Welcome to my channel, I am Arpita Karwa and in this video lecture I am going to talk about my online audio course. I have tried to answer all your questions in this video so that by the end of this video you are sure whether you would like to join the course or you would not. I am also happy to announce that we have opened the registration for our next online batch in which we will be targeting December 2018. I have tried my level best that through my videos, through my audios and through the course that I have prepared I am able to help net aspirants achieve their targets very easily. Also I would like to tell you that there are people asking me whether net will be conducted once a year or twice a year. So till now we are notified that net will be conducted twice a year and from December 2018 net will be conducted by NTA, National Testing Agency. Before I move on and talk about the enrolment procedure, fees, course detail and features, I would like to thank you from the core of my heart for the overwhelming love and feedback I have got. I started this YouTube channel and my website arpitakarwa.com on 14 Feb 2018 and till now I have crossed 8000 subscribers on YouTube. Then there are so many people praising our efforts. 5000 plus people are interacting me through emails, WhatsApp and Facebook. We have got 1500 plus registrations on our website. So thank you so much for the love. I am very happy to see that my hard work is paying off. I am able to help net aspirants to achieve their targets, to achieve their dream and people are loving the online course that I am offering the systematic way in which I am teaching and the detailed audio lectures which I am delivering. Thank you so much guys. So it's my humble request that please watch this video till the end because I will be covering each and every question that people are posing about my course. So please watch this video till the end and before I talk about my online course, I would like to talk a bit about myself, my educational qualification and work experience because I am the one who will be delivering audio lectures. So it's very important that you know the trainer or the instructor of the course before you know about the course. So I did my schooling from Jepper and I scored 9.4 CGPA in my 10th board exams. Plus at the same time I was serving as the president of Literary Club in my school. I was also the secretary of my house. I presented my school in various debate competition, allocutions and thus I was awarded the best orator of the year as well as I was also the editor-in-chief of my school magazine. And in my 12th standard I became the head girl of my school and I served my school for a duration of one year. At the same time while I was doing and organizing all these events and as a part of the Literary Club and as the president of the Literary Club I used to organize various book discussions and debate competition. I got featured in various newspapers as well. Now let me talk about my work experience. In 2010 I met my mentor Mr. Abhinav Thaya and I started working with him in his soft skills training institute named Groom Institute. I gradually became a soft skill trainer and a personality development coach. I was also working as a speaker and volunteer in Oran NGO and we used to train college students and we used to provide them vocational training classes. As well as I also got an opportunity to work with Patrika in education as a soft skills and personality development trainer. Patrika in education is an educational wing started by Rajasthan Patrika in the year 2002. Rajasthan Patrika is one of the finest newspapers in India. As well as I was also working as a student editor in Times of India and I worked under Nikhil Kazmi. Simultaneously I also had an idea to open my own soft skill institute and that led to the starting of Arpita's English Club. Wherein I used to train IITians, MBA students for group discussions and interviews. I also used to take various workshops on time management, goal setting, communication skills, body language. So from 2010 till now I have a work experience of 8 years and this is how I have grown myself over a period of time. Now I would like to talk about my graduation and post graduation. I did my graduation that is BA Honours English from IIS University Jepper. I was a topper throughout my graduation. I also wrote several research papers which got published in various literary journals. At the same time after my graduation I did my post graduation from Senzavia's College Jepper which is affiliated to Rajasthan University. Also I was a topper in my post graduation as well. At the same time in the second year of my post graduation I attempted UGC NET exam for the first time and I cleared it in my first time. I was a general category candidate and I scored 54.83% whereas the cut off for the general category was 49%. You will find all the details about my work experience and educational qualification on my website www.arpitakarwa.com. There is a separate tab called about wearing. You will see all the workshop posters and details as well as you can find my NET certificate as well. Now when I cleared my NET exam it was very clear in my mind that I wanted to open my own online coaching for UGC NET English. The reason was like various. First reason was that from childhood I have seen my father and my grandfather reading so much. They were a voracious reader. They used to have reading and discussions on various books and I was surrounded by arts, literature, books and discussions. So English was always something which fascinated me. Then I also was taught by some excellent English teachers who always inspired me to take up English as a subject and to take up teaching as a profession. When I was a kid I came across this beautiful line which said that God has a purpose for my life and that is what I need to know. When I read this line I was always clear in my mind that I wanted teaching to be my profession, to be my career because I felt so energized when I taught students and I felt so good when I used to impart values to my students. So that fascinated me always. There were movies like Tariz Amipe, Dead Point Society, Hitchkey, Three Idiots which inspired me, which made me cry, which made me wonder whether I can do something to make this education system a bit more flexible, a bit more convenient to students. I can impart knowledge in such a way that students start loving literature. They start loving studies. At the same time when I was preparing for the NET exam I came across several coaching institutes and I also came across people who could not guide me in a proper way. I was always a very organized and systematic person and when I started preparing for NET some random writers were thrown to me. I had to refer so many books, so many websites and then I had to make my own notes and in spite of that thing when I solved previous year papers I was not able to answer them. So I was very very very frustrated and I thought that once I clear my NET exam I will try to develop a platform which is a one stop solution for all NET aspirants and I will try to teach them in such a systematic and organized way and I will give them detailed lectures so that they don't need to refer to any other thing. I will try to reduce the burden of my students. So that was the key idea in my mind. As well as you know there was one important factor which always motivated me to take up and start my own coaching institute. I never wanted to get into school and college teaching because when I look at school teachers and college teachers I find that they are restricted to syllabus and they are only able to complete that particular chunk in the entire year. If I want to teach outside the box, if I want my students to learn more from literature like in my videos also you can see how I bring writers and how I bring different movies into it, how I bring time management and psychological principles. So this is only possible when I am teaching on my own. If I have somebody who is going to tell me what to teach and who is always watching me that I don't go out of the box then in that case teaching is never fun. So I always had this thing in my mind that I would be opening my own institute wherein I can impart knowledge in a very revolutionary way and I was always passionate about teaching like this is what I have been doing since past 8 years and I have never got fit up. So I knew that yes this is the field for me. So in order to teach Net online through audio lectures I decided to form my own private limited company. As an effort I started Arpita Karva Education OPC Private Limited. It is a one portion company that means that I am the sole director of the company and it is registered under the registrars of company Government of India. At the same time I also developed a website called www.arpitakarva.com with an aim to provide a one stop solution to all the UGC Net English aspirants and to help them give a platform to them so that they can achieve their target. They can get a blueprint through which they can prepare for the next Net exam. So when I did this I had this thing in my mind that I should provide content for free as well because education is not just about minting money. It is about helping people helping society. So then in my website I have five sections which are available to you for free. There is a section called UGC Net in which I am posting all the latest update notification which I have received from CBSE site. At the same time it has details about application process, how you need to fill the application form, how to download admit card, how to check the result, how to know the cutoff. So all this information, updated information will be presented to you under the tab called UGC Net. Then there is another tab which is called online course content. In the tab called online course content you will find a list of 700 plus writers that is segregated beautifully in different categories according to ages, topics and countries. And you can take the help of this list when you are preparing for Net exam and if you are studying on your own. This is the same list from which I teach in my online course. Like if you click on any writer from this list under the tab online course content you will be redirected to my audio lectures. If you have registered for my course and paid the fees but if you are studying on your own then at least you can take benefit from this list and then start preparing for Net exam. There is another tab which is called previous year papers in which I have typed all the previous year papers from 2012 onwards. And I have made sure that I have written all the answer keys and I have copied the answer key from the original CBSE site. So that all the answer keys are correct. There were several students who mailed me in previous few days that some answers are incorrect. I have rechecked it and I have made the correction. So now all the questions and answers are correct. When I was preparing for Net exam the challenge that I faced was this that you know answers were not there. Question papers were presented in PDF form so it was very difficult to know whether I was right or wrong when I answered a question. So I made sure that I give all the questions in my website at one place so that whenever a student is preparing it just needs a click and that question paper comes to that student. Then there is another section which is called videos in which I post the link of all my YouTube videos. I post videos on my YouTube channel on every Saturday and Sunday specifically for UGC Net aspirants in order to help them with their exam preparation. I try to tell them the mistakes that people usually make, what are the things that you can utilize and you can use in order to prepare better. Then I give certain video lectures on important authors and important works and links of all these videos are posted in my website under the tab of videos. I also have a section which is called blogs. Like I was a psychology student. I did my bee honors in English with psychology as the subsidiary subject. And when I worked under a psychiatric research center and I interacted with famous psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Then I came across certain life tips and we used to share how to live life and how to control emotions. So I thought of making a blog, a non-literary blog wherein I can share some life hacks, some life tips with my students. So that is a section of blogs. If you love reading blogs then do go and check my blogs and let me know how you find that. So these are some important areas that you can explore in my website. Side by side I am also running a social media chain which includes a Facebook page, Instagram page, a channel on Telegram, WhatsApp and as well as I am also having a page on Google Plus. And on all these social media platforms I have posted go-net quiz and famous codes by literary genius and I have tried that you know by the