Well, welcome everyone to today's Mar-Guess lecture. Our guest speaker today is Ariane Rabenbach, and he's the person that I have been telling you about that is going to explain to us what's new in the federal records management space. So Ariane works in the office of the Chief Records Officer, and we're so pleased that finally NARA does have a Chief Records Officer, so that's quite an accomplishment for the records management field. Ariane works in the National Archives Records Administration out of College Park. You see that we're welcoming comments on Twitter, and the hashtag SJSU-Co-Uplia is on your screen for you. I'm going to just go right over to Ariane's first slide, and I'm going to give the mic over to Ariane, and we'll get started. So Ariane, it's all yours. Thank you, Pat, and welcome everybody. I'm glad you're able to join me today. As Pat said, I want to keep this as informal as possible, so if you have questions, just put them in the chat or raise your hand and speak up, and we'll be happy to take them as we go along. What I thought I'd do or what I was, you know, Pat and I talked about doing is just sort of bring everybody, sort of tell a story about all the changes. I've been at NARA for 15 years. I started at NARA in October of 2000, and the amount, if you, in that time period, there's certainly been a lot of change. I would say that if I were to divide my job doing records management for the federal government and doing the policy work that I do now in the segments that were all equal, the first 12 years were kind of pretty much it seemed like I was busy, but then as you'll see in the slide deck in 2011, the White House put out a memorandum on managing government records, making some changes for the way federal agencies manage their records, to reflect modern technologies, to reflect the rise of electronic records, electronic record keeping, things like that. That memo came out in November 2011, Red Round Thanksgiving. To implement memorandum in the federal government for those who aren't federal workers or those who don't know, you have to issue a directive that says, okay, here's the memorandum from the White House, and now here's the directive. So the directive, the managing government records directive came out in August 2012. So since then, it's been a real sprint to meet all the deadlines in the directive, and we'll talk about those in the presentation. So that's where we've been, you know, the directive really marked that significant turning point for federal records management. It really got gave the National Archives a lot of attention and a lot of focus on records management, which as we know and as headlines in the paper are, sometimes they're good things and sometimes they're bad things, and you don't necessarily want all the attention and everybody getting involved. But my joke is that my dad still thinks I'm a lawyer for some reason when I tried to explain what I do that are a policy for the government, and at least now we're having more of a conversation where he starts to get it because every day there's a records management story in the news, and it doesn't necessarily have to be prominent officials. My, when I taught workshops, I used to say you just pick up the Washington Post every morning and there is a records management story there somewhere. So that's just sort of my general introduction. Here's the timeline of all the major pieces of legislation, of all the major pieces of guidance that we've promulgated through our electronic records management policy shop. Just briefly, I'm on the records management policy team. There's five of us around the country. We are a distributed team, so talking into a video camera sitting on top of my computer is not something very familiar to me because I have colleagues in Austin, Texas, and there's one in Ann Arbor, and there's one in Seattle, we've got a few here in the D.C. area. So that's just how we operate. There's six of us on the team that write records management policy. And this is sort of our roadmap of all the major things that we delivered and put out over the last few years. And we can talk, I can go into a lot of detail on every single one of these, but let's see what you're interested in, and I'll, when I go through the deck and we'll stop at certain points to have, to go into a deeper dive. But as you can see, the kickoff was in the Presidential Memorandum in 2011. The directive is what we wrote to implement the goals of the memorandum, which was, again, to modernize. The Presidential Memo is really explicit about modernizing records management for the 21st century. Sort of the White House commitment that, yes, agencies are using computers. People are using modern technologies. And we have to get out of a world where every record schedule or agencies had record schedules that were written, frankly, in the 1950s and 60s, and before computers and talked about paper and things like that. One of the major things, the major pieces of guidance that we put out was in August of 2013 when we issued our capstone bulletin. Capstones are a new approach to managing email. One of the problems with email, again, going back to this 1940s, 50s models of records management, a lot of the current guidance, even this, you know, 2010 guidance was print and file email. Nobody prints and files email. And that's sort of, but we had to get out of a mold where we were relying on people to do things, to print and file email and record keeping systems. They, even people that have had records management systems installed may not click and drag email. So capstone was sort of our recognition of this problem and builds on the idea or the concept that most federal agencies, through their general counsel shops, have purchased vaults where they, where all their email is captured just for e-discovery purposes. Now those aren't record keeping systems. And anybody who knows, is it familiar with the field, understand sort of the distinction between a brute force capture of every single email message that goes across, that comes out or goes across a network. What we wanted to do is say, is there any way we can look at these systems that agencies are spending all this money on and leverage that and turn it into a records management application or turn it in, what, is there a ways that we can leverage that functionality? And the capstone bulletin does that. It says, basically for all, for the top level of the agencies, we're going to just declare all of those records permanent. So if you're the head of an agency, if you're the senior director, your email is likely to have permanent records in it. And we want to make sure all of those are captured, all of them are declared permanently. The capstone bulletin does have exceptions for personal email or non-record material. But the key point with the capstone bulletin was it said, you've got all these emails, it's now going to be permanent, we're going to capture it, and then we're going to manage it. Whereas before we were relying, pre-capstone, you're relying on agencies to capture it, manage it, and then declare it permanent. Well, if they're not capturing it and they're not managing it, you're never going to get permanent records. And so that's the sea change that was a capstone bulletin led. In January of 2014, we updated the formats that we'll accept. And our format team, my colleagues on the format team did a really good job of just, you know, we were very restrictive at the National Archives on the kinds of formats we would accept for permanent records. These were boiled down into, you know, spire six categories, PDF, TIFF, the normal suspects. And it was very lacking because it didn't recognize that formats evolved and agencies evolved. The story I always tell about the format bulletins is when I was, when we had rolled out the digital photography guidance a few years ago, when that came out in 2004, 2005, something like that, it was a requirement that no pictures for permanent records could have less than 5.1, 5.1 megapixels was the requirement for digital photography. And I remember teaching that point to people, going out to agencies and talking to people. And they would say, we're never going to have a 5.1 megapixel camera. They're $2,000, they don't exist, we can't afford them. Here we are, you know, 10 years later, and everybody's got a phone in their pocket that shoots twice that, three times that. So it just shows you that, you know, formats are always tough when you do that kind of prescriptive guidance. The idea by resetting the formats is we have more interactive tables and a better approach to managing that, and being able to handle the evolution of technology. So as technology evolves and moves forward, we're now more responsive to that. So that was what the format bulletin was. The summer, last summer, there were a lot of email stories around some federal agencies, the IRS, the VA, EPA a little bit, there was a lot of interest in Congress and the Office of Management and Budget. So they wanted us to do more email guidance. We put out a new bulletin through another OMBNAR memo in September 2014. That email bulletin, so if you look for that bulletin, the 2014 bulletin, I call that our greatest hits of email guidance. We've put out, the frustration we've always had on the policy side is we've issued guidance. You know, the first piece of guidance about email was not August of 2013 when capstone came out. It was not, you know, January 2014, we said here is format bulletin. We've long recognized that email was a record and we've put out, we've been putting out guidance for years and years and years, predating my career in our way back in the late 80s, the first, you know, the first real email case in the government is the cross case, the Olly North White House email case of the late 80s. I mean, that's a, you know, this was a 30, 40 years old problem. And it gets frustrating when you put out all those guidance and how do people, what does it take to make it their real change? The email bulletin in 2014 was a, I call that our greatest hits. We had finally put out all these albums like a band does and all of a sudden kind of do a greatest hits package.  So the 2014 guidance is the greatest hits for your email. Because of the email stories that came out that summer, the Congress finally updated the Federal Records Act and this was significant because it's the first time we had legislative action to our underlying statute of the Federal Records Act. Since the Federal Records Act was passed in 1950 and then it was, it stayed on the books. Now we were given regulatory authority to go in and issue regulations to implement those, the law. But the law hadn't been changed since the 1950 when President Truman signed it.  