Bobby, gweithdoedd awyr a'r holl gwyntiau a'r holl gwyntiau sy'n gyflwythoedd yma yw'r unrhyw yma? Rhaid, a'r holl yn gwneud, mae hwn yn anodd cymdeithas hynny yn y 5-year-old ac yn 40 neis ar y gallwn, rhaid i'n ffór. Jeremy Walker puts the ball into the box, it comes off one knee, maybe two knees, and then goes in. What's the feeling when you see that ball at the back of the net and you wheel away in celebration? Yeah, they all count, don't they? Jeremy's done it extremely well. He said he was going to shoot, but he's seen me screaming for it, so yeah, into my knees, just put anything on it to get in, and it's come out, and then straight over, little knee slides.  I've always had it planned all my life.  If I score in Cop End, I'm celebrating in front of Cop, so yeah, it's always been planned. I'm sure that'll go down well. In terms of your first goal having it here at Valley Parade in front of the home fans, like you say, it could have been in front of the Cop might have made it a little bit sweeter, but to score that goal anywhere to put in the performance you did and to have that adulation from the supporters must be really special. Yeah, yeah, it's really special. Obviously, as a fan, since five, it means even more to me because it's my own town club, and I remember really, really pushing for this club to do well, so yeah, it's special. How was it today, back in the team first game, in a couple of performances like that today, I guess that was good to be about? Yeah, definitely. I think we all saw the togetherness in today's game, we all dug in and got the result, so it was good to be part of. The performance in general probably suited you quite well in terms of the energy, the high press particularly in that first half chasing down the ball at all costs kind of thing. It seems like that fit you quite well in terms of we saw you being that lead for the press quite a lot of the time. How did you find that role and how exciting was that for you? Yeah, I think we all shown a desire. The high press worked. We were winning the ball high up the pitch, and then we were also forcing the keeper along with pressure on him, so his quality won the best, and then we were regaining it every time, so yeah, we're working, that's why we carried on doing it. Obviously a new man in the dugout for today, and for the short term going forward, how's it been working with Kev so far? I guess a little bit strange, in a way, but it seemed to work today. Yeah, brilliant. Kev's been really professional about it and showing his experience a lot. We all respect Kev, and yeah, he's doing well. He's got the togetherness back, and we're all working as hard as possible for him. I guess when you put it like that and when we see a performance like that with you back in the team, you'd be hoping that you've kind of put yourself in his mind's eye, at least for the next few games, however long he's in charge to keep playing, and it gives you a platform to build on as well. Yeah, hopefully. Hopefully I've done enough for Kev to see that. I should be in the team. I just want to play as much as possible. I love it, so as much games as possible for me. You mentioned the supports and the atmosphere today, but how special was that in terms of being able to, yes, score in front of them, but them, I guess, feeding off the performance a little bit, having your family in the stadium and sharing that moment that night in minutes, good for Kev as well to obviously hear his name being belted out by the crowd. It all seemed to all feed into this perfect day that we've had. Yeah, yeah, the fans were brilliant from the first minute. They got behind us and they helped out a lot. I know players usually say it that the fans help, but they really, really do, especially at Valley Parade. Yeah, they're all up for it and it got us up for it. In terms of a building block, for us irrespective, I guess, of who's in the dugout, a performance like that lifts the confidence, lifts the belief within the squad as players and as a management staff, and that's the kind of thing you're looking forward to take forward in terms of putting in more performances like that and climbing the two. Yeah, definitely. We've got to take that into Tuesday in the cup. We've got to play the same. I think it worked. Obviously Grimsby are going to play differently, but I feel like the high pressing, the desire, it were all there. So, yeah, hopefully Tuesday we can carry on from this. You mentioned Tuesday down at Grimsby in the Eiffel trophy. I guess having a game so quickly in a way you'll be tired, but having a game so quickly after a performance like that helps in terms of keeping building momentum. Yeah, definitely. Obviously, we'll be on recovery Monday. We'll recover right, be professional about it, and then back on the road Tuesday and we'll take the same mindset into it, and hopefully get a result.


This is Think Tech Hawaii. Immunity matters here. Trees and loose things in the background. Well, here we are. Welcome back to Think Tech. I'm Jay Fiedel. This is Community Matters. That's Sarah Park. Dr. Sarah Park. She's the state epidemiologist with the Department of Health. And she's here to talk about epidemiology. Say that five times in a fashion. Anyway, the epidemiological question we want to talk to you today about is something that was on the radar and then got quiet. And it'll come up again, I think. And that's rat lungworm. So let's begin by defining what it is, Sarah. Yeah, so rat lungworm is the common name for the scientific name is angiostrongilis cantinensis. Or the disease is called angiostrongilisis. It's quite a mouthful. Yeah, it's quite a mouthful. So rat lungworm is definitely easy to say, easy to remember. Essentially, it's a parasitic infection. So parasites, they can't survive without a host. We're not their definitive host. It's a worm. And the scientific side, they call it a roundworm. But it's a worm, essentially. It can be visible. The adults can be visible to the human eye. It's little babies. The larvae can be barely visible. It really can really distinguish the features in a microscope. So it just gives you an idea. But they're definitely bigger than, say, bacteria or viruses, which are definitely very microscopic, even beyond that, some of them. But at any rate, this parasite has been, in the state of Hawaii, documented to at least like the 1940s and such. Definitely well-documented all through the 1960s. A lot of research was done. And interestingly, if you talk to some old-timer physicians, old-timer farmers, people who were here way back when, they all talk about, they're like, we knew about this disease. The disease has been here. And what's disconcerting is, it's like so many things. It's in the public mind's eye. But unfortunately, when something isn't really evident to people, they move on to other things. And then the memory is lost, unfortunately. And we get so many new people, new residents that, and they don't learn about what's. I think it's a new thing. But it's not a new thing. But it's not a new thing. It's unfortunate. And so the real struggle is, how do we keep up that awareness, just like with leptosporosis, another one of our lovely endemic diseases? So we have a few, unfortunately in Hawaii, we have a few, what we call endemic diseases, diseases that are here in Hawaii that can cause infection and make people sick. And how do we make sure that the public, everyone knows about these? We can safeguard ourselves against them. And we should be. So you said microscopic is some questions to follow up when you said microscopic. I can look, I can see, if I look closely with the worm, I can see it. How long is it? Is it longer than thinner? It's more longer than thinner, yeah. I mean, it varies in size, depending upon. You're talking about adults versus its babies, larvae. Like I said, the adults are visible to the human eye. Grossly visible, they're not microscopic. Whereas the babies, you kind of need a microscope to really distinguish the details. Although if you've got a bunch of them swimming around, you can kind of, as was described by one person to me, was you can see a shimmering effect from their swimming around. So you can kind of tell them out, even the larvae, but really need the microscope to look at them. As far as the size, I can't quote you. I'm not the parasitologist, so I can't quote you exact. You know, nanometers and such and centimeters. But just from that description, I think it gives you a little idea. Here's the hill that I am getting at. So I get my lettuce, my lettuce. And we'll talk about the cycle, the life cycle. I was going to say, we should back up a little and just talk about, like, what is the host and things like that. If I get the lettuce, and it's there, the little bugger is there on the lettuce.  You won't see it on the lettuce. So this is probably where we should talk about the life cycle. So the rat, I mean, where does that name come from? It's because the rat is the definitive host. It's home, essentially. That's where the parasite likes to live. It basically loves to be a parasite off of the rat. And it really loves to be in the lungs. It causes lung disease, essentially, in the rats, among other things. And that's where that name, rat lungworm, comes from. The rat doesn't like it at all. It's not helpful to the rat. I'm not a veterinarian, but I would guess that it's probably not a good thing for the rats. I mean, that's a whole nother question as far as what's going on there. So the rat's a definitive host. It goes through their system and basically, they poop it out to be really blunt. They poop it out. And then along comes a snail or a slug. And they eat the feces. And then they get infected. So we call the snails or slugs. They would eat the feces anyway, right? They would anyway. It just happens to be that the parasite is in the feces. Right, exactly. And we assume, actually, I can't say we know, because we haven't had comprehensive ongoing rat surveillance ever, really. But assumption is that many of our rats probably carry it, especially maybe in some areas, maybe more heavily infested. We don't know.  