use of technology in social media we can add fun into learning and we can also know how literature is relevant to everyday life. So this is a free initiative taken by me and my team in order to make learning more fun and in order to spread the word of literature. Now let's talk about my online course and I'll be answering all the questions one by one. Now there are people who ask me that why are you taking online coaching? Like why not classroom coaching? So when I thought of teaching UGC-Net English aspirants I give a thought to classroom coaching also but then I thought that there are several demerits of teaching in a classroom coaching manner because now since we can use technology and we can make learning more convenient it is quite beneficial if I teach online due to several reasons. Like one of the reason is that it's quite convenient you can study from anywhere there are people who are working, there are people who are into a regular PG college then in both the cases students cannot devote time into going into a coaching class and then studying there, the time may not match. So in that case online coaching gives you flexibility that you can study from anywhere you can take your mobile phone or laptop to your college to your workplace and there you can listen to the audio lectures and you can make your notes. Then another important benefit is that you can study anytime. There are people who are into 9-5 jobs or who are occupied with their PhD work or occupied with their post-graduation college work in that case they are not able to devote time during the day. They might have to study at late hours in the night or they study early morning. In both the cases you cannot go to a classroom coaching during these two times. In that case online coaching is quite helpful because you can study anywhere anytime. Another important benefit is that it is lot more affordable like coaching classes are minting money they are taking thousands of rupees whereas in online coaching the charges can be really low. The last and the final thing that I would like to tell you why I decided to teach online is that when you are teaching online a student can study self-paced. It's a very self-paced learning. A student can study according to his or her own pace.  So with online coaching you can study for 2 hours one day and then 6 hours one day and then if you have too much time on weekends then you can devote 10 hours on weekends as well. So self-paced learning is a very, very important factor when it comes to competitive exams because when a person is preparing for competitive exam likely he or she is involved into other activities as well. So convenience is very important and in order to make learning convenient I devised an online platform and I started teaching online. Now there are people who ask me that why can't you give your own handwritten notes? Why do you provide audio lectures? Guys I would like to tell you the reason why I am giving you audio lectures and not handwritten notes. The first reason is that I believe that handwritten notes are a very passive sort of learning because when you read notes given by somebody else you keep on turning pages after few minutes you'll see that you start yawning and you feel like sleeping. Then when you turn those pages after reading 30 pages if I ask you a question from those pages you might not be able to answer it because your brain was not involved totally in this process. Whereas when you listen to audio lectures and you try to comprehend what I am saying you are trying to understanding the thing and then you are writing that down you are involved in active learning and active learning is way more engaging you will be able to retain more when you learn through active learning mode. Plus another important thing is that I think that personalized notes or notes written by a student is way more beneficial than notes brought from the market. I have seen that experientially that when I used to study from my friends notes I was not able to understand things that better when I used to make my own notes. The third important factor why I don't provide my handwritten notes is that somewhere when I try to give you my handwritten notes I am not able to explain those notes to you. Like in this video I am trying to explain you each and everything and it is way more clear than if you go to my website and read the things that I have just talked about. Similarly when I am delivering my notes through audio lectures I try to explain each and everything and I try to make them clear in your mind. Plus all the notes that I have made during my UGCNET preparation and I have shown that notes in some of my videos as well I have upgraded those notes and I have computerized them and now when I teach those notes they are much better. Like now when I make audio lectures the content is much more refined than the notes that are there in my copies because I have upgraded them I have taken help of several other websites because when I make notes for my audio classes I make sure that the notes are of finest quality. Plus there are two more benefits of teaching through audio classes. First benefit is that according to psychology if you incorporate three learning methodology you are able to learn better. The learning methodology are audio, kinesthetic and visual. Now when you listen to lectures you are actually listening through your ears audio learning is taking place then you comprehend, you understand you write that thing. Kinesthetic learning is taking place when you are writing the notes and then when you read that note visual learning is taking place so you are learning through three sense organs and that is how you retain much better. Another important benefit of teaching online or through audio classes is that there are people who find it really difficult to read thousand pages of black and white information but then when we give them audio books or we give them audio lectures they are very happy they find it very fun and engaging so the same concept I have used here that rather than making the learning boring by reading so many books I have tried to make the lessons interesting and I have tried that all the non-readers can also take benefit of the course. Plus there are people asking me why don't you provide video lectures why audio classes? Like there are so many limitations of video classes guys and that is why I turn towards the audio platform the first limitation is that it takes too much space my lectures are really big like on Shakespeare I provide you lectures of about five hours now if I convert that lecture into a video lecture that will take too much space and taking too much space when you download that audio or you download that video it will take a lot of internet usage of yours it might consume like one GB data that would not be possible for people who are in remote areas or who don't have so good network connectivity that is why I chose a platform which is convenient for everybody across India plus there is one more technical issue with all video lectures is that you need certain softwares in order for that video to play in your laptop or computer or mobile like Adobe Flash Player and several other encrypted softwares are important whereas in my audio lectures you don't need any software it can run on any platform so that is why I chose audio online classes and not video or handwritten notes now people ask me that what is special about your audio lecture course and why should we go for your audio lecture course specifically now guys I will be telling you all the things that I have included in my audio lectures the first important thing that I have tried to do in my audio lecture course is that I have made it in a very systematic and organized manner so that the student finds it very easy to approach this exam to understand and to connect various ideas together the second important thing is that my audio lectures cover 100% syllabus I have visited the website of various great universities like Delhi University, BHU and I have tried to take the curriculum the MA and BA curriculum from those websites and I have studied that curriculum and incorporated all the writers which are taught in their curriculum also I have seen previous 12 years papers and make a note of all the writers which were asked in these papers and then I have designed my course so that I cover all the important writers and all their important works and all other important and relevant topics the third important thing that I try to do in my audio lectures is that I try to make them in a very detailed manner first of all I talk about a writer's biography then I touch each and every work written by that writer I try to explain summary of each and every work in such a detailed manner I don't need to go to any website and read the summary from there like if I am talking about Christopher Marlowe I have summarized each and every work in a very detailed manner and the entire audio lecture of Christopher Marlowe is of 1 hour 20 minutes so you can see in how much detail I go plus I make sure that whenever I am covering an audio lecture I give you all the important references and I cover all the previous year questions relevant to that audio lecture or that particular writer so I give you detailed discussion on the previous year questions particularly for that writer so that whenever you are approaching a writer you know that what sort of questions can come from that writer another benefit of my audio lecture is that they are self-sufficient I have researched a lot of books a lot of websites when I was making notes for these audio lectures and I have made sure that I have not missed any important and relevant information I have also tried that I talk to you in a conversational tone I am not here to showcase my knowledge or how much I have read in all these years I am here to make you understand and I am here to teach you in such a manner that you are able to understand each and every concept to the fundamental level so I speak in my audio lectures in less formal language and I speak in a very conversational tone you might have seen the same in my YouTube videos as well also I try that I talk to you and I tell you all the fundamental concept basic concept should be clear to you if you want to clear any competitive exam mugging up rote learning never helps if I am talking to you about Victorian age I make sure that you know how the political scenario of Victorian age was what is Victorian compromise then if I am talking to you about Elizabethan age or age of revival I talk to you about Tudor dynasty and I try to incorporate each and every fundamental concept so that you don't need to mug up information plus all the theory and criticism audio lectures are made in such a manner that I try to incorporate real life examples so that the theory and criticism which are like one of the most hard topics of this curriculum is very easy for you and I try my level best that I explain to you in such a manner that you don't need to waste time reading the same thing from several websites and understanding what all those websites are trying to say I make sure that I make the concept so clear that you don't need to refer to any other material other than my audio lectures plus the speaking speed is very low I know that students write when I speak so I have made my speed in such a manner that I try to match with the writing speed of the student also I try my level best that every word which is difficult to guess or difficult to spell out I spell that out I pronounce that word for example carpe diem I would spell that in my audio lecture C-A-R-P-E-D-I-E-M carpe diem I would spell that out so that the student doesn't make a spelling mistake while the student is writing plus one important factor is that I record all my audios in a recording studio I have made a recording studio in my office and from everyday from 12 to 6 I am in my recording studio recording each and every audio lecture which will be coming up next day so that there is no background noise audios are very clear you love listening to audios you don't get irritated listening to the background noise so audio lectures are very clear I record it properly in a recording studio with the latest equipments that I have bought now let's look at how you can enroll in my course or what is the enrollment procedure it is very simple you will hardly take two minutes of yours what you need to do is that you need to go to my website www.arpatakarwa.com and there is a button called login sign up you need to click on the button a dialog box will open which will ask few details like your life, your name, mobile number and email id it will also ask you to set a password and a login id or a user name do make a note of the user id and password so that every time you login in my website you have to use the same login id and password the second step is that after you fill this form you are redirected to the payment page where you