The Karate Kid opened in theaters in 1984 and inspired a generation of youth to join the martial arts. Now more than 30 years later, Lightning strikes again with the Cobra Kai series, taking the saga into deeper, funnier, and honestly more insightful directions. Now while the story and characters may be based on fiction, there are some cast members who train in the martial arts in real life, and that's what we're here to talk about today. Today we have special guest Owen Morgan who plays Bert on the hit show.  Today he's here with us to talk about what it's like being a real karate kid and playing one on TV. So welcome Owen to the show. We're really appreciate you being on the show with us today to talk about your experience in the martial arts. I guess the first question to start off with is how did you actually get involved in the martial arts and how old were you? Let's see it's been over 10 years since I first got into karate. I started as a little kid I just I don't remember exactly why I wanted to I probably had some friends doing it at the time but I mean yeah I've just been I've been doing karate for a very very long time just as long as I can really remember. Now can you tell us a little bit about your school now it's actually your family that runs the schools is correct? Yes and it's also all star karate? All star karate yes about 30 minutes outside of Atlanta yeah it's a big like kind of fusion martial arts thing where we put a bunch of different kind of karate styles together so it's mostly karate and taekwondo but we take from a little bit of everything take the best parts out of all the different styles and kind of discard what we don't need and uh yeah it's just that's that's our that's our thing that's what we do. I'd like that you mention that it's a fusion because I was looking at your family's website and it's it's interesting because there's a lot of schools that say you know we teach this program we teach this program but I'm very intrigued with fusion programs where you take specific elements and you make a curriculum out of it. Now in your school is it one general curriculum or is it broken down into different categories? Generally it's all it's all one curriculum um we just kind of yeah it's it's all just one big thing it's not usually uh if there is a good separation I don't know it's not something that um is really made a big point out of it's just something where it's like you get taught a certain curriculum and it just it gets more advanced as you go along because it's just a little bit of everything. Now that like because this is you're kind of in a unique position because a lot of people that we have on the show and a lot of people who watch our show they come from you know their background is this particular martial art that may spend 10 20 years in and they cross train and they see a big contrast between arts. I like the fact that you're starting off in a mixture so it's kind of unique that you're not really seeing that separation at the beginning so what does that mean in terms to you when you hear people talk about which style is better or do you have a preference of what you like in training versus other parts of training I kind of like the fact that you're kind of starting or you started off at this as a clean slate without those political lines drawn what is your favorite part of training and what is your message to people who try to say that one art is better than another? Well yeah I wouldn't say necessarily one is better than the other I mean I think that they all have uh benefits right they they can all work in their own way just depending on how you use it yeah personally I don't have a favorite or anything like that. What is it like being a martial artist in real life you know going to your school every day you've got your family that runs the school and then so you've got this experience behind you and then you go and you go on the cv show where you're playing a character learning for the first time how hard is it how hard is it to separate that mentality of pretending to be a beginner after all the experience that you grew up with? It was weird at first I'll say that because you know you start doing all these very basic forms and stuff when like you know you can you have the ability to do a lot more but over time as the years have gone on it's just become more natural and also I've been able to do less basic stuff as I've gone along the show so it's it's gotten yeah it's gotten a lot more natural and easy for me. Yeah you can tell you can tell from looking at season one to season five to the progression of martial arts in the show everyone seems to be stepping up their game so what was um what is your training arrangement like on set as I do understand sometimes instructors come in they guide the cast a little bit like how can you describe the experience from season one to season five in terms of the choreography in the training? Yeah so we have a stunt team amazing stunt team love them they're very hands-on with us and they yeah they they're very great at training especially the people that come into the show not already knowing karate they're really good at teaching them like they'll they'll make them into like really great fighters out of nowhere um but uh yeah usually I don't I don't seem unless we have specific choreography that needs to be done um but you know when that happens I mean they're they're always right there with us making sure we got everything down that we need to know and they're like running through it with us until we pretty much yeah we got it down. Did you have any prior experience or familiarity with the karate kid before you started filming Cobra Kai? A bit not much I'm gonna be honest I knew of it and there's a chance I'd seen the the first one like once ever but I barely remembered it um so I pretty much went into the whole thing blind. Which is interesting because that adds to the character because the character of Bert is going into the whole situation blind. Yeah yeah I hadn't thought of it that way. So what's it like having your school actually because for those viewers who I'm not sure aren't aware um your school is actually featured in the show is that correct? Yes yes twice now. Where can we find them? Um let's see in the uh last couple episodes of season one and the last couple episodes of season four um in the All Valley sequences. And they actually go by the name All Star Karate that's the name of your school. Yes they do yes.  Yeah it was it was it was pretty funny I didn't uh generally when we were on set we weren't too close to the other schools um especially All Star they were on like the other side of the room compared to me so uh it wasn't it wasn't too strange because I didn't see them that often but um it was it was very funny well a person I never had to fight anyone from that team um as far as I'm aware well no one from my actual school I might have had to fight someone that was supposed to be from All Star um it wasn't something I ever thought too much about but um it's I just I yeah I really uh like that that that was just able to be an opportunity it's it's very interesting that happened at all it's it's very nice getting to see my school up there getting the representation I think it deserves. So Bert is often seen as the comic really fun the show um what is something that you would like people to know about the character of Bert that might not necessarily come across like in your in your mind in the back Bert's background what is something that people are that you wish people would know about Bert? I don't think it's shown quite enough but um he I like to think that he he values his his friends over everything else more than the rivalry there was a good bit of time where he he got caught up in all this craziness and he wasn't really like thinking about it he was just getting thrown from dojo to dojo but when it comes down to it he's he's he's very loyal to specifically his friends not not the dojo not like the karate but like his friends the people that he knows and uh yeah I'd really like to see that get explored a little bit more in the future so people can see that. The one thing I like about the show which I think kind of echoes what you were talking about earlier is Cobra Kai when the first movies came out it was very very clearly you know there's good karate bad karate that's kind of the dynamic they had right as Cobra Kai went on we start to see more of a dynamic evolving especially with Samantha's character and a lot of Johnny Branshnoff and Johnny Deano that we're starting to show that it's not just who's karate is the best but the characters are starting to learn how to take mixtures of everything and cross train and how you can learn from over here and it's not really necessarily about the art but about the person and and and the the material you're learning and how you apply it so a lot like your beginning in the fusion martial arts how do you think the message in Cobra Kai carries over into your life in terms of mixing influences together? Yeah I mean I think it yeah it's it's well explained like that that it it comes down to yeah being able to find your own style that that can carry into both karate and just general life you can take from a little bit of everything honestly you know you don't necessarily have to stay rooted in one place you know just just staying very like where you are just never moving but I think it's better to learn from your experiences around you and being able to evolve yourself in how you do things it's a big thing about loyalty and knowing who to trust and you know forgiveness and you shouldn't be holding too much onto grudges and stuff yeah I think yeah just overall the biggest thing is just yeah just knowing who you are and being comfortable with yourself. Now can you tell us anything about your rivalry with Nate in the show how like you guys started off at the beginning being like the mortal enemies how does that relationship progress throughout the seasons because by the time you get to season five you guys a little bit more on the same page? Yeah it's really it was so much fun to be able to work with him he is he is awesome he's he's amazing um yeah obviously we start we started off as just these bitter rivals from out of nowhere there was never any build up to it we were just like bitter enemies uh and I think that was that was a big appeal of it is the fact that like no one knows what the context is we just hate each other um and then yeah more recently and later seasons we've we've grown to be uh allies and then essentially inseparable best friends once again no context as to why we just are and I love that so much it's one of those things where we just we have no idea what's going on but we just depending on where we're at we're just either going to be at each other's throats or completely inseparable and I love it um what is Stingray like to work with he's amazing I I love Paul Walterhauser so much he is he is amazingly funny he's so nice he's he's great to work with and he's just he's always like doing improv so he's he'll like switch up lines or add little things in and scenes that like no one will ever see coming