I am not quite sure what they are talking about. I don't understand a thing. But I think she is asking him, are you gay? And they are arguing about who is going to start the play. But actually I am going to start the play. With this now, just like Alistair used to do it. Actually today, we are going live streams. So, YouTube. A show from Kosovo. And we are aware that maybe you won't understand the context of the show. That's why we brought you some books outside. A short history of Kosovo. It's a small book, only 3,000 pages. So, enjoy the show. Thank you. A short history of Kosovo. And 5 years, it will go from a curious new road to have GDP growth. That you only can see in Pescara, in Italy. Or Keisachlauten, in Germany. Come in! No, Adriano. Miss Sigmeta, I am delighted to meet you in person. Then I give her a lot of compliments. I notice they don't compliment women here. She enjoys it and she puts on some lipstick. I am putting on lipstick. Oh, he is so sweet. Then I ask him kindly. Oh, Mr Adriano, how can I help you? It's an honor to serve you. I face the typewriter on the stage. The gate is on the roller, but I insert it a little bit deeper so I can demonstrate to the client I am ready to work in his notice. I am sitting in Ekmeta's office. I sit and listen and just keep still. I have imagined this moment hundreds of times, but never exactly as it is happening now in reality. I look at the various folders, the vase of flowers, the typewriter, the certificate already in the room. We are getting married. So we need the marriage certificate. She starts to laugh. A marriage requires a couple, husband and a wife. Yes, of course, son. Shame. Then I start laughing and laughing.  I laugh too. What else can I do? I look out the window. What a shame we are on the first floor. Otherwise I would have thrown myself out the window and died. Ekmeta just sneers. That's all I did to get married, yes. I realize she must have missed it. So I explain again.  Listen, Ekmeta, perhaps I wasn't kidding. Maybe my boyfriend married me and I have decided to get married, and so we need a marriage certificate. I take my hand and hold me closer. I tremble. I feel nauseous. The anxiety makes me vomit. Lately I vomit in the vase of flowers. On this desk. What do you mean? What marriage? Men with men? Do you understand I feel pain by those words? Where does this happen? Haven't you embarrassed us enough with that condom factory? Haven't you embarrassed us enough with that condom factory? Haven't you embarrassed us enough with that condom factory? I wanted to ask him, but of course. I collect myself and I say nothing.  I just let it all out. Water in my face. I just hope it's just a bad truth. Marriage between two people in same gender is permitted in your constitution. We love each other and this is permitted by our constitution. It leaks through the different plots. Harry, the constitution of our country is the same gender. And then she opens the gap. She rips out the page and puts it in her mouth. Without blinking she starts to chew it. Shame, such a handsome man. All these beautiful ladies in town and you choose each other. Well, your documentations aren't ready yet. You need... Essential. Of course! I am Hikmete's typewriter. I like it when Hikmete uses me. I love her soft fingers, I love the faint smell of her breath and the sound of the soap she washes with every morning. We typewriters can sense when someone loves us, when someone treats us tenderly and with respect. Using my keys, Hikmete has a type decision. Licenses, complaints, contracts, lawsuits, requests and endless other documents. Hikmete works conscientiously and she treats everyone the same, lovingly. Dia, because we, as a nation, we don't read. I'm sure that our prime minister just signed that constitution without reading it at all. Any books have you read those last 30 years? None. But I do read on the Internet. But it's not the same. Yes it is! For example, I read on the Internet that yesterday the German parliament voted a law which allows marriage between the same gender. Yesterday? Yes! They only did it yesterday. But we, we have this thing in our constitution for the last 10 years and still the European journalist portrays us as primitive. As people who beat our woman. As people who keeps our guns under the pillow. While we pee, we don't wash our hands. As people who do human trafficking. As people who control European drug trafficking. Angela Merkel opposed it.  You want to destroy everything that our fathers built so many years. If you continue with this law, Germans will not have children anymore. And Turks will keep popping trend till 15 of them. In a few years, Germany will have more Turks than Germans. This is what a leader who loves her own country says. A visionary leader. Mr. Mayor, what should we do? Well, why don't you try to massage my lower muscles a bit? And then I will write the prime minister and I will request assistance. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. People suffered many wars. Many misfortunes, many foray applications. But all our wounds were healed just when we were running in tradition. The value enabled us to keep our head high with pride and dignity.  Jumping on your part. Tony Perkins. Yeah. Rush Limbo. Sarah Palin. Mitch McConnell. Sean Hannity. Liberty University. Westboro Baptist Church. And Carter. And Donald Trump. In this town, I feel it's surrounded by 500 homes. The Bible and God says so. It's between a man and a woman. And the Supreme Court has no authority to even redefine it, even talk about it. This has said, married life is such a beautiful thing. It says gauge in homosexuality. Not only that. But in full view of everybody. So that was another crime. In me broding the public table. Boom. To start with us. Two shot it humanitarian. You choose the size that suits you, that makes your organ nice and snug, before using it, you should test it on them, take it out of the plastic and roll to see if it has air, if it's nice you can put it on slowly. Well, before you leave it on, you have to ensure that your organ is primed in a proper state. Various experts recommend exercises, simple physical exercises to warm up the muscles. Okay, once you're done and once you've checked the condom, you're ready to go. Does anyone have any questions? Yes. There are no questions. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for taking part in this workshop for three days for safe sex and condom use which Don Bosco organized. This course was generously financed by the European Union and all of you will receive a certificate which I'm sure that it will be of good use to you someday. ... ... ... No way I called you here. No I don't. Well, I'll be brief then. Tell me, Marilyn, when did you discover that you were like this? Like what? Well, like this, that you like men and not women. Well, since I was a child, I always hung out with the girls and not the boys. And did you never try to grab a girl's pits or her butt? No, I felt safe with a girl.   Excuse me? Yesterday in Mexico, I called Victor La Pida from San Pedro, when I was about to get married to a crocodile. Oh, don't you try sleeping with a woman. Let the medicine handle that. One third of the time. Oh, I'm coming here. Okay, alright, maybe not much, but there are a lot. Only I know like 40,000 to 50,000 women. Oh, what? No, I cannot believe it. Oh! Excuse me? I'll give you money as much as you want. I won't even find you a good girl who will love you. You just gave up this bad habit. Can't you see that we have become a tabloid story? I don't need your money. All I ever wanted was someone who loves me, that way I have it, and I want to marry him. Break your bones. Burn your skin. Your whole town is suffering. Because you couldn't find one of your own, but you had to choose an Italian. Because you wanted to embarrass us as much as you could.  Get out.   When I was 20 years old, my parents kept putting pressure on me to get married and start a family. It was always the same story quite every evening. As soon as supper was ready, my mother would start so... Marilyn, is there any news? Have you met any girl? We'll talk about other questions like this. So one night, while we were eating dinner, I decided to tell them the truth. I'm gay, I told them.  My father had a heart attack, and my mother burned her tongue on the hot bean soup we were eating. And for the next two weeks, she just muttered, How could you? How could you? How could you? And then after that, she never spoke again. I'm going to reward Luz of you who were so convincing and play your parts so effectively in the presence of the EU commissioner. The two officials who were kissing each other get a double bonus. The two parents in Lula's office that sang welcome, welcome commissioner will receive two additional rations plus a bigger cage. And Hikmete, who spontaneously kissed the commissioner on the lips, which was not in the plane, will receive the bonuses and additional work for four weekends a month. And for scrubbing in the corridor, I will receive four bonuses. The decision enters into force immediately. Congratulations. I love this machine, I mean it. The pastels are really cool, really cool. Really cool. I am going to give it a try with this machine. It's in the tank that it doesn't work out, it's in the tank that it doesn't work out, it's in the tank that it doesn't work out. After that we are going to go to the town of Zürich, to the town of Sardinia. Kemisielo, the town of Tierra, certified in the family, Pre-sim. Pre-sim, the past is pre-sim. My abuse. Puffemi, puffemi giato. I have been so rich. Patrochito. Nagendo group, we're pulling in with the dead, we're sweet as a little boy. For Pete and Tabartas, for Crechka, boys, let's show him your op, the box. You're our commander. I'm the commander of the most dedicated service. I want you to help me. I want to be a commander for your service. Get out of here. Get out of here. Get out of here. You're not allowed to go.   I don't like Adriano, but he seems straight, so I didn't get much hope in the race. But one night, when he was drunk, he pissed. Anyway, and then we started to go out together, I was so happy. When he said he loved me I was scared because I couldn't believe that I wanted to truly that day that he proposed me. I was overjoyed. I remember before saying yes to him I left him and I ran, ran, ran and then I collapsed in the road as if that and I started to leave. I order you to cut every tree in our town. Don't make me mad please. Palm trees just to distract people's attention. Let them accuse us of being crazy. Just I don't want them to call us the town of the buck hawkers you know. Cut those trees immediately. Come on. Oh what a humiliating end for an old tree like me. They are going to build our town. Merely a wealth of people so much to see but my tears won't matter. Farewell. Yamun. Bomba Helsi. Taniamar Bomba, they joined the Roman and Dany Institute. Bomba exploded on the moored BM Pertock. Delft on the local and international faggots. Have homosexuals? Here women marry men and men marry women. Manas goes with plus and plus goes with minus. These are the only combinations. European experiments in our country on our youth will be dealt like this red mouse. Neymin Bodrom, a kisha parandiesi descatil montandolta. No kedikujam palo ampertolka.  Bum. Murecham Bodromin bulot kapliuri pasai mundom da je telefonin. Editham, comandandis. Alo alozonia, comandanta imin rezikon vermelli. Ni lutom dergani le kopter naspatoi. It's shocked by the grenade attack on two members of gay community in Tashane. It's unacceptable and in contrary to european spirits and values. We will warn you that if just one hair on the head of these two has been harmed, you will be punished. The town's electricity supply will be cut off. The officials of the town will be put on the blacklist of the american president. We will withdraw all of your investments. And that means halting construction on the condom factory and the ice skating stadium. Not a single european circus will be allowed to visit your town. Your life! Mr. Mayor, should I continue with Bond? No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. I told you to frighten them. You almost killed them. I kept my promise. We will go to the Norwegian and prepare a report. If you understand much better, this new species of people will be killed.  But I am a non-Titian. I am a Jewish. I am not a Wabelian. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. I am a Jew. Mr. Mayor, the fight has been fought against the municipality office.  