So I'm coming at this subject from a practitioner point of view as someone who has used data in their daily role, very much before I started working on them, using it now to encourage people in our organization, in operations, to use data to become more effective in their jobs. Perfect. So I have a couple of schematics here. And the top left there is a quote from Picasso. Computers are useless. They only give us answers. So again, it's the question that's important. An example of the absurdity of the answer being everything is the Douglas Adams quote there on the top right-hand corner about the answer to life, the universe, and everything is 42. What is the question is the important piece. So data with insight gives you the ability to make decisions with clarity. And if we look at the bottom, I think it's left-hand side there, that's taken from LinkedIn. And we talk about the value of data. LinkedIn and their graph, Microsoft considered that to be worth $26 billion, I think it was two years ago, to buy. And ultimately, they're buying the data that they're storing. So they look about insight, which comes from the data, and asking the questions of the data, along with the instinct of the professionals. And this is what's really crucial. It's not just the number. It's what we do with it, which is crucial. I mean, I think anytime you're given a set of numbers by a professional that came out of an AI engine or a bot told you this, the question you should ask is, so what? That's crucial. What does it mean to me and my role? So I'm sure many people have seen this Venn diagram before. It shows how the sweet spot for what we do in data analytics and data science is around, you've got the computing part, you've got the statistics, but then you have the domain expertise. So you need to have the ability to ask the questions of the data to get the actionable insight. So using a bit of cribbing here from some R code from the tidy verse, I'm sure some people are aware of that, data and then literacy and then insight gives action. So always holistically look at the bigger picture. It's not just the data, it's what you do with it. Data literacy is becoming so important that Gartner recently came out with a new model instead of using their people, processes and technology, they put data right at the center of that. With the quotation, data is useless without the skills to analyze it, so I think that's pretty self-evident and very much a theme of what I do on a daily basis. So why do we care about data literacy? Sure we can get people to tell us what the answer is. Well, we don't have the right question, we don't know what the right answer is. So the second dem in quote of the day is without data, you're just another person with an opinion, fair enough. So data will go to greater insight, better performance and it is the future. If you look here, we've got Sacha and Nadella there standing there and the cloud and we've got IoT and smart devices that are going to be more persuasive in our lives going forward, feeding it into cloud, massive amount of data, what do we do with it? How do we make it worthwhile to our experience? So that's the key elements of what I'm looking to do. So how do we improve literacy in our organizations? So we need, it's at all levels and this is my role in Microsoft currently is around data evangelism and developing a data culture because as a rule of thumb, how many people in a modern workforce are data literate? So I have a rule of thumb that I've been using, Microsoft get feedback from 300 to 400 million activated copies of Excel and my rule of thumb is if someone's able to do a pivot table in Excel, they're fairly data literate. So we now have 8% of those activated copies feeding telemetry back to Microsoft, which are doing pivot tables. So using that rule of thumb, only 8% of the working population who are using Excel would be, I would deem as being literate. So how do we improve that literacy? It requires leadership where any decision being made, any meeting being convened to make decisions. Senior leadership needs to look at what are the numbers tell us, prove what you're saying to us. Culture, every role should have a data element in it. Whether this is if we're setting annual commitments in place for our staff, some number that they're going to run against that they can say, look, I did a good job this year because I met 150 potential leads this year and that is up from last year. So some sort of number that people can run against is hugely important. In our organizations, we talk to, Luisa's talk there about this vast amount of data that we are sitting on. Is it redundant? Could it be used? Could it make us more effective? So how do we ensure that we treat data as a core business competency and a capability for us in the future? So it's not just sitting in a silo that is hugely difficult to access, that our people have the ability to self-serve and interact with this data and get what they want out of that data. So how do we remove the buyers to that data? Ensuring, obviously, that we have the right governance procedures in place. People, and this can be very controversial. We look at our existing workforce and you say, do we train them? And encourage them to do data literacy training. This year, for the first year in operations, we are going to do a level 100 data literacy course. So it's a very basic course. It's an introduction for everyone who will sit to the course and there's about 600 people who will do this course. It'll be online webinar type course. It's also from a cultural point of view that we as Microsoft are saying, guess what? We think this is important. We're prepared to invest money to develop this course and our people's time for them to take this course and achieve their accreditation on that. And then, so there is that, do we train people? But then, do we recruit for data competence skills as we continue to refresh our workforce going forward? So should there be a data element in all roles that we're recruiting for? We currently recruit a lot of, look, we have core competencies of language skills that are required, software skills, but do we need some evidence that people can understand data and use data in their daily lives? So this hasn't, it's quite controversial because you're asking HR to upturn their existing competencies that they're looking to bring in staff. And then data, we have to, itself, we have to make it accessible. And we have to train people that they can interact with the data. So, you know, we have in Microsoft a tool called Power BI which is really, it's the tip of the spear as I think Nadella said, it's the tip of the spear of our productivity strategy. He said that about three years ago. And really, it's a way that it's very simple and intuitive to use, it's very interactive, but we need to have it connected to the right data so people can say, why do I have this customer churn? Why are our partners voting us down in terms of satisfaction? Why did we have a dip in performance in July? And they're able to go and interact with whatever data we can provide with them and come to the solutions and the answers, ask the right questions and get the right answers. So this is quite theoretical at this point. This is the first year we're getting some data literacy training out there. But I want to, in this next slide, and this would be the final slide, what are the benefits of data literacy? One of the core requirements of the Microsoft operations function here in Ireland is to make sure that we are able to book all the revenue that comes into us on a quarterly basis. And we have a huge hockey stick of orders that come in, not just the last two days, but in the last six hours of every quarter. So how do we ensure that we ensure we have no revenue left on the table, which is a big no-no from our leaders in terms of their metrics to Wall Street to making sure that we are financially efficient and effective in how we operate our businesses. But how do we ensure we hit that number, which can be in the billions, but run our organization very effectively by only having the right outsourced staff levels required for each period of time?  