Hello and welcome to this edition of Quality of Life. Today we're going to talk about podiatry. And helping us do that is Dr. Susan Evans from Prevea Foot & Ankle Center. Dr. Evans, welcome to the show. Thank you for having me. It's a pleasure to be here. Wonderful. Just to start off with, what is the medical discipline of podiatry? Podiatry is basically everything that involves the foot and ankle. Whether it be something with your bones or your skin or tendons and muscles, the foot is a very complex part of our body. It has 28 bones, over three dozen tendons and over 120 ligaments. A quarter of the bones in your body are found in your feet. So with such a complicated structure, it's easy to see how a lot of things could go wrong with it. Sure. For our viewers at home, could you give us some background on your education and your study and how much you've been involved with podiatry? Well, I've been a podiatrist here with Prevea for about two years now. Prior to that, my training was a total of 11 years. We first have to graduate from undergrad and then have four years of medical school and then a three-year residency. Okay, so you're quite specialized in the area. Yeah. Well, one thing I've been reading on the Internet is, you know, there's treating the foot like you're doing or being consulted and then there's a surgery part of it. Are you involved with both? Yes, I am. That's one thing that drew me to podiatry was I wanted to have something that had a good balance between the clinic as well as surgery. And I wanted something where I could see patients, you know, and develop relationships with them and see them down the road as well. Okay. What are the qualifications to be a podiatrist? Obviously, you just said medical school and undergraduate and residency. Is there anything else? Like, do you have to be board certified or anything like that? Yes, there's a process with becoming board certified. It involves about taking seven or eight different tests starting after our second year of med school. Typically, the average podiatrist is board certified after about five years of being in practice because we have to generate enough different type of surgeries to submit to the board. But after residency, we take a test and are considered board qualified. So that's what I am right now. Okay. Just on average, you know, rough guess, how many surgeries would you say a do a year? That's a good question. If I were just to guess, I would say maybe 50 to 75. Wow. Wow. That's a lot. Well, that's more than one a week. There's 52 weeks.  That keeps you busy. Okay.  There's lots to it. What does the body depend upon the foot to do for us other than walking, obviously, or running? Well, that's one thing I was going to start with was getting around without our feet. We can't get to where we're going unless then we're, you know, confined to some people like in a wheelchair or a different device. The average person in the course of their lifetime walks to circumferences of the earth. So obviously it's important that we have a good set of wheels to get us around. Other things that are important for the feet, sometimes it's the first sign of someone becoming diabetic because one of the signs of that is numbness in their feet. And that will prompt someone to go to their doctor and get that looked into. Other problems with your blood flow can be first seen in the feet because you can actually get pain from not having enough blood since that's what carries our nutrients. Sure. I know when I see my doctor for regular checkups, he tests my feet and it's a very scientific approach he takes. He takes a paper clip and unwinds it and then he touches my feet and then he tells me to close my eyes and identify where I'm touching it. Once while I give him the wrong answer just to keep him on his toes as well as far as that goes. And definitely I can see that plus I also have type 2 diabetes which probably how many other Americans or people do in this world. Yes.  And that's why one of the most important parts of my job is preventing foot amputations. Okay. So you've already explained why it's so important to take care of your feet because of the functions it does for your body. What are some of the other health issues that can arise that affect your feet? Most definitely the by far the most common thing I see is plantar fasciitis. A study showed that approximately 40% of people have that at some point in their life. The lay term is called heel spurs. Some people in the general population refer to that. What the plantar fascia is is a ligament which means a band of tissue. I have a model right here. Perfect. And it starts here on your heel and then it goes up to the ball of your foot. And if you think of it like a rubber band and it's constantly stretching and relaxing stretching and relaxing during the course of our day. Very frequently especially where it starts it gets inflamed where this red is showing right here. And people are very affected by it because especially that first step out of bed in the morning you have that sharp pain in the bottom of your heel. Okay. The main reason actually why people get this is because of having tight calves. That's something I test every new patient that I have that comes in the office as part of my general foot examination. And unless someone is already going to yoga regularly or already has a stretching exercise pretty much everyone has tight calves. What that creates is a tight achilles tendon because the achilles tendon comes down and inserts right here on the back of your heel. Okay. And then you can see kind of how it's a lever with the plantar fascia down here and the achilles tendon really is tendon. And how if you don't have enough flexibility that's really going to pull up especially during our gait cycle when we're walking. Then your foot compensates which is a fancy term for saying kind of changes what it's doing. Sure. It's so small that we don't notice that we're doing it when we're doing it but over time it can really stress this plantar fascia area. Okay. Since you have your model I know one thing that I know when I'm growing up I was told I have that feet. No arches. So why is having a good arch so important? If you think of it like an arch in a doorway and there's a lot of different stones making up that arch. If it's a little bit flat and actually I can show you better on this model. So here's looking at the foot and like we already talked about it's a complex structure. Here's an average arch. If you have too high of an arch you can see how that would really stress out the foot and then also too low of an arch. And obviously I'm exaggerating this. But you're going to put extra tension on everything below. People who have a flat foot structure and again it's something that you're born with so it is very hereditary. Typically everything is really kind of loosey-goosey in their foot whereas people who have a higher than normal arch everything's really tight and rigid. That's why I typically recommend people with flat feet have more of a rigid shoe. That's more solid whereas higher arch have more of a cushioned shoe. Sure, sure. I know when I was younger I had the lift supports and everything that I had to get and always use that to help me with it. Because it doesn't you know good foot structure also then contribute to good posture you know as far as you know strain on your back and everything else. That is true just like that old song when we were children you know the hip bones connected to the knee bone. And if you think about how buildings are built and you need a strong foundation when you're building up a building it's very the same with your feet. For example growing up I had a lot of knee pain and one of the treatments my orthopedic surgeon did was send me to a podiatrist for custom shoe inserts or orthotics. And even though I didn't have any foot pain it really helped stabilize my knees. So when you see on TV Dr. Scholes or something like that do things like that really help? Dr. Scholes has a great marketing campaign so I think they do a really good job of reaching out to people who have foot pain. It's like taking daily vitamins you know you can take them but I think there are better things that you can get over the counter than Dr. Scholes. What you want to have is something that has more support on the bottom so if you take that insole that you're the orthotic you know they're kind of interchangeable that you see on the shelf and you can bend it with your fingers the weight of your body when you're walking is one and a half to two times your actual weight. So if you can do this with your fingers you know it's obviously not going to be that supportive. But there are some good ones out there. The brands I typically recommend are Power Step and Super Feet. Those tend to have a little bit more stabilization in them. A couple other things I like to touch on and I'm kind of at living so forgive me but I know one common ailment which I've had too is gout. Totally I think it's the most painful thing I've ever had. So can you go into that as far as you know how it relates to the foot? Yes well you probably already know this from experience because it's very painful so most people go into the doctor right away when they have that. What gout is is you have an increase of uric acid in your blood and what can happen is that crystal can then precipitate out of the blood. So a lot of times I explain it to patients like if you dissolve salt into water that's what it's like having high concentrations of uric acid in your blood and then you know back in high school when we did that chemistry experiment you boiled it out and then you saw the salt crystals. That's what happens when you have a gout attack is the crystals actually come out of your blood and then if you think of having these sharp crystals in your joints. The big toe is one of the most common areas for that to happen. It can happen any part of the body but the big toe the pH level is a little bit different than the rest of your body just because of how far it is away and so that environment excuse me makes it a great place for those crystals to precipitate out. Sure. And as far as treatment for that so there's two forms of treatment. One is to control the we call it hyperureosemia where you're either not excreting enough of the uric acid or your body produces too much. So that would be something where you'd be on a long term medication that you take every day to prevent that from building up. I don't treat the long term I treat the acute phase and basically help with the inflammation. I can do things in the office you can come in that day and I can do things to that joint to make the swelling go down right away and make the pain better. Nice. I know I'm on for the maintenance I'm on to say how the perinol I take. Which is your long term thing but yeah they have to blast it or whatever there's different procedures I've been through. I've had gallic pretty much in every joint in my body except the big toe believe it or not. I've had it the whole side of my foot the top of my foot, the ankle, the knee and it's just terrible. Yeah and sometimes when you have it over and over you can get these gouty deposits and it actually kind of looks like cottage cheese that's stuck in your underneath your skin. So sometimes those can become just painful enough themselves. Are planner sports still a common? They are common. So planner sports that comes from a virus a lot of times I see people after they've already tried something