So, this is lecture 42 and we are talking about coding and we are using this very simple BPSK over AWGN model for coding, so how is the whole thing going to work, instead of mapping every bit to a symbol and sending it across, I am going to take k bits and then map them to code, I do a encoding, according to some code, I get a code word C which is n bits and then you do a 0 to 1, 1 to minus 1 BPSK. So, you do a mapping and then this goes through a channel which is modified, which is modeled as just addition of noise and then you receive a received vector R. So, this one I will call maybe a symbol vector S which is n symbols, this is R, R is the received vector which has n real values. So, noise added to plus 1, now minus 1, so you cannot do anything more than that. So, what we have to do now is at the receiver, you have to figure out how to do decoding, I do not know what happened. I think something is happening here, I am going to try closing this, I think it is recording, so let us see. So, we have to decode this and let me just quickly check that, just recording. So, you have to decode this and produce what? Decode this and produce some C hat or M hat, you can think of it either way because this is a 1 to 1 mapping, this is a 1 to 1 mapping from message to the code. What is the code? Definition of the code is what? Set of all C, so that is the definition of the code. So, how many code words will you have? 2 power k. In general, if you look at all n bit sequences, you have 2 power n n bit numbers, but n bit vectors, but that is all of them will not be in the code, only some small subset of them will be in the code. So, I have put code here in this box, but remember this is what is called an encoder. You have 2 power k vectors on the left, 2 power k vectors on the right, how many possible ways in which you can do 1 to 1 mapping? Sorry, nobody knows the answer. So, at least there is more than one, everybody agrees there is more than one. There are in fact a huge number of ways in which you can do a 1 to 1 mapping, so you take permutations, you will get that. So, that many ways in which you can do that. So, for a single code, there can be millions of encoders if k is large. So, in typical in practice, this k and n will be fairly large. So, in most systems, maybe in wireless systems, it is a little bit small for accounting for some reasons, but at least hundreds, so you have to think of k and n as hundreds. So, if you have 100 bits, how many possibilities are there? 2 power 100 possibilities are there. You have to map that into a code word. So, encoding itself can be a complex operation. So, you have to think of all kinds of ways of doing it. So, that is the kind of numbers. The examples we will see will be very simple examples where I take k is 1, k is 4 and all that. So, most people do not use such codes in practice, always k is thought of as a large number. So, those are all things that I talked about in the last class. So, a couple of other definitions. Rate of the code is k by n. This is basically the units. The units is good to keep in mind. The way I have written it down, it is bits per symbol. So, and that is a reasonably good way of putting down units. So, bits per symbol. So, tomorrow you might look at a coded system where you have say 16 QAM constellation or a 256 QAM constellation. It is a huge constellation. Even that, if for an un-coded system, you know how many bits per symbol you can carry. For a coded system, it will be lesser than that, but usually people always say bits per symbol as a unit. For BPSK, it is very clear, k by n will be less than 1. So, that is the rate. And then the important definition of EB over n naught. So, this worked out for this BPSK system to be 1 over 2 R sigma squared. So, you remember the key point I made was if R changes, something changes in this equation. So, typically your EB over n naught, you will hold a constant when comparing say coded system and a un-coded system. So, EB over n naught, you hold a constant say 3 dB or 6 dB or some such thing. For a 6 dB EB over n naught, if R is 1, you get a certain sigma. If R is half, you get a higher sigma. So, sigma changes depending on what your rate is. So, I gave you an explanation for why that can be expected because you are letting in more noise by doing a faster clocking. So, that is the way of thinking about it. But that is an important way of comparing because that equates the actual energy per information bit. If you do not do that by R division, divided by R, you are not equating the correct thing. So, you are not comparing the right things. So, like I said when you do coding, you pay two penalties. One is in terms of power, the other is in terms of rate. Both of them are nicely captured in this EB over n naught. So, if you make a plot of better rate versus EB over n naught, that is an accurate comparison between several different systems without coding with coding of different rates also. You might have different rates. So, all those things are very nicely compared. It is all there, energy per information bit. You can think of it as rate, but there is a bit of power also in computing energy. So, the thing is you should not just write SNR. If you only look at simple energy divided by noise energy, it is misleading you. You are not getting the right picture. There might be situations where SNR is important to you. If you only care about SNR and EB over n naught does not matter, then maybe SNR one can argue, but it is not really a very good way of comparing systems. So, any other question on this? So, for instance, this kind of model is very important because when people evaluate coded systems, computing bit error rate and all is pretty much impossible. For today's complex error control codes, you cannot compute bit error rate analytically. So, what you do is you set up a simulation like this.   And that is your coding game and that you can expect in a real system. So, the difference is what is important. So, like I said, I have been talking about it all the time.  So, remember this is BER versus EB over n naught. Typically, this is in log scale, this is in dB. So, these things are important. When you present a BER versus EB over n naught curve, you should always have the x axis in dB and the y axis should be in log scale. Don't ask me why. At this point, you should know the importance of dB and log scale. I think in the lab, I had a huge shock when people were presenting spectrum plots with y axis from 0 to 20,000 and x axis from 0 to 200,000. I think by your final year, you should be professional about presenting your results. So, you present a spectrum, what should be y axis and what should be x axis? dB and frequency. Yeah, dB and frequency. So, that is how it should be. It should be hertz and dB on the y axis. Why is dB so important? Why can't you do linear scale? Yeah. So, the resolution you get in the linear scale between 10 power minus 4 and 10 power minus 5, you cannot see anything. Only in dB, you can see something. Only there, you will see something. So, that is important. Hopefully, another thing about presenting curves, I think another thing which I realized people have not understood after 4 years of engineering. You should not present a spectrum plot which looks like, it shouldn't look like that. A spectrum plot should not look like this. Do you expect a real system to have a spectrum which looks like this? I saw a lot of people giving me such plots, but it should not look like that. How should it look? It should look smooth. Same way this curve also should look smooth. What do you do to make it look smooth? If it is not something, it is not smooth then you have to window and average. So, that is what you do. These are standard ticks that most engineers are expected to know. Surprisingly, many people didn't know in the lab. So, hopefully, you learn it at least now. I am just saying this to you. Alright. So, these curves are usually generated by simulation like I said. So, your eb over and out is important because if this number, this difference is 2 dB, say for instance, at some bit at a rate say 10 power minus 5, then even in the real system, in the real system you can expect the same 2 dB improvement. These absolute numbers on the x axis may not mean much. In your model, it will be very different. In the real system, it will be very different. But if you did the modeling right, the difference will map on to a very close, map on to a very, have a very close match with the real difference you see in a physical system. So, that is why these models are important. The reason why such block diagrams are very nice is the whole theory of digital communication is the reason why it is so successful and so clean is because of these strong mathematical models. How you can do the whole thing with mathematical models and suddenly when you go to real practice, you see the same gains. So, such kind of strong results you will not have in many other areas. So, that is why this thing is so mathematical and so clean and so nice. So, that is a bit about the model. So, let us keep going. So, the first few codes I am going to show you are bad codes in the sense that you do not provide coding gain. But they are good lessons to start off with and then we will build up on it and maybe see a few good codes. So, the first type of codes we will see are repetition codes. So, the most obvious thing to do is repeat a bit when you do not know any better. So, here is the encoder for the repetition code. You pick k equals 1. So, you have just one message m. You pick n equals 3 and your code word is c 1 c 2 c 3. So, this is my repetition code. So, what am I going to do? I am going to repeat. So, I will make a table with m and c. It is really simple. 0 goes to 0 0 0 and 1 goes to 1 1 1.   So, this is the way a repetition code will work. So, this is a specific example for n equals 3. You can vary n for instance I could have n equals 5 repetition code. So, what would I do if I have n equals 5 repetition code? Yeah, just repeat 5 times. You can have any other n if you want. So, n equals 3 is the simplest example and you can easily illustrate some properties. So, traditionally when you could not for instance, so when you could not process real data in your receiver. So, what do you mean by real data? You cannot, these real numbers do not really exist. So, you have to only quantize them. So, you have maybe an 8 bit quantizer or 6 bit quantizer or something and then you give it to a receiver. Sometimes it might happen that you do not have any such thing and all you have is a 1 bit quantizer. So, in that case you have to put a slicer there and make a decision. Decision symbol by symbol which is immediately suboptimal. So, all these 3 received values are correlated, they are not independent and you have to use the data from that totally to get one estimate for your message. If you are going to immediately independently quantize each of them to 1 bit, it is immediately becoming suboptimal. So, but maybe because of complexity in restrictions in your receiver you are forced to do that. So, if you do that you are set to employ a hard decision decoder. So, that is called the hard decision decoder and the hard decision decoder is the easiest to study. So, we will do that first. So, what do I mean by hard decision decoder? I am going to slice. Slice symbol by symbol. So, which is a suboptimal thing to do and I get B1, B2, B3. What will these B1, B2, B3, B? There will be bits. They will be bits now. So, I have gone from my code word