can use credit card, debit card net banking or mobile wallets in order to make the payment the course fee is 5000 rupees plus 18% GST our company Aarpatakarwa Education OPC Private Limited is registered for goods and service tax and as an educational website we need to pay 18% GST to the government so the course fee is 5000 plus you need to pay 18% GST once you make the payment in the payment page or in the payment gateway you will be redirected to a page which will tell you that your account is activated you can now login through your user id and password also you will receive a confirmation email on your registered email id so this is how the payment takes place earlier we were taking payments through check or cash but then students told us that it is inconvenient for them so in order to make it more convenient we have integrated a payment gateway in our website and now you can pay online through credit card debit card, net banking or mobile wallets once you make the payment you will receive a confirmation email next moment you can login with your user id and password and you can access our audio lectures now I would like to tell you how you will study once you pay the fees and you register in our online course it's very simple you just need to put your login id and password and you can open the online course content page you have a list of 700 plus writers segregated in 10 modules you click on the writer you will be redirected to a page where you will find the audio lecture of that writer you just need to listen to the audio lecture just like in a classroom you take down the notes while the teacher is speaking similarly when you listen to my audio lectures you need to keep on jotting down the points and once you have jot down the points if you have any doubt you can call us, WhatsApp us or email us all the details are given on my website you can call us, WhatsApp us or email us and ask as many questions as you have I am in my recording studio from 12 to 6 so I am not able to pick up calls my team picks up the call and once you tell them that this is the query before they go home that day they sit with me after 6pm and they give me all the queries that I need to answer and before I go to sleep I make it a point that I answer all your questions either through voice message or through calling so this is how I go about with the course don't worry about problem solving because I make sure that I revert back to each and every student within 24 hours and I make sure that students are satisfied with my answers the process is very simple you just need to listen to the lectures make the notes if you have any doubts you can call us anytime the office timing is from 12 to 6 so we only pick up call during 12 to 6 if you call us before or after this time then you will receive a call back between 12 to 6 next day plus as well as if in case you have any doubts during the weekend Saturday and Sunday when our phone is not available we don't pick up call you can definitely drop a WhatsApp message and on Monday we make it a point that we answer your questions so our working timing is from Monday to Friday every day from 12 to 6pm we don't pick up call before and after that I would answer your queries after 6pm once my team tells me and gives me the list of queries that students have asked me in the course of that day so this is how we make learning extremely systematic and extremely organized now there are people who ask me that why don't you teach through WhatsApp like why do you make a platform and why do you teach through your website let me tell you guys I am a very organized person since birth and you can see that in my work in my website the way I've presented the course content and in my YouTube videos as well I work on a very step by step manner and that is how I'm able to teach in a very effective manner and all my students love me you can see the testimonials on my website there is a page called testimonials in which my students whom I taught during Arpita's English club I taught them spoken English personality development or soft skills they have given their reviews about me so you will find that in each of the reviews they have said that I try to make learning very fun and I am very organized teacher so that is why I don't find WhatsApp as an organized way of teaching the problem with WhatsApp is that if the memory or the storage of WhatsApp gets filled up then you need to uninstall the WhatsApp and reinstall it and when you reinstall it then all the audios are lost you cannot track the audios which are there on WhatsApp you cannot identify which is the audio for which author or which topic but in my website once you login using your user ID and password and you click on any writer you will be redirected to that audio lecture so it is a way more convenient way to teach now before I end the video I would like to answer some frequently asked questions and my team has given me some questions which people ask them continuously so I would like to answer all those questions in one go so the first question that I receive from students is what is the language of instruction guys I teach in English since it is a course which is preparing you to become a lecturer in English I seldom use Hindi and even if I have to explain any topic in Hindi I make sure that I explain that topic again in English as well so the language of instruction is English the second question that they ask me is the duration of the course guys the course is for 6 months I cannot make a course of 2 months or 3 months because I believe in providing quality content and I know that the course is so huge that you cannot cover it in a duration of 2 or 3 months so I make a course of 6 months the course will run for 6 months and will be valid till December 2018's net exam so whenever the net exam will happen in the month of December till that day your course will be valid after that your user ID and password will expire and if you want to rejoin the course then you need to go through the enrollment procedure again there are people asking me can we download the audios guys you cannot download the audios you can pause the audios you can listen to them number of times you can rewind them you can fast forward them you can pause them but you cannot download it because of the copywriting issue my entire legal team is working for the copywriting and piracy thing my father has done LLB so he is also working with the copywriting thing because I make so much effort in delivering the best content and I don't want the audios to get copied that is why I have not given you download option you can listen to them number of times they will not be deleted from the website even if you have an audio today it will be available to you till December so you can listen to them as many times as you want there are people asking me what are the number of seats in your course we take limited students the number varies according to the batch and according to the team that I have and how much queries we can answer in one day because for me student satisfaction and quality is the key I would never compromise on quality and I make sure that I answer each and every query so if I take a huge number of students I would be overburdened I would not be able to give quality content and I can never compromise with quality that is why I make sure that I take limited number of students once the number of students are registered they make the payment we close the registration and then we don't take registration of any new students people ask me what if we join a course after one month suppose a student is not able to register now and that person registers after one month if the registration is still open till that time what will happen in that case in that case you will get all the audio lectures of that one month together that would be available on my website and every day five new audios you will be getting I would explain this process again there is a question that students ask me that when are the audios delivered do we get all the audios together or do we get it after a period of time so guys we upload five audios every day from Monday to Friday without fail from every Monday to every Friday every day at 12 am at the night you will get five audio lectures which will be there on my website till the next net exam I don't give all the audios together because then the student has this habit that the student will listen to 10-15 audios in one day and then forget that he has to listen to the audios again and in order to maintain the continuity I have made sure that I upload five audios every day from Monday to Friday Saturday, Sunday I don't upload audios because I am working on the videos for YouTube also I like my students to revise on the weekends on Saturday make sure that if you have missed any audio lecture you are not able to listen to the audios of Wednesday make sure that you listen to that audios on Saturday and on Sunday you revise whatever you study throughout the week so this is how we continue with the preparation if a student joins one month after we have already started with the course then that student will get the audios of one month together and then from the next day he will be getting 5-5 new audios every day there are people who ask me the length of audio lectures now length of audio lectures depend upon the writer for example, for writers like Shakespeare I have an audio of 5 hours but then for minor writers I give audios of 15-20 minutes so the total audios that I give you is 700 plus audios you will get 1100 to 1200 audios in my entire course but I claim to give you 700 because I believe that we should claim less and give more also if you total the amount of duration of all the audio lectures it will be about 200 hours so the total course is of 200 hours which will be valid for 6 months there are people who ask me that can we access the audios from mobile yes guys, you can use you can listen to the audios from any device be it computer, be it desktop be it laptop, be it tablet be it mobile phones from any platform but with only one limitation that once you sign out from one device only then you can sign in into another device so for example you are listening to the audio lecture on your computer in the morning you need to sign out from the computer if you want to listen it from the mobile phone during the day or towards the night so you can use multiple device that is not an issue there are people who ask me that who records the audio so I am the one who make notes record audios, record videos and answer your queries exclusively on my shoulders rest things I try to delegate it to my team so audios you will always get from my side videos you will always get from my side and query answers you will always get from my side there are people who ask me can we get some demo audios yes guys we have already uploaded two demo audios on our website you go to our website click on the button course online course in that button call demo audios in which you will find two demo audios you can listen to that demo audio the way I teach in the demo audio is same the way I teach in my online course you can also listen to my video lectures on youtube because they are also delivered by me and are in the same manner so this is all about my course I have tried to answer all your questions if you have any other questions feel free to ask us we don't pick up calls before 12pm or after 6pm so please do call us between 12pm to 6pm if in case you call us before or after that time we will make sure that we call back between 12pm to 6pm next day we don't take up calls on saturdays and sundays you can definitely drop a whatsapp message or can email us if you have any questions any queries don't worry about answering and getting replies from my side because I make sure that my team answers each and every question each and every query of every student so with this I end the audio lecture thank you so much for your time and consideration and I hope to see you in my next audio online batch till the time we meet next happy learning, keep loving literature and don't forget to subscribe to this channel because I post videos every saturday and every sunday to help UGC net aspirants with their exam preparation apart from it if you are interested to join my course I have uploaded all the details that I have delivered in this video lecture on my website as well so you can go and check the details on the website itself thank you so much


The EZ-REED platform is a new technology that allows for the detection of rare RNA molecules in blood samples. This technology uses hybrid complexes composed of protein enzymes and metal organic frameworks to create a strong catalytic reaction that can be used to detect specific RNA molecules. This platform can also be used to accurately diagnose and subtype glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. This article was authored by Yang Zhong, Kai Yang Wang, Kareen Z, J Lim, and others.