on their own because some planner warts you can do home therapy and get rid of them but some of them are just kind of like super power warts and especially the ones that there's a few of them clustered together we call those mosaic warts if you think of like a mosaic and those often require a lot heavier treatment than I do in the office I have a special agent that I use that blisters the virus off. I know they can be quite painful and I know one time my sister had one in the treatment was as you put a shot right into it and kind of froze it or got it out that way which I mean there's tender the way it is. Yeah there's a lot of different treatment options the one that I found that works the best and is the least painful compared to a lot of the other ones is the blistering agent because it gets underneath the virus and then blisters it off. Nice. At what point in our lives or should say do we run into possible foot you know problems or arch problems I mean young on we have that if we're born with it but as we get older what are some of the types of disorders we may see? So one thing that I love about my job is I have a variety of different types of patients you know little babies who start out with foot problems to you know the geriatric population as far as kids you're right to say that you can be born with flat feet and that can cause problems other things are a lot of kids get ingrown toenails and then that happens I have patients who are all ages with that a lot of kids are especially active and tend to break things and so I treat everything broken from the ankle down it doesn't always necessarily need surgery but it needs to be treated so it can heal properly other things that can happen you know we have problems with our skin sometimes people get athlete's foot you already talked about warts fungal toenails are more common as we get older one thing I usually tell patients is it has nothing to do with cleanliness because that's a big misconception and unfortunately a lot of people are very self-conscious about that in our environment I have fungal spores in my shoes you have them in your shoes they're floating around the air it's just when they get an opportunity to get underneath the nail and make a home it's like prime real estate and things that make that happen more frequently are things that lower your immune system such as when we age our immune system doesn't work quite as well as when we were younger other things would be trauma like some people drop something on their foot it breaks the toenails slightly to give that fungus an opportunity I see it frequently in long distance runners just because of the micro trauma that over and over adding up all that little trauma against the end of their shoes other things that I can see a lot of men especially in their middle age even younger than that 30s to 40s to get Achilles tendonitis I touched on that briefly before that pretty much everyone has tight calves the calf comes down and makes the Achilles tendon and there's a lot of men who like to be active and we call that a weekend warrior so you don't play sports for a living but you like to be out there and active and that puts people at risk for having a rupture so that's something I treat that unfortunately it has to be typically surgically I have to put that back together but if you come in early enough fortunately we can catch it and then treat it before that happens a lot of women in their middle age get what's called adult onset flat foot which is posterior tibial tendon dysfunction also called PTTD there's a tendon that comes on the medial side of your ankle or the inner side called your posterior tibial it starts as a muscle in your leg comes down behind your medial malleolus here part of it inserts right here and then another part of it goes underneath your foot and splits and its main job is to hold up your arch very frequently I'll have active women in their 40s and 50s say they feel like their ankles are falling in or they're getting flat feet and that's because that's getting stretched out so that's another thing that's common in that population so and then but a lot of things it doesn't matter your age you can be affected by it what about some of the diseases that are around like muscular dystrophy or polio I mean pretty much there's vaccinations and they've eliminated them but it can still happen well not muscular dystrophy but do they affect the feet as well yes they do the neurological system is very interesting you know it innervates all the different parts of your body and frequently I actually just had a patient who had polio as a child he's obviously older because it was before the vaccine but he had a lot of issues with his toes and becoming curling and making problems so I helped straighten those out a lot of people with other neurological problems tend to have a higher arch and then really contracted toes and tend to have something called drop foot because they can't pull their foot up and then that causes a lot of problems with getting around and tripping and so that's something I do evaluate for and there's special things I can prescribe to help with that okay another question I had is what is hammer toe that's a very good question what a hammer toe is if you look here on the anatomy of your foot you have this is called your MPJ which is right kind of like right here for the knuckle and what happens is it starts to this bone here called the proximal phalanx start to kind of move upwards and then his second toe kind of moves downwards and then like this so if you look to compare on a finger it would be like this a big reason why that happens is tendon and balances in our foot frequently the big tendons that come from the big muscles in our legs overpower the tiny little muscles that start and end in our foot that stabilize the toes so as far as treatment for that and then just to touch on that a lot of it's hereditary also so unfortunately a lot of foot problems are hereditary so as far as treatment there's different kind of like little splints I can do to help pull the toe down or recommend different shoes or things to put in your shoes and then if that doesn't work surgery is always an option what's nice about the new technology that they have out there is you know years ago you used to have to have a why you're sticking out of your toe for several weeks now they've come up with new technology where I can use something that you have the foot and so you don't have anything sticking outside your toe okay nice are athletes more prone to foot problems other than injuries you see like Jordy Nelson twisted his ankle and the turf and all of that but some athletes you see they have turf toe I've always wondered what turf toe is so turf toe is basically you have your big toe joint and it's you can see here again on the foot model you have these your toe and then your metatarsal these are your sesamoid bones which are kind of embedded in a tendon that come up here and then you have a capsule that is kind of like a blanket that holds everything together and frequently that area can get kind of jammed that's why they call it turf toe because it gets jammed on the turf but you don't have to be playing sports to have that happen and then it's kind of inflammation of everything almost as bad as going no I trust me it's not as bad as going oh it's not as bad as going that's one of the worst pains I hear you I've been through it okay how does physical therapy play into helping alleviate some of the foot problems I mean like you know if you have tendonitis they give you exercises and things other exercises as well that you prescribe that people can do for their feet yes one of the main things I tell pretty much every patient to do is to stretch out their calf because as we've talked about that causes a lot of foot problems a big thing that people do when they do their stretches first off they start for a few days doing it and then they you know get kind of lazy doing it so the big thing is to continue doing it but then also to do it for long enough I recommend people hold their stretches for 30 seconds and not one two three four five six seven it's one two three and do 10 repetitions of that preferably three times a day I know with busy lives not everyone is able to do that so for example sometimes if I'm waiting for the microwave or waiting for the elevator I'll put my foot up against the wall and kind of lean in because you get a nice calf stretch there because I know I'm like most people and have tight calves so do as I say not as I do but other things as far as physical therapy for hammer toes or people who have problems with the tiny little muscles in their foot getting fatigued I'll have them pick up a towel with their toes and let go or a marble and do that 20 times 3 times a day I love referring people to physical therapy because I think physical therapy is doing an amazing job and fortunately at Prevea we have one of the best physical therapy departments that I've ever worked for or worked with a lot of people have the misconception that physical therapy they're just teaching you how to stretch and they think I can do that at home they have different modalities such as ultrasound that they put over to help with inflammation there's different kind of steroid patches it's called iontophoresis and it helps deliver steroids to an area and then there's also something called fluid therapy which is a special machine that not all physical therapy departments have and it helps with painful neuropathy which is also another thing I treat where the nerves are kind of over firing kind of switching gears a little bit the workplace how important is the footwear that you wear can contribute so let's say if I'm in a workplace where I'm standing on concrete all day I mean or if I'm standing there's times where my back just gets totally sorted I can't take it or if I'm in another environment let's say an office environment feet fall asleep or whatever how important is it to like you said do the stretching keep moving around being active like during the day at work or the workplace or the footwear that you wear it is very important and I recently toured one of our local factories and it was very fascinating and after having the tour for an hour and a half my feet were aching on that concrete and I had good shoes on so I can only imagine doing an eight hour shift how hard that is a lot of the employers in the Sheboygan county that Prevea's partnered with has programs where they have you can get custom orthotics at a much reduced price they can when I prescribe orthotics I can put special things on there like to offload high pressure points or what's really good for people who are on concrete all day is to put like extra foam so that they can have extra padding people who stand in the same place all day long they have a lot of achiness with their legs because they're not moving around and so the blood in their veins is kind of stagnant and they get a little bit swollen so I usually recommend people with that if they are not walking around and contracting that calf muscle to move the veins every hour that you can pump your ankles ten times that'll get things moving and also a mild compression sock can really help with that for example on days when I'm doing surgery I'll wear a mild compression sock a lot of people think that it's one of those that you need a special device to put on and they do have those for people who've had surgeries on their veins and arteries but they also