to same length vector of bits. But what are the possibilities for B1, B2, B3? If we call this vector B, my code word was only one of two possibilities. So, what about B1, B2, B3? Can be any one of eight possibilities. So, that is the difficulty. So, now we have to decode from B to you build what is called the hard decision decoder. So, this is the first type of system we will study. So, later on we will see that this is really, really bad. So, we will move on to a soft decision decoder which works with R1, R2, R3 together without doing any suboptimal slicing. So, we will do that soon enough. But first thing we will see is this. So, you do that to produce C hat or M hat. So, it is good to make tables whenever you have situations like this. So, let us look, let us make a table of B. How many vectors do I have for B? I will make this table out of order because it is convenient. So, if you just stare at this B for a while, you know immediately what the corresponding C hat has to be. It is easy and intuitive to make a guess for what C hat will be, what will be a C hat for the first one, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. What rule am I using now? Yeah, I am just seeing in some way which code word my vector of B is closest to in some sense. So, you see that and you make a decision. So, you might wonder about the optimality of such an approach. It turns out such an approach is optimal in this case. Once you make a hard decision, which is again suboptimal, after you make that hard decision decoding, which within the hard decision decoders this is optimal. So, it turns out this is what you have to do. So, I will give you general rules for how to do this later on, but for now this is a very simple enough example. So, the first thing we have to do now is I have a system like this which is a coded system. I have to find its probability of error as a function of eb over n naught and then compare that with the plot of the uncoded eb over n naught and figure out my coding gain or in this case as it will happen coding loss. So, that is what you have to figure out. So, I am going to give you a couple of minutes to figure out probability of bit error for this decoder. It is very easy. So, to help you a little bit just fix m equals 0. First thing you do is fix m equals 0. Do not play around with two both possibilities fix m equals 0. So, you are sending 0 0 0. So, now you have to find probability that each bi will be in error. It turns out you can do it that way. So, what is the probability that b 1 will be in error or b 2 will be in error or b 3 will be in error? What is the probability? I will call that p that will be q of 1 by sigma. Do you see that? Sigma is my noise variance here. So, this is probability that what is this p? The probability that bi had not equal to ci. So, of course, this is seems like it is conditioned on ci equals 0, but even if you condition on ci equals 1 you will get the same answer. So, this is the probability of error at after the hard decision. So, once you do that it is easy to figure out probability of error after your decoder. When will you make errors? 2 of them. Yeah, when if 2 of them go in error or all 3 of them go in error. So, what is the probability that 2 of them will go in error? It can happen in 3 possible ways. 3 p square 1 minus p plus p power 3. This is the probability of error.  So, now, if you. So, the such an expression might be difficult to deal with. So, what is the best way of simplifying it? Just look at the leading term. So, if sigma becomes really low clearly p square will dominate over p power 3. So, it is enough if you look at 3 p square. So, this is roughly if I want an expression in terms of q it will be what? 3 times q of 1 by sigma square q square of 1 by sigma. So, one might need an approximation for q. I think we can use the exponential approximation if you want. So, you can pull the 2 in fact inside the I think if you want. But remember I have to write p in terms of e b over n naught. That is an important thing. So, let us keep this expression for a while and then see what happens if we do not write p in terms of e b over n naught and simply compare with 1 by sigma which is your SNR. So, you will see it will go wrong. So, this is probability of error for the coded system. This works out roughly as 3 times q square 1 by sigma. What is probability of error for uncoded system? It will be q 1 by sigma. If you just stare at these 2 expression it looks like you are doing better. Probability of error for the coded system is better than probability of error for the uncoded system particularly at sigma being low. So, if you plot this 1 by sigma it is very misleading or 1 by sigma square which is SNR. It is very misleading. But if you convert e b over n naught what happens? What is e b over n naught in this case for the coded game? It is 3 by 2 sigma square. R is 1 by 3. What is e b over n naught in this case? It is 1 by 2 sigma square. There is a three fold increase in 3 fold decrease in 1 by sigma because of maybe 1 by root 3 terms decrease because of the rate factor. If you do this conversion and substitute it back here let us look at probability of error for the coded system. It is going to be 3 times q square what? Root 2 by 3 e b over n naught. And for the uncoded system it is going to be q of square root of you know this already 2 e b over n naught. So, this q square is a little bit confusing. So, maybe if you do an approximation for q as an exponential or some such thing you will see how it works out. But if you plot these two things you will actually get a loss because of coding.  You can try this in MATLAB if you want. So, it means what does it mean? It means because you did this coding you are wasting too much energy you are not getting back enough gain for all the energy you wasted. So, that is what has happened. But if you plot with respect to just SNR it is okay. There is no problem. So, when will e b over n naught matter and when will SNR matter from physical? Yeah, when R is 1 then both are the same I agree with you. But I am talking about from a physical point of view when should you in a physical system when should you wonder what constraints will you worry about e b over n naught and what constraints will you worry about? Okay, maybe. So, what is the energy per bit? So, remember when energy is a significant constraint for you then you have to worry about plots with respect to e b over n naught. For instance, if you are working with a handset which has a battery and every all the power comes from battery and you do not want to burn the battery too fast. So, then e b over n naught becomes important. But if it is already if you are working with SNR then it means what? The energy comes for free pretty much. So, if that is the situation then maybe SNR is a better way to compare but nobody will use SNR. In terms of coding gain if you want to quantify the actual gain that the system is giving you you have to use e b over n naught. So, pretty much. All right. So, this is what happens in the hard decision decoder. So, this kind of a system repetition code with the hard decision decoder is really bad. So, now there could be two reasons for why this is bad. What are the two reasons? Comparison with coding, uncoded systems, this has become bad. There could be two reasons. What are the two reasons? Rate is less. I am sorry. Rate is less. Well, one question is maybe the code was bad. So, one might say the code was bad. Repetition code 000111 is not a good code. Maybe you should pick up some other code of the same rate that is one thing that could be a point. Another thing is you are doing a suboptimal decoding. Maybe the decoding was bad. So, what we will do next is to use the same code and use the optimal soft decision decoder. There also you will see there is no coding gain. In fact, there is coding gain is 0. So, it will be lying right on top of the uncoded curve. So, that we can show very nicely. So, once we show that then we know that the code is bad. The reason why the code is bad is basically k equals one and all is too small. You do not have that kind of flexibility in looking for this. So, we will see that as we go along. So, the next thing we will see is a soft decoder for repetition codes. So, what should you do for a soft decoder? You have R1, R2, R3. A soft decoder is going to directly work on this R and produce a C hat or M hat. That is what it does. So, there are several ways of doing it. We have already seen these detection problems. So, how do you when you receive R, you have transmitted two possibilities SS 111 or minus 1, minus 1, minus 1. What is an optimal rule? What is the ML rule? I am sorry, nearest neighbor. So, that is what we saw. Same thing as ML. So, there is no difference between this and decoding on a constellation. So, make sure you understand what I am saying. So, so far we have looked at constellations as one symbol per time. It was only either plus 1 or minus 1. You sent it per unit time. So, now it is as if my constellation has expanded over three dimensions. For bit 0, I am sending plus 1, plus 1, plus 1 over three dimensions. So, my constellation is a three-dimensional picture, but still I have only two points in my transmit constellation. My received point can be anywhere and the optimal rule is definitely to look for the nearest neighbor, nearest neighbor in Euclidean distance. So, you look at the distance and look for the nearest. Clearly, that is the optimal rule. There is no problem with that. You already derived it. So, that is what I am going to use. So, you look at the ML rule. So, you look for this distance.  So, you see if this is greater or lesser. So, let us do some simplification here. If you look at this simplification, it becomes what? It should really simplify to something nice, I hope.  You want to see if this is, you see what I am doing. This is my distance from one point. This is my distance from the other point. I am seeing which one I am closer to.  Go ahead and simplify this and see if you get a.  If it is greater than 0, you decide c hat is greater than c hat is 0, 0, 0. If it is lesser than, you decide c hat is 1, 1. So, this is an optimal soft decision decoder.  Is there a question? I am sorry. Let us see. I will give you an example. Suppose r is minus 10, 1, 1. Suppose r is minus 10, 1, 1. What is your soft decision decoder going to tell you? So, these two are not the same. Clearly, they are not the same and one is better than the other. Definitely that is also true. So, pay some attention to how do I delete it? Anyway, so let me just do this. So, easily you can cook up situations to show that one is not the same as the other. The next question is, how we have a soft detector, the ideal detection that you can do for this code, for this error control code I have. So, what is the probability of error for this? So, that is the computation you have to do. So, again condition on fix m equals 0, which means what? The transmitted symbol vector is 1, 1, 1.   So, you can easily show if this is the case, r 1 plus r 2 plus r 3 will be distributed normal with mean 3 and variance 3 sigma square. Do you see that? Once you condition on a given transmitted code word r 1, r 2 and r 3, all three of them become jointly normal distributed, jointly normal. In fact, independent. Once you condition on transmitted code word being 0 0 0. If I do not do that conditioning, it is clearly not Gaussian. If I do not condition on the code word, what is the distribution of r 1? It is a mixture Gaussian. So, there are two Gaussian's which are adding up. So, I cannot say anything about the sum of those two distribution. I will do a painful convolution. So, I do not want to do all that. So, if I condition on one code word being transmitted r 1 plus r 2 plus r 3 becomes very easy. So, normal with mean 3 and variance 3 sigma square. So, now when will I make an error? If a transmitted symbol was 1 1 1 or the bit was 0, when will I make an error?   