Congress did update the law in November 2014 to explicitly call out electronic records as records that needed to be preserved, called out email as a class of records, also included electronic messages. So text messages, Google chats, but the blackboard chats that we're doing here may or may not be a record and may or may not have to be captured depending on your agency's record schedule and what the content is. So it really reset a lot of our underlying guidance had to be reset, had to be looked at and that's the November 2014 updates to the Federal Records Act. So that's the piece that reset the laws, gave us, in a way I'm not, I wouldn't call it new authorities, just expanded the authorities we had to do our work and really recognized the preeminence of electronic records in the modern age. This July, past July, we updated our, we issued a new bulletin on electronic messages. This one is significant because it gets to the issue of text messages on mobile phones and are they records, are they official records that need to be managed and preserved? And that messaging bulletin of July 2015 sort of gets to that, it raises that issue. And just this week on today is Thursday, on Tuesday we rolled out our minimum metadata bulletin. So when you're starting to transfer electronic records to the National Archives, one of the minimum metadata elements that we're looking for, for those records. Now that's an interesting bulletin because I can, you know, if you study metadata or you're interested in metadata, you know that you can have a serious conversation about schemas and things like that. The problem is most of the people who do records management in the federal government, most people aren't really interested in metadata, they don't know what it is. So it was kind of hard to write a minimum metadata bulletin. If you're really interested, I suggest reading the bulletin. It's based on Dublin Core and it just has a few elements. Now, internal Danara, we have our own metadata requirements for records that we're going to eventually make available to fit in our catalog and things like that. One of the projects for the coming years is to start aligning the NARA requirements for things like our catalog or online public access space with the minimum metadata requirements. So those are the big pieces of guidance that we've put out over the last few years. The managing government records director is the be-all and end-all in this, the main piece of guidance and it came out August 24th of 2012 and then they said, that's the piece that reset records management in the federal government. In the directive, it explicitly calls out two goals, two big headline goals. And one of them is to require electronic record keeping to ensure transparency, efficiency and accountability. Again, recognizing that agencies have converted their paper-based systems to electronic systems, federal government work is being carried out with electronic systems, electronic records and we need to manage those. We need to make sure where our guidance is appropriate around electronic records. So that's explicitly spelled out in the end as one of the goals. The second goal is to put agencies on notice that they had to demonstrate compliance with records management statutes and regulations. And that gets, that speaks to the, one of the challenges we've always had in records management and we work with all the agencies. Our appraisal staff would go out and work with a lot of the agencies. The challenge would be how do we make sure, you know, they're following the proper procedures, proper requirements that we've put out. In the agencies, we always heard, well, I've got two people doing records management, my agency is hundreds of people. How do I make this work? I don't have any senior support. So the directive requires agencies to have some senior support. And I'll get to explain that in a little bit. The record keeping piece is divided into two milestones that are coming, that we are working towards in a very, you know, these are things we're doing every day. So by 2016, by the end of 2016, December 2016, agencies have to manage permanent and temporary email and accessible electronic form. So all email has to be managed electronically. Well, you might say, well, it's an email by Nature Electronic. It is, but remember, we had a lot of guidance that was out there for years that said print and file your email. So we wanted to declare a desk to print and file, just manage them in electronic formats, delete what you can, and move forward. Get out of the print and file business because nobody was printing and filing email. And if somebody is printing and filing email, I'd be curious to see how much house that worked in. The other piece is 2019, by the end of 2019. So we've got a few years for that, but it's fast approaching. Agencies must manage all their permanent electronic records in electronic formats. And again, that's not saying all records. It's saying permanent records of National Archives staff and the agencies have appraised as permanent, and have been scheduled as permanent. And if they're electronic records, they have to stay in electronic formats. That's extending the print and file, the desk of print and file, if you will, to all kinds of records. Any kind of record, that's a permanent electronic record. Now, to do that, agencies may or may not have to change their systems, change the way they do business, and that kind, it gets to the number one question we get around that goal is, do you mean all electronic government, no paper in government? Well, I don't think we're not proposing that, but I think part of the thinking agencies have to go through is, you know, if we're going to do this for our permanent electronic records, maybe we need to do this for all the records. And that's how we hope that'll play out. So there's a, that, I mean, it builds obviously off the email goal and get to the place where we're just dealing with electronic records instead of a variety of formats. The other thing I talked about was the compliance piece. The second goal of the directive is a explicit instructions to agencies on demonstrating compliance with records management statutes and regulations. And the way they do that, say, they have a senior agency official. So we told agencies to establish a person in your, in your agency, call them a senior agency official and put records management in their portfolio. So they're responsible for carrying out records management. There's also some pieces around accountability and training. Accountability for records officers. There are, each agency has a designated records officer that works with us on these record scheduling issues, the transfer issues, implements our guidance in an agency. We wanted them to be properly trained and properly identified. And we also told agencies to develop appropriate training for all staff. I'm a federal employee. I have to take online courses every year. I have to do two hours on computer security. I have to do an hour on facility security. I could, there are things I have to do. We would like to see in a perfect world, 10 minutes on records management. So every federal employee at least knows the basics of records management. And then we, hopefully, we can get that through sort of that piece, through the, you know, getting them training working, things like that. When I talked to, for the last slide, I mentioned that each agency has a, as a senior agency official, they're responsible, these are the kinds of things that we want them to be responsible for. Making sure that they're the champion of records and information management in the agency. So it's somebody who has to be a senior leader who has the ability, as the last bullet says, to deal with agency practices, budgets, personnel, to make sure that the agency is spending the resources it needs to meet the targets and the directive. The email goals, the training goals, the 2019 permanent records goal. And that's persons responsible for making sure the agencies do the right thing. And that's the compliance piece. We recognize that there's going to be some coordination with the agency records officer, making sure that the agency, senior agency officials and the records officers have, are on the same page, that they work together in tandem. We don't want to undercut the role of the records officers and the good work that they've been doing in agencies. One of the other steps in the directive was a new job series in the federal government, explicitly dedicated to records and information management. So it's this 0308 series and you'll see the links there to our blog post about it. This is a significant piece of work because for the first time there are actually jobs in the federal government explicitly devoted to records and information management. They're not anything else. I mean, for a long time, you know, I was a, for a while I was a, I was just in, I was in the IT series for a while, for a while. I'm now a policy analyst, you're not a records person. And then agencies, we heard the same stories. A lot of agencies, records staff were management analysts, the big generic bucket called management analysts. Not talking about explicit requirements for what, you know, what makes a good records officer, what are the, what are the requirements for a good records officer? You could be a perfectly good management analyst. You can be a perfectly good federal employee but have no background in records, no training in records. So the fly sheet is what OPM uses to start establishing jobs. It goes to agencies and agencies write position descriptions based on the fly sheet. That fly sheet came out in March of this year and established, for the first time, established sort of the baseline and what records, you know, that position in the federal government, records and information managers. And we hope that's a way to help us build to implement, again, these goals on the directive. I mean, the directive puts these targets out there and we want to build in some support for getting that work done, making sure that we have success. So the one thing, and we were talking a little bit about jobs at the beginning, and, you know, that's the, the, the interesting thing about, you know, where I think this is going, given a couple of years, I think there'll be a lot of agencies hiring people to explicitly deal with records and information. You know, that in this job series, we've seen that, we've seen it start. Some agencies, there are some jobs and USA jobs right now that are just out of the 308 series. So we've seen some movement in that direction and I hope there's a lot more, especially for students, for people getting involved in the profession. Other things that I'd be remiss if I didn't talk about, again, these are all coming out of the work of the directive. The automated technologies, one of the challenges or one of the, one of the requirements in the directive is that we, we started investigating automated technologies and what we could do to automate a lot of these processes. Again, going back to the email problem, you know, there are systems in place, whether or not people use them or don't use them remains an open question. So it's how do you get improvement in that space? How do you think, how do you, you know, how, how can we make this easier for agencies? So we wanted to explore some automated technologies. Are there automated solutions to do that? We issued a report that was both a plan and a report. So it was a report on sort of where we saw the state of technology today, where it was, and sort of some plans, some ideas we had for the future. And part of that work is like leveraging the federal CIO council community. The CIOs are active in, they meet, they talk about these issues. If we can leverage that community, maybe we can start getting some support for building tools or helping us out. We were also explicitly tasked with investigating open source tools, finding out, you know, which tools were freely available and how that can be used in government. And that's, you know, obviously if we can leverage open source to communities that are around open source tools and techniques would be very helpful. I briefly outlined the training requirements, all records officers, those individuals who work directly with us on a daily basis need to have our certificate of records management training. And we've built out some communities of interest around the federal records space. So if you are a federal employee and you're interested in the work we're doing, you can get an account on OMB Max, which is OMB's Wiki platform. And then you can join our federal records officer network or our electronic records working group, I think that's what it's called. So those are some communities of interest that have been established on OMB's platform to allow records officers to get together. Because again, one of the things we've always heard is that I'm a records office, I'm a records manager for Treasury and I work in New York City. And I don't know, I mean, I can't, I don't know if anybody else is dealing with the same kind of problems that I am. So that's a community that was set up to enable that. I see the question, are student contractors also able to do that? My understanding is it's open to anybody with a .gov email address. So if you can get on OMB Max with a .gov email address, then you can join the community. Because we do want to have a lot of different voices there. So I would say yes. And so the communities of interest, and that's