have some over the counter that can really it's kind of like wearing I know you men won't understand this as much but wearing spanks a lot of women spanks kind of hold everything in it's kind of like that for socks and it really helps with pain and swelling I know my wife through her stroke and lymphoma when she had cancer and everything she wears those socks as well they'll keep the fluids up and it probably sounds like the same type of thing likely she if she went through that has a prescription strength which as you probably know is a lot harder to get on but they do make lighter compression that's easier if I wanted to learn more about podiatry or do some research what's a good resource to go to a great organization is the American Podiatric Medical Association and you can go to apma.org and there's lots of different patient education materials there and then you can also go there to find your local podiatrist okay what thoughts you may have on podiatry and what we had talked about today or advice to people I think there's a big misconception in our society that you just have to live with foot pain or people say you know I'm a little overweight and I know that's why my feet hurt I just have to live with it or I'm getting older and I have to live with it and that is completely not true there are things out there and if you go to a specialist and they evaluate you and you get back and moving and so that you can enjoy life without experiencing pain every day okay one last question I have you know some girls women you see around and they've got high heels that are about that high of a spike tell me is that good for your footwear or is that just for looks or what I just was dying to know about that well it is very in fashion so you are right a lot of women have that I have seen women break their ankles wearing that when I have patients who aren't going to listen to whatever I tell them I know special events people are going to wear these high heels so I try to tell them everything in moderation and especially don't get something so high like if you look at my shoe you know I don't wear these shoes every day they have their little got dressed up for you they're pointy and they have a little bit of a heel it's just about an inch heel the more heel you have the tighter calf is going to be the more stress you're going to put right here and another thing with the pointy toes is that increases your chance of having an ingrowed toenail which is something I meant to touch on before because that's very common and that can lead to infection and if that does happen I meant to mention earlier that you can come into the office and we can do a procedure right there to get rid of that okay well Dr. Evans I'd like to thank you for being on the show that was quite informative well thank you so much for having me and it sounds like you're a great example for podiatry patients with all the problems you've had thanks a lot that's really great appreciate that if any of our viewers that have any questions about podiatry you can contact us at the station on our website at www.wsgboygan.com for Quality of Life and Dr. Evans I'm Dave Augustine thank you for watching


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the Lenovo IdeaPad S540-13, and what's inside of it. Getting inside of this notebook is easy, provided you have the right tools for the job. Its bottom panel is secured by 9 Torx head screws. After you remove them, you can start the prying process from the backside of the panel. Then carefully move to the sides, and you should be able to easily lift it away. Once you're inside, you'll see a pretty potent looking cooling solution. There are two heat pipes, and two fans working hard to dissipate the heat from the processor. Keep in mind, we have the AMD version here, and we all know the 3000 series Ryzen mobile processors are far easier to cool than their Intel counterparts. As of the upgradeability, as you can see, all of the memory is soldered to the motherboard. Pick your configurations wisely. On the bright side, there is a single M.2 PCI-EX4 slot for fast storage. Battery-wise, Lenovo has put a decent 56Wh unit inside of the IdeaPad S540-13. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Sanford Health in Bemidji partnered with other area Indian Health Service Hospitals for a healing powwow tonight. As Mel Meyer reports, the event brought together different groups and agencies to promote overall good health. Once again, welcome to our healing powwow here. Groups from Red Lake, Cass Lake and White Earth have joined together at Sanford to thank healthcare providers for their work. Doctors, the nurses, all the healthcare teams that work here and it's to honor them and get together as a community. The public event was also helping those who might not realize their role in caring for others. Most of the people that are caregivers are informal caregivers, their family members are friends. The Minnesota Indian Area Agency on Aging was hoping to help those in attendance get over some of the barriers to a healthier lifestyle. Learning about new ways to be healthy, like eating healthy, the exercise programs that we're promoting. Staff from Northwood's caregivers were handing out information about Alzheimer's. The services that we provide are an integral part of what we're all talking about here in that healing. Sherri Newago from Cass Lake Indian Hospital was happy to be working alongside the other agencies. I think it's good to partner with other entities to come together as one and show unity. Sandra Skinway has never been to a powwow specifically for healing but enjoyed the experience. I think it's really nice. I mean, it has a feeling of community here. Exactly what the organizers were going for. In Bemidji, I'm Mel Meyer, Lakeland News. Organizers say this was one of the largest crowds at the annual event and they hope it continues to grow next year. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


I'm going to keep it short because I know everyone is ravenously hungry before lunch. My name is Greg O'Brien, I come from Griffith College Dublin, I'm a learning technologist and I want to just tell you a very quick story about migrational change at an institutional level or as Claire was talking about an upgrade on just one single upgrade across one institution. So I've added an Isaac Asimov very funny quote here which I'm sure some of the dev-ops will get. So I want to talk to you about a project to migrate from one Moodle to another at faculty level across course administrators aimed at upgrading from an ancient version of Moodle to a new version. And at the same time slipping in some aesthetic and performance based changes. So we've got around 7,000 students across four campuses across Ireland, hundreds of lecturers and part-time and full-time lecturers. And so we started planning this around December 2017 and around a year ago we started getting very serious about implementing this project. And so it's a massive, I'm sure many of us know from the past couple of days, culture change across an institute is an impossible task. And getting GDP, member GDP or anyone remember that? What an impossible mission that was as well. And also we wanted to get people into the mode of reevaluating their content and updating it. So we came up with ARM or an annual rollover of Moodle. And we tried to make it as painless as possible for staff and lecturers. So we had a test site or sort of a staging area called Moodle ARM and then we wanted everyone to do a massive backup and restore and to populate Moodle ARM as it was created in June 2018 and then go live in September 2018. So we had an all-out training campaign. We had training videos. We pushed this to the max across our faculties and our staff. We had two videos. One was an outline of how the ARM process would happen and what our vision was for implementing it. And the other one was a much more practical step-by-step. What do I do to achieve this? If you bear in mind for just one second, our legacy Moodle was 11 years old. So we had tons of data. So we had a concerted messaging campaign and workshops, videos with IT. It really was a heroic mission to bring all of our staff across the line. We had faculty messaging, drop-in clinics and what I call house-to-house faculty training. The phone should have been hopping all the time every moment. And so we upgraded, I think, from 3.2 to 3.4, running a move theme. I think, I can't remember the name of the chap who created that theme, but it's a lovely thing. At the same time, we wanted to incorporate or slip in more technology and just to make Moodle a little bit more aesthetic and to make it perform a little bit better for what our staff needed. So we introduced these technologies. I think Zoom was mentioned yesterday at some point as a webinar function. And we used a French technology called UbiCast to stream live from our classrooms and to provide screen casting. H5P and our MazeMap app. But the closer we got to September, the more nervous we got about a massive scramble to get everything in place by the time students arrived. And of course, many of our part-time lectures were on holidays during the summer. So there was a lot of panic. This is a picture of me from back then. The nightmare scenario. Everyone backing up and restoring at the last minute, resulting in a massive collapse of all infrastructure and seizing up of all of our systems. What was going to happen? Everything was fine, actually. It was totally fine. Everything was fine. There was a smooth transition. There wasn't seizing up of all of our Moodle systems. Most lecturers restored their courses and backed up within a two-week period. It didn't all happen over the summer. It wasn't the night before day one of semester one. The system didn't grind to a halt. Training was a success, and we had minimum disgruntlement amongst our staff. Everything was fine, and yes, a year later, we're into season two of our annual rollover of Moodle. Thank you. Starving. A success story. Very good. Does anyone have any questions for Greg? Oh, we've got a hand straight up there in the middle. No. Do you want to go waste to this guy? Excellent. Hi. I was just interested. Obviously, the last time you went through this, you were doing 11 years worth of back up some stories. This time, it's been a year. I just was interested about how your process will be different now it's becoming a business as usual. Yes. Well, it's the first iteration. The pain, there was a little bit of, there was 1% disgruntlement with having to perform. Most people don't want to do a back up and restore. Most people don't want to reevaluate their content. Yet they have to because our programmatic reviews and our oversight at a national level in education requires us to do so. So there's a few sticks.  But in fact, we have history now where it isn't the supports there from us, from MIT, in our institution, and it isn't an impossible task. In fact, it's a very quick task now. So I'm hopeful that the next iteration, which has already started, will be equally as painless or perhaps provide some other challenges that we didn't come across last year. I don't know if that answers your question then. Thanks, Greg. Any more questions? I'm doing a very long teacher pause. Apparently, teachers only take one second when they ask a question. They take one second to wait for the learners to respond. So I've learned to do long teacher pauses. That's what I was doing there. Okay. Thank you very much, Greg.


