Welcome to Toffy TV, it is a match preview for Eviton vs FC Sion over in Switzerland. O'r tîm, o'r tîm. Yeah, obviously we've already played in Kenya, but this feels like the real thing, the real thing. O'r fawr, you're acknowledging this? I'm acknowledging this. O'r fawr, you're acknowledging this? You're acknowledging this? No, that was an exhibition game. O'r fawr, o'r fawr. That was for the fans, the 65. That's alright. That's for the fans, obviously huge event for fans over in Kenya. Now this is obviously the start of a week in Switzerland, which she's finished the week off in playing against Monaco in Switzerland. So, FC Sion played last week I believe against PSV, was it? Yeah, 0-0. 2-0-0. This season starts quite soon in a couple of weeks I believe. They've got two or three friendlies in a very short space of time. So, it's an interest on this because it feels like it's been the first week of training for a lot of the internationals. It feels like a jump-up in terms of fitness straight away for a lot of them. I know they'll have all of that a week in, but it feels like they may have to physically take a huge step for this game. Well, I imagine they'll play 45 minutes, the majority won't they? They should be able to do 45 minutes. Nowadays players come back within a couple of pounds after they fight and wait. We've seen Luke at the end who's back this week doing sprinting up roads after buses and stuff. Tremendous stuff. While he's being off and things like that.  But he played for England into mid-games, so did Michael Keynes training with England. Keynes being doing training as well. They'll go on holiday and do training. Well, it's a play to them. The jump when they come back is not as bad then is it? You're just trying to maintain it. If you're listening to Osmond's talk on the other day on the Carrier Banky Shark game, you're saying plays are coming back. When he first was doing pre-season, overweight and it'd be like you'd get fined and blah, blah, blah. He said, no, in the end it got to that stage where they'd come back and it could have been as close to the weight that they left as possible because that's how they had to change. So players do that and they're given a programme which we know when they go away. So it will be a jump up because they'll be going straight into it. But half again you should be able to manage half again. These are going to be much fitter because obviously the season starts, the day we play Monaco actually. And they played the day before as well. Yeah, they played New Shatter. New Shatter will ram out whatever you say it. So it'll probably be a mix of the team. So it might even up that way. To be honest, I mean obviously it's a friendly. Who cares, rarely. Me, I want someone. I suppose from what the manager want to avoid is what happened last week, Lachman getting injured. You don't want any more injuries. And I suppose one of the ways that injuries can occur is if you push players too hard. Of players are playing against. See that's why I found slightly weird is when I looked at the fixes is that you normally match up against teams through pre-season. The step-up is by every game. I'm not saying see on any great shakes or anything but in terms of fitness wise. You don't want to push players harder than they've been pushed. It's got to be a gradual process to get them fitter for every game. And every game goes up in quality as well. That's what you like to hope. So from that point of view, maybe see on or play, I don't know, a second team or something or whatever. Just to balance it out a little bit because it's an exercise in getting players fit for both sides. They're playing a team on a Saturday using their league. So you wouldn't imagine, even though it's a friendly psychologically, they're not going to want to lose to that team. They're going to probably play as strong a team as they can on a Saturday. And then maybe some of those lads on a Saturday are playing an hour. So against Everton, they'll play half an hour. And then that's the 90 minutes over the two days or something. Everton have had lads who played in Kenya last week. Andrew Gomes played a half. Mason Holgate played 70 minutes. Lewis Gibson played almost 90 minutes, didn't he? Tom Davis had 45 minutes. Morgan Snidel and Theo Wall. So we've got a bunch of lads who only had two or three days training and played in half of a game in tough conditions. So you'd imagine they had started again. We don't know exactly the travelling squad that's going to Switzerland. But I imagine a few of those youngsters, like Joe Williams, who done very well in the second half, will be in that travelling party. So you'd probably see him starting maybe. I suppose as well, the other thing they'll be using this for is, obviously nowadays they know the ins and outs of everything that a player does. They'll have all the divests on and all that.  When you play that second game against Monaco at the end of the week, you can see where, and you might have to tailor stuff for some players or you can see who's putting it in, who isn't putting it in, or whatever their levels are, you can look at. So from that point of view, it's a good exercise as well to see whether, almost like see whether the week, not where if while obviously, but see what you're getting out of the week. I just wonder how many they'll take. So say they take 22. I suppose it can be two teams. I suppose it's a training base, isn't it? So I suppose they can take as many as they want. Oh yeah, but I mean in terms of the matches and stuff you're going to have a team for the half. And what he might say to someone like Andre Gomez and someone like Tom Davis and Schneider and you're playing an hour today against Seeyon because you've had the 45 minutes and then there he plays with Guilfee for maybe half an hour to get it, Bernard, who hasn't been involved yet. Or a couple of those lads might need to beat you because it's the first week we don't know. They might be you're playing against Monaco on Friday. So it'll be interesting to see just how he balances it. I mean, when you're just thinking about it before they've gone he'll just play a team in the first half and a team in the second half because then everyone's getting 45 minutes in that first game then they do the week of hard training and then there's the second game to look forward to. And then he's going to, he said didn't he? While they're in Switzerland he's going to make some decisions on people again. So I imagine that'll probably be a couple of the young lads that they're going to then be involved when we go to Mainz the week later and stuff like that. A month now haven't we till the Premier League season? He's going to have to make those decisions quickly and these players are going to have to get up to speed very quickly as well. Yeah, it's going to be interesting. You imagine there'll be about 25 going, I'd say, with the keepers and that you want the back-up players. Don't forget these have got a couple of players we already