They're only busy for the last six hours of every quarter. So how do we ensure that we manpower resource ourselves that we are the most effective operation that we can be, but ensure that we hit this revenue left on table, metric being zero. So we used a very, we had some data scientists in Redmond and they came up with using our forecasting calculations throughout R and they ran a query that took about two days on a server to get this number, which said these are the staffing resources we need by day throughout the 90 day period. And we do that every quarter now. And that means that we have really fantastic vendor capacity planning now. We also ensure that we hit our revenue processing targets. So this means that Ireland and Microsoft operations are seen as a reliable, competent organization to process all this revenue for the larger organization. So that's a huge advantage in that, but we're also doing it in a very cost effective manner. And this was actually, took the award last year in the data science awards for enterprise. So that was recognized by your peers in the data science community as being a significant achievement by an organization. So I'll just leave you with that now. And just to sum up what I've been saying is the vast majority of people we work with, they're not going to be nerds and data geeks as such. They're going to be doing their job and they have other parameters and other important things to worry about. They need to be able to ask questions of the data and get the answers that make them be more effective, give them insightful and actual insight that they can move forward in their operations. So that's where I'm coming from. We don't need to be the best data people, but we need to make sure our data is usable by the companies that we support. Thank you very much.


Thank you Yeah, there will be some anecdotes about Thank you very much for having me here Yeah, it's great to be back here because I was the last conference. I was it was in 2004 So that's a bit of a while ago And it was actually Misha who's not in the room. I guess I couldn't make it but he said to me well, there's new USB BSD come coming up Would you care to send in a proposal and I thought I'm I'm just a regular BSD user What should I be talking about and I thought well, I've been using BSD for quite a while and I have some anecdotes So let's talk about that. So I'm a little bit apprehensive because normally I talk about deep technical stuff And now I'm just talking about some fun stuff without a clear Storyline, but I hope you you enjoy So I'm a BSD user as I said I was also a chairman of the Dutch UDX user group the NLUG for a while and In the organizing committee of BSD on Europe as I was called then together with the HIDO and I was also a program chair for that conference. I Actually wanted to wear the 2002 t-shirt, which I have a unworn version of but I decided against it And the people who know the shirt will probably know why And I've been running a lot of different versions. This is what I could find that I have run in my BSD journey So as you can tell from this list, I'm mainly using free BSD and it's been a while since I've updated the Net BSD and openly BSD systems. So I'm lagging a little bit behind there Oh, and in my daily job. I work in security It all started with me when I started at the Eindhoven University of Technology, which HIDO alluded at in 1998 88 sorry 88 It's funny because I the the Eindhoven University was founded in 1956 and I drew this This timeline from zero AD until now So this is TOE and also looked up when the University of Cambridge was founded So yeah, I don't it is a very young university and But still when I went to study there. There was no Free BSD or open BSD or net BSD yet and And no Linux and what we had was SunOS as did any University at that time, but also some altrix and some other stuff and Here I came in contact with Unix and I was I fell in love with it immediately I think it's a great operating system and I learned a lot about it Of course the 386 was also around at that time, but not in use at the University and I learned Unix by just printing out all the manual pages of every thing that was in user bin or bin and Going through all the manual pages and see what everything did to learn about Unix and it worked quite well and This was also the time that I did my first hack. So I I Saw this command STTY. I thought let's ask for the manual page and then one of the Parameters to the STTY command is a zero and it said this means immediate hang up. Hmm wonder what that will do STTY zero enter poof Okay, immediate hang up. I get it and I thought well can't I just redirect this to the terminal of my friend Who's sitting over there? So I typed in the command and then I heard some profanity coming from from there The session had stopped This was on altrix by the way So there was this was a nice feature in this was actually my first hack and I got hooked and and there was a starter also my security career I I suppose So this went on for a couple of years. I had access to the university computers with Sonoma's altwigs ultrax was also always funny to get stuff compiled. It was also always a Matter of changing all the make files to get things running And I walked into Hido and Hido was already active in the 386 bsd scene and And I found us also very interesting and it took a while before I had enough funding to buy my own PC So it was actually already in my last year at university that I had a bit of money to buy an XT PC in the 8086 But that was not good enough to run 386 bsd So what I was running was I had a 20 meg hard disk I had a DOS and for DOS on it and I used the level bbs software And I actually had a UCP link with the beach of enema the writer of these pre-reversal was also an ainthoven So I would call him up and he would answer the phone and I would say I would like to do you speak connection Okay, come here again called again Then he let the modem pick up and I have my own UCP note in the university domain But Hido of course he did have a PC fast enough to run 386 bsd So I guess this was must have been a 386 or something This is not this is an artist representation. I don't know what this PC look like But I just took a picture it was the time when you had these PCs