So I want to talk about a fairly interesting story because I feel like these types of stories Should happen more often, but they don't so Miles Taylor the individual in this photograph with Donald Trump He is a former Trump official. He worked at the Department of Homeland Security and he is the one who claims He wrote that anonymous op-ed in the New York Times back in 2018 where he claimed that there are indeed grown-ups within the Administration trying to stop Trump from acting on his worst inclinations now He explained how you know little by little as he worked for Trump. He saw how unhinged he was and Eventually he turned on Donald Trump completely He decided to announce that he'd be voting for Joe Biden in 2020 And then he started to behave as a sort of anti-trump Republican in an effort to reform the party But after trying for not that long He's already concluding that it's not possible the GOP cannot be saved. In fact, he tweeted this out I'm done. I no longer believe the Republican Party can be saved. The vitriolic rhetoric is inspiring violent radicals I'm quitting the GOP and I hope more do the same now for him It seems like the straw that broke the camel's back was the buffalo shooting He sees how the GOP has been talking about the great replacement theory specifically media figures like Tucker Carlson You have some politicians like Matt Gaetz and one of the leaders of the Republican House at least Stefanik I mean the party is becoming more and more extreme and as they continue with this extreme behavior The country will descend further into violence and fascism So he tried to kind of go the path of Liz Cheney and reform the party But he realized that it's not really something that you can do and he wrote an op-ed explaining this Titled after buffalo saving the GOP means leaving the GOP. I thought the Republican Party could be saved I was wrong and he'd be correct about that the GOP I mean at this point with how much momentum they have in one direction It'd be almost impossible for them to change course Donald Trump has remade this party in his own image But one thing that bothers me about this is that I mean Miles Taylor. He didn't see it When we all saw it, I mean it was evident that Trump was a fascist But yet he still worked for Donald Trump at the same time though I feel conflicted about that because he was one of the grown-ups in the room That was trying to stop Trump from doing stupid things like bombing Mexico or nuking hurricanes presumably I'm so we needed people like that We needed adults to explain to Trump why you can't do these types of terrible things But at the same time I find it really hard to accept the fact that they couldn't see That this was the trajectory that the GOP was headed on the GOP for decades Was pandering to people like Donald Trump and then eventually they got a little bit more than what they bargained for They fucked around too much and then they found out The monkeys have taken over the zoo now You have a bunch of feral animals controlling the GOP all the behest of Donald Trump And I think that a lot of folks like Miles Taylor they think that yes the GOP Their rhetoric is very extreme. They're proto fascists, but they're never gonna descend into full-blown fascism, right? And the answer is That's wrong Proto fascism always leads to fascism. It's an inevitability. There's always this period in fascism where There's no violence you galvanize the base you identify the enemy and then that's when you strike And we're in that transition period today. We are descending into violent fascism and This was always the trajectory I don't know how he didn't see this and I also am skeptical of his motives here Is he just saying this now at the right moment because he wants to sell books Creators own, you know a career. I think he's probably more genuine than someone like Liz Cheney I don't believe that Liz Cheney actually cares I think she's someone who is an opportunist and maybe she wants to run for president at some point As the anti-trump Republican I don't know but what I do know is that this op-ed that he wrote is actually pretty solid because he states some facts about the GOP that are Undeniable that I think that regular rank-and-file voters of the GOP need to actually internalize and question Is this what I want to support? Do I want to continue to support the party that is literally killing democracy? So let's get into his op-ed here. He writes the vitriolic GOP rhetoric is inspiring violent radicals And I don't say that lightly after more than a decade in counter-terrorism It's clear to me that my party is mainstreaming conspiracy theories that are fueling a statistical spike in Political intimidation attitudes toward violence and the specter of domestic terrorism that we witnessed this weekend in New York This isn't a partisan broadside. It's a public safety warning The Buffalo shooter was apparently radicalized by racist viewpoints that many Republicans espouse and that danger can't be tolerated any Longer an associated press poll in December found that nearly 50% of Republicans agree to some degree with the sentiments of the great Replacement theory the Buffalo shooter allegedly used as justification for hunting and killing black Americans who comprised most of the victims of Saturday's attack meanwhile the vast majority of Republicans more than 70% in a university of Massachusetts poll released more than a year after the 2020 election still contest the results of the last presidential vote This has seemed to encourage dozens of GOP candidates to compete in federal primaries by campaigning on rage over a rigged election At the same time the party is going after the foundations of democracy itself GOP lawmakers have curtailed voting rights in nearly half of US states and a slew of Republican election deniers are running for positions Charged with overseeing state elections. What's more most Republicans still favor a twice impeached Trump for president Despite the fact that at least one former aide has said he would absolutely impose some form of autocracy in a second term and some of his cabinet members have Warned he's a threat to democracy. This is not the Republican Party. I signed up for and to that I say Yes, it is Yes, it is Trump is the logical conclusion To the Republican Party to years of pandering to extremists and getting more and more extreme over the years I mean he correctly identifies voter suppression as anti-democratic But this isn't a new phenomenon. This didn't just start after the 2020 election at the behest of Donald Trump This has been a common thing The GOP has always relied on voter suppression to suppress the votes in particular of minority communities So they can win and you know make sure that They stay in power and they are all about staying in power by any means necessary And this is kind of the tipic point right because demographics are indeed changing younger voter voters don't identify with the Republican Party So they can't just let Demographic changes, you know change the outcome of these races They actually have to rig the system in their favor in order to continue to be electorally viable and you know Reaching out to younger voters reaching out to minority communities is out of the question because the way that they get support is By fueling white rage the way that they Distract people from all of the things that their oligarchic donors are doing is by trying to blame Immigrants scapegoat minority communities LGBTQ plus people and this isn't just a Trump thing This is a GOP thing broadly speaking So I'm glad that he saw the lights, but if you didn't see the warning signs there then it just it feels really um I Don't know what to say it like again It feels bad because I'm conflicted on one hand. I want to encourage people to change I want to celebrate people when they do change and when people leave the GOP and explain how it's not a reformable party It's not even a functioning political party at this point. It's a death cult like when people do that I want to celebrate that but when you're a public official like this, I feel like you've got to know better How do you not see what everyone else has seen you don't have to be a political scientist to see that the writing was on the wall That Trump was the logical conclusion to what the GOP's project was That at some point the GOP's proto-fascism would inevitably devolve into real full-blown violent Undemocratic fascism. I mean history has showed us that this is what happens and now the GOP base itself is Starting to embrace violence much more a poll released in February of 2021 by AEI found that 39% of Republicans believe political violence might be necessary And white supremacists in michigan were convicted for plotting a civil war I mean these things don't happen in a vacuum. They're all connected, right Now It's good that he's doing this like overall I think that this is a necessary thing And what I want is for one person to do this and create a sort of domino effect But the problem is that this individual he's not high-profile enough to really make that big of a difference You need really high-profile Republicans to stand up and say I'm not just An anti-trump Republican, but I'm literally leaving the party Because it's not reformable at this point You can't just expect this fascistic party to change directions when they are full-blown Authoritarians at this point effectively. I mean how many people think the election was stolen 70% he cited the bull You can't reform that you can't get them to think suddenly that our institutions are going to be conducive to democratic change So they're going to more and more opt for extra democratic means of affecting political change and oftentimes that leads to terrorism violence as a way of You know changing the country hence why 40% of Republicans almost believe that political violence is necessary Now he gets something hugely wrong here. He says that there are still good Republicans like Liz Cheney Now, I'm sorry. Liz Cheney. She's not a fascist, but she's still a psychopath her foreign policy is Insane. I mean if you listen to what she said with regard to ukraine and russia She wanted a no fly zone, which means she's okay with Basically shooting down russian planes over ukrainian territory. That's what would be entailed with that if you wanted to enforce that And that would almost certainly lead to a direct confrontation I mean it is a declaration of war on russia to be clear And that could catalyze world war three lead to nuclear annihilation. So it's like How are there any good republicans?   