Q of 3 by root 3 sigma. So, that is the probability. So, it is a very easy computation to do. So, you see probability of error goes as Q of 3 by root 3 sigma which works out to Q of root 3 by sigma. Okay. All right. So, you might argue I only conditioned on m equals 0.  It is not minus 3 sigma square. So, it is 3 sigma square. So, now, but probability of error will be when r 1 plus r 2 plus r 3 is greater than 0. So, once again you get a Q of 3 by root 3 sigma and you can show that. So, for the type of code I have chosen it is enough if you freeze on one code word and do the computation. One can show that that is enough. So, we will do that. So, this is the probability of error. So, let us do a conversion to E b over n naught. So, what is E b over n naught? 3 by 2 sigma square. So, use that here and you get probability of error to be Q of you should get 2 E b over n naught. So, after all this effort, what have you done? This is for the coded system. What have you done? You have found a probability of error which is the same as what you would have for the uncoded system. So, if you now plot B e r versus E b over n naught for the soft detector, what will you do? You just get one curve lying on top of each one. So, nothing in the analysis I did is specific to n being equal to 3. If I replace n by any other number say 10 what will be probability of error? Same Q of root 10. So, instead of 3 you will get 10 and if you do E b over n naught substitution then what will happen? You will get the same you can say then you will be same. Whatever n is probability of error will be in terms of E b over n naught Q of root 2 E b over n naught. In terms of sigma it will change because sigma the relationship is changed. So, the conclusion clearly is repetition code is not good enough provides no coding gain. So, I am not saying it is not good enough because it is used several times in many systems people use something called ARQ which is in some way just a repetition. It causes a loss of capacity as in does not provide really coding gain, but it is used because it is a very practical tool and it really works at some level it really works, but it does not provide any coding gain provides no coding gain. So, why did I do the repetition code in such detail? So, there are a couple of important reasons why I do it. First thing is to understand the encoding process and the definition of E b over n naught and how it works with sigma. So, that is an important change when you go to the coding system coded system. So, that is the first thing. The other thing is your probability of error changes depending on the decoder and typically soft decoders are better than hard decoders. So, all these lessons we have learnt even though we looked at a bad code. So, these three lessons are definitely true. So, definition of E b over n naught and all that is very carefully done and then you have to build a good code and then on top of that you have to decode it properly. You cannot just do any kind of decoding you want then you will not get any gain. So, any questions, any point that you are not so clear about? So, one question that is always I ask all the time is this in such a system R 1 and R 2 and R 3 are they independent or not? If you look at them as random variables are they independent or not? They are independent R 1 and R 2 are independent. Okay. So, it is a question that confuses people. So, clearly they are not independent if they were independent then yeah hard decision should be clearly optimal right. So, what is the distribution of R 1, R 2, R 3? If you have to write down the PDF or will you write it down? Let us say okay forget about R 3 just R 1, R 2. So, two dimensional PDF what is the PDF? Two Gaussians on 1, 1 and minus 1, minus 1. So, that is clear. So, if you do R 1, R 2, R 3 it will be some of two Gaussians again, but it will be in three dimensional space it is a little bit confusing. So, you see clearly R 1, R 2 are not independent. So, independent things do not have such joint PDFs. It will be nice and distributed with respect to of what axis why should have the same thing. So, this is changing all over the place. So, it cannot be that way. So, R 1, R 2, R 3 are not independent. But I am able to conveniently use some independence assumptions in the probability of error computation. How did I do that? Once you condition it becomes independent. See it is a Gaussian centered on minus 1, minus 1 and plus 1, plus 1. But once I condition what happens? It is only one Gaussian and then you have all your independence properties coming back together. So, each of those Gaussians are nice and uncorrelated Gaussians only. But since they are adding two of them they become dependent. So, once you condition on something it becomes independent and you can use a lot of simple analysis. So, once they are conditioned it is independent why can't they do hard decision? So, there is no conditioning. So, when you do receiving you do not know what was transmitted. If you know what was transmitted you do not need to do anything. So, that is why it is not very clear. So, these notions are important you might say seems very silly, but people make mistakes in these notions. I have seen particularly in exam problems all kinds of answers for questions like this. So, I think we will stop here. In the next class we will look at Hamming code which is a very standard and good example of a good code which provides a very simple coding game, but still it is a nice code to look at.


Right afternoon, folks. Once again, here we are on the Think Tech Studio's downtown studio, overlooking Honolulu. Actually, overlooking Wamanoa Bay. We transposed the studio at the Wamanoa for this particular episode. Ted Rawson here, hosting our show, Where the Drone Leads. As you know, we bring subjects of local interest and national interest to our viewership here. And today we have two first-timers on the show. First time on the show for Kainoa, Eminus, and Maika Motas. We've known each other for a couple of years now, I guess, or so, but the first time you've been on the show. First time on the show? Let me tell you how it works. Once you're on the show, you get to come back. And if you really want it, you can have the show. Whenever you're ready. Anyway, Kainoa and Maika are CTO and CEO of a local establishment called Kolea Gold LLC. Yes. And as you can see, we've got a couple of drones on the table here, and a couple of drone pilots sitting right behind us. As of this week, you guys are legal drone pilots, right? Yes, we are. And I'll add a third to that. This is probably the only TV show in the nation that has all three people on the panel. Just recent graduates of the FAA-107 program and carrying paper in our pockets now that prove it. Yeah, ready to prove to everybody that we're certified pilots. You know, there's been so much change in the last year since we first met. First we had public aircraft ops, then we had 333 exemptions, and now we have 107. It's kind of confusing for all the people out there. We do this show and bring people on who actually are in the business so that viewers can understand what is actually going on. So with the FAA-107 certificate, you are now free to run out and do commercial operations for folks who need aerial photography or some other kind of imagery within the constraints of 107. Yes, yes. And we definitely look forward to providing that service. I mean, when we first started, we started with, in fact, with this bird, with the Phantom 1. And really, we learned so much about this drone and about the whole aircraft that brought us all the way up to the Phantom 3. And Phantom 4 is already out, so you can tell as aircrafts, you know, gradually improve and get a lot better. It's more important for us, for Kolea Gold, was understanding the rules, understanding the regulations, and basically figuring out this whole industry from a basement out in Maka, Kero. Which makes sense, because nobody else understood it either. I mean, it all just started in the last short time. And you guys are kind of at the top edge of this thing, so everybody can learn from your experiences while you're heavy on the show. So tell us a little bit about Kolea Gold and about how it started and what kind of products you offer and services, how to get a hold of you, where you're located, and how people can engage you for work that they want to do. Right, okay. Don't forget your CTO. Yeah, of course not. Of course me. So, yeah, we started out in about two years ago and we started with this drone. I was out in the White Knight Coast and learning about this hobby and trying to actually realizing, hey, this actually can be something for the future. I have a passion for media and have a passion for travel. And so when I got into the drones, I was like, oh man, maybe this is something that I recall, Kainoa. Kainoa was an engineer and he was part of a STEM program in Orange Coast College. And what we wanted to do basically was learn the inside of the aircraft. So we opened it up. We opened it up and we were like, okay, this is soldering. This is a circuit board. Here we go. Kainoa came in and he's explaining in details, just like an engineer would, of how this is operating. This is basically on computer. That's receiving all these coding, all these algorithms that, hey, you need to figure this out. And more so for us as entrepreneurs, we got involved with workshops and I attended Julie Purcell's entrepreneur class. And that's where I got this whole beginning of starting a business. So you guys really put this together from a business perspective. You got engineering and technology. You got the ideas of the market and such. And you have the framework of business that is tying it all together. Which is really quite excellent because a lot of folks probably don't include that last part. And a lot of them probably don't include the technical part either. They just get the product out of the box and go use it. In fact, I was just, as you were mentioning, this is a two-year-old Phantom 1. That may be one of the only ones left in the nation, a two-year-old Phantom 1. I would think most of them are in the ocean or up against the Golaus or something like that right now. Yeah, that was the main thing. I mean, Kainoa basically was explaining to us that if we're going to operate these drones, we need to understand how to fix them. And that's where we started. We started fixing drones. We contacted a few people who saw their video and were like, hey, we noticed you're using a drone.  