apart and put back together again. You will not be spared. You will not be saved. And now you are mine. And now you are mine. Suffer now like all who have stood before me. Suffer now like all who have stood before me. You will not be spared. You will not be saved. You will not be spared. Your fear will consume you.  Your fear will consume you. Get to listen to me. I'm sorry. Am I here early? Wait, where is my beak? Isn't a good party just to die for? Isn't a good party just to die for? If you ever get tired of dying. Did someone invite me to a party? Not laughing anymore, eh buddy? I just love parties. Not so funny anymore, is it? I wonder if you'll ever get tired of dying. This is going to be so much fun. I'm sorry. Am I here early? You who? Did someone invite me to a party? I think I'm done playing now. Just follow the sound of my voice. I can hear you. There you are. Fault detected. Reboot. Hello new friend. Hello new friend. I heard you were looking for me. So here I am. Just follow the sound of my voice. Stop hiding. This isn't fun anymore. Oh, this is going to be so much fun. And now you get to listen to me. There you are. Not so funny anymore, is it? Playtime over. That was so much fun. Did you know I used to be a real rock star? Clear the stage for the star of our show is now here. Six, seven, do you actually think you could hide from me? I can see you. Don't worry, this next part won't hurt a bit. I've been waiting so long for this chance and now it's finally here. No kidding, you thought you could survive me?  My star is rising and yours, sadly, is fizzling out. Ladies and gentlemen, the stage is now mine. No kidding, you thought you could survive me? Now I'm a superstar. There you are. Now I'm a superstar. This game of cat and person is delicious. This is my chance to shine and your chance to fade away. What do we have here? Someone hiding from me? This next part is totally going to hurt. Why ever is this creature hiding from little old me?  Did someone order a new friend? There's someone here who needs some extra special cheering up. Am I invited to this party? Did I overhear that someone needs a friend? Hello? Hello? Well, I won't you say something. Just ignore me and pretend I'm not even here. I've got a special present just for you. Maybe we should try a new game now. Oh, are we playing hide and seek now? That's what you get from leaving me hanging. This has been really fun. Let's do it again sometime. Would you like to play some more? Time for one of my patented jingles. Would you like to hear one of my copyrighted jingles? This is fun. Catch me if you can. You can trust me. I'm friends with everyone. You seem nervous. Would you like me to be your friend?


You're watching FJTN, the Federal Judicial Television Network. In the summer of 1839, a foreign schooner accidentally sailed along the shores of the United States and transformed the federal courts into a forum for an explosive national debate. The drama that began when the enslaved Africans on the Amistad revolted and took control of the vessel off the coast of Cuba would culminate in the Supreme Court of the United States with a former president arguing on behalf of the Africans appeal for freedom. The Amistad case forced the federal courts and the nation to consider the legal foundations of slavery. For several weeks in the summer of 1839, newspapers along the Atlantic coast reported sightings of a mysterious schooner supposedly commanded by African pirates. Late in August, the crew of the Navy Brig, Washington spotted a badly damaged vessel in Long Island Sound and a shore party trading with local residents along the New York coast. When the naval officers boarded the Amistad, they were embraced by two Spanish men pleading for protection from a group of African men whom they had purchased as slaves in Cuba but who had taken control of the ship. The crew of the Washington took custody of the Amistad and the 42 Africans on board. They towed the schooner to New London in Connecticut, a state where slavery was legal rather than to a port in New York where slavery had been abolished. Under the law of salvage, anyone who rescued a ship from danger was entitled to a portion of the value of the ship and its cargo. Once in port, the commanding officer of the Washington contacted the federal marshal and requested a hearing in the U.S. District Court for Connecticut in order to file a claim of salvage. He and the crew intended to submit a claim for rescuing the Amistad and its cargo, including the enslaved Africans. On August 29, the Amistad case entered the federal judicial system when U.S. District Court Judge Andrew Judson convened a court of inquiry on board the Navy ship Washington in New London Harbor. Judson, along with the U.S. Marshal, the Clerk of Court and a group of observers heard testimony from the two Spanish planters about the Amistad's voyage from Cuba to New England. The planters, Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montes, testified that each had purchased a group of slaves in Havana, then chartered space on the Amistad to carry the slaves to plantations along the coast of Cuba. Several nights out of Havana, the enslaved men freed themselves and in their struggle to take command of the ship, the captain and his crew. The leaders of the revolt forced Ruiz and Montes to sail the ship in the direction of the rising sun in West Africa. But each night, the Spaniards shifted course to the north and west in hopes of encountering another ship. Nearly two months later, the Amistad reached Long Island Sound, desperately short of food and water. One of the enslaved Africans on board the Washington during the inquest