The snail slugs come along. They become what we call the intermediate host. And essentially, they become infected. Then we all, everyone in Hawaii, anyone who's grown up here, everyone who lives here, everyone of us is seeing the snails and slugs. They love to be in the shady areas. They love to get into anything leafy. That's where they hang out. So how big are they? The snails and slug. Well, you need to talk to the Malacologist, like Dr. Rob Cowey at UH Manoa. That's a great resource. So I understand the size really ranges. We have that iconic picture. If you look at our website, one of our investigators took a picture on the head of a nickel, the babies of one of the semi-slugs, this new invasive species of slug. It's really tiny versus the giant African snail. It's not that inch-to-inch-long kind slug. Or some of the bigger slugs that are out there. And actually, believe it or not, there have been some usually young adult male, not to stereotype, but it's interesting that among our cases, there's a handful, usually young adult male, who have purposely eaten one of these, a slug or a snail, usually on a dare. But it really underscores why we need to make sure people understand, because Hawaii is not the place to do fear factor or dares or things like this. And it's essentially, we need to be aware of the potential for these slugs and snails to be in our produce, because that's where they like to be. And for us to potentially accidentally get involved in the life cycle. So we're not part of the normal life cycle, but we can fall into it by accidentally ingesting, eating one of the slugs or snails. So if I go out in the garden and I find a slug and I eat a slug, is there a substantial chance I'm going to get ill from this? It's really hard to say. Again, we don't have comprehensive ongoing surveillance of either rats or slugs or snails. We know from past studies, past sort of samplings of slugs and snails, as well as rats in different areas, that it is prevalent on every island, essentially, in the state, to what degree, what percentage, and also what percentage in each species of snail or slug or even among the rats, we don't know. We have many species, don't we? It's not just one thing. But the assumption is that the risk is there. And so we just want to make sure that everyone understands that risk and takes precautions to wash their produce. I thought it was all about organic farming, natural farming in the wild and subsistence farming, if you will, or in your backyard, where you didn't realize that you had the snails and slugs around and they slither across your lettuce in some way and presto-digital, you have it on the lettuce. But we don't know about the slime at this point, if that's what you were asking. But you don't know if it's in the slime. Right.  But is it enough to cause infection? How long do they actually survive outside of a home? Remember, these are parasites. The whole idea of being a parasite is you need a home to survive. So how long do they survive long enough to cause problems for anyone else?  Like I said, how much is actually in the slime? Is it enough? But it just underscores that no matter what, inspect your produce, wash it thoroughly, store it properly. We've had some issues where there's a question of how well the produce was actually stored, food prep. We've had issues where we've seen cases where there was a question of they kept all their food prep a blender, for example, out overnight. And essentially, their way of washing the blender was slush it out with some water and toss it. And we all know how sticky these slugs and snails, just slushing something is not going to make them fall off necessarily. So if I'm one of those subsistence guys and it doesn't clean off my salad, so to speak, then whatever is there. Potentially is an increased risk. I mean, it's not just a risk for rat lung, worm, or angistrongilus. It's also a risk for other pathogens, right? If you're not washing your produce. So you should always wash produce, because you're not cooking produce. When you're not cooking produce, you better wash it. And cooking is, I'm glad you brought that up, because we haven't asked, well, what about cooking? Obviously, if you cook anything, we've always said that about anything.  So cooking is always a great thing. But if you're going to eat produce raw, which we all think is produce is healthy, just take some extra measures, or actually, regular measures, really. These aren't really extra measures. It's just regular measures, inspecting your produce, washing them. Just water? Yeah. So you don't have to do anything. You don't have to put any fancy chemicals or. So there was a study that folks from UH Manoa actually did to actually look at, does it make a difference using certain solutions and things like this? And they didn't really find any difference. And they found that the actual mechanical washing, not just rinsing under a faucet, but actually rubbing the produce and inspecting it made the difference. So that's what we were advocating for. After this came up, and I've been following it since, oh, God, 10 years anyway when it started hitting the news, I go and I go to a restaurant. I order a salad, and I look deeply into the eyes of the person who was going to deliver me the salad. And I'm asking, is this person care to wash that lettuce? I mean, is the risk, is there any significant risk from a restaurant, a licensed restaurant, a restaurant with a past sticker on the front from your department, right? Is there any significant risk that they won't do this? Is there any significant restaurant risk that they won't clean the salad? I'll defer the particulars to our sanitation folks. Of course. But I would say that we have not seen that. And as far as we understand it, from our partners the Department of Ag, from our partners in sanitation, at the farm level, at the restaurant level, there are many safeguards that are taken to assure the safety of food products. And so it's really, those of us at home, if we have a home garden, especially school gardens, there's been a lot of education done with the schools by many different partners, just trying to make sure people understand what they need to do. Because here in Hawaii, especially, because we know this parasite is here. And again, a reminder, this isn't something new. This is, I mean, again, if you talk to the old timers, physicians, some of the older physicians I talked to who've been here since their families have been here. And they say, they remember when they were young physicians, and everyone knew what to look for, everyone knew what tests to do, which was basically, you have to do a lumbar puncture, that spinal tap. Oh my goodness. Yeah, to see what the cells are, they knew that people coming in with severe headache, they need to assess for this. They knew this. The locals, they knew that this was a possibility. So really, from the epi question is, OK, so I'm hearing from the old timers, this was much more sort of a known thing, a more common thing, understood thing. What happened in the interim for people, what changed? And what is changing now that we're becoming more aware of it again? So there's conditions that are contributing. Oh yeah. So there's a lot of, right. Those are great questions for right after our break. That's cliffhanger kind of questions. We're going to try to answer those questions. Well, I don't know about answering. Maybe somewhat we're going to answer those questions. We're also going to talk about the human experience to have this disease. And we'll talk about where it is, if I could ask you, politically where it is, what people think about it, and how the government reacts. We'll take a short break. When we come back, don't go away. This is the best part, yeah. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Ted Rawlsson here, folks. You're a host on Where the Drone Leads, our weekly show at noon on Thursdays here on Think Deck. We talk about drones. Anything to do about drones, drones, remotely piloted aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems, whatever you want to call them, emerging into Hawaii's economy, educational framework, and our public life. We talk about things associated with the use, the misuse, technology, engineering, legislation with local experts, as well as people from across the country. Please join us noon on Thursdays and catch the latest on what's taking place in the world of drones that might affect you. Hello, everyone. I'm DeSoto Brown, the co-host of Human Humane Architecture, which is seen on Think Tech Hawaii every other Tuesday at 4 p.m. And with the show's host, Martin Desbang, we discuss architecture here in the Hawaiian Islands and how it not only affects the way we live, but other aspects of our life, not only here in Hawaii, but internationally as well. So join us for Human Humane Architecture every other Tuesday at 4 p.m. on Think Tech Hawaii. You should have been here during the break. What can I say? As Dr. Sarah Park, she's a state epidemiologist with the State Department of Health, and we are really happy to have her here yet again. And he was saying we're growing old together, except it shows more on me. Thank you. Must be doing something right today. I run a lot. Okay, good, good move. But anyway, so we're talking about rat lungworm and the fact that it's been here a long time. It's here now. It's probably gonna be here in the future. Is it indigenous to Hawaii? Is this something only happening in Hawaii? No, it's not indigenous. Well, I suppose it's indigenous in the fact that it's here. It definitely is here. It's not something that was imported recently, but it was likely imported years and years ago. It's not really clear how it was imported. Old theories have been that it was brought over on the ships via the rats, because we all know on ships there are rats. There were no native rats here. I guess not, but the rats, I mean, we do a lot of trade with Southeast Asia where this is very prevalent on other Pacific islands, other areas of the world. But essentially, this is a parasite of the sort of tropical regions. So, and with trade going back and forth, it's not too surprising whether it was the rats that brought it here or the mollusks themselves, you know, snails and slugs that hitched a ride on a plant that came over here. It doesn't really matter because it is here. It's been here for many years. I think the bottom line for people to remember is it does cause potentially serious disease. We don't know actually how much mild disease there is out there, because obviously, if you have a mild symptoms, you have infection, but only mild symptoms, minor headache, and then it resolves, you're never gonna see the doctor. We're never gonna know about it. You know, so- The body has an immune system and actually deals with it.  