Because we crashed already. I was like, oh, yeah, not a problem. We would go and take a look. And that's when we realized, OK, we're officially doing something that can be taxed. So we need to have the legalities of how to run a business. And so that's when we applied as an LLC at the Business Action Center. And we basically took one step at a time. We didn't want to rush as bad as we did because everybody's already using it for commercial. And they don't even realize that. So you followed the rules all the way through, which is really incredible. And you had it on a technical basis to begin with, which is even more than incredible. And that turned out so many projects that we, as our younger generation, we wanted to jump on it as soon as we could. But that's where our values and our understandings of what this particular machine can do and what it could do for from a commercial perspective. And there are also negatives. And as we started to research and develop our own types of SOPs, as you sort of understood, on taking future projects on, we began to run into legalities and what types of things that you need to understand and be aware of that it's not really out there since this is such a new industry. There's not too much places where it's really on the board where other than FAA, you got to look through their confusing website, which is pretty confusing. Let's just take that thought for a minute. We were going to talk about that and make sure everybody watching this has the opportunity to learn from the three of us and others online. Learning to fly these are one thing. Learning to repair them is another thing. Learning the legalities and such. That's all very important. But the most important thing is to be able to use the IACRA website at the FAA. And for those who have a temporary certificate or similar certificate that's stuck in the system, the answer is this, use Google Chrome to get all the way through the submit button. When you get to the submit button and it doesn't work on Google Chrome, switch over to Internet Explorer and then knock down the pop-ups. And you'll be able to get your application submitted. And later on, when you get the certificate, you can print it. Otherwise, it's not going to work. In this world, there could be 107 temporary certificates that are stuck there forever. If a guy doesn't understand, you've got to go to Internet Explorer at the end of the day to get the thing out. So that's just back to the script. That's our public service for today. Letting people know that they've got to know how to run the FAA IACRA website. Yeah, it's very important, too. Because if not, you're just not going to get a certificate. No paper, no flag. No paper, no flag. Exactly. So this is, again, the fact that you must have repaired this 10 times. This is a two-year-old Phantom, more than 10 times. More than 10 times. We repaired motors. We repaired circuit board, motherboard. We repaired resoldering the motor to the circuit board. So there's a lot of customization to this, I guess you could call it dinosaur. Okay. But what goes through my mind is that that learning that you went through, that experience you generated, the failures that occurred, and then what you did to recover from them, that actually fits the big picture that UH is getting into very soon in the state of Hawaii. State of Hawaii, UH managing this component, and Alaska and Oregon are part of the Pan-Pacific Unmanned Air Systems Test and Research Complex, our test range complex. UPPUTRC is called. And the three universities through the three states are supposed to be generating testing opportunities for UAS operations beyond what 106... Just like that, okay? You got to go fix that. That was set up, wasn't it? Yep. But the whole idea is to find those operations of UAS with Benefit Hawaii or Benefit Oregon or Alaska, as the case may be, but are not permitted by the current rules of 107, which you all know very well since you just passed the test last week, for beyond line of sight cluster operations, whether... Full autonomous, yeah, whether limits... And of course the environmental issues that aren't part of the rules, but like saltwater intrusion or saltwater intrusion, as you, I'm sure, have experienced many times. So our task is to figure out what those missions are that would be useful in Hawaii that are beyond the limits of the FAA rules today and do testing with companies participating to find out what breaks, what fails, and then what works, and what has to be converted into a standard or a certification criteria or even a test function. And then that, when the rule changes to include that next level of operation such as beyond line of sight, that rule will be informed by the experience that we generate. So you're partway down that path already, the way you're operating both at the technical level and the operational level. So we need to get your thinking in helping the state of Hawaii figure out what these missions are and then how to draw suppliers in to run tests in these areas. One area in particular is mosquito-borne illness eradication. And if you've got the, you can get the truck with the larvae in it, which are DNA-edited, up to a certain point, but you have to get the larvae into a pond a quarter mile away in the middle of the Koalao canopy. I can do that. That's pretty hard. Exactly. And either you tramp all day and damage the environment as you do it, or you get a UAV and go in there and do it, right? Which means you've got to get up above the canopy, go over and drop down into a hole where the pond is and drop off the larvae. Well, that violates a lot of things right now. And it's beyond line of sight, for example. And you may need two. You may need one UAV up on top providing a relay, a communications relay, and one down in the hole dropping off the larvae. So you've got two. So that's also a violation of the current rule. So that's the kind of thing we need to tee up, define as a mission, and then go do testing against. And I think where you guys are is halfway down that path already because you've got the experience and you've noticed that you have to fix things a lot. And fixing things a lot has to turn back into design standards to prevent that from being the case. So I think I applaud you for what you guys are doing. I also applaud you totally for the fact that you're paying so close attention to the rules and to the learning required to understand the rules because it doesn't exist out there in a cohesive form right now, or a coherent form. To us, it took a lot of discipline and energy. I mean, we are really appreciated all the opportunities that came our way with using UAVs and drones. And so our main focus, though, was R&D. I mean, an education was more our... For example, going out with you when we first met and going out to CoCoPoint, that was valued to us because of our culture. We were born and raised here in Hawaii. For myself, I went to Hawaiian Immersion School. We both graduated from a private school at Marano and we wanted to incorporate all this education that we have from our home and now, you know, give back to the community.  One that we're looking at that we really want to tackle is called Olave. That's something that our older generation... Is this a removal? Yes. Yes, something in that... That is a perfect example of the sort of thing that this PPU-TRC activity should be doing. Let's take that thought for a moment and think about it over the break and come back after the break and develop it into some next steps. How's that? Definitely. Okay. Oh, ha! Big Jackal! University of Hawaii football team under Rolovich is going to kick butt this season. In case you didn't understand me, University of Hawaii football team is going to kick butt under Rolovich this season. So, if you're to follow us on Think Tech Hawaii and Hibachi Top, I'll be at every game. And remember, aloha! Hi, I'm Donna Blanchard. I'm the host of Center Stage, which is on Wednesdays at 2 o'clock here on Think Tech. On Center Stage, I talk with artists about not only what they do and how they do it, but the meat of the conversation for me is why they do it, why we go through this. A lot of us are not making our livings doing this, and a lot of us would do this with our last dying breath if we had that choice. And that's what I love to talk to people about. I hope you enjoy watching it, and I hope you get inspired because there's an artist inside G2. Join us on Center Stage at 2 o'clock on Wednesdays. Bye. Ted Rawlsson here, Friday afternoon, folks. The Think Tech Hawaii studio is downtown, and we've got our guests today. We've got Kainoa, Eminiz, and Michael Motos. Yes. From Kolea Gold LLC, a newly formed company that's pushing back the frontiers of the future for us here in Hawaii with drones, and we were talking during the break about some really interesting and important applications that could come from something like this right here in Hawaii. And you mentioned the UXO situation on Kaho'olawe as something that could be discovered, detected, and mapped in some way to assist the ground crews going in. I've been on the island. I went over there with the PKO a couple of years ago, and I got to haul a lot of rocks. How was that experience? That was very cool. But, you know, we take for granted a well-established, easily accessible island like Oahu. We don't understand what it's like when that isn't the case, and you're onto something. Tell us a little bit about how you might think of drones affecting or assisting or enhancing or making more safe the action of the UXO on Kaho'olawe. Yeah, my first time going to Kaho'olawe was with a Kaipuni or a Hawaiian immersion school, Kekulokaiipuni or Nanakuli, and I was only sixth grade, and we're going on to this, you know, our home, Kaho'olawe, where, you know, this is our hail to Papahanaumoku, and going there, you know, learning about how can we have, you know, with our knowledge with drones, like what can we do, you know, a film office called, we were like, oh, do we have to get permits to film, and then we're like, wait, our bigger picture is we want to help clear this path. There's a mission right now. I don't recall the name of the path, but they're trying to create a path and the safest way for them to create it. Why not use our technology? You know, we better get George Helm would say, do your homework. Thus, you know, one Hawaiian hero that we look up to and he would say, you know, hey, do your homework. And that's what we did. We got into this industry and we're like, look, we can help, we can help our community. This is something that can really benefit us and finish the path. You know, that's what we are. We're pathfinders and it's kind of suitable. We're like, okay, let's do it. Now, as far as using what we can do and how we can get an aircraft over there and what we're still on that one step at a time, trying to find that particular aircraft that we can operate, right? With our exemption, it's going to have to be an exemption. And then you have to roll to your CTO and talk about the sensor and the sensor analytics and the software that's going to go along with that so that the signals that are evident from UXO can be identified. And that would be probably nitrogen in chemical characterization of the atmosphere and maybe some indication of the disturbed earth and maybe some altered... Craters, some craters as well. Sure, obvious ones, right. And the ones that are not obvious because they've been washed over by the sea or by the wind all these years would be NDVI or some other vegetation index that might indicate that there was vegetation there at one time, it's been killed off and there's an edge, maybe where the edge of the vegetation is, is another marker of where that might be. So you have a great opportunity. This is like a great student project. You could get students that are very involved in this thing, right? Right. Yeah, definitely. I mean, even more students. That's a goal that we're going for especially for education and our history. And you know, I was just at IUCN this week talking to the Air