was a young man, Singh Bey Pye, who would become better known as Singh K. He spoke neither English nor Spanish and could not testify at this court session. But Singh K. was recognized by the court officers as the leader of the Africans on the Amistad. Reporters at the hearing commented on his composure characteristic of true courage. Singh K.'s presence dramatized the unique character of this case, a case that resulted from the actions of enslaved Africans and in which these African captives would appear in courtrooms to assert their right to freedom. Judson moved the court to the Amistad itself in order to hear testimony from Antonio, a slave who served as cabin boy to the slain captain. Antonio recounted what he had witnessed the night of the revolt and in the Amistad's hold crowded with the Africans in custody, he identified those who had led the revolt along with Singh K. After hearing the testimony, Judge Judson ordered the U.S. Marshal to hold the adult Africans in custody in a New Haven jail. He also ordered that Antonio and three young girls purchased as slaves in Cuba be held in custody to serve as witnesses. The testimony revealed both criminal and civil questions. Judson referred the criminal questions to the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut and set a date for the U.S. District Court to hear the sailor's salvage claim. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established both district and circuit courts for the federal judicial system. Among the powers granted to district courts was the authority to hear cases involving maritime commerce and the trade laws of the new nation. In the Amistad case, the Connecticut District Court would be responsible for hearing all property claims related to the ship and its cargo. Circuit courts, which operated from 1789 to 1911, were also trial courts that exercised jurisdiction over most federal crimes, over disputes between citizens of different states, and over all but the smallest cases in which the federal government was a party. They also heard some appeals from the district courts. The Circuit Court in Connecticut would consider the attorney's charges of murder and piracy on the Amistad. Circuit courts had no authorized judgeships of their own, so the district judge and the justice of the Supreme Court presided over them. Each of the nine Supreme Court justices was assigned to a regional circuit and spent much of the year traveling to the circuit court sessions in that circuit. This practice was known as circuit riding. The Circuit Justice for Connecticut was Smith Thompson, and New Yorker appointed to the Supreme Court in 1823 by President James Monroe. During the three weeks between the initial inquest and the sessions of the district and circuit courts, the Amistad case became the subject of a growing national debate on slavery. Led by wealthy merchant Louis Tappin, a group of anti-slavery advocates in New York recognized the opportunity to build national support for the abolition of slavery in the United States. These abolitionists had found the case they were looking for to challenge the laws of slavery in federal court. Tappin and his associates formed a committee to represent the jailed Africans. In a newspaper appeal to Friends of Liberty, they asked for donations in order to employ interpreters, lawyers, and whatever else it took to secure the rights of the Africans. The abolitionist committee called upon Yale College Linguistics Professor Josiah Gibbs to give the captives a voice in the upcoming court proceedings. Gibbs learned some basic phrases from the captives and then searched the docks of New York, hoping that an African sailor could serve as a translator. Within a week, Gibbs met two sailors from West Africa's Mendee region, which the abolitionists soon learned was the home of the African captives on the Amistad. While the abolitionists organized their legal strategy, the Spanish ambassador to the United States, citing a treaty between the two countries, requested that the ship and cargo, including the alleged slaves, be returned without any payment for salvage. The administration of President Martin Van Buren decided to enter the case on the side of the Spanish planters and ship owners. Van Buren, a Democrat, faced a difficult bid for reelection in 1840 and was determined not to anger southern slaveholders who supported the Democratic Party. The president preferred to deal with the Amistad as a diplomatic problem and let the Secretary of State, John Forsythe, manage the administration's response to the case. Forsythe instructed the U.S. attorney in Connecticut to take whatever steps were necessary to keep the Africans in federal custody and ready for transfer to Spanish authorities. Preparations for the court proceedings took place against a backdrop of intense public curiosity about the case and especially about the Mendee captives, newspapers throughout the country debated questions of federal jurisdiction and the law of piracy. Even popular entertainment capitalized on the interest. Within a few days of the original inquest, a New York theater presented a play called The Long Low Black Schooner. In New Haven, nearly 4,000 visitors paid the jailer for a chance to view the men in custody. The greatest public attention focused on Sinké. The nation's leading African American newspaper compared Sinké to Senator Daniel Webster, who they hoped would represent him in court. Other papers portrayed Sinké as a classical hero.  