We mutate it and we'll try to screen it and see if any of the mutants from this molecule can sense voltage inside themselves Library was up to 10 millions up 10 millions individual clones Screening of each cell Manually take several so minutes So it means I wouldn't be able to finish probably this screen of this library till nowadays if I start doing it manually and Was saying oh, how about we just make robot to do it for us? and This is how we end up with designing a special robot that can Image very large population of the cells Automatically pick the best cells expressing the voltage sensing molecule And select using a micropiped and everything in the in automated mode in fully automated mode I remember with this day when I click start it took me about two years to make it to happen But once it's everything was set we click start bottom Robot did it for us for two hours while I was drinking coffee at Vendor this process. I take the tube With a few cells selected from the plate I clone the genes and one of them was the Archon voltage sensor that we currently using for voltage imaging in vivo


So we all heard the bad news that Filmic Pro is most definitely changing to a subscription model. Before you were able to make a one-time payment of $30 including the in-app purchase and own the app for good but now they are testing out different price points for different countries but as for now the base price is set to around $3 per week which means you'll be paying $12 per month making it a total of $144 per year. If you add the cinematographers kit which is a one-time payment of $14 you'll be paying $158 for the first year making it one of the most expensive apps in the world. Now I was very surprised that they decided to go this route after being such a great and affordable video app for many years. I personally am not a fan of subscription models. I prefer a one-time payment like Apple does with Final Cut Pro. I do have certain services for which I'm paying for monthly such as Adobe Creative Cloud. Now if I find that the product provides me with the value I'm looking for I don't mind paying for it every month but with the Filmic Pro app I don't think it's worth it as there are other great video apps out there such as the Beastcam for a one-time payment of $2 which offers similar features most important ones being able to control focus and exposure separately as well as white balance resolution and frame rate bit rates shutter speed and ISO so there would be no point for me in subscribing to Filmic Pro's subscription plan when I can get all of these features I need in the other apps. Let's not assume all third-party video apps would have the same subscription plan like Filmic Pro. You would still have the option to use the native camera app which comes for free and is in my opinion still a great option for producing high quality videos and I use it 90% of the time the only downside to it being that it has some limited functionality but if you know how to use it there is a workaround to it. It is only a matter of time before Apple releases a pro video mode for the native camera app just like Samsung and Xiaomi did with their latest phones and when that happens I believe that Filmic Pro will have a hard time convincing people to subscribe to their app. I've been getting a lot of comments on my Filmic Pro tutorial saying that Filmic Pro has changed to a subscription plan and that it's way too expensive and for those having the app saying that they are not going to switch to the subscription model I can completely understand that I'll be doing the same thing no one wants to pay for something they've already paid for I'd be okay with a lower subscription fee such as one to two dollars per month or 15 to 20 dollars per year I'm not sure yet how this will apply to those who have paid for the app I've had it for almost three years but I believe that future updates might not be included now it hurts to see that a great video app like Filmic Pro is moving to an expensive subscription model and I can only hope that they will change their minds or at least offer a cheaper alternative for those of us who can't afford to pay that much money every year now Filmic Pro says I quote we are reviewing various options for app pricing for the future to try to find something that works for as many people as possible I strongly believe that smartphone filmmaking should be affordable for everyone as smartphone cameras are not yet at the level of mirrorless cameras and I don't think it will be for a while I absolutely support Filmic Pro's endeavor to continue developing one of the best smartphone video apps still I hope they will find a way to make it more affordable for those of us who want to continue using their app I also don't plan on making tutorials around Filmic Pro right now unless it will be more affordable for most mobile shooters as smartphone filmmaking should be more accessible to everyone not only for professionals but also for hobbyists and those just starting out so the question begs who is the Filmic Pro app for now with the new subscription model I guess professional mobile filmmakers that produce feature films documentaries and commercial work that are making a living from it and need certain features of the app that you won't find anywhere else such as remote control for video monitoring as well as wireless control the frame i o camera to cloud feature for a cloud-based workflow I personally don't necessarily need those features it's certainly nice to have them especially when you're working with a large crew but as a one-man crew for my workflow it's not a deal breaker I understand that the team behind Filmic Pro needs a subscription plan for a constant cash flow in order to improve the app and keep the development going but I hope they will find a way to make the app more affordable for those of us who can't or don't want to pay that much money now I want to know your thoughts on this are you using Filmic Pro are you thinking about switching to another video app let me know in the comment section below I'm really sorry to be the bearer of that news but I thought it was important to share this with you I appreciate all of your support thank you so much for also watching this video keep your heads up and keep it mobile and I'll see you in the next video


Hey guys, what's up? Welcome to my channel. So for today's video, I know it's taking me forever to do this, but it was really hard for me to find time to do three looks, apparently. But today I'm going to be doing three tutorials, one using each of the eyeshadow palettes from the new Pat McGrath opulence collection. And of course, I'm also using at least one of the lipsticks that comes with each eyeshadow palette. If you are interested in seeing my review on the collection, I will link it down below and also in the cards as well. I mean, overall, Pat McGrath has amazing eyeshadows, which is why I wanted to do a whole video dedicated to doing looks with each of these palettes. Originally, I was going to do one video per eyeshadow palette, but I just decided I would put them all together, and then I will be putting time stamps down below to each individual palette if you're interested in just seeing a look specifically for the palette.  These are just kind of what I came up with for this video. But of course, I have played around with these. I've created much different looks. Most of these are pretty crazy. I probably never actually wear them out, but this is me being fun, expressing my creativity. Anyways, with that being said, I hope you guys are excited for this video. Yeah, thank you. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Remember to subscribe to my channel, like this video, and let me know what your favorite look was down below. I would love to hear from you all, and I hope to see you guys in the next video. Bye.


Hey, Psych2Goers. Thank you for all of the love and support that you've given us. Psych2Go's aim is to make psychology and mental health more accessible to everyone. And before we begin, we wanted to thank Brilliant for sponsoring this video. Brilliant is an educational online platform that aims to make learning math and science fun and stress-free. If you're interested, watch till the end for a promotion. Childhood is an important developmental time in our lives. The things you experience as a child often stick with you well into adulthood. Habits are learned. Relationships often repeat themselves. And every big change we encounter leaves a lasting impact. Our childhood experiences affect our view of the world and where we stand in it. Unfortunately though, not everyone grows up in a stable and supportive household. Some children experience abuse or are victim to poverty, bullying, illness, or discrimination.  One, childhood is an essential time for brain development. Between early childhood and puberty, the brain's development allows for complex thought process as well as the internalizing of experiences. Children typically begin to spend time with their peers at school over socializing only with their immediate family at home. According to Mental Health America, as children begin to figure out their place among others, they also start to understand the rules of the world as well as their individual moral compass.  As a child, you learn about other people and how to interact with them through your experiences with caregivers. The kind of relationship you develop, whether secure or unstable, is usually the lens through which you approach all future relationships. For example, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network notes, children who do not have healthy attachments have been shown to be more vulnerable to stress. They have trouble controlling and expressing emotions and may react violently or inappropriately to situations. Our ability to develop healthy, supportive relationships with friends and significant others depends on having first developed those kinds of relationships in our families. A child with a complex trauma history may have problems in romantic relationships, in friendships and with authority figures such as teachers or police officers. Three, unhealthy emotional processing lasts into adulthood. Studies show that when children experience trauma or prolonged stress, it changes the way they process their emotions. For example, a child with a dismissive parent may learn to act out or throw a tantrum in order to get their needs met. Clinical psychologist Katie McLaughlin, PhD, argues that these changes in emotional regulation, including elevated emotional reactivity, decreased emotional awareness and unhealthy coping habits allows the effects of childhood stressors to stick with you while into adulthood. Childhood is full of changes. Do you remember feeling overwhelmed on your first day of school? Do you still cringe at some of the phases you went through in middle school? Childhood and adolescence are full of scary and embarrassing changes. The Mental Health Foundation of the UK reminds us that even though these changes may be exciting, they do take a toll on young minds.  As your body changes, so does your relationship with yourself and others. Friends drift apart, romantic interest peaks and we begin to figure out who we are and where we belong in our social groups. And five, the correlation between bullying in childhood and mental illness in adults. If you've been bullied as a child, it's usually not difficult to recall the fear, anxiety or low self-worth that you experienced as a result. Surprisingly though, a team run by Dr. Suzette Tanya Lorea found that childhood bullying is likely to affect you long into adulthood. Their 2015 study included children from the US and the UK and they discovered that children who were bullied by their peers were more likely to experience anxiety or depression as an adult. This part of the video is sponsored by Brilliant. Brilliant is an online learning platform that's revolutionized the way we learn math and science. As Stephen Covey said, be patient with yourself. Self-growth is tender, it's holy ground. There's no greater investment. Brilliant helps you make that investment in growth. They break down concepts into manageable pieces and help you see concepts visually and intuitively. Each of their courses present clear thinking in each part and then built up to a fascinating conclusion. I strongly recommend you go to brilliant.org slash like to go to sign up for free. The first 200 people that sign up will also get 20% off their annual subscription. Did you find this video insightful? What was your childhood like? Let us know in the comments below. If you enjoyed watching this video, give us a thumbs up and share it with someone who might find it helpful too. The studies and references used are listed in the description below. Don't forget to hit the subscribe button and the notification bell icon for more site to go content. And as always, thanks for watching. We'll see you next time.


If you look at your learning targets, I'd say you guys are doing a great job. I saw some excellent annotation, especially Marcel. Thank you, Marcel, for sharing that. Everybody's working on citing text evidence to support their analysis. And we're going to move here to three, engaging in a rich evidence-based conversation with my classmates. So evidence-based is obvious, right? You're using your text details to support your opinion. I don't think Claudette's quite there yet. Or yes, she is. Look at this right here. That's evidence-based. But the richness, the rich conversation comes from you're listening to each other and you're building on one another's ideas. I agree with what you said here, but here's what I think. Bouncing the ideas off of each other, not just listening, but really being in a conversation and sharing your ideas, okay? That's what we want to move towards as we talk about, like having a rich conversation. We're going to take about 10 minutes. I want each of you to kind of share your voice where you think Claudette is at. And then you're going to jot down each other's ideas on the backside of your paper so that you have three down. You'll kind of share yours and then take from your other, your classmates. But don't focus just on getting the ideas down. Have a rich conversation. Yes, Eric? How many minutes did you say we were going to get to talk about? A rich conversation? Close to 10. Might be more like eight now, but... All right. Ready? Okay, please begin.