and he'll have everyone on the crew just dying of laughter every single time and it's awesome and I can't wait to work with him again in the future awesome so when it comes to the cast when someone like Ralph Machos on the show like in this generation when he started like that movie The Crotty Kid it started a big boom in martial arts and youth at that time um does that influence carry over at all when he's on set do you feel that history with him and you feel that Cobra Kai is kind of going down the same path of trying to inspire another generation of youth to join the martial arts and I yeah I think absolutely I've seen it myself that this show has been inspiring so many people to try out karate and try to get into uh into it themselves they've been taking on his stuff away and when I'm working with Ralph um like especially early on I was uh it was an honor to even be in this presence right um because he's the karate kid nowadays he's uh it's a lot it's a lot more chill we we've gotten to know each other and fairly well um so he's just kind of Ralph these days but um yeah it's it's it is it is fun funny to just think about how much influence he's had uh just in general on film because of how iconic this franchise is so I have to ask kind of curiosity so you you grew up with your family running the school in Dojo how did you make that transition into acting like did you it was acting something that you wanted to pursue or is that something you just kind of fell into like how did that come about I absolutely fell into it um I think I think maybe we knew somebody at the karate school who knew that there was some kind of karate show happening so we decided to be uh to sign up to be extras for because we were like you know we were on a karate school this would be a fun little thing to do um and then yeah I just I got hired for it and the the longer I spent on set the more realistic that was just what I wanted to keep doing for a while and who knew what that that some karate show would end up turned out to be right yeah we heard rumors that it might be karate kid related but we had no idea so do you have any aspirations to continue acting past Cobra Kai I really do um I I want to keep doing it for a long time uh I have I have no intentions of stopping anytime soon I I love acting not just on the show but just in general it's just so much fun and it's just it's just something that I just I love doing so so much and I just I want to keep doing it for as long as I possibly can why would you like to thank you for your time today I really appreciate you coming on the show um the show has been a wonderful experience I'm from the generation when karate kid came out and Cobra Kai has just kind of relived that fire for me and it's it's it's really a very special experience to be able to revisit the world I grew up with but there's so much more color there's so much new material there's so many new characters that go forward with this new show and I thank you for being a part of it and I thank you for being on here and we really appreciate your work and we cannot wait to see what happens in season six yeah thank you so much for on me on this was amazing I had a really great time we'd like to thank Owen Morgan for taking time with us today and sharing his experience from the martial arts in real life and what it was like on the show now we look forward to seeing Bert again in the highly anticipated conclusion to Cobra Kai with the upcoming season six it's always fascinating to talk to cast members who are lifelong martial artists so if you'd like to hear more I highly recommend our interviews with Daryl Vidal fellow compoist and inventor of the crane kick and William Christopher Ford Sean Ryu sensei and Dennis from the cry-to-kid part three and please be sure to sweep subscribe no mercy


Robert, I see you had never seen an incident like this. He was hot. He could feel that heat. Leave the doling and never show it up. Roger, we're changing. You think this amazing plan will go? Ellen, I have no questions. If you wanted to tell everybody what you can do. I'll see you all here. Thank you for coming again. Since our last meeting in January, I hope you're all agree that the recession was out in December. We've sent a budget up to the hill for 1984. I only hope we can get it persuading the Congress to screw it away, but already there's been a very dramatic and, I think, ridiculous step taken by the majority party in the House for the budget that acts as if there wasn't a recession. We were still back in old fashioned days of tax and taxes and spending spent. I think I have a tendency to think we have to find some relief and compromise. I don't think you can compromise at all with that. I don't think it's a political document. No one goes seriously intended with the budget. And I assume we're all encouraged by the words on Friday that industrial production went up. 1.1% of producer prices went down, 1.1% of 1%. And I've seen the maker of the burden. George Caller for today's meeting and now I'll quit talking and get a summation of what you all have been talking about. Mr. President, I've tried to do that. You suggested last time that we did very well. Mr. President, thank you very much for allowing us to issue this stamp at the White House today. I appreciate the opportunity. It's customary at these ceremonies to present the first album of stamps to the President of the United States. Usually you get yours by mail. I know you get it on time. But this is my privilege and personal pleasure to be able to present it to you in person today, sir. Well, thank you very much. This is like I remember a story of a previous President who was a stamp collector and a stake was made on a certain sheet of stamps and they wound up as a gift to him. I think I understand it made them quite unique from a collector's stamp. Well, I thank you very much and I want to thank you for coming to celebrate with us the issuing of a volunteerism stamp. As you well aware, the volunteer spirit built America in our pioneers' days and I think it's kept us strong ever since. But in recent years it seemed as if some of us had forgotten that fact. I, America and American values began to drift a little bit. Today, whether through the leadership of officials like William Bolger or the thousands of business people and civic leaders who rolled up their sleeves to lend a hand, volunteerism in America is alive and well again. I suppose it was only natural for them to create this volunteerism stamp. In his spare time he volunteers for a whole host of worthy causes. As a matter of fact the entire post office is known for that kind of spirit. I understand that we have a member of your team here today, Dick Green, who has been recognized for outstanding volunteer work. And for post office management is cooperating with the National Association of Letter Carriers to look out for our elderly, disabled and housebound citizens. Or has all of this been explained before? Well, all right. The male men and women today notice letters accumulating in certain boxes. They notify the appropriate people to make sure that everything is all right. On behalf of all Americans who live alone or love someone who does, I thank you for making the extra effort and for caring. The revival of volunteerism in America has meant a real uplift in the spirit of our people. Because we're working together again, hope that seemed to be disappearing is being restored. The stamp we dedicate today should become a symbol of our renewed spirit and a reminder that for a nation in which neighbor helps neighbor great days and better times lie ahead. One of the first uses of this new stamp will be to send a National Volunteerism Week message to hundreds of organizations across the country. And one example is a letter that I have here addressed to the Buffalo Variety Club Channel 7 telethon. Since 1962, they've raised $9 million to support programs and facilities at Children's Hospital of Buffalo and its rehabilitation center. My message to those 3,000 volunteers up in Buffalo is to keep up the good work. So, there's a letter for delivery. Well, and, Jim, have you told them our little incident the other day with Sister Mandolin? No, I haven't. This volunteer is the thing to show you. It has come. It's all over the country. Just the other day, yesterday, I was in the Roosevelt room with representatives, American Medical Association, Dental Society, all those groups. And I have a list that long now from their report. All over the country, Congress up on the Hill thinking about some kind of a new medical program for the unemployed who are laid off and all. These are medical associations at the county level. Ohio, Michigan, Oregon, Illinois, all over where the doctors and the other healthcare specialists and the pharmacists are getting together to take care of those unemployed who now laid off are not protected by, say, an employer's insurance plan and providing free medical care and attention for those people. They didn't wait for Congress. And it's all coming out of their heart. Not the taxpayer's pocket. But the thing that I was going to tell you about to show you how it was spread, the other day, I was recognizing with Certificate 6 Peace Corps volunteers. Now, for five of them, it had to be relatives of parents who received the certificates. They were still out there in the world doing their volunteer work. But one, Sister Mandolin, a very tiny little woman is from Ghana, and she came back. She is working there in the medical center where they are trying to do something about the newly recognized monkeypox, as it's called, which is very similar to smallpox and is sweeping Africa. And she had come back and I was presenting her for all her years of work with her certificate. And everyone there got very curious. So they saw her whisper something to me and they saw me whisper back. And later, I was able to tell some of them what it was. She was still working. She whispered to me and said that in their canteen, they were very much in need of flour. There was great hunger. And I whispered back and I would look into it. So this was early afternoon. I came back in. The message was carried over there to the private initiatives office. And before the afternoon was over, Seaboard Corporation had arranged to send 3,000 pounds of flour to Ghana to Sister Madeleine's canteen. Well, I thank you again for coming here for also your commitment to volunteerism. And I just think that it's a funny thing. It is more blessed to give than receive because I think there's a spirit among our people now that hasn't been there for a long time. Instead of saying government ought to do something about this, they're doing it. Every day we just get these repeated examples of it now. Easily it's done. The fellow that handed me a resume with a big audience listening said will you show this to some people? He's now employed. I just came back and showed it to some people. I only took a couple of telephone calls. But God bless all of you and thank you for this and I sure it will be most effective. Thank you very much. Mr. President, Mr. President, Mr. President, Mr. Baird, I'd like to respond. Yes. Thank you.