After the translators arrived in New Haven, newspapers printed articles about the Mendee's families, their occupations, and accounts of their enslavement. A broad public soon recognized the men held in custody as distinct individuals devastated by the cruelties of the slave trade. The circuit court convened in the State House in Hartford, Connecticut on September 17th, 1839. Sitting in the Senate chamber, the court first impaneled a grand jury to hear testimony regarding the U.S. Attorney's indictment of the Mendee on charges of murder and piracy. When the grand jury asked for instructions from the bench, Circuit Justice Smith Thompson ruled that no federal court had jurisdiction over an act that occurred on a foreign vessel at sea. This ruling eliminated all threat of criminal prosecution of the Africans. Thompson referred the Admiralty case concerning trade and property questions to the U.S. District Court for Connecticut. The Mendee's fate now depended upon a court proceeding that revolved around the question of their status as property rather than any accusation of wrongdoing. In the District Court, the crew of the Navy Ship Washington and the people who traded with the Mendee on the New York shore submitted rival claims for salvage rewards. Both parties asserted that the Mendee were slaves and should be considered part of the Amistad's cargo. Claims for recovery of slave property were submitted by the planters who had purchased the Mendee and by the heirs of the cabin boy Antonio's owner. The U.S. Attorney, William Halliburd, submitted two different claims in anticipation of two possible decisions of the court. If the court determined that the Mendee were slaves and the property of Spanish planters, the federal government's attorney asserted that they should be delivered to agents of the Spanish government. If the court decided that the Mendee had been illegally enslaved and transported to the United States, the government wanted them delivered to the president for return to their native country under provisions of an anti-slave trade act. In an admiralty proceeding with no jury, determination of the District Court case rested solely with Judge Andrew Judson. The abolitionist feared he would not be sympathetic to appeals from Africans. Judson was appointed by President Andrew Jackson in 1836. Prior to that, he was well known for his efforts to shut down a Connecticut school established by abolitionists for the education of African American girls. Nor were the Mendee's lawyers encouraged by the activities of the Van Buren administration. The president ordered the positioning of a navy ship off the coast of New Haven so that the captives could be removed immediately if the judge ordered their return to Cuba. In New Haven, when Judson convened the District Court session in January of 1840, he faced one of the largest crowds ever assembled to view a federal court proceeding. Most of the spectators supported the abolitionists and followed the case so intently that they refused to leave their seats during the midday recesses. The team of experienced lawyers recruited by the abolitionist committee was led by Roger Sherman Baldwin, son of a famous political family. Baldwin and his colleagues followed a legal strategy based on personal liberties and the laws of property. Their priority was to win the court's acknowledgment that slavery violated natural rights, those rights to which every human was entitled regardless of any nation's laws. Baldwin argued that the enslaved mendee had a natural right to return to their homeland or seek asylum in a free country. But Baldwin also needed to respond to the president from an earlier Supreme Court case involving slaves transported by citizens of other nations. In that case, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion, ruling that even though slavery violated natural law, the federal courts must support the right to hold slave property whenever any government had approved laws in support of slavery or the slave trade. And in the circuit court hearing, Justice Thompson had reminded Baldwin that the United States Constitution protected slavery. Baldwin argued that under Spanish law, the mendee could not be considered lawfully held slaves. The captives had only recently been transported to Cuba, which was in violation of a Spanish treaty prohibiting the African slave trade, and that under the terms of that Spanish treaty, the mendee were free in Cuba or any other Spanish territory. In a trial filled with testimony about salvage laws and treaty obligations, the dramatic high point came when Sincay presented the court with a chilling narrative of enslavement. Speaking through a translator, Sincay described his capture by slave traders in West Africa and the horrors of what was called the Middle Passage, the voyage across the Atlantic with several hundred people confined in the suffocating hold of a slave ship. He demonstrated the painful position the enslaved were forced to maintain day and night. Sincay also reenacted the brutal physical scrutiny of the Africans by the planters in the Havana slave market to other mendee captives. Grebo and Fulihua gave similar testimony about being kidnapped and enslaved within the past year. After five days of testimony, Judge Judson read his lengthy decision to a crowded courtroom. In response to the conflicting claims of salvage, Judson determined that the naval officers and crew had taken custody of a ship in almost certain danger of sinking and thus were entitled to an award of one-third the value of the ship and its cargo. But Judson denied the salvage award for rescuing the Africans because slave sales were illegal in Connecticut and so the court had no way to determine a monetary value of slaves. The judge then considered Spain's demand for the return of the mendee as the rightful property of