where you could see on the little screen the speed at which the CPU was running right and you had two modes the turbo mode and the normal mode with a little button and This was this was a Hido's attic I came over there and I remember that Hido was very very proud about I guess there were some some changes made in the system making it scroll very very much faster So it was yeah, the speed was great and he was also very proud that the uptime was almost a hundred days Because at that time we didn't care with the security about the uptime I mean now we know that we shouldn't keep systems up for over a hundred days if there are any patches but he said well we're almost at a hundred days and he wanted to press the Turbo switch, but accidentally there was a switch behind it and he and he pressed the reset button and There was the 100 days uptime. Yeah, that was was a sad day for Hido Meanwhile, I had graduated I got into my first job also in security and I had enough money to buy my first real computer of 486 and Over the over the course of the years. I upgraded it to the fastest possible processor 100 megahertz and the maximum number of RAM that fit in there and Yeah, I run free BSD because I came from 386 BSD. I sort of rolled into free BSD started with 1151 and Yeah, this thing was doing everything. I run I still ran the UCP with which I ran sifts and this Well, you can read it all and my wife used to work for Dutch ISP. So we were very early on already capable of getting a huge bandwidth at home and even IP version 6 and Slash 28 at home But compared to today's computers pretty slow make built world 24 hours to do on this machine What's also funny is that I still have the Picture of the actual system. I don't know is that just me or other other people's who have Pictures of old computer junk. I see some people not a good. I'm not the only one. So that's the system I actually do still have that system and But suddenly it became a bit too slow. So I Was also using it to I Turned all my CDs into ampere threes and I'm and I tried to play them The system could not keep up. It could not decode not ankle but decode an mp3 in real time And also when I was doing in a secure copy over the hundred megabit land Because that would use if that would use encryption. Yeah, the CPU was the bottleneck But it also got regular crashes. So the system started crashing at irregular intervals I had no idea what it was and I thought it might be the hardware and since it's too slow anyway Or buy a new system, which was that into Celeron system, but it's still crashed. So this is Yeah, the anecdotes are not just the fun things but also the less fun things such as this one This was my longest running issue with free BSD where I couldn't find Really what the issue was I have pinpointed it to be a combination of using IP version 6 with netting and IPF firewalling and these three combined made the system crash and I actually Worked on it with again. He though we came over and we did some kernel level debugging to see where the issue was But yeah, we we couldn't find the yeah, the exact spot where where something went wrong So in the end I just disabled IP version 6. I said, well, let's Let's not be cutting edge. Well cutting edge in 2007 that was around already for seven years, but And With each new release of free BSD, I tried to turn it on again and finally with free BSD 9 It was we solved. So this issue has been going on since free BSD For ish until free BSD 9 that I had these these things That was my home system But as I said before I my first job was at a company working in security and there I was lucky enough to also be able to run free BSD on my desktop So nowadays it's quite hard and many companies to choose what operating system you have on your desktop and In many cases is going to be something like windows, but here I could run BSD. This was Philip C.P. By the way, and So we had a local network and it was an NIS network information system server that holds the password files and network information and my desktop was on the network and I ran free BSD with FVWM 95 that some of you might also still remember which was a window manager that resampled windows 95 with was then the windows environment and people would not Understand that this was something different than the windows And what I also decided to do was to Have a an empty root password and I tried to think about it. I'm not really sure what made me do this Other than maybe that I understood that in BSD you need to be in wheel to be able to as you to root So if there's nobody in wheel except myself and the root password is empty Then nobody can become rude except me And I thought that was fun. So that's what I did and I set myself kind of a challenge like my system Has no root password try and break into it. So my colleagues were allowed to try and Break into it. I'm not disrupt anything, but maybe leave a message in the MOTD file And of course I needed to make the TTY Secure so you cannot log in as rude on the TTY So that's what I did So the password file might have looked a little bit like this and as you can see I also have my colleagues Being able to log on to my server But their information came from the NIS server And then you learn to hack by trying to hack into your own system before other people do So what would be an issue with this? I'm getting getting HIDO and ION from the NIS server and Everything that I have not filled out there that data is filled in by NIS. So that's the encrypted password but it's It's all the rest as well So the NIS server was not a Server that I managed If my colleagues would have access to the NIS master, which I guess they probably did Well, they can change the NIS table and change the name The shell but also the UID and the group ID Which means that you can Changed the NIS master to make your user in the wheel group look into my system as you to route down Luckily, I found this out before anybody else did and and abused it and the solution was easy I I typed in hard code at user IDs to fix the problem another Thing that you have when you have no root password is that you need to be very careful When walking away from your terminal because I if I walk away from a computer and I have a shell open Logged in as myself. Yeah, it only takes half a second to become rude. You just type in as you and you're there So every time I went away even for a few seconds. I needed to lock my screen Which is actually very good security advice and In those days locking the screen you could do with the tool X lock more I did that and People would go Behind sit behind my terminal and try passwords while I was going grabbing a coffee or in the toilet And they would try different passwords to see if I had secret or Password or whatever and they never found out my password. My password was actually quite good for the time being I mean it was only eight characters, but it was it was actually really random and Nobody found my password and then one day what happened was that I came back from lunch I tried to log in mistype my password set log in failed and instead of Pressing enter and typing it again. I pressed enter twice and what happened was that I Got logged in Yeah, I see amazement Yeah, I was