I think it is one of the things that the Law State University Extension manages to issue your soil quality lab in the Southern Ohio, the Titeton, Ohio, and he has a very unique lab that has a lot of soil quality tests that are not usually done in the normal soil tests for phosphorus potassium. He can get into all the different parameters that you really need to understand soil quality. I will talk about that. Today we are going to focus on looking at cover crop species. What happens when you are buying one type of cover crop filter? Is that what you get? Otherwise soil quality that is the question. So that is the problem with the slide setting. I was asked to give it a talk on cover crop orchid. We use rye or red or clover, but when you combine all different types of cover crop, how they work, how they affect soil or crop yield or soil biology. That is what we are going to talk about. So before I go into that, one of my research related to cover crop on sustainable land funded by North Central selling. So they asked me to talk a little bit about that. So I will have some slides to explain to you what we got in different states in the US, what farmers are thinking, and after that we will move into the main talk. Is that okay? Let's start. Okay, so I have to talk about selling project EAC 118. That is to develop professionals so they can train farmers or help farmers to follow sustainable land. So that is what I am going to talk first. So this is the project we got funded. It is training the trainers on sustainable land. So what we got? We got our resources, which are sun, that means the light, main powerhouse in the world or ecosystem. Then we got air and water, and we got soil. Good soil, only 10% good soil we can use to grow crops. And water less than 3%, fresh water. So you can imagine how less resources we have in terms of good quality. So that's why we said how we are going to manage this. And all these resources come through sunlight, utilizing rainwater and nutrients from the soil, produce food, feed, fiber and energy. And everything based on carbon. As a whole, life on earth based on carbon.  And that's also one of the important components of organic farming, sustainable farming or natural farming. Manage carbon, that is organic matter. So current agriculture production, although it is very productive, it will give you lot of good production of 200% corn, 60% soybean. But it affects our production. How? Over the years, it will affect your farm economics and ecosystem services. That means poor soil quality, bad air. If you go to China, you will see everybody has a mask of pollution. And also the water quality. And as a whole, it affects us. When you drive on the highway during summer, it says ozone alert. Because ozone is bad for asthma. Those people are suffering from respiration problem. Ozone affects them. And how we produce all these activities, what we are doing, releasing carbon dioxide, NOx, and it creates this situation. So managing ecosystem based on carbon is the management of our survival. And we have to think about again, how we are going to use our equipment. We have too much equipment. So how we are going to use equipment. And also, we have to diversify crop in polyculture. And then we have to think about using reactive fertilizer. That means nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. And also toxic chemicals. Those are hormones or pesticide, insecticides. So as a whole, all kinds of things, what we are doing, we have to think about that again and again. As a result of our activities, which I had mentioned yesterday during our workshop, conventional way of farming, creating some kind of circular big radiation. That means we plow with a lot of mechanization, use fertilizer. And that created loss of organic matter, compacted soil, and poor healthy quality. And as a result, a lot of diseases started to develop and that makes the plant unhappy. So plants are not productive or they don't like to be that way. And when plants are not productive or they are unhappy, it will affect your biodiversity and disease causing organism. So as a result, you apply more pesticide. And that pesticide, again in a circle, affect your biodiversity. And as a result of biodiversity, you are getting the poor quality soil. So it's a cycle. So you have to get out of that cycle. Just I just give you one example. This is, if you use 100 gallon of gasoline in your tractor or any kind of mechanization, what you are going to get? You will get 90 to 120 pounds of water out of every 100 gallons of gas. And you will get 3 to 10 pounds of carbon shoes, the black shoes. Then you will get one and a half pounds to two pounds of shoes. And then one, four to one pound of varnish, the chemicals. Last of all, you will get one to four pounds of nitric and sulfuric acid. Can you imagine that? When you burn 100 gallons of gas in your tractor or your car or your any mechanization, you will get one to four pounds of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. So you can imagine what we are releasing into that moisture. This is gas, not diesel. Diesel is more, this is petroleum. So diesel is more thicker and more contaminants. It should be dribble. Just an example that what is coming out. So look at this slide. So we, that's what we said, conventional tillage is making ecosystem services, farm productivity, soil health declining to the red line. And whereas sustainable ag, which we are thinking, should be enhancing. And that's what we will see a lot of, I could use this one, a lot of organisms, different types of land, the arrows are thicker and bigger compared to the conventional side. So that's what we want to achieve. So that's the project we have that based on sustainability, what would be our objective, what we have to do. So ideas to train professionals to conduct multi-state workshop. So they can be trained on sustainable ag and they can teach and help farmers to follow or adapt that system. So that was the idea. What we have done, our target audience was extension educator, teachers, NRCS and EPA personnel, soil and water conservation people, county official, crop consultant, ag business people and progressive farm, farm leaders. So our expected outcomes, short term that the trained, the professionals who are trained, they will become more and more aware of sustainable ag and they will get knowledge and learn new techniques so they can help farmers. That is the short term outcome. And the medium outcome or intermediate outcome, once they get this training, these professionals are going to develop and implement some program to assist farmers like workshop, field day, demonstration. And also these professionals will help farmers to shift conventional farmers into sustainable ag in the natural farming system by removing road blocks. That means they are going to help farmers where they can get the cover crop seed, how many seed, how many pounds I need when I have to plant this kind of thing ready to use information. And long term outcome was that about 20 to 30 percent of the farmers in North Central region will adapt sustainable ag in the next 10 to 15 years after this training to the professionals. And once they increase this number of farming or farmers involved, then with greater improved economics and ecosystem services, the farm income or farmers income or as a whole rural economy will improve. So that was all this outcome. So we shared the resources we use. We got resources from SARI, they funded us and we got volunteers. They contributed more than 600 hours and the funds also leveraged by Ohio State University, Michigan State University, University of Minnesota, NRCS, soil and water conservation and CTC, conservation tillage conference and also ag culture solutions in Canada. So Canadian they came and they said you have to organize this workshop for us also. So we did that. What we did, we organized three workshops for NRCS people in Illinois. So we trained more than 250 people in Illinois and Michigan around 170, 178 people were trained. Minnesota we got 123. Ontario, Canada we got 267 people trained. And in Ohio there were a few hundred, four to five hundred people. And Texas we trained about 42 people. So all together you can see about 1000 people we trained through this program and we distributed the material more than 1000 copies and also we are developing a website so farmers can have access. So what results we got, we have some survey we found that most of the participants are consultant, ag consultants and the second category is university extension educator and dealers. They are also dealers. And we got some farmers also 15% people are farmers they were trained by our workshop but most of the people around 45 to 48% of the participants that means around 450 to 480 people are trained professionals, professional dealers. And we asked them about the satisfaction of the workshop, what we have. So you can see around 85% said they are very satisfied or satisfied, few of them didn't like around 5% people. And knowledge gain, look at this, I mean look at this slide people are looking about 21st century agricultural, new kind of agricultural they are looking for. So almost 23% people they are asking for new kind of information for agriculture. Cover crop, yeah, nitrogen management cover crop look at this blue, dark blue, crop rotation the pink one. So we got a lot of people they are asking for conservation tillage cover crop and some information about sustainable agriculture. So that gives us satisfaction with our project activities and how much they learn. And we asked what kind of soil properties you think are important. So look at that most of them said biological properties or soil biology is the most important. And for organic or sustainable ag or conservation ag or natural production system biology is the main thing. And physical and chemical more or less same. But biology most of the people said this is important. And then we asked what single parameters of soil is important for maintaining soil health as a part of sustainable ag. Almost 48% said organic matter.  And that's what I told you lies based on our carbon that is organic matter. And you know that and farmers know or professionals they know. And then we asked what kind of management system will be good for sustainable ag to improve soil quality. Almost 30% said conservation tillage and around 25%. So around 55 to 58% said cover crops and crop rotation. These are the important part. Again we are talking about organic matter. Double crop means organic matter, biodiversity, disease separation. This kind of thing. So that's why I thought I should have given my talk this is our funding and the research to move ahead with the cover crop talk. So I'll come to my talk now. I have to be a mess. So what would be the sustainable organic production or any sustainable production? What do you think? Some of you I know you have been in my last year study workshop. The main thing is noting that should be continuous noted. That means you do it this year and next year you will be flying. So note in corn, note in soybean and then you plow and have corn. So that is not noted. Noted means absolute noted no disturbance. But for organic production we know that you cannot have noted but you have some slide. Our organic system based on doting didn't work. You have to plow to get rid of wheat or something. So we need some balance. We are not totally against tillage. Maybe minimum tillage. But if it is cocktail it will suppress and you'll see the result. But I have to go a little bit fast. So second part is crop rotation that is a sustainable ag component. Third one is crop rotation and cover crop. And the last one we thought nutrients or amendment. What kind of nutrient or new type of amendments we can use in sustainable production system to enhance the nutrient use efficiency. So you don't have to apply that mask. You can reduce the cost of your production system. So look at few organic pictures from organic farm in Ohio. And if you look at that you'll see there are some compaction here. That cloud again and maybe rain and it dispersed the soil and it compacted. Look at the yellow color of the crops and how many weeds we have. So sometimes you have that because weed is a part of the system. And for hundreds of years we have been using pesticide. Oh, thank you. So look at this slide and you'll see that farmer tried to do as much as possible. But weed is part of the system for hundreds of years. I mean last 60, 70 years we have been using all kinds of herbicide round off, string herbicide and all these. We will take out weed. We make them resistant. So weed we can just minimize the effect. We cannot totally eliminate them. So we have to give up with that. So some of this organic system we have to think about how we are going to manage this and make it more productive and suppress weed. Look at this hour research in USDA and OSU Kosacton. It's a large plot. Look at that. This is clover. This is cowpea. But this grass is foxtail millet. Because it was dry. Last year it was dry and dry means foxtail millet will come. Millet will be abundant. And look at here all this in this one we have radish, cowpea mixed together but foxtail millet everywhere. So you need something which can suppress and control the weeds and diseases. One single cover crop cannot do that. So that's why we thought cocktail would be better solution. So why we plan cover crop? Main thing is we have to cover the ground to suppress the weeds, keep the moisture and home grown nitrogen. So we can get nitrogen like we are producing at home. Add organic matter and recycle nutrients. Diversify organisms, suppress weeds and diseases. Reduce surface erosion and soil loss. And also use cover crop as a plow, biological plow. That means if you don't go for no till we will be using radish, deeper radish or carrots to make hole into the soil. So we will have good drainage and removing the compaction. So that's the idea. And also it provides mulch. Dry season you will see one slide. 