All the ministers are even obliged to participate in those gay weddings. Look at what this administrative instructional director, Prime Minister, says. All the ministers are obliged to participate in those gay weddings in Montenegro. Those ministers who are on official pre-truth, those ministers who are sick, can bring a note which is stamped and authorized by a notary. Thank you. I know English. On the advent of Lesbos, the Greeks started with us. I will describe the atmosphere as concerning. In the middle of the club, there is a horizontal pole. An opportunity may be served. The others are clarifying and giving it money. I'm alarmed I want to be sick.  If I can make a political comment that I would say that this debauchery is the result of Greece's financial crisis. Look at what has happened to the right streets of home. Oh, over there I even can see. I mean, it's not a fucky.  Who knows. In this case, it could be a man, too. Like, were you assembled? We're about to go. Because of the scene, everything here is very foggy but very much like you see. Everything here is foggy. They're all old men. They're all naked. They're all washing each other. They respect each other, kissing each other. Oh, my God, it's so hot. I'm afraid I'm going to pass out. I wake up in the park. I don't know how I'm changing it. My whole body hurts, especially my foot. Oh, Lord, I hope I'm small and you didn't take any liberties. In the morning, something huge is happening in the municipal building. They are holding a meeting that began about 10 hours ago. Like the meetings of the Politburo once upon a time. Tonight, I would rather be anything but a typewriter. The Prime Minister is very tough. Listen to how he yells at them.  Why couldn't you manage the situation? Oh, Minister, hi, it's me, Ikmita. Please, don't blame the mayor. It's not his fault. I mean, it's my fault. Punish me. Do anything you want to me.  Do anything you want to. Ikmita, please, go and massage his lower muscles. Please, come on, go, go, go. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Now it is six in the morning. The decision is made. It's difficult. Everyone cries, even the mayor. The Prime Minister proposes they sing the terrible song. The one the girls used to sing when they were raped. Oh, you're not much. I'm a lotan.  I take him as husband.  All of these beautiful girls are down and you choose each other.   Do you take this person as your wife? Or you don't? Yes, I will take him. Good. Then one of you read the back of the oath and get locked. First you sign it, then get locked. Read it, Marilyn. I vow that I will remain faithful to this man for the first month at least of the marriage. I swear that what we are doing is a sin. I swear that we're getting married just to win some European donations. Where on earth did you get this text? Oh, what a brilliant text. Thank you, Mrs. Sigmund. You knew a fantastic job. I admire you. If we had more people like you, it would become like Japan in 12 months. Thank you, Mr. Adela. Do you also sign it? Of course, I'll sign it. You know I won't sign it at all. There's no need to rush. Let's enjoy it because marriage brings obligation. Sign it, Adela. Sign it, Adela. Sign it, Adela. What an awful dreamer.  It's a rough night. This is a terrible and disturbing sign, which touches the heart and walls of the spirit. I'm just like you.  I see your face. I see your face. I'm just like you. I see your face. I'm just like you. I see your face. I see your face. I see your face.  It will make you all ponder the tragic fate of all these beautiful girls that you have in Sadeh. We are here. Hello, hello. Well normally we would start, but since it's live stream we need the mic. Can you hear me? With the mic or no? One, two, oh yes, yes. Wonderful. Well first of all thank you for coming to see the show here at La Mama and the cold and rainy day on a Sunday in New York and thanks to La Mama Theatre and Mia for putting on a show once again that shows us how big the world is and how complex the world is, how complicated and also how beautiful and to see a play like this from Kosovo is quite extraordinary. So thank you for putting this up. Great congratulation I think to the Gentria Multimedia Theatre from Kosovo and the director. So first and to the acting, so please a big applause for their work. And I have Blair Tanezrai here with me and so she put this all together and I think it's quite the next ordinary work that of course reflects history in all the countries of the world or wherever they are at the moment. We at the Siegel Theatre just hosted a place from South Korea but the very, very first time out of 30 Asian countries a government put a little logo behind readings that dealt with LGBT questions. So something is happening in the world and the way how do we share this experience, how do we share knowledge, how do we share and how do we give meaning to the times we live in and I think theatre is one of the fantastic ways to truly create understanding or where understanding can take place. But let's go right away to the work. Tell us how did this all come about? Thank you. Well we as a company it's been like 10 years now that we are producing a place that is a theatre coming out of necessity. So every year we have one or two production that we do and it needs to come out of our context in the region, the problems that we are facing every day. Like you were mentioning you were saying that it's part of your history but it's for us it's nowadays history. So having to put on stage this play and dealing with a question of LGBT in Kosovo it's not a simple topic I would say because it's completely a different world from here. Like while we start the show we say it's normal to be gay in America but in Kosovo it's not normal to be gay. Like I would say that we have to be the other mouth in order to talk about them because we are not experts in the LGBT question but we needed to talk about them and the good thing is that we got support from them and we are happy to have done this performance. I have to mention that one month after we did this show we had the first gay parade in Kosovo. So it's like a year and a half ago we had the first gay parade. So you can imagine in what kind of context we are in Kosovo. So this is one of the first plays that deals with the theme and put on stage? Yes, in this level I would say we are talking directly and where we are pushing boundaries a little bit further. We are actually trying to talk in this show more about the policies that are made around the community and maybe we are using hard words and not being politically correct but we thought that we should go really far away to be extreme in the sense that how people and how our government treats the LGBT community. There are no gay bars there. I mean nobody goes out in a way to talk about the issue and now they are starting a little bit. I'm not saying it's because of the performance obviously not. They need to gain their rights but it's quite important for our organization and for all our group to talk about the issue and maybe try to start a conversation on the question. So tell us about opening night and the first performance. What happened? What were the reactions? So obviously in the opening nights we usually have our friends, people who support us but we had to call the police because we got threats before head because having a picture of the two main actors kissing each other and so we needed to make sure everything is going well. So it went well actually. Very good reaction from the LGBT community. Sometimes we didn't get the best reaction from the other communities but we were happy to have their support. Then we toured with this performance because maybe Pristina is a little bit more open minded, the capital city but the other part of Kosovo is not the case but they just accepted it and we are very happy for that. Recently in the last show we had in Pristina we got what we considered a little bit more of a serious threat by an official of Ministry of Justice. What's a serious, more serious threat? Well by threatening us for cutting our heads and putting out with a sword and putting that in our bottom if I may say. So the story continues by us informing the police and everything ended happily by having this person finally for 48 hours stopped by the police and we got a lot of support from the whole community, the artistic community coming to see the show at a theater in Pristina. Well that's a very truly courageous work I think you are doing. Perhaps a bit easier for us. I think La Mama will host a festival 50 years ago with Stonewall.  And it's also not so long ago as one of things. Before we come to the actors and again thank you for coming and joining. Congratulations on your work here in New York and bringing your show. On the theoretical work I think also beautifully done.  But I hear we saw beautiful lighting, we saw characters taking over different roles, opposite roles. There was kind of a Greek like chorus, songs, kind of references to folk songs, church songs and also the stage design with the triangle and all of it. I thought it is quite a sophisticated also production. So tell us about rehearsal and what was your concept, what did you change? What did you find when you rehearsed? What was your surprises? Yeah, so it's a quite difficult play because it has got 55 scenes in total and actually doesn't have a classical dramaturgical structure. So having five actors and then having a musician on stage and having characters as a typewriter or tree, we could easily go into children's theater. So we had to think with the group because all this is working in progress. Like we meet and we discuss together and then we come to the show. So it took a while to think of the nature of the show we will do and then together with a stage designer and who is the costume designer as well. We decided actually to have a space where it can be everywhere like it can be in a gay club and we will use everything that is in there. And all the characters should be in the room in order to be playful and not taking it seriously what they are doing. Just telling the text, pushing the emotion forward, having to do a grotesque or less. So I think all this lightning which is not dimmable and I'm sorry if somebody sometimes in some spaces can have a problem with like the eyes might hurt. Well, the actors, I will have a talk show. Yeah, because sometimes they tell me that it's very hard to stay there. Yeah, they are polite sometimes. So it's things that you can find everywhere in every space to get them. We are not a big company. So you're an ensemble that works together all year and you work two, three months or five weeks? Two months in total, yes. And we tend as an organization to invite stage designers, choreographers, composers from out of Kosovo. Because when we are working with our group of actors we tend to have obviously our internal jokes. And in order to universalize the concept and the work that we are doing knowing that we tour with our shows, we need to have close to us people who are not Kosovo Albanian. And that helps a lot in creating such environments. Yeah, no, I think it is quite remarkable. So just to remind the audience, Kosovo and the Balkans, what happened in the history not so long ago, how devastating the civil wars, the wars between the countries and that this is now that struggle somehow is over. We hope the tensions are done, but this is an ongoing struggle and for the company also to focus on this. But all that in the background which you could feel the seriousness of it and that lives in a way at risk again. And that the European Union, not as the big Brexit fears of the present day, actually we feel as progressive justice. I think good is coming in. So I think it gives us also a glimpse of a feeling of change and that theater is part of it. It's somehow mirroring it that at the same time the parade will happen or happened, you had put on the play. We also show that represent a manifest with bodies on stage and reinforce I think what we of course think is the right way and progressive justice and that should have of course happened a long time ago and there's an ongoing struggle. But in any country in the world you will find the towns where threats would be put up. Fantastic creative work that shows really the complexity of the life. And we only know a little bit of what it really means for you to create this, to put this on stage, to have gone through. I don't know what your childhood memories really are. Maybe you talk about the way you have behind you to say now we fight for this. I think it's incredibly courageous, creative. But let's go to the actors and let's ask them first of all how does it feel to