know. Alex Ong plays for these, ex Arsenal West Ham, Kasami, he was at Fulham as well. In the midfield he's the captain. Stefan Hontjo, he's the manager. Love the handball didn't he? Love the handball. So you know they've got some decent players and like you say they will be fitted on us. It depends of course what we do. They're playing at the time of filming this tonight and they're also playing on Saturday so they've got another two games where they play everything. So you imagine it'll balance out and obviously the week before they're playing their first game or six days before they play their first game they're going to be more likely to... They're going to be fit but they're also not going to want to pick up many knocks out. It'll be a step up to what we saw in Africa obviously in Kenya. But what I mean in these games with it being the first what are you looking for? What are you just not really bothered to say? I love watching us in pre-season. I'm not really bothered. I'm trying to... What was that second game we played last year? We played... It was Barry when we... It was the second game but that was quite competitive. It was competitive. Obviously we played Barry and we do one-one. There was a mix of a lot of players that night. I'm sure against Barry obviously we didn't have a lot of the players who played in the World Cup had we so because they'd come back later and obviously so. But he kind of done it better if you remember rightly if Barry it was almost two teams for the halves. Yeah it was. Cos Anthony Robinson come on for Barry and things like that so it was almost two teams. No I think we've mentioned before for the handful of those under 23 players this will be the one chance this week. I expect under 23s are already in La Manga at the moment. With David Unsworth and his coaching staff. They're back this weekend I think. So it'll be an interesting one there cos obviously you'll want to take some that played on Sunday. For a lot of those players and I think we've mentioned this a few times they shouldn't be going back into the under 23s. Rarely are they any. They should be going back into the under 23s. YouTube thinking we've got no idea cos nothing's been separate. Out of the lad who went last Sunday and were involved I don't think you'll take all of them. No but I actually think he's more like he needs to take someone like homey than he needs to take Nias. Because Nias hasn't got a future at the club. So what's the point? But it's our responsibility to keep him fit. Well then can he go on training with the under 23s and be kept fit with the under 23s? Have we got more of a responsibility to have a look at. And almost just have a look at to decide what his future's going to be whether he goes on loan. And I would say that for a majority of the players I don't know where Mo Bessage is. I couldn't tell you. Mo Bessage would be better keeping fit with the under 23s waiting for an opportunity to come cos he's leaving the club. Then to stop someone like Joe Williams going. Cos you've got to have a look at those players and assist them and then it's like last season where we assessed everybody. The likes of Meralas, all those players. Now it's an assessment for the under 23s cos personally I don't think any of those players you went to Kenya should be back in the under 23s. He's made his mind up on Bessage, didn't he last summer? Exactly. We had them up for Bessage. So if you're filming keeping them fit you keep them fit by putting them in the under 23s. I'd do that. Out of that who went, who do you think will go? I'd take all of them. I'd take all the under 23s. They're not the under 23s anymore. You've got to start making decisions and we've gone over this before. I apologise if he's repeating ourselves. But I would take all of those kids. See, I wouldn't. You've got players missing as well. From our squad. You need more. But we're only missing now. We've only got me in it. Let me ask you a question then. Who wouldn't you take? Ashley. Okay. Fair enough because he's actually quite young. So he could go back in the under 23s. I don't get anything out of it. I wouldn't say Robinson. Because he could go back in the squad. I just wouldn't say him that. He didn't for me then do enough for the weekend to warrant going. But his future has got to be elsewhere then. Because he can't be in under 23s play. He's been on loan twice. So his future needs to be decided. And if he doesn't go with the first team, then he's got to go. I mean listen, maybe. I mean he went to Kenya because it's 20. Something like that. And then adding to that, we've had this week, we've got Guilfee Bach. We've got Llewyddi, Michael Keane, James Coleman, Bernard, Jordan Pickford. I wouldn't say it's that. Oh my God, by the way. But he will go. So this six coming back into the squad, I don't know whether they'll take 20, 60 might do. And then that means that they might take all of those lads you're saying. Well no, you take, you take. It makes sense. Ashley out.  There's two gone. So that's 24. Right. You had two goalies go over. So it was just being extra goalie. Right. I think Ashley is only young. He only came out of the under 18s in the 223s. So he's gone another two years in the 223s.  Yeah, yeah. And then everyone else had. So that's when he, that'd be 24 then. Everyone else had to take because I think, I think he's got to run the rule over these kids. And of course we don't know how fit Adam Ola Luchman is to be. So he might not go because of the ankle. I don't know if not we've not had any more. He could be out of this next week because of the ankle. And he might have to remain at home for treatment. I just think he's got to run the rule over those kids. This is their opportunity. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But it's not their opportunity to say whether you're going to be in the 13 squad. It's to run the rule over to go. What the future? Where are you going? Are you going to, are we going to put you on loan? Here, there or whatever. You know, are we going to put you on a championship team lower down because you'll need two years in the championship? Or are we going to put you in a team higher up because you might only need one year like Hallgate did. You know what I mean? So I think there's, I think there's decisions that need to be made. Call him Connolly. Yeah, he's, I mean, he's, he's... I really think he's got it where he wants because he's got a future. I don't know. And I suppose you look at, if you're looking at, I think the really interesting one is Joe Williams because he's got a year left on a contract. We know that there's offers in for him, there's people in for him and some Bundesliga clubs. There's a decision there that needs making with him. And I think that this week is where those decisions need to make. He will go anyway. Because I think Michael Silver wanted them there last year and obviously in Switzerland he wanted to take them. Austria and he was injured, wasn't he? But I think for them what you want