2012 August it was dry. You know the highest, most extreme drought in United States in 2012. Remember that August you will see the moisture content in the soil. How cover crop mulch conjure. So and when we can use cover crop, look at the plant growing season. This is the main crop season and the spring and the fall before winter. Those are the good windows for growing cover crop. And also in the autumn if you have wheat you can go study in summer even in July. So we thought that cover crop can take this part winter cover crop in the fall and that will continue in the spring all the way early spring. And also you can plant in the summer after harvesting wheat to minimize that gap.  Look at some of this slide. So on the cover crop, buckwheat is the fastest growing cover crop. It takes 30 days to go to full grow. 45 days you can harvest. But we don't want to harvest. We want buckwheat to grow 30 days. If you don't find anything grow buckwheat and rye. So and bad soil buckwheat is the best cover crop to study. And phazelia that's a legume. And if you have honey, if you wanted to collect honey or honey bees, phazelia will be one of the cover crop you need to grow in the field. So you can have nitrogen, lot of nitrogen, good root and it will make a good structure. And also it will produce nice beautiful flower and nectar. So you can collect honey. Herivage and Austrian witter bees, these are extremely good cover crop especially for ground cover like it's March. And also nitrogen, these are legumes. These are finest cover crop you can use and rotate within the system. But you have to grow some of them in the fall, some of them in the summer. So get the thing when you are going to plant. Look at that two combination, two combination. This one is sun ham, sun ham is legume and this is carrot, sorry this is radish. So what it does? The radish gives fast and it gives carbohydrate and sugar to the microbes and microbes help the legume that is sun ham to fix nitrogen. So it's a synergistic effect, give and take. So legume and radish is very good for deep rooted penetration and removing complexion. It produces lot of sugar and sun ham will produce lot of nitrogen. And in September or October, look at this picture. That is in October, end of October, 31st of October 2010, sun ham is like that. So most of the green cover you have at the end of the year is radish. So you still have cover. So that's what we wanted to extend the cover of the soil. What kind of radish is that? So oil seed radish, lot of people will say tillage radish, ground hop radish. You go for oil seed radish, daikon radish. That means you want 30 inches deep, those kind of radish. And if you plant radish, never plant more than 2 pounds. Some people will say plant 10 pounds, 30 pounds. If you have 10 or 20 pounds, you will have narrow, very small radishes. But if you have 2 pounds, you will get a giant one, monster one, the big one and long one. That's what you need. How much sun ham? Pardon? Around 25 to 30 pounds. But if you go with a cocktail mix, then you don't need that much. I'll show you as we move on. Another one is cowpea and oat. So if you mix cowpea and oat, oat is a grass and cowpea is a lagoon. In Africa, the most important protein source is cowpea. Even in this country, we eat cowpea. That is black-eyed pea is cowpea. An excellent source of protein. So this is a combination, excellent for hay or forage or anything. You want it to grow, feed it or anyone. It's a very fast growing. And if you have drought, grow cowpea. Dry season cowpea. And if it is wet, then go for winter. And also radish, as I mentioned, look at this radish. How they grow and move the soil out and crack the soil. Look at here, how they make the crack. And when it gets, try to crack more. It's becoming twisted because that much energy it needs to penetrate the soil. It's got crack. So now we are thinking that radish is good, but why we are not using some kind of carrots? Carrots are more deeper and sweet. And sweet means sugar, sugar means microbes. And colored vegetable means more vitamins, more flavonoids. So it will attract different types of microorganisms in soil. And which will be very good for organic production system or natural production system. So we are trying one at a time or two at a time and then try to mix it up in a cocktail. So again, earlier we said why we plant cover crop? Now we said why we plant cocktail? So look at the difference. If you have cocktail, it's a biological primer. That means different types of crop need to regulate the biodiversity. Molecular biology of the soil and affect different types of organism, different types of insects is diversified and they started to control both above ground and below ground control. So it improved the solar energy use efficiency. That means if you grow different types of cover crop, it will maximize the absorbance of light to produce biomass. That's what we need. And we provide extended ground cover. That means whatever ground cover we have, we wanted to extend that longer period. And also you add diverse organic matter, organic residues. When you eat your lunch, you don't want bread only. You want different types of food. Cheese, but exactly the same thing, those tiny microorganisms, they want those kind of food to grow and diversify. And also it improves. If you have no till problem, you know the no till has a lot of nitrogen immobilization, compaction and all kinds of problems. So if you have cover crop cocktail, the no till function or the performance will improve. And last of all, overall it enhance the ecosystem. And again, if cocktail is good for also bee, honey bee. But we don't recommend that you grow this kind of cocktail or mix every year, maybe once in a five year. That's all. So look at that. Ohio Farmer Journal, they covered one of our research and it shows a single cover crop is a good start. But if you have multiple species, it will give you more and more benefits. So look at that. And in this one, we have sunflower, we have soot oil, sorghum, grass, and we have oil seed radish. We have some different types of plants in this mix. How do you keep your seed from becoming old? That's a good question. What do we do? We grow cover crop or mix cover crop such a way that it can be killed by winter. So we don't have to, it will not produce any seed. So it will die before winter or it will be what it will sterilize. You can say the seed will not fall. At best it can produce some flower. We don't want buckwheat or something, form seed and hard coated seed and then carry over. We don't want that. So mixing will be such a way that it can be knocked out by cold. We'll move on. We'll show you slowly. Look at that cover crop mix. We have last year in farm science review. So this one, here we have sunflower. We have soot and grass. We have cabbage. Then we have sun ham. What else we have? We have oats. And we have clover. Radish. So different mix we added in this one. At farm science review last year. But if you make a more long shot, look at that picture. So this is radish. Sun ham. This is sunflower. And then cabbage. And all these are cabbage. Sometimes it's hard to recognize. Because it's so different story. When was that point? I just plant in August. Early August. And I will say end of July. Dave Brandt, one of the farmers, you can see this big guy. He, with us, does lot of research and grow cover crop. And he has different types of mix. Four mix, six mix, seven, eight mix. Look at that. It has different kind of mixing. And again, why we want mixing of cover crop? Because to capture maximum sunlight. So we can have lot of biomass. Look at the blend of ten cover crops. And this is the ratio. Somebody was asking how much? Look at here. Sun ham, five pounds. Cowpea, 15 pounds. Austin, 35 pounds. Palm millet, five pounds. Sunflower, one pound. Radish, two pounds. So we don't want so much. We want such a way that we can maintain overall growth and the ground coverage. This is 12 species. Little bit in South Dakota. Look at that field. 12 different types of species. So if you have this kind of cover crop, how you are going to grow weed? Think about that. So as I mentioned, weed you cannot take right away, but it will take some time to take it out. Out of competition, resource, suppression, and chemical. They'll release these plants, release chemicals. And that suppress the germination of weed seed. So this is some of the examples what we have. What pH? What pH? Normally around 5.5 to 7.5 standard range. So we did some study on that cover crop, that how much bile was we can get. So look at that. This is the experiment we have. No till without any cover crop. And no till with first system of cover crop. We have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 8 cover crop beaks. And we applied 42 pounds of seed per acre. We got 7.4 tons of dry residues, dry per acre. So that's what I said.  So if you have 7 tons of residue on your ground, I mean how weed is going to grow? It will be covering the field. Dry one. And if you have fresh one, you'll have 20 tons. And look at the second one, which we use 44 pounds, 9 different types of cover crop, but it didn't produce that much. That means, again, mixing a lot of cover crops will not guarantee you to produce a lot of biomass. So you have to think about the mixing, suitable mixing, and the right combination. The 6 way mix, we use this one, 117 pounds of seed, but it didn't produce that much. It produced 5.3 tons. But think about the cost of that seed. 117 pounds. We don't want that kind of cover crop to be applied to a field very expensive. We don't want that. The last one, 8 year mix, 82 pounds. It produced 417 tons. So that gives you an idea that I have to go with this one or this one. I don't need to apply 100 pounds and spend hundreds of dollars for growing cover crop only. So that gives an idea, an economic idea, which one would be good to use as a cover crop. And you can roll the cover crop with the cram part or just plant it. And then you can plant right away within the cover crop. It doesn't create any problem. I mean, if you use this kind of plant it. And when you roll the cover crop, especially rye, and before you grow soybean, look at the mulch, the good mulch we have, that is rye. And then we grow soybean, look at the height and the yield of soybean.  And rye has a lot of lignus cellulose material. It doesn't decompose fast. So if you want mulch, you roll it when they started to make the flower and all that, that time you kill them or roll it over. So it will make a nice good mulch for a longer time. And before soybean is perfect. So don't grow rye before you plant corn. Then you have to kill rye early enough otherwise it will affect your corn. Look at reddish. I mentioned you earlier. Look at the size of the reddish. That's what you need. 30 inches deep. And this radish, I got and put it in the lab and I tried to see how long it takes to grow the fungus. Within 48 hours, look at this. These are fungus. These are not root. Anything grows pure white, cotton white. That is fungus. And roots are always little bit brownish. So within 48 hours, just look at that how they grow. And the clothes of picture, look at that. Because these fungus, they are looking for sugar. They want to survive. They need food. That's how they grow. So we need a crop which can penetrate deep, remove complexion, provide a lot of sugar to other plants and also release some chemicals.  