So, we will begin our discussion of entropy in this lecture. Just as the cyclic form of first law led to the identification of a new property namely total energy. You may recall that we wrote for the first law cyclic form of first law as delta Q cyclic integral delta Q equal to cyclic integral delta W from which we identified a new property the total energy of the system. So, this is the total energy of the system. So, this property was identified from first law. In the same manner we will identify a new property named entropy from a cyclical law that we will develop for reversible processes that is what we will do in the first part of this lecture. So, we start by looking at the Clausius inequality. So, here the idea is to first replace process AB which is a reversible process. So, AB is an internally reversible process and the idea is to replace this with the sequence of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic processes. You may recall that the corno cycle is composed entirely of reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal processes. So, these two processes actually play a very special role in thermodynamics especially in connection with the second law. They are very much preferred because a lot of the equations and expressions that we developed simplified tremendously when applied to reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic processes. So, it is always desirable to replace for instance any reversible process with the sequence of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic processes. Now, I have indicated the replacement of AB with A1, 1, 2 and 2B. So, 1, 2 is reversible isothermal and A1 and 2B are reversible adiabatic. So, this is a qualitative illustration. Of course, the requirement is there, AB should be replaced with the sequence of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic. It can take any form. For instance, we could say that the process is something like this if it is possible or we could also say that the process may be something like this. For instance, so, these are the possibilities that are of course, infinite number of possibilities. So, the hope is of all these possibilities, there will be a unique possibility which will exactly replace the reversible process AB. That is what we are hoping for and that is what we will try to demonstrate here. When we say replay is what we mean is the heat interaction and the work interaction should be the same for process AB and for whichever one we are and for the sequence of processes which we are using to replace process AB. That is the idea. We will start with work and show that first try to construct a sequence of processes of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic and show that the work interaction is the same and then show that heat interaction will also be the same. So, now if you look at the process A1, notice that the work interaction for this process is shown in this shaded area. It is coloured red to denote the fact that the work interaction is negative. Notice that the process goes from state A to the left to state 1 and in this PV coordinates it would imply that this process has a negative work interaction. So, next we move on to process 1 to 2 and as you can see here, the work interaction for this process is shown shaded here and it is shown in green colour to denote that the work interaction is positive for this process. Now we have process 2B and as you can imagine the work interaction for process 2B is also negative like A1. So, the network interaction for process A1, A1, 1, 2 and 2B would be the algebraic sum of all these three areas that we just showed. So, basically we add them up algebraically with the sign taken into account and that would be the network for A1, 1, 2 and 2B which we expect will replace AB. So, if you add up the areas algebraically, you end up with the situation like this. So, here we have a positive area. There is one positive area which is over here and a small negative area here and a blank area here. Now, remember the area under the curve for process AB is this. So, this is the work. So, this area must come out to be exactly equal to this. Now, this is equal to this almost except for this blank area and this positive and negative pieces. So, if these were adjusted somehow, then the net area for A1, 2B will be equal to WAB. So, in other words, we want WA1, 2B to be equal to WAB. So, how do we accomplish that? Now, if we select an isotherm 1, 2 whose temperature is such that the area of this green area. So, area A1Q is equal to area Q2B. So, if we select this isotherm such that this area A1Q comes out to be equal to area Q2B, then what we can do is we can take this green area and fill this Q2B with the green area. When you do that, this small portion is negative and if you remove the negative portion, then you can see that the area QBR will be filled with green color meaning positive work. So, area QBR plus this green portion will then become exactly equal to WAB. That is the idea. So, there is going to be only one reversible isotherm 1, 2, which will satisfy this requirement. So, among all the choices that we indicated earlier, I am sorry, among all the choices that we indicated earlier, that is going to be only one isotherm which will satisfy this requirement. And the key requirement is area A1Q equal to area Q2B. So, area A1Q equal to area Q2B. So, we select this isotherm so that area A1Q becomes equal to area Q2B. Then the net area under the curve for A1 to B is such that WA12B is equal to WAB. So, we have now shown that the work interaction for the sequence of processes for the sequence