Spanish citizens. According to Judson, the Spaniard's right to this property and with it the fate of the mendee depended on proof of ownership and proof that the Africans were in fact property under Spanish law. On both points, Judson surprised nearly everyone by ruling against the Spanish claims. Judson determined that the Spanish planters possessed no legal evidence of ownership, only passes for transporting slaves, and that these documents incorrectly stated that the Africans on the Amistad were longtime inhabitants of Spanish territory. The Spanish treaty prohibiting the slave trade from Africa declared that any Africans transported after 1820 were to be free in Spanish territory, including Cuba. Since the testimony of several witnesses proved that the mendee had arrived recently in Cuba, Judson declared that they were not lawfully held property and could not be delivered to Spanish officials. Instead, Judson granted the U.S. attorney's alternate request that the mendee be delivered to the president for transport to their native land. The mendee were elated at the possibility of returning home, but disappointed that Judson had not declared them free individuals. Judge Judson next turned to the question of Antonio, the slave who had been cabin boy for the Amistad slain captain. The abolitionists wanted the court to affirm natural rights and establish a precedent for challenging slavery in the United States. But their hopes collapsed when Judson ruled that because Antonio was born in Spanish territory as a slave, he was the legal property of the captain and must be delivered to the Spanish government along with other Spanish property. Any possible homecoming for the mendee was postponed when the U.S. attorney William Halliburd appealed to Judson's decision to the U.S. Circuit Court. That court convened in Hartford in April of 1840 with Circuit Justice Smith Thompson presiding. In order to hasten the certain appeal to the Supreme Court, he affirmed the district court's decision. Pending the convenion of the Supreme Court's term in January 1841, the mendee remained in federal custody, although in less restrictive confines in the town of Westville outside New Haven. In the coming months, several of them took odd jobs and all received religious and language instruction provided by the abolitionists. No one could predict how the Supreme Court justices would respond to the Amistad case. The majority of the nine justices were slaveholders, among them Chief Justice Roger Tawney. In the few previous cases dealing with slavery, the Supreme Court had protected the institution as it existed in the United States, but the court had strictly enforced the prohibition on the foreign slave trade. Anticipation about the deliberations were further heightened when former President John Quincy Adams joined the group of lawyers representing the mendee. The abolitionists' committee wanted a prominent statesman on the legal team, and when Daniel Webster declined, they turned to the 73-year-old former president. Adams was then serving as a member of the House of Representatives, where he had earned the nickname Old Man Elegant for his tireless condemnation of slavery. In February 1841, the case came before the Supreme Court in its chamber on the ground floor of the Capitol building. Large crowds gathered in expectation of dramatic oral arguments. U.S. Attorney General Henry Gilpin presented the government's arguments in support of the Spanish claims to the alleged slaves, and Roger Sherman Baldwin repeated the argument he had used in the lower courts. Then, former President Adams offered the court and its audience a seven-hour performance over the course of two days. His emotional arguments included a blistering critique of the Van Buren administration. Adams accused the administration of concealing the Spanish demand for return of the captives for trial, which would surely lead to their execution in Cuba. Adams repeatedly invoked the principles of natural rights as embodied in the Declaration of Independence, two copies of which hung before the justices in the Supreme Court chamber. On March 9, 1841, nearly 18 months after the federal court first ordered the detention of the Mendy, Justice Joseph Story delivered his opinion for the majority of the Supreme Court. Story, from Massachusetts, was the court's senior justice and the nation's most respected constitutional scholar. After a lengthy review of the federal court proceedings and the arguments presented to the Supreme Court, Story issued the decision that finally gave the captives their unconditional freedom. The Supreme Court upheld the district court's ruling that the Mendy were recently arrived in Cuba and should not be delivered to Spanish officials as legally held property. The justices, however, overturned Judson's decision to deliver the captives to the president for return to Africa. The Supreme Court decision immediately freed the Mendy and released them from federal custody. The victory of freedom was bittersweet. It left the Mendy with no means by which to return to their homeland. To raise money for transportation, the abolitionist staged public appearances at which the Mendy sang, recited from the Bible, and demonstrated their English-language skills. One event at the Broadway Tabernacle in New York attracted more than 2,500 people. Finally, in November 1841, the 35 surviving Mendy departed for Sierra Leone, accompanied by several missionaries from the United States. The decision that freed these particular captives offered no legal relief for the nearly 3 million residents of the United States held in slavery. The Supreme Court let stand the district court's