None of them Are good. They all know That the issue is serious because if liz chaney actually were serious About trying to stop her party from being extreme She could actually stop voting with them. She could actually propose legislation that would economically help her base So that way, you know Her party doesn't have to scapegoat immigrants for their economic issues She could explain listen. I am the one who's trying to help you unionize and raise your wage But they're not they're anti labor. They're against basic human rights and this is The recipe for fascism neo liberalism always leads To fascism and if you don't have a strong opposition like the democratic party, which they are not strong It leads to fascism. I mean we've seen this time and again throughout history But also we have modern examples Tayyip Erdogan in turkey would not have been able to become A pseudo autocratic leader killed democracy in turkey had it not been for the weak opposition in turkey the liberals who just wouldn't stand up to him So, you know, it's like on one hand. I'm so conflicted because Yeah, this should happen more. I don't think that he's gonna be, you know The one that makes the damn burst and make a bunch of republicans in unison all disavowed this party You know, I don't think that a single issue like abortion is going to make it happen What's going to make it happen? I don't know But you know, it's a good thing when it does happen, but at the same time it just feels Bizarre that somebody like this who's a member of government didn't actually Know what the republican party was didn't actually know what trump was until he saw it firsthand And again, I applaud him for being the voice of reason apparently in trump's administration But I mean until more people have a little bit of foresight Then Things are going to continue to deteriorate in this country, you know, looking back and acknowledging That you were part of this cult is one thing hindsight is 2020, right? But you know having the foresight to be able to anticipate where The trajectory is headed that's something entirely different and until more people wake up and read the warning signs and educate themselves Things are going to continue to get worse The humanist report is fake news Mike only cares about crazy bernie and his wacky socialist ideas Sad very sad. I'm unsubscribing


Laten we beginnen. Mijn naam is Hans Verkijl. Ik werk voor Cisco Systems Norway op videoconferensing equipment en ik ben een van de ondernemers voor de media subsystem van de kernel. Ik doe veel van het HDMI receiver en transmitter werk en een deel van de HDMI standard is een optional extension called CEC consumer electronics control. Begin met kernel 4.8, er is een nieuw framework om dat te handelen. En deze presentatie is over wat het is, waarom wil je het en hoe is het geïnplamend. Maar dat is allemaal heel moeilijk. Laten we naar autospace, de final frontier, de Pluto probe Nieuw Horizont. Zoals vorig jaar is het gewoon een tad over 5,5 miljoen kilometer van Berlin. En het is nog steeds oplodigd naar planet Earth, alle informatie en foto's die het vond van Pluto. En het doet dat op een bitrate van 1 tot 2 kilometer per seconde. Wat is op dat deel een enorme feed, dat is reale ingeëering. Dus alles wat ik vertel, dat is niets veranderd dan dat. Vooral als je kijkt naar CEC, die op 1 meter veranderd is, is het voor 100 bits per seconde. Dus dit is echt relaxe ingeëering. Je kunt de hele tijd in de wereld hebben.  Dus dit is het oude stijl. Dus wat is het? Consumerelectronisch controle. En het was, het is eigenlijk een pin op het HDMI-connector. En de devices mogen of mogen niet supporten. Het is optisch. En het loopt verschillende HDMI-consumerelectronisch, zoals DVD-plejers, tv's, audio's, AV-receivers, om te communiceren met één ander. Dus dat als je in een DVD, in een DVD-plej, de tv gaat automatisch op. En de AV-receiver gaat op en alles is opgezet correct. Het is based op de oude AV-link cardstandard.  En het komt eigenlijk vanaf de tijd, toen je had je video recorder en je tv. En je wilde hetzelfde doen. Je loopt in je tape en automatisch de tv gaat op. Zoals ik kan zeggen, de fysieke protocol, elektrische protocol is precies dezelfde. De hoge niveau protocol lijkt te zijn heel anders. Je hebt eigenlijk een 1-byte header, en dan tot 15 bytes van payload. En remember, dit is 400 bits per seconde. Dus dat is about 36 bytes per seconde. Dus je hebt er echt niet veel van opgezet. Dit kan beïnpleerd worden in HDMI-receivers, HDMI-transmitters. En je hebt ook, of heb je het? Ja. USB donkers zoals dit. Dit connecteert naar je PC. Je hebt de, let me eens kijken, de PC gaat in op deze kant, de tv gaat in op deze kant, en je kunt de CEC controleren door de USB op je PC. Dit is gebruikt veel wanneer mensen want te hoeken op daar, een streaming PC, een setup box met een tv. En de graphics card doesn't support CEC. Dat is waar het is typisch gebruikt. Deze dingen zijn ongeveer 35 dollar of euro, iets in die onderzoek. Dus ze zijn te schijn, en ze zijn heel populair. De manier waar het werkt, dus elke CEC-devijs heeft een fysieke adres. En de fysieke adres is een 2-byte nummer met 4 nibbles. En iedere nibble is eigenlijk een topologie-identifier. Op de top niveau heb je de tv, dat is altijd 0, 0, 0. Als de tv heeft verschillende inputten, dan zal er 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, etc. En dan een niveau onder dat, dan krijg je 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, etc. Dus je hebt een limitere nummer van devices, natuurlijk, omdat van dit. Invalid, dat betekent dat er geen CEC is, dan is het ffff. Als je je PC connectt, bijvoorbeeld op een tv, dan zal je de EDID uitregen. En de EDID zal je de fysieke adres dat is aansloten voor je. Dus dat is waar je dat informatie krijgt. Je maakt dat niet op jezelf, maar als je een tv bent, dan is het hardcoded. Je hebt ook een logische adres. De logische adres is gebruikt wanneer je een message sendt, omdat je een initiator hebt, of een source, en je hebt een destinatie, waarom je het ook sendt. En elke CEC-devij heeft het eigen logische adres, dat betekent dat in de praktijk je meer dan 15 CEC-devijs kan hebben. Of je meer kan hebben, maar dat wordt heel complex. Je hebt een erg limitele functie, in dat geval. Het is niet een adres, zoals je weet, maar als een IP-adres. Het is echt meer een nickname, waarin de nummer eigenlijk identifie wat type van device je bent. Dit is een geweldig voorbeeld van een commissie product. Ze begonnen uit met één tv, of fair enough, en dan, oh, we moeten twee recording-devijs, één tuner, een playback-devij, in het audio-system. Ja, ik heb meer tuners, dus laten we een paar meer gaan. En iemand kwam op, oh, ik heb een playback-devij, en op een gegeven moment, rond de ID12, ze gaven het en zeiden, ik heb twee reserve fields. Laten we ze terugkomen. Je kunt het voor alles gebruiken. Dit soort illustraties, de fact dat het een protocol is dat is fuzzie, dat is evolve, dat is een commissie-product, dat is niet properly designed. En dat is ook een van de grote problemen die we hebben, het CEC, het is een mess. Dus, topologie-example, je hebt de tv, dat is altijd een fixe, dat is altijd 0. En dan kun je hebben DVD-players, connecten, je kan recorden-devijs, audio-video-receivers, HDMI switches, dit is natuurlijk een extreem-example. Wat je typisch hebt in de praktijk, je hebt de tv, je hebt een audio-video-receiver voor je huis-cinema-system, en dan een DVD-blu-ray-player, een zetelboek, misschien connecten, en dat is het, dat is wat de meeste mensen hebben. God weet waarom, maar dit is, de enige die eigenlijk dit proberen, het CEC, het Hitachi, iedereen elke keer maakt zijn eigen naam. Ik weet niet waarom. Het is een complete mystery voor mij, maar als je nog een net ziet, op de Samsung TV, dat is echt CEC. Ja, wat kan ik zeggen? Waarom wil je het implementeren?  Als je fijn ideeën had om het te gebruiken om de firmware te uploaden, vergeet het, 400 bits per seconde, remember that. Je, ik bedoel, het is sneller om de firmware op de nieuwe horizonsprobe, dan het is om dat voor je tv te maken, op de CEC. Dus, het is erg limit. Alle deze pakken, ze tenden te zijn heel klein. En, het is meer of meer de minimum die je nodig hebt om deze equipmenten te werken samen en te gebruiken in wat de customer expect. Dus, zoals ik heb gezegd, je gaat op de DVD player, je wilt automatisch de rest van het systeem en het reverse in het stand-by gaan. Dus, de meeste van deze features en alle deze message's, zijn gegroepd op features voor verschillende producten, types en een product kan implementeren met verschillende features, wat er relevant is voor ze. Dus, als je een touch-play hebt, die automatisch start te spelen, gaan op stand-by, start recording, timer programming, play fast forward control, controlling tuners, de menu, remote control pass through. Dat is een van de meest commonly gebruikt. Je hebt één single remote en je sendt het, say, de tv. En de tv passed op volumum control tot de AV receiver.  System audio control, dat is voor AV receivers. I'm not going through everything. Device power status, that's a fairly important one, that is it on and off, basically. Routing is relevant for HDMI switches, so you can choose the right port, so the right product is connected to the right, the right input is connected to the right output. System information is more generic stuff. Dynamic audio lip sync is very useful to get audio latencies from the device. I actually don't know why that isn't used more often. It's fairly rare, but anyone who ever hooked up a TV to your audio-video system, they often have to set up the audio latency in the AV receiver, because it takes time to process, if there's some extra processing going on for the video in the TV, the audio can be delayed if the audio goes straight to the AV receiver. And this feature was added, so you can just create the TV, give me the audio latency or video latency. It's actually quite rare. I have yet to see TVs implementing this. I don't know why, because it's an enormously useful feature. You have vendor-specific commands. This is the Achilles heel of CEC. Problem is, most vendors, they make their own vendor commands, so they work with their own products. But if you use a Sony player with a Samsung TV, it may not quite work as well as if you use both Samsung products. It completely defeats the whole purpose of CEC, which is interoperability. But things are getting better, because CEC is getting more popular. Most mid- and high-end products, they will all have it these days. At low-end, maybe, maybe not, you have to check, which is not that easy, because as I said, they never use CEC. They call it something else, so you have to know that. The Wikipedia page for CEC, they actually have a whole list of all these weird brand names. You can check there. Audio return channel, that is getting fairly popular. So normally you give video and audio to the device, but now you can get audio back as well. And that is controlled through CEC, the capability handling. You can also do ethernet. I will come