Force guys there and they all have the same issue. That is, it's not just UXO on Kahua Lave. There's land mines and there's IEDs and there's a lot of explosive material in a lot of places. And not only that, there's also simply damaged habitat and so discovering all these kinds of disruptions that have occurred so that they can be corrected. That's a big center task, CTO, okay? And so coming back to that and thinking of that in the context of the Hawaii's obligation under the Pan-Pacific unmanned air systems test range complex we could define tasks that start with what you thought of and extend to maybe beyond the online site. They could extend to the other side of the cliff or something like down the cliff or something. And this could become the tasking that then defines what the state of Hawaii's contribution to this activity should be. And it starts right here in your own experience. Yeah, it does, it definitely does. I mean, how you have... So, we have this, but you also have to introduce the fact that you're into commercial business. And everybody out there who wants to get photography done or get imagery of various types or see a perspective they've never seen in a video they can get a hold of you. And provided we're in Class G airspace or have a letter of agreement if it's lower than Class G and have the landowner's permission and all the other things we know about from 1107 and you've got your maintenance done which you are on top of totally and addressed all those issues of aviation decision making you can go forward and do work for people. So how do people get a hold of you? That's where to get a hold of us you can contact us at area code<PHONE_NUMBER> or you can go to collego.com and that's where you can find out more about our company and what we provide. Right now, Kaino and I are sort of pilots and that's what we're striving for, just going out to production companies going out to all these companies that we've saw and they were doing their own work and we're like, oh, I hope they really know what they're really doing right now and with all respect, this is only on island and to understand business, as an entrepreneur we all want tired rises, we all rise, right? And that's what we saw, we was like, okay instead of getting frustrated and trying to go out of the matter, how about we go at a good positive, you know, a point of way to approach them and let them know, hey, by the way, we're pilots and we have our certificates, we have our insurance if you folks are, you know, interested, like, oh, yeah, we do have drone work, just we'll call you and it's funny, we're hanging up here, like we know, you know, we've started the market we have to do our homework, so let's say your number again, so we can get up on the screen yeah,<PHONE_NUMBER><PHONE_NUMBER> 1640, okay, and they can also find Kolea Gold on the web yep, on the website, and you folks can find us on Instagram as well at Kolea Gold LLC so Kolea Gold probably has only one identification on all the web, that's a fairly unusual name and in terms of trademark names and such tell us a little bit about how you came to that name Kolea Gold for your enterprise Kolea Gold, oh, so our name started with there was a mentor of mine by the name of Mahi Lapierre and he, it's funny, we were walking around the Yolani Palace and he presented to me this feather and he said, hey, this is gold and I was like, okay, well, what is it? Little did I know that this bird was going to symbolize you know, it's a golden plover that travels from Alaska here, you know, migrates and breaking down the story that this bird in our Hawaiian culture was always looked at like a bird that would take everything and leave it didn't have a positive look in life and he told me, no, this is gold it represents life and opportunity exact opposite and that's where we started we're like, okay, we're getting into this new this new industry that represents that drones, you know, it's so hard to you know, change the whole mindset of it and yet here we are, you know, and we were like it's only suitable to name ourselves Kolea Gold and represent life and opportunity and if I could just interpret that a little bit that Kolea is an 18 year life bird so this is a, you're in this for a long time and also they just imagine all the maintenance they must go through to order to make that flight 18 round trips of 3,000 miles and the ones who go to the Marquesas add another 2,000 miles to it so these guys are serious long range so you guys have picked as your model a really long lasting, high performing excellent, excellent figurehead as your like, you could have picked Phoenix, right? Rising out of the fire, but that's not a good one because it's a whole fire to rise out of, right? So once again, people get, there you are what do we have here? This is our website. A website, okay, so Kolea Gold, this is some of your work. You scroll down. Okay, okay, absolutely right, okay and this is the sort of thing that anybody who has need for this kind of close up aerial imagery inspection for whatever form of advertising or it's just discovery of your own, what's your own property looks like if you're an agricultural guy or even the fire department or police department could ask you for help in this regard, right? Absolutely, that's another thing about networking out here, especially in Hawaii because of our community is everybody knows all our relatives know somebody in the industry or especially in fresh response that's something that we take there to become an instructor for CPR with Pamela Foster she's somebody that definitely we want to connect with and try and see if we can get a drone with an AED on it and teaching everybody not only CPR and getting an AED to them, try to save lives that's our name and this is what our mission is. And I like what she said earlier that a lot of companies may have bought a drone thinking they can go use it but they don't really have the background and the skills you guys can come in and fix that and provide that frame of reference and that trusted environment in which to operate. So we're closing out our show here at this point in time gentlemen it's only a half hour these days we could talk for hours and I'm sure we will afterwards and this has been so cool to have you on Kanoa? Thank you. And Micah?  Yes, we're ready. Thanks man, thanks for coming on. Thank you.


Yes, hello, my name is Manuel Martin. I'm from the company Beta Layout. We're doing printed circuit boards for the last 30 years and we welcome you to the Embedded World 2020. Today, I want to show you this new product that we are offering. It's called 3D MID, Mechatronic Integrated Device. This is one of the newest and coolest stuff that we are doing and I show you how we're doing this. Yeah. Okay. But basically, this product is about that we're putting copper tracks directly on plastic molded parts, which means that we are in the first place using a molded part that's made out of a special plastic. And this plastic is an additive. This additive we can activate by a laser and all the areas that the laser has activated can then deposit chemical copper in these areas. So the copper that we put on the plastic parts is real copper like from PCBs. It's not printed or laminated in any way. And we have this then directly on the parts. This looks handmade. Yes, that's the prototype. When we're doing prototypes, we're assembling them by hand. In mass production, it would be done with big assembly machines. How does it work? The mass production for something like this? Yeah, mass production would be that we get injection molded parts that are made out of this special plastic. Then we're activating the areas with the laser where we want the copper and then we're depositing the copper in a chemical copper bar. And after that, we're going to an assembly machine and put all the assembled parts on it. Nice. And it has 3D printing stuff here? Yeah, it's 3D printing. We're also offering this selective laser sintering, but also other technologies like SLA or metal 3D printing. It depends on what you want to do. What's your 3D laser sintering? Well, selective laser, you said? Yeah, selective laser sintering. It's called. Yeah. And here we're offering aluminium front panels also out of acrylic material, very nice material. We're offering a nice printing on it, a digital printing, so we don't use any other technologies for that. Then we can use lots of colors and you can even print real pictures on it with this technology. What is those SMD stencils? That's a SMD stencil. You need that for the production or for the assembly of a PCB board. You put that on the PCB and then you get the soldering paste only in the areas where you need it for your components to solder on. You make those? We're making those, yeah. Many companies use them or? Yes, lots of them. Yeah, nearly every company who assembles parts needs laser stencils for the PCB. Yeah, we're also offering assembly service where we're putting all the components on our own PCBs. And we're there specializing in small quantities, so we're offering this service from one board and one part on it. So where are you based, the company? Where are you based? We're based in Germany, close to Frankfurt. Everything is made there, so our products are all made in Germany. And this is the classic part that we're doing for 30 years, that's the PCB. We're doing this in our PCB pool, like we call it, up to six layer multi-layers. But we can offer nearly everything else like flexboards or rigid flex PCBs or IMS panels or independent controlled panels. So you can do there nearly everything. How big is the company? The company has 160 employees. The main base is in Germany. We have a big software office in Ireland, close to Limerick. And we're having also a sales office in California, close to San Francisco. What does it mean, the magic boom? The magic bomb. The bomb is the bill of materials. That's a list that we need from you if you want an assembled board where we see what parts are on the... it's only in German, sorry. After Dutch. And this is on there or? Yeah, that's a video of how it works. So you can upload your files. Our calculator will automatically have a look what PCB you have built and has also a look what parts are on this PCB. And then we're going to the distributors of the assembled parts and we then find them out and you can instantly see the price of it and can put everything together so that you can have a look what your assembled PCB will have, what cost your PCB will have finally, including the parts. How many millions of PCBs are shipped that you designed or made? We're shipping 400 every day. 400 per day? 400 customers. That's like millions, right? Yeah, that's millions.


In our two election martyrs, ahead of the January elections next year, the federal government has held social media giant Metia for its move to combat this information and hate speech on its platform, which include Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp. The Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohamed, stated this at the 12th edition of the PMB administration's Coghart series 2015-2023 in Abuja. He also edged other social media platforms like Twitter, TikTok, and Telegram to emulate Metia and set up teams to find misinformation as Nigeria approaches its general election. Now the 12th edition had the Minister of Niger Delta Affairs Omana Omana and State counterpart Sharon Icazo present, the achievement of the current administration in the Niger Delta to Nigeria.