an area we're interested in exploring and doing far with. We don't want to take, we want to support them and let them maybe work together on some things. Our position at the National Archives is we don't want to dictate where they go, but we want to be there for when they have questions or they need the policies analyzed, something like that. So we can help them with that. The last, I think that's my next slide, or that's my last slide. Just our blog, that's where we put all the latest and greatest. You can subscribe to the blog and, you know, follow along with all the updates and records management, everything you need to know. This should be, if you're interested in federal records management, this should be on your blog shopping list. You can subscribe to email updates. And unlike some blogs, if you subscribe to email updates, you get the whole update in your email. You don't get to click the link and actually read it on the blog. Yes, we also have a YouTube channel. The YouTube channel we use for, we actually stream our, so every other month we have our bi-weekly, our bi-monthly records and information discussion group, or BRIDGE. The BRIDGE meetings are live streamed from our McGowan Theater. And they're available up there on YouTube now. So you can watch, you can go back and watch all the BRIDGE meetings for a couple of years. They're all out there on YouTube. So we do use the record. We do put, so NARA has a general YouTube channel for putting out events to come out of our McGowan Theater, all the speakers that come and all the programs. And obviously that's a large portion of our mission. That's not what we're talking about, we're talking about the, as I like to joke, it's National Archives Records Administration. I work in the Records Administration side, which is the non-glamorous side. Nicholas Cage never stole anything from us. And, you know, what we do on our YouTube channel is our bi-week, bi-monthly records and information discussion group. But there are some training videos that have been put together out there that you can feel free to explore and spend all your time looking at. So that was about my half hour of straight talk. If there's anything, feel free to reach out to me afterwards. And I think I can just open it up now for discussion, questions, anything in particular people would like to hear more about. Thank you. If any of you have questions, just hit the hand right underneath your name. You'll see three icons, Smiley, and Away, and then a hand. Raise your hand and you could use the mic or you could chat in the chat area. Thank you so much, A. And what a great chat. I was wondering if forthcoming there's going to be more directives for things beyond metadata at email, such as social media? Oh, so we do have, we have issued a social media bulletin. It was outside of the construct of the directives. And that was something we put out, 2014-02, it was our last, it was our guidance for that. So I think I can put that in the chat there. So that bulletin came out in October of 2013 was the, it was a bulletin that we've done on specifically social media updated. We'd actually put out guidance a few years ago on blogs and Wikis and RSS. That was like 2005, 2006. And then we updated it in 2010 and the latest update is this one, the 2014 update that we put out. And this just, again, it's the same premise that agencies are using these tools. NASA is a big user of social media. Those are federal records. They need to be preserved. They need to be managed. Do they need to be kept forever? That's a scheduling and appraisal question. But we at least want to have that discussion. Does everybody's tweets need, you know, I'm an active user of Twitter. Does any, all my tweets need to be preserved forever? Probably not. But if I'm the, if I'm brought, the presence of that example, because there's a different set of laws for that. But if I'm the secretary of the Department of Energy and I'm using Twitter, are my tweets permanent? And the short answer probably is yes. But we had the, we had to issue some guidance. And then the bulletin spells out the questions and the challenges. A lot of times we don't necessarily have a lot of answers because the technology is new or the technology is emerging. But we want to put agencies on notice that these are things they need to think about. And social media is a good example of that. The messaging bulletin that I referenced earlier is an example of that as well. So I think one of the things that we're on the hook to do, and more guidance will be coming out in this area shortly, is we do have to define success criteria for 2016 and let agencies know exactly what it means to be successful. Do I think we can, do I think agencies can realistically need it? I, it's a good angel, bad angel thing, the devil on your shoulder, the angel on your shoulder. I think, I think agencies need to show, need to demonstrate significant progress. And I think what we're going to do is hopefully put out some measures of success criteria that kind of start to lead those discussions or start agencies having these discussions. So we can, we can say, yeah, they've made significant progress. For years we've been doing a records management self-assessment where we ask agencies certain questions and they report back to us how they're doing. And this year's report, which is not out yet, but I've seen, I've read it a couple times and looked at it, we do ask explicitly, are you going to meet the, is your agency going to meet the deadline? And overwhelmingly, agencies say yes. So based on that, I think, you know, that, I think that is something, you know, we're committed to helping agencies reach the goal. I don't want to get into a game where we have a list of agencies that are better than others are there and we don't want to do that. We just want to make sure that we move forward. And I think, I think it's a long way of getting to the answer. Realistically it may be a challenge, but I think we're going to make sure that we explain that, tell a story around that, build out some good things. So having that discussion and moving forward is, I think, much more valuable. Before I was on the electronic records policy team or the record, what we call the record management policy team now, I was the lead appraisal archivist for naming records and I would go around looking at all kinds of Navy records. I know that was always an issue because that's another thing we always hear. It takes a long time to get schedules approved and that's an area that we're trying to, you know, get better at. One of the goals in the directive, one of the targets in the directive for us to meet is a reevaluation of our appraisal criteria. And I didn't really talk about this, about that in this slide presentation or the updates to the GRS that we're doing. So there's a lot of pieces of work that are taken as a whole really going to improve the way we do our business, approving schedules from agencies, approving things from agencies, getting things done, getting things out, which I think would help all of these records management challenges in the federal government because I think that's where, that's something we can do to make everybody's jobs easier and if we can get to a place where those are easy, then I think we can all make these, you know, getting out the door. And there's a comment about local government and we're glad to see our guidance on metadata and naming conventions. That's exactly what we think we can do. That's value we think we can add to the Archives government community especially. It's one of the things we're very interested in as are there. If you read our strategic plan, we talk about leadership and that's an example of that. We want to make sure that we're a resource because I think, I may spend a lot of time at archives conferences and even, you know, go to SAA meetings, go to ARMA meetings, go to Nagara meetings. Nagara is a little different because it's all, it's generally government so this problem is not a Nagara problem. But at SAA you feel like, well, you know, they're not really talking about government issues. They're not talking about issues that relate to government records and local. Those, that trench of agencies in that space and that's always, well I think we're doing a lot of good work and I think a lot of government are doing good work but we need better vehicles to share and I know Pat and I are both serve on the Nagara board and that's an area that we're interested in, you know, demonstrating some leadership there. So I think there's a lot of movement in that direction and I'm happy to see it because one of the things, again, not a criticism of SAA, it's just how SAA has evolved. It's a very university-centric profession at least if you look at SAA meetings and the big players are in the college's university section and that's good but their challenges are not government challenges. There's some similarities but there's a place where it departs and that's a space that we think Nagara can better fill. Thank you once again and just following up on your last comment. Were there any influences in your policy directives from say other globally, other national archives, Australia, UK, Canada and do you have connections with your colleagues there? Yes, we do. We have a monthly, more with Canada than the UK or Australia so I should say our format and the head of our format team Kevin Dvorsey had worked for two years at the archives of New Zealand so he's very familiar with the New Zealanders and the Australians. He brings us that perspective. We have a monthly conference call with our Canadian colleagues. We've just started that about a year ago. We've been doing that for about a year and that's again to just recognize that we're dealing with yes, laws are different. The Library Archives Canada mission is sort of an amalgamation of both the Library of Congress and the National Archives under one roof so they've got a different scope but some of these records management concerns are the same and some of the issues around social media and things like that are the same so we've kind of identified some people on their policy side. We've had a couple of teleconferences. I know I spent a week in Ottawa in November last year meeting them and just starting to enable that exchange and those conversations are very interesting and we do that once a month to keep the you know sometimes it's just yeah here's what we're working on and they tell us what they're working on and it's just a you know one hour to exchange that kind of stuff but it is you know building out those relationships because there is some potential there for partnerships and just understanding and getting good policy together. When we do another plug for the blog is as we do these policies and as we develop these bulletins, we always put out a draft on the blog so the early versions come on the blog we take comments from metadata it for instance we did get comments from Harvard we got comments from you can be anonymous on the blog so some comments came from anonymous people so I don't know where they are but they were good comments so the draft version we look at all those comments we take them in we evaluate them and that's always it's good to see that there are people you know sometimes you think you're working a vacuum and you know nobody cares but some of our people get involved and make comments on the blog so as we develop policies we put drafts on and welcome public participation. Before we go to Bodri I just wanted to comment that Lisa is one of our instructors Arianna and she's from Toronto and we do have a number of students in our program from Canada which explains her interest in this. So I'm glad I didn't complain about the weather in Ottawa in November. You did well and now Bodri well I think a hand was up and I think she's away now or did you hit your away button by accident. Looks like she said in the chat window that she doesn't have a question. It was just an oops, alright anyone else? Thank you very much Arianna for your presentation this was so informative and I know our students have gotten a lot out of it.