as massive as well. How can this be? So I did a little bit of digging around and then I Saw this in the manual page for the X X lock more her command And it says if you use X lock more then you can Yeah, and the lock Free the terminal by typing the user's password or the root password Actually, I believe that was also in the old Sun Sun the West Times you had the program lock Which would lock just one terminal and then also the root password will be able to lock it So the system administrator could unlock terminals that were locked and nobody was there anymore so of course all Of that time anybody could have just sat behind after behind my screen type enter and become rude And people have been typing there all kinds of stuff And nobody typed enter twice so Very lucky here Yeah, well, I didn't try it. It must have been there for years. I don't know and actually in all those years I think I spent their Six years at the company with my BSD system and it was only one successful Heck where somebody was able to change my MOTD and yeah, it was you know who who did it and Yeah, I was a little bit disappointed. How how did it how why? So I asked and he said I can't I can't tell you what what I did Yeah, so well still it's only it's only one root exploit in six years But still I wanted to know what was going on, but I did know that on BSD or other unixes you can Log stuff you can up your your logging. So what I did was Before this happened. I had already used the acct on utility to up the system logging So this will log every Process being being run on the system. Of course, it will slow your system down a little bit But then you can use the last com command to get an overview of it yeah, precisely what has been run and I did this on gdus account and I saw login login scripts being processed and then I saw a One line for something called set you ID parole and then I saw the logout scripts being Executed so I saw so I went to video. I said, ah There's something with the set you a deep role Oh You should not know this that this is the case and it turned out at that time you know was security officer for free BSD and this was a zero day In the set you a deep role So yeah, it was a good proof of concept. They were they worked on my on my system But it was funny that I was able to figure out what what it was And this is this is a long time ago. I looked it up and this was in free BSD to Oh five that I was running at a time Okay, whoever did an RM dash RF by accident. I guess most people have made some kind of mistake Somewhere yeah, I had the same happen once I don't make mistakes that often of course I also did our men dash RF earlier in my life and now I'm careful enough when you do an RM as a root You read the line again before your presenter But in this case it was not an RM I Wanted to for some reason I wanted to tar some information to my floppy drive so this system had a three and a half inch floppy drive and I was so accustomed to typing WD zero, which was at the time Device name for the Winchester drive the hard drive that I tarred stuff directly to my root partition on my main hard drive Now what will happen if that happens? Well, I noticed fairly early So I pressed controversy right away and the process stopped and the system was still up and running But yeah, I had no clue how how how to fix this so and to Hito because he Knew more about BSD than I did and he came over and together we sat there thinking What will be our plan to get this working again? What can we do and we were sitting behind my screen and we're contemplating this and then we saw panic and the system end up So the problem was solved. Yeah So I spent the next day reinstalled Well, I mean, it's just a matter of reinstalling the standard utilities that you that there are in the root directory and get them back on to the disk It was fairly standard installed. So luckily I was able to fix it, but that was yeah, it was a hairy situation Now this is all it is all very free BSD ish that's also talk a little bit about the other BSD's at Phillips that was an old Sun that they were going to throw away. So I said, well, let's have it some 380 and that was the start of my Computer system collection. So I started collecting all kinds of unique systems at one point in time. I had 15 versions of Unix running on different systems in my attic and Oh, if you ask a chat GPT or an AI for a picture of Sun systems, that's what you get and Yeah, it's got some sort of a hobby to to get all systems and to try and reinstall them with a BSD if possible and see how they work and Yeah, fiddle around with them. So that's where I Started using that BSD open BSD on a lot of these systems And it's very challenging if you have very old hardware. It's very challenging to get them installed with a new OS So once I had a Sun three and I needed to install SunOS from original boot apes and Yeah, what commands do you need to enter? There's hardly any information that you can find on the internet about this and Also the hardware is a challenge like this vex station. I tried to install Oh, it did not have a disk. So I needed to boot over the network. I tried to use open BSD Then this particular Hard disk controller was not supported so I couldn't proceed it did boot and then I tried that BSD and one version it didn't work the second version It's sort of booted found the hard disk, but it couldn't write the data on there And I then had to put another version and manually put the files on there in the end it worked But it's a lot of it can be a lot of work to install UNIX on these very old systems And this was I guess newer than the three sun 350 Which I have so on this I installed that BSD as you can see a kernel compile is 14 hours so this is definitely a lot slower than the 486 I started with and But it gives you a lot of Hobby time. I mean here. I wanted to create a custom kernel and BSD kernel to include IP version 6 and all kinds of other interesting goodies on this very old machine and The kernel compiler took 14 hours or 40 minutes And then I found out it didn't fit because the kernel needs to fit in the first Mac of ram So I made it a little bit shorter try it again again It didn't fit because then I found out now. It's not just one megabyte. That's the limit We also need to reserve a little bit of space for the virtue for the video memory. So the kernel needs to be smaller still So at the third attempt it fit and I got a working system And also weirdness like Sun. They always have SCSI disks with a SCSI ID 3. That is the first disk that you would normally use So the disk with SCSI ID 3 is seen as SD 0 In SunOS except for the Sun 350 because then you need to have the disk at SCSI ID Zero or you can't install anything on it And of course the error messages in that time were not as good as they are now So the arrow would just be a bark and figure it out This is already quite old, but I also have a Sun 250 which is 40 years old and That doesn't have a disk inside it uses and this is so old that Sun had not yet invented the network file server So all the newer systems they use NFS, TFTP, BootParamly Which is really standard and you can still run that easily on any kind of BSD today But this is before that and when I