to see in these kind of games is you want to see a little bit of football getting, you want to see the imprint of last season are we finished? So are we pressed? We want to see a bit of that. And you want to see a little bit better attack and play. We were sloppy like, I know, I know you keep trying in this next edition game, the Gerri, a Gerri, but I still want to see a progression. So I want to see us play on Sunday with a little bit of inventiveness in that final third. Yeah. It's thingy back. It's done back, yeah. No, it's still in L. So, see that's annoying because he's someone who I think really would benefit from being playing in these games. Because if he's not going to, I don't know how long, he might have been given the next week or he might be back till next week and then if he doesn't come back till next week, he's missed that. He's only got those two tournaments and the game in mind and the game against Wigan. He's got three games. If I was him, I'd have been like, I'll be back on Thursday, let me come to Switzerland on the Friday and so on. He's not though, he's living the team, he might have something in the life of me. For me that's frustrating because he's someone... Yeah, but you need a holiday though, don't you? You have mental burnout as much as physical burnout. So I do think you need a break. So I don't really have a problem with that. He's been at a tournament for the under 21s and, you know, you could say the same about Richie Arlison, we'd want him here now, but he's not going to be back for two, three weeks, is he? So, but then he's laying to a lot playing in that tournament. But then the 21s finished a couple of weeks ago. Richie Arlison finished a couple of days ago. He might be back for the end of the week. He might be back when they get back from Austria. I don't know, but we're waiting to see. Anyway, let us know your thoughts in the comments about the young players again. I know we spoke about this before, but who would you be taking over there? And there's not really else much to say. You're looking forward to the game, you're looking forward to seeing. Cos, like Ped said, last week was a bit more of an exhibition. You feel, but this is probably the very first pre-season game. So what are you looking to see out of it all? Are you really not bothered about what happens? You just want to watch everything playing for you? It's nice to see a win now, won't it? It would, but it's a friendly. We don't win friendly. Let us know your thoughts.  No chance. Let us know your thoughts in the comments. Give this video a like if you like it, cos it helps the channel. It really does, honestly. If you don't just say it for a laugh, it helps the channel. Subscribe if you haven't already. If you want more videos, like all the live videos we're doing over on Patreon, it's amazing. All the podcast, everything gets podcasted, by the way. If you're a patron.  So get over there for the live videos and the podcast. Thanks for watching. We'll see you later.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayesakarmi. The news articles along with the page numbers are displayed here for your reference. The PDF link of the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the news articles is given in the description box as well as in the comment section. Now, let us start our today's news analysis. This news article is about the number of OCA registrations done in India between 2000 and 2019. So, in this contest, we will be discussing in detail about the OCA's citizenship of India, that is OCA card holder. Then, during the analysis, we will compare the OCA card holders with the persons of Indian origin and non-residential Indians. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now, if you look at the pros and cons of Indian constitution, it does not allow dual citizenship, that is holding Indian citizenship and foreign citizenship simultaneously. However, there were persistent demands for dual citizenship, particularly from the Indian diaspora in North America and other developed countries. So, in this regard, the High Level Committee on Indian diaspora was constituted by the Government of India in 2000 to recommend measures for a constructive relationship with the Indian diaspora. So, based on the committee's recommendations, the Government of India decided to register persons of Indian origin, that is PIOs of certain specified countries, as OOC's citizenship of India. As a result, the OOC's citizenship of India, that is OCA's scheme was introduced by amending the Citizenship Act of 1955 through the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2005. As per this scheme, it provides for registration of persons of Indian origin as OOC's citizen of India. See, when you say persons of Indian origin, that is PIO, is a person who was an Indian national or any of ancestors was an Indian national and who is presently holding other countries citizenship, that is he or she is holding foreign passport. So, we can say that as per the Indian Constitution, that is there is no provision for dual citizenship. As a result, the registered OOC's citizens of India shall not be entitled to the rights that are conferred on a citizen of India under the Article 16 of the Indian Constitution. This Article 16 of the Indian Constitution deals with equality of opportunity in the matters of public employment. Even the OCA card holders does not confer political rights for its card holders. So, the persons registered as OCA card holders have not been given any voting rights, that is to participate in the elections of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha or Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council. Even OCA card holders cannot hold constitutional post such as President, Vice President or judges of Supreme Court or High Courts. So, we can say that these are certain rights or privileges enjoyed by the citizens of India but not by overseas citizens of India. Now, let us discuss the eligibility to register as an OCA card holder. That is the foreign nationals of the following categories are eligible to register as OCA card holder. Now, the person who was a citizen of India or who was eligible to become a citizen of India at the time of the commencement of Indian Constitution or at any time after the commencement of the Indian Constitution is eligible to be registered as OCA card holder. Then, a person who belonged to a territory that became part of India after 15th August 1947 or after India's independence is also eligible to be registered as OCA card holder. For example, the territories that became part of India after India's independence are Sikkim, Pudicherry, Dhadra Nagar Haveli, Goa and Daman and Diyu. Then, minor children of these citizens, even the spouse of a citizen of India who is of a foreign origin or the spouse of foreign origin of an overseas citizen of India card holder is also eligible to register as OCA card holder. Kindly notice that the people of Pakistan and Bangladesh's origin are