perform it in New York on the stage at La Maman? Great, I mean this play like when you're an actor and you like a play like everywhere is the same play but it's like the energy changes and now here we can notice that people like certain things more and certain things less. What are the differences? I mean not really that much. We just, I think that people here, they really, they are really appreciating stuff more because like we tend to be like more, because we know each other and it's like sometimes it feels like people know what you're going to do and here it's like people are, oh my God, because it is a hard play to do. It's like almost two hours you're on your feet dancing and singing and everything. So I feel really great and it's not that it is a difference playing in New York or somewhere. It feels better. So why did you give me that? Why? So I'm Tristan, I survived during the war. No, I'm joking. No, I'm even not from Kosovo, I'm from Albania but it's okay, it's cool. You survived communism. Yeah, I survived communism. It was a very hard communism when I was very young, no. We did this play like in many other countries and the differences are like sometimes like Al-Qaeda said, the different moments, they react like in different moments. Like when we play it in most in the region, they can react more in some local jokes that we have, that because they understand it more, it's stuff like that. But now when we played it in Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic. And it was like kind of the same vibe that we had here. And it's nice, it's nice, it's nice to play it here in La Mama in New York and New York is a very nice city. Cool. So tell us a bit about your actors' training, where do you come from and also how does leader work? What do you do? How do you get into theater in Kosovo? In Pristina we have no agents. Straight to the point. We just go to auditions and a lot of actors, they just don't go to auditions anymore because they feel like everybody knows everybody so everything is corrupted and directors will take actors. Nobody's changing like lately. If he needs me, he'll call me. Chandra Multimedia, what I like is that for example National Theater works with texts like Shakespeare and stuff like very classical stuff and I think that we should be more honest with art and I think that Chandra Multimedia does this plays that they are talking about our social life more and they are somehow reflecting our everyday struggles like with different themes and different plays and it feels really nice to work to know that you're doing something that it's ongoing. You're living that reality and you're somehow mirroring it and also trying to tell people that we are aware and we're conscious about everything like all these social problems like EU coming in our place and treating us like little children. It's really fun and also it was a great process. We learned a lot. Look what I can do. I started with films with an American director called Joshua Marston, maybe you know him the one that did Maria Full of Grace the movie and completely unknown now. We did this movie The Forgiveness of Blood. He did it in Scotland in my hometown in 2010, 2011, something like that. Then I started to, I went, I met this actor during the movie because when we did the movie I was like in the last year of high school then the one who played my father he was an acting teacher from Macedonia and Albanian from Macedonia so he asked me, so I went to his school I started in Tatovo in Macedonia like four years then after that I moved to Pristina because in the Albanian my opinion is that in the Albanian talking countries in the Balkans that is like Albania, Kosovo and half Macedonia and stuff like that. It's the same language, Albania and Kosovo. There are a lot of differences. Pristina is kind of the best for an actor to work in the theater scene and movies too. Again a question also for the actors. Do you participate in creating the text and how personal does it feel? I mean you represent current history but also of course history before but how does it connect to your lives and to your own experiences? I really like the fact that this play is not like talking about LGBT community because for marginalized groups they always have the tendencies to make them look like victims and I think that how they live is more complex. With this play we are always pushing the idea of talking about more in a larger sense, to see things more outside of the Balkans not just okay, LGBT community are victims and it is hard. I was raised with gay men all my life and it is really really hard and it sucks but I feel part of the community. I'm always trying to fight these stereotypes and always with art I think we should put these boundaries and talk about how it's hard to live also like in every community because it's getting worse every day and it was really nice to work in a process where everybody was kind of conscious about this and we were trying to escape these stereotypes and fight them as more as we could. And about the creative part, as Berta said we worked like two months in multimedia for this play and in the beginning we didn't have a very complete text from Yeton but he came and we had like some kind of, I don't remember it well but it was like that and then Yeton talked with us and we shared opinions and stuff about how can we create those characters and what to do and it was nice, it was fun. And some of the characters didn't made it, I feel so sad about it. So what was the most complicated to do for you and what surprised you during the rehearsal? What did you find? There's somebody. What surprised us? Well like the moment of looking at the man doing the striptease for me that was really beautiful. Like it was a moment of surprise when one of the people in our group did the striptease for us and showing us all these moves and it was very touching to see how at one point the whole crew, the whole group was really into the issue. They were really going for the question and they were willing to give everything from their own experience in order that we come to this show. Because usually we have the group coming in the room, everybody is doing only their work and we just go away obviously. But seeing everyone engaged so much that is something magic and surprising at the same time in the positive sense I would say. So yeah I started from there to come to this work. For me the musicality of the play was something that, like Alketa said before, if you're used to working in the national or other theatres other than multimedia you're going to get more probabilities to make a traditional play theatre. And in multimedia it's very nice because you always have professionals from other countries and it gives you a lot of nice and even shared with you very cultural experiences. Before we come to audience questions and we will come to it also, we have some time for it. I know Jayton also, he did the one flew over, Kosovo, the Eiffel Tower project, whatever. But what's up next? What is the company planning? What is the next project? The next project we're planning to start in mid-August, it's about the workers' right. So we still don't have any line of the story and I will have to wait until June normally to get like five pages maybe of the story and then to the cast and all the other, what comes next? That's the thing we're doing. But meanwhile as a company we have a literature festival going on and we are touring with this show more and we have other shows with which we go in Europe and yeah. So we have a great audience here at Lamama, I saw some familiar faces. So let's go up here. Do we have a microphone for the audience? Yes, so you're going to bring it up. So maybe shorty say your name, what you do if you want and short statement or question or observation and here we go. My name is Siobhan Peterson. I'm an actor and Nanny based here in New York. I was just wondering in Kosovo and in Eastern Europe in general are the police the people that the queer people trust to go to when they feel danger?  Yeah it's kind of the same there too I think. It was for the opening night. Yeah in our company I mean in the group there are no people from the LGBT community. So for us it was easy to go to the police and ask for help in this case. But for the LGBT community it can be tough to go and ask for help unless you're I don't know somebody who everyone knows and because of European presence, US presence in the country the government needs to take care of all this. We're talking about theater like it's a national theater inviting the police and it's like it goes through this protocol but if you are like women also get beaten by like domestic violence it's like going on and also the community like society is very violent with LGBT community and police are too. So yes it's the same like police is very very not the place that you go when you get beaten by and I know what you mean because it's sad. Just as a question why weren't members of LGBT community part of the production? Why they weren't? Because we weren't seeking for experts on the question. We were seeking for collaborators that we would like to do the show. That's all professional people. I'm not saying that there are no professional people from the LGBT community but in this case we have our group with whom we're working so we wanted to work with them. And we thought that it's not necessary to have somebody from the LGBT community just in order to say that now we have somebody close to us so you cannot judge us. It's not necessary. It wasn't necessary and we don't feel like it's necessary to have someone. I think that sexuality with being part of a community is a totally different thing because I feel like I am part of the community and I think that's my sexual orientation. It doesn't decide if I'm part of the community because love is love at the end of the day. I cannot say for myself that I'm straight and I will be all my life.  I guess in New York in this production would be members, would be included I think in the creative process but also on stage because it's also about the theme so just as a thought and in general as you might talk to workers, you know when you do about workers' rights but it came to a great... Obviously before doing the show we do research. We have this all this phase of research so we're not just entering like, I don't know, one would enter in a forest or else but I cannot say because I don't want to be judged in that direction that I'm an expert in the issue and I didn't feel like I should have from the community but I have a lot of friends who are part of the community and it's completely fine. Of course and this is a great production. Some other comments? Hi, congratulations by the way. I think a lot of people in the audience found a parallel to this story with what happened in America a few years ago in Kentucky where gay marriage was legalized in all 50 states but then there was a county clerk who just outright refused to marry a couple that came for a marriage license and so I want to know is this based on a true story or partially based on a true story? It's actually partly based on a true story because we heard that there was a request in one of the towns in Kosovo but the thing is that we are unsure of that. We are unsure like 100% that it really happened but we heard on the newspaper that there was a request but then the other facts around this story then most of them are based on a true story actually. Like the constitution allows it and a family law forbids it. We have issues that you cannot get married in fact and by the constitution it's a totally messed up story and it's very frustrating if you go through all of these issues with the law because we are still like a country in a making, we're still after the war. It's been 11 years we have declared our independence so it's quite a new country. I mean you won't find the books of 3,000 pages outside unfortunately but yeah it's a story like that that takes so many pages to explain but yeah there are so many true stories. So just for those of us who don't know is Kosovo predominantly Christian or predominantly Muslim or half and half or? Muslim, 96% of the population is Muslim. 