Yeah. In western Illinois, I got the news from Chicago Tribune that one of the... Don't take it otherwise, one of the ladies, she filed a lawsuit against a farmer. That guy was growing well seeded radish, few hundred acres and during the winter time, he died and smells when the rot started to rot. So she thought this guy is doing something wrong. A case was filed because of smell. But that smell is nothing. It's a natural pesticide called isogrucosynate. And that kills a lot of your disease-causing organism. And it also replaces methyl bromide. It's perfect to use as a substitute. And since I talked about biology, look at that biology. We have a big organic grant for three years, UHDF 100. And we showed yesterday some of the results. We use paste abundance in no-till, city means conventional tillage, no-till, entity means no-till. So we use multiple cover crop in both systems. In conventional till system, in no-till system. A little bit more paste in no-till system because we just started one year experiment. A little bit more. But if you look at the slide to the left and to the right, you will find the predator abundance in no-till system which covered a lot of predators. So you need that so you can kill the other bad organism or disease-causing organism or insects. So that already started to show the biology of the soil changes by the cover crop. Yes. Oh, I mean paste means those are disease-causing organisms, mostly. And predator means it has all kinds of organisms. Some of them may be disease-causing, some may be disease suppression. But although little, they are not significant, paste. But look at the, I mean the diversity of predator in the no-till with cover crop is more. The undisturbed and laurels are different cover crop material. And this one, the same result, I'm result from our one of our project. In conventional till and no-till with cover crop, the bacteria and fungus distribution, look at the bacteria, fungus, ants and other components. How diversified? No-till has more bacteria. And if you look at the slide on your right, that shows the biocontrol, that means how much activity this bacteria can do. And we have this experiment at three different locations in Ohio, totally organic, compared with no-till, conventional till, with and without cover crop. In python, we don't have that much. But if you look at total, total bacteria is one of the highest in python, one of the highest worst-selling that the farmers still for 12 years, 12 or 14 years of all certified organic. And the last one is Bolling Green, that is Alan's research organic research plots that has one of the highest activity. So you can see how disease suppression activity improved over time in different certified organic experiment with and without cover crop. And this one same result from the experiment again, look at the Shannon diversity index, that means the diversification of organism in soil. The python has the highest number of different types not the total number, different types of organism, diversification and then worst-selling and then Bolling Green. And we thought, because python in the soil is a little bit warmer maybe that has some diversification effect from the temperature. Yes. Can you clarify this is an organic farm that's no-till or a conventional farm that was transitioned to organic from the world? In python, we have transitional organic system based on no-till and conventional till with and without cover crop. And worst-selling same thing that farmer has conventional till and then he started no-till with and without cover crop as a transitional part. And Bolling Green we have 12, 14 years of 12 years of certified organic with no-till and also conventional till with and without cover crop at Hartzell farm, at Hartzell farm. So that's why but again these are little bit cold area so we measure this in July so temperature is little bit effect on this one python in south. Yes. We deal it we did broadcast, we deal it so if you do broadcast you will get 60-70% germination because birds will feed them and also insects and all this but if you deal them that's the best one. And always set your dream according to the size of the larger seed. Okay? So if the seed hole is the larger one or the small one will automatically go and when the large seed will germinate the small one will be automatically coming you don't have to think about that This is in your field role? Yeah. So look at also richness of organism look at that West Salam that farmers have 14 years of organic farming he has more richness or diversity of organism. But this experiment we started last year so it will go for two more years. How far I mean? Oh I have to log, okay because of the year we have to give it a little bit more time. So this is R2M again look at that that node will have more R2M and python side has more R2M how the biology changes and also the R2B all these insects again we have this slide already okay so we talked about biology now we talk about organic matter again this experiment no deal with cover crop different types of mix look at that this is only no deal the red one all other are mixed so how organic matter improve at different depth of soil up to 12 inch depth of soil how the organic matter has increased over time this is active organic matter also how it will increase this is carbon sequestration index how carbon is accumulating compared to no deal only not it is good but when you react cover crop look at the result the total nitrogen content that no deal no deal cover crop group number 2 is the best to accumulate nitrogen right the mixes it has 6, 8, 5 and 9 and this is phosphorous adsorption and release how phosphorous is expensive and it will be expensive you see all the phosphorous adorption is more or less same but when they release no deal with cover crop has more release of phosphorous for your plants those are coming from organic source not from fertilizer and look at this the loss of nitrogen and phosphorous how they can be controlled by cover crop right spales and wheat so I have to just pass through look at how phosphorous this is the CEC this is the soil moisture look at that no deal the red one has less moisture compared to the cover crop cover crop has more moisture august 2nd 2012 because of mars in this way look at the temperature no deal or plow 170 degrees temperature when you have cover crop you have 87 to 80 degrees so that is one of the cause loss of temperature and then infiltration so if you use cover crop it enhance the drainage you see the porosity how they improve look at the structural stability and this is fungus the white things are fungus they try to bounce on into good aggregates this is how root of cover crop bind soil particles into good aggregates and this is Bill Richard farm he was the energy chief you know that and he has control traffic this is this these paths are like a concrete wheel goes again and again and he goes look at that how this cover crop really penetrate this compaction and crack it and how deep it can go look at the left right and the crop the same experiment we have no deal with different mixes of cover crop so control one is no deal only and the last one didn't perform that good but look at mix 1, 2, 3, 4 they increase crop yield compared to no deal only so I am almost done so we found that if you go cover crop is good but if you go multiple cover crop every 5 or 4 years it's really really good to really enrich your soil and to get more enrichment we found zeolite is a natural compound abundant in United States and that is the real good material to hold nitrogen and phosphorus in soil so you can maximize the nutrient absorption minimize the nitrogen input and this is in New Mexico we have lot of mines over there and look at that how they absorb this nitrogen and phosphorus especially for organic system if you had 100 pounds with your compost that will give you tremendous effect so you can cut down the compost or manure application and this is the recent study we presented look at that if you apply zeolite and you increase the absorption of ammonium so ammonium will not have chance to form nitrate if you have nitrate it will leach out from your soil but it holds in the soil and look at that if you apply zeolite you don't have nitrates higher level of zeolite takes most of the ammonium so there is no chance to form nitrate so this is certified by organic system we are using that and phosphorus also phosphorus increase absorption increase zeolite so in organic system little bit of soil amendments really really good to enhance your nutrient cost when did you apply that? if you apply manure or compost again once in every 3, 4, 5 years you don't have to apply every year so rules this is the important one rules for cover crop culture what first thing you have to think that what kind of cover crop I am going to use for what is it for honey or is it for biomass is it for nitrogen needs for what and then crop production what kind of crop you have and when you wanted to grow there and also plant type and architecture that means is it a broad leaf broad leaf or narrow leaf is it grass or legal so that is important and then carbon-nitrogen ratio is the biomass you want carbon-nitrogen ratio little bit in the middle 30 is to 1 you don't want 80 is to 1 there will be no nitrogen but if you have 10 is to 1 or 80 is to 1 you will have lot of nitrogen you don't want that you will balance so look at that chart this chart gives you an idea how to select cover crop what kind of mix that cool season warm season, broad leaf, grass legume so it will give you an idea online online or if you need you can email me you can email me so that way I can send you the power point so this is the most important slide on the top so when you mix cover crop the top layer the top layer that should be per millet so then grass or sorghum only 20% the tall one should be 20% in the mix the middle one sunhemp or sunflower this type of middle story should be 20% maximum so and the lower level that means cowpea winter pea, clover veg radish all this would be 50-60% because if you have tall cover crop most of the field is covered with tall cover crop then the lower or smaller height cover crop will not get the light so always mix that is the way that tall cover crop should be only 20% so light can go into the middle that should be 20% so it will allow the light to go to the bottom level so most of the cover crop should be shorter at the close to the ground or 2 feet or 3 feet and 4-5 feet you should have middle that should be 20% and top 6-7 feet tall that should be 20% so that is the way you mix it up to maximize the light capturing so conclusion and done so cover crop especially cocktail impacted soil health is positive impact and that impact is more pronounced on no tip than conventional tip and soil biological properties more responsive to cover crop cocktail than chemical and physical and cover crop improves the structure and the functional complexity of the food way and the last one is cover crop enhanced biocontrol and soil health improvement doesn't mean that you are going to get bumper yield it will take time so first soil health will improve then your crop will improve so crop will not improve when soil is building up and the last one for organic production or natural it is important always start with a cover crop or a cocktail to control weeds maintain organic matter and improve coffee so never start any good organic thing without a cover crop start with a cocktail suppress all the weeds take out the weeds put lot of organic matter then your no tip or organic system will be really really really good I am sorry for all this problem


As an undergraduate I was majoring in physics, but of course also taking chemistry and biology and learning calculus and math. And I found, further I went along, that the more interdisciplinary what I was doing had to be. So physics was a good basis, but I need to know, to understand the atmosphere, I need to know atmospheric chemistry. Not just the nitrogen and oxygen, but the trace gases like CO2 and so on. And how does CO2 dissolve in the oceans? And how does that affect the biology of the oceans, the micro critters that live in the upper ocean? So partly I have to just learn those other fields myself and integrate them, and partly I have to work with people who are experts in say ocean biology or atmospheric chemistry and work together on teams to see how all those things play together.