not eligible to get OCA card. Now, let us discuss some of the benefits enjoyed by the OCA card holder that is they can visit India without visa for lifelong. That means they will have multiple entry lifelong visa for visiting India for any purpose. However, OCA card holders will require a special permission to undertake research work in the country. Then, the other benefits that are enjoyed by OCA card holders are exemption from registration with foreigners regional registration officer that is FRRO for any length of stay in the country. But the PAO's needs to register with local police authorities if their period of stay is more than 180 days. Then, the other benefits of OCA card holders includes parity with non-resident Indians in respect of all facilities that are available to them in economic, financial and educational fields except in the matters related to the acquisition of agricultural or plantation properties. When you say non-resident Indian that is NRI is an Indian citizen who is ordinarily residing outside India but holds an Indian passport. Then, the other benefits enjoyed by OCA card holders are they will be treated on par with non-resident Indians in the matter of inter-country adoption of Indian children. So, these are certain benefits that are given for OCA card holders. Now, we will see the cancellation power of central government. It is as per Section 7D of Citizenship Act of 1955. Therefore, as per Section 7D of Citizenship Act of 1955, the central government can cancel if it is satisfied that the registration as an OOC citizen of India was obtained by means of fraud or false representation or the concealment of any material fact. So, these are certain grounds as per 7D of Citizenship Act of 1955 so that the central government can revoke OCA card. Now, if you look at recent episode that is OCA card of writer Aatish Thase was cancelled by the central government based on this provision. This provision that is Section 7D of Citizenship Act of 1955 we have discussed in detail in our 12th November 2019 analysis video. You can refer this video for your better understanding. Now, if you look at the news article which says that about 34 lakh ores is citizen of India that is OCA registration had been done from 1st January 2000 to 26th November 2019. This information is given by Ministry of Home Affairs as a reply to an RTA application. But the Ministry has declined to give information relating to the number of persons whose OCA cards had been cancelled. The Ministry said that this information cannot be given because the information falls outside the mandate and scope of the RTA Act of 2005. Now, as per the news article the OCA cards could be cancelled under Section 7D of Citizenship Act of 1955. And also the other grounds for cancelling OCA cards are if the overseas citizen of India has shown disaffection towards the constitution of India or unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or has been sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than 2 years within 5 years after registration as an OCA citizen. Even the central government can cancel OCA card if it is necessary to do so in the interest of the sovereignty and the integrity of the nation. So, these are certain grounds for the cancellation of OCA card. Now, we will discuss some of the recent relaxation that are given to get OCA card. That is the children and the spouse of foreign military personnel or police personnel either working or retired can also eligible to get OCA card. And the foreign nationals who are working in private security agencies or home offices that is homophies or prisons or national probation service and companies or organizations which are associated with the home office or military institutions may be considered for registration as OCA card holder. Then, adapted children or children born in living relationship and the children born out of IVF or Sarugasi may be considered for registration as OCA card holder. So, in the context of this news article we have discussed in detail about the overseas citizenship of India that is OCA card holder. Then, we have compared the OCA card holders with the persons of Indian origin and the non-residential Indians. With this, we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The display practice question will be discussed at the end of this session. Now, let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article is based on a research study connected by international team of researchers on the different rates of carbon capture in different types of forests and plantations and also the different levels of carbon storage. So, in the context of this news article, we will be discussing about carbon storage and carbon capture and the outcomes of the research study mentioned in the news article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now, what is meant by carbon capture and storage? Know that one of the gases which are naturally present in the earth's atmosphere as a part of the carbon cycle is carbon dioxide. When you say carbon cycle, it refers to the natural circulation of carbon dioxide or carbon among the different species of earth and these species are atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. That is the natural circulation of carbon among atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Know that carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas that is emitted through different human activities. And due to increased combustion of fossil fuels and due to lot of industrial processes, there are increased CO2 emissions in the earth's atmosphere. Therefore, increased CO2 emissions are one of the main reasons for global warming. So, to reduce the impact of global warming, we have to reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, to reduce the CO2 emissions, we have to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to increase energy efficiency and energy conservation methods. Now, we will see other ways to reduce CO2 emissions. Here, one of the other ways to reduce CO2 emissions is carbon capture and storage, which is known as carbon sequestration. So, in simple words, carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing in a designated place that is known as carbon reservoir. This reservoir is also called as carbon pool. Now, we will see about carbon sink, which is an area that absorbs carbon. It involves any process or mechanism which removes greenhouse gases like CO2 from the atmosphere. Here, a carbon pool can be a carbon sink if more carbon is flowing into it than flowing out of it during a given interval of time. Now that carbon sink is of two types, that is natural sink and also an artificial sink. Here, forest, oceans, soil types are best examples for natural carbon sinks. Whereas artificial sinks include depleted oil reserves, then dysfunctional mines. So, we can see that forest is a natural carbon sink because forests play an important role in mitigation and adaptation to climate change impact. Therefore, forests