96%? Yes. So that's where the family law that you spoke of may come into place? It was, the family law was before because I think that after the war people started to go more to take it more serious. It was this transition, it was really weird. Actually a transition happened in our countries these late years like 50 years. Like what Al-Qaeda is trying to say is that this family law doesn't allow it. But Kosovo after the issue of the traditional Islam what we would call in our country and then after the country, the war was finished many organizations came to Kosovo and many people started to get more into not the tradition of Islam anymore so it has changed with the years. So maybe you wanted to say that, the family extreme if we may call even though, yeah. Like now you can see more people actually practicing the religion while before it wasn't the case. Yes. But it was more of a tradition thing and now it's not like people have started to get religion more serious and it's really sad. I understand that actually you have, there are problems right now between the old-fashioned Islam, the way it was lived in Kosovo and who are really threatened by the new Islam coming in and there are a lot of fights, right? Yes. Good. Any other? Another? Can we up there, Paulie? As a veteran of gay movement in New York and in the states I know that there's always conflict amongst our ranks about what issues important, which issues to, you know, generations change, what they focus on different groups. I'm just wondering, you know, here in your production marriage was sort of like a central element of the drama, of the action and then we also saw these like, you know, this untenable violence committed against people and institutions and I wonder if there's struggle within the forming of strategy. Do we protect ourselves and our health and try to keep housing and jobs before we advocate for marriage or is it just this one great sweep of freedom from and freedom to issues? You understand what I'm saying? How, how is it, this might be beyond, but how is it that you selected the issues of marriage? The issue of marriage and the issues of, how is this the central? Because we actually started, the idea of doing the show was actually like the coming out and we got this story of two people willing to get married and it was no way they could so that's where we started to develop the whole story and so yeah, it is central actually and in our show we make it possible but it's, I'm not very confident that it can happen I don't know in how many years from now. I don't know if I'm responding to your question. You think that maybe this looks a bit exotic for the problems that actually you, that you saw during the play like from Kosovo a lot of violence and stuff and you're doing a play about gay rights, right? But it's a problem these two and this is not the only play that multimedia is doing or we are playing so this is one of the subjects that we treated for this play I think and it's cool. Maybe one last comment or question or something on your minds. Yeah, all the way over there. First of all, thanks. You guys did a great job. The last time I was in a theater was actually in the National Theater in Pristina when I was watching a play there. Not very much, thanks. I just wanted to say it's refreshing to see something like this come from Kosovo. There are a lot of problems, societal, governmental and just in the way that your country is becoming a country in the world but I just wanted to say congratulations and I'm really happy to see something like this come out. I hope to see more. Thank you. Thank you. Wonderful. I think this is a great comment and I really would also underline a congratulation to all of you for picking this, putting it on stage, creating 55 scenes around and then taking it on the road and being there with your buddies on stage is a significant theme and it's also beautifully done and created. So well done. Congratulations. I would say another applause for the actor and the director and welcome. Thank you. So thank you for coming and I think the moment we'll put on a festival 50 years of Stonewall Mia. When does that happen in July? In June, so please come back and it will also be an additional comment on this. So thank you for coming and have a good day. Thank you.


Let's talk about the most devastating, energetic, and crazy atmospheric phenomena that occurs on planet Earth. And that would be the hurricane, the typhoon, and the tropical cyclone. Now first of all, what's the difference between the hurricane, the typhoon, and the tropical cyclone? Nothing. They're the same thing. They just occur in different parts of the world. So if we're talking about a hurricane, hurricanes occur here along the East Pacific, and they occur here along the North Atlantic. If we're talking about typhoons, typhoons are occurring here along the West Pacific. And finally, if we're talking about tropical cyclones, tropical cyclones are occurring here within the Indian Ocean and here along the South Pacific. You know, if you take a look at the map, you'll notice that I didn't put any big circles or demarcations on the South Atlantic. And there's a reason for that that we'll talk about soon. But the question becomes, do any major atmospheric events like a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone occur along the South Atlantic? And the answer is yes, it can, but it's pretty rare. But if anything does happen here along the South Atlantic, we would also call that a tropical cyclone. So what we want to do now is spend a few moments and talk about a few things. Number one, how does a hurricane form? Specifically, we want to take a look at these guys here in the North Atlantic and how they flow here to Middle America. Two, we want to talk about the major energy source of a hurricane. What is feeding it? There is so much energy housed within one of these storms that you could literally feed Canada for a full year with energy consumption. Three, we want to talk about what eventually kills a hurricane. What makes it die out? If you take a look at Jupiter, Jupiter has a storm on it called the Great Red Spot. And the Great Red Spot in Jupiter has been in existence for over 300 years. It is a hurricane like storm. So why on Jupiter does the storm perpetually exist?  All right, so sit back and let's get started. I've got my picture of the world. And on this picture of the world, I'm going to draw in the intertropical convergent zone. If you'll recall, the intertropical convergent zone is a low pressure system. And it's called the intertropical convergent zone because the east of the trade winds from the southern hemisphere and the east of the trade winds from the northern hemisphere converge together. Hence the name intertropical convergent zone. When the air from the two east of the trade winds collide together, the air has nowhere to go but up. And so this feeds into the low pressure system of the intertropical convergent zone. Now if you'll recall from prior discussion, and if you haven't seen the prior discussion, then please check out some of the other videos that I've done specifically on adiabatic processes. But in prior videos, we talked about how air lifts up into the sky. And if air lifts up into the sky, then the air will expand, reach what's called the dew point temperature. It's an adiabatic expansion process or adiabatic cooling process. This is how we're going to get cloud cover and precipitation. So lifting air up into the sky can create weather. So here along the intertropical convergent zone, which is a low pressure system, we have weather. So if you look here in Africa, we're going to find ourselves with a lot of tropical events like thunderstorms. If you go here toward Indonesia and the Philippines, you're going to get a lot of thunderstorm events. If you go here to the Amazonia, we're going to get a lot of thunderstorm events as well. So anywhere along this low pressure system of the intertropical convergent zone, we will get weather. Now let's say we want to make a hurricane. One of the things that we can do to make a hurricane is take these storms here that are developing over Africa and push them into the Atlantic with the Easterly trade winds. And if we push them over the Atlantic with the Easterly trade winds, we have an opportunity to grow those storms even bigger. Well, how's that going to work? Well, the water here is going to be nice and warm and toasty. And we're talking about surface temperatures of water that's over 27 degrees centigrade, which is around 81 degrees Fahrenheit. That temperature water is going to have a lot of evaporation. There's going to be a tremendous amount of latent heat stored in the water. The water itself has absorbed energy from the surrounding air. The water then evaporates. It lifts up into the sky and it can feed the storm. So if we have water and a lot of it that's 27 degrees centigrade or warmer, we have the ability to feed these storms. Let's stop here for a second because we need to explore something that I just said a little bit further. I just said something called latent heat. And I talked about evaporation and I talked about energy in the water feeding the storm. So let me stop here talking about the hurricane itself. Let's talk about the concept of latent heat of evaporation and latent heat of condensation. Then after that, let's get back to this discussion. So let's talk about latent heat. Latent literally means hidden. So when we talk about latent heat, we're talking about hidden heat. Now, what exactly does that mean? Well, let's say that we have a parcel of H2O liquid. So we've got liquid water. And let's say we add heat to our liquid water. As we add heat to the liquid water, the liquid water is going to start to evaporate and turn into H2O gas. Now, if I stuck a thermometer right here and if I try to measure the temperature change of the H2O, I'm not going to see any temperature change. The water is absorbing heat, but the temperature is not increasing until all of the liquid has evaporated into the gaseous form. So that's why it's called a latent heat process. It's a hidden heat transfer. However, I will see a temperature change in the air because here the air is losing heat as the heat is being absorbed into the liquid molecule. So here's our latent heat of evaporation. So again, in latent heat evaporation, we are taking heat energy from the surrounding air. We're purging it into the H2O. The H2O is evaporating as it lifts up into the sky. So this evaporated H2O is filling the sky. And when it fills the sky, it's literally filling the sky with energy that the H2O stole from the surrounding air. So if I have water with a temperature of 27 degrees centigrade or about 81 degrees Fahrenheit, that's enough energy absorbed by the liquid to increase the temperature to that point, which leads to evaporation. And enough evaporation to lift up into the sky to really feed the storm with a tremendous amount of energy. Now what happens when that H2O gas gets into the atmosphere? Well, eventually it's going to run into air, which is cooler. And when it runs into air, which is cooler, it's actually going to exchange the heat with it. And so my H2O gas molecules are going to release heat back into the surrounding air. When it does that, the air itself is going to heat up. And the H2O vapor is going to turn back into H2O liquid. And now we have latent heat of condensation. So in the latent heat of condensation process, the H2O molecule is releasing heat energy back into the air. But in the latent heat of evaporation process, latent heat is being removed from the air, or excuse me, heat is being removed from the air and is being pushed and purged into the storm itself. This is the energy which is feeding the hurricane. And as long as that storm is over water, which is 27 degrees centigrade or 81 degrees Fahrenheit, it will continually get enough latent heat, excuse me, it will continually get enough latent heat to continually feed it. The winds will get even stronger. And as it moves with the trade winds and it approaches land, it can go from a cat one to cat two to category three all the way up to category five, if indeed enough energy exists within that storm. Now, oftentimes, you'll see a storm that just stalls. So a storm will literally stall on top of very warm water that usually trade winds won't push it. And if it stalls and if it just sits on this really warm water, it'll get bigger and bigger and bigger because all of this latent heat energy is going to continually feed the storm itself. Now, let's take a look at this map again. So if we have a lot of thunderstorms, and if we do have a lot of thunderstorms that move here toward the East Atlantic, and then these storms go over incredibly unstable air, then what we can get now is the potential to make a tropical storm. And if we keep feeding this tropical storm with more and more energy, then we can develop a hurricane. Now, in what instances would a hurricane not develop? Well, if the water temperature here is not greater or equal to 27 degrees centigrade, it's