We don't know what the situation is that, yeah, we don't know what it is. What is, where are the conditions that make someone have much more severe infection, severe disease compared with someone else, and how many people are having of the proportion? You know, when you look at numbers of people and severity of disease, are we seeing a curve where this side, the left side is mild disease and the right side being severe disease? Are we seeing a heavy curve towards the left with a lot of mild infection? Or is it really more, are we seeing more of the heavy curve to the right? Well, it's hard to say. If you have it and you don't know it, then you're not even on the curve at all. Right, and I think the important thing to point out is what we monitor for in public health are the severe cases, because obviously those are the ones we're trying to prevent, especially so, but prevent any infection in general. And so remembering the prevention messages about washing your produce, good hygiene, food hygiene prep, inspecting and good storage of food, produce of your equipment, food equipment, preparation equipment, things like this. These are all essentially smart things, and not just for rat lungworm, but for a lot of other pathogens. For everything, right. Food is, food is, it bears problems sometimes. Right, but I think it's also important to note that compared with something like salmonellosis or E. coli infection or Shigella or Campylobacter, where we see hundreds, literally hundreds of cases a year. You know, it's balancing it out in terms of, I've heard that people are reluctant to eat produce when all their life they've been eating produce. So what's changed for you right now? So think about that, because in terms of how common is this, it's definitely here in Hawaii. How many cases? I've lost count for this year. I think we're at 17, but I'm not sure I should have left the office. This isn't something that multiplies like an infectious disease. It's not an infectious disease. You get it and it's just you. Well, we call it an infectious disease because it's an infection, but it's not transmitted person to person. You basically fall into the life cycle by accidentally ingesting a slug or a snail, or even part of one that happens to be infected. So you really have to get into that. Like I mentioned earlier, there have been cases where they've deliberately eaten the slug or snail. Again, not to stereotype, but it seems to be when we look at our cases as young adult male on non-commonly. We've also seen, unfortunately, and as a pediatrician, this is where I tend to worry most, honestly, is for the cakey. Because if you think about developmentally, one to four-year-olds, very well-known, any parent knows this, not just pediatricians. You know, what do we let them do? We let them crawl around. And there are some people that advocate for letting them eat dirt. Sometimes people, I know, some people don't, that's a whole nother conversation, but some people will say, oh yeah, I saw grass in their mouth. So clearly they've been putting things, or pebbles, or things like this, and so this is where in Hawaii we have to be really cognizant of our cakey out there and make sure they're not putting things in their mouth. They don't, some of these, they don't know any better. We as adults think, oh, Ick factor, this is really gross. They don't know that. But they don't know that. They're really curious, and they should be about their vulnerabilities. Are they more vulnerable to getting serious cake? Potentially. The thought is potentially they're more vulnerable to serious infection because they're smaller, they have, you know, their immune system is a little different, it's naive compared with ours, maybe actually even more so in that response to an infection like this, it might be over-exuberant, and part of the problem of the infection is actually not just the actual physical worm going through the brain, it's that the inflammation, your own immune response is this huge, basically you have this huge immune response and you can imagine, you already have one or two worms or maybe 10 worms going through the brain now and they're small, but then you have this intense inflammation wherever they are affecting the brain. That's not very good and a lot of questions are, how much is the result of the huge amount of inflammation? How much of it is the actual physical worm?  They're gonna try, but unfortunately, they're starving to death from the moment they actually enter our body because again, remember, we're not the definitive host, they're looking for their definitive host, they're looking for the rat, they, we're not it, we don't provide whatever chemicals or whatever that they need to survive. So from day one essentially that they enter us, they're dying.  But from the moment that they're in our body, they are dying.  Yeah, so how long does it take? I mean, any idea? We're not sure and it seems, we don't know what the conditions are to have more, you know, the worms maybe die off sooner or later, there's just a lot that's not known and it's not exactly ethical to, you can't open someone's brain up and take a look. You can't do biopsies and honestly, when we do imaging studies, even though we know it's in there, we may not see signs of it on the imaging study. So there's a lot of questions. We know that from certain observations and anecdotal sort of experience that are we supposed that potentially you, the incubation period, you know, that time from when you actually might be infected, ingested, infected, mollusk or, to the time that you actually have symptoms could be as short as a week, could be as long as a month. So it's really unclear. But the cakey- Is it ever fatal? Or something that is the group that I worry about most. It can be fatal. And in fact, we had one cakey, unfortunately pass away a report of, and that's the other thing. On public health side of this, you know, the only way we know about outcome is if it's reported back to us because we don't actually follow out, we follow incidents of disease. We're counting disease as it occurs, but we're not actually, we're not researchers, so we're not following every single person who has a disease, whether it's E. coli or, angestrangeless rat lungworm or other things, so flu all the way to the outcome. And your approach would be different with a truly infectious human-to-human disease than with this. Right, exactly. You don't have to worry about, you know, thousands of cases. Right. This is more linear than that. Right, right. So what about the worst case analysis?  Am I right about that? No, no, no, don't. This is a bad movie. Don't start stories. Don't start stories, please. Tell me I'm wrong, that's okay. What it's doing, again, we are not the definitive host, so it's fine, it's searching, essentially. So it's meandering around until it dies eventually of starvation, essentially. And our own immune system is trying to fight it off, even as it's traveling, and that's why that big inflammatory response. But it doesn't extrude from orifices. It doesn't cause any crazy things that Hollywood might put together. So it's ultimately a matter of inflammation. It's gonna inflame wherever it goes. And the thing that's very common among all cases is, pretty much, is that they'll complain about headache, because if you can imagine, it's causing the inflammation so the cerebral spinal fluid, that fluid that bays your brain and meninges, it's building up pressure, and that's causing tremendous about a headache. And that's why, actually, sometimes doing a spinal tap can actually be therapeutic. It can actually, because it's relieving the pressure, and a lot of the cases often comment that they feel better. Their headaches feel better, and other symptoms may feel, especially their headache, though, feel better after the lumbar puncture. So you get remission, though. If you can weight out the worm, you get remission. But we'll oftentimes see that a lot of the clinicians will use steroid therapy to try and help calm down that inflammation, while monitoring the clinical signs and keeping those steroids on and then potentially tapering them off or stopping them at some point, really to try and deal with that inflammation, because a lot of that is causing a lot of the problems, pain, potentially, other neurological problems, maybe weakness, maybe tingling, odd tingling in your fingers. What's the other case where somebody went through a coma? There's potential. So again, this is talking about your brain, and so depending upon where the worms go in your brain, that will dictate what symptoms you really have. The only thing that's really, really common among all the cases that we've seen is everyone has a very severe headache. Yeah, any permanent damage to the brain by this? There can be, but it varies. There can be, people can resolve completely, and we've certainly heard of this. There are those, unfortunately, who, and these tend to be the more severe cases who have unfortunately long-term complications, and so it really runs a gamut, and so really wanna impress upon people. This is a serious disease, but there's something you can do about it. So tell them, they're right there. It's camera one, those are the people. Tell them what they should do. Yeah, so I mean, basically, again, we know that it's in them all, so we know it's snails and slugs. We know that snails and slugs will have to be in the produce, so being mindful here in Hawaii about inspecting your produce, washing it well, leaf by leaf, and then making sure that your food prep, everything that you do in terms of utilizing your equipment, your storage from start to finish is very hygienic, and that is really the most important thing, really, in Hawaii, just to be aware that, for those people who are, they've been eating produce all their life and then suddenly to change their habits because they've heard this thing and they're scared, think about that a little bit. You must've been doing something right because this parasite is prevalent throughout the state, and so we need to think about that. Okay, we're thinking about it. Is there, one last question, and we gotta go, is what can the community do? I mean, you're talking about what individuals can do, what can the community do? What can the government do? What can public health structures do to minimize the risk or to ameliorate it? I think, again, what's been curious to me is that, like I said, when I talk to old-timer physicians and locals and such, they all, to one, they all say, oh yeah, I know about this. They may have called it something else, but they all know about it. They knew about it from back then, and they're surprised that people now don't know anything about it, and what it really speaks volumes about is, how do we keep the awareness going in perpetuity? Because I don't see, unfortunately, unless we completely eradicate the rats from the entire state, which, by the way, would not just solve this problem, but leptosporosis, typhus, bunch of other problems as it is, all connected, but unless we eradicate the rats, we're not likely to see this disease go away, this parasite go away, and the risk go away, and so it's really about increasing the awareness and maintaining that awareness, so how do we do that? Oh, I have an answer for you, Sarah. Oh yeah, keep you guys going, and educating everyone. That's right, you come on, think, take Hawaii, do public outreach and information, and we do it more than once, so I hope you'll come back and talk to us again about this kind of public health issue, and others. Sure. And Sarah Park, she is the epidemiologist, the state epidemiologist for the Department of Health, and we really like having her on the show. Thank you so much, Sarah. Good seeing you. Aloha. Aloha.