back to that here a bit more. So nobody uses ethernet. It is available in CEC. So basically CEC is the configuration protocol. And then for ethernet over HDMI, they are using two pins to transport that. The protocol is horrible. Nobody is using it, because everyone either has wired ethernet or just a wifi chip. So I have yet to see a TV implementing this. I know of one AV receiver that is hideously expensive, that has it. But if there is no TV to connect it to, I'm not sure what the point is. What makes it even worse is when you use ethernet, you use two pins to transport ethernet, which is the utility pin, which is typically unused. And hotplug detect. Now anyone who knows hotplug detect, if you use that one, you can't signal, for example, that an EDID has changed. Because you would have to pull the hotplug down, but then you lose ethernet. So what they did is they added a CEC message to tell you whether hotplug goes up or not. It's a nightmare, and almost nobody uses it. Audio return channel is fairly common, and it's getting very popular. Actually you have two modes for audio return channel, one uses one pin, and I think pretty much everybody does that. And the other mode uses two pins, and then you run into the same problem with the hotplug detect, which is probably the reason why nobody uses that in practice. So the problems that you typically get when you work with CEC, first of all is optional, so you don't know if the other side implements it. But that is getting better and better. Most electronic devices, they do have it these days. There are several versions of CEC. 1.3 is still in use. 1.4 is the most common one. Very little difference between 1.3 and 1.4. 2.0, it's a much better standard because they tightened up a lot of the specs. So things that were fuzzy are now, well, let's say less fuzzy. But it is rarely used. I don't know why. It's really a lot better than the 1.4, that respect. It's a protocol that evolves. People added stuff whenever they needed it, and then it got standardized, and it's awfully slow. I have no idea when they added it to the HDMI standards, couldn't they have just clocked it up a bit? Would that be much more useful? That they just kept the old AV link standard for that. And the protocol has lots of custom requirements and custom limitations, things you can do only so often. They're mostly related to the fact that it is so slow. So you want to avoid unnecessary packets. So if you try to send something to a device en the device says, well, I don't support this message, then you're not supposed to send it again. So there are lots of special cases and it makes it a very difficult protocol to implement in software, to make the protocol stack. One reason for writing a kernel framework for this was that it allows you to have a single place where you can put not all, but most of these constraints. So how is it implemented? Actually I started on this about four years ago. So now within Cisco for video conferencing our products at that time they did use CEC, but very limited. Just basically being able to put a monitor or TV instance to stand by and power it up again. We had our own, like everybody else today, we had our own very simple CEC implementation en, well, I was a kernel developer, so that's not a good thing, of course. I decided to make a sort of a framework and I got about, at the time I thought I was 90% ready and then all the things happened and it basically was put in the fridge and it's laid dormant for two, two and a half years. Then Samsung picked it up. They wanted to use it for ActionOS 4 and Camille Debsky developed it further but then he left Samsung, so it was dormant again. But then we realized that we wanted to do a lot more with CEC, so it was a good opportunity to take it back and I started to develop it further with the goal of finally getting this into the kernel. And with 4.8 it is in the kernel, in staging. I'll talk a little bit more about that later, what is still to be done to get it out of staging. So one of the things that basically is a list of requirements that I had, because it's so slow, it is also highly asynchronous so you send a message and the reply can come back much later with lots of other messages in between. You don't want to have blocking weights, you don't want to wait for a second. It's not a good idea. Not in the kernel at least. You need to take care of those replies that are out of order so you want to be able to handle that gracefully in the framework. Where messages are handled, so things like for example a message that changes de hotplug detect state, that is something that needs to be handled in the kernel. Other things need to be in user space. Other things may depend on what you're building. So you need to have the ability to put things both in the kernel and into user space. You need to send and reparse messages both in the kernel and user space to having a single header that is accessible by both would be very useful. You need to support receivers, transmitters and these USB dongles so you have to take care of those different subsystems. And quite important is you really want to handle disconnect and connect scenarios gracefully. So if you disconnect you lose of course your physical address. If you reconnect you need to read the EDID and the physical address may have changed. You also lost your logical address after the disconnect and you need to reclaim it. And it may be different after the reconnect. If another device was connected in the meantime they may have claimed it so you need to get another one. It's really not something you want to do in user space. It's getting messy, you want the framework to do that for you so you don't have to think about it. The device node was easy, the name CEC. The driver developer can determine what level of control user space has. So if you want to do everything in kernel space, not recommended, but say you might want to do that then you can actually block user space from actually transmitting messages you want to keep everything inside. I will talk more about this is an extreme case we don't have anything like that. But you can also say I want to create remote control commands, go to a remote control device as well. There are a number of things that you can select what is allowed and what isn't. If you need to implement a driver, you just need to implement a number of low level adapter operations. Practical experience is until now that a new device takes about two days of work. They are really simple. There are some exceptions. Oma 4 was a lot more work, but there were lots of bugs elsewhere in the subsystem that took a long while for me to figure out. In general it's not very much work. The framework deals with all the details of the protocol, asynchronous stuff. It shields you from all that complexity. A lot of the core CEC messages are handled automatically by the framework. Someone gives you a new physical address. Some say some device comes up and it sends its physical address around. It will be automatically registered and things like that. There is support for monitoring CEC messages which is absolutely brilliant for debugging. It depends on the hardware support. It will always monitor messages that you transmit or that you receive. There is also the opportunity in hardware to monitor messages going from one device to another device, but not to you. If the hardware supports it, you can monitor that as well. The very nice thing, this dongle, can be put in that mode. You can put it in the middle of some setup and then use your PC to monitor what is going on over the CEC bus. Very useful for debugging. It was staged in 4.8. It was merged in staging in 4.8. The framework itself, you have one header and the header contains a user amount of static inline functions that can pass and create CEC messages. That is shared between kernel space and user space and that is everything for you. The structure, this is the main message structure. We have some timestamps, lengths of the payloads. You can set up a timeout because if you want to wait, how long you wait for a reply, for example. Sequence counter, some flags. This is the message itself. I will come back to this one later en dan een hele bunch of status and counters that help you with whether the message succeeded or not. Typical way to do this, you have this structure. You create a structure, you initialize it. This is the initiator, so who is sending it. This is where you go, who you send it to. And then you use this inline message to just fill in the whole payload. A typical static inline looks like this. It just fills in the message structure, sets up the length. It takes care of some boundary checking if that is necessary. And you have the reverse that takes the message and extracts the information from it. This is a really practical example. This is the message to get the CEC version. So it sets the length to 2, this is the command. And then the reply, this is a boolean, whether or not you want to wait for a reply. So one thing which you very often do is you send a message and you want to wait for the reply. If you set reply to true, then the reply field is filled in with the message that you expect back. And the framework will actually wait around until the time out. By default that's one second, because that's what the spec says. You need to get a reply within one second. Not that it's always one second in practice, but that's an automatter. And then the framework will just, you do the transmit and the framework will wait until the reply comes back or until the message is aborted. So the device can say I don't know this message, which would be really bad because everyone needs to support this. Or until the time out is reached. And then your transmit ends and you have the status information and you can see what you get back. This is very useful because you don't need to do all the asynchronous and out of order handling. We'll all be done by the framework. So you send this message and then the other side will then fill in the version, the right version. We'll send it back and you receive a CEC version command and you parse the version out of it.  