not going to happen because there simply is not going to be enough energy in the system to feed the storm. If we have these storms going south, it's probably not going to happen either because the water here in the South Atlantic is generally speaking lower than 27 degrees centigrade. So it definitely takes an environmental condition which is suited for hurricane development. Now, let's say that we develop the storm. And if we develop a hurricane here, it'll first start out as a tropical storm. Then inevitably, if it gets enough energy, it can turn into a hurricane. It reaches a hurricane status if the winds are greater or equal to 74 miles per hour. If it's less than 74 miles per hour, it's not considered a hurricane. If it's 74 or greater, then we're considered a hurricane. So let's say that we have a hurricane and it flows with the easterly trade winds and this nice warm water current here going across the Atlantic. This storm now has some options. It might flow this way with the Gulf Stream. It might flow this way with the easterly trade winds. It might flow this way which is going to be a combination of the winds and the Gulf Stream. So this whole area of South, the United States and Central America really has the potential of being affected by a hurricane. Okay, now as long as the storm is over water, which is 27 degrees centigrade or warmer, it will continually exist. However, the second the storm hits land, the winds will start to slow down because the land is going to create friction. In addition to that, when the storm goes over land and no longer is getting fed by its source of energy, which is the latent heat coming from the evaporation of water. If we have a storm that moves with the Gulf Stream and goes northbound toward the North Atlantic, the water appears cold. So the second that this storm hits the cold water, it will start to dissipate as well. Typically speaking, a hurricane can last anywhere from one to two weeks. Big issues occur though when the hurricane stalls and this can definitely happen. You can have a storm that's flowing this way and instead of moving with the Gulf Stream or instead of moving all the way over with the trade winds, it might just stall. And if it stalls there and if it's continually sitting over very warm water and continually getting fed by this warm water, the storm will get bigger and stronger. And we can move from a Category 1, which is 74 to 95 miles an hour, to a Category 2, which is 96 to 110 miles an hour. If we grab enough energy and if the winds get even stronger, we can get Category 3, 111 to 129 miles an hour, to a Category 4, which is 130 to 156 miles an hour to finally a Category 5 event where winds in this storm are over 157 miles per hour. That's amazing. So this is what we see when we talk about these storms. We can start them here along the West African region. We can flow the storm this way. It'll begin to dissipate when it hits land or when it hits cold water. Let me ask a question. If we take a look here along the Eastern Pacific, we don't see a whole lot of hurricane events occurring. We see some, but we don't see a lot. And the question is why? And the answer is here, along the Western flow, we have the nice cold California current coming from Alaska. And this water is cold. And because this water is cold, any tropical event that would be pushing northbound along the equatorial zone here is going to get pushed down because of that cold water. So very rarely, if you're here in the Gulf of Mexico, will you see a hurricane type event. It'll occur, but not nearly as frequently as the storms that are occurring along here. So earlier I had asked, or I didn't really ask a question, I made a statement about Jupiter. I said the great red spot on Jupiter has lasted for over 300 years. And the question is why? Well, if we take a look at what dissipates a storm here on planet Earth, we know cold water does it because when you have the cold water, then you don't have that latent heat energy to feed the system. In addition to that, if our storm hits land, we're no longer over the source of energy. And in addition to that, we've got greater friction to slow this storm down. So if we take those two variables and we say, okay, well, how can we apply that to Jupiter without knowing anything about the planet? We can surmise that Jupiter is going to probably be a homogeneous surface.  The surface itself is going to be homogeneous. If Earth had a homogeneous surface, if we were all water, and if the surface was always 27 degrees centigrade or warmer, then we would have some crazy weather on planet Earth because of that homogeneous system. Okay, just something to think about. That is it. Thank you very much, and I'll see you the next time.


What's going on, y'all? Welcome to the Single Guide channel. My name's Lloyd. Today we're going to talk about the top three reasons why women ghost you. So ghosting is a huge problem in today's dating age. With phones, cell phones, social media, ghosting has pretty much become the norm for how people tell someone that they don't want to see them again and they don't tell them they just don't interact with them. So usually what happens with ghosting is that at first she found you attractive. At first she liked you.  But then the messages slowly stop coming in. They take longer and longer to come and then eventually they stop coming at all. So what is going on here? Why did she stop doing this? I could make this video an hour long telling all the reasons why a woman is going to ghost you. We can go in depth in each one. But these are the top three that I've seen and usually it's one form of this or the other that gets women to stop responding to your messages. Thing number one is you started acting really needy or she just encountered neediness from you. Basically when a woman encounters neediness nothing is going to repel her faster than you doing this. Why is neediness one of the most unattractive things a guy can do? Because as a woman she needs a guy that can help her take care of a child. If you're the needy one in a relationship she's got to take care of two children. Nobody wants that. That's a horrible situation for anybody to be in. Now although she's not always thinking about having kids biologically in her mind that's what's kind of happening. Women do not like neediness in any shape or form. They don't even want it for a guy that they're just trying to hook up with. But if you did hook up with her and then you start showing neediness expect her to not want to hook up with you again. Thing two is going to be not showing enough interest. If you show too little interest on a woman she's going to think you're not interested in her and she's going to go for a guy who is showing you more interest. Now a lot of times guys mistakenly think that they have to just not show any neediness and that will take care of the problem. No you also have to show some interest as well too.  Maybe not as fast as neediness will but it definitely will repel her. She's going to say this guy is not really into me and maybe another guy is showing her more interest. She's going to go for that guy. So if you're not showing enough interest ask yourself what you can do to start doing that in a non-needy way. Showing interest in a non-needy way is inviting her to do cool things with you. Actually asking her about her day and showing interest in what she's doing. Those kinds of things. If you're doing that then she's going to know that you're interested in her.  Usually showing too much interest and being way too into her too quickly can also repel women and that's actually a form of neediness but showing too little of it is just as bad as well too. Thing three is going to be she found someone better. Typically if some guy is not violating the first two rules this third thing can sometimes happen. It's not as common as the first two believe it or not I find that with women yes she's probably talking to multiple guys especially at the beginning but usually if there's a guy that's better for her or if there's a guy that's good for her she's going to give that guy a chance. But if there's a guy that's better for her then she's probably going to go with those guys and a lot of times it's not always something that you have control over. I've had women ghost me for that reason in the past too. Not recently but basically there was this one situation that I had with a girl I remember way back in the day we were talking for a while and what started to happen was I started to notice that she stopped responding to my messages and it was going really well and I was like I don't really know understand what the problem was and it was because she started seeing another dude and I knew she was seeing another dude and I asked her about it and she was like yeah you know that's why I didn't respond to a couple of your calls because I started dating another guy and they're basically like boyfriend and girlfriend. The problem that I couldn't control was that she lived in another country you know and this was actually during I think the start of COVID you know not much I can do there if I'm not next to her and she's not by me that's a better option for her so a lot of times it might not even be your fault okay so it's important to not blame yourself for everything and if you if a girl ghosts you don't beat yourself up too much about it you know there might be a better option for her and honestly you should want people to choose the people that are the best for them if she was better for somebody else then she wasn't the best thing for you dude and as a high-value man understanding that is gonna make you a lot more confident and just improve your interactions with women in general you're not gonna be as tied to the result as much as some of the needy guys or some of the guys who are too much of an asshole are tied to and that will free you up to actually be yourself and just have a better dating life overall so hopefully you've seen from these three things there's one commonality between all of them and that's basically if something changes when you attract somebody at the beginning and she's into you but then you start acting needy well something changed you're not that same guy that she was attracted to or that she thought she was attracted to at the beginning and if you're not showing enough interest then she thought you were someone maybe you guys were texting on a dating app or something like that and you're asking her out and you're doing all of those things and you're texting her because you want to get her out but then you stop showing that level of interest and then she starts you know expecting you to do that and you're not doing that anymore okay well then something changed then if another guy comes into the picture and she's a better option for well that's something that also changed as well too okay that's the main reason why ghosting happens and something changed so basically if you act consistently you have a much more better chance of keeping those girls around and like I said you can do everything right and still get ghosted and that's okay but for the most part for me in my life and my way I conduct dating I rarely get ghosted I'm pretty open and honest with people and hopefully this trend of ghosting as you get older and as you get more responsible and mature you can handle things in a little bit better of a way but if it happens to you don't be yourself up dude there's plenty of fish in the sea and you'll find someone who doesn't do that to you all right thanks you guys if you made it and consider subscribing come out with videos like this every single week if you're interested in getting personally coached by me there's a form down below I got a new program coming out and there's also some digital products that I have a goal to that will really help you out and get girls that are above your main value thanks a lot guys good luck out there


I'm Sandeep Agarwal, founder and CEO at Room. I think the kick off creating something which can last longer than you live, something which has millions of people adopting it, you know, fulfilling some gap which has not been catered by someone else. I think that satisfaction is what drives me. See, like keep in mind, if you have taken our capital from outside, you have now obligation to spend it very prudently and ethically. Second one is higher transparency will never hurt. It will only help other people to collaborate with you. Third is that ethics and values should not be compromised. So your action, you know, from a company structure to the board structure to the MIS to the KPIs, you have to be truthful and honest.