Do you ever wonder what happens when the police leave? Crime scene cleaners are private companies that handle the cleanup after the police are gone. Spalling Decon is one of the nation's largest cleanup companies handling the aftermath of homicides, suicides, decompositions, hoarding, and much more. These are our stories. We are doing a massive level 5 hoard here in bottles. Everything is new, but it's damaged by the rats. There's a whole reptile room. Looks like they were mostly snakes. So sometimes during these cleanouts, we find things that are disturbing. Is the gun safe in there? These boxes are all empty. It doesn't look like it's a real gun. Is that one loaded? There she comes! Oh my gosh, 2016. Oh my god. Oh my god. So here we are, day 3 of a level 5 hoard. We've got a couple additional people here today. We have a 5 days to get this completed, so we're kind of getting on the downside of it. Finding an awful lot of rodents, and then we're starting to get them all cornered. We've got rodents jumping out of closets and running across our feet this morning. That's where we're at. So today what we're hoping to be done with is a majority of removing the trash from the home. We still have to go through some of the kitchen cabinets, get all the food and stuff out of the pantries and things like that, and underneath the sinks. I kind of missed it this morning. There was big cheers in there. I think about every trap they set out, they caught something. We're still trying to decide if we're going to need an exterminator or not. You know, they just keep popping out of things. Definitely quite a surprise seeing the rats all jumping around, and definitely a very big surprise as to how messy this could be. Would you do this again? Oh yeah, absolutely. I got no problem doing this again. Absolutely, because I can see that the long-term effects is definitely helping somebody out in the end. You know, helping them get back to square one is to get rid of the largest problem that they seem to have here.   Here it comes, coming your way. I think it splits right here. Hold it, hold it. There you go, I'm seeing things, rats. Yes, they're everywhere.  One of the judges like picked it up and dropped it on him. Bam, there was a hole. There was a corner over here. I heard them, they started running around, one at a time. They went from this big, probably two inches long to four inches long to six. There was a couple of sizes of house cats. Actually, that's probably the cleanest closet in the house. Yeah. Oh, man.  Something moved. All right, I'm out of here. I'm getting out of this mess. I've already been rodent ridden. Look at that, whole thing of cup of noodles or a box of cup of noodles. Thank you, dad. Look at that, nothing left in the quicker roads box. I knew I was in trouble when this cup was hanging out of there, and that was going to be a mess in there. If you want to look out, though. What's the first one? It's good. Oh, there's a live, watch out, here it comes. Five of them. Two more. These glasses I've been looking for for years. Found them. What do we got here? Oh, it looks like jewelry, mirrors, trains and stuff. So the termite damage. Oh, wow. That's all termite damage. See that? Of course, they have to have a termite professional come in. This house will probably be tinted, but it's interesting how they got into the interior like that. That is coming up. Come on, another one. Wait a minute. Whoa! Oh my goodness, look. There's a skeleton in here. This isn't a human, but we found a skeleton. But I'm pretty sure it's got a bunch of our little furry friends in here now. Absolutely. This is a great place to live, right here. Stalking your friends? Stalking friends. Stalking? I thought it said stalking your friends. I'm like, wow. I think a ribeye steak sounds pretty good tonight, man. They have a big bowl. What? They have a big bowl. This little new TV could be damaged by the rats. Obviously, we live inside there. You ready? That's good. It says probably one of the worst. They had one or two stories they could compare this to that one was in Miami, but I mean, it's really the challenges. They could take a month or so of traps and poison, but you know, they're going to run.  We know we got runways. And then they're going to stink. Then they're going to get maggots and things of this nature. And the other thing would be, this is to the level that they would gas the home, but then they're all dead where they live. In your attic, in your walls, which is not a pleasant smell and is not a good solution. So he's going to process it, come back with some thoughts and suggestions, but you know, obviously the key here is what should be done is this drywall removed in many, many places and cleaned out on the inside and or just reconstructed. Yes. Oh my God. Where? Between these books you have to get right where they are.  There you go. Good touch. Got one. Oh my God. Oh, some dumpers. Oh, good. There's an empty one in there. Oh, he's out.  We're just going to sell it. We're now into the garage where we have a second refrigerator and the freezer. So the direction is empty these out as well. So these I have not looked in. Let's see what's in this one. Oh my gosh. That's a lot of food. Wow. 2016. Oh my gosh. There's some rice in there. I don't know where it is.  What was it? Oh. I have no idea. Yeah, all over the car. Don't lean on the door. All right, there you go. It's like playground sand. I don't know where this is. How about appliances? Like the microwave, the blender. The microwave, the roadway. Okay. Oh my God, Becky. How are your nipples? They better? Yeah, yeah. I got dirt tape on today with a bandage underneath. They put bandage on there. They're on fire. I need a bra or something. Whoo. Now it's my size, my belly, and my right here. And my arms. If they woke up, I might be allergic to that material. It's June 20th. How long have you got? Only four months old. Oh my God. What are you doing? I'm your big brother's kid. Look at that.   Oh my God. Is this finished? That's super green. We're pretty super, all right? Soupy. Soupy. Oh boy. I couldn't even begin to tell you what it is. Anybody put some mild sauce on it, maybe? No, no, no. So kind of what you're dropping on it. You know this is pretty old when it swells up. The process swells up like this. There's a lot of gases inside of that. Sell by, I think that's 2018. October 30th, 2019. It's not too bad. Oh my. I don't know. Looks like cat litter. Yeah. Look at this. I don't know what it is. End of day three. Really, really pleased where we're at. Well, the homeowner actually just came. But I know she's very, very excited about, you can kind of see the garden in the back and you'll see the before pictures. I mean, just what a difference. And I know she's had this vision for years and just, you know, just never executed on it. And we're real, real happy for that. We also had a meeting today with a pest control company command. We had their termite expert and their rodent expert. Look forward to seeing everyone tomorrow. Thanks for watching guys. Don't forget to like, share, subscribe and ring that bell to be notified of the next episode. For more information, visit any of our locations.


Live from London, England, it's theCUBE, covering .NEXT Conference Europe 2018. Brought to you by Nutanix. Welcome back to London, England. I'm Stu Miniman, we're like co-host, you Piscar, and we're going to dig into one of the partnerships that Nutanix have. Joining me, two CUBE alums. Michael Cade, who's a technologist with Veeam, had you on the program last year, and welcome back a little closer to home for you here in London. Yeah, cheers, Stu, how are you? And welcome, six months with Nutanix, someone I've known CUBE alumni, so wherever you go, they're CUBE alumni always. So Jay Chittness, who's the head of Global Strategic Alliances with Nutanix. Jay, thanks for joining us. Stu, thanks for having me, it's great to be here, guys. All right, first of all, you know, Michael, what's it mean having the show here in London, and would love your opinion having kind of, how's Nutanix doing with Europe adoption? Yeah, so obviously being in London, it means I don't have to get on a plane and travel anywhere, right? So that's one benefit. But one thing I was there last year, obviously, we spoke. I think one of the things that I can see here is how many people are here. Like, it feels like it's doubled in numbers, doubled in size, double the conversations, obviously, with us, with our product coming out in July, August of this year. Only a version one, but we're seeing, like, good feedback, good strong feedback, and lots of questions around that. Yeah, absolutely, 3,500 is the number I heard here. Jay, we're going to talk about it with Veeam, so set the stage for us, data protection, what's going, you know, Nutanix positioning and what you look at. Yeah, it's a vibrant landscape, right? So, just going to pick up a little bit on the thread around the European side. We've got over 50 partners here, over 50 technology partners and a number of channel partners. There's just a vibrant buzz, and one of the first things that people always talk about is, hey, we're in the nation of GDPR, right? If you start to think about, just where's this notion of data, and where does it reside, data mobility, and that sort of thing, that's one of the first things that we get hit with all the time. We get asked a lot, and so, it's really core to what we do, right? And that's where the relationship really comes in. Yeah, well, I'd love to put a commentary there about GDPR, because that's right, I remember last year, like most of last year, every show that had data, data protection, everything like that, we talked about GDPR a lot. To be honest, once we got past May, we didn't talk about it a lot. I mean, we said, we know it's real when there were some lawsuits, and that happened rather fast to some of the really large companies, but is this still a major conversation with customers? Where are we? Yeah, yeah, massively. So, that sovereignty of data, where it resides, something that speaking to enterprise and mid-market customers over in Europe, they're absolutely still, top of mind is why are we keeping that data? Where are we keeping that data? How do we leverage our toolset to understand where that data is and then actually provide some insight into where it is and report against things like violations between different locations and just, we obviously have to go through that process of becoming GDPR compliant ourselves and obviously, as a global company, you have to kind of eat your own dog food and understand you have to know your own data, understand what that's doing, why are we keeping that, how it's being stored, and that message we just relayed back out into content and let our customers then use that. So, what does that look like? Maybe from a technology perspective, if you have to deal with GDPR from a Nutanix standpoint, from a VM standpoint, what does it change, right? What does it change in terms of backing up? What does it change in terms of storing it in the cloud or on-prem? Have you seen any major changes in how that works for customers? Yeah, so the good thing is, is that thinking about what that data is and where it's being stored, they know that in Germany, that data may not be able to leave Germany or that data may not be able to leave the UK or Ireland and they might have offices and remote locations in various different countries. So, a simple thing that we put in was the ability to put tagging on our repositories, on our physical constructs so that we knew the data half in the workflow and that was just, that's, and then be able to use then v1 to be able to report against that so you understood where that data was going but also it flag up any of those violations that maybe where a backup job has pushed it to a different location. We need to know about that and we need to fix it as fast as possible so that's one of the areas that we're talking. So, I can imagine that this is not only has had an impact from a technology perspective from a vendor's side but also in the service provider market. I guess, you know, a lot of service providers have gone into that space to be able to help customers with their GDPR issues. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. So, we were already aligned with our VCSP program so 20,000 VCSP partners out there and their model is as a service so being able to provide as a service and help them understand what that data is and know where that data is residing is key to those customers that can't necessarily put their workloads into the public cloud but they can put it into a trusted service provider or a VCSP. All right. Or a trusted enterprise private cloud or one of the things that we're seeing is when you start to think about data and where it resides, it's not just the cloud. It's not a discussion of is it on-prem? Is it in the cloud? There's this notion about this distributed cloud. Some of the stuff that we talked about earlier this morning around what does that mean when you start to think about where, first of all, the amount of data that's sitting in everything other than what we would consider an enterprise cloud. That's one. The second thing is how do you protect it? How do you back it up? What do you do at things at the edge, right? That requires a fundamentally different way of looking at things. Just the size and the volume of the data. Yeah, one of the key things that we're seeing is that sprawl of data. Not necessarily it doesn't really matter where that data resides whether it is on-premises or whether it's in the public cloud. It's the data and that sprawl of data that can sit on many different platforms. Yeah, all right. I want to pivot the conversation a little bit. Let's talk about AHV. So, in the earnings announcement earlier this week, the number I heard was 38% looking at the last four quarters trailing. So, strong growth. Actually, when I'd asked Deeridge about two years ago and said, okay, well, what's the goal? And he said, look, we're going to keep building and do it and customers will have choice. You know, if we get to 50%, that felt about right to him then. When I talked to him, he said, it seems right. It's not like we're going to eradicate everybody's other virtualization. That's not the goal. It's to do what makes sense. I remember one of the dot necks is when Veeam said, we are going to go down the path to adopt AHV. There are actually tiers in the audience. So, we know that ecosystem is super important at AHV. So, Jay, maybe set the table for us with that guideline as to where we are with the partner ecosystem. Obviously, Veeam's got some good, exciting stuff recently, but overall. Look, at the end of the day, the 38% number that you mentioned is critical, right? One of the things that we look at is, this is, our philosophy has always been about freedom. And so, some semblance of choice. And it doesn't matter whether you have a preference for a private cloud, a public cloud, a hypervisor. What we really are focused on is, how do we enhance incremental value at, especially in the management stack, right? It's not necessarily a, we absolutely want to become a hypervisor company. That's not the goal here, right? In order to, when you look at our partner landscape and our partner ecosystem, it kind of fits into a few things. First and foremost, it's about customers who want, when they buy Nutanix, it's because they're buying Nutanix to fit into a certain environment. Data protection, management, management orchestration, networking, and security. And then there's obviously customers who buy Nutanix for running something on top of us, right? An ISV, an enterprise ISV, big data applications, cloud native applications and things of that nature. One of the cornerstones for that ecosystem is to support AHV. And we're starting to see a significant amount of our partners, not only looking at supporting AHV, but actually going further and deeper. So we look at things in terms of the breadth of the ecosystem, which is great. We want to grow that. But we also look at the depth. And someone like Veeam who said, hey, look, we were partnering with you on the breadth where we were doing some stuff around supporting ESX. But really the game changer was AHV. AHV support, which was what, August? Yeah, yeah, beginning of August. I think the same premise as what you were just saying, Jay, is around, so bring that simplicity model. We don't really care what that is sitting on top. With the management layer, we're offering this hardware up as a service, or this layer of abstraction from a Veeam, obviously, from a Veeam perspective, it's all about the ease of use, the reliability, but also the flexibility. And that's something that we kind of have that synergistic approach to. I think that's a very shared common vision, right? It's making sure that you provide a seamless experience, one-click sort of experience, but being able to do so in a more cohesive manner. Sorry. Michael, I want you to bring us inside. I remember back when Veeam supported Microsoft Hyper-V. It was a big deal. There's a lot of engineering work that goes into it, and Move Veeam was more than just a virtualization company. Today, Veeam is multi-cloud. They've been playing lots of environment. Give us a little insight as to what happened and what special has been done for the interface and the technology to fully support AHV with Veeam. Yeah, I think, so 12 years ago, Veeam started out protecting those virtual workloads, virtualization first, VMware first, then Hyper-V, and then the physical agents came, and really that platform started to get broadened. What then happened is the AHV adoption rate from you guys was obviously rising, so we saw that and went in, but we took a different approach in terms of, okay, just because of what we've done in a VMware and Hyper-V world, doesn't necessarily mean that that will fit our Nutanix AHV customers. So we went out, we seeded the market, understood what that looked like, how it looked from both Nutanix point of view and also existing AHV customers, and then built the new AHV platform that we have to be able to protect them, but we still wanted to keep that agentless approach. But from a management perspective, we offer out a web interface that allows us to look very similar to the Prism interface, the management layer, so that an admin doesn't have to shift his command stage, his knowledge of working and management into that mindset. So version one, and again, there's a considerable amount of effort gone into that as a pretty full-on feature list of features in that version one, and that's going to continue to roll out over 2019 and beyond. So looking at this from a customer perspective, back when I built an IS platform based on Nutanix, based on VM, one of the things that was high on my list was AHV support. Simply because AHV, the hypervisor, it became a commodity, even as a service provider, even as an IS provider, I didn't really care what hypervisor I ran. And so support from VM to actually be able to back up VMs on AHV, and that was top priority for me. And seeing you guys use that different UI, even though it was a little bit of a shock because we've been using VM for maybe a decade already, we're used to it. A little bit of a culture shock to start using it. When you do, it becomes a totally different experience because it is aligned with Nutanix. So maybe tell us about why you've taken that approach of using the way of integrating with the Nutanix UI instead of staying at your old UI. Yeah, and so exactly, it was mostly around Nutanix admins and their feedback around if we can just have another tab that looks and feels exactly how our management plane looks like, then that would be more of a benefit. Now, obviously within being back on replication, there's still visibility of those jobs. Now, there's no configuration. Later that's one of the biggest asks that we're getting in the forums, in the public forums, is when can we have exactly what you're asking for there? Is it around how can we bring that central manager back into BBR? Because they may have Nutanix clusters running different hypervisors, and that's all supported from us. But then now we've got to go outside of that single management interface into the prism-like management for that. So I kind of see that from that perspective. But so that was really the main key for version one is get something out that's the same as what our Nutanix administrators are used to. So, you know, if we're talking about futures, so what's next for via managed analytics? A real short question, short answer maybe. Yeah, without being fired. But so version two, so update one. So 1.1, that will be out in the next few, let's say weeks, months. And that really doesn't bring any major features or changes. That's the generic bug fixes. There's a few things that needed to be ironed out in the interface, but also as the process. So that will be relatively soon. Then the good thing around the ability to develop against what we're doing with AHV is that because it's so separate from the VBR piece, it allows us to hopefully keep that much more frequent cadence of release. So we'll be starting to see more news about version two as we get into early 2019. Yeah, just last thing, wondering what you could say about adoption so far. How much pent up demand was there? And I'd like to hear first from the Veeam standpoint, how many customers, if you can share anything about that? And then Jay, what this means for AHV adoption? So I don't have specific numbers, up to date numbers, but I have seen the Salesforce numbers grow from an opportunity perspective. And that's specifically where Veeam availability for Nutanix AHV is included in that Salesforce opportunity. So one of the things though is that we're seeing, if you're familiar with the Veeam forums, that in particular forum thread is growing and growing because people are understanding that we can help shape what we do here. Like we want those customers that are using it on a daily basis to give us that feedback. Do you expect there to be new Veeam customers due to this offering? Yeah, yeah, absolutely. Yeah, I think we absolutely expect new Veeam customers, right? I think at the end of the day, you go back to your question around AHV. Having a healthy ecosystem is really what's going to drive AHV adoption, right? So partners like Veeam who've done that is really what is providing some choice back. To your question around what do we expect in the next few months, quarters? What we're seeing is a lot of demand on, what's the right way? We're seeing a lot more demand on additional functionality that people, customers would like to add into there, right? So AHV is just the beginning of the platform. It's not the end state. And then you start, we're starting to see is a lot of customers, partners who are taking on things like, oh, well that's interesting. Now I can do something with files or buckets or add on top of it where now all of a sudden I can derive even more value. So AHV is just step one if you will, right? Yeah, I think that's important as well. So we've got update four coming out early next year. That's going to bring the ability to leverage the Nutanix buckets that we've heard about this week. There's also other cloud mobility but to the option of being able to convert those machines and send them up into Azure or AWS to be able to run test and development up there but that whole cloud mobility about movement of data and making it seamless using the same tool set. One of the key differentiators is the VBK format. So those who know Veeam, they use a VBK format and that's exactly the same format that the Nutanix AHV product views as well. Absolutely, well congratulations. Really looked at, as I said, this is really opening the door to start the journey as to where your customers are going. I've been hearing feedback from customers that have been waiting for this for a while and excited to see how this matures as things go forward. So Jay, Michael, thanks so much for joining us and stay with us. Full day of coverage here at Nutanix.NEXT 2018 in London. Thanks for watching theCUBE.