ruling that the cabin boy Antonio was a slave under Spanish law, and like all lawfully held slaves, must be returned to his owners. Soon after the decision, Antonio escaped to Canada and freedom, realizing the dream shared by many slaves in the United States. Yet nothing in the Amistad case would serve as a precedent for legal challenges to slavery within the United States. Until the Civil War, the federal courts continued to protect slave property at the same time that they enforced laws prohibiting the slave trade from Africa, and abolitionists largely abandoned efforts to challenge slavery through the federal judiciary. Like many other important cases in the history of the federal courts, Amistad had its greatest impact in the world beyond courtrooms and casebooks. The legend of Sincay inspired other enslaved people and remains a powerful tale of the quest for freedom. The widely reported court proceedings exposed the fragile legal principles and political compromises supporting slavery. And the personal stories of enslavement won the anti-slavery cause many new supporters. The lasting impact of Amistad's passage through the federal courts was to encourage the growing opposition to slavery in the United States.


Yes, now we can see your presentation. Yes, you can start. Can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you. Yes, we can hear you. Okay, thank you very much. So first of all, I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me and giving me the opportunity to present. So, my talk is going to be based on our work on our work titled what to learn from a few visible transition statistics, authored by Pedro Harunari, myself, Matteo Politani and Edgar Olden. I would also like to drink to your notice that there is another work in the same line by Vandermeer, Urtile and Cyford. I would also look at it for for better understanding. Okay, so now, moving on to the background of our work. So, in our day to day life, we observe the systems which are very complex in nature with high degrees of freedom. It's very difficult for us to understand the systems, but there's a certain class of systems among them, which can be, they can be physical, physical, chemical or biological systems, which can be understood using a Mark of Ian framework. So here we can have, we can see a network where we have the internal states and the transitions among them. And the, the point is that in this network we need to have the complete information about the internal states. But, but, and if we have that information we can predict the thermo dynamical properties of such systems. Most of the experimental apparatus is that we, we see we have in our limited in in detecting this and probing the systems, and they are at most when to see some few visible transitions in this whole network. The whole of the, the internal states and the transitions are completely hidden, and a few transitions can only be few visible transitions can be observed. For example, in case of a molecular motor, we can see that for, for example in this experiment, we can see that this molecular motors are taking vesicles on the tracks. The only information here is the translocation of these motors on the track. So that is the few visible transitions that are being able, we are being able to observe. So in this scenario, our question is that our motivation of our work is that how one can use this transition information to make inferences about dynamical dynamical and biochemical properties of such systems. So imagine that you have an observer with recording the time in a stock watch and is looking at this few visible transitions. So here the black black trajectory that you can see is the complete trajectory when we have all the internal states visible, but here we can only see only the blue and the blue transitions that are visible to us, and we can record the time which is, which it takes to move from one visible transition to another. And from this, we can have a time series for this particular trajectory, which is kind of a visible time series, visible time series of visible transitions where. So, for such kind of trajectory from statistical, such kind of time series, we can have certain statistical quantities that we can compute this from this kind of time series information. So one such is that the if there are the what is the time taken for between two successive transitions, say, chosen transition say li and li plus one, given that these two transitions happen. So then we have the conditional frequencies that we can compute that if there is a particular transition, what is the probability of observing the next transition to be li plus one, or we can have the frequency of the trans transitions itself. For example, what is the transition of observing class kind of transition. Okay, for example in our molecular motor it's just meaning that the forward transition. So that kind of information we can just compute from this time series analysis. Now, in order to. We would like, we would also like to compute the analytical expressions for such quantities and, for example, here we have a Markov network for state Markov network, where all that all these states and transitions are not visible to us. Only the transitions that are visible are the magenta lines and magenta and what we the main purpose here is to find the time it takes to observe a particular transition. Okay, so that is like a first transition time problem that we are trying to solve. So we already know about first passage time problem. And so here we are trying to map this first transition time problem into a first passage time problem by reorienting this transitions that we observe