are considered as a sink, reservoir and also source of carbon. So, healthy and growing forests sequest more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Therefore, carbon sequestration by forests has attracted much interest globally because it is relatively cheaper means of mitigation to climate change. Now, if you see India, it has a diversity of natural biomes from deserts to alpine meadows, tropical rainforests to temperate pine forests, mangroves to coral reefs and marshlands to high altitude lakes. So, the diversity of forests in India makes it resilient to climate change and also an efficient carbon sink. So, in the context of this news article, try to remember these terms which are important from exam point of view. Now, if you look at the news article which mentions that the outcomes of research study conducted by an international researchers. The international team of researchers have conducted a study to understand the carbon storage and the rate of carbon capture in natural evergreen forest, then deciduous forest and in teak plantations and also in eucalyptus plantations. The research is based on by conducting surveys to estimate carbon storage of trees inside Ornamalai tiger reserves. The researchers also used satellite data from multiple locations like Parambikulam tiger reserve, Raju Gandhi tiger reserve, Wynod wildlife sanctuary and Badra tiger reserve along with Anamalai tiger reserve. The satellite data was used to assess the rate of carbon capture and how they varied across years from 2000 to 2018. Now, have a look at this table to know the location of these protected areas in their respective states. Now, if you look at the research outcomes for carbon storage, the researchers found that carbon storage was highest in evergreen forest because evergreen forest is rich in various plant species. The research also found that teak plantations stored nearly as much carbon as deciduous forest and then eucalyptus plantations had comparatively lower carbon storage levels. Now, coming to the research outcomes for the rate of carbon capture, the researchers found that the rate of carbon capture was more stable across natural forests when compared to plantations. They also found that carbon capture by natural forest was more resilient to drought conditions. So, these are the main outcomes of this research study. Now, how this research study is going to be important for the policy makers? Whenever you find such research studies related to environment, try to analyze how it will be useful for you as a policy maker to implement them practically. One such example is that, that is, this research study can help to transform the reforestation policies of the government. That is, as per the government data that are currently available over half of the compensatory of forestation plantations uses not more than five species. So, growing five or less than five plant species in compensatory of forestation plantations and practicing monoculture are inadequate and they will not increase the biodiversity. When you say monoculture, it means to cultivate only single species of trees in a given area. That is, for example, teak plantation or eucalyptus plantation. So, this research study has concluded that the rate of carbon capture in such plantations will not be stable. Therefore, it is better to protect and regenerate natural forests which have diverse mix of native tree species. Also, it is more reliable in the long term as a strategy for mitigating climate change. This is because species rich forests are beneficial for biodiversity as they also provide habitat to many other components like insects, birds, etc. Such multi-species forest would likely show greater resilience in case of forest fires. This is because different trees have varying degree of fire resistance depending on the thickness of the bark. And also the ability to regenerate the seeds differs across the species. So, a multi-species forest is beneficial in all aspects. So, this research study can help in transforming the reforestation policies of the government. So, to summarize this news article analysis, we have discussed the concept of carbon capture and storage, that is carbon sequestration. Then we discussed different terms like carbon pool and different types of carbon sinks, that is natural carbon sink and artificial carbon sinks. And also we discussed the important outcomes of the research study that is mentioned in this news article. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us move on to the next news article analysis. This news article is based on a New York Times article which expresses the concerns about the health crisis that is emerging due to drug resistant gems. These emerging multi-drug resistant gems affected almost 3 million people across the world every year. On the other hand, the companies that are developing new versions of the drugs are losing large amount of money in their research and development activities. As per the news article, because of the growing losses, the companies are going out of the business as they gain no long-term profit. The United Nations stated that if you don't find drugs to fight and kill these MDR gems, the global health toll could increase to 10 million people by 2050. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. So in this context today we are going to see what is multi-drug resistant gems, then how these MDR gems develop resistance to drugs, then why there is very limited R&D against MDR gems globally, then what are the issues that are troubling the antibiotic startups and drug firms and finally we will see about India's role in MDR drugs research and development. Now we will see about multi-drug resistant gems. See, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are becoming resistant and ineffective to the antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral and antimalarial drugs. So it is also known as antimicrobial resistance. And you know that antibiotics mean drugs which are easy to treat bacterial infections whereas antifungal means drugs which are easy to treat fungal infections, then antiviral means drugs which are easy to treat viral infections. Therefore antimicrobial includes antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral and antimalarial. Now the multi-drug resistance occurs naturally over a period of time that is usually through genetic changes. And also in many places antibiotics are overused and misused in people as well as in animals. Therefore the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial is accelerating the multi-drug resistance. For example, antibiotics like penicillin, erythromycin and ofloxacin were introduced about 70 years ago. These are conventional drugs and effectively kills millions of pathogens. However, a tiny population of gems had survived and this was possible due to slight changes in the genes. The genetic changes in gems stop the antibiotic drugs from entering their cells or pump out the entered drug molecules. As a result these escaped gems started growing and multiplying into millions over a period of time. As a result they become resistant to all the common antimicrobial drugs and these are known as multi-drug resistant gems that is MDR gems. Now what is needed in this scenario?  