This study investigated the potential adverse effects of copper sulfate on yellow catfish and found that it caused oxidative stress, immunosuppression and disruption of the fish's gill microflora. The researchers suggest that this could be due to the fact that copper sulfate is commonly used as an anti-parasitic agent in aquaculture, but its use should be carefully monitored to avoid any negative impacts on the health of the fish. This article was authored by Shen Zhou, Zhou Hongyang, Yisong, and others.


We have visual on the female, blue jeans, print shirt, football break. No sign of any other wither over. He said he'd put something on the phone. Yeah, it was a sign. I can read your trip. They start like, getting crazy. Just like, no need to abandon, now they're thrown rocks. Hey. So we know that's not how you do it. What if that was your daughter? They're throwing rocks. That bag. Yeah, just pull back. The protest is now moving northwest. They said they just found an entrance after yanking on the front gate. They're all running over to appears post six right now. I'll copy. Hey, turn your white one. Come on.


This paper proposes a novel memristor device based on hafnium oxide layers with varying levels of oxygen vacancy. This device can switch between high and low resistances, allowing it to act like a synapse in a neural network. It can also be programmed to perform analogue weight updates, making it suitable for use in neuromorphic computing applications. This article was authored by Duipak Prasadsahin, Kitee Park, Peter Heyang Chung, and others.


What's going on guys and gals Brad here for Leighton sports cards, and we are ripping 2022 pristine baseball case number 14 picker team style We got Benjamin v. Guardians Carlos J. Giants Carol G. Marlins Christopher G. Rockies Dean E. Cubs Derek W. Pirates Edgar B. Astros Hector I Braves Jeffrey S. White Sox Rangers Jim G. Phillies Jim G. Nationals Kenzo O. Red Sox Kevin C. Twins Michael S. Cardinals Michael M. Reds Mitchell F. D. Bax Nail C. Orioles Arbinelli Tigers Richard A Yankees Blue Jays Roy M Ray's Matt Russell F. A's Saucy Brewer's Tony K Dodgers White Shia Angel Zach L Padres. All right perfect We are gonna be a bit behind schedule today guys I do apologize Not it's kind of out of my control here. I don't think I can go any faster. I Really don't know forest is supposed to start at five today We might not even have to end the stream for more than like a minute and as Reynolds Griffin Jacks rookie Jill Ryan rookie and Andrew McCutcheon earning Clement rookie Pettit J. Cousins rookie Yes, Tramsky Marta Frank Thomas rookie Spencer Watkins Rookie Colton Welker rookie Jaren Duran and Kershaw Trip Rogers Bench Olsen Jeter Vado Lindor and Beltray Nola Shizom Sosa Sanchez Rodolfo Castro Fergie Brace Harper Carson Kelly of Domes Mullins Freeman Robin Yau Soto and Mickey on the back. We got candle area orange to 25 Jared Walsh Rafi devours whoops Matt Veerling rookie Gary Sanchez gold Louise Gonzalez to 50 Manuel Rodriguez rookie purple to 99 Yanni Hernandez Freddie Freeman Kirby Puckett Jordan Alvarez and Nelson Cruz slice of a star auto relic Rays We got a Zotto Maddell Olson Philly Zotto Ryan Howard not numbered blue Pedro Martinez to 75 Gold Freddy Freeman to 50 Jose a braille white socks and a Chris Bryant on the back. Let's see Rizzo Burns Mankata Terry Rosario rookie Max Craddock who holds rookie Brandon Marsh Solak Wander Franco Castellanos Vaughn Piazza gold Schmitts Torres Stanton Longoria McGill Yoli new Darvish Belly judge Strasburg eight-year-old Donaldson Larkin Lame Hugh Aronato Acuña eyes Hernandez Cronin worth Hendricks Turner and Bieber We got Brian Hayes and Giants Jersey Auto Brandon Crawford Giants we got Sandberg Alonzo out to they to 99 pile Hendricks Sheffield we got gold to 50 Maddie Machado Mark McGuire bogs seager and a gold Kyle Schwerber To 50 Gold rookie read datmer's angels Maggie base Pulsar Pink to 15 Reds Jesse winker will not focus there goes blue to 75 gold Schmitt Cardinals and Cardinals auto Nolan Aronato to 50 nice and A rookie auto Royals Jackson co-ar on the back all right next one All right, we got fueler Harper rookie Josiah Gray Merrifield Corralta Ryan and rookie Jarenda ran Tapia Carter Hoskins rookie Gavin sheets Gallo rookie Cal rally rookie Tyler McGill Chas McCormick rookie Dick Allen a Tony Randy Johnson Javi by a Zach Wheeler and Freddie Freeman Muncie Perez Aronato Conforto Nelson Cruz Garrick Randy Rosarina Wheeler Hayes Jordan Vlad Hyun Jin Ryu one Soto Marta Gibson Schmitts Brantley Clemente Chapman Trout Rookie Jake Berger gold to 50 Matt Olson We got Zach Wheeler Jersey auto Yankees or oldest Chapman Jose a brand new purple to 99 tauti's jr Ronald Acuna Frank Thomas Chris Brian to 99 Castillato Oh Tawny and Chris Bryant a rookie Manuel Rodriguez Cubs Cubs auto neck Madrigal that's to 25 orange Paul Gullschmidt Cardinals auto Got Anthony Rendo gold Jared Walsh to 50 and blue Babe Ruth to 75 I just want to see if you have the hand lotion. Sorry guys. I think this product's like drying out my hand That's so much better. Okay next one number four This is getting ridiculous. Now watch this one's gonna be good, isn't it?  I'm sorry guys. I'm trying to open these they're all glued together Like the packs are all glued together. I don't understand It's very weird first one. I've had in like six boxes Deloie Salvi seager winker a top-tease jr Musgrove solar Simeon dala Cruz rookie Machado Anderson Ozzie Carter Mariana Rivera We stream We stream on youtube as well Carlson McGlyre Immanuel Rivera rookie Sammy lawn and Kershaw gold to 50 pristine mortars rookie Lars newt bar Sturgell ripkin one gum cold Dawson Garcia Vlad base Got our k-line Jared Walsh Jared Colonych purple Mike trout to 99 The rainbow of tapia and look at this. That's thick to 25 blue jays relic auto Tiosca Hernandez slice of a star rookie Connor wong hand garen Christy matthewson. Whoops Julio Urias young jen Ryu and gold jersey auto to 50 gt realmudo Phillies orange to 25 Salvador Perez Anthony Rizzo Yankees A's Jose Canseco not numbered to 75 Joey Wendell auto White Sox Jake Berger and rookie auto race by Dubru Han Lord of the Rings show I think so It's rings of power so I know it's gonna be uh It's gonna have young Galadriel probably Soran like young human looking Soran I think basically what the plot's gonna boil down to is everybody's trying to guess who the heck Saran's gonna be It's gonna need to live with the elves and like help them craft the rings of power He called himself the Lord of Gets Yeah So we'll see All right, we got base Walsh Randero's arena Rodriguez Mookie Javi Baez Marie Yachty Yellowitch Griffey Ramzanino Ohtani And Ohtani Story Ernie Banks your Darvish Refractors we got Zanino Jacob the Grom Max Kepler Relic auto one Soto Nice Nationals nice Soto Ernie Banks story Freddy Peralta we got a gold Kyle Gibson the 50 Rookie Reed deathmars to 99 Wade Boggs to 75 rookie Brian Dela Cruz To 50 Roberto Clemente Red one of five Dodgers Walker Bueller Rookie Otto Vidal Bruhan Tampa Bay Rookie Otto Tigers Matt Manning And Jared Kalenick on the back Just Yankees to go for Case number 15 pristine baseball Came knocking for uh brain sensing He hasn't announced what they came knocking for yet This was the year Finally happened They said they wanted One of the series Got a monitor Walker Rosario Sheen mods rookie And the big thing that was he was holding back because of is like He didn't want to sell the rights to it and like if he's going to do a show for a series of his He wanted to be able to be a writer be a producer Like all of that. You know what I mean? That's what I would He didn't want to like sell himself short Got Jackson Kilar rookie and it sounds like finally he found a studio that was like, okay You can write Exactly, especially if you know like there's a chance they could do it wrong You know, oh neil cruise rookie. That's not bad. Wish it was numbered Vlad Oh, yeah Georgia remark and gave them the ending the game of thrones We got Ronnie Dawson rookie and Clemente He's their anthology series that I think that's T.J. Freidl It's Hendrix Rosarino Fortunately Terry tragic can't be a writer on it. So they probably shouldn't ever do that, but It would be cool if they did wasn't neil diamond a good friend of Terry crashes. Yeah, he was he could probably help probably I'll start posy Or mucky bats Is a good writer We got Lance Lynn Ozzy Elby's Brandon Crawford orange to 25 Jonathan India Reds Jersey auto reds jesse winker to 99 pager martinez. We got purple reggie jackson to 99 Thanks Rangers one Gonzalez auto not numbered Blue to 75 zack gallon rookie or not a rookie. Excuse me Rookie angels read that murders Ray's auto tyler glass now Tony's hand tian rookie And a gold salvatore parets to 50 two more You know how like the MCU has stanley cameos in every movie Your movies would have nicocotta Every movie Just like in a restaurant Like in the background I Honestly, I think they're probably gonna go with miss boring Which is understandable. It's already basically finished but at the pace sanderson writes they could start a storm like tv show and he'd be done the series like by the time they finish Like by the time to catch up I mean To book five I did I'd never finished it though, but if I need to I'll do longer decks Yeah Yeah, it's not bad, right it gets better after like the first like arc Erin was like Erin annoyed me in the first just so angry all the time. Yeah I'm like too just like chill out for like a second We got a rookie Tyler Gilbert a rookie Kyle Muller these Sammy sosa otani angels Guys should we just Yankees left on number 15 up next Nevermind sold out. Nice. Thank you. Uh, sat here rookie D-backs Schwabber Jim tommy rookie hoy park base rookie yanni hernandez rookie vat alberon Frafters we got kershaw orange lubeb to 25 Tony gwen Tramansini adam frazier to 99 rookie kyle muller Edgar martinez rookie mason thompson rookie santaean purple to 99 tom siever base We got wilson contraeus cubbies Jose al tuve houston orange to 25 kyle hindricks blue to 75 karson kelly gold rookie otto max crannick to 50 and a young man kato on the back Okay, Rodriguez mickey clenic We've got adam frazier rookie santaean rookie greg dykeman bregman ronovakumya rookie mason thompson show barlow rookie jake burger rookie sheffield read debtmerz chris brands we got aziabi relic otto joe carter blue jays there you go uh mookie joe adell yachty murray louise gill lou bob scherzer gold to 50 teosker hernandez and purple to 99 zack gallant to 75 castellanos reds ted williams redsox we got austin riley breves orange to 25 corbin burns cal ripkin jr not number orials and a yanni hernandez rookie otto rangers on the back and there you go guys that'll do it for the break coming up next is case 15 sit tight