of processes A1 to B is equal to the work interaction for AB. Now, let us turn to the heat interaction. If I apply first law to process AB, this is what I get delta EAB equal to QAB minus WAB. Delta EA12B is equal to QA12B minus WA12B. Now, we have already shown that this is equal to WAB. Now, delta EA12B is also equal to delta EAB. Since E is a property and it depends only on the initial and final states and not on the intermediate states. So, this means this is also equal to delta EAB. Now, if I compare these two expressions, I can see that QAB is equal to QA12B as written here, if I compare these two expressions. So, WA12B is equal to WAB, QA12B is also equal to QAB, which means that any internally reversible process may be replaced entirely by a sequence of reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal processes, which is actually a very important statement because anyone can construct in theory any reversible process or any reversible cycle. What this allows us to do is to replace each part of that cycle with a sequence of reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal processes, which will simplify the analysis enormously. Let us see how this happens. So, here we have an arbitrary internally reversible cycle. This is an internally reversible cycle. So, what we have drawn in this PV space are a sequence of reversible adiabats and reversible isothermal. So, the blue lines are the reversible isotherms and the red lines are the reversible adiabats. Now, we focus our attention on process AB. So, AB is a reversible process, internally reversible process. So, we replace AB with APQ and then B. Just like what we did before, we replace AB with AP, PQ and QB and you know that the isotherm PQ will be such that the work and the heat interaction for process AB will be exactly equal to the work and heat interaction for the sequence of processes AP, PQ and QB. Similarly, we just go down along this along, we slide down along these two reversible adiabats and identify this segment of the reversible cycle CD, which is in the opposite direction. Notice that this part of the cycle runs in this direction, this part runs in this direction. So, CD is replaced by CS, SR and RD using the procedure that we just outlined. So, AB which is a portion of the arbitrary reversible cycle is replaced with AP, I am sorry is replaced by AP, PQ and QB and CD is replaced by CS, SR and RD. And I can do the same thing for each one of these segments, I can do this for each one of these segments. So, the entire cycle, I can do this for the entire cycle. I am identifying pairs of small segments on the forward or top portion of the cycle and on the bottom portion of the cycle, both of which are bounded by the same reversible adiabats that is very, very important. Now, notice that in this in this construction, notice that AP, Q, CS or A is a chrono cycle, AP, Q, CS or A is a chrono cycle bounded by these two reversible adiabats and PQ and RS as the reversible isotherms. Which means that the entire cycle can be replaced with an infinite number of infinitesimally small chrono cycles that is the most important thing. So, the development that we started out with namely to replace any reversible process entirely by a sequence of reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal processes allows us to replace any reversible cycle with an infinite number of infinitesimally chrono cycles. So, as we said before, this is a small chrono cycle. So, the entire reversible cycle may be replaced by an infinite number of infinitesimally small chrono cycles. Now, for each of these chrono cycle, I may write delta Q H over T H equal to delta Q C over T C or rearranging this, I may write this like this. Now, again, we are only requiring the infinitesimally small chrono cycles to be internally reversible. So, T H and T C are the temperatures at which the engine receives the heat and rejects the heat. It is not necessarily the temperature of the reservoirs. So, we require only that the cycle be internally reversible. So, if I apply this for the infinite number of small chrono cycles that we have, then I may write it like this. So, there is a summation across all these cycles. Notice that this negative sign actually indicates the fact that this part delta Q C over T C is on the lower portion of the cycle. If I allow my sign convention to take over, then delta Q will be positive if it is on the upper part of the cycle. So, delta Q will be positive on the upper part of the cycle and delta Q will be negative when it comes on the lower part of the cycle. So, which means that I can actually combine these two and write it as a single term like this delta Q over T. And the term will automatically become positive or negative depending on which part of the cycle we are in. So, we may write and replace this sum because it is an infinite number of infinitesimal small chrono cycles. We can replace the sum with an integral cyclic integral and write it like this. So, cyclic integral delta Q over T equal to 0, which is called the Clausius equality and applicable for an internally reversible cycle. Now, in the general case, if the engine is internally reversible, then for the same amount of heat supplied and the same reservoirs, if the engine has internally reversible days, then obviously it will develop less work than an internally reversible engine receiving the same input and the same reservoir. So, if we give it the same delta Q H and if the engine develops less work, that means that the engine rejects more of the heat that is given to it when compared to an internally reversible engine. So, an internally