We have come back to the E-Circuit. That was Koyo, as you can hear, Mr Henry is getting ready for the live performance live on the E-Circuit. Connect with us on Y244 channel. Remember the question of the day is, would you let your significant other hang out with their ex before you continue with the performance Koyo? And would you say it Jibu? That's the question of the day. Okay, I'm very stingy with my people. So, I don't know, this is very complicated. I would try to be reasonable if it's something that I can live with, but I don't know, it's also a question of trust. So, if we're good and I completely, I'm not being manipulated in this situation, then maybe I would allow it, but I don't really see the need, because also I'm the kind of person who believes in that life of whatever thing you guys had on, and that just move on, move on to the next one. Yeah, there's no need to be conversing. And I feel like if you're still stuck in the past, we'll still be dealing with a lot of past issues. Yeah, we don't need that. Yeah, a little bit 20-30 orientated, so no need if we don't look back. What's about you Mr Henry? For me it's a no. The person knows this person, maybe better than me. So, an exam trick manzee. There's another person, I'm not going to say much about revisiting an exam or something. I'm going to revise paper because I already know the answers. Like any one of us on the table? They're my answer, yeah. I'm going to answer sheet. Tell us about this song you're about to perform. So this is a very interesting story that came to me a month ago, like a year ago. And I like writing stories about tenants. So even the song I played is like, I like singing our stories because I think we need to reflect who we are. And that's my contribution to this music in general. So this song is about a couple that met in church and they're really struggling to save their marriage. The guy ended up coming to the city and he got a little bit confused. And the rest is let's figure out whether they end up saving their thingy or not. And the song is called Dizzy. And this will be the last time, the last time una ni achakitigini. Oh this won't be the last time, the last time. Do I wish to be when you're staging na katatikiti. Na kucha na kesho na hendak when you're staging na katatikiti. Uli apenda yule kuzakale. Uli apenda yule tokasi kuzakale. Tulipa tana pale kani sani pale anzaku adizi. Tulipa tana pale kani sani ka anzaku adizi. And this will be the first time, the first time na kwanbia u kesho na hendak when you're staging na katatikiti. Na kuzanyumba katatikiti na kuzanyumba nile. Uli apenda yule tokasi kuzakale. Oh no. Uli apenda yule tokasi kuzakale.  It's very expressive the way you sing, even the way you play Mr. Henry. It's like some electricity. I like it, I enjoy it. So how can people connect with you and get your music? So everywhere Koyo official is KUI, why you? And then official, that's Instagram, social media everywhere. But then you can find my music on muk.com, on Boomplay. You can get it on iTunes, Deezer, Spotify. I am available, I have made myself available. Find me, find my music, don't find me. Find my music. Well, pia bada na zaku pachawuko. Yes. Mr. Henry. Oh, for me you can find me on, I'm Henry Googie. Confind me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, hotels. At the gig, the next gig you'll be performing. Shalap, shalap. We're always updating. The next one is next week on Friday, Power to 5-4. Power to 5-4. 7pm. We'll have a really good, good set. But the ticket details and everything else will be on your social media pages. Let me just, you know. So on Friday, that 6th of March is music freedom day. And I have a pleasure of headlining at Power to 5-4. This show is organized by Turning Tables Kenya. And yeah, we're going to be there. So please show up, come out. Ita kwa pare. So for me, I want you to, I have a band, it's called the Stick Band 2-5-4. So I'm like, there is a leader. And they're like, the next one. So follow the Stick Band 2-5-4 on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, we are there.  We have our own jams actually. And YouTube can check them. Kupate apu. Kupate apu. Thank you so much for coming. Koyo and Mr. Henry. I'm tender to you. We need to get something else as we wind up and move on to the next interview with Yvniaga. Remember DJ Neshki and Angodzia. Only a request at DJ Neshki. That's on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. But before that, again, performing live under E-Circuits, Koyo and Henry. This song is called Mamehma. And this is for all the people. Even before you start your journey, you already made it. That's what we're going to talk about. Yah, tak bila mani tulepanda gari kuhupanda kushuka Dosa fadi kuruka. Bila wasi wasi tona endakasi Hata bila mani tulepanda gari kuhupanda kushuka Dosa fadi kuruka. Sisi tuna wema tulefi ka mape? Sisi tuna wema tulefi ka mape? Hele awale tule sanbi, sanbia.


and mixing up papers, that's all they are all numbered that's right so good evening welcome to King's College and to the Chief of the Air Staff's Freeman Air and Space Institute inaugural annual lecture my name is John Geerson I'm Professor of National Security Studies here at King's and I'm Director of the Freeman Institute or FASI as we call it and alongside me is our Executive Director Dr. David Jordan who will be helping with the Q&A later on housekeeping can I just direct you to fire exits which are here at the bottom and there are similar doors where you came in at the top if there is an alarm it's not a drill and please follow the green signs to leave the building the session tonight is being recorded and both the remarks by the Chief of the Air Staff and the Q&A will be on the record as we move forward just briefly by way of introduction to FASI this is an initiative of the School of Security Studies here at King's College London where we provide independence and we hope original knowledge and understanding of air and space issues thanks to the support of the Royal Air Force and through their partners DSTL the Defence Science Technology Laboratory we're named after Sir Wilford Freeman Air Chief Marshall from the 1930s and during the Second World War who played a central role in the development of various successful aircraft which many of you know here will know such as the Spitfire and the Mosquito but more importantly in a way for the strategic level was the central planner of the war time aircraft economy one of the largest state-sponsored industrial ventures in British history we are focused on identifying developing and cultivating the next generation of air and space thinkers in academia but also in the practical contexts and as part of that we're delighted that we have our first three FASI funded PhD students with us tonight the first time they've actually met each other thanks to COVID but they're here in the hall and we're delighted to be actually able to fund that sort of long-term approach to to original thinking as we move forward but we also have ambitious plans to support far more students on air and space matters in the coming years to diversify the sector and encourage new entrants and there'll be more about that in the future. Our online events and now thankfully in-person events have already attracted a lot of attention which we're pleased about and we followed that of course with our publication schedule with over 20 papers already published and our latest one in a few days I believe will be on information power by Wing Commander Keith Slack. Turning to tonight's theme then in advance of COP26 FASI supported the REF in a number of facilitating events drilling into the ambitious if I may say so chief of staff net zero 2040 targets in early October we held a dedicated round table event with the REF's chief of staff capability and Marshall Link Taylor who I think is with us this evening and that brought together those leading on the delivery of net zero 2040 for the REF with industrial and commercial partners debating the challenges of getting a military Air Force to net zero and then later in October we also facilitate the first meeting of the global air chief's climate change collaboration which was hosted by Air Marshal Andy Turner deputy commander capability and that saw 40 air forces from around the globe come together virtually and some in person with representatives here at King's to discuss initiatives such as fuels training infrastructure and resilience. So we're delighted on the basis of that work so far to have tonight's speaker the chief of the air staff Sir Mike Wigston building on those discussions in his presentation on net zero 2040 the challenge for the world Air Force. I'm going to hand over to Dr. Sophie Entremus our research associate here at FASI who will introduce Sir Mike. Good evening everybody and thank you so much for coming out on this chilly night. It's absolute pleasure and delight of mine to be the person who's introducing Air Chief Marshal Sir Mike Wigston to an evening of firsts the first in person event FASI's ever held because of COVID and the first annual lecture and we hope there'll be many more. It's absolutely lovely to have you here Sir Mike. A little bit about Sir Mike's background. I'm going to read out your entire biography because we will need to listen to you not me. Sir Mike joined the Air Force in 1986 on Oxford University Air Squadron became a tornado pilot in 1992. Some highlights of his command tools included commander of OC 12 Squadron. He was also the boss of 903 expeditionary air wing ambassador and commander of British forces Cyprus. He was also assistant chief of the air staff at the time around the time of the 100th anniversary of the RAF and was very much involved in that I know. Personally one important thing that Sir Mike has done for me and for other people in the armed forces or ex-unforces was his investigation into inappropriate behaviors in the armed forces and that since now that report is now known as the Wigston report and a very important and fine piece of work it was. Thank you. That was just prior to being pointed as chief of the air staff in the summer of 2019 and John Professor Gerson has mentioned the ambitious targets that Sir Mike has set for the Air Force. They are ambitious in diversity and inclusion terms as well which I know is very important to you in terms of improving the number of women and ethnic minorities in the Royal Air Force but here we're going to be talking about a specific ambitious target net zero 2040. It is such a pleasure to have you here. Thank you so much for giving us your time. Thank you for that. Thank you Sophie and thank you John for that introduction and I will when we get to Q&A I am doing them on the record. That means that I'm prepared to take a sort of wide ranging view. I'm here to talk about net zero but I'm happy to talk about anything which is in my area of responsibility and sort of recognizing that we are sort of limited on time but I'm happy to take the questions wherever you would like to go but I'm absolutely delighted to be here for this inaugural Freeman Air and Space Institute event and this important Royal Air Force net zero 2040 event. Thank you to the Freeman Institute for hosting and facilitating and I hope by the end of this evening's discussion you will understand why I'm and how I'm pushing for that ambitious as you've heard Royal Air Force target of a net zero Air Force by 2040. Some of you will have heard me speak at July's Global Air Chiefs Conference and some of you will also have heard me acknowledge that I could be seen as crazy as an Air and Space Chief talking about sustainability and five years ago I would probably have agreed but now the imperative for change could not be clearer. Our politicians demanded of us, our public demands of us and the young people in the Royal Air Force today, the next generation Royal Air Force demanded of the leadership team and me. In the words of this year's integrated review, climate change is a transnational challenge that threatens global resilience and our shared security and prosperity. Significant action to decarbonize the global economy is required urgently to prevent climate change from accelerating rapidly and possibly irreversibly. We know that our armed forces are responsible for a high level of emissions and within that our Air and Space Activity represents a significant proportion. Aviation fuel burn especially so. In the UK current government legislation requires greenhouse gas emissions to be net zero by 2050. But I've set the Royal Air Force the ambitious challenge of being climate change resilient and net zero by 2040 because everything I see and hear tells me that we need to get ahead of this now. The way we power our aircraft, the way we power our bases