Well, thank you very much to the organizers for inviting me to be here. It's just a great pleasure just to come here and learn all the wonderful talks last week and this week it was this very nice conference you put together. Okay, so I'm going to speak about Poncat Extensions Russian Maps. This is a joint work with Peter Macienko and Angier Mociendra, and my main motivation is the so-called solubence dictionary. Let me just put some entries here just to remind you what it is. It starts usually by so this is an interplay between climbing groups and iteration of rational functions. It starts by noting that there are similar objects and similar kind of language they're usually the first entry here to say to people is that you have the limit set for some gamma in PSL2C you have a limit set of gamma which is just a fixed loxodromic fixed points, a closure, and then you have also the Julia set for some R in the semi-group of rational functions. This you may note this is just a quotient of two polynomials usually it goes up. And here you have the closure of repelling cycles. With this you get the discontinuity set which is just the Riemann sphere minus the limit set. You get the Fatou set which is minus the Julia set. You also have as a group you have the so the algebraic structure you have here just have gamma is a group and then you lose you have the semi-group over the over the naturals semi-group. The theorem that made this celebrate was the famous Fatou conjecture which is the same the following. So if the entry is related to here you have alphor's finitus which is if you have gamma finitely generated then the discontinuity set of gamma module. The orbit set of the discontinuity set consists of finitely many surfaces. Over here we have non-wandering domain. This is by Sullivan which is all Fatou components pre-periodic or periodic. If you if you take also the the Fatou set mod by the action of the semi-group then you also have is finite. But this was already known by Fatou so this part is already with surface. I haven't speak about surface now. The surface are of finite type. Yes, there's a finite union, finitely many surface of finite type. Yeah, I will come back to this because that's why I'm putting this entries. That's the last part of this talk. Okay, so but then as every dictionary, this is not a perfect dictionary, there are many things that don't translate to well. Here you have group, semi-group, but there are others like here you either have a measure you have zero measure or the whole sphere for the limit set. In the rational case you can have intermediate cases as a result of Serita and Booth but we still like and the first thing the first time I met this Solivance dictionary struck me as something very strange. Well, it was wonderful to have such a thing, but in a sense these these two objects are kind of different. Well, yes, you have the Mavius group, sorry which is the group generated by all inversions on spheres, on circles, on the plane and classical Ponca extension put this Mavius group into the isometries of the hyperbolic real space and I'm going to miss the field here because I'm just going to use this hyperbolic three space and the usual construction is just very easy. You just if you have the circle, you just put a cap on it and then every make the same construction This is isomorphic to PSL to C plus C2 and in as we have seen before PSL to C is isomorphic to isometries H3 This is all the homographies. No, I can say it correctly. This is of this type which is of course contained PSL to C is the subgroup part of the semi-group of rational functions. Yes, this is this is of the form of two polynomials. So what is my problem here? My problem is to extend this Ponca extension defined on the semi-group on the group of PSL to C into some kind of extension defined on the semi-group of rational functions. This is my goal today and there are implicit many ways to do that. If I just restrict to this case well, it is amazingly huge the way of possibilities. A stupid one is just to take so the boundary of of H3 I can be identified with with the sphere S2 and then consider V3 which is the boundary of P3 and then you just radially extend the rational thing. But of course, this doesn't extend the usual Ponca extension here. It is nice in the way that this makes a so we are looking for representations of RATC into the semi-group of endomorphisms of H3. So our idea is this one. So we want to make it in a coherent way of the Ponca extension. So the idea is that all morphic covering between Riemann's surface is a maybe as map on the coordinates. So this is a very ambitious, yes, just wait a little bit. They're going to a head. Yes, I want it. I am doing dynamics. So I'm willing to do dynamics. But in a minute, you will see that I cannot do it. Well, so far we cannot do it. So this is a very ambitious entry on the Sullivan's dictionary by showing that a rational map is indeed a maybe transformation on their uniformization. So this may seem a little bit crazy to you, but you will see that it's not that much and we can manage to do it in a typological generality. That means for an opens and then set of the rational maps. But not in the way that we would like it, as Alberto mentioned it. It's not a semi-group extension. We would like to make it homomorphically, but we will show you that there is a semi-group the function case where this actually works. But just let me let me see what I'm trying to do. Because it's really, to me, it would really sound crazy that a rational map is actually a maybe transformation, but because while rational map have degree, maybe transformation don't. So what is the degree going? But here are two examples, some starting samples and you will see that what I'm trying to say here. So you have the map that goes to C to the end and the lattice family. Here are the holomorphic coordinates, the map downstairs is your rational map and leaves to a very neat maybe transformation on the complex plane. Also for the lattice family, you can see an elliptic function. Here's the vice-trans function, but you can take any other and then you have a nice family of lifting of rational maps that lift as a maybe transformation. And now that you have succeeded on doing that, then you can. So what do we want? So what do we want to impose to our to our extension? Well, first has to make sense to speak about it on this conference. So this is the first thing I need to do. So it has to be geometric. So I forget to mention that in the static way, I mean static, there is no dynamic. If you have S, it's a maybe surface. Sorry, I just learned from Adolfo the other day that this should be called projectives surface, but I'm one dimensional guy, so sorry, maybe surface. Then there is a canonical way to attach a trim manifold to S. So if you have your surface and you have some conformal disk here, you just do what conquer edit for this thing. And this is this is a Pulkarni pink. So it seems that in Mexico, we are putting a lot of your papers. So this is this is done by the current because it is a canonical way. If you think of the C star, for example, and you do this construction, but you get this is the whole hyperbolic think minus the C taxes. So you just have to remove this thing out. And then this is the the the manifold that you get by attaching bigger and bigger balls. So that's the category I'm going to move in. It's a category of movers maybe maybe surfaces. And we consider a whole morphic covering and assume that so there are many teeth now. I'm sorry to there are a lot of assumptions to be made and a lot of assumptions to be meet, but I hope I can manage to do that. So assume that there are two planning groups and two components W1 and W2, such that the discontinuity sets of these two planning groups have that the stability that the orbit on the stability of this thing. It's exactly the given given two surfaces. So now assume that there's a maybe transformation such that the structure here live to the to the corresponding components of the omega limit set. And this is an inducing homomorph from gamma one to gamma two, which is just the inner automorphism induced by alpha is just composition by that. So if you consider the three manifolds with boundary, sorry, this is a type of this shouldn't be there, but just consider the high three hyperbolic space union, the closure of this. Then it induce a maybe morphism between these two manifolds. And that's what we're looking and if the map in this, so the map of this slide actually extends the original automorphic transformation between the surface S1 and S2 and without our tilde the punker extension of R whenever it exists. So here's where the degree goes. The degree is encoded by the degree of the new map is encoded by the index of the image of gamma one into gamma two. And in fact, you have that degree of the original map is less or equal than the other degree. This degree can explode to infinity. But the quality happens exactly when the stability of the corresponding client groups is exactly the client group itself. So you need an invariant component. So this makes a restriction of what kind of uniformization we can consider for the client groups. Sorry, so this is just to come. The previous was an abstract construction that managed to build an abstract three manifold. But we wanted to put it inside our favorite manifold. So we got some manifold M1 which is H3 union of gamma one divided by gamma one. And we wanted to put it inside the hyperbolic three space with the problems that there may be counter remaining geodesics that we have to remove. In order to do this. And then you have a map between two of these guys. So this is our tilde. So this is the map f star, f star tilde R. And since we want a concord extension, we don't want to have so many punctures. We actually want to have the original map here. So we want that this map continually extends to the geodesics. So we have a very, so we actually have that f star R extends continually, extends to a map. There's a nice right and left action PSL to see acts on the rational set, the rational maps by left and right. So I did, I was in the setting of holomorphic mapping. Now, R is a rational map. Usually you just remove the critical values, the critical set and the critical values to have a nice holomorphic map, which you can make this work. Here I changed the word for projectives. So here's the equivalence of under many sections. So we get some set in the rational maps and assume that there exists a map that extends the set into the endomorphics of the hyperbolic plane, hyperbolic tree space. And that this map is an extension for every element of A. Then we can make it equivalent just by defining this new map where G and H are elements of the Navier's loop and make it, we just force it to be. But this may not define the map, maybe a multi-valued map. Why? There is a chance that there is a, there exists a Q and R to rational maps and for Navier's transformation, say, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3, gamma 4, such that satisfies this equation. In this, if we have such a thing, then there is no reason that this, this, these two objects may be the same. If we just define it the way that this, that way. And in fact, the situation is tricky. Even in the case when A consists of a single point. Because, well, you might clean this together and then have some H1, H2 thing. You may have solutions for this equation. Just to get one, you consider C to the K, C to the K is equal to E 2 pi over K, 2 pi I over K over C to the K. So, here we have such a, such a, such an example. C to the K is a map with symmetries. But this is not so bad if we can, if we have the following thing. So, if you have a rational map satisfying this equation, then this actually is