Then they need to develop effective drugs to fight against the MDR gems. This usually takes a decade or more time to develop such drugs and the amount of investment for R&D in each one of the drugs has been billions of dollars and the company expects to gain billions of dollars every year. Now the problem is that the companies have invested billions to develop these drugs but they have not find a way to make money by selling these drugs. This is because most of the antibiotics are just prescribed for days or for weeks and it is here the problem lies. Whereas in case of chronic diseases like diabetes, arthritis, blood disorder and cancer drugs are prescribed for long term so that the firms could make profit. But in case of fight against MDR gems the antibiotics are prescribed for days and at best for weeks so no long term profit is made in selling these drugs. Therefore this discourages the drug firms in investing in drugs against MDR gems. The article also mentions some examples like how the major drug firms on the startups like Tetraphase and R&M went bankrupt as they could not make any sustained profit in R&D activities against MDR diseases. Now we will see other factors that are contributing to the losses of drug developing countries. These factors includes low level political commitment in framing relevant policies then not having adequate infrastructures like incubation centers, then research parks and to some extent advanced technology that is needed for R&D activities. So in such crisis situation what could be the role for Indian firms in R&D activities especially in MDR drug research. In this case the Indian firms that is both private and public companies may interact with drug firms across the globe then they can get the hot end technology of making drugs active against MDR gems. Then finally make these drugs available for use by the needy people not only in India but across the world. Then the Indian government is also trying to come up with initiatives to fight against MDR diseases. That is to reduce the burden of MDR TB the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has developed the national strategic plan for tuberculosis for the period of 2017 to 2025. The goal of this national strategic plan is to end TB by 2025 and this strategic plan targets both the drug resistant TB and also HIV resistant TB. Kindly know that at global level the World Health Organization passed a resolution in the month of May 2014 to end the global TB epidemic and this resolution is known as WHO end TB strategy. It targets to reduce TB deaths by about 95% and to reduce the new cases by 90% between 2015 to 2035. So in the context of this news article we have discussed MDR tuberculosis as an example but many other pathogens are developing resistance towards the antimicrobial drugs. Therefore in the context of growing antimicrobial drug resistance there shall be suitable research into the biology of MDR gems and to develop effective drugs and to fight against these MDR gems. The news article is also calling for the private non-profit foundations along with the Indian government and its funding agencies should come forward and invest in R&D especially against the emerging MDR diseases. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The display practice question will be discussed at the end of this session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article is about the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act of 2019. In this context we will be discussing in brief about some of the important proteins of the Act and the concerns raised by the transgender communities and the social activists. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now let us discuss in brief about the Act that is the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Bill of 2019 which was passed in Lok Sabha in the month of August 2019. And then the Rajesh Sabha cleared the bill in the month of November 2019 and in the month of December 2019 it received the Ascent of the President of India. The Act extends to the whole of India and its aims to protect the rights of the transgender community and ensure their welfare. Now if you look at the Supreme Court judgment that is in 2014 in the NULSA versus Indian of India case, the Supreme Court had stated that the fundamental rights which are granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to transgender community. And the Supreme Court gave them the right to self-identification of the gender that is self-identification of transgender as male or female or thought gender. The Supreme Court also mandated that the central and state governments have to ensure legal recognition of all transgender persons and to ensure unproactive measures instituted for their welfare. Therefore this Act can be viewed as a right step in this direction. Now we will see the important pros and cons of the Act that is the Act defines a transgender person as a person whose gender does not match with the gender assigned to that person at the time of birth. Then the Act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons on various grounds such as the denial or discontinuation or unfair treatment in educational establishments or the denial or termination from or unfair treatment in relation to employment opportunities or the denial or discontinuation or unfair treatment in health care services then also denial or unfair treatment with regard to the right of movement or right to recite or right to purchase etc. The Act also provides for a certificate of identity. The Act states that a transgender person may make an application to the district magistrate for a certificate of identity indicating the gender as transgender whereas in case of a minor child the applications could be made by the guardian of the child. Then the Act says that the government is under obligation to make adequate steps and welfare schemes to ensure full and effective participation of transgender persons and their inclusion in society. Know that every educational institution funded or recognized by the government shall provide inclusive education and inclusive opportunities in terms of sports or recreation or leisure activities to transgender persons without discrimination on an equal basis with others. Then the another important provision is regarding the establishment of a National Council for Transgender Persons. The Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment will be the ex-officio chairperson of this council. The council will have representatives from the National Human Rights Commission and National Commission for Women and also the council will have representatives from state governments and union territories. The council will also have