irreversible engine rejects more heat than a comparable reversible engine. So, which means that delta Q C irreversible is greater than delta Q C, which was for the internally reversible engine. Which means that if I actually look at this sum, what was 0, now remember this remains the same because delta Q H for the irreversible engine is the same as for a reversible engine. T H same reservoir, T C same reservoir. Now, if delta Q C irreversible is more, then you can see that it is very easy to see from this that this sum will become negative actually. So, cyclic integral delta Q irreversible over T is negative or we can combine the two statements and write in general write it like this cyclic integral delta Q over T is less than or equal to 0 or if you do not like inequalities we may write it as cyclic integral delta Q over T is equal to minus sigma i n T, where i n T stands for internally reversible, I am sorry where i n T stands for internal irreversibilities. Sigma i n T is 0 if the cycle is internally reversible and sigma i n T is positive if it is internally irreversible. Again we are talking only about internal irreversibilities. So, this is known as the Clausius inequality. Remember irreversibility can be present or be absent which means that if it is absent sigma i n T is equal to 0. If it is present sigma i n T is positive. So, sigma i n T cannot be negative. This is probably much more convenient form of the of the law to use because inequalities are avoided and we have equalities with this understanding which is much easier to remember. So, throughout this lecture we would write, we would not really write it as a Clausius inequality, we would write it as a Clausius equality with a non-zero right hand side. So, the important takeaway from this set of slides is the following that we can replace any reversible. So, we started with this sort of an assertion. We replace, we want to replace a reversible process AB, internally reversible process AB with a sequence of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic. Why reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic because the Carnot cycle is composed of reversible isothermal and reversible adiabatic process and these are very very simple to analyze. And so, we do that, we showed that it can be entirely done. There is going to be one reversible isotherm which will ensure that the reversible process can be replaced by the desired sequence of adiabatic, I am sorry reversible isothermal reversible adiabatic processes. So, we built upon that we went from a single reversible process to a an entire reversible cycle and we showed that an entire reversible cycle may be replaced with an infinite number of infinitesimally small Carnot cycles. Which then allowed us to write this for a reversible cycle and this for an internally irreversible cycle. So, now just like what we wrote down earlier, similar to the first law for a cyclic process executed by a system in which cyclic integral delta Q minus delta W was 0. Now, we see that cyclic integral delta Q over T is 0 for an internally reversible process executed by the system, which means that the integrand should be the differential change in a property, you write this as ds and this property s is called the entropy of the system. Notice that ds is equal to dq over T reversible. Once we have identified s as a property, then it does not matter how the system travels from one state to another because s is a property, it depends only on the n states and does not depend on the initial and final states. So, if we integrate this for example, let us take this reversible process. So, this is a reversible process. So, if I evaluate integrate delta Q over T reversible from 1 to 2, then I get the following. So, I get delta s equal to s2 minus s1 final minus initial 1 to 2 delta Q over T reversible. Now, process B is an internally irreversible process between the same states. But since entropy is a property, notice that entropy change in process B, entropy change for process B is the same as entropy change for process A is equal to s2 minus s1 because entropy is a property. However, delta Q and other things will be different for process B when compared to A. Let us see how delta Q over T reversible and delta Q over T irreversible, how they compare between processes A and B. So, what we are going to do now is we are going to run A because A is an internally reversible process. I can run this in the forward or reverse direction. So, let us run process A in reverse and denote this as A inverse. Now, we get a cyclic process. We go from 1 to 2 along B and then come back from 2 to 1 along A inverse. So, we get a cyclic process and from Clausius inequality, we know that for an irreversible cycle, cyclic integral delta Q over T is equal to minus sigma int. And cyclic integral delta Q over T itself may be written as 2 terms as a sum of 2 terms 1 to 2 delta Q over T B and integral 2 to 1 delta Q over T A inverse. Now, A inverse is a reversible process. So, this is simply equal to entropy change final minus initial. So, final in this case is 1 because the process runs from 2 to 1. So, s1 minus s2 and this we cannot evaluate quite easily. So, we leave it like that. So, delta s if you rearrange this expression delta s which is s2 minus s1 is equal to integral 1 to 2 delta Q over T evaluated along B which is an irreversible process plus sigma int which is the internal irreversibility. In fact, we can actually drop this B and simply write this as integral 1 to 2 delta Q over T. If 1 to 2 is traversed along a reversible process, then sigma int will automatically become equal to 0. You may recall