an, this is an equality for this equation. If and only if H1 and H2 are various automotions of the corresponding three manifolds. In that case, everything works fine. Okay, so I think I, I, now I'm set up to, to say what we are looking for in a Poncat extension. So, first we wanted to make, to make it geometric as I explained before, to have the same degree. That means that it has an invariant, invariant component. We can restrict the question of Albert in many different ways. The first thing is just to consider what happened to the semi-group of a single map. This is the dynamical extension. So, if you just take the map and all the, the extension of this map, give a, are coherent with the dynamics of the rational map. You can make it even better if you consider semi-groups of the rational maps and consider homomorphic extensions of the semi-groups. So, you have the following equation. Composition goes to composition. And another, another, another way to, to, to restrict ourselves is just to ask for equivalence on the radius action. This is sometimes when it's equivalence over some, some, some side. For instance, for the right is called, what is called conformal, conformally natural extensions. Which is, which has been exploited before by works of, well, it is based on socket, socket theorems, but then it was worked by Duadi and Aaron. And later on for rational maps like Castor Peterson, of course, Macmuller. And then it was extended for, by the song Cortuan Gallo. But the problem with the barycentric extension is that it doesn't define how it's not a, it's not a homomorphic. It may be, and also we have very, very little control of what kind of maps we are getting on the geometry of these maps, although it may be useful to compute volumes of, in the static case. So I think that's, that's. So the semi, as in the client group, the case which is easy, in some sense, is the function case. And the corresponding entry for the function case in the, in the rational maps is the so-called Blaschke products. These are all rational maps that leave the, the unit disk environment, the unit circle environment, and have the following, the following thing. So each one of these maps is a automorphism of the unit disk. You may recognize that. And some, some rotation. This is the theorem. There is a extension defined on the semi-group of Blaschke maps, which satisfies the four conditions, except the fifth. The fifth may be satisfied if you don't, if you don't ask. That is a variant on the, the whole PSL2C, but only the set of maybe transformations that leave the disk environment. So it's, it's purely the friction case. But you may wonder what, what, what if I wanted to make it actually a, a variant under the maybe, maybe section on the whole, and the whole thing. Well, you can do that on subsemi-groups of the Blaschke maps, as long as the orbit, the bi-orbit of maybe transformation doesn't hit this back point. So this is inside, inside the, the rational maps. This, this map is a very bad point of having so many, so many, so many symmetries. Okay. So I think I'm way ahead. So maybe I can, I can say something about the proof here sketch. So the key facts are very simultaneous uniformization theorem. Secondly, that the Blaschke maps are symmetric. These are the two key facts. Start with the Blaschke map with the critical points removed. And then you consider two surfaces. You consider delta, delta one. This is the star with delta two. Delta two, which is S2 intersected with unit disk. And delta two star is S2 intersected with the C minus. So you're intersected with the, you have here your, your mirror. You have some critical points inside here. And some other critical points inside here. And then you consider two pieces, the outside of this piece and the inside. And then you apply Bernoulli's uniformization theorem for the blue, blue part and the red part together to get. So we get, we get gamma one and gamma star uniformizing. And then you see that, and then you see that this, this group actually should be the same. Because of the, because of the, the reflection, please. So this, this, these groups are acting in the whole space. And then we have a nice homomorphic thing. Uniformizing the, the, the sphere S2. And once you have uniformizations, then you can, then you just consider. You do the same thing for gamma one, for S1. And then you have this. Because this is a map preserving the homomorphic structure. This has to preserve the homomorphic structure. So you have here a nice maybe transformation. So this is how you succeed to make a, a Poncares extension. And once you have it on the level of surface, you do the classical Poncares extension to get the. The hyperbolic tree manifest you want. This, this is a, this is the way we, we do it. Okay. Now, so far you have been managed to avoid this word quasi conformal. I couldn't manage to do, not to do it. I hope it wasn't a forbidden word in this conference, but here, here we have it. I need to introduce this space, for this space, which is the class of, for a given rational map. We say that R and Q are always equivalent. If you can get two quasi conformal maps, phi and psi, so just make this diagram commute. And then given a rational map, we consider all, only all the rational maps that are always equivalent to the given rational map. This is a nice, nice space inside, inside the, the, the rational maps. Everything is quasi conformal in the, in the quadratic family. Everything is in this. This is exactly, thank you. This is exactly the way, the, the place when we lose dynamics. Okay. Thank you. Thank you very much. So, so far we have done it in a dynamical way. So the construction here, the, the black screen maps, oops, it's 10 meters. The black screen maps satisfied the four, the fourth was the, the homomorphic, the homomorphic thing. And even five, if you consider PSL to R. But now, now we lose it here exactly. So we can manage, we managed to do it in an open and dense set of rational set, but not in the way as we like it, which is dynamical. So we, we topologized this. We put a topology on HR, the whole space with the compact open topology. And so that's what I, so this is more than 100 years. So about 1870s clips and Rudolph proved that every two, every two regular coverings, branch coverings in generic position. That just means that the branch thing is not more than two. The branch points are, who is equivalent. And that's where, where we get the topological generative thing of our, branch points of work of the Riemann sphere in generic position. So in fact, there's an open dense, open and dense, since we have an geometric extension, we can prove in the rational maps, we can prove that if two maps are, are, sorry for make the hand wiggling. So if you have two rational, two rational maps, which are orbits equivalent, such a way that this has an extension, then this also has an extension. Then we have this open and dense condition, but, but we cannot manage to do it in the homomorphic way again. So now the next topic is co-ordinate rational maps. And this is a new phenomenon that, that we found out here. I don't know if was given before, but let me show you. So if gamma is a client group inside PSO2, are geometrically finite, then I would say then you get, then you get family is one until SN, finite family of surfaces of finite type. And there's a very natural question coming from this. So far I don't know the answer, maybe you know. If I give you any set of surfaces of finite type, finitely many surfaces of finite type, can you give me a group that uniformizes this finite set of surfaces? When can you do that? The beautiful uniformization here and say that you can do that for one Riemann surface. You give me two, you give me three, I don't know. Does anybody knows that this is already solved? Yes, yes, yes. Finitely. No. Yes. Thank you, sorry. Yeah, this is not the same thing. Sorry. So here's the question. The best answer I know about this one is the following. So for any client group, you have a co-board and family. This gives you a three manifold such that the boundaries of these three manifold are exactly these N surfaces. So these surfaces are co-board and this is part of the title. So this is a theorem by Masquit. If you give me, if S1, S2, La La La until SN is any family of surfaces of finite type, then there exists another, you can throw in another surface. Such that another Riemann surface, such that it's not until SN is a co-board and family. That's very nice. And the idea is that if you have such passport, then you glue some graph and in the graph you will go attaching the surfaces. And make some client, Masquit client combination theorems in order to get the actual uniformizing group. But this is, that's kind of the idea of the proof of this. And then as, then just looking at this, this, this construction, you see the possibility that they are rational after that co-board. Meaning that there are some hyperbolic three manifolds with planar surface on the boundary. So what I want, it could be that there are some hyperbolic three manifolds M1, M1 and M2. Some maybe transformation that goes from here to there. These are three manifolds with boundaries. So the boundary FF1, it has S1 and S tilde. And the boundary of F2 is S2 union S tilde. In such a way that the projections over each thing, so I don't know how to do it. But let me say there is R rational map. So these two are planar. One from S1 and two S2, Q from S1 tilde to S2 tilde, which are co-boarded. And this is our definition of co-boarders between rational maps. So it's exactly the definition. And then the question is, how can we make co-boarder co-boardisms between rational functions? And can we solve basket theorem? And first of all, this is a good category. And this, of course, map is co-boarded with itself. Thank you to uniformization theorem. If a map is co-boarded to other, then the other is co-boarded to the first one. So that we have a transitivity of co-boarded things. And this is, thank you to, thanks to the Thurston Geometry Session theorem. So we cannot manage without that. So the idea is, so you have some surface here, some three manifold, another surface. How do you name it? S1, S2, S3. And then you do the natural thing, which is attached. But if you attach two manifolds, there is no reason for these two manifolds to be hyperbolic. But then you just need to check that this is heteroidal. It's not, it's hacken. And then you can apply the Thurston Geometry Session. To this thing.  The next thing is the analogous to masking theorem. If you give me, this is just working, this is just working in the spirit of the Sullivan Sessionary. Going word by word and copy the proof in one way goes in the other. And then you have N maps, rational maps. Then you get another holomorphic covering. Actually you can't get it with no rational map, general holomorphic coverings, which form a family of co-boarder holomorphic maps. And finally, this is the last theorem, that if you have two conformal coverings that belong to the same Hurwitz class. And each of them, so if they belong to the same Hurwitz class that admit a question, I forgot to put admit a question uniformization each other. Then these two maps are co-boarded. In particular, there's an open and dense set of maps, a pair of maps in the pair of rational maps, which are co-boarded. I should stop here.


It's so rewarding when we have someone come out and enjoy a shooting experience with us and then they return home to whatever state they live in and then we get the phone call that they want us to come to their state and train them and their friends and put on a special training class or a special experience. We love traveling outside of Jackson Hole, going to your hometown and teaching you and your friends in your environment.