got the system I happily found out that a guy called Matt Fridette who I've never met but he he built a network disk Server and with that I was able to boot it Network disk is just you the client asked the server give me block 25 of your Virtual disk and you get one block and that's the way you work. So it's very low-level And with collecting unit systems I also Got access to a few interesting ones like this one So this well, this is not the actual picture of my actual system but I have a similar one RDI precision book which is a Unix system turned into a laptop and this one is a PA risk one So designed to work with HPRX and this was actually used by the OpenBSD to port their To port OpenBSD to the HPPA PA risk architecture and it was no longer needed and they got in contact with me And I've given it a good new home in my attic This is also a lengthy process to install I installed at that time OpenBSD 6.9 was the newest so I installed it over the network and the thing has a SCSI adapter with a very small SCSI drive which are very hard to get so it now has a SCSI to IDE converter and Then a standard IDE disk which makes it very slow. So it took I see six hours to verify the data sets and then another six hours to put them onto the drive. So just Just doing that was was 12 hours and then I had issues because it needed to do a TFTP and then my I use a free BSD server to be the TFTP server and OpenBSD was using TFTP fragments and the TFTP server in free BSD did not support fragments So I installed another one that also didn't work. So but of course the OpenBSD TFTP server works Fantastic with it. And so I set up an OpenBSD TFTP server And I was able to do this and it now works fine even with graphical environment on a secondary screen talking about OpenBSD Around a bit before this time There was a bit of talk in the scene about Teodorat and I was a bit intrigued about Teodorat I did not know him. There were these stories I thought well, I'd like to meet the guy and have a conversation with him see You know what he's really like because I don't like to Just take it from a worth of mouth on the internet And it was at hackers in hacking in progress a big hacker camp in the Netherlands that takes place every four years Under a different name every four years in 97 and I was being told that Teodorat was there So I thought this is my chance. I can go there and have a chat with the guy So I went to the OpenBSD OpenBSD booth and I said by any chance is Teodorat here can I have a chat with him and they said No, I'm sorry. He's not here and over the rest of the conference. There was no Yeah, I did not get in contact anymore with them. So I never spoke with Teodorat but I did Talk to some people who said I saw you asking at the booth if Teodorat was there and actually Teodorat was there He was almost standing right in front of you But the people said he wasn't there. So probably because of the controversy they Yeah, I don't know. They want they don't want me to talk with him. So I've never talked to him yet All hill my power power point Photoshop skills. Yeah, this is not very good. Anyway So I'd still like to meet him someday, but we'll see at the One of the later hacker conferences what the heck Oh, we don't have sound doesn't matter I did learn to appreciate open base. They much more because of their fantastic hoompa force. I I thought hoompa was was a weird kind of phrase But later I learned that it is finished. It's a it's a real music style And of course they have the hoompa music on the the cd from that time So, uh, Avile Naga what's it called? Yeah, so that was cool. It was a lot of fun doing the doing the hoompa and On the subject of open bsd another interesting anecdote is that open bsd Says only two remote holes in the default install at least a seven point three I think the message now a little bit different and that was really funny because uh After working for phillips. I Co-owned the company also together with here Called medicine gurka. We did all kinds of security work doing penetration tests And we once had a customer and they said could you check our website, please? Our web application So yeah, yeah, we can do a security assessment of your web application We started looking and we immediately saw they were running open bsd as their operating system Which is not really a typical operating system for a regular company to use So we said well, why are you using open bsd open bsd is the most secure operating system there is So we are running open bsd but of course on top of that they built Some kind of monstrous php thing That was as insecure as you can have them So we had a little bit of teaching to do there, but their their os was was good I only have a few minutes left, right? so No, I'm almost through our slides anyway Anybody know pico bsd Ah, if you're not so well, I don't think it exists anymore. There's now something called the mfs bsd Which is a bsd that you run in ram and The new mds bsd I have to check here needs a minimum of 512 megabytes of ram But that's not really a small bsd, right? For people collecting old computers. That's that's a lot of a gigabyte, but this one's already with just Yeah, a tiny little bit of memory and a tiny little bit of space so I think in my life. I only did about Three, this is my third bsd talk. I did some advocacy talks And this was a talk about pico bsd that I did at nl u g At that time free bsd 3 Now I was using 4 I think oh, yeah, it's just there. I used 4.62 which was current at the time And I gave the whole presentation from a System running pico bsd. That was quite fun. So I took with me a 386 computer An sx so there is no floating points in there And it has one floppy drive 1.44 megabyte so the system fit on one single floppy and there was just a tiny bit of space left And then I decided to run the presentation using jpegs So I created the presentation converted to jpeg and then used the jpeg viewer to to show the presentation I used cjpeg which is very small jpeg viewer and Yeah, it barely fitted so I I I had one floppy with Free bsd. I would boot that completely into ram Then I could unmount the floppy mount the second floppy and there was my cjpeg viewer and all the slides And even that didn't fit into 1.44 megabytes So I had to reformat the second floppy to 1.72 megabytes adding a few extra tracks And that worked so that was that was cool Doing that with a very minimal hardware Of course, my talk is called panic for historical reasons. So that was the most Yeah, I was flabbergasted by by that one So let's get back to the time where I was working at phillips with my own desktop in the company And here I was working behind my system And suddenly it just panicked. I was just minding my own business and then poof panic and not just any panic, but a panic for historical reasons Well, if you see that then you think that people are playing some kind of weird joke on you And uh, I believe at the time we we discussed it and we had no idea what this was and um, I just left it at Rebooted it and it's worked fine ever since It did kill my fantastic record of also 100 days uptime or whatever So it was not nice, but specifically for this presentation I did a little bit of digging around in the source