So I want to introduce our speaker for tonight. I'm really pleased to have Nari Lee and who's a professor of intellectual property at Hankin, which she joined in 2012. She studied law at UR Women's University in Korea and Kyushu University in Japan and holds a PhD from the University of Eastern Finland and a Doctor of Laws from Kyushu University. Since 1996, she has researched and taught in the area of intellectual property and international trade in universities in Europe, Asia and the USA. And her research experience includes post the post of affiliated research fellow at the Met's Plank in 2012 to 2014, researcher at the research visitor at the University of Cambridge in 2016, senior global house of fellow at New York University Law School in 2017. 2019 in the spring she served as a designated professor at the Center for Asian Legal Exchange at Nagoya University in Japan, and very much to her liking. In 2019 she was a research visitor at the Center for Intellectual Property and Information Law at the University of Cambridge. So, Nari is going to talk to us today on cross border misappropriation of trade secrets. So, over to you Nari. Okay, so thank you very much for that introduction. And thank you for inviting me to join this webinar series. I'm extremely pleased. And also because of the fact that I really, really, really miss a visit in Cambridge. And, and, and I'm sitting here in snowy Finland. It's really cold outside and I keep on thinking about how beautiful a Cambridge was during spring, and how lovely the people at the Civil War. So, so I miss it very much. So I, this was a welcome invitation for me to talk about talk to people I love, and, and talk about a topic that I feel quite passionate about in a way because while I was, which is a cross border misappropriation of trade secret. When I was preparing this talk realized that I've been thinking about and I've been sitting on this topic since 2017. When I come across a this topic, when I was visiting the United States, and at the invitation of Professor Sharon Sandin, I visited her law school and gave a talk on EU trade secret directive. I had a request of the organization organizer at the time, Professor Sandin asked me to talk about enforcement related issue. So without actually doing so much study on this topic I actually, you know, listed all this you know applicable law and jurisdiction questions related with enforcement of trade in Europe and that seems to be quite confusing. And what I can say, and you will hear from my talk today that that situation didn't change that much still since 2017. And also my knowledge of the subject may be even more confused about this topic. But regardless, this talk is loosely based on a two papers. Two papers I drafted one of them are two book chapters I drafted. One of them has already been published in a book edited by Nicholas Brune and Grandi Moody and Maria Levine and Oscar early that came out this year. I wrote a book entitled a transition and coherence in intellectual property law. And there are there's a one chapter that I wrote an open, which is entitled open yet secret trading of tangible goods and trade secret. And another book chapter I wrote on the lady topic, which will be published is hedging into property in visible trade secrets and international trade in goods I hopefully hope, I hope that this will be published quite soon. Both of these book chapters address the issue, the starting point of the question whether trade secret is a intellectual property, or even property. So that I asked this question. Because of the fact that that has been a theoretical debate what is the nature of trade secret, or what is the nature of trade secret protection is that intellectual property right or is that property right. The book chapters deals with this, this issue and in my open yet secret and trading of the tangible goods and trade secret in that book chapter. I argue that trade secret directive European Union trade secret directive. In particular article for paragraph five liability introduces a property like element in the trade secret protection, which is problematic in a way, because trade secret the original trade secret has always been considered unfair competition. And trade secret as a discipline of law, do not have that much doctrine that deals with the object, object based misappropriation or infringement for that matter. And similarly, in the other book chapter hedging into property I approach this question from constitutional point of view whether it is a trade secret is a property in the sense that that is a property interest that is safeguarded by constitutional law as a fundamental that I go through different layer of European Union's law on this matter. And while I was working on that chapter, the decision from UK High Court on cell guard. I've seen of its cell guard v senior came out, which deals with the question related with the infringing goods goods question. So toward the end of that chapter I actually had some text written on four pages or so written on this topic that I'm presenting today, but it is my hope that based on today's talk. I will produce a standalone paper on this particular topic and cross border infringement cross border misappropriation I call it infringement, which is wrong because I pointedly do not want to use the word infringement in this in this context cross border misappropriation of trade secret. So that is a starting point of this paper. Why do I actually think about how, what, what is the research question that this project is asking is, how do we think about trade secret cross border misappropriation in other words how to conceptualize this. The reason why I'm asking this question is that in other in intellectual property matters in intellect cross border intellectual property infringement matters, we often have this issue of foreign domestic rights that gets infringed in conduct infringement action in foreign countries, leading to domestic dispute, or foreign right gets infringed in domestic conduct and giving rise to dispute in domestic court, or even in some situations foreign rights, which is infringed by conduct in foreign countries, and somehow through connecting the end of in a domestic court. The question that that trade secrets course for the misappropriation. By the way, misappropriation I, I, it's not just miss up on local acquisition but it's, I use this misappropriation broadly cover all misuse of trade secret, including all acquisition disclosure and use of trade secret in trade secret, miss, miss appropriation cases. Because of the nature that there's no correlating domestic trade secret right and foreign trade secret right, but rather it is tied to a conduct of conduct that is regulated as unfair conduct that is harmful for honest commercial practices. So it gives rise to the question, whether there's such thing actually do exist in a way so that the question that I'm actually asking is, can trade secret be localized in like the way IPR does that domestic right for right, and can we conceptualize cross border misappropriation as cross border misappropriation, or do they actually cross borders called do cross border misappropriation actually cross border. That is the research question that I would like to answer in in this project, as you can hear this is on work in progress this is not ready yet, although some part of it is written. So any comments and questions you, you could give at the end of the presentation would be very useful. So, the background of this as I had said is European Union trade secret directives. Article four, which provides for type of misappropriation misappropriation in article four of trade secret directive, which is a minimum harmonization director. That means that members states may provide more extensive extensive protection of trade secret provides for kind of for for types of trade secret misappropriation. In paragraph two, on local acquisition by primary actor and paragraph three, using disclosure after on local acquisition or in breach of contract or other due to not to disclose and paragraph four, by third party on local acquisition user disclosure and paragraph five, which is all knowing trading of infringing goods. I have in the next slide as you can see I have a fancy graph. So the graph graphically these close can be explained in this manner that primary actors, actors behavior so primary actors acquisition, authorize a commercial dishonest is providing paragraph two, and primary actor actor who unlawfully acquire or user disclose and use it or user disclose a trade secret information against duty or duty of confidence or other kind of duty that is providing paragraph three of article four. And the difference is between a primary act what I consider primary actors conduct to paragraph four and five is paragraph. This primary actors conduct have contract or other duties that's connecting them to trade secret holder so there's a possibility of contract or their possibility agreements or their possibility of directly connecting them to trade secret holder, holder. Whereas third party liabilities I third party library that is providing paragraph four and trading of infringing goods the library which is provided in paragraph five is connected to the trade secret holder through the knowledge through the knowledge of unlawful, unlawfulness, unlawful use or and so on and so forth that through the knowledge they are connected not the contract so they cannot be. There is a. There is a contract that relates with contract or other duty that is imposed on the primary actor but the second director so called third party liability is outside the boundary of that contract. And it is here paragraph five liability falls and and to illustrate, I can show you the paragraph five of trade secret director directive. Here it's, you can see from here that production offering and placing on the market of infringing goods or the importation export to storage and infringing goods to put those purposes to also be considered an unlawful user trade secret where the person carrying out such new or odd under the circumstances to have known that Tracy could was used on locally within the meaning of paragraph three. So it ties traders of infringing goods and this provision, give rise to a liability or impose liability on the traders of infringing those who are producing offering and so on and so forth. On the condition that they know or should have known that that the trade secret was used on locally so there's an underlying on lawfulness or paragraph three. And this infringing goods in trade secret directive, as has been pointed out by many authors. And it is problematic because it is defined quite broadly in article two for it includes goods design characteristics functioning production process of marketing, which significantly benefits from trade secret or locally acquired a user disclose. And that means that whole bunch of goods, not only directly embodying the trade secret, but goods that may actually benefit so, so called mixed goods or even partially, partially connected goods that that as long as it is significantly benefiting to from the unlawfully acquired user disclose trace trace it could be covered by this liability. Also, so, and also at the same time, since I'm showing you the paragraph five, we can look it and look into the wording of this text it doesn't say anywhere that this person who's carrying out this activities are necessarily third party either. So this actually could in a way that I was when I was looking very hard into this paragraph that I was wondering whether is this actually a third party liability or even primary