Okay, so I'm going to talk about VRMap, which is WebXR with real-world data from OpenStreetMap. My name is Robert Kaiser. If you want to look up the slides, they're already up at my slides page, slides.kyro.at, post them 2019. If you just go to the slides, skyro.at pitches will not be in the index yet. I still need to do that, usually do that right before the talk, but had some slight issue starting here. So I thought I had a slide about me here. Apparently I don't. I'm a Mozilla tech speaker and also a Mozilla rep, so community representative, and I have been with the Mozilla community for a very long time. I'm also a big fan of the OpenStreetMap project, and so sometime ago I said, there could be some things where I can bring those things together, and this is what came out of it. The objectives of this talk are, as you can see, cross-device nature of the technology WebVR or WebXR. Another objective is to show you the ease of use of the A-frame framework that Mozilla has been developing for those technologies for WebVR, WebXR, and the third is using OpenStreetMap data, and the ability to use OpenStreetMap data for things like this. So what is WebVR or WebXR? It's basically, WebVR is a subgroup of WebXR device, the WebXR device API. XR is short for mixed reality, which encompasses both augmented reality, AR and virtual reality, VR and everything in between. So that's an open standard that's being developed right now in the W3C, and it's virtual and augmented reality with Web technologies directly in the browser. One thing that's interesting there is, so for one thing it's building on a few technologies that we had before, WebGL, for one thing the controller API, the gamepad API for the controller, and WebAudio, but a few things in addition. And the one browser that even supports it in release versions right now is Firefox on Windows. You just need to plug in an Oculus Go or HTC Vive into your Windows machine startup Firefox and you can enter WebVR scenes right from the browser in your headset. That said, in the standalone headsets like the Oculus Go, which I have here, and it already says one of the browsers that supports it, Firefox Reality, is the Mozilla browser for the standalone headsets, and also from what I just recently heard in HTC headsets it will be supported across the lines. It will even be the default browser. So the default browser even supports WebVR as well and Samsung Internet supports it as well. So it's pretty widely supported across browsers for the standalone headsets and on desktops for Windows Chrome has an experimental mode that's in experimental versions and I think Microsoft has something working for the HoloLens, but I have not seen that working. But HoloLens is also a bit constrained in what it can do. And as I had on the slide for Mac and Linux, the story is a bit more difficult for Mac. We are in the process of enabling it. I think it's not in release yet, but it may be in beta at the moment. For Linux it's very experimental because even the drivers for the HTC Vive are experimental. There are no Mac or Linux drivers for Oculus because Facebook killed those off when they bought Oculus. So the VR map itself is a demo for WebVR with live OpenStreetMap data, as I already mentioned, and it works on any modern browser in 2D mode. The good thing with those technologies, WebVR and WebXR, is they scale down pretty well where they can. So you can use it in 2D mode, for example, in your normal browser. And where you have a headset and controllers, it uses those as well. It's using Mozilla A-Frame, I'll come back to that later. And currently it's about 80 lines of HTML, a lot of which is a boilerplate for an intro dialog. And about 600 lines of JavaScript, a lot of which is very simple ifs for a few special cases as well. So it's pretty simple code. It's intended for you to grab it and make your own thing out of it. So I kept it as simple as I could. So let's go into the demo, because I'm talking about it all the time. And I'll need to look at the screen for that a bit. I think I'll turn my back to some people here so that it works. So this is how it greets you. That's the intro dialog. That's what actually makes a lot of the HTML. And you have a selection of some preset places. In the default one I went to some place here already so you see what's in there. There's basically three kinds of things in there. On the ground you have a display of a normal map piece. That's just the bitmap tiles from OpenStreetMap. Then you have trees and then you have buildings. The trees were my first selection to do something because they're on a point. So it's easy to find one point to render something on. The buildings are a bit more complex because they have multiple points and complex shapes. The nice thing in this piece here is that we even have trees with different heights and shapes. Because in this case OpenStreetMap actually has the data of the heights of the trees, the crown diameters, and even the trunk. Circumference I think it is. So we can actually render this. We only have broad leaf trees here. If we have needle leaf trees here I render a different sample as well that looks more like fir tree or something. So that's information we can all use and of course the height of the buildings we can use. In some cases with the ASTW keys you can actually fly around in the scene here. And you see the buildings have different heights. Actually there's a few where you see very harshly different heights. In OpenStreetMap sometimes you have the actual height for the building. Sometimes you have the number of stories. Then I estimate from the number of stories what the height of the building may be. And otherwise I'm using a default. If you want after my talk you can look at it in a headset as well. That's the main reason I have it with me here. Let's go a bit back to how this all works. I'll need to find the talk again here. Actually in the preview you had there. So where's my mouse here? It should have jumped back the slide but I can't do it this way as well. So in the preview picture here you see some needle leaf trees as well. I clicked instead of it. So some basics here. One main thing I had to go into is to make things simple. I decided the world is flat in this example. And actually in two ways. So there's no hills and valleys. And additionally I ignored the curvature of earth. But before all the flat earth supporters re-choice too much, I actually had to take the curvature of earth into account because the tiles I'm using at the base have different size depending on the latitude. And I had to respect that because in the VR system all measures are in meters. So I had to actually calculate the size of the tiles based on the Mercaturer projection. I will not go into the details what MAPNIC rendering is. That's the default rendering of OpenStreetMap you see there. If you want to hear a bit more details about the OpenStreetMap aspects of this, at the end of tomorrow I'm giving a talk about the same thing in the geospatial room. I will go into more of the OpenStreetMap details. Right now I will go a bit more into the VR aspects of it. So as I said, there's trees and buildings. Those come from the Overpass API, which is the usual API for OpenStreetMap. And there's a camera and controller setup that is in the A-frame scene. And as I said, it's built with A-frame, so let's actually get into what A-frame is. A-frame is a library that makes it really easy to write VR scenes. This is not what I have in my code. This is an example. That's pretty much the Hello World example with a small addition. Everything in A-frame you put inside an A-scene tag. You include the JavaScript library at the top of your HTML file, then you use this A-scene tag, and then you put some other HTML-like tags into it. For example, a sphere, a cube, a cylinder, a plane. The sky is just what you see around you. It's basically a big marble where the inside is painted with the color, or if you put SRC equals an image, the inside is painted with this image as a texture. And then you give it positions, rotations, and you can even do animations. So what you see in the cube here is I'm putting an animation inside the cube, and that makes the cube animated, which is really nice, because that usually needs quite a bit of JavaScript, and if I know now where I loaded this, this is the same example that you saw rendered with the animated cube, and you can pan around here, and I think there's no controls on there. There are controls on it by default, so you can actually move around in this as well. So that's the default that A-frame gives you. If you go to the slides, the edit view is exactly what I just showed you. And so the code itself is structured pretty simply. The index HTML has the JavaScript includes and this scene setup and the intro dialog, and then there's Map.js that handles the overall stuff, like loading everything. Conversions is the most boring thing, but the most complex thing, because it handles all the coordinate conversions that you need in there. Position limit is an A-frame component. It's pretty nice to see how a basic A-frame component looks, because in the first version, I could fly through the floor, and that's not that nice, so I wrote the component that actually prohibits flying through the floor. And this can actually limit even more. And Tiles3's buildings, GS, are for drawing those three types of objects. It's on GitHub, CairoAT slash VRMap, so that's here. There is a readme and stuff, but that's not that interesting. The position limit, as I said, is an A-frame component, so let's first... I think we still have a minute or two, so let's go back here and look into the index HTML. So we have a lot of JavaScript includes. Some A-frame components and the rest is my JavaScript, and here we have the A-scene. Here's the A-scene starting, and it has a background color that's sky-like, and the ground we can pretty much ignore that's a workaround for one of the navigation components. There's an A-entities, the container. It's basically the diff of A-frame. The entity is the most neutral thing, and you can stuff anything in there. So the map has two things in there, for tiles and items. Items are trees and buildings. Those will be filled in by JavaScript, and the camera rig defines things like where is the user, where is looking, where are his controllers, in which types of controllers are supported, how can the user move things like that. So the movement controls has the fly in it, that means you can fly through the scene. That's one of the components I'm loading earlier that allows this and abstracts this all the way from me. Then there's an entity ID equals head with a position 1.6 meters above the floor. The coordinate system is x, y, and the z is going away from you or towards you. So the second component being 1.6, y at 1.6 means it's 1.6 meters above the floor, which looks pretty natural for most people for where the head is. Even if you're a bit larger or a bit smaller, it looks pretty natural. So it's a good default. And then you have the two hands for the controllers if you have both. I will not go into the mix-ins because we don't have that much time right now. But this is a pretty nice example to play with and find out how those things work. I will do one look into this position limit as well because it's a very nice, easy component. I'm not sure if you saw in the index HTML the camera rig says position limit equals and then it has x min 0 and it has an x max as well, but x min 0 is the important one. Y min, sorry, not x min, y min 0, which means the minimum y component of the coordinate is 0, so you cannot go through the floor. And this component defines those x min, x max, y min, y max and same for z. And tick means a function that is called at every update of the rendering. And so at every update of the rendering, we just look if our current position violates the constraints and if it does, we set it back to the constraint. Very simple, but this way we can implement this component and in this HTML code just write position limit and whatever we need and it handles that. So it's a very nice abstraction and that's all it has. It just has it for every one of those components. I will not go into more of the code because time is coming to an end here. So let's recap. The cross-device nature of WebVR and WebXR is something we've seen. We can use it in 2D mode as you saw when I was presenting it. You can use it here with one controller. You can use it with the two controller full immersive headsets as well. These are a few of the favorite frames you saw in a few steps, how you can easily get stuff in VR done with a frame. And you saw a little bit of how OpenStreetMap data can be used there. As I said, if you want more tomorrow, I'll be talking more about the OpenStreetMap aspects there. I'll be cutting the other code pieces very short instead. Otherwise it will be very similar. Last thing here is make it your own. There's two examples here. Tune3DMR where someone made something to place models inside the scenes done with my VR map sample to find out which coordinates you need to put to the object to have it correctly positioned when we link the model in OpenStreetMap. So you graphically push it where it needs to go, and then it extracts the coordinates and gives you the correct line to put into OpenStreetMap. And OSM rail enables you to drive with a rail along a rail line and see everything rendered around. That's two examples. And with that, I'm closing up. I'm not sure if we have much room for questions, but I think we do. And so the example is that we are MapKyrate and GitHub. You saw as well. Thank you so much. Any questions? I'm right as soon as possible. Hi. I'm just wondering, can you adapt this technology to show elevations? For example, can you make the ground show hills using SRTM data or anything like that? Does the A-frame allow you to have variable height ground? I think there's no component for it yet, but it bases on three chairs. I did not mention that yet, which is a very basic library that can do a lot of things. It actually is investing a lot into three chairs right now to improve it. And with three chairs, you can definitely render very complex shapes as well. So I think you should be able to render that data with three chairs and then just put it into an A-frame component. Very similar to what I'm doing with the buildings in this sample where I'm also constructing an ATS shape and then just exposing it as an A-frame object. Okay, fine. Any other questions? No? Okay, I'm arriving. And as I said before, if anyone wants to see it in full VR, you can do so here. Okay, thank you so much, Robert.