Hi, this is Brad here in A&U, and I love the Gem need meteor shower. It's one of the best in the Southern Hemisphere. You just need to go outside to a nice clear patch of sky, away from the city lights as preferable, and look towards the north and northeast, and you'll see the meteor shower from the asteroid 3200-Phaethion. As rocks and debris fall off of it, they burn up in the Earth's atmosphere, cause those bright shrieks, those shooting stars, and you can really expect to see tens of them per hour. You do not need anything other than your eyes and maybe a nice clear patch of sky.


Most of us do we think of regulation in terms of reams of rules and paper trails and doing things that we don't really want to do to please someone else but in fact that's only a small part of regulation and that's not very good regulation. Good regulation should be mainstreamed, it should be part of what we take for granted as being important in our daily work. This is how we do things around here. When regulation comes on board and it's new to us of course we all resist and you know we don't like doing things differently and we signal to authorities what we think of that regulation and we do that through motivational postures. Motivational postures are coping strategies that we develop to communicate with authority and we learn them when we're very young. In fact one of the best ways of understanding motivational postures is to think about parents and their children. Children will signal whether they like their parent at that particular point or not and they'll also say whether or they signal whether they will obey or not. So they're the two important dimensions of motivational posturing liking and deferring. In the work that we've done in Regnet on motivational postures and we've looked at them in tax, in child protection, in work health and safety, in nursing homes, we find five types of postures. We have a posture of commitment which means that we think the regulatory system should exist and that the regulators are doing an important job and in a democracy you'd expect everyone to, almost everyone anyhow, to support a regulatory institution. It shouldn't be imposed on them. It should be supported by the democracy. But as well as commitment we then have to turn that commitment into action and so we have a posture called capitulation which means that we don't really know why we're doing it and we don't understand what it's all about really but we'll do it just to stay out of trouble. The tax system provides a good example. Most of us feel committed to a tax system and our survey work shows that that we believe we should have a tax system to help government govern and also to care for those that need some help along the way because of floods or disasters or whatever it happens to be. But when it comes to paying tax it can be a different matter. It can be a bad time for instance or perhaps not and if tax is being automatically deducted from our salaries which happens with many Australians then we just capitulate. We don't really know what they're doing but we accept it and we say fair enough let's just get on with it and go to the football instead of worrying about our tax. But some people will resist small business and may resist if it comes at a very bad time and they certainly then they don't have the income to be paying their tax at that point in time and they may also think it's unfair that the tax system is unfair. So we get resistance in regulatory systems and that's a posture that I argue that governments really should be taking notice of because that's telling them when their regulatory system is not working as it should. Now commitment capitulation and resistance are very healthy postures. They keep a regulatory system making adjustments when it should. The harder postures for an authority to deal with a disengagement and game playing.  We just have nothing to do with the authority and we regard it as irrelevant. So there are probably people who have never paid any tax and never intend to and the tax authority doesn't even know they exist. But then there are others who will play with the tax rules to minimise the tax they pay or pay no tax at all. We call those people game players. So the disengagers and the game players are not accepting that they're part of a system. They don't want to change the system. They really want to beat the system. And those regulatory postures can be very threatening for a regulatory authority, not just the tax authority.


We will be continuing with our discussion on response surface methodology, we will be doing a new example, the previous example we saw how to construct a preliminary design based on 2 power 2 factorial with the centre points, we also checked whether the curvature effects would be important and we did not find evidence of curvature effects in the first example and then we also identified the path of the steepest ascent. In the second example we are going to find the optimum solution after going through the path of fastest progress and the path of fastest progress may be either steepest ascent or steepest descent depending upon the nature of the problem. So now let us look at the problem statement for the second example, so we are having an exploratory study conducted in a pilot plant using a CCD or central composite design strategy and the results are obtained as shown in the following table. So you are asked to find the second order model parameters, the sequential and adjusted sum of squares, the complete ANOVA table, the significance of the parameters and the nature of the response surface. So the data is presented here, it is a straight forward central composite design where you have the factorial points at the beginning, these are the responses and then you have the axial points given in the second set, this corresponds to the location of the alpha values – root 2 plus root 2, this is – root 2 plus root 2 corresponding to the axis for factor B. These are the responses and then you are also given the repeats at the center, you can see that there are 5 repeats, you have 4 plus 4, 8, 8 plus 1, 9 independent settings, the total number of experiments is 13, you have 9 independent settings because in addition to the 8 runs you are also having one independent setting corresponding to the center. So first we have to estimate the second order model parameters, there are a couple of ways of doing it, the simplest would be to go for the regression method, it is very convenient and straight forward especially in the matrix form and the regression method also helps you to quickly find the sequential sum of squares and the adjusted sum of squares. So the 6 parameters are found and are listed here, beta hat 0 is 65.25, it is the intercept estimate, beta hat 1 is the regression coefficient corresponding to factor 1 or factor A and that value is 1.1868 and beta hat 2 is – 0.49 which is the regression coefficient corresponding to factor 2 or factor B, beta hat 12 is only 0.165 and that corresponds to the interaction between the factors A and B, beta hat 11 is the regression coefficient corresponding to the pure quadratic term for factor 1, x1 squared, so square of the level of factor A. So beta hat 22 is the regression coefficient corresponding to the quadratic term involving the second factor given by factor B squared or x2 squared and the 2 values for the quadratic terms or the quadratic coefficients are 1.2912 and 0.7163. So we constructed the x matrix, the first column is the matrix of once and then you had corresponding to factor A, factor B, this would be the interaction between factors A and B and this would correspond to the quadratic term concerned with factor A and that is x1 squared, so you have all these numbers squared – root 2 squared would be 2, plus root 2 squared will also be 2. Similarly, this is for factor B, all the terms in the column are squared, so it would be a simple thing to take x prime x, x prime is the transpose of the x matrix I showed in the previous slide and you can see that the x prime x matrix is not a diagonal matrix, there are also certain terms in the off diagonals but you can also see that many terms are 0, just make a small modification to the slide. So you have the x prime x matrix and you can see that the off diagonal terms also exist but it is a sparse matrix because all the positions in the matrix are filled, there are many zeros in this matrix but the main thing to note here is it is not a purely diagonal matrix and when we take the x prime x inverse we get the result as shown here, the most important thing is we do not get a singular matrix and then you have x prime y and the values are given here and we can estimate the parameters beta hat as x prime x inverse x prime y and this is what we get, this is the intercept beta hat 1, beta hat 2, beta hat 1 2, beta hat 1 1, beta hat 2 2. So now we have to go to the next part of the exercise which is to find the sequential and adjusted sum of squares, I personally like finding out the sequential and adjusted sum of squares, it always fascinates me to see for the orthogonal design the sequential and adjusted sum of squares are the same, whereas for a non-orthogonal design the two are different and it shows the power of the orthogonality where the contribution of each factor and the interaction between the factors are clearly delineated and so one does not interfere with the other. In such a situation it is not really matter whether you bring the factor 1 first or factor 2 first or even the interaction between the two factors can be brought in first. So the sequence does not really matter whereas in a non-orthogonal design the sequence in which the model is built has its influence on the estimated model parameters. So again the regression approach is used to find the regression sum of squares, the concept is very simple in the sequential sum of squares what you do is you build a model as the name suggests sequentially beta hat0 plus beta hat1 x1 plus beta hat2 x2 plus beta hat12 x1 x2 plus beta hat11 x1 square plus beta hat22 x2 square. So this is the sequential method of model development and using the regression analysis the regression sum of squares may be computed and so you have a full model and then you have the model without a particular parameter being present the difference between the two regression sum of squares would give you the sequential sum of squares. So I would suggest that you revise the portions in linear regression so that what we are telling here would be immediately evident to you. As far as the adjusted sum of squares is concerned it is very interesting you take a particular parameter of interest to you and that particular parameter you introduce last in your model. For example if I am particularly interested in factor 2 what I would do is I will first develop a model