here. The physical transitions into things, and then actually we get a more extended network and auxiliary network where we have the saints. Since S1 and S2. So, in case of the, if we had noted known the whole network, and then we can we could have used just the master equation here, and we could have solved for the probabilities and from there we could have computer and quantities. Since, in our case that is not so. So, so how to go about computing when we have few visible transitions. So in that case we have this extended stochastic matrix, where we have this this blue part which is the survival matrix that is if you are in this region you will just like the terminology of first passage time problem you will be you will survive and you'll not get into the sinks. But the main thing which we will try which we were trying to compute here is the what is the first passage time to reach the sink. What is the time to reach the sink, which is equivalent to saying that what is the time that it went through this transition. So, this is this has been inspired this kind of methodology is inspired by people by second motto, and he and so from this quantities and one more thing I would I would like to mention that we have a special notation here. We have the if we have say transition equals to 123. So then this double row will represent the source of the transition and double kit will represent the sink, or rather we can say the target of the transition. So, using this framework, we can compute the joint probabilities that there's an inter transition time that falls within TNT plus DT, and we have a transition li plus one next physical transition li plus one, given that we have observed a transition li. So, and we can also compute the conditional probability of the next observed transition, given that li has a good. And using this two quantities we can also we can compute the inter transition time probability density, which is here we just using the base theorem and and getting to this expression. So I'm not going into the details of how we compute these quantities but this is like by solving the first passage draw time problem for the extended metrics. So, then we can also compute the probability that a transition from a time series is in so that these are the different statistical properties that we can extract by solving the problem solving the master equation for the extended. Stochastic metrics. Now, moving on to be here we have this transition statistics for 80 ATP driven motion of molecular machine. So here we have the chemical coordinate and the position coordinate. And along the position, we are not, we cannot see these transitions this chemical conformational changes in this in the during the motion of the molecular machine, but the only thing we can see is that the, the forward movement of the molecular machine and backward movement of the molecular machine. So this is given by precisely by 421 and 124. These are the forward and the backward transitions that a forward hopping and backward hopping of the molecular machine. So from here we can see that for the for the case of system which is repeated has a have for repeated transitions. That is, if you have say a transition for one, and you want to compute the probability densities for such events where we have for one and again a for one. So the null time probability density is zero, because, because there is no possibility that if you have to, you have to go through the network before you come to this 421 transition. And, and in case of our repeated alternative transition that is not so, there is a high chance that after a 421 transition you can have a wonderful transition and therefore there's a significant probability density for this kind of null event. Okay, so, so these, these quantities can also become predicted from the, from these quantity, the quantities that we have computed, and so they match very well. So now, after going into this transition statistics are the statistical properties of the system now we move on to the, to the thermodynamic properties of that system how can we infer that hermetic properties of a system from visible net transition trajectory. And then we have the visible transition trajectory, where the visible transitions that we can see, and we have to take care when we do a time reversal, because, in this case, when we have a time reversal, not only the order of the order has completely changed. We can see a flip in the transitions, so the, the back, the backward transition now becomes a forward transition, and also there is a, there is a time. There is also time translation, which we can observe. So now for this forward trajectory of for the forward visible trajectory. We can compute the probability of this forward trajectory from the joint, the conditional probabilities and also the boundary term. And also, we can compute the reverse strategy probability of a reverse trajectory in a similar fashion, and from this we can see that we can say that if we have the. If we compute the, so basically entropy production is the irreversibility is the signature of the irreversibility in the system. And therefore, this, the distance the distance between the two, the forward trajectory probability densities and the backward probability density would will hold this irreversibility signature, and that we say to be the stationary rate of entropy production. So if we had the whole of the trajectory that we have observed here. In that case, we could have computed the stationary rate of entropy production from the black light divergence of the whole transition of the whole probability of the trajectory and. But so, so this, this is done by in