repository And I did find out where it came from. So it's apparently written by uh, julian ellisher And I also have no clue how what he looks like or if he's here Okay So this is in the uh, if you have a specific adaptek Issa scuzzy card, then you need this driver Written by julian And in this driver it says I talked to the to the cards send something to the card if the card is not responding in a specific time Then we gave up and we'll say We have a problem with the adaptek card and we do a fatal if no ddb And if you look at that It says well if you have ddb defined then uh, Then fine But else oh no panic for historical reasons So this makes no sense at all. So I asked julian. Do you know anything about this? But the the only thing he says is and I'm quoting here In my imagination, it would mean that in previous situations a panic would have been expected behavior at this point Even though it may not strictly be required. So yeah, that's a perfect explanation Of why it's there But uh, yeah So that actually concludes my talk. I would like to thank you for inviting me and remember if you run bsd You, uh, you will have fun with bsd


This is stock number 7321A, a 2017 Ram 1500 regular cab long box. This truck has the 5.7L V8 Hemi motor. From this HD video you'll be able to tell that this truck is like new all the way around. We take all of our videos in 1080p, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smart device, turn them on now because it's like you're right here next to the truck looking at it with me, so you can tell the exact condition of the vehicle before you even get here.  Four wheel disc brakes all the way around, you can see these tires are like new and the frame and underbody is like new as well. Front fenders and excellent condition. Front bumper, no dents, no dings, no scuffs. One goes for the grille and the hood, no dents or dings on that. Bright silver is the color, passenger rim is absolutely perfect as well and as you go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and glass like that paint is. 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Thanks very much, and it's a great honor for me to present. My name is Patrick, and I represent a number of different institutes in Singapore. And I think in the next 15 minutes, what I'd like to do is to give you an oversight of what we're doing in Singapore and how we're trying in an early way to try to move some of the research that we've been doing into the clinical practice. And I do like Dr. Manelio's point that a lot of this must be pitched as an evolution of current practice rather than as a revolution, and I think you'll see some of that here. Speaking from an even smaller country in Belgium, where we have a population size of about 5 million, I think you will see that this presents some opportunities, but also challenges as well. So how do I move this? So just one slide on the overview. So this will be a very pragmatic, practical talk, I think, compared to maybe some of the high level stuff that you've been hearing before. Just one slide. So our foray into biomedical science really began about 10 years ago. And it is over the past five years. It's seen steadily increasing support from the Singapore government. And the last tranche was about $2.6 billion in biomedical funding for the past five years. And this, the funding arises from three major ministries, a trade industry, education and health. And while that's good in the sense that there are many different grant agencies, it can be a challenge trying to align the different types of needs of these different ministries when you're trying to talk about something like genomic medicine. And one positive aspect is that this has resulted in a lot of research institutes. Some of you may be familiar with the Singapore Biopolis and also a number of academic medical centers. And some of my colleagues in Singapore are here representing those. So I think that there is this receptacle, I think, for the use of a German genomic medicine. And I'm going to try to use stomach cancer as a basis for that in terms of some of the experiences. So the area that I think Singapore has tried to position itself is as a receptacle for understanding Asian-specific conditions. And one of these is obviously Asian cancers. This is the main area that we've been working in. And this is stomach cancer and the incidence of stomach cancer in different parts of the world. And you see that it's primarily present in many parts of Asia. I think my colleagues from Japan and South Korea will agree. But globally you will see that stomach cancers are actually the second highest cause of global cancer death. So what this means is that this is a disease that we need to figure out how to treat better. And I think the intersection of this with genomics presents some very interesting opportunities in being sort of like poster children for how we can use genomic medicine. Just two studies that I think highlight this and more how do we use this in a way that builds on current clinical practice. So this is just one study that highlights what is that basically this paper published in the Lancet highlights the use of Trastuzumab targeting gastric cancers that are amplified in the HER2 oncogene similar to breast cancer. And this is the first targeted therapy in gastric cancer. And this actually is a positive for these patients that have amplification of HER2 but for other 90% of cases there are no targeted opportunities available. So this is where genomics can come in where we can do a landscape survey, find new opportunities. In this particular work what we find is quite interesting for a cancer point of view is that besides the HER2 population there are distinct segments of gastric cancers that actually amplify different components of the RTK-RAS map kinase pathway. And this obviously is a pathway where there are significant targeted therapies available. So in one sense this is a very simple way of genomic medicine where we can stratify patients. Validation is very important to have all of these studies giving the certainty that this is not one of finding. And this is just a comparison of the data from the Chinese gastric cancer patients to the TCGA cohort primarily patients from Europe and Caucasia. And for the most part you can actually see many if not all of the similar amplifications being seen in both. So in a sense I think that for many of these conditions we have the validation and prevalence but how do we move this into the clinic is I think another challenge that we need to think about. Another study that I think highlights how do we use this as a way of evolving our current knowledge rather than as a revolution comes from a transcriptome profiling study where I think it really highlights the challenge of how can we position this sort of work as an improvement on current pathology rather than a let's kick the pathologist out of a job. And so this is a study where by using consensus clustering we can find three distinct subgroups of gastric cancers and by doing the standard pathway analysis we can find distinct pathways associated with each cancer type and also these different subtypes actually have different preclinical at least drug sensitivities this