involving the intercept the factor 1 and then the interaction between factors 1 and 2. So that would be my preliminary or original model and then I will add in the factor 2 at the very end. So I will have a preliminary model I will find the regression sum of squares and then I will also have the full model in which factor 2 is added last I will find the regression sum of squares. The difference between the two would give me the extra sum of squares or the adjusted extra sum of squares due to the second parameter. So the example I have chosen I have done all the calculations and given both the sequential and adjusted sum of squares I request you to do the problem on your own and see whether your results are matching with mine. So let us now look at the different model parameters that may be added to the gradually developed model. The model form after the addition of the parameter would be y hat is equal to beta hat not plus beta hat 1 x1 and this is the model and then the parameters are 66.4 and 1.187 corresponding to beta hat 1 and then when you add the second parameter the model is as shown here and that comes to 66.49 1.187 minus 0.49 beta hat 1 to the interaction term is added last after adding the intercept factor 1 and factor 2 and when you do that the estimated parameters are 66.484 1.1868 minus 0.49 0.165. It can be seen that when the model is being built the parameter beta 1, parameter beta 2 are unchanged in all these 3 models for example beta hat 1 is unchanged in all these 3 models and beta hat 2 is unchanged in the 2 models in second and third rows and then when you add the quadratic term corresponding to x1 squared we get the same values of beta hat 1, beta hat 2, beta hat 1, 2 and then you have the additional contribution from the quadratic term 1.1978 and then when you finally add the last quadratic term x2 squared the regression coefficient corresponding to that would be denoted by beta hat 2, 2 and that is what is present here in the model and that value is 0.7163 and when you add the last parameter beta hat 2, 2 it can be seen that beta hat 1, 1 changes. This is a very important difference here you did not have beta hat 2 but you had 1.187 for beta hat 1. Now when you added beta hat 2 parameter the value of beta hat 1 remained at 1.187 and when you added the interaction term the values of the main parameters beta hat 1 and beta hat 2 remained at 1.1868 and 1 minus 0.49 and then you added 0.165 as the interaction term but when you do the same thing for the quadratic terms you find that beta hat 1, 1 initially was 1.1978 when it was alone present in the model and when you added the beta hat 2, 2 the value of beta hat 1, 1 changed from 1.1978 to 1.2912. On the other hand the main factors in the interaction factor A factor B and factor AB interaction remained at 1.1868 minus 0.49 and 0.165 this is very interesting because the model is having the factorial contribution and which is orthogonal in nature and that is why the main factors and the interactions did not change even though the model was gradually developed. On the other hand the non-orthogonal component was created by the quadratic terms and so the values changed when additional parameters were included in the model. So the sequential sum of squares for each model is listed in this table. So the sum of squares due to beta hat 1 is 11.267 and the sum of extra sum of squares due to sequential addition of the second factor is given by 1.9207 and then for the interaction the sequential sum of squares is 0.1089 and for the quadratic term addition the extra sum of squares is 10.1539 and then you can see that beta hat 2, 2 is adding 3.5688. So by looking at the sum of squares addition we can also gauge the relative importance of the particular parameter. So you may expect that when compared to beta hat 2, beta hat 1 is quite or having more effect whereas the extra sum of squares brought in by beta hat 1, 2 is only 0.11 and this 0.11 and so you may expect the contribution from beta hat 1, 2 to be small. Between the 2 quadratic terms you would expect beta hat 1, 1, 2 have a greater say in the model response because the extra sum of squares due to beta hat 1, 1 is about 3 times more than the extra sum of squares brought in by beta hat 2, 2. So to calculate the sequential sum of squares you use the regression approach and then you take the fully developed model regression sum of squares and subtract from it the regression sum of squares for the model which did not have that particular parameter. I request you to carry out the calculations yourself and check whether the results are correct. The calculations are not very difficult especially if you do it with some standard software like MATLAB or SyLAB and next we move on to the adjusted sum of squares calculation and here the important thing is we are adding the particular parameter of interest last after having added all the other parameters. So you can see that beta hat 1, x1 is added last. The important thing to note here is the coefficient values are the same as before. This is the intercept. The intercept of course is not changing and in this case and you can see that factor 1, factor 2, factor, this is factor 2, this is the interaction between first factor and second factor. This is the quadratic contribution from factor 1 and quadratic contribution from factor 2 and you can see that it is 1.1868 for beta hat 1 and when you want to add beta hat 2 the last it is minus 0.4 and which is the same value that was present in the earlier models as well and when you had the interaction term the last you have 0.1650. Other parameters are the same and when you had the quadratic term beta hat 1, 1 the last you get 1.2912 and then beta hat 2, 2 you get 0.7163. So the adjusted sum of squares are given in the table below and you can see for the orthogonal components involving the main factors in the interaction the adjusted and the sequential sum of squares are the same. The sequential sum of squares are given in the brackets next to the adjusted sum of squares. You can see that the adjusted and sequential sum of squares are the same for the 2 main factors and the interaction between them and in this slide you can see that the quadratic term beta hat 1, 1 the adjusted sum of squares is different from the sequential sum of squares. Since the parameter beta hat 2, 2 is added the last the adjusted and sequential sum of squares for this particular parameter is the same. So to summarize some of the important points the coefficients in the sequential as well as the adjusted sum of squares were obtained very quickly and rapidly from the regression technique. Extra sum of squares principle was used to obtain the sequential and adjusted sum of squares. Okay some more additional points to note are the fact that factors a, b and a, b could be seen as members of the elite club the orthogonal design club and their values did not really change when they were estimated in a different order. On the other hand the beta hat 1, 1 and beta hat 2, 2 were seen to be dependent on one another. For example beta hat 1, 1 took a certain value when it was the only parameter that was being estimated and when beta hat 2, 2 was included in the model the value of beta hat 1, 1 also got changed. Whereas irrespective of whether the orthogonal design parameters were there or not for example beta hat 1 did not really depend upon the presence or absence of beta hat 2 and another interesting thing is irrespective of whether beta hat 1, 1 and beta hat 2, 2 were included in the model or not the parameters beta hat 1, beta hat 2 and beta hat 1, 2 took upon the same values. So these are some finer points to understand in these kind of designs and we also found for the orthogonal components the adjusted and sequential sum of squares were the same whereas for the non orthogonal components the sequential and adjusted sum of squares were different. When we report the squares and apply them in the ANOVA table we use the adjusted sum of squares. Minitab uses the adjusted sum of squares in the analysis of variance table and this could be important. For orthogonal designs it does not really matter because the sequential and adjusted sum of squares values are the same. However when you go for the non orthogonal component of the design or even completely non orthogonal designs sequential and adjusted sum of squares can be different and we have to be clear on which one we used for our F value calculations. So here we are looking at the adjusted sum of squares. So finally we have the ANOVA table and you can see that the values are given here I will just check one thing right. So even though the sequential sum of squares are written here we are using the adjusted mean squares. For AB and AB does not really matter because the adjusted and sequential sum of squares are the same. However for A square even though the sequential sum of squares is 10.1539 the adjusted sum of squares is 11.5988 and when you divide by 1 degree of freedom the adjusted mean squares comes to 11.5988. So for B square since it is the last parameter being added the sequential and adjusted sum of square values are the same and you get the adjusted mean squares as 3.5688. Please remember an important issue here. Here the pure errors is based on the centre points whereas the residual sum of squares is obtained from the formula y prime y-beta hat prime x prime y that is the sum of squares not accounted by the regression model. So y prime y is the total sum of squares and beta hat prime x prime y is the regression sum of squares and the difference between the 2 gives you the residual sum of squares. And as we know by now the residual sum of squares is split into lack of its sum of squares and the pure error sum of squares. The pure error sum of squares is obtained from the centre points. So here we are talking about the residual sum of squares and the degrees of freedom is an interesting concept here. So that is given as n-p where n is the total number of experimental settings which is 13 in number. So you have 4 plus 4, 8 for the factorial points and the axial points and then you have 5 repeats that is 13 runs and then you have 6 parameters which we saw 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and then the intercept beta hat 0. So that makes it 6 parameters and so you have n-p as 7 and that contributes to the residual degrees of freedom. So we divide the residual sum of squares by the degrees of freedom for the residual sum of squares and we get 0.2267. The ratio of the adjusted mean squares with the error mean square gives you the f value and you can see that the f values are reported in the second last column and these values are pretty high indicating that many of the parameters are significant. AB is very small, f0 values also 0.4 and the corresponding p values have been also computed