and the way we hold to account our supply chain and our industrial suppliers about their own carbon and sustainable practices are the things that we're going to have to tackle. We also need to understand how our people, equipment, critical resources and supply chains will need to adapt to operate in a climate change future environment. We're aiming for our first net zero air base by 2025, a net zero estate by 2030 and a carbon net balanced Air Force by 2040. None of this will be easy. There are complex and wicked challenges ahead of us as an organisation and I'm conscious that this is not something that the Royal Air Force can achieve in isolation. It will take decades. It will require collaboration. It needs ambition and we need to start now. Our net zero 2040 strategy comprises three principal strands, net zero aviation, net zero estates and net zero business as usual. I'll start with net zero aviation because aircraft fuel burn is by far and away the greatest challenge that Air Forces will face to get to net zero. The same is true for airlines and the commercial aviation sector. We estimate it accounts for up to three quarters of the RF's carbon footprint, which in turn is just under half of the Ministry of Defence's carbon footprint, which in turn is just under half of the government's carbon footprint. My jet fuel challenge is Defence's challenge and it's the government's challenge. A lot of what we do, what we will do will be on the back of the commercial aviation sector and the UK has taken a world leading position in that regard. I sit on the jet zero council, which brings together leaders from across UK aerospace and aviation under the Secretary of State for Transport and the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. We will continue to push for increased effort commercialising sustainable aviation fuel production. That's fuel that's made from feedstock such as ethanol or recycled waste oil and making sure it's cost effective, affordable and readily available. Our Royal Air Force platforms are already able to operate on a 50% blend of sustainable aviation fuel or SAF. And for some platforms we're pushing with industry for 100% SAF flight and SAF flight as early as next year. Some of you will have seen that we flew their Royal Highnesses, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall to Jordan on the first leg of their current Royal Tour in our Vespina VIP aircraft with a sustainable aviation fuel blend. So this is already happening. If there was an assured affordable supply now we would use it. But the challenge in the short to medium term is insufficient capacity in the global production and supply chains. To put that into context, global jet fuel consumption is around 320 million metric tons in any normal year. The entire global production of SAF is currently 100,000 metric tons with little immediate prospect or ability to scale it upwards and its spot price remains steadfastly around 10 times that of conventional kerosene. Some commentators have already started to express a view that sustainable aviation fuel in its current guise is not economically viable. But we must at least try to understand the challenges and the opportunities. And there is an exciting alternative in synthetic rather than sustainable aviation fuel. The Royal Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office is leading our synthetic fuel production projects, including groundbreaking advances in electric fuels. Electric fuels are not new. The process was first trialled in the early 20th century, but the technology available at that time meant that it was never in competition with refined natural crude. Today, that no longer holds true. New technology and different techniques have shifted that balance and synthetic fuels offer increasing promise. The new approaches to synthetic fuel production are environmentally friendly and sustainable. They offer sovereign security of supply and the chemically pure fuel we are producing indicates that we will have cleaner engines that result in lower maintenance, longer equipment life, lower noise, heat and visual signatures such as contrails. The RAF Rapid Capabilities Office has two separate synthetic fuel projects, both of which are making exciting progress. Last week, you may have seen that the Royal Air Force and our industry partner, Zero Petroleum, won a Guinness World Record for one of those projects for the world's first successful flight using only synthetic fuel. Zero Petroleum's synthetic petrol is manufactured by extracting hydrogen from water and carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Using energy generated from renewable sources like wind or solar, the hydrogen and carbon are combined under heat and pressure with metal catalysts to create the synthetic fuel. Yes, we are making fuel from air and water. It is alchemy and the Royal Air Force and Zero Petroleum have proved it can be done. This world record achievement was a result of collaboration with brilliant scientists, engineers, designers and small and medium enterprises across the length and breadth of the UK. As well as a glimpse of the future for fuels, it points to how we will crack the net zero challenge as a national and international endeavour and the leading role that UK science and technology can play in that. I have spoken about sustainable and synthetic fuels but there are other alternatives to petrol and jet engines such as electric or hydrogen propulsion, particularly for our smaller, lighter aircraft like training aircraft. We aim to have our first zero emission aircraft operational by the end of this decade and I think it is entirely appropriate that this aircraft will be for our air cadets, our university cadets and the very first stages of flying training. If we achieve that, it will be the first military registered and certified zero carbon aircraft in the world. The second strand of our strategy is net zero bases. Our pilot project is Royal Air Force Leaming in Yorkshire and we are aiming for it to be our first net zero air base by 2025. It will require alternative power sources such as solar, geothermal and hydrogen and we will make the most of the large land area our bases cover. We are looking at how our runway maintenance program could be modified to include ground source heat pump technology or how we install photovoltaic cells on our hangar roofs. We are using RAF Leaming to understand how we do this. We will prove the technology and test the results there and roll it out across the remainder of the Royal Air Force by the end of the decade. With our bases currently responsible for around 25% of RAF emissions, achieving a net zero estate by 2030 and then beyond that moving to a net negative and offsetting our aviation emissions is a critical element of the RAF strategy and achieving that net zero 2040 ambition. From an operational perspective, that independence from the national grid and from energy supply makes us much more resilient too. Better posture to defend our skies and space into the future. I also recognize the obligation on the Royal Air Force to support other national initiatives to hit the UK's ambitious climate change goals. The UK's offshore wind industry is set to generate 40 gigawatts of power by 2030 but the relationship with the Ministry of Defence hasn't always been easy. These offshore wind farms act as complex spinning radar reflectors, confusing our ability to maintain a clear radar picture that we need to monitor and keep our skies safe. Historically we've objected to such developments but in recent years the MOD led by Air Vice Marshal Link Taylor sits on a joint board with the offshore wind industry council with each partner determined to find a way that air defence radars can operate effectively alongside even the largest of wind farms. Our net zero ambition is a great ambition but there will be risks and trip hazards along the way. We are a fighting force that must continue to protect our nation, something that we cannot compromise on our way to net zero. I know that there will be difficult prioritization decisions in the years and decades ahead but if we're thinking about them now we will be able to better navigate our way through at pace. It's not a zero sum game either. I can already point to significant operational benefits of a more sustainable force structure, whether that's operating from a home base or deployed. Renewable power generation like solar or small hydrogen power units removes the requirement for a massive fuel and logistics supply tail and the vulnerability and headaches that that attracts. Taking it one step further, just imagine if the synthetic fuel plant I described earlier could be deployable too and we were able to make our own jet fuel at a deployed operating base or at sea as part of HMS Queen Elizabeth's carrier strike group. I'm conscious that our net zero ambitions are not something that the Royal Air Force or any organisation can achieve in isolation and we're already working with the rest of government, with industry, scientists, academia, think tanks and other air and space forces around the globe, drawing on the power of our collective resources to address this pressing challenge. Earlier this year we launched the Global Air Chiefs Climate Change Initiative inviting my international counterparts to explore the opportunities for our air forces to collaborate on a global basis, sharing ideas and intent. Air and space forces from over 41 countries are already participating with eight work strands underway. I'm confident our net zero ambition and the strategy to take us there will reduce our impact on the environment. It has the potential to make us more resilient too, both in terms of supply chain dependencies and in terms of how our people, equipment and infrastructure adapt to a climate change future environment. It will not be easy. We will have to make some extraordinary leaps in fuel, aircraft and propulsion technology. We will have to transform our air bases and the buildings on them. It will require collaboration with many different partners and I know it will require significant investment and commitment to achieve. It will take decades and I tell my next generation of leaders that it will largely fall to them deliver to deliver so they must get their heads around it now. I am proud of the leading role that the Royal Air Force has already taken in this nationally and internationally and I mean no doubt we will continue to lead the way as we have done throughout our history. We are but a small part of a much bigger societal and global effort, but it is critical to all of our futures and I am excited that the Royal Air Force is a part of it. So thank you for listening and I look forward to hearing your questions. Mike, thank you very much and we are inviting questions from our participants who are on Zoom as well as from the world. So if anybody wants to kick off with a question and we will also bring them on like this piece. Like you mentioned, it is not just the fuel, but how many have been about making arms production community whilst I would say social and ethical. Some might say I want to kind of say that our production is going to be green, but if it is not actually responsible, what is the point? So it just seems we can attempt to greenwash it if I must. So I understand the question and I did hear the first part. I think the microphone is just for the online audience. So for me, my role is to deliver air and space power to protect our nation and our lives. And we accept that the world is not the way we wish it to be. There are organizations, countries, crime organizations who would do us harm and we need to be ready and prepared to protect our people around the world. Then there is a need for an air force or a need for armed forces. We could have a philosophical debate about that. We can do that and be blind to the requirement of being socially responsible and we can be blind to the requirement to be socially responsible in all sorts of different ways. But I don't think that our taxpayers who ultimately fund what we do as a Royal Air Force or as an Armed Force would accept that because ultimately I need that license to operate. I need our parliamentarians, I need our public to say the Royal Air Force, it might not be the organization that I would choose to join. I might not choose to bear arms but I recognize the role that they're playing defending our nation. And for us to have that license to operate with our public, we need to be socially responsible and environmentally responsible is absolutely a key part of that in the future. But there are all sorts of other things and some of them have been in her introductory remarks. Going to your point, I think by taking an aggressive lead in this as a service, we're