that that is how sigma int is defined. Sigma int is automatically 0 for a reversible process. So, if we traverse along a reversible process, this will disappear and this will become 1 to 2 delta Q over T reversible which is how it should be. Otherwise, it can be used for any general process. The only difficulty is sigma int is not easy to calculate. In fact, sigma int is actually impossible to calculate. We have not really said how to calculate sigma int. Sigma int is a theoretical construct which is 0 or non-zero. So, it is actually used for qualitative interpretations. It is never meant to be evaluated because we cannot really come up with an expression that we can use for evaluating sigma int. Nevertheless, this expression is very useful for a qualitative purpose to compare entropy change for different processes or to see how entropy is going to change during a process. For actual calculation of entropy change in a process, we will still use a reversible process between the states because then we can easily integrate quantities. Whereas, with a reversible process, it is not possible to get sigma int. So, we will not do it that way. So, what we are saying is you take any process. Let us say this is state 1, this is 2. Let us say we have a process. I am sorry. Let us say this is a reversible process and we want to calculate the entropy change between these two states. So, we cannot calculate the entropy change from this expression because sigma int is not known. The only thing we know is sigma int is positive. So, what we do is we construct any convenient reversible process between 1 and 2, any convenient reversible process. So, we may construct say for example, one or two reversible processes like this. So, this is internally reversible, this is internally reversible. So, we connect 1 and 2 with any convenient reversible process, calculate the entropy change because now, entropy change is simply integral delta Q over T reversible. Sigma int is not there. So, we can calculate delta S and it will be the same as the entropy change for this process because the initial and the final states are the same. So, let us look at this equation. So, this is a very general equation. So, this is a very general equation. So, let us take a look at this equation. So, the left hand side has delta S, which is the entropy change of the system. So, the entropy change of the system can be positive, negative or equal to 0, which means entropy remains the same. It is possible for the entropy change. So, you have any sign negative, positive or v equal to 0 for the of the system. The first term on the right delta Q integral 1 to 2 delta Q over T represents the entropy transfer. You may recall that heat is defined as an interaction of the system with the surroundings. So, heat is an interaction of the system with the surroundings, which means that this term will be non-zero only if the system interacts with the surroundings and there is transfer of heat as a result of the interaction. Either the system rejects heat to the surroundings or the surroundings supply heat to the system. If the surrounding supply heat to the system, then this term delta Q is positive. So, that means entropy transfer is positive. So, surroundings are transferring entropy to the system. If the system rejects heat to the surroundings, then delta Q is negative based on our sign convention and the system is actually rejecting entropy to the surroundings. In other words, the entropy of the system decreases when it rejects heat. The entropy of the system increases when it is supplied with heat from the surroundings. So, when the surroundings supply heat to the system, the entropy of the system increases and the entropy of the surroundings decrease because they are supplying heat to the system. And vice versa, when the system rejects heat to the surroundings, entropy of the system decreases and the entropy of the surroundings increases. Now, in case the process is adiabatic entropy there is no entropy transfer delta q is 0. So, there is no entropy transfer. Now, sigma hint here is entropy generation. So, the important thing here is entropy generation because these are internal irreversibilities entropy is being generated internally within the system. In contrast to this which is entropy transfer from the system to the surroundings or vice versa. Here we have entropy generation due to internal irreversibilities and it can be 0 if there if the process is internally reversible or positive if the process is internally irreversible. So, the net change in entropy of the system depends upon these two terms. So, depending upon the sign and magnitude of these terms the entropy change of the system can be positive, negative or equal to 0. Any of these three combinations is possible whereas, the entropy generation is either 0 or positive. Entropy transfer can be positive 0 or negative. So, the total entropy change of the system is the sum of the change due to entropy transfer plus sum of entropy generated due to internally irreversibilities.


Hanna's verweap is one of the strangest space objects ever seen. A mysterious glowing green blob of gas is floating in space near a spiral galaxy, IC 2497. The object is so huge that it stretches more than 44,000 light-years to 136,000 light-years from the galaxy's core. It turns out that it's part of a 300,000 light-years long tidal tail that wraps around IC 2497. Our current understanding is that this part of the tail was illuminated by a high-energy beam created by matter falling into the galaxy's central black hole. Our unmistakable emerald hue is caused by ionized oxygen, which glows green.