paper by Edgar Holden and Jonah and Jonah and but here there's a point that when we have this the whole trajectory, so we are actually involved with more number of random variables in our system. Yes, we are, we are looking at a very subset of the trajectory we can kind of kind of subset of the trajectory. So in that case, the, we can say that the sigma L that is the stationary visible rate of entropy production will be less than the stationary rate of entropy production that we can compute. There is another way of computing the stationary rate of entropy production that if you know the just the whole network and we know the transition statistics in the probabilities of being in this different states, then from there, we can also compute the total entropy production for the steady state. Now from these quantities solving this, this using this on the pro the conditional probabilities we can see that that the sigma L that is the visible entropy production rate at rate is has two contributions one is sigma L and the other is sigma T sigma L is the contribution from the sequence of transitions and sigma T is the contribution from the inter transition times and the inter transition times has this quantity which is the cool black lively divergence between the inter transition times. Okay, so, so now, if you focus on this on a on a particular special case where we have only a pair of transitions visit, which are visible, that is, the transition say for example 421 and one to four is visible only one single is visible. In that case, we see that if we compute the sigma L and sigma T, since the plus minus in the time reversed case, it becomes the order becomes neither. Not the order becomes reversed, but also the transitions themselves get reversed. So then, this quantities becomes zero, and we see that our sigma L and sigma T, they are only dependent on the repeated inter transition time statistics. Okay. So inter transition time statistics and also the frequencies of the successive transitions. Okay, so from this study. Next, we want to see a compute for a particular example where we have a single single transition that is visible. In that case, we have computed the inter transition times for repeated transitions in and for alternated transitions. And here we see that the entropy production rate for the exact one is given by the black line, and the sigma L and sigma L simulations and the, the, the total visible entropy production rate, they match. And there is a contribution of sigma L in that, and that is exactly matching with the estimation from the thermodynamic uncertainty relation. And that is understood because we could see that sigma L actually is a product of the current and affinity of that network. Okay, so from there we can, we can say that that is why we can have a correlation between the two. And as, and therefore the, the car when the system is in a stall condition, they don't predict the entropy production rate, but the sigma T, which is the inter transition times, they have the signature of the entropy production rate even in the stall conditions. As you can see here that by the changing the bias parameter we don't see any effect in the sigma T but that there's a contribution from that. Yes, so in case of ring networks that is networks where we have topology like this. We can, we see that the sigma L sigma T has, as you can see here we have taken only one visible transition. So it will depend on the repeated transition statistics. And, and we can see that they exactly match and that is, we can understand that. So, so in that case sigma T has no contribution and the contribution is completely from the sequence of transition contribution that is sigma L. And, and, and also the estimation from the thermodynamic answer relation also gives the same and sigma T has no transition contribution. Now let's look at a few, few molecular machine models where we have where we can apply these studies. So here we have this dining dream model where we so we have one cycle and we can see that as we increase the concentration of ATP there is an increase in the entropy production rate. That is, as, as it's taking more and more ATP ATP and moving the system is dissipating more compared to as we increase the concentration of ADP. So moving on to the kinesin multi cyclic model. So we're here we have a molecular motor transport motor which has two cycles so in the, in contrary to the previous case, here the forward and the backward both actually take energy ATP to to take energy into mechanical movement and but since there is a symmetry between the two cycles the forward and backward. We see that that the repeated transitions are exactly the inter transition time for the repeated transitions have exactly same distribution, but that is not the case in general for multi cycling models. So from here, we can also compute the, the inter the distance between the correct line distance between the alternated transitions. And we can also see the entropy production. There is no contribution from Sigma T. So the entropy production at the stall situations. They become zero. And so, and we also see that as we increase the ATP, the entropy production rate increases and it has no effect on the ATP concentration. Now we move on to another part there. So this was mostly this was involved with the repeated transition statistics. Now what about the alternative transition into time into transition times for alternative transitions. So, here we have considered molecular machines, because I see in molecular machines there are certain molecular machines like ribosome RNA polymerase which have this whose tracks are heterogeneous in nature. And