already having demanding conversations with our industrial supply chain about what are their plans to be net zero, what are their plans to make their equipment delivery sustainable. And I'm really pleased to see that even in recent weeks a number of the prime industry, aerospace industry companies have made those declarations. And so there is a leadership role for the Royal Air Force in this to keep driving that point and keep making that point. Because just the same as if you like my shareholders are the British public well all of these companies, their shareholders their shareholders, their workforce are demanding the same of them as well. And I do, you know, I I sort of recognize why I could be accused of greenwashing, but I absolutely am doing this for fundamental reasons of this is what our society expects of us, even for an organization that is there to defend the society against enemies. Yes, thank you. First of all, could I just ask that the roving mic would make sure it's switched off because apparently some echo you're going through which is causing some confusion on Zoom. And a question from Tom Pashby who asks what can the Royal Air Force do to ensure their own accountability in a pathway to net zero such as having independent environmental successes please. Yeah, that's a really good point and in some respects it goes back to that same point about credibility and not just this just not being symbolic tokenistic statements and a lot of the work that we're putting into it over the next couple of years is actually understanding what our footprint is and understanding and putting in the measures and getting it sort of recognized by a you know by a sort of statutory bodies that are out there. So this will absolutely be transparent in terms of the credibility with how we go about this and I don't have any qualms about doing that. We're serious about doing this and actually having that independent adjudication is actually a really important part of this or the independent know-how of how you measure it correctly. Lisa? In Visage, a future perhaps quite a near future where you might have to trade off if you like considerations of lethality and operation effectiveness in order to put more precedence on sustainability. I mean I sense from the Ministry of Defense's publications and particularly Richard Newge's reports come months ago sort of unwillingness to cross that Rubicon but I think personally I think you might have to. So the relentless optimist in me says that we will find a way that we can have both and we can have it both ways where by taking the right steps now when you get to those kind of difficult forks in the road where we've got to make those decisions we'll have the options to do it without compromising our operational lethality ultimately. There are some things that we can do with there are compromises that we'll be able to make even in the early stages around things like the training aircraft I spoke about. I mean the chances are that even this decade now I might be pleasantly surprised but the chances are this decade that we won't necessarily get the endurance with an electric powered aircraft that we had from a petrol powered aircraft. So I think that we will have to make a choice for making that leap when we come to it now that's a sort of realistic chance in the next few years I think further down the road I would like to think that actually we won't necessarily have to make those choices in terms of the actual capability where we will have to make a choice Peter is around the price premium we're prepared to pay even though I'm spending taxpayers money the very clear signal from this government means that actually we can have a conversation around something that is more expensive than another piece of equipment but there is value of itself in the piece of equipment that is more expensive because it contributes to that journey to net zero we've got clear political leadership in that regard and policy direction but that I think is where the challenge is going to be where we're going to be paying a premium and a very good example of that at the moment is sustainable aviation fuel we're going to be paying a premium for that and that will mean that our money doesn't go as far and I think that's where the real choice will be I don't think we're going to compromise on our operational effectiveness we can't that's not something that I would you know a legacy that I can leave for my successes Following on from this Mr Bill Jassett Direct question which is you made the remark that you know this is going to be involve significant resources being expended now the Ministry of Defence is in quite a good place at the moment having had a very successful integrated review and a very good settlement out of last year's spending review so kind of the department is as flush as I can recall it at you know any time in my career but but it ain't necessarily going to stay that way so I guess my question would be even given the levels of political commitment that you were describing there how confident are you that you're going to be able to you know stay on this journey you and your fellow service chiefs when resources potentially get a bit tighter you know how much of this do you think survives and sustains against some of the higher priorities that you know you know are likely to come along including you know additional operational commitments and the like so kind of how sustainable is the sustainability Yep got it so I completely agree and you know we can't you know with any certainty say what is around the corner what you know where our political leadership where the sort of you know where the necessity of circumstances in the future take us but right now everything I tell you know everything I see everything I read tells me that we've got a consensus amongst our public and increasing consensus amongst our parliamentarians and absolute agreement between our political leadership current political leadership that this is the journey that we're on and going back to that that resources question that resources point and again it's you know for those of you that don't have the pleasure of working inside a government department the obligation around spending taxpayers money you know it is you know it is something that I carry you know carry on my shoulders and you know and there is a significant responsibility for me to be a careful custodian of taxpayers money and to seek value for money doesn't mean the cheapest and value for money that value can be in an environmental or in a social value sense and that's something that I am very very persistent in sort of drumming through I'm in no doubt that there will be resource challenges around this but but what I don't want to do you know I want to start paying that premium now and smoothing it over 20 years so that my successor in 2035 or 2045 isn't cursing me for not having done anything about it and then having an almighty burden to deal with you know over a much shorter space of time okay I'm looking I'm just going to go back online there are a range of questions off net zero we're going to stay with the net zero questions first of all leave on this side as well to come in right in a minute we're going online thank you John question I'll combine two one from Tim Croydon who says in terms of the metrics how do you intend to measure environmental gains is there an industry standard you're working towards to meet your aspirations and one from someone who I suspect isn't in real life called an ominous attendee who asks whether you calculate as part of this whether you consider the RF's degree of responsibility for instance defence systems that are shared with the frontline commands when calculating your responsibility for carbon emissions right well if either of those two questions are looking for a job that's exactly the sort of questions I need to be asking because these are very early days but in the first instance there's already a number of you know benchmarking whether it's the carbon trust or any other sort of certified ways of measuring what your footprint is and this is exactly what we're going through over the next couple of years just to understand what our footprint is today and then there is that challenge of course there's that challenge of how we measure our activity how we measure the equipment that we bring into service how we measure everything we do when we're sharing so much with Navy the Army with other international forces but it's complex but I can't help but think that there's a way through this and it certainly should be something that puts us off it's just something else that we've got to get our heads around and my senior leaders have to get their heads around and my junior leaders have to get their heads around because they're going to be the ones that are carrying this for the next two decades let's go to the lady in the back row please this will mean that there's going to be an acceleration of the adoption of drone at technology which would have a smaller carbon footprint whether forces are prepared for the unknown psychological effects of this I would turn the drone question on its head slightly and see that there is undoubted utility of autonomous or remotely crewed platforms in a future battle space a future operating environment that is where technology is taking us anyway and that enormous utility is something that we are taking advantage of and I see the force, the mix of the ratio of piloted to autonomous aircraft that we operate and the Royal Air Force operates over the next 20, 30 years I see that ratio just inexorably shifting along as a greater proportion of our fleet is autonomous or remotely crewed and in that of course there is a net zero dividend but it's not the driver the driver actually is the technology that allows us to protect our skies and protect our space even better using what technology allows us to do and technology has, there are other advantages around technology around synthetic training I see a future where the activity that the Royal Air Force does in the real world the operations or strategic signaling on behalf of the government or our allies that continues in the real world but all of the training that we do preparing for that is done in a synthetic environment and of course that of course changes the amount of our carbon footprint when it comes to training and building up the forces and building up the squadrons that we're going to use Well thank you very much and it's very refreshing to see that the defence almost in 8 months has gone from proclaiming to be a fast follower to actually setting a pace not all of defence but led by the Air Force however you're very rightly going along with your colleagues in civil aviation in terms of decarbonisation if Covid is taught as anything we need to plan for the odd black swan event and the black swan in sustainable aviation may be that the fact that net zero fuels are still emitting carbon at altitude becomes unacceptable socially faster than the ability of the industry to come up with a true zero emission fuel but in aviation they kind of have a plan B which is they are already planning for the most difficult aircraft to decarbonise the long haul ones to be hydrogen to beat that need they'd need to bring those forward I don't see the same in our programmes the most difficult aircraft to decarbonise are our combat aircraft I don't see a zero emission combat aircraft anywhere in our research programmes at the moment beyond potentially concepts is that something we should be addressing now so there is a lot of potential in hydrogen the challenge with hydrogen is at the moment we haven't been able to compress the storage so even a large wide-bodied airliner that's powered by hydrogen looks like a bloated guppy when you sort of see computer simulations of it and clearly that's not going to work for a high performance agile combat aircraft but actually if we can there is certainly something and there's certainly interesting technologies around hydrogen but I go back to synthetic fuels and I'm not betting the whole farm on synthetic fuels and we've got a long way to go but there's some amazing technology involved in that and some of the things I was exposed to in the run-up to our Guinness World Record flight where we flew an aircraft around the Cotswolds a couple of weeks ago the exciting nature of the chemistry in that and what the potential is and actually the realistic potential for scaling up that tells me that we shouldn't give up on the good old kerosene-burning gas turbine just yet and so there's a number of strands and as I said to achieve this we are going to need some massive leaps in technology and aircraft design and propulsion but I also freely admit that quite a lot of what the Air Force