The Interpol-Lagos Dialogue is an excellent initiative from Interpol to try to bring together the sister's regional organisations. It's necessary because at the end of the day we are developing at regional level our own police cooperation capacities. It's very important that in a moment the mother organisation that is Interpol that is covering all our members they call us together and we sit to align our strategies to coordinate our activities and to learn from each other what is working well at regional level in our own organisations but also what is not working well and we need to learn from the others how they are doing better. This is the third edition of this dialogue. The expectation that we have is that now we become concrete. The first one was really to put all the players on the table. The second one was a little to design the four pillars where we believe that we can work together and this third one our expectation at Europol is really to become concrete, to propose concrete actions, to organise maybe some working groups on a specific matters that they are of interest to all of us and to be able to progress and in the next edition to be able also to report some concrete steps that has been taken in our coordination of strategic and operational issues.


So many of you here. Awesome. I'm so excited to be speaking at RubyConf. And it's so nice to meet people that I've met online and to meet lots of new people here as well. My name's Heidi Helphand. And I pretty much nerd out on listening. And I want to share some communication tools that I use every day in the wild at work, at home, and in other places as well. So we're going to start out with a little story. This is my son, Samuel. He's 12 years old. And this is his recent Halloween costume. So here we are at home. You can see maybe the PS4 in the background. It's not an uncommon occurrence that he's playing his games. Julia, his sister's next to me. She's playing the Sims 4. And I'm writing on my computer. You know, we're a modern family. And we love our devices. And just last week, in fact, Samuel said to me, hey, mom, he turned to me. I was on the couch next to him. And he said, hey, mom, let's have a conversation. And I looked at him like, OK, that'd be awesome. Let's have a conversation. I put my computer aside. He turned his chair kind of like you see in this photo. And I said, well, what would you like to talk about? And he said, I don't know. And I'm like, oh, OK. So I thought for a moment. And I thought, hmm, maybe I'll ask him a question. Kind of draw him out, see what's on his mind. And I decided to ask him a special kind of question that I've been trained in. It's like it's a coaching question. We call it a powerful question. We'll dig into those later in this. It's going to be an interactive workshop talk combo kind of situation.  He thought for a minute, he might have even done this. And he said to me, hey, mom, the peak moment in my life was the day that the doctors told me that my cancer was stable. See, Sam's a cancer survivor. He's 12 years old. And he made it. And I don't know if you hear many stories about that, about childhood cancer, but to give hope to lots of people out there who may be dealing with this, my son's a survivor, and we're very proud of it. And so this might not have happened. So that moment was really, as you can imagine, if you're a parent or not a parent, that moment was very meaningful to me. And I'd been thinking about it ever since. And unless we stopped and connected to each other, we might not have shared that moment. Now I'm not saying no devices ever. I love my phone. He always says to me, why are you on your phone? It's not an all or nothing kind of thing. But we're all humans together, and we can pause and get better at communication. So it was convenient. It came up in a couple of the keynotes. Life is short. Slow down and connect. Connect with each other. And so I'll be sharing some practical tips and tools for doing that. And it's going to be interactive if you're willing to participate in that. So as the first part of this, I'd like you to take a moment and just write down a few notes or write it in your brain. What's a peak experience that you've experienced that you're willing to share one-on-one with someone else in here? We don't have to get up and share this. But if you could take a minute and think about your peak experience, I'll give you a little bit of time and we'll use that in a bit. So take a minute and think about that. Okay, did you write something? Think about something. Hold that thought. So today I'm going to teach you how to improve your listening and communication. Listening is an essential part of communication. I don't know if we think about it so much. I think it's important to try to listen louder. Communication is more than just speaking words. And I think it's something that we can do to strengthen our relationships around us in all parts of our lives. We focus on the whole person, focus on our whole life. And I think it's also if you focus on listening and drawing other people out, I think it's a way that we can really generate other leaders around us. You don't have to have a certain title or role to be a leader. You have to, you know, anybody can be a leader. And so this idea of interacting with other people to help them grow is part of this. And I think also if we focus on listening, we start with listening, we can help increase ownership with others around us. If somebody comes to you with a challenge, for example, and you listen, maybe sit back, engage with them to encourage ownership and their own solving of the problem, I think it could be pretty powerful. This is something that I like to think about. And this is something that I do at work day to day.  