representatives from non-governmental organizations or associations working for the welfare of transgender communities. So these are important provisions of transgender persons Protection of Rights Act of 2019. Now let us see the important penal provisions that are given in the Act. The Act provides for penalizing those persons who compels transgender persons to indulge in the act of personal labor or bonded labor. Then those persons who denies a transgender person the right of passage to a public place or forces or causes a transgender person to leave household or village or other place of residence. Then it also penalizes those persons who arms or injures or endends the life, safety, health or mental or physical well-being of transgender persons. The Act mentions that they shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 6 months and may extend to 2 years and also with fine. Now let us discuss some of the concerns which are raised by the transgender communities and the social activists. The first and foremost is that the title of the Act itself is misleading that is the term transgender is restrictive as it does not comprehensively cover the complexities of the transgender community. Further the Act covers persons with intersex variations as transgender. However the transgender community perceives transgender as different from intersex. Therefore the transgender community are demanding that the Act should distinct between the transgender and intersex persons. Then the next concern raised is that the right of transgender for self-identification of their gender. This is because as per the Supreme Court judgment the court upheld the right of transgender for self-identification of their gender. However the Act mandates a certificate of identity as transgender from a district magistrate declaring the holder to be transgender. Therefore the activists argue that this pros and goes against the principle of self-identification. Then the another criticism is that the Act does not provide enough affirmative actions for the welfare of transgender and intersex persons. This is because they might require a range of unique healthcare needs. However the Act does not include these unique healthcare needs for the transgender community. The activists also say that the community and their concerns were not consulted while framing the Act. They also demand to set up a working group for a council for intersex persons was also ignored by the government. The activists also say that the long pending demand to declare forced, unnecessary and non-consensual sex reassignment surgery as illegal was neglected by the government. Therefore to conclude this news article we can say that the Act is a step in the right direction for the upliftment of transgender persons who are one of the highly marginalized and vulnerable sections in the society. So the National Council for Transgender Persons must act proactively to address all legitimate concerns of the transgender people. In addition the government must accommodate the genuine concerns of the community in the coming days. With this we have come to the end of the analysis of this news article. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of this session. Let us start our practice question session. Now look at this question. This question is based on OOC's region of India. They have given two statements and we have to choose correct statements. Statement one says that an OOC's region of India that is OSEC odd holder is eligible to fundamental rights guaranteed under article 16. Then second statement says that a person who is or had been a citizen of Pakistan, Bangladesh or Afghanistan or a person whose either parents or grandparents or great grandparents is or had been a citizen of either of these countries is not eligible to register as OCA card holder. So in this context you should know about the OOC's citizenship of India scheme which was introduced by amending the Citizenship Act of 1955 through the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2005. Therefore as per the scheme it provides for registration of persons of Indian origin as OOC's citizen of India. Know that persons of Indian origin that is PIO is a person who was an Indian national or any of ancestors was an Indian national and who is presently holding passport of other countries. Now if you look at the eligibility to register as an OCA card holder, the foreign nationals of the following categories are eligible to register as OCA card holder. That is the person who was a citizen of India or who was eligible to become a citizen of India at the time of the commencement of the Indian Constitution or at any time after the commencement of the Indian Constitution. Then a person who belonged to a territory that became part of India after India's independence is also eligible to get OCA card. Kindly know that the people of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin are not eligible to get OCA card. Therefore the given second statement is incorrect statement. Also know that as per the Indian Constitution it does not allow dual citizenship or holding Indian citizenship and foreign citizenship simultaneously. The registered OOC's citizens of India shall not be entitled to the rights conferred on a citizen of India. That is under Article 16 of the Constitution which deals with the equality of opportunity in the matters of public employment. The OCA card holders also does not confer political rights for its holders. So the persons registered as OCA card holders have not been given any voting rights. That is to participate in the elections to Lok Sabha or Raj Sabha or Legislative Assembly or to Legislative Council. Even the OCA card holder cannot hold constitutional post such as President, Vice President or judges of Supreme Court or judges of the High Courts. However the OCA card holders enjoy certain benefits such as they can visit India without visa for lifelong. That means they will have multiple entry lifelong visa for visiting India for any purpose. However OCA card holders will require a special permission to undertake research work in the country. Then the OCA card holders enjoy parity with non-resident Indians in respect of all facilities that are available to the NRAs in financial and educational fields but except in the matters related to the acquisition of agricultural or plantation properties. Even the OCA card holders will be treated on par with non-resident Indians in the matters of inter-country adoption of Indian children. So this is all about OCA that is OCA's reason of India. So in this question the given two statements are incorrect statements. So for this question option D that is neither one nor two is the correct answer. Now look at this question, this question is with reference to Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act of 2019. They have given two statements and you have to choose correct statements. Statement one says that it aims to establish a national council for transgender