Hey friends tonight. I am hanging out at Hollywood studios There's still a couple of Christmas things that I actually wanted to get done in this part and the days are counting down We only have one week till Christmas. So I really want to take advantage of the holidays as much as I can so Let's go do this The park actually closes at seven o'clock tonight But most of the things that I actually want to get done are much better at nighttime So we're not gonna have a very big window, but we're gonna make the most of it Right now the Sun is starting to set and it's actually like that golden hour time It's absolutely beautiful seeing that yellowish tints actually on the Christmas decorations. It's really it's really beautiful And when I talk about the golden hour, I'm talking about like this effect right here on the buildings You see how it looks and the Sun's kind of just like hitting off of it. Oh, it's so beautiful, isn't it? Hollywood studios is so amazing during the holidays One of the things that I have not done yet is actually ride either slinky dog dash They usually do a holiday overlay, but I don't think they're doing it this year or alien swirling saucers They actually have a holiday overlay where they actually put on Christmas lights and Christmas music and that's like a Periodic want like a overlay. It's like one in every four rides So we're gonna try to see if we can get that done Also, I want to see the projections on the Tower of Terror It's not a full-blown show just a little bit, but I still want to experience it for this season It would be great if I can get all of those things done But if I can just get one thing done, at least I know I'll enjoy the ambience of the park So I think in fact that's gonna be the first thing that I do is I head down and get on alien swirling saucer Because if they are doing the overlay like I said, it's one in like every four rides that actually get it So I'll have to wait a little bit unless I get there and it's timed perfectly That's even if they're actually doing the overlays this year Normally we would see I think a scarf on Woody, but I don't see any scarf And it looks like the line for slinky dog dashes right here. So it's probably about an hour wait I'm still excited though Even though Woody doesn't have his scarf I feel like this is always a permanent Christmas overlay because of all the Christmas lights and at nighttime It does look a little Christmas city in here all year around Actually speaking a slinky dog There he goes Looks like it's only about a 20-minute wait Very fancy as we're walking in right now. I can hear they're doing the Christmas overlay right now Can you hear it? I Always like pointing out hidden mickeys whenever I see them and look at this one egg here in the actual queue for alien swirling saucers I like it Remember when I was telling you the holiday overlay only happens every I think three times So it goes regular song regular song regular song holiday song right now in the background You can hear it's just a regular toy story song. So we're gonna have to ask and see if they can help us Make sure that we get the holiday overlay. I'm just gonna ask if they can't no biggie. I'm sure gonna be able to show you on the outside. I Was so close guys. I just got up to the front. So now this is the Christmas overlay I'm gonna actually wait two rounds. They just put me off to the side here and Yeah, I think it's worth it. So it's actually every third I might have said that wrong so I just want to clarify in case you guys come out and do it Later said they're pretty just nice about it. Oh, I got some good views a slinky dog. Why I wait though Okay, we are in line. So that means our next one should be the Christmas jingle jangle So this should be the jingle jangle. We'll find out Holiday jingle jangle. Yeah Oh So much fun, it's definitely worth the wait So if you're down here for the holidays and I would definitely wait To ride that set out to ride just so I can get the holiday version. I think it's so much fun I just like Christmas music. So that's just a plus I'm gonna come back over and assess slinky dog dash. I really do want to ride it I want to ride it at night like really really bad But I can't sit in line for an hour because I only have an hour and a half left in the park and it's looking like it's It's probably an hour So I'm gonna definitely try to come back and do slinky dog dash at night Maybe try to squeeze it in at the last second, you know as a last-minute ride Sometimes the wait times are significantly lower at the end of the night. We'll see fingers crossed But for now I think I'm gonna cut through Batu and this will be nice to see at night a little bit It's always pretty in some of these parks or lands during the night time because you get a different perspective It's like a whole different area Batu is definitely one of them and Take a look at this. It looks like this R2 unit is actually going to stock up the actual Coke Look at that. I've never seen anything like this before. I mean, I'm sure it's actually been around It's just I never actually come into a scenario where I'm actually walking behind one. I like it. It's really nifty It's getting a lot darker. So we need to move along Do you have an R2 droid attached to this one? Oh No R2 for this one Yeah, I don't know about you guys, but I feel like that is a waste of some sophisticated technology I feel like the droids should be working all over the park not just galaxies edge Looks like I made it back over to Echo Lake just in time, but why aren't the light bulbs actually lit up? I'm noticing that in the water.  I'm so confused Like I feel like this is one of those like scenarios where you're not sure what you're thinking Like I just always pictured all of these ornaments lit up, but maybe I'm wrong But I might as well get some photos while I'm here So I just asked and I was right the ornaments are supposed to be lit up That's so funny. I was like wait a second. Maybe they weren't but I was like no way. This is too dark over here There's no possible way. I think they're fixing them right now though But now I want to head on over to sunset and catch the Tower of Terror projections now They're not doing the full show, but they are changing up the projections I think four times and it's just a stationary show so nothing else happens and it's just really nice to look at Wait a second. I'm starting to catch on here. Some of the Christmas lights aren't on It's like really dark actually. Wow This is this is kind of funny. I don't know what's happening. I was just looking up to admire all the lights You know what they say Clark it only takes one bulb Looks like sunsets having no issues though Look at Mary and bright all the way down sunset Boulevard And there it is a look at our first projection of the night. I absolutely love it Obviously, I feel like the toy hotel is my favorite one and that's probably three away But we'll try to catch just a glimpse of each one if we have time. Hopefully we do Only because I really do want to get on slinky dog dash for a nighttime ride and the park is only open for another You got to check my watch 55 minutes But look how awesome that looks I love it so much I love all the multi-color lights You can see like a roller coaster going through there and then the Luxo bar actually start riding around or dropping down Eventually, it's really really nifty That is really crazy though because the Tower of Terror says it's a 70 minute wait So that is longer than smugglers run that is longer than Mickey and Minnie's run right where away even slinky dog dash So beautiful over here though, isn't it? Wow And actually as we were standing here it switched. Look at that now We can see like a whole entire Christmas village some things smoking at the top. It must be a chimney. Wow Another really cool thing I want to point out about this projection is if you look all the way up You can see a bunch of hidden Mickey reeds I don't know if I'm gonna be able to show you it might come in if I zoom good enough up. Yep They're definitely coming in you can see it right It's actually starting to get a little bit cold out I can already feel myself a little shivering and I feel like a big baby ever since I left Pennsylvania And I've gotten it used to the Florida weather And it looks like the gingerbread has taken over the Tower of Terror And that's the gingerbread house right there the gingerbread tower That's really cool. So we got to see all of them really awesome I'm gonna head back down towards Toy Story Land First I want to check to see what the wait time for Mickey and Minnie's run right where away is because at night time It definitely gets so much easier to get on these attractions I made a whole video dedicated to it because I was like wow this is amazing Look at this it actually says a 25 minute wait They don't even have one of those people out here with those stands. That's unbelievable. We got to get over to Slinky Dog. Oh Boy, I think we really lucked out here guys There's no line back here and look at all the Christmas lights are turned on. Oh boy. I'm getting excited. Everyone's running Why are we running? This is so amazing look at this guys. We're gonna do it. There's hardly anybody in line Wow, we lucked out. We really lucked out here This is amazing 10 minutes. Oh, I'm so happy The reason I wanted to do Slinky Dog dash at night is because I feel like it's a different experience I love all the lights that are on the tracks. It just feels different at night. I'm so excited. Oh boy. Here we go Look at how pretty this is Oh We got on just in time because when we came back out look at how the line is actually grown I have to say I really I really needed that that was amazing The standby line is now almost back to the actual Andy's lunchbox. So it's grown like significantly before we was just right up at the queue Amazing Now we're making our way back out to the front of the park and I noticed that some of the Christmas lights have turned back on They must have fixed that bulb. Oh, we got a check on the other bulbs Take a look at that. They actually fix the lights that makes me so happy, you know, it just makes me want to sing happy holidays To you thank you And I guess that's gonna do it for me tonight How crazy is that that we actually got everything we accomplished done in two hours? That's amazing I am so happy that I came out here and just had a great time at Hollywood Street Honestly, it's so magical during the holidays. I hope you enjoyed the video. I enjoyed making it. We'll see you next time


I have no passion in it. I have this passion in it for everything that I see. So I have no problem, it doesn't matter. You may have to sweep the floor, I'll do it passionately. You have to teach I look passionately, if I hit a ball I look passionately. Because I have no particular passion for anything, I'm just passionate. Because what we call as life is essentially life longing for itself. Life is always longing for more life.


At Kindie this year, your child has made new friends, developed new interests and strengths, and learned so much as they played.  In November, you and your child's Kindie teacher will work together to develop a transition statement which is all about your child's learning and development in Kindie and will include your suggestions to support your child's transition from Kindie to school. A transition statement is one way for the school and prep teacher to get to know your child and family before the school year begins and to prepare for a great start to school. It's now quick and easy to share your child's transition statement directly with your chosen school. Simply sign the consent form and your Kindie will do the rest. By working together, we can support a great start to school for all queens and children.


Nende pakaian nija, kwa iotaia, kwa kwa kwa iotaia, nasuia kwa hiviru wCoza? Nene asuia kwa kwa uotaia, kwa iotaia, kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa kwa naikia, kwa hiviru wCoza? which is source of, which is coming from renewable energy, be it from our hydro dams, from wind energy, from solar energy, and from geothermal or biomass. This shows EKPA is really committed not to use fossil-based energy source. We are planning how electric based cars can be increased, but the main transportation we have, the public transportation, is the train system. So the train system we have now, we are planning to establish around 5,000 all over the country as a network. Its space is the renewable energy electricity we have. The way we save our planet should be what science advise us and what social equity, what equity is expected. Yes, we will have adaptation and mitigation strategies to make our country and our planet free of impact of climate change but this should come with the support of the developed countries where they play their responsibility in a differentiated way. The biggest emitters need to bring down their emissions. There is the green climate fund, which is agreed and up to now we are not in the first group to access this fund. Some countries have started to access the fund, but Ethiopia is in the second phase. The loss and damage should be separately treated in the fund process outside adaptation and mitigation. Countries who are highly impacted to the level of huge damage, they need to have a separate mechanism which is different from the mitigation fund, from the adaptation fund. Ethiopia, which is highly committed to green development, will be a good showcase in Paris in pushing our planet to a green development way in a way we can save our planet.