Now there's a place for advice giving and I do give that upon request. It's not appropriate necessarily to always be coaching someone through asking powerful questions and whatnot. But it's something that I find when I engage with other people to generate ownership or promote ownership, it can be really powerful. At my company, it's one of our company values. I work at Procore Technologies. It's one of our company values is ownership. And so these practices really fall in line with that. It's ownership, optimism and openness. And I say those values because when I was working at this company as a consultant, the people used the values. They taught me what they were just while we were going around doing our work. So these are kind of almost like principles as well. And I use these communication tools we'll be going into with my kids. So here's Sam again on Halloween morning with his sister Julia. So yeah, a little bit about myself. So I've been in the software industry now almost 20 years. Before that, I was an English teacher. I taught English as a second language and I thought for many years, how do I, I was kind of putting my back on my past. And I kind of moved into technology and I think with this work, it kind of helps close a loop there about bringing my skills together. So I've been a part of three startups now, three successful startups for nearly 20 years. At the first one, I was the 15th employee. We invented GoToMeeting, GoToWebinar, GoToMyPC. We were required by Citrix. And then I left a little bit after, one of our co-founders of that startup went to create another startup called Appfolio. So I was the 10th employee there and I left when we were about 650. So two successful startups for 17 years. Then I gained some coaching skills. What I'll be sharing with you here is from a coaching philosophy known as Co-Active Coaching. I was trained at the Coaches Training Institute, very deep and intensive training. So Co-Active is being in action together and being. And I wrote a book, it's on Lean Pub called Dynamic Reteaming, which is about team change patterns basically challenging the notions that, challenging the notion that the best teams are the one that are stable and stay together the whole time. There's a lot of value in dynamic re-teaming, especially if your companies are growing really fast. So I work at Procore today, director of engineering excellence. And I do a lot of coaching and I really enjoy that company. We make software for the construction industry. So if you can imagine being on a job site and seeing the blueprint for the building on your phone or mobile device, or maybe you're in the office doing the construction project management or even in the field, this is the space that we're in. I'll have to say both Appfolio and Procore use Ruby. Appfolio, when I joined, it was like 2007. And so both of these companies, very successful companies with very successful Rails, Ruby on Rails apps. Co-Active Coaching, this is a book that you can, if you wanna read more about this philosophy that I'm about to teach you, you can check out this book. I'll show it again later. So coaching conversations. Let's dig into a basic structure. And again, you can use these tools for regular face-to-face communication as well. So the first, and this is a very simplified version of a coaching conversation. But the first set of tools deal with listening, asking questions, encouraging the other person to get into action or choosing a way that they wanna be going forward. It's not only about action, it's also choosing how you wanna show up or you wanna be in a situation. And then following up, okay? So it's a very kind of arc of coaching, very basic structure. So these are tools that you can, if you happen to be a manager or somebody who meets to encourage people regularly, you can use these tools in one-on-ones. However, everybody can use them. I use them with friends and family. So the first tool we're gonna dig into is called levels of listening against co-active coaching tool. So there are three levels of listening, okay? And these tools for listening are tools for helping you build self-awareness, okay? You can use them inside this room, outside this room as you go through the rest of this conference and out into the world out there. So it's tool for focused attention and self-awareness. So we wanna put our attention out on the other person. All right, so the first level. Level one is very inward focused listening, okay? It's almost like you're half-hearing someone.  Just goes somewhere else. Yeah, so that's almost all the hands up here practically, it's a very human thing. We're with people, our attention goes away. They're talking about the feature that we're building and suddenly you're thinking about, oh, I wonder if I'm gonna have pizza for lunch or if I'm gonna have, it's kind of Mexican food for lunch. Your mind is drifting. The key is becoming aware of when that happens to you so you can refocus and put your attention out, okay? So it's that kind of thing. So I would request that you try to start to notice that as you're communicating with other people. So level two is attention out. So you're fully focused on the other person, okay? Your attention is fully out. You're hearing them, you're listening to what they're saying. Lots could be going on around you but you're really zoned in. Like you're in a crowded restaurant and you're at the table with somebody else. Lots of stuff is going on around you but you're only really focused on the other person, okay? Attention out, level two. So level three is just like level two so your attention is out but then you're starting to notice things around you.  