persons chaired by the Prime Minister of India. Then second statement says that a person who forces or causes a transgender person to leave household or village or other place of residence can be punished with a jail term. So in this context to know that the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act got the ascent of president in the month of December 2019 and this act extends to the whole of India. It aims to protect the rights of the transgender community and it also aims to ensure their welfare. As per the pros and cons of this act, the act defines a transgender person as a person whose gender does not match with the gender assigned to that person at the time of birth. The act also prohibits discrimination against transgender persons on the grounds such as the denial or discrimination or unfair treatment in the matters of educational establishments or in the matters of public employment or denial or unfair treatment with regard to the right to movement or right to reside or right to purchase. Therefore, these are certain grounds of discrimination. The act also provides for a certificate of identity. The act says that a transgender person may make an application to the district magistrate for a certificate of identity indicating the gender as transgender. The act also requires the government is under obligation to make adequate steps and welfare schemes to secure full and effective participation of transgender persons and their inclusion in the society. Then the another significant pros and as per the act is that the establishment of a national council for transgender persons. This council is headed by the union minister of social justice and empowerment. The council will also have representatives from the national human rights commission and national commission for women and also the council have representatives of state governments and union territories and the council also have representatives of transgender community and also it has representatives of non-governmental organizations or associations who are working for the welfare of transgender persons. Then the act also provides penal pros and that is the act provides for penalizing those persons who compels transgender persons to indulge in the act of forced labour or bonded labour. Then it also penalizes those persons who denies a transgender person the right of passage to a public place or forces or causes a transgender person to leave household or village or other place of residence. And then it also penalizes those persons who arms or injures or endangers the life, safety, health or mental or physical well-being of transgender persons. Therefore as per the act they shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 6 months and may extend to 2 years and also with fine. Now if you look at the first statement it says that the act aims to establish a national council for transgender persons chaired by the prime minister of India. So the given statement one is incorrect because this council is cited by union minister of social justice and empowerment. Then look at the second statement it says that a person who forces or causes a transgender person to leave household or village or other place of residence can be punished with a jail term. So this statement is correct statement. So for this question option B that is 2 only is the correct answer. Now look at this question this question was asked in UPSC prelims 2017 examination. The question is that in the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide which of the following can be potential sites for carbon sequestration. That is first site as abundant and uneconomic coal since then depleted oil and gas reservoirs then subterranean deep saline formations. And you have to choose correct answer using the course given here. Know that carbon sequestration is the process which involves carbon capture on long term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbon sinks. So here carbon sinks is an area that can absorb carbon. There are two types of carbon sinks that is natural carbon sinks and artificial carbon sinks. Some of the examples of natural carbon sinks includes oceans, forest, soils etc. Then some of the examples of artificial carbon sinks involves the storage of carbon dioxide in deep underground then unminable coal beds then depleted oil and gas reservoirs then also the suitable subterranean deep saline formations. So all the three sites given in this question are potential sites for carbon sequestration. So for this question the correct answer is option D that is 1, 2, 3. Now look at this question this question is definition based question of carbon sequestration. Option A says a tradable permit representing the right to emit one ton of carbon or carbon dioxide equivalent. Then option B says that the process of imposing tax based on the amount of carbon present in a fossil fuel. Then option C says that the process to gain credits by reducing carbon dioxide gas emissions which are made at other locations. Then option D says that it is the process involved in carbon capture and the long term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide into an area that absorbs carbon. So for this question that is definition of carbon sequestration option D describes the process of carbon sequestration. Now look at this question this question is based on elimination of TB. Statement 1 says that national strategic plan for tuberculosis elimination aims to eliminate TB by 2022 in India. Then second statement says that the end TB strategy of WHO aims 95% reduction in number of TB deaths compared with 2015 by 2035 and 90% reduction by 2035 in TB incidence rate compared with 2015. So out of the given two statements you have to choose correct statements. Know that to reduce the burden of multi-drug resistant TB the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has developed the national strategic plan for tuberculosis for the period of 2017 to 2025. The goal of this NSP is to end TB by 2025. The strategy targets both the drug resistant TB as well as HIV resistant TB. Now if you look at the first statement it says that the national strategic plan aims to eliminate TB by 2022. So the given first statement is incorrect because it aims to eliminate TB by 2025. Then at the global level the World Health Organization passed a resolution in the month of May 2014 that is to end the global TB epidemic. This resolution is known as WHO end TB strategy. As per this strategy WHO aims 95% reduction by 2035 in number of TB deaths compared with 2015 and 90% reduction by 2035 in TB incidence rate as compared with 2015. The strategy also aims 0 TB affected families facing catastrophic cost due to TB by 2035. As per this question the second statement is correct statement whereas first statement is incorrect statement. Therefore option B2 only is the correct answer for this question. With this we have come to the end of analysis of today's India news analysis. 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