liability because it doesn't say it from the text alone that this has to be a third party so anybody, it could be anybody who's carrying out such activities, who if they knew, or, or should have known that what they were doing, what the goods that they're trading has been produced using tracing that has been unlawfully used or disclosed within the meaning of paragraph three. So this creates quite a lot of open in a way, flexible and broad application. And as this being directed, of course, how member states have next transpose them into their member state school would be the crucial informations to find out what is the scope of this liability, but also in and of course, this text doesn't actually provide us with much information, but when should we know when does this person at carrying out such activity should know. And most importantly for today's discussion that where actually should it be is it because by especially in highlighted in bed, if you look at importation exploitation is covered by this, this paragraph five liability, but importation and exportation, which are such conduct that always imply two different places at least at these two different places. So does this close in and of itself include a clue about applicable law, or does it actually say that applicable law should be somehow decided by reading carefully reading and interpreting this paragraph. But that is not if you look at the rest of that is not necessarily the case but first what is the purpose of this, this paragraph five liability, the trade secret directive of recital for 28 clearly shows that this liability or trade secret directive, in general, is very well aware of cross border means of operation and cross border in French cross border activity using trade secret and recital for shows that the targets across what activity and recital 28 shows that considering global or recital 28 lies that considering the global nature of trade, it is necessary that such measures include the prohibition of importation of those goods into the union, or the storage for the purpose of offering and placing that on the market so paragraph five liability targets, those goods that are originating from outside European Union entering into European Union and prohibit such importation based on paragraph five five five. Right, so this cross border activity should be covered by this liability. This raise a important questions and how do we decide how it is, how do we decide and what should be then applicable law in understanding and finding of the liability based on paragraph because as I said, because it's cross border conduct is implied importation exploitation, at least two territoriality or two jurisdiction is implied in this and unfortunately trade secret directive alone doesn't help us to settle this question because the directive do not establish any harmonized rules for judicial corporations jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement judgment in civil commercial matters, namely the jurisdiction of rules or deal with applicable law. The question trade secret directive is not meant to harmonize this thing. So we should not read from paragraph five, that's, we should not read from paragraph five and any applicable law or any rules related with jurisdiction and other union instruments such as and Roman Rome regulations one and two, then should be used in terms of understanding which countries and which countries law should be applied and where should be to what should be the applicable law. So, so this opens up questions are related with both jurisdiction and applicable law. So that makes it crucial in a way in jurisdiction and and and cross border to cross border dispute. In understanding jurisdiction was an applicable law rules characterizing the underlying dispute or characterizing disputes and cause of action is crucial. I'm sorry I'm doing something with my mouse that goes back and forth all the time. So the characterization of trade secret dispute becomes crucial because in conflict of law rules. I'm sorry. Is it me who's doing this is it someone else doing this. Okay, so conflict of law rules. This thing, and it is crucial to characterize the underlying dispute trace is a trade secret dispute correctly to apply correct rules concerning jurisdiction as well as applicable law, but trade secret as as it has been written by many, many scholars as well as you can see from case law includes all different types of disputes and there are complex layers of issues that may that might imply any of this is it is it to start with is it even a dispute related with trade secret is it a dispute or dispute related public law, was it a dispute related private law, because sometimes trade secret relates with the state act of compelling certain parties to disclose certain information. Is it criminal and civil law, because civil law. Most many countries have criminal liability on trade secret misappropriation misuse and trade secret directive of course still did only civil law liability, due to the competence of your opinion have been covering only civil civil liability but if civil is it a contract or not contractual issue as we have seen in my graphic representation of Tracy could miss a provision that could be private primary actors whose conduct is duty bound by contract and do your confidence, or they could be non contractual issues, as in the case of third party. This is one paragraph type of situation, and most importantly, as I said in the beginning of this presentation there's a question of whether trade secret is is property or unfair competition or neither for that matter. And there are, because of the fact that trade secret dispute relates very often for my employee, their labor law issues that are involved, and is that an is that rule concerning employment is the primary cause of action or should it should it be something else. And of course, last but not least, there are issues related with the personal informations and privacy issues that might be involved here so what I'm trying to say the characterization of dispute is crucial in figuring out which rule to apply and cross for the dispute. On the other hand, trade secret disputes are brought with many different clues as to which types of law should be applicable and trade secret dispute, whether a trade secret directive in and of itself does not help, because it doesn't say either. In recital 16 trade secret directive states that that doesn't create the directive should not create an exclusive right to know how an information protected as trade secret. That doesn't mean so that means that it is not an IP but that doesn't mean that it is not an IP always because when the state may still in transposed or may still protect tracing law as a species of IP predating trade secret directive also. So, so it will again depends on you and we are now talking about not only the outside European Union, we are talking about within European Union that could be differences also on the characterization of what is the nature of trade secret. I mean, also, the prevailing view is trade secret disputes and trade secrets are unfair competition regulation. And indeed that is the point that I was making in one of the book chapters that I introduced to you in the beginning of this talk. And I argue that actually trade secret shouldn't be considered intellectual property and quota justice of European in interpreting any disputes, any, any part of this trade secret directives and disputes related with trade secret directive the interpretation shouldn't be not away from my people to work on fair competition, but then again trade secret directive in and of itself says in a in a limited fashion, that it does not aim to reform or harmonize the law on competition in relations to slay machine So, but on the other hand trade secrets are often regulated as unfair competition in the competition law of the member states so that confuses matter, even father. And so there's no clarity in characterizations that can be that can be seen from the direct to the cell. So that leads to an even more uncertainty when we are applying or looking for correct rules to apply when it comes to a issues related with jurisdiction, Brussels regulation, which provides for special jurisdictions for matters of contract toward criminal proceeding close connection. When it came in the case of multiple dependent employed on the cell and exclusive jurisdiction for IP. Any of this can be implied in trade secret disputes and close for the trade secret disputes and, and, and similarly such confusion continues when we are actually trying to figure out what should be the epic of law and epic of law the very first question would be raised that should be which of the piece of the year regulation that we need to apply because Rome one, which applies to contractual obligations, Rome to non contractual obligations, which often have been prevailing view have been that we apply wrong to dispute related with business secrets, but I'm scar only has pointed out to the Court of Justice of European Union case that broke broadly define what is a contractual obligation might actually show different direction so this the first very questions which source should be our source to decide on the epic of the law question that is again that is the first question that one might need to ask also. And in, even if you take the prevailing view of Rome to Rome to Rome to has three relevant part that it gives up even even brings about brings about even more uncertainty, because they're three different possibility to be to use as a basis to decide on ethical law, article four, which is general rule and article six which applies specifically or to unfair competition and article eight, which applies to intellectual property law. And, and which an unfair competition law in article six to one and two, and six one actually provides a rule so so called market oriented rule, and but paragraph two of article six of related with our competition, refer back to article four again, not the place of where the cause so that that, so that, again, I would like to highlight the fact that even using this rule, we still have many places and many applications, many places that we can base tie this ethical law decision on so there are many uncertainties there as well. And this is an illustration examples again, I will skip. So these basically main point I want to say is that there are various rule under the room. And all of this could be I guess, because I want to get to the cases because I advertise this talk about the cases, and it becomes more compromised when we actually look at the case. The seniority cell guard decision from you can quote, and I will compare that to four decisions I advertise with three decisions but I added to two more decisions to this list, because just because it is interesting. And using using their patterns, fact patterns and I will apply that this apply this to paragraph five liabilities so called trading of the invention liability. In this cases, these are these cases all deals with this cross border misappropriation in this very complex graphic representation. The key point is that they are different. I just added a party name. And, and, but in these cases