It's usually where I put it, but is it? OK. OK. All right. Welcome to this talk. I've added this little disclaimer for desktop, because actually creating cross-platform applications is relatively easy if it's web or something like that. So I've added that little disclaimer. So I think looking through some of the other talks in this track, including the last one, the dream of kind of writing code once and then multi-using it, multi-purposing it in different applications is nothing new, nothing new at all. Yeah, the talk previously covered a language debt or a framework that you can use for that. This is kind of the first instance I've found of this quote, but I don't think it's new. And in fact, 1995 even seems too recent to me. But of course, I guess from the same company, one of the first sort of big attempts at this kind of right once run mostly everywhere with little adaption was Java and still is, really. And also, of course, languages like Python and many others. I mean, it's not a new concept. And then again frameworks. These are just one, there's also things like Xamarin, Flash, Flex, B4J, Zojo, many others, come and gone. But I guess kind of the thing with a lot of them is they always required you to learn something new. So maybe a new type of language, maybe some new variants on the language, some new paradigms. They were never completely easy to get started with. You had to sort of learn something first. But it's always been a dream to accomplish. Basically I guess because a lot of developers are kind of a bit lazy and we'd rather focus on something else. And kind of, I guess, where I sort of start this a little bit is electron to me. I'll explain what it is soon, but you probably know already. But to me, it seemed a little similar to Apache Cordova. I actually encountered Apache Cordova when it was still Nitroby phone gap, which ages me slightly. And it was the same principle. Write HTML, JavaScript, run it on multiple platforms in the same sort of way. Have like some native wrappers that fill in the missing pieces. And the code that you write once can run on multiple platforms. It still is a similar principle, although on mobile, starting to become less relevant actually. But it's kind of a similar principle. And I would probably argue it was an inspiration for Electron as well, I guess, because it does a very similar thing. So, enter Electron. What is Electron? I've alluded to already. It's a framework for writing JavaScript, CSS, HTML if you need it, to make cross-platform desktop applications. It has some other similar rivals in inverted commas like NJWS. But for some reason, Electron has just sort of become much more popular and much more widespread. It could be because it's created by GitHub and lots of people know GitHub. It could be the people who decided to use it. It could be that the level of integration with the native platforms is better. I'm not really sure. I'm not going to cast any kind of judgment on that. But I think we could argue that it is certainly much more popular than the other alternatives. So you've probably used it without even realizing. If you've used any of these applications, plus many others, you're using Electron. Slack is always controversial. Some people say it is. Some people say it isn't. They sometimes say it is. They sometimes say it isn't. But I'm pretty sure it is. It's hard to say exactly. I guess my first interaction with Electron was Atom. I really love Atom. I use it almost all the time. And to be honest with you, I probably know much more about Atom than I know about Electron, actually. This will be a moderately introductory talk to Electron. I think I actually know much more about Atom. So, it is from GitHub. JavaScript is a desktop application. Version 1.5 was released last week, and it is moving quite quickly. In fact, when I first did this talk, a version of this talk last August, it only just got to version one, I think. So in a few months, it's rating quite quickly at the moment, and improving quite a lot. We'll come back to that in a minute. So, as you would sort of expect, being a JavaScript framework, installing is pretty straightforward. NPM install, or if you're a Mac user, Castroom, which, I don't know, just a slightly different way of installing it to end up with pretty much the same thing. And you end up kind of with a command line tool, so you also end up with a binary here as well that you can actually drag and drop your code onto to run it whilst you're testing, mostly. You can also kind of use this to package your applications at the end as well. And much as it's a cross-platform tool, then actually most of the options are applicable to every platform that you develop on as well. So that's kind of what happens when you open it. The screenshot is slightly out of date. And then, if you're a CLI user, it's pretty much what you'd expect. Just run the command. I'll show you a demo application, then I'm going to kind of show what it does. So I have a very simple application here. This is running an atom. We're creating an electron application in atom. This is getting very matrix. So it comprises a couple of basic different things. A package JSON file with dependencies. Unsurprisingly, one of the main dependencies is this electron. A main JavaScript file that contains your code. And then kind of where all the magic happens in this app folder. So I'm just going to run this first and we'll see what it does. It's very, very interesting. A Wi-Fi allowing. There we go. It loads the Marvel Comics API, which is a terrible API to use, but really fun to demonstrate. And actually, if I didn't have do not disturb on, you'll also see that I got a notification as well. I got a system notification as well when everything loaded. This is a web application, but as far as we can see, actually I have left developer tools on. So you can see it is effectively just Chrome-ish application there. And that's pretty much it. Particularly interesting in this application. We also have the default icon. Can't quite see, but down here. So just to break down those files a little bit. The main JS file, which we'll have a quick look at in a minute, starts the application and creates the browser window to render the HTML and sets up kind of the basics of the native bindings. And the index.html is the web page that is rendered by default. So the main file is probably the most interesting one, requiring setting up the application window and the browser loading the default file. I haven't really changed anything from the default application that you create here. You can see there's a little bit of custom code for Mac OS because when you close the final window in a Mac application, you want to quit the application. I mean, you could actually uncomment that, but the whole point is making it feel as native as possible on each platform. But really, that's the only platform-specific thing there. And also in here is where you can add things like turning on the developer tools on and off or setting up actions that can happen in menus or the dock icon or start icon or I'm not sure what the launcher, whatever it's called in various Linux distributions, the kind of interactions you can make with the application from the operating system. And that's pretty much it. If you've done any JavaScript, it's all pretty simple so far. And this is kind of almost a disappointing thing with an electron talk. It's actually really simple. There's not actually much to it. It's just JavaScript once you get past that file. So, yeah, I forgot dumb thing there. There we go, yeah. We already had a look at that, sort of jumped straight into the code instead of the presentation. So, great. That's during development, but how do we get it to actually look like an application at the end of it all? This is called packaging it. There's a couple of different ways you can do it. The first step you do is create an Assar archive, which is actually basically making it not look like it's just JavaScript. And I'll show you how this works in a minute, but that's what I can't exactly remember what it stands for, but that's what you create first. It copies the files that are needed, rename and distribute it. And these are kind of the steps you can go through manually, or my preferred option is to use one of the third-party tools, and there's two of them that kind of do all this for you. And up now comes a pretty lengthy-looking command. So, this is another NPM module that it's not necessarily official from the electron team, but it's highly recommended. Now it's got worse. So here we set the location of the code, we give the application a name, we set the platforms and the architecture, and you can just do all, and it will package for 32 64-bit Linux, 32 64-bit Windows, 32 64-bit Mac, if there are any 32-bit Macs anymore, I'm not sure. Or you can do all. We can set whether we want the ASAR archive or not. We can prune some of the NPM dependencies where it goes. We're just saying overwrite it if it's there. Most importantly, an icon file, and this is probably where it gets the hardest for cross-platform because every desktop OS has a slightly different format for their icons. So this is specific to Mac, but you kind of have to have something for each one to make it look the most native thing. So I'm going to run this and show you what happens, and everything's vanished up the top there, but that's okay. So, fortunately I have auto-completing there. I don't have to type that all again. Hopefully this is going to be fine. It takes a little bit of time, not too long. In the older versions of this, you have to specify the electron version as well. You can still do that if you want, but you don't have to anymore. We'll now just find the most appropriate version as well for you. And here is the final output there. Looks pretty authentic. I am using copyrighted material here. And again, it will look kind of the same. There was a notification again, which you can't actually see because everything seems to have gone up the top. But you can't see my menu bar, but now all I have is a quit option. So maybe I'll just try that one out. It's a little bit cut off, but you can see I don't have the toggle developer tools or anything like that. And there's no way if I'm right-clicking, I'm control-clicking. I can't get anything there. Now it looks like a proper application as far as everyone is concerned. So, what are some of the things you can do? You can get notifications. We saw that it's using HTML5 notifications that get routed through to the notification system of the operating system. I have tested this on Mac, on Windows, and on three varieties of Linux.  And they all let go in the right place, which is good. You can get things like recent documents on the Mac OS that can be right-clicking on the dock icon on Windows and Linux. I think the same. You can create your own custom menus. This includes, as I say, like a dock. And in Windows also you can add things like you can right-click on a folder in Windows and say Open in an application. So setting up those associations and things like that. Also presented file is something you can do in Mac OS where you click the top document icon and it will show you the folder structure of where the file is. That also works, things like that. You can create preferences and all sorts of things. And the one thing I will actually say since I kind of lasted this presentation and have been using Windows and Linux a bit more at work, as with a lot of JavaScript frameworks, often the Mac support was better than anything else and the Windows and Linux lagged behind a bit. And the recent updates have actually made that a lot better. Some of the slowness, some of the rendering issues that used to be in some earlier versions actually are a lot better now. So they've been focusing a lot more on making it truly cross-platform, not cross-platform but better on one. So that's quite nice. Negatives. Application size is one. Actually going to show you something interesting here. And you can do equivalent on every other operating system. You can see for a relatively simple application, 110 megabytes. If I crack that open, most of it is... There is it. I've lost it. Where is it? Most of it is that file. The Electron Framework. 