When you write a new CEC adapter, it is basically this, this is all you need. So you make a number of operations. You need to have an adapter enabled to actually enable the hardware. This one is optional. Some devices have a special mode to enable monitor all, which means, as I said before, you can monitor messages between two different CEC devices that's not you yourself. They often come with warnings, they only use this for debugging, don't use this normally. So if that's the case, then you need to fill in this operation to actually explicitly enable this mode. I don't, they never tell you, they say that it's only for debugging, but they don't tell you what would go wrong if you always enable it. So better safe than sorry, so I made a separate operation. Logical address, so when you have claimed a new logical address, you don't need to fill it in the hardware. The transmit speaks for itself, transmit the message. This is optional, or there is a, in DebugFS, there is a status file that gives the current status of the adapter. And if you have low level information you want to add, then this operation will be called. And this is a high level callback. So when a message is received, your adapter can be called and you can process that message if you want. And you can say, okay, after processing it, you can either allow it to continue to use a space, or you can say, no, I've processed it, don't pass it on. And finally, there are two functions that you typically call from the interrupts routine. So when you transmit a message, you fill in the hardware and you say transmit it, when it's done you get an interrupt and you have to call transmit done with status information, did it succeed, what sort of error conditions are there. And the same when you receive a message, you just fill in a strict message and you pass it on to the framework. And that's all there is. And this is typically, as I said, about two days' work for reasonably sane hardware. The public API, again, is fairly simple. There is a capability, get capabilities. So what can you do with the adapter? Really the most important one is cup physical address. As I mentioned before, ideally, when you hook it up, the driver will automatically find the EDID and the physical address and set it automatically. There are cases where you cannot do this, most notably a dongle like this because you don't get EDID information. So it has to come from outside. Drivers that need that set this capability and then that means that the user space has to find the right EDID en physical address and set it up. Get set physical address, speaks for itself. This is the main power function, really. You call that. And that's what defines what sort of device you want to be.  With CEC version, are you going to support 2.0 or 1.4? The default is 2.0. I see no point in default supporting an old version. You can put in defender ID, OSD name, a whole bunch of information that is fixed. So you set it, and it's all fixed, it's stored. And whenever you disconnect, then the CEC adapter will automatically be disabled and you reconnect and it finds a physical address and it will automatically reclaim logical addresses and set it up automatically again to the right device type. So you typically set this up once and you don't touch it again. Then you have get set mode. So what happens in user space? How do you typically implement this? You need to... There are two parts. One is that you try to control a remote device. The other is that you have to reply to messages that you receive. So they're in the CEC terminology. That's an initiator. You do something actively. The other is a follower where you just receive messages and you need to reply to them and take action. So if you implement it in an application, you want to... Depending on your specific use case, you may want to get exclusive access. That you're the only one who can initiate messages. Or the only one who can handle received messages. Or do you want to allow others to do it as well. So you have the mode where you can actually say, well, by default, you're just initiator. You don't have exclusive access. But you can make yourself an exclusive initiator.  And the same for follower. You can be a regular follower. Then you will receive messages. Or you can be exclusive. Then nobody else can receive messages. And then you have a special pass-through mode. As I mentioned by default, the core will handle... Or the framework will handle some core messages automatically. There are cases where you want to do that yourself. And then you put it in pass-through mode. And then except for a few documented messages where you always have to handle it in the core, they will just be passed on to you without any further processing. And you can also use it to put yourself into monitor mode. Receive and transmit. Speak for itself. DQ event that allows you to respond to... Well, basically it's disconnect and reconnect events. So you disconnect and then you get informed, okay, everything is gone. You reconnect and you get informed of your new physical and logical addresses. You can start everything up again. There are a number of utilities. This is actually... CEC is a complex protocol. So you want just making a framework is not enough. You really want to provide also a whole bunch of utilities that allow you to test things and have sort of a reference implementation. So we have three utilities and one test driver. CEC, anyone who knows the media subsystem, I've written a whole bunch of utilities for video for Linux and basically I modeled this after what I've done there. So you have a Swiss Army knife, CEC-CTL. You can send all messages, all the messages defined in the protocol you can send it with and you use it to configure the adapter to whatever, whether it's a TV or a playback, et cetera. And then there are two utilities that you can use for compliance testing. Kudos to my summer intern, Johan Fjeldfett, who did his work. So he... One of the things that we really wanted because the specification is so fuzzy. So the implementations are even fuzzier. Certainly ambiguous and non-standard. The weird thing, the HDMI standard actually has compliance tests. One of the first tests that they do is when you send a message that is not supported you need to get the feature board back. While pretty much all the implementations that I've tested, they don't do it. They just time out. Which means that if you want to discover whether someone supports something, you just send it and then you twiddle your thumbs for a second. Then it times out and then well, it's probably not supported. When it should have responded with a feature board. So I think nobody runs those tests. I don't know. I don't understand it. Anyway, the compliance test can be used to test a remote device. Or of course the other way around, your own implementation. It goes through all the features. It tries to see what is supported and what isn't. We do have coverage for all the features. But some of the features are very limited. We never use tuners. We just check if there are some tuner features support. We don't do any in-depth compliance tests. Patches are welcome. Things where we for our products are really interested in, that is done much better. We have a fairly complete test sequence there. But if you want to test, you also need a follower. So you need your own device need to reply to receive messages as if it was a playback device or a TV or whatever you try to emulate. So we made a reference implementation for a follower.  And then you run CEC compliance to the remote system. And that way you can test how well that remote device is actually working, how well the implementation is. It's by no means complete, but at least it gives you a certain level of confidence that you otherwise would not have or you would have to buy very expensive equipment to try and test this. Finally, Vivid, this is an existing driver, a visual video. We use it for video for Linux to test, for example, an HDMI receiver without actually requiring you to have hardware for an HDMI receiver. It emulates it. So we add a support for CEC as well. So it emulates CEC adapter, including how slow it is. So it is still 400 bits per second, even though it's emulated. And you can use this to test your own application en it is very useful for testing your program without actually having the hardware. As I said, this framework is in staging. It is pretty complete. There are a few things, a few corner cases that I need to double check before it can go out of staging. I have patches for most of them. I just need some, say, two days of time to finish it. Probably the most thing that will take me the most time is to take a second look at error handling because the specification is fuzzy with respect to error handling. Actual implementations, hardware implementations are way fuzzier. There are some that just say error. There are some that actually give some more feedback what type of error it is. They say foo, without explaining what foo actually means. I would like to have a second look at this part, so that might change a little bit. Otherwise it will be unchanged, pretty much unchanged, just some corner cases to clean up. All those things to do, I have an OMAP4 implementation for the panel board, but needs to be cleaned up. Audio return channel, CDC, there may be some more kernel support necessary there, I'm not sure yet. Integrated with the media controller, so you can associate a video note with corresponding CEC note, that would be handy. And put more intelligence into the framework to handle all sorts of weird constraints that the standard has. I want to, so here are some resources. All the utilities, they are completely up to date, up to kernel 4.8, they are here. User space documentation, is in the document doc book, no longer doc book, but now Sphinx documentation in the kernel. The kernel API documentation, for some reason it doesn't turn up here, so I made my own copy, that's a book somewhere, and my email. But let me get a quick, so I have loaded the Vividriver, you can see it here. And there are two CEC notes, one is for the capture device, HDMI capture, one is for say that would be equivalent to a TV. The other is an output device, equivalent to say DVD player, and they are inside the driver, they are connected together. So, if you just run CEC CTL, it gives the information, it gives just some driver information, what is happening. Oh, it's already, okay, wait a moment. Let's make it clean slate. So, by default you can see, there are logical addresses that are assigned zero. Physical address is zero, zero, zero, so as I said, it's a capture device, so it's a TV, that's hard coded. Physical address for the outputs is one, zero, zero, zero, basically the first input port for the TV. And again, zero logical addresses, so nothing is, nobody told the CEC adapter what it is. Minus D1 by the way, so you can also write minus D slash dev slash CEC one, but I'm lazy, and I like to just provide the number of the device, which is much easier to do. A CEC device, let's make it a TV. Now it suddenly has a logical address, this is all filled in, it says, OSD name is TV, sort of the default that I gave it. It fills in various CEC types, primary devices, TV, logical address type is of the type, TV, well, all bunch of stuff. And the same you do for the playback device. Again, you have one logical address that is claimed, set up as a playback device. So one thing I want to do is to demonstrate vivid together with CEC compliance. So the help text for CEC compliance is basically you, again, the device, the remote device that you want to test. This is test adapter, there's more internal tests that actually test your own adapter. So try as all the IOCTL, see if nothing is broken. These are all the external tests. You also have an interactive mode. A lot of these tests require, say, power down the TV. Unfortunately you don't get good status information back.  