This is information for you to take in about how they might be feeling, right? Or somebody is like super excited right and they're moving around. So that's also information, kind of level three information. Or do you ever have the situation where you're talking with someone and you can just, you know, maybe their face is going a little bit red? You touched on a topic that has some kind of resonance for them and you can kind of see it. These are clues to guide your listening and attention, okay? And it's also just kind of the general environment or like the feel.   So it's about that, you know, I'm using the word vibe, right? California word, but it's, you know, it's kind of like that feeling, that feel, that level three. So just to recap, you could also think a bit like a flashlight, level one is very inward focused, maybe a little bit distracted listening, level two, your attention is out, like really focused on the other person. Level three is kind of the body language or the general kind of feel or vibe in the environment. And so let's do a little practice about this.  We're gonna practice some of this listening, okay? Okay, can you hear my chime? All right, cool, cool.  So person A is the person whose birthday is closest to today, just the month and the day. Who has the closest birthday? You are person A. Cool, cool. So the key goal or takeaway why we're doing this is for the listener to be, to understand when you're in level one, when you're in that listening that's kind of distracting. So you're each gonna have a chance to do this. I will tell you when to switch. I will do this and I will probably say something. So the first part is only person A. So person A, as you might have guessed, I would like person A to share your peak experience that thing you thought about earlier. And person B, this is very important. Do not talk, okay? Person B, do not talk. Focus on your listening, put your attention out, okay?  I will tell you when to switch. Okay, you may start. Okay, switch. Person B, share your peak experience. Okay, come back together. Good, so what did you notice about your listening? I'd like to hear from three people. Difficult not to ask questions, okay? Okay, so that focus on just listening helped you kind of stay on track there and not worry about what you're gonna ask. One more? Oh, oh, interesting, okay. So you noticed when you got a little distracted when you were touching your face and stuff here. How many people felt a little bit distracted? It's normal. We're having kind of like an awareness of this so we might feel a little bit extra. Extra, so anyway, let's build on this, okay? So you can sit down. You can sit down now. We'll be standing up and sitting down. Right, cool.  Write down maybe a real challenge that you're facing, nothing too, too, you know, something that you're willing to share with someone else here. So take about a minute and write down a challenge. So let's take a look back at these coaching conversations. So to recap, we just focused a bit on listening. We talked about the three listening levels, right? So now we're gonna talk about questions and we're gonna talk about powerful questions and the powerful questions that we're gonna ask have the goal, we want them to have the goal to try to forward the action deep in the learning, okay? We wanna help this other person, right? Not by telling them what to do. Maybe helping them choose what they wanna do or how they wanna be, right? Maybe sometimes we wanna be stronger. Sometimes we wanna be a little more laid back and relaxed. We go in that meeting where we're triggered, we just wanna, we decide we're gonna go in there and just kinda chill out a bit. So that's valid.  So we listen, ask questions, try to forward the action, get them into a being, and then we follow up later. How'd that go? So we'll dig back into that in a moment. So second tool, powerful questions. So these are questions that are designed to help direct our curiosity. So when we're engaging with another person, and again, you can use this out, not in the context of a coaching conversation, in the context of a regular conversation, if you wanna try to draw out or continue a conversation, try to encourage the other person to elaborate on an idea. We wanna help and try to be curious for the benefit of the other person, right? And so we wanna help other people discover their own solutions. This has a parallel in education. We have problem-posing education. Our students in the classroom are not receptacles in which we deposit knowledge. We wanna engage students to think and to go forward. Same kind of thing is happening in education has been for a while. So we wanna help empower and get other people to solve their own problems. We wanna encourage and help other people have aha moments when you engage with someone and they're starting to think in a different way or a new way, some kind of aha moments. And when they say, when I'm coaching somebody else and they say to me, huh, I never really thought about that, then for me that's like pretty good question. Don't always get that, but kinda going for it, right? So we wanna get them into action or how they wanna be. So here's a few examples. So take a look at these questions and one thing you might notice is I have examples here that begin with the word what. When I was going through coach training, I don't know, four years ago, one of my coaching supervisors was like, the word what is your best friend when trying to draw out another person? So kinda put that in your back pocket. If you wanna, when you're having a conversation with someone you wanna ask, try to