107 megabytes of that. 110 is the helper. When I last did this presentation, it was 175 megabytes. So it's actually got a lot better. And these are desktop applications, not mobile. So it's a compromise. There's compromises everywhere. This is the thing that's doing a lot of that magic. And I don't have the actual numbers for other operating systems. But it will add a fair bit of overhead there. But it's not too bad. But yeah, like 95% of the application is one framework file. So that's one problem. CPU memory performance, again, used to be a lot worse. If you've used Slack, then Slack used to traditionally be pretty poor at, especially, network and CPU overhead. That, again, has got a lot better with recent Slack versions and recent Electron versions. I argue that a lot of the reasons that Slack, especially, is so unperformant is you have about 15 channels or with requests open. So that's, of course, going to cause quite a lot of overhead. But even with Atom, for example, on Windows and Linux, still opening takes a fair bit of time to open. I mean, if we think about how long it takes to open compared to applications from five years ago, really it's nothing. But it is still a little slow to get started. And I still get some rendering issues every now and then, things like that. But it's getting better. Of course, one of the main negatives is it's still not native. It does a pretty good job, but it isn't. So you do lose a lot of possibilities for optimization and APIs that are available in the kind of proper development frameworks that aren't available. But again, a lot of those are being patched up quite quickly. And there are some platform inconsistencies, as I already said. Again, getting better, but still there. I guess you offset that with the fact that JavaScript is relatively easy to get started with. A lot of people know how to write it. And you can effectively write some reasonably complicated applications, like, for example, Nihilas. The mail application is a fully-featured email client. Atom is a fully-featured text editor. Pretty good applications. Unless you're writing a new Office Suite or something, it will cover a lot of use cases that you might have. So you can offset some of those performance issues with the time saving. And I think the other thing is Electron has kind of become the victim of its own success. It has become so popular that every person and their dog is now writing applications that are basically just websites in wrappers. And you get a lot of bad applications. But that's kind of another issue, really. That's a little bit of a problem. I love things that lower the barrier to entry, but, of course, it allows more stuff to be made as well, which may be inconsistent. But I suggest you give it a go. Some of the Getting Started guides are a little hard to follow, I would say. I'm a documentation person, so it's kind of the thing I always keep an eye out for. But give it a go and you can make applications for everybody relatively easily. That's me. I'm actually slightly out of date. I'm actually a technical writer for a company in Berlin. And if you're interested in documentation, I'm doing another talk at 4.20 very soon on automating documentation. No one likes to write it. How can you get more of it to be written for you? And if you like my chinchillas, you can go to my website and buy t-shirts, or you can download the SVGs and do what you like with them. But thanks very much. Any questions? I have a few. OK. Does it support PHP in any way? The question was, can you use PHP, or I guess other languages behind the scenes to kind of generate? I mean, I would say, in theory, yes. But the main process is still a node process. And you would have to somehow figure out how to bundle those dependencies as well. That would probably be the main. So that one big file you were talking about would also then include the PHP part? Yeah. And I don't know how the user would end up having a lot of running processes that they're not necessarily aware of as well. Yeah. That's the only thing to bear in mind. It's an interesting idea. I kind of know why you'd want to do it. But yeah. It's like web development. Without PHP sounds kind of alien to me. Node does a lot. OK. I think the guy at the back was just there slightly earlier. It shows a framework file, which was quite big. Is there a possibility to use this in a generic way? So multiple applications may have the same framework file? So the question was, with the framework, can more than one application use it or can you customize it in some way? Multiple applications accessing it. I'm not 100% sure. It probably depends on the operating system. But for example, the Slack application, which is at least based around Electron, isn't as big. And it's reasonably complicated. So, oh. OK. It used to be smaller last time I looked. I don't know. It used to be smaller last time I looked. But still, that is smaller than it could be. So I think, and if you crack that open, it's slightly different inside. So they've done something to streamline it a bit. So yeah. Yeah. I think you could probably strip out the bits of the framework you're not using and things like that. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I've done a lot of work with ChromeGap. Yeah. One of the things about that is, generally when you run a ChromeGap app, you don't really make a web-deployable version of what your work model is, a phone-gap app, and that's what it is. Is Electron kind of like that in the same way, or can you say, like, your main.js? Yeah. Can you make Electron like a progressive enhancement? OK. So the code base is kind of... Yeah. I'm going to say yes and no, because based on examples I've seen. So for example, oh, sorry. So the question was around, like, progressive application development. Can I make a website version that is basically the same as a desktop version, et cetera? Whereas with PhoneGap, you couldn't really do that. So for example, if you look at Slack in the browser and Slack on the desktop, it looks pretty much the same. But I have hung around in... I wondered the same thing with Atom. I thought, hey, could you make Atom on the web? And the forum post there said no. So... So it depends what you're doing. Yeah. That's the point. It depends what you're doing. Yeah. We're doing a file system. Yeah. Browsers won't give you that. Yeah. So in theory, yes. Because I'm pretty sure Slack is basically the same. There's a few extra preferences you get in the desktop and they do vary per platform, like what you want to do and things like that. But I would pretty strongly say yes and that's kind of the point of it as well. Yeah, second question. Okay. And then over here, yeah. Size of the bundle. Yeah. Is that largely due to the fact that each time you... Every package, you have an electronic package you install to the second version, and so... Yeah. And is that a version number that you're like aware of? So this is one of the attractions for the company is that I can say, okay, I know exactly what the browser target is. Whereas on the web, I don't get that. I have no idea what it's going to get. Yeah. So the question was, can you specify the Chrome version? Because actually then effectively you have more control that you do on the web. Again, I haven't tried it, but I have seen discussions around that. And I don't see why you couldn't. I think it would be my encouraging answer to go and look. Yeah. Can you talk a bit about sort of the magic that Electron does maybe when it comes to file access? Maybe down things to add to something. I know one of the weird things we're trying to get around was sort of exposing files and sort of interfaces to the app from the native part. So we had different solutions, maybe like Electron can. Yeah. So the question was about file access. And so as far as I'm aware, because using Atom for example, I have not noticed any restrictions. I get recent documents system-wide. I can access all the things I would expect to have in my macOS that I can do with native applications. I can do. So for whatever magic is happening, it's giving me full access. How exactly that works. I'm not 100% sure. But you do get full access. Yeah. Say it again, sir? Rather than native models. Through not native models? Yes. Yeah. You can have access to native libraries. Ah. Okay. So you're saying certain system-wide libraries? Yeah. Okay. Maybe because you can, for example, services, which is a sort of mac-system library, you can access. So some you can, some you can't. And it's probably just because no one's written the bindings yet. Not because it's impossible. Oh, it has it, I guess. But, yeah. Any... Okay. Can you execute system commands from the application? Yeah. Oh, well. The question was, can you access... Can you execute system commands? I'm going to say yes, because in Atom you can. In Atom, you can actually edit the init script to execute system commands. So... I've done it. It's possible. Yeah. So I would say yes. And another question, yeah? Yes. Oh, yes. You said in the beginning that the code versions evolve quite quickly. Yeah. How does that affect your existing code? It's like, apart from 1.3 to 1.4, is that going to break your code by definition or is everything guaranteed to still work in the next version? So the question was about breaking changes between versions. I'm not 100% sure about breaking changes, but for example, I think 1.3, 1.4, for example, fixed a lot of problems with rendering on high-resolution screens. So it's often, there seem to be mostly introducing new features that you have to take advantage of as opposed to breaking old ones, probably because it's still quite new, but I'm sure at some point there will be... They will start breaking things. At the moment, I think it's mostly just improving, improving and probably not taking much out, but I'm sure at some point something will start breaking. But again, it's NPM, so you can specify the version. So maybe time for one more. I was wondering about any security issues that could be spoke. Did you, for example, in the web, would have always the danger of access to the tags injecting scripting in the web? Yeah. As of this library can access all the files in your system, do you think there is any measure to mitigate that? Yeah. So the question was about security. To be honest with you, I don't have an answer. I feel like that would be a very obvious question everyone would have had. So I feel like there's some kind of sandboxing going on. I'm not 100% sure. I would say check the documentation because it seems too obvious not to have thought about it. In some way, shape or form, although it's probably going to still be a little less secure than, well, badly coded applications are still going to be native or not. But yeah, I'm not 100% sure. But I mean, probably the most dangerous thing immediately is just taking over your system a bit from performance. But I would say check the documentation. I'm pretty sure there's going to be something covering that. Thanks very much. As I say, ElectronJS.com