that there are parties who's asserting trade secret, and our position and disclosure and use at the prime primary actor, who are all former employers, former employees, going to their location was one, and where disclosure and use and manufacturing using this. This is appropriate. Information was used trade secret information was useful on other territory, and it was imported into the country of dispute. More detailed table is, is this is this what I wanted to highlight is that in cell guard, which is the case that I want to examine a little bit more in detail here, because it deals with UK high court decision and deals directly with paragraph five liability. The US trade secret directive is related to a trade secret that was asserted by cell guard, which was a US company, US company, and it was aiming to stop a importation of a product that was manufactured in China into UK. So there were three different places in indicated US trade secret holders, location of the seat, location of the seat or where the, where the trade secret was legitimately controlled and importation into UK and manufacturing by in China, in China here. And the litigation or the dispute happened in UK court, and it was related with interim injunction so there are different factors to consider that that allowed the judge not to address certain issues that is important in terms of in terms of paragraph five liability, but the court applied UK law, which implemented EU trade secret directive this was before Brexit, trade secret directive, and based on the fact of in for importation unknown. All the other cases that that is shown on the right hand side in in blue. It deals with US cases. And in all of these deals with, oh, I'm sorry. Again, this happened. In cases where previous employees, former employees conduct was in conduct was implied or conduct was the basis of trade secret misappropriation at the litigation, but it also indicated that it related with the cases where in case of LG electronics. So, you know, let me start from this end. So at the end of the case because this is the landmark decision that expanded the scope of ITC jurisdiction, it was a case of so called US trade secret, because the fact that the information was legitimately controlled and asserted in United States was taken and manufactured in and used in manufacturing in China, and sent back to United States importation. In scene of legend case it was Chinese trade secret or Chinese party, Chinese Hong Kong party, a Chinese party and Chinese Chinese manufacturing facility, trading against each other in a unit in United States through importation into the United States in in this in day one. So it was then, I'm sorry, then case in this case, or in many talks case many sorry many talks case is a two Korean companies, two Korean companies, Korean trade secret, Korean trade secret, because this claim asserting the trade secret many talks was mainly a research and developing in doing the research and developing the trade secret knowledge in Korea and allegedly misappropriated trade secret or not alleged anymore because it has been finalized at ITC that in in misappropriated this information and manufactured the product and imported the product to the United States. In the most recent case, it's slightly different where because manufacturing So it was a Korean company against Korean company in United States ITC court but manufacturing was meant to be done in United States, as well as Hungary. So there were Hungarian manufacturer also was involved in this decision as well. What I would like to highlight is that the place of importation was UK US US US US and the law the court applied and which was in case of UK applied the UK law. There is a rule that it is a place of damage and applying the applicable law of the place law of the place of damage and based on interpretation of trade secret directive and Rome Convention paragraph article six which refer back to article four and applied applied UK which UK law which was a transportation of you know and and of course US law doesn't do this exercise of this exercise and it's just base it's it's tariff that tariff act that it powers ITC to stop importation of this goods and engage in analysis of whether this trade secret information was unknowfully acquired acquired and reviewed our mindfulness of primary actors condom UK court didn't do that didn't do that because and because the problem of paragraph five is there's two type of conducts are in imply that not only importation is prohibited but because it requires that the person who is engaging in that conduct to have known that trade secret was used all knowfully within the meaning of paragraph three. So paragraph three conduct is also implied in paragraph five liability and in import export cases that if a country of exploitation is the place where the trade secret was used then almost always that this paragraph five liability would be applied to the extra territorial conduct that a use of trade secret outside outside the country of importation in the country of exploitation. So this leads to a question that in judging or in understanding paragraph five and applicable for paragraph five liability of trade secret directive article four that do we always need to divide this and apply to a different set of law to importation and another set of law to to the knowledge of our mindfulness to the unknowfulness and this mosaic approach is very much disliked by conflict of law scholars and private intentional scholars and applying different law to this one liability is undesirable, undesirable, but if if you don't do that, then almost always then you have to apply the law in this case European Union law or national law national law transposing your law to this conduct as well to country of exploitation to the conduct of use in the country of exploitation as well as well that is as in the cases of us it is the cases and that is the argument that I that I make in this project and that argument the or I guess glimpse of this argument can be seen in cell guard decision where the court ruled on the basis of information importation alone applied importation alone and characterizing it as unfair competition and applying article six of paragraph two of Rome Convention and applying UK law but because the nature of this dispute was so that it's seeking the interim relief interim injunctions to stop the importation because importation hasn't happened yet and the judge sort of the court sort of avoided the ruling on this knowledge of unlawfulness requirement requirement and and but he posits the judge in in the opinion he was it that maybe it is Chinese law that has to be applied to in this case that when we are discussing that whether there is an unlawful use of trade secret but he doesn't he writes in paragraph six unfortunately it's not necessary at this stage of proceeding to reach a conclusion as to this correct answer to this thing so he avoids answering this question that leads to a my concluding remark on this on the whole talk so interesting as I try to illustrate to you with this talk that this localization domestic foreign maybe a maybe not be possible because we are not talking about foreign right because of the very fact that it regulates an unfair conduct and prohibits certain behavior behavior that you may actually even be able to think that if importation the conduct of the importation into a particular country is what is prohibited and if that is a standalone cause of action for trade secret misappropriation trade secret so called cross border misappropriation cases in trade secret may not even actually cross border trade secret cases but rather only the nationalities of the parties or the the importer exporter has happens to be located but the conduct itself actually is that is territorially dealt with so that way by understanding it this way would avoid the question of troublesome extra territorial application of EU law which Professor Dreyfus and Professor Sidmerman has written in 2017 would make EU law to rule the global rule the world and global global law by applying things that are extra territory only but because of the fact that to find article 5 liability article 4 paragraph 5 liability you still need to decide on you still need this requirement of unknowfulness and knowledge of unknowfulness is required so if you frame it as a standalone cause of action to avoid extra territoriality but it would necessarily mean that if you're not talking about applicable law and cross border or extra territorial application of law but substantially you you might be requiring the court to make a presumption of unknowfulness even I said I think that this is not really a full baked idea yet but that seems to be the case case otherwise it would always be ending up with extra territorial application of EU law and this is quite problematic and the problematic nature is more visible when we compare that to patent law this is article 26 that is would be comparable I think to this type infringing goods liability or trading of infringing goods liability by third party and this is a article 26 of unified patent court agreement which may be going into effect next year by some people who are projecting and there and this is a similar kind of status you can find in UK patent act as well as as finished patent agreement and where similar liabilities provided on the third party but their unknowfulness requirement is not part of the this liability and therefore this consideration do not necessarily related with this extraterritorial territorial application or not do not arise in patent cases also and there also I added here that there are of course other limitations that is related to this clause although this is broad but at the same time it this unknowfulness requires a requirement doesn't exist out of this thing so therefore let's throw some so now this is my final because that was my conclusive remark in a way that there seems to be a cross border misappropriation is not really crossing borders when we looking at the importation as a domestic conduct alone and I can actually add another conclusive remark on this shame, it's such a shame on Brexit because this case said about the senior decision could have been a very interesting case if it was raised and it would have gone to Court of Justice of the European Union to see whether this is actually the case that law justice Arnold in paragraph 67 of the decision that this is a very difficult question and one which may very well have to be answered for the member states of the European Union but a court of justice of the European Union in due course it's a shame because of the fact that you know Britain is not part of you anymore so therefore such a for all cannot be made based on this case and and I'm sure that he would have made that reference reference and we would have seen a very interesting Court of Justice decision on this very concept which is on autonomous autonomous concept in the European Union that has to be understood that way. All right, I think that was the last slide that I've shown. And I think I think everybody who's been listening to this. And I will, I would like to receive any questions and comment. Thank you very much.