achieves will be done on the back of what the commercial sector has to do for exactly the reasons you described I think we had a question here Sir, good evening thanks so much for your talk kind of following on from the question you just had really is about developing and upscaling our people as you mentioned already we have some people in the room that already have that knowledge do you foresee us forming a sustainability branch perhaps under the professions review that will see us put the people and be resourced into leading the net zero charge another question a couple of questions that goes on here yes please we'll take this one and one other just to cover the ground thank you hello I just want to say it's really great to see your level of ambition it's very ambitious ambition and that's really great to see but my question is how do you see offsetting might end up being part of your strategy and could that be something like a certified scheme or would that be something more along the lines of investing in your own land and a state that you've already got okay and there was one up here John's giving me a late evening memory test now I just wanted to ask about in regards to something that has been said previously you spoke about contracting in the future but what about the ongoing contracts and projects so will those be obviously not cancelled I hope not but with the equipment that you receive will you be upgrading that to adapt it to the net zero strategy or not and then also in regards to sort of space for example rocket launches and you know satellite launches how will you be able to sort of make that net zero because we know that rockets are very very polluting one of the greatest polluters could we foresee I don't know who you guys use for the rocket launches but could we see a collab with other rocket technologies so so in terms of existing contracts it's really difficult to break contracts it's difficult to break them and you've got to have a good cause and wanting to insert a net zero element to it but actually some of our contractors are coming forward and saying even if it's not part of the contract we want to be part of this and we want you to hold us to this so it's a very early conversation but we'll be able to sweep up more and more of this as under that sort of business as usual and it will certainly become rules under our sort of commercial process in future in terms of space I'm in the fortunate position of Royal Air Force is not responsible for space launch the UK space agency another which works for another government department for space launch but I say that is in terms of I don't have to worry about that now but I absolutely recognise your point and there is going to be something we're going to have to get our heads around with that in the future it looks like a really really wicked challenge but right now it's not something that I need to factor into a net zero ambitious ambition for 2040 going to the point about the offsetting the investment in our estate is so important as you can imagine I have an awful lot of acreage on our bases and actually turning those into net generators of renewable energy is something that I see as a very important element of offsetting so actually getting our bases to zero by the end of this decade and then moving into a net deficit because we are producing renewable energy which we may use to make synthetic fuel but that net deficit is something that will be an important element I predict of the calculations when we have got to that point of an accredited way of calculating what our footprint is but using that real estate in different ways whether it's ground source heating or the vegetation that we put on it, what we do with that land becomes a really important part of it and that gives us a choice and that final point about a first question about a sustainability branch I don't think we need a specific sustainability branch it's going to become a really important part of our infrastructure role, it's going to become a really important part of our capability area and frankly it already is an important part of our capability area and the leadership it originally came from our capability area people looking at our future equipment and thinking about where the societal trends were taking us and being nervous about bringing equipment into service that we would reject in 20 years time because it was too much of a carbon footprint those were the sort of far sighted profits of our organisation and they were the people that first started talking about it so I do see it as across the whole organisation that we have that responsibility but there will be specific areas that will have a greater role but I don't see a standalone branch but it's going to be important so we're going to have to pull stumps up at this stage and I'd like to invite Julia Baum our first PhD studentship holder to give the vote of thanks Julia. Hello everyone and I'll wrap up quickly it's a real honour to give a vote of thanks tonight it's quite satisfying to watch the institute grow through events like this especially in person thank you to the ear chief Marshall Simmler-Clickston for an insightful lecture it was particularly interesting to hear insight into the ambitious net zero target by 2040 but especially the part on how it's not a zero sum game noting the benefits of renewables and synthetics including making fuel with air and water was particularly interesting tonight has given me hope for the ways we use technology to both protect and benefit Earth and I'm excited for the continued growth of green military agendas and finally a thanks is due to the audience members here tonight both in person and also online thanks for dedicating your Tuesday evening with lively discussion and thanks to those in the Q&A contributing thoughtful and provoking questions tonight so have a great evening everyone let's give a final round of applause for Cubs


So if you're a medical student and feel like medical school is suffocating, stressful, and anxiety-provoking and just want to go from earth to this video is for you. Let's get to it. Alright guys, welcome back to the channel. In case you're new here, my name is Lakshman, internal medicine physician helping you succeed on your medical journey and doing it with less stress. In today's video, I want to break down some of the key habits as well as just things that I keep in mind on a day-to-day basis when I was in medical school and also as my current life as a physician. And these are things that I'm looking back on hindsight 2020 that I wish I had done even more of. And so if you're early on in your medical journey, truly ask yourself how you can become more successful, but just taking one thing from this video and trying to apply to your day-to-day life. And so starting on number one, focus on having just three core priorities every single day and getting them done. So one common mistake that all medical students, including myself made, is that we always overload or to-do list because we want to feel more effective, more productive, more efficient. But that doesn't really happen. If anything, we just get more discouraged when we look at the bottom three things that we didn't get done and we don't really focus on the seven things we did. And so one of the early practices that I developed in medical school is to really just hone in on, okay, Lakshman, what freaking thing are you going to get done today? And just focus on getting those done. If you get those done, success. If you get more done, cool. If you get less done, get those things done. And so for example, one of the things I simply do now is I have a bunch of post-it notes that I have here on my desk and I'll simply put the three things that I want to get done. So as you guys can see, these are my three priorities for the day to do an oil change, to record these videos that I'm currently doing for you guys, as well as doing some house chores while my house is empty, my wife is gone. I want to make sure the house is nice and clean before she comes back. And yes, it would be nice if I can get more done in a day. And who knows, maybe I will. But I do give myself permission that if all those three things are checked off and I can say, luck's the best of day is yourself. Do whatever you want. Chill. Do nothing. Go to sleep. Good. Do more. But having those three core priorities helps me focus on what I need to get done and what is not essential. And then more importantly, when I'm done, I'm done. And in case you want to learn more step by step of how I do things, I come up with my core priorities, how I actually get done, as well as other productivity strategies in medical school and as a doctor. Check out resources like the domination bundle down below, which includes tons of resources for medical students, including things on productivity, such as the time mastery course, which helps you double your productivity in simply one weekend. All those programs will be linked down below in case you're interested. And the second important habit, which I admit I'm a complete geek for is to track your efficiency. Now personally, I like to track everything because I believe that need to be measured can be improved, but particularly for things like studying typically will track the wrong things. Most of us will track grades. And that typically works, but we don't always understand that not everything is under control. So when you take an exam, you could have had a different array of questions that may have given you a higher grade or a lower grade that doesn't really tell you if the knowledge base was correct of your study approach was correct. You just got lucky with the right questions and you've had enough knowledge that you did well or you got unlucky with the mixed match of questions you didn't know and you got a lower grade. That doesn't necessarily mean that you didn't study correctly. So instead, a better question will be like, how can I track how I'm studying how efficient I am? And so one of the things that I will show you here that I do for a lot of the students that we have here at the Medellin Academy. But just an example, I want to show you a few ways you can do things like track your studying. So here we're in the rapid study accelerator. This is a program within the Medellin Academy that helps you understand how you get better study in the best way for yourself and also improve over time. But one of the best things I love about this program is that all of our students go through some kind of tracking system. And so this is our study efficiency calculator. So the students that go through the program are instructed to put in different pieces of information from your day to day as a pre-med or a medical student. And then they can essentially get a score and seeing how they're improving over time. You don't necessarily need to track the same things that we do in the program. So instead of ask yourself what typically relates to the higher grades is it's spending more of your time on something that is more effective or doing things in a certain way or did you need to do a certain study strategy towards the very end before test day?  