So you have things like, okay, power down the device and then it asks, did it power down? Things like that. The default is that it tries to do exactly, but you're missing out from some of the tests that you can only do in interactive mode. These are basically all the features. By default it tries them all. But that can be annoying if you just want to test one specific part. In that case you can select what you want. Oh, before I forget. So CTL, CTL, CEC CTL. That was a fairly long list of options. So the top ones, this allows you to send any message. So the top ones they do all sort of global stuff including where do you want to send a message to and who is it from. Show topology is very useful. I will show that soon. Because it shows, I will do that in a minute. It shows you what devices are connected. It detects the bus. Here are where you set up what type of device you have. At the end for each feature you have an additional help text. Which you can also do through help all. Oh, without the manage aids. And then you get help for all the messages that you can send. So there are a lot of them. This is auto generated from a header. I wasn't crazy. Euclipurl script, that creates all this stuff. So if I now run cc compliance you will see here so it gets network topology that's all great. But it fills here for some of the options power status. I don't get a proper power status. It says that's here again. And what is missing is that there is no follower. So you send messages to a device. But nobody is processing. Ja, de core messages are processed with anything outside of that. There is nobody running. So if I run the cc follower explicitly and then try this again then suddenly things work again. So now I get a proper power status because the follower running there is actually receiving the messages giving the right reply and you get what you expect to see. I wanted to show topology this is very useful. It just detects all other devices so you are the TV and it's looking for other devices, finds a playback device. It also shows the topology in a more graph like structure. There are only two devices here so it's fairly simple. And if I just run the full compliance test check then you get an idea of what it's all doing.  I would like to say that it is all perfect. Well, it's nowhere near. But at least you have some idea of how bad it is. That's it for me. Questions? Yes. So did I put it in staging because I was not sure about the user space API or were there other reasons. It was partially the user space API so it was sticking in the neck as long as it's not in the kernel nobody is using it. Also at that time the compliance test was still being developed. Now I'm happy with the user space API because we have done the whole compliance test and it's all working out fine. I also knew there were some corner cases that were not handled correctly yet for which I had to think about a little bit but there were really, you know, tiny things. I think the user space API as is stands the only place where I might make changes is in error handling error status because that is I need to do another read up on the specs and the compliance test double check whether I do the right thing. So that's just some status bits with some minor changes. Is it a second question? So if you want to add support for this is it allowed for non-staging code to hook into staging. If it's a new driver that's fairly independent you would put it in staging. There are a few now in staging. I also have one case, ADV7604 and some analog devices, receivers and transmitters where that code is under an if-dev but let me see. It's under a kconfig option that is only enabled if you have staging as well. I'm taking special care. My hope is that it will go out of staging by 4.10 or 4.11 at the latest. I just need two full days to two or three days to finalize it. I know exactly what is necessary to get it out of staging. I'm going to start and I'll finish in touches. Can you use the reference implementation as SnifferMode? Yes, you can. CECCTL has a minus M mode that enables the monitoring. Or Raspberry Pi, there is no C at least I haven't seen a CEC driver using for this yet from the Raspberry Pi. So they have CEC but it's custom. Like everybody else today interestingly enough, most SSEs have CEC support but they all have their own proprietary shitty driver. They have nothing like a framework like this that shields you from a lot of the complexities. It's just very low level transmit and receive and the rest figure it out yourself. Good luck. This does not replace if I understand the question correctly is there any product that uses this compliance test? No, because this is brand new. So there's been no time for anybody to use it. Hopefully we will because we are using it in our products so hopefully we will pass but it's just too soon at this moment. Given the fact that pretty much all of the implementations I have seen and tested they all fail even this compliance test I would be really surprised if there is anyone that has proper full compliance with CEC. It's horrible. Frankly. I don't know. They fail on very basic stuff. It's not even some obscure corner case. No, you send a message that is not supported and they just time out instead of sending me a feature report that is sort of CEC 101. I don't understand this is with say almost several prominent TV vendors that we tried. I have yet to see a product that is really all we had one I think a DVD player or a Blu-ray player it was fairly decent but certainly the TV that we tested it was let's say disappointing. Well if you implement CEC then you need to adhere to the specification. Well I don't know who knows perhaps they do it for that reason that they sort of call it any link any net because hey we don't really do CEC. So what is the plan with specific vendors? So the framework so there is a Lib CEC out there that is currently that is implementing a user space stack as well for CEC using the proprietary the custom APIs that exist today because there was no standard API. I'm hoping someone, it won't be me but someone will actually add support for this as well. That library has a whole bunch of support for quirks perhaps some of those could be put into the kernel but I really did there's more a user space thing the kernels should do the core stuff what I'm hoping is that when people use this framework and use these compliance tests and use the reference code that they will actually produce something that is much closer to what the standard specifies because so much is handled by the framework, hopefully correctly it's a chicken and egg, there was no framework there were no compliance tests well not unless you bought very expensive equipment so I'm trying to resolve that by giving a good alternative by giving some compliance tests by giving some utilities and tools and code so people can do a better job Time will tell I got one new driver already for 4.9 so it seems to be a lot of interest in getting this to work I'm hoping to see more drivers if you want to do that you want to add support, just contact me there is one thing so DRM what you really want is that when you register you see C device the ID from the DRM driver Russell King made the framework for that it is not merged, it is missing a feature I hope to find some time to look at it as well because that would be really nice it would make it a lot easier to write CEC drivers for those specific devices how are we with time I think it's out of time thank you


Pipe the police are on the lookout for a man and a woman who fled from police on a motorcycle on the evening of June 6th. The man in question is Tyrone Davis. The woman on the back of the motorcycle with him was Holly Bates. Our officers attempted to stop the motorcycle with the two occupants on it. It was traveling on Hanby Boulevard near Byron Avenue. That's where McDonald's is at. I guess when the operator of the motorcycle was seen, law enforcement behind him, he took off, ran the red light. That's when the pursuit began with the lights and siren. The pursuit went into, exited onto US-23 Northbound, going towards Walmart. They decided to terminate it due to a bit of motorcycle safety of the occupants. They didn't want to do that. And the traffic flow, I guess. Road conditions, things like that. So got to the intersection of US-23 and 119. The motorcycle took a ride onto 119, officer, the officer behind lost sight of the vehicle and the construction. Another officer who was on 194 saw the motorcycle turned on it, initiated lights and siren. The road, where the road is there and stuff, the officer decided to just terminate the pursuit. We are Pikeville Medical Center and we are an amazing place to work. Healthcare heroes of all types work here. All who deserve great rewards. So while our heroes are working hard to take care of our patients and visitors, we are taking care of them with top-tier benefits, higher pay rates and great sign-on bonuses. So join our team today. So what are you waiting for? Apply today. Incredible opportunities await at PMCjobs.org. Both individuals had previous warrants, however police were initially attempting to pull them over for lack of registration. Police went to a location where the man was suspected to be, but did not find him. Basically, he put his life and his passenger in danger. We discontinued the pursuit because the well-being of the occupant and the operator to us, that life means more than basically a ticket. And that's what he would have got, probably would have been a ticket citation for the offenses on the motorcycle. So he basically fled for no reason and got himself in more trouble. So should just stop. And if the police officer gets behind you, just stop. Just pull up to the road. And a lot of times it's basically just either a traffic stop is for two reasons, to educate and enforce. Sometimes you've got to enforce the law and sometimes you've got to educate. Here's what happened. Here's don't do it again. Most of the time, you know, it's just basically let you know what you've done wrong. Sometimes you do get a citation. So just pull over to a safe place for you and the officer and do the right thing and don't flee from the place. Anyone with information about the whereabouts of either Tyrone Davis or Holly Bates, please contact Piefill Police Department at<PHONE_NUMBER>. For Mountaintop News, I'm Kelsey Dean.