here getting out of the theater for Cabrini. Let me just say this off the bat. Everyone should see this film. Every American, every woman, every man, every children of immigrants, fathers, daughters, sons of immigrants, absolute knockout of the drama, and cinematically a beautiful, almost Godfather-esque level look and feel film. That's a period piece. So 1890s, New York. I knew very little about Mother Cabrini and that she's the patron saint of all immigrants and I feel somewhat a little bit ashamed of that, but shame is gone. This film, okay, my biggest reaction, two big things and then yes, we will do a more in-depth review and analysis, but as far as reaction, the lead actress was a powerhouse. She's an absolute powerhouse. What an incredible performance. The director Alejandro Monteverde was not afraid to leave the camera on her for long periods of time and then he was not afraid to be ambitious with his camera work and go from the landscape of her face out into the horizon of the ocean, seeing Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty for the first time. I mean it was sweeping. It was epic and her as the character, the character, she was relentless. I don't know how much has been embellished from the truth. I'm not going to question that. I'm just going to tell you what I saw and react. So that's the big thing in regards to my first reaction was the powerhouse performance of this woman. The last thing and I just want to make sure again, I'll let you guys know we will do an in-depth review of this, but the last big impression, which I was really caught off guard because it's a great drama. It's entertaining. It's got its humor where it's needed. It's got its beauty. It's got its film work. It's got incredible music, incredible actors. David Morse as the New York Archdiocese, Giancarlo Giannini plays the Pope and John Lithgow as the New York mayor. Killer, killer cast. I did not expect this to be such an indictment on being anti-immigrant, being anything but unkind to people. And it makes sense that I'm reminded by this story of the patron saint of all immigrants because we're all, all children, fathers, sons and daughters of immigrants. And what this woman was able to do, I was like, again, I was telling you, I was really surprised by this, you know, listen, you know, immigrants, we built this place and, you know, we have to be reminded and he says this at the end, what kind of world do we want to live in?  That's just it. That's what this film reminds me of. Incredible power and incredible good that human beings can do. Yes, there's horrors, but there's majority of the time there's beauty. And that's another thing that I really loved, and I will finish with this, was I had said like it's a, it's a Godfather-esque Coppola level type of cinematography type of good, you know, just really cool Godfather to feel in that, in that, that era. But the thing is, is that you saw Italian and Italian Americans, historical from nuns to, to men and women helping out their mission in a wonderful light.  This woman was the first caped crusader, if you will, of the unfortunate in New York. I mean, just stunning. I just wanted to say that those are my big three things. There's so much more. The director of Sound of Freedom. You made a masterpiece, brother. And I'm so excited for this. I really want everyone to see this film. Again, the three main takeaways. The incredible performance by the lead, playing Francesca Cabrini. The, what was my other one? Was it the two things? I'm losing it. The strong pro-immigrant sentiment. And yeah, that's, that's, that's really it. And of course, the great, the great direction. And you know, yes, there is God in this film. Yes, it's based on a true-to-life, you know, Catholic nun. But this is a very mainstream approach for all people to love and enjoy. Okay, those are my initial thoughts and feelings. This is an incredible film. It's a great drama. And boy, what a visual treat as well. You know, Alejandro really knows how to fill up that space of the, of the screen. And it's beautiful to see on a big screen. In movies called Cabrini, it's out now. Yes, you can pay it forward. It tells you to pay it forward at the end. And there will be more, a big more. We'll do a spoiler. We'll do a spoiler. We'll really get into the, you know, we'll work on some stuff here. Maybe we'll have a surprise for you guys. All right, let me know if you guys have seen the film. If you're going to see the film, comment now. And thank you so much wherever you're at. Keep your slam for it there. Gracias.


Woman in coma for three weeks wakes up to learn her family pulled the plug on her. Jill and Ryan Finley were a regular couple living in Oklahoma City when their worlds were completely turned upside down. Being married only four years, the Finleys were very much in love. They spent their weekends relaxing and sleeping in just like any other young couple would after a long hard week of work. This weekend was going to be different than any other weekend they ever lived. What started out as a normal Saturday morning, turned into a nightmare when Ryan went to wake Jill up from her nap. At first Ryan just thought she was in a very deep sleep but when he began shaking her he realized that she was completely unresponsive. Seeing your loved one in this kind of state will rock anyone to their core. This scary ordeal was going to just be the beginning of a long journey for the couple. Ryan had no idea what was in store for him. Jill and Ryan spent their weekends like most couples do by relaxing and enjoying each other company. They were just like any other middle American couple looking to build a family and have kids of their own. They lived and worked in Oklahoma City an area where both of them were very familiar with. Ryan would typically let Jill sleep in on weekends while he sat on their porch reading the newspaper. It was something they often did on weekends so it was no abnormal for Jill to not have awakened just yet. But one Saturday in May, Ryan had a weird feeling that he should wake his wife up early, call it blind intuition that will have major impacts for Jill. It was Saturday, May 26 in 2007 and by all accounts was just another beautiful spring Saturday that the couple would get to enjoy together. Jill being 32 and Ryan being 31 they lived for their weekend together. As newly weds the love they both still had that sparked between each other and cared deeply for one another. This Saturday morning was a bit different as Ryan had a very weird feeling that he needed to wake up his wife early. It was unexplainable the feeling he had but his intuition was telling him to wake Jill up. So he went into the house and over the room and opened the door. Ryan walked over to Jill's bed to make sure all was okay and called her name as he opened the door to the bedroom to wake her up. Something was telling him that he just need to check in on her. As he walked in the room Ryan tried to wake up Jill and found that no matter how hard he tried or how loud he yelled, she remained unresponsive. Ryan was now very nervous and feared the worst that Jill might be dead. After shaking her and not getting a response he checked her pulse and to see if she was breathing. Once he realized she wasn't breathing he recalled a CPR course he had taken very long ago about 10 years ago to be exact and dragged Jill out of bed and onto the floor to begin chest compressions and CPR. As he stood on top of her body compressing her chest and breathing into her mouth Ryan mind was racing of thoughts and trying to figure out what had just happened. The CPR was not working Jill was showing now signs of life at all Ryan had to act fast. Ryan immediately then called 911 and administered CPR staying on the phone with the 911 operator while he waited for paramedics to arrive. The moments were tense as Ryan waited what felt like forever for the paramedics to arrive. Then he could hear the sirens of the paramedics racing down the street he felt they were now here to save her. The paramedics raced into the house and immediately got to work to save Jill's live. The paramedics shocked Jill's heart back to life and were able to get it beating again. Once they got a pulse on Jill they then rushed her by ambulance to the Oklahoma Heart Hospital nearby. As the ambulance sped to the heart hospital all Ryan could think about was what went wrong why did he feel he needed to wake her up and was Jill going to be okay. He kept asking the paramedics what was happening and they told him to remain calm. Ryan then turned to prayers asking God to please save his beautiful wife and not let him lose her. His faith in God and prayer would help him through this harrowing ordeal and bring her home safely he thought. Upon arrival to the hospital Jill was immediately rushed into ICU so doctors could figure out what was going on and how to help save her. She had a pulse but they knew but nothing else at that time. Ryan waited frantically the emergency room calling family members to notify them of the situation and what was happening. At this point the doctors decided it was best to put Jill on a respirator while they worked to figure out what was wrong with Jill. The doctors were unsure at what they needed to do to help her. At this time nobody knew the cause of all of this or what the long-term damages would be. At the hospital Ryan watched doctors put his wife in a special suit meant to lower her body temperature. This was done in an attempt to minimize any damage to Jill's brain caused by her lack of oxygen. This quick action by the doctors would end up having huge effects later on for Jill. The good news was Jill was alive and breathing with a beating heart but he was told that she would remain in a deep coma for an undetermined amount of time. Ryan began asking many questions but was left with little answers as doctors were still working. The doctors told Ryan that after a full examination of his wife that they determined she had a heart attack while she was sleeping. Ryan could not believe what he was hearing. She was the picture of perfect health or so he though. The doctors then went on to say that not only did she have a heart attack but her brain had been deprived of oxygen for a total of five minutes. Ryan knew right away that