has yet to be validated. But what is interesting from this is this particular subtype over here that I think represents how we can use this as an evolution. So it's been known since the 1960s that gastric cancers and I apologize for those who don't work on stomach cancer but this is the only thing that I know is that gastric cancers can be divided into intestinal and diffuse and this is the standard pathology practice. However what's interesting is that a number of years ago it turns out that this what pathologists have known for a while but it's sort of embedded in the pathology world is that intestinal subtypes actually there are two particular variants one type that has markers of normal gastric epithelia and one not so this actually there's third hydrogenary here and when they map it to the gene expression subtypes it's possible and that this actually may correspond to one of those molecular subtypes and one of the different ones. So I think that by talking to pathologists and asking them how does this reflect your own personal experience we can begin to build bridges between the genomic sector and standard pathology. And so this is currently the consensus being done this is the pathway that most of us will learn in medical school about how gastric cancer develops but by intersecting pathology information there may be a separate subtype over here that represents that new genomic subtype we're seeing and we're currently working with these pathologists to see if we can improve that. So this is a way of getting them used to understanding genomic data. This is just one sort of approach and you know this is not just stomach cancer I think that over the past number of years Singapore has done pretty well in identifying genes, gene polymorphisms associated with different types of Asian cancers. I just highlight this is a very nice one where this is a deletion and 2.1KB indel so very hard to see by standard NGS sequencing in BIM in only present Asian populations that seems to predict inferior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and also this paper from the Cancer Science Institute looking at prognostic markers in liver cancer and other Asian-specific cancer. So I think from a discovery biology point of view we've been doing a pretty good job at finding things to translate. So the next question is that how do we move that to the next step and this way it comes intersects with the medical system and this is where we have challenges but opportunities. So one of the things that we've tried to do and this is not the solution but it's a pilot thing is to establish a program called Polaris which is the North Star this is where we want to get to in future where we can try to see can we have a national structure to look at how we can implement genomic medicine. It's funded for 3 years about $20 million from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research so one of those three agencies and the idea is to pilot the use of clinical use of genomic testing starting with cancers and genetic disease and in terms of operationally what it really means is a nationwide network of college medical and pathology certified genomic laboratories running the same tests running common informatics systems sample preparation systems so that we can standardize across the whole island and it's a tall order so we're starting in a very pragmatic small way and I'll show you what I mean and we're about one year old into this program. Some operating principles that we feel is important and I'd like to raise these for discussions is something we felt that would be important for genomic medicine to work. The first operating principle that we thought would be important is that genomic medicine labs running your high CX on your my CX should be deployed within an existing clinical framework so as opposed to setting up your center as a stand-alone center and the main one reason for that is purely financial if you're going to be trying to reimburse if you have a stand-alone that center is going to be bleeding red right from day one but if it's parked in a pathology department pathology departments can cross cover a true poison lab medicine and so on so I think that's one thing that and this allows them to see it not as a threat but as an evolution of their current practice. The second thing is that you know single gene tests probably have had their heyday but I would say that for people that want to start genomic medicine you need to have the framework to do basic genetic testing single gene testing before you can even start to think of doing a whole exo and I think that is so we need to learn by doing it finding out where the pressure points are and moving on from there the third point is that genomic tests should leverage on existing competencies and I think this is where the genome England started is that you know when you want to set up a new center if there's already a lab that's redoing really good Sanger sequencing you can use that lab for validation rather than having to set up your own system but that requires trust and how do we get the funding to flow across different centers to reimburse that lab for that and so I think that this is a more cost-effective way but it does take more teamwork and more effort in place so a lot of my time is spent meeting people and taking them out for lunch and I think lastly I think it's one is that starting with tests as initially proof of concepts that provide true clinical utility will lead to collision bias so what we try to do is to highlight disease champions these are people working in a particular domain they are very influential and we ask them what would you like to measure that would make you change the way you treat your patient and we start there and we build a test around that and that we use that as a basis to learn and they themselves participate in how the clinical report is being generated so this is the current status after one year our first Polaris test without spending the next two slides talking about is a very simple single test but I think it has identified certain issues that we need to fix and it's going to be launched at the end of the month the genomic labs themselves are going for national certification in mid-24 it's going to be based on Illumina and I'd like to talk to people here about what do they think is the necessity for reflex validation when you see a new variant called by, let's say, on a MySeq how important do you think that is the test revenue so these pages are actually being charged for these tests and what happens is that the revenue that is incurred from this test is equally split among the different centres contributing to the test on a cost recovery basis and so this was important for sustainability and finally the next Polaris test that we're going to do by the end of this year is a 90 gene GI gastrointestinal cancer test that has all of your favourite players on it so let me talk about this test over here because it's a Sanger test, it's a very simple test but I think there are certain... it led us to identify certain things that we need to fix in the system the test is targeting a condition called stromal corneal dystrophy and most of the patients with this condition