Ableton On Air is sponsored by Green Mountain Support Services, empowering people with disabilities to be home in the community. Washington County Mental Health, where hope and support comes together. Media sponsors for Ableton On Air include Park Chester Times, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx.info, Associated Press Media Editors, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, U.S. Press Corps, Domestic and International, Anchor FM, and Spotify. Partners with Ableton On Air include Yachad New York and New England, where everyone belongs, the Orthodox Union, and the Vermont Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Ableton On Air has been seen in the following publications, Park Chester Times, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx.info, and www.h.com. Ableton On Air is a member of the National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter. Welcome to this edition of Ableton On Air, the one and only program that focuses on the needs, concerns, and achievements of the differently able. I've always been your host, Lauren Seiler, and we would like to thank our wonderful sponsors, Washington County Mental Health, Green Mountain Support Services, and many others, including partners with the Orthodox Union, Yachad New York, Yachad New York and New England, and the Vermont Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired. On today's program, we will focus on Louis Braille. So let's get started. Louis Braille created Braille, of course, and he was born on January 4th, 1809, and died on January 6, 1852. He was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use for the blind and visually impaired. His system remained virtually unchanged to this day and is known worldwide simply as Braille. Okay, so we're going to show some pictures. Um, Braille was blinded at the age of three in one eye as a result of an accident with a stitching all in his father's harness making shot. Consequently, an infection set in and spread to both eyes, resulting in total blindness at the time that there were not many resources in place for the blind, but nevertheless he excelled in his education and received a scholarship to Francis Royal Institute for Blind Youth. While a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code, tactile C, I mean T-A-C-T-I-L-E code that could allow blind people to read and write and quickly, effectively inspire, but quickly and efficiently, sorry, inspired by the military, uh, uh, uh, Crip, uh, Crip, the writing called Crip, not from C, wait, C-R-Y-P-T-O graphy, uh, cryptography by Charles Barbier. Braille constructed a new method, um, built specifically for the needs of the blind. He presented his work to his peers in the first time in 1824. In adulthood, Lewis Braille served as professor at the Institute in which he had, um, application as a musician, but he largely spent the remainder of his life refining and extending the system of Braille. It went unused by most educators for many years after his death, but posthumously has been recognized as a revolutionary invention and has been adapted for use in different languages worldwide. Lewis Braille was born in Cuvier, France, about 20 miles of Paris on the 4th of January, 1809, uh, with, with three elder siblings, okay? Um, as soon as he could walk, Braille, Braille's time was spent playing with his father in his father's workshop. At age of three, he was playing with some of the tools, um, trying to make holes, uh, with a piece of leather and an awl. Squinting closely at the surface, he pressed down with some of the tools, trying to make holes in a piece of leather, uh, in a piece of leather. Um, the next day, uh, a surgeon, um, with no treatment, couldn't shave the damaged organ in terms of the eye. In agony, the young boy suffered for weeks. Uh, as the, as the wound became severely infected, he eventually lost sight in the other eye due to, um, symptom, symptom, uh, of memia. I can't pronounce that. Um, Braille survived the torment of the infection by the age of five. He was completely blind in both eyes. Um, yeah. Um, no, mainly wooden canes. I don't think they came up with blind canes yet. Um, but we can do the history of the blind cane. That, that can be part of this. Um, um, so, yeah, yeah. Um, the Braille system was determined to invent, uh, Braille was determined to invent a system of reading and writing, because we can show pictures of Braille, um, that could bridge the gap of communication between sighted and the blind in his, um, in his own words, access to, in his own words, he said that access to communication in the widest sense to knowledge that is vitally important for us, the blind, are not to go on being this despite despised or patronized by condescending sighted people, not, um, not need pity or that we, uh, needed to be reminded we are vulnerable. Um, we must be treated as equals and communicate the way we can and the way this can be brought about. In 1821, Braille learned a new communication system devised by Captain Charles Barbier of the French army. Um, uh, let's see here. Um, let's, let's go down. Uh, wait. Um, okay. In 1824, when he was 15 years old from Barbier's night writing, he, uh, innovated and simplified a form by maximizing the efficiency of the dots. He made uniform columns for, uh, for each letter and he reduced the 12 raised dots of six. He published the system in 1829 by the second edition in 1837. He had discarded the dashes because they were difficult to read. Crucially, Braille's smaller cells were capable of being recognized as letters with a single touch of the finger. Do you have anything to say about that? Go ahead. Okay. Who invented, nobody has to be more about that. Yes. Um, okay. So, yeah. Um, yeah, but now the king, next time we can talk about that. Um, but yeah, there's several people that, James B. Biggs, uh, James Biggs of Bristol claimed to have invented the White King in 1921. After an accident, he claimed his site, his site. The artist had to readjust to his environment, feeling threatened by increased motor vehicle traffic around his home. Biggs decided to paint his walking stick white to make him more visible to motorists. Now, according to the American Council, uh, American Council for the Council for the Blind, um, and according to AFB, um, yeah, um, the following is a short history of the White King written by Philip Strong. Okay. Um, American Council for the Blind. So that's, um, here, I don't know. This is a long thing. So we can, um, there was a special White King ordinance or law passed in 1930 in Peoria, Illinois. It granted blind pedestrians, uh, protections for the right of way while carrying a White King. In 1935, Michigan began promoting the White King as a visible symbol for the blind. On February 25th, 1836, an ordinance was passed by the City of Detroit recognizing the White King. Um, to promote a new ordinance, the, uh, demonstration was held at City Hall where blind and visually impaired people were represented by White Kings. The following year, Donald Shore wrote the position of a bill and had it promote proposed by Michigan State Legislature. The proposal gave the carrier of the White King protection while traveling on the streets of Michigan. Uh, Governor Frank Murphy signed the bill into law in March, 1937. During the early 1960s, good question. Blind, blind presidents. Wait, Patterson, Patterson. I don't think we ever had any blind presidents, but let me see. No, Theodore Roosevelt. Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Theodore Roosevelt, our 26th president, was my, uh, was myopic or nearsighted and was blind in one eye from a retinal detachment. George A. W. Bush, our 40th president, and only one still living, well, um, has glaucoma. Uh, well, he's not living. Uh, I don't think, uh, they have him here still living, but he's not living. Uh, they need to change that. But, uh, President Lincoln, um, noted that his left, his left eye at times, President Lincoln noted that his left eye at times upward independently of his eye, uh, a condition now, now determined as, uh, as strapped, as strapped, as strapped in us. Um, Lincoln noticed double vision only occasionally and did not bother him a great deal. Said Fishman, a retired Washington optometrist and history buff. So yeah, so, um, since we have 10 minutes left, let's, uh, for those, um, that want information about services for the blind here in Vermont, since we're on the topic, uh, the Vermont, uh, the vision for the blind and visually impaired is in the state of Vermont, and we can, um, go over the number and, uh, and the, um, yeah, but then, uh, we'll talk about Vermont services. Okay. Anyway, that, anyway, um, uh, yeah, vision services for the blind, but we'll talk about Vermont. For those that want information about any services of Vermont from the, from the blind and visually impaired, uh, you can go, um, to the following location. Um, uh, there, one of the main locations is, um, HC2 South 280 South 280 State Drive, what, what a very Vermont 05671. Um, and, and their number, their number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'll repeat it again. Their trophy number is 1-888-405-5005. Um, and, um, for more information and general contact, uh, for Dale or, um, the, um, the vision for independent living, elderly and independent living, or, um, dbbi is 8 is a hs.dale dbbi, um, info at Vermont.gov. That, um, email again is a hs.dale dv, uh, dbbi, info at Vermont.gov. Um, and for more information on Lewis Braille and his work or anything that we have spoken about today, you can go to Wikipedia and there's plenty of information there. Uh, we would like to thank, um, the following, um, Washington County Mental Health, Wing Mountain Support Services, um, and supporters such as Yakha New York and New England, the Orthodox Union, and, um, the Vermont Division for the Blind is visually impaired, and we are also members of the, um, National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter. We would also like to thank the Muslim Community Report, New York Proud Online Newspaper, and the Fortress of Times. Um, this puts an end to this edition of Ableton On Air. I'm Lauren Seiler. See you next time. Ableton On Air is sponsored by Green Mountain Support Services, empowering people with disabilities to be home in the community. Washington County Mental Health, where hope and support comes together. Media sponsors for Ableton On Air include Parkchester Times, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx dot info, Associated Press Media Editors, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, US Press Corps, Domestic and International, Anchor FM and Spotify. Partners with Ableton On Air include Yakha New York and New England, where everyone belongs, the Orthodox Union, and the Vermont Division for the Blind and visually impaired. Ableton On Air has been seen in the following publications. Parkchester Times, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx dot info, and WWW dot h dot com. Ableton On Air is a member of the National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter.


Cell Eric Ebron. So Eric Ebron has now scored in all but two games this year And he found the end zone three times against the Jags on Sunday So that puts him at 10 total touchdowns on the year with nine coming via the air because he had a rushing touchdown this past weekend Of course on a targets per touchdown basis Eric Ebron scoring on every 7.2 targets The NFL average this season at tight end is a touchdown on every 17.1 targets But here's the thing Eric Ebron's not playing a ton of snaps with Jack Doyle back from injury over the last two weeks Ebron's been on the field for 38 snaps Jack Doyle has played 105 Mo Alley Cox has out snapped Eric Ebron He's played 48 and meanwhile Ebron's only seen six targets while Doyle has seen 10 over these two games and According to pro football focus Eric Ebron has run just 22 routes over 10 tight ends ran that many routes in week 10 alone What Eric Ebron is doing is not sustainable. Yes He's seen a lot of red zone volume, but he's also converted seven of his eight receptions into touchdowns in the red zone Only Davante Adams has more red zone scores and Adams is the only player with decent volume in that area of the field Who's converting like Eric Ebron has now the thing is tight end is an absolute mess So Ebron does have some season-long appeal But he's a very obvious touchdown regression candidate and I would rather have Jack Doyle over Eric Ebron from here on out