this heterogeneity also affects the, the, the, the rate of transitions that are also involved in this the translocation movements. So we can see tracks such track where we have a kind of monomer when the molecular motor is on this track, we have this set of rates. And if we have another kind of monomer be in that case we have a different set of rates, which has a. I wish I is offline now. Hello. Oh, hello. Yes. Have I lost you. And now, now I can hear you. Which slide have I lost you. You were the, the non repetitive sequence of the stepping motor. Okay. Okay, thank you. So, so this case where we have we can introduce. At the moment you're not sharing the slide. Okay, thank you. Thank you. Yes, it's this one. So, so we were talking about the disorder in the track. So we can introduce disorder into the track by the rates through the rates by having a different set of rates for a different kind of monomer on the track. And we could have the distribution of this monomers on the track. We can have that also as a disorder parameter. So, so if we look at the results. So we see that in case of when we increase the heterogeneity of the rates. Between the two kinds of monomer a and B, as we increase the heterogeneity, there is an increase in the distance between the black library distance between the two distributions for the alternated transitions, but the repeated transitions have no signature of that. And in case of as we increase as we change the probability of the monomer on the on the track. Now, we can see that there is a there is a non monotonic behavior of the of the repeat and the alternated transitions distance between the alternated transitions. So we can have the two cases on the two sides which represent the homogeneous case where we have either a monomer a or a monomer B. And so from from these studies we can say that the degree of disorder is there is a signature of the signature we can get about the degree of disorder in such systems from the alternated transitions. Okay, so now I would like to come to the summary and so for the broad class of stationary Markov processes we can derive exact analytical results for condition one condition probabilities of appearances of successive transitions. We can measure the inter transition times, which are crucial for the more dynamic inference, and we can see that repeated transition frequencies and inter transition times contain the signature about the irreversibility and the alternated transitions do not contribute to entropy production estimates, but the statistics provide means to identify the presence of disorder and hidden state space. So I would like to conclude my talk and thank you everyone. Thank you for her talk to Anisha. Thank you. Now I see some question in chat. Oh yeah, it's the long one. If you can see or I can. So I would like to ask you a question between your decomposition of entropy production and decomposition proposed in the previous article inferring broken detailed balance and the absence of observable currents. Sorry, I should have referred this paper is the current decomposition or generalization of the decomposition of that article. So in that particular case we have not taken the inter transition times between the repeated transitions. So that is a factor which has not been considered in that particular study. Yeah, that's what I can see. Repeated and ordinated transitions. And are there any questions. Okay. Yeah, please ask. Yes, thank you for your interest in talk. My question is so is it possible that C theta capital L is identically vanishes, although the total system is totally out of equilibrium. Sigma, which sigma are you talking about? Sigma capital L. Okay. Sigma L and can you repeat your question again. Is it possible that in some, is there any cases where sigma L totally vanishes, although the whole system is out of equilibrium? Yes. So, so Sigma L, so Sigma L has a contribution from Sigma L and Sigma T. So Sigma T could be zero in cases where we have ring kind of networks. So in that case we can have zero if the system is out of equilibrium and Sigma L could be zero in cases where there is no current in the system. So in such cases, we can have a situation where both the quantities can tend to zero. So there may, there's no current in the system. Isn't it just equilibrium? Yes, yes, yes. Okay. Let me just think about it. In our case, Sigma L, yes that's true. In case of Sigma L to be zero, that will mean equilibrium. But we are, if we are looking at a particular single transition, that could be zero. The other transition could be non-zero. So in that case, we could miss that particular behavior. So in case of ring network that we can conclude that because in case of ring network because the current is same in each of the edges. So if there is one transition which is zero then all the transitions, the current through all the edges should be zero. But for a complex network which is multi-cyclic network, in that case a particular transition, if that has a current zero, that will not mean that the whole system is in equilibrium. Yeah, I can understand. Thank you. Thank you. Okay, I think there are some things in chat. Some comments. Are there any questions? I added a comment, but it's a bit long. You can read later. There's a question, maybe. A state system with no current but far from equilibrium, either because it is a transient or because it's transient rate change with time. In this case, when Sigma T be zero. So I cannot comment on this. With the work we have done, so it's not coming from this point. Okay, thank you. Okay, I think, thanks again, Anvesha for your very nice talk, and we go to next speaker. It is.