have a mutation in this gene, it's one gene so it's very easy to do by Sanger but I think it hits the flavours of the things that we can use to prove the use of genetic and genomic testing for instance, by testing these patients we can clinch the disease diagnosis the location of the mutation in the gene directs different therapeutics that... therapies that the eye surgeon has to use and it's important for screening of unaffected family members because these patients that have the test even though they don't have symptoms should not go for LASIK so I think it is all the flavours of something that has true clinical utility and the fact that we have a national centre for eye diseases allows us to find out patients through this particular test more importantly, it's allowed us to try to integrate a number of the different academic medical centres so one, the National Eye Centre provides the patients and the consultation, the ordering, they do the blood collection so all of this is intersecting with the standard hospital practice that we're doing here the National University Hospital system provides the DNA sequencing and the mutation report and the GIS bioinformatics and the test revenue is actually split among these three places so in this cases, actually, this particular place gets the bulk of the revenue from the test and so, as a lot of this with certain challenges that I'd like to close now but just cheer for that, I'd like to get your feedback on the first one is that because we have different ministries trying to get legal and licensing agreements across the institutions is quite complex that's the first one second one, Singapore has a very interesting system that the moment a patient's test crosses an academic medical centre that test is charged at what we call a full rate it can't be and so this is sometimes something that we need to fix in the system because the goal of this is to get all of the people from different centres working together there's a general lack of expertise in genetic and genomic counsellors so a lot of the doctors have told me we would like a test, we would like to prescribe it but I don't feel comfortable with it without a qualified counsellor sitting in my clinic at the same time so this is something that we are trying to address by sending more people for training and finally I think and one of the things I'd like to get back from this one is that we lack official policies on how do you write the informed patient consent form how do you deal with these incidental findings and how do you aggregate your data from the patients that you're running a test on such that you can have a database that's itself a very valuable for future discovery and the fact that it's clinical service how does that feed into research so I'd like to close there I'd like to thank my colleagues in the audience Professor John Wong, Professor Cheung Mi Ju who are here and thanks Mark Williams Geisinger could you talk a little bit about why TGFB1 was chosen as your exemplar for a single is this a condition that's more prevalent in the population because it's not one that at least that I'm aware of in this country is being tremendously prevalent so it again I think it's very pragmatic we needed to have a poster child of a test that hit all of the bells of clinical utility and we needed to have what we call a disease champion a clinician that was willing to work with us over a six month basis to polish and build the test third thing was that there was actually research being ongoing in the center on this condition so they had all of the patients the wild type and the mutant patients rapidly validate the test so I think that we wanted something that we could at least from the technical standpoint all of the ingredients were there and we could use it as a test to see what the other challenges the framework for how do we do the reimbursement because I think that's the important part the technology we can swap it and swap out but how do we do those other bits I needed something that we could stress test the system and find out where the weak points are so we won't make a million dollars from it but I think we've done about five to ten patients already and you know though I think that's been clinical benefit from these patients already so I think that and we're going to do more once we get the framework set up we can then use the same basis to do other ones along these similar frameworks so that was the reason Teri Manolio, very neat project and I'm wondering the data that you generate from this are going to be useful to others who might want to interrogate the TGFB1 gene as well have you thought about how both you're interrogating other databases to see when you have a whole host of variants that may have no meaning at all how you're doing that and then how you can contribute to those databases such as through things like the ClinVar database at NCBI or others so speaking as a researcher I firmly believe you 100% about the importance, the value of open sharing and I think however I think that in order to reach that vision we have to do it in steps and there are significant concerns, some of them emotional, some of them from a patient privacy point of view as to what is the right version of the data that we can open up another tension is that a lot of the funding in our was from the Ministry of Trade and Industry so they're obviously interested in this from a commercial standpoint whether you have that question of open access versus not these are all I think issues that can be solved with further engagement of the different because all of us have the same vision but getting there I think just takes step by step so the vision I think is then to share all of that data that we have we just need to figure out the best way I won't let us into trouble and I might just suggest David Ledbetter and Heidi Rehm are here and are quite familiar with data sharing in ways that probably affect intellectual property and that sort of thing but might want to talk with you a little bit about getting this data. I'm here to learn on this. Thank you. George Petrinus is actually a question I wanted to ask to Tim two lectures before one important argument for policy makers to incorporate genomics into health care is that they save money the national health care expenditure so have you considered doing economic evaluation using this test so that it can become eventually cheaper for the patients? So yes and no and you may not like what I'm going to say but again I think it's a very pragmatic what we do we're going to do is that we're going to compare the cost of developing this test in Singapore and doing it versus the cost of this same center sending the test out overseas we're still working on the final pricing of the test but we can basically do it in-house at about one third of the cost particularly if you factor so that's basically the argument that we're going to say for cost effectiveness now we can talk more about this later on because a lot of this is patient pace but at the very least we can say that we're actually bringing a test to Singapore, leveraging on our research and to bring at least health care cost for the individual patient down I think we'll start there