the brain not receiving oxygen for five minutes was very bad and could have lasting health implications for Jill. Ryan watched his entire life flash before his eyes. His loving wife was comatose and might never wake up. They were just about to enjoy a beautiful Saturday morning and now this. This sudden event was beginning to take a toll on Ryan and their entire family. He decided that from that moment forward, he would stay by Jill's side and never leave her until she was healthy. This was a commitment he made to Jill while she lay in the hospital bed in her coma. He slept on an empty hospital bed next to her nightly and read the Bible to her. A few days passed and despite his attention and efforts, Jill remained in her comatose state. The days were long and the nights were longer but Ryan was determined to help Jill at all costs. When they got married they vowed to be by each other's side in sickness and in health and Ryan was fulfilling his commitment. Between his Bible and his prayer Ryan believed his wife would be okay. But as the days continued on and less and less health improvement from Jill, Ryan's faith was put to the test. The doctors came in one day and asked to speak to Ryan. The looks on their face said it all and Ryan knew that he was not going to be receiving any good news. He was not sure what they were going to say but he also didn't expect them to tell him. The doctors, being very gentle with their words, were indirectly telling him that his wife's situation was hopeless. They told him that there was a 1% chance that Jill would survive. This was not the news Ryan was hoping for and it rocked him to the core. The doctors went on to say that with those odds, even if Jill did survive, she would not live the rest of her life as a functioning person. Due to the lack of oxygen to Jill's brain she would become severely disabled. The doctors explained to him that she will never be able to live a normal life again. Yet, despite hearing his wife's fate, Ryan was unwilling to accept it and he kept praying. Maybe he was in denial, maybe he wasn't ready to accept that his wife would be gone. He felt his faith was going to pull the both of them through this and God would heal her. Ryan decided to keep a journal to write down his thoughts and hopes and wishes. He found it very comforting to write these things down as he felt one day Jill would be able to read it herself. This journal was very therapeutic to Ryan. Ryan wrote in one journal entry, she's my soulmate and my wife, my everything in this whole world. I would be lost without her. I will not give up hope. I will never give up on her. Just a bad dream. Ryan said about his situation that, every morning that I woke up, I'd realize this wasn't a dream. Doctors told Ryan that there were never any signs Jill was coming back and it was time to make difficult decisions. Ryan said about his situation that, every morning that I woke up, I'd realize this wasn't a dream. Doctors told Ryan that there were never any signs Jill was coming back and it was time to make difficult decisions. It is very tough for any family member to have to make a decision like this. While your hopes and prayers want you to hold off making the permanent decision you also wonder if the person is suffering. You never want the person to suffer in these situations and to keep them alive for selfish reasons. With his wife now in a coma and doctors saying her chance of surviving or living a normal life was slim to nun Ryan was faced with the most difficult decision of his life. Should he take his wife off life support or should he continue the fight? While contemplating his wife's options Ryan recalled when his aunt years prior was placed on life support and what Jill had said to him during that incident. What Jill had told him was very important in helping Ryan make a decision on what to do with his wife. She had said that she would never want to be kept on life support and alive if she were to have to live a life in a vegetative state. Remembering those words made Ryan ponder even more this agonizing decision. She he fulfill her wishes to him when she told him that. What is the best thing he can do? Tough questions and a tough choice lie ahead. After consulting with Jill's entire family, Ryan concluded that his wife wouldn't want to spend her life in a hospital bed, so he requested a court order to disconnect Jill from life support. That court order was eventually granted. On the morning of June 9, 2007, doctors began to prepare Ryan for what to expect when his wife was unhooked from all the machines that were keeping his wife alive. Many people who are there during this process say watching a family member get unhooked is the worst thing you can imagine. The doctors explained to Ryan so he wouldn't be surprised that Jill will exhibit slight movements and restlessness when she was unhooked. They told him this would be totally normal and not to be spooked. Doctors have been through this before and understood these movements typically freak family members out. Doctors call this movement the last rally, which refers to an unexpected return of mental clarity and memory, or suddenly regained consciousness that occurs in the time shortly before death and patients suffering from severe psychiatric or neurological disorders. At about 6 p.m., doctors disconnected Jill from the machines that had been keeping her alive. Ryan and Jill's family gathered by her bedside to say their final goodbyes and let Jill pass in peace. She didn't die immediately, and at about 11.45 p.m., Jill began getting restless. Ryan decided to take out his phone to record the final moments of Jill's life so he can have this memory and be able to look back years later at the final moments he had with his wife. She didn't die immediately, and at about 11.45 p.m., Jill began getting restless. This was making the family there very uneasy as if they though something was going wrong and she was in pain. Ryan believed after being told by the doctors that this was normal that everything was going as planned. He remembered that last rally, conversation he had with the doctors. What he was not prepared for was what happened next. Ryan watched as her whole upper torso shift a bit and then the mumbling started. When that began, I left the room. I got physically sick. Ryan thought this was the beginning of the end. Ryan left the room to wait in the hallway. He was hurting way too much to see his wife like this as well as spooked by the whole process. He felt it was be better to sit outside and pray, than the nurse called him. One of the nurses called Ryan into the room and said that Jill was talking. Ryan figured this behavior was normal and attributed it to the last rally, mumble, but, still, he returned to the room. As Ryan walked into the room he saw Jill sitting there in what seemed to be alert. Ryan was a bit confused as this is not what the doctors explained was going to happen. Then Jill spoke. Wide awake and looking directly at Ryan, who by now was totally in shock about what was going on, Jill said, Get me out of here. Then she made the most shocking request. Jill said, Take me to Ted's and take me to the melting pot. These two places were both of their favorite restaurants, and Ryan was in disbelief at what he had just heard. He proceeds to ask Jill questions like what their phone number was, and the names of their dog and cat. After answered all three questions correctly, Ryan knew this was far from the last rally. After a few days of recovery she was already beginning to feel better. The doctors then sat down with Jill and Ryan to explain what had really happened. Doctors ended up discovering that Jill had a congenital condition that was unknown. This condition is what caused her heart to stop beating into first place and led to her going into a coma. Jill had come out of her coma and was breathing on her own. By a miracle of God, she underwent surgery to implant a pacemaker for her heart condition and then went into a rehabilitation center. But, Jill doesn't remember anything and doctors are still not sure what happened or how she woke up. This Friday night when she went to bed until two weeks later she had no idea what happened. Jill says her explanation is, God.  As far as Ryan's decision to pull the plug on his wife, he says that if he had a second chance, he would never change his actions. Jill thinks he made the right decision as well saying, I would not have wanted to live like that. She did not want to live like a vegetable and agreed with Ryan's decision to take her off life support. After waking up from her coma, Jill spent the next few months re-learning simple tasks like brushing her teeth, tying her shoelaces and learning how to cook. All of which are normal for coma survivors. But like many people in a coma, Jill could not remember anything that happened at the house, in the hospital or anything in between. She did remember one thing though. The only thing that Jill remembered from her time in the hospital was the big shower they wheeled her into every day. She also remembered going into inpatient therapy in the names of all the occupational therapists and speech pathologists that helped her. Besides that, Jill has speech that she's working on and her short-term memory is off, but other than that, she is pretty normal.  Jill and Ryan in 2010 did an interview with Today. She opened up during this interview about the traumatic event that had occurred in her life after the whole ordeal. Jill told Today that while she was doing good heal-wise and is trying to get better day by day that she is still in recovery. There are many things that she needs to work on and improve. Not that they didn't cherish each other before, but now, Jill and Ryan spend every waking minute together. After a scare like that you find a new form of love for one another. They go everywhere together, even the grocery store. To this day, there's not a night that goes by that I don't wake up. I'll usually kick Jill in her sleep. We're okay. If she kicks me back, I know we're okay, Ryan says. Now, Jill spends everyday cherishing her life with her husband, who was nominated for an Oklahoma Heart Hero Award for his CPR work. The couple also has gone to Ted's and the melting pot to honor Jill's special requests.