Give yourself a score and use that to better give yourself feedback so then you can improve on a day to day basis. Now daily habit number three that's super important is to make use of those really small moments. Now it seems like when you're a medical student or you're a doctor that your time is super limited and life is just busy, you have no time for X, Y, and Z fill in the blanks. But technically that's not true because we see other students that have the same responsibility as us and it feels like they're just balancing 101 different things and it's not that they're necessarily more talented or smarter than us. Often they just better use the small bits of time that we often take granted for. For example part of your study technique as a medical student may include doing flashcards or practice questions and you may give yourself a certain amount of due on a daily basis on a weekly basis but you may wait for a certain study session where you sit down at a laptop and you do those questions but instead of you think about all those bits of time where you really weren't doing anything and you could have done a question here, a question there, you could have either made that session shorter or completely have gotten rid of it. In the year of medical school when I was walking about 20 minutes from the car garage to the actual call room for the hospital that I could be doing something so I would either do flashcards or I would listen to an audiobook. Whatever it may be I made better use of those small moments whether it be waiting in line for my food at the cafeteria just doing one question at a time and saying okay now you can just like relax. But getting one thing at a time often helped me not have to do anything by the time I got home. And if you want to put yourself through a fun experiment just focus on those little bits of time throughout the day and just keep track of them saying oh one minute there, two minutes waiting in line here, one minute waiting on a phone call here, two minutes waiting for my attending to get show up and just add those up. And when you do you realize how much free time you have that really you can't do much within a minute but you can do small things within the big tasks that you really don't want to get done and just do them within the small moments of time so you can have bigger chunks of time for your personal satisfaction. Now daily habit number four is to make time for your outside growth medicine can take up entire bits of your life four years eight years however much you allow it but if you just go through learning medicine often most of us gets disappointed because the career we expect it to go into isn't exactly what we end up in. I love my job but it's not necessarily the job that I was thinking it was going to be doing when I was applying to medical school. But again I love being a physician but I also like other aspects of my life that I've developed when I was in medical school like making videos for you guys or writing a blog post writing an email creating courses creating programs learning about fitness those are all things that I learned as part of my outside growth outside of medicine but I made time for it so usually I pick a day of my week whether it's Sunday or a time within my day to say okay this time during this day is blocked off for me to work out for me to not for me to read for me to hang out with x y and z for me to learn a new skill but not to be a medical student because typically being a 24 seven medical student is going to lead you not to like the career path as much but instead once you get to that finish line of graduating medical school going into residency becomes much more enjoyable because other aspects of your life that matter to you are still there and finally daily habit number four I used to actually do this on my checklist when I first started doing this but I would have a time when I said after this you're like done working like just done and it allows me to have more time for myself and now for my wife my puppy but whether it be eight o'clock whether it be nine o'clock or seven o'clock pick a time every single day it can vary depending on your busyness what's going on in your life but once that time passes be okay and not feel guilty of having to work more again you will appreciate the rest that you gave yourself and the permission to do something else but having that kind of time is the first step for being strict of taking care of yourself while you use the rest of time to be as efficient and productive as possible those guys are my daily habits and tips that I really used in medical school that I still use to this day as a doctor and hopefully you can start using them in your day to day and start to notice that increase of success as well as satisfaction happen now if you enjoyed this video go ahead and comment down below what was your favorite tip that you really enjoy or something else that you like to do that helps improve that success rate while minimizing some of that burnout let me know I really want to know in the comments down below and engage with you guys but with that being said guys if you did enjoy this video hit that like button my really main request of doing so is because there are people probably like you who are looking up tips of how to do better but really we're all asking ourselves how can I do better and not make it so damn stressful and hopefully this channel helps you do that if you hit that like button maybe you'll increase the chances that somebody else who sees this video also be able to get those same pieces of advice that you have in case you're lurking here on the channel and you haven't hit subscribe yet or if you're new here and you enjoy the content hit that subscribe button to get more videos just like this on a weekly basis hit that notification bell to know when new videos go out and if you guys enjoy this video then probably watch this video and how you can crush it on your medical journey it's probably one of my favorite videos that I've recorded for you guys as well as watching this video and how you can use Anki like a pro to really help improve your grades but as always guys thank you so much for watching this video thank you for being a part of my journey hopefully it was a little help to you guys and yours and I'll see you guys in the next one peace


Hello and welcome to the session, this is Professor Farhad and this session we will look at the conditions for the standard unmodified opinion. Unmodified opinion means we are using the AI CPA report. This topic is covered in an auditing and attestation course and obviously it's covered on the CPA auditing exam. As always I would like to remind you to connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1600 plus accounting, auditing, finance and tax lectures. This is a list of all the courses that I cover. Please connect with me on Instagram. On my website you will find additional resources such as PowerPoint slides through false multiple choice if you're studying for your CPA exam 1200 plus CPA questions and quasi CPA simulations. So I strongly suggest you visit my website if you want to supplement your studies. The first thing we're going to look at, we're going to look at the actual report that I went through in the prior session. So in the prior session I looked at this report and I showed you the eight component, the report title, the audit report, address, audits opinion, basis for the opinion, management responsibility, auditors responsibility, the signature and the audit report date. So I went through and I showed you what goes into each report but I did not talk about why we said this report present fairly. In other words I did not tell you what conditions will have to exist for this opinion to be unmodified. Now what is unmodified opinion? Unmodified opinion it means clean opinion. It's a good opinion although it sounds unmodified or something wrong but nothing really wrong. That's a clean opinion and that's the most common opinion. So most of the audit reports are clean opinion. Why? Because if it's not a clean opinion the customer, the customer means the client will get into trouble. They may get into trouble with their lenders, they may get trouble with the investors because you want to comply. If the report, if the audit is not clean, if I cannot give them an unmodified opinion generally speaking the client will do, will comply and will have to correct, take corrective actions. Now I said most opinions are clean opinion, unmodified opinion. It means there are small percentage that are not unmodified opinion and we're going to have to talk about those under what circumstances we have to issue those. But to issue a clean opinion or unmodified opinion the following four conditions have been met. They have been met. So we have to meet all those four conditions. One, all statements balance sheet, income statement, statements of changes in stockholders' equity and the statement of cash flow as well as required disclosure are included in the financial statements. So we are showing you all the financial statements plus the required disclosure. That's the first condition. The second condition is we collected enough evidence, sufficient appropriate evidence, sufficient appropriate evidence that the audit and the auditor has conducted the engagement in a manner that enable him or her to conclude that the audit was performed in accordance with the applicable auditing standard. For example, in the report that we saw in the prior session we use gas. So we followed certain auditing standard. So I'm going to assume we use gas here because we're looking at the AICPA standard. Now sometime even under the AICPA sometime you have to follow the international standard or the PCAOB if the bank want you to do so but generally speaking if it's an AICPA report unmodified opinion we follow gas. Also the financial statements are fairly presented in all material respect in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Principle. Also we followed U.S. gap. Here again we're talking about the AICPA or if there's any other appropriate framework sometime again they want us to follow IFRS because the bank want you to follow IFRS then that's fine you have to follow both gap and IFRS. Also this means you have adequate disclosure it's not only you follow gap you have adequate disclosure either as part of the financial statements or part of the notes. And last but not least there's no circumstances requiring the addition of an emphasis of a matter paragraph. Now what is the emphasis of a matter paragraph? Well you may want to raise attention or you want the users of the report to pay attention to asserting item. You will add something called emphasis of a matter paragraph which we'll look at those later on. Or modification of wording of the auditor's opinion in the report. If there's any reason you need to do so then it's no longer unqualified opinion. So standard unqualified opinion will have to meet those four conditions. What happened if we don't meet those four conditions? What other options do we have? First if it's standard unmodified opinion that's the cleanest the four condition have been met. Well what happened if we if we assure report and we have to use an emphasis of a matter explanatory paragraph on non or non standard wording. When do we use this? Well a complete audit took place with satisfactory result and the financial statements are fairly presented so far so good but the auditor believe that it's important or is required to provide additional information. But the auditor thinks we should kind of tell you about this thing okay whatever that thing is we'll talk about we'll have a separate session to talk about this type of report. Also sometime we might issue a qualified report again those reports qualified report it's not as common but it does exist. Well here the auditor conclude that the overall financial statements are fairly presented but the scope of the audit has been materially restricted or the applicable accounting standard were not followed in preparing financial statements. What are we saying here it means overall it's fairly presented but inserting account we did not follow the appropriate accounting standard or we could not collect enough information about an account and we'll mention that information. Again we'll have a separate recording about qualified opinion under what circumstances we issue a qualified opinion. Then we have the adverse and this is that you decline don't want to have the adverse that's the worst. The auditor conclude that the financial statements are not fairly presented so notice and the other ones they were fairly presented. But they did not follow certain gap procedure gap standard fairly presented but we needed to emphasize a matter now they're not fairly presented and this is an issue. And we need to talk about why under what circumstances they're not fairly presented and disclaimer basically the auditor is unable to form an opinion as to whether the financial statements are fairly presented we can't we simply we don't have enough information. We can't we can do so or the other common thing you disclaim is you are not independent and and we talk about that later on disclaimer it's basically I'm not independent because part of the audit report is your credibility as an independent auditor. Because when someone is looking at the report and they believe you're not independent the report would lose its credibility.  I'm not qualified to issue an opinion. So again we'll talk about those later on. In the next session we would look at the standard audit report under PC a OB and the priors and in this session look at the AI CPA in the prior session sorry we look at the AI CPA. The PC a OB we're dealing with public companies, or they, they call them for the CPA exam issuer. Okay public companies, like what do we mean by public companies companies like Apple computers Microsoft Pepsi co those are public companies. They follow the friend standard they follow the PC a OB standard are called issuers. Okay. Once again, if you like this recording please like it share it put it in playlist and don't forget to visit my website for additional resources and lecture especially if you're studying for your CPA exam. You will do so once in your lifetime it's a lifetime investment. Make sure you make the proper investment study hard accounting is worth it.