and alpha is equal to 0.05 that is the level of significance and we can see that except for the interaction between A and B all other terms are significant. We take a closer look at the residual sum of squares and it is composed of lack of its sum of squares and pure error sum of squares and here I will just make a small correction. I think this should be capital N. So please note that correction here we have the residual sum of squares or the error of sum of squares and that is given by 7 degrees of freedom total number of exponential runs is 13 which is capital N, p is the number of parameters which is 6 and so we have 13-6 is equal to 7. Taking a closer look at the residual sum of squares it is split into lack of its sum of squares and the pure error sum of squares. So we have 7 degrees of freedom for the residual sum of squares and that is split into 3 degrees of freedom for lack of it and 4 degrees of freedom for pure error. You can easily find the degrees of freedom for the pure error because we had 5 center points, 5 repeats at the center and so we have 4 degrees of freedom for the center and since the residual sum of squares is having 7 degrees of freedom the remaining 3 degrees of freedom is assigned to the lack of fit and so we can calculate the mean squares here and another important thing we do here is we want to see whether the lack of fit is significant and for that purpose we take the ratio of lack of it sum of squares to the pure error sum of squares and then we see that the lack of it sum of squares is insignificant because the P value is quite high. The F value is obtained by taking the ratio of 0.1124 for lack of it sum of squares 2.3125 the pure error sum of squares. So the significance of the parameters we found from the ANOVA table except for the interaction term all other parameters were significant the main effects A and B and the quadratic terms corresponding to A squared and B squared were all found to be significant and we also found the model we have developed is adequate because the lack of fit turned out to be insignificant and so we have to see the nature of the response surface we have to identify the optimum point and characterize the optimum point. So MINITAB provides nice pictures 3D plots this is the response and this is the factor A and factor B you can see that there is a nice depression at the center so we have to do some mathematical analysis to confirm that we have really hit upon the optimum minimum solution. How do we go and do that? First let us now look at the degrees of freedom analysis we have 13 runs 4 factorial runs 4 axial runs and 5 repeat points and so we have 13 points and or 13 settings and out of which we have determined 6 parameters and so we have 7 degrees of freedom and the number of independent settings for our run are 4 factorial conditions which are all independent of each other 4 axial points which are all independent of each other and the 5 center points correspond to only one independent setting because you are repeating the 5 data points you have only one independent setting and so we have totally 9 independent settings and we have estimated 6 parameters and so the lack of fit pass would be 3 so this is another way of looking at it the 6 parameters we estimated are including the intercept beta hat naught beta hat 1 beta hat 2 beta hat 1 1 beta hat 2 2 and beta hat 1 2 so we are having 6 parameters estimated. Now going on to the location of the stationary point we have the full model given here y hat is equal to beta hat naught plus beta hat 1 x 1 plus beta hat 2 x 2 plus beta hat 1 2 x psi x j which in our case is beta hat 1 2 x 1 x 2 I just make that correction okay so now we have the next task of finding the stationary point and identify the nature of the stationary coordinates how the surface is shaped or behaving at the stationary point identified. So this is the model we are going to work with this is the second order model as we have been discussing so far. So to find the stationary point coordinate we need to take partial derivatives of this y hat with respect to x 1 and then with respect to x 2 and we set the partial derivatives to 0 and we solve for the x 1 and x 2 to identify the stationary point coordinate that is one way of doing it and by just locating the stationary point we cannot really say whether we have reached the maximum or minimum there is another elegant way of doing it and that would be the matrix approach and so given the second order model we can construct the matrices as shown in the following slides we can represent the second order model which is given here in a matrix form where y hat in the vector containing all the predicted values of y is expressed as a sum of beta hat naught which is a scalar plus x prime b plus x prime b x where x is the usual x matrix and we are having 2 new matrices here small b column vector and capital B matrix let us see the shape of these 2 matrices the general model may be expressed what is the model we are having a second order model as given here and we express this model in matrix notation in the following way y hat is equal to beta hat naught plus x prime b plus x prime b x I will define the different matrices in the next slide y hat is the column vector of the predicted responses beta hat naught is a scalar quantity what are x and small b and capital B matrices please note that this x matrix is different from the earlier x matrix we applied in linear regression. So, here we have x is equal to x1 x2 so on to xk the independent settings the factors this can be factor A factor B next you can have the interactions and then you can have the quadratic terms and so on and then you also have the B matrix which is given by beta hat 11 beta hat 22 and beta hat kk along the diagonals so the quadratic terms are present along the diagonals this is very interesting the off diagonal terms are interesting these are the interaction between the different factors divided by 2 because you have beta hat 12 and you can also have beta hat 21 so beta hat 12 represents the interaction between factor A and factor B or factor 1 and factor 2 and the beta hat 21 would also represent the interaction between factors 211 so interaction between factors 1 and 2 will be equal to the interaction between factors 211. So, you can say that the capital B matrix is a symmetric matrix where the beta hat 12 is equal to beta hat 21 and so that contribution is then split as beta hat 12 by 2 and then when you have the second row first column that would be again beta hat 12 by 2 and similarly if this is the beta hat 1k by 2 then the last element here would also be beta hat 1k divided by 2 so these correspond to the interaction terms the off diagonal terms in the capital B matrix refer to one half of the interaction parameters and then the B matrix on the other hand is pretty straight forward these are the regression coefficients of the main factors or associated with the main factors so B is a symmetric matrix as I told for in the previous slide of order k by k remember we have in addition to the intercept beta hat not we have k regression parameters and B is a symmetric matrix of order k by k whose main diagonal elements of the pure quadratic coefficients beta hat ii and the off diagonal elements are one half the mixed quadratic coefficients beta hat ij the interaction terms where i is not equal to j and the vector B is having dimensions of k rows and one column it is a vector of first order regression coefficients corresponding to the main factors and the dimensions for B as I said this k by k now we are having the second order model represented in the matrix form as shown here we also saw this form in one of the earlier slides so we differentiate y hat with respect to x and we get the following equation in matrix form B plus 2 B x and when you solve for x you get minus half B inverse B and this directly gives us the stationary point coordinate and the predicted value at this stationary point is y hat s is equal to beta hat not plus half of xs prime into B where xs is obtained from this equation. So for the present problem we have beta hat we saw this earlier so these are the values of the beta hat vector and you can see that these are the main factors corresponding to the B matrix and beta hat 1 2 by 2 would be the off diagonal term in the capital B matrix and beta hat 1 1 and beta hat 2 2 would be the diagonal terms in the capital B matrix and so that is what you have 1.2912.7163 are the quadratic terms they are present as such and then you have beta hat 1 2 as 0.165 and so when you take half of that it becomes 0.0825 in the 2 off diagonal locations and then B you have the main factors 1.1868 and minus 0.49 and xs is equal to minus half of B inverse of B. So I will just make a small correction here so we can easily find the location of the stationary point by taking minus half of B inverse of B we take B inverse here B is this matrix and then you have B the main factors 1.1868 minus 0.49 1.1868 minus 0.49 so when we take inverse of this and then multiply with B and then you take the resulting product at divided by minus 2 we get the stationary point as minus 0.4850 0.3979 so this is very interesting you could have done it the other way also you could have taken the partial derivatives of the response equation and set it to 0 and then solve for it to get the 2 values they would have been exactly same as minus 0.4850 and 0.3979 so in order to identify whether the optimum we have obtained this maximum or a minimum we have to do a bit more analysis we take the eigenvalue of the B matrix and the eigenvalue is definition goes as follows it is a determinant of B minus lambda I where I is the identity matrix of the same order as the B matrix. So when you do that you find you get the following determinant 1.2912 minus lambda 0.0825 0.7163 minus lambda and so we said this is equal to 0 and when we solve for it we get lambda 1 as 0.7047 lambda 2 is 1.3028 both the eigenvalues are positive which means that the obtained solution is a minimum and that is what the response surface also seem to indicate. So we come to the conclusion of the response surface methodology approach by using 2 examples we have seen how to handle central composite design structures how to find the direction of steepest ascent how to identify the optimum point and then characterize the optimum point. A similar approach can also be done using the box Benken design there are several problems available in the standard textbooks I would recommend you to use a regression approach to estimate the parameters for the different design strategies we have covered so far. So this is an important chapter of tremendous implications in the industry I request you to actually do experiments using this approach and you can see the power of this approach. So thanks for your attention.