draw them out, use something that starts with what. So what do you want is a really powerful question you can ask. What's important about this is another one. If you really are trying to get them into action later, what's one step you can take? Through your listening and becoming aware of what's going on around you and with them, questions will come. So we select and choose or invent our questions based on the intuition of the situation. I use this all the time. I'm in meetings and I'm sitting back and I'm kinda okay seeing what's going on and then like a question will come and when I'll be coaching a team and maybe I'll throw something out there to encourage a different kind of thought, so. So these are opposite of closed questions. If I ask a question that ends in yes, that evokes a response that's yes or no. Did you like that movie? Yes. All right, well the conversation doesn't continue on. So these are really helpful, if you have kids, these are really helpful questions to ask. What was your day like? Instead of how was your day? Good mom, it was good. All right, well what was it like?  So okay, let's practice again. I would encourage you, find a new partner, someone you don't know, or you can use the same partner. So stand up, we're gonna practice again with listening and questions now. So find a new partner. Okay, so person A is gonna be the person that has more Ruby experience. So talk about that. So let's move on. So person A, you're gonna share your challenge. Person B, I'd like you to listen and ask them powerful questions. Okay, there's a cheat sheet here of a few you might ask. You can ask something else if you want, but just try this out. Again, this is a taste, okay? So I will tell you when to switch. So right now it's just person A sharing the challenge. Person B, listen using those levels. Remember attention out, pay attention to body language and try to throw in a question or two if you feel it's appropriate. Just try this out. All right, so I'm gonna give you a few minutes to do that. You may begin. Sorry to cut you off there, but we need to switch due to time. So switch, so now person B share your challenge. Person A, listen and try to ask a powerful question. You may begin. Okay, so you got a little taster there. I do these workshops sometimes for three and a half hours or an hour and a half. So this is like a super small taste. I hope you got value out of that practice at least to get exposure to these tools and trying to use them a bit. So what was that like? I'd like to hear from a few people. Wow, say more. Okay, I will mirror that. Woo, okay. Thank you. Yes. Okay, so he was saying, he was paying attention to his partner's body language to give him cues about when he might interject something. Ooh, using questions that started with what made me shut up and not give advice. Okay, yeah, so he was saying that asking questions with what made him think about asking questions that were a little deeper. So maybe you were a little bit in level one listening. I mean, this is an exercise, right? This is real life, but this is practice. So maybe it felt like I gotta ask a question about what am I gonna use? So what am I gonna say starting with what? So a little bit of level one listening there, but kind of file it away. It'll come back to you later maybe to use as you're out there today or from now on. So yeah, cool. Thank you for playing along and practicing there. I think it's good to try to use these tools. So you can sit down if you want. So a recap of these coaching conversations. So this is a basic arc. There's more to it than this, but listening in the levels, right? Asking questions to try to draw out the other person. If we are actually coaching, and when I do this with people, I usually ask permission. So let's say I'm at work and I'm with someone and we're going for a walk outside. And it's not a situation that was set up to be coaching, but I might get like a cue myself that, huh, might be helpful to ask them a few coaching conversations. I ask permission. Because sometimes it might be a little funky if you start asking powerful questions all the time, right? So you might wanna ask permission. You might feel intrusive. So you wanna ask permission. Hey, would you mind if I ask you a coaching question?  So I do that a lot, I ask permission. And then following up. So we touched on that briefly, but it's the idea of, you know, maybe you're with a friend, they're going through a challenge. You ask permission, and maybe you ask them a coaching question. And you know, maybe later on you could say, hey, you know, let me know how that goes. I'd love to check in with you on that. You know, would you be willing to, you know, send me a Slack message or whatever in a week? Let me know how that goes. Or if you need any support. So some ideas there. Other tips. So these are some other random tips that I really wanna share. So also, you know, it's not just listening and asking questions, but it's also, you can paraphrase or say back what they said in another way. So getting better at conversation communication is also using different techniques to help people feel heard, right? So I've been paraphrasing a lot up here as I listen to what you say. I'm repeating back some questions. I'm mirroring using exact words, but I can also say things back using different words. This book Active Listening is, you know, lots of stuff about paraphrasings. This is an awesome book, Acknowledging Feelings.  And you know, I might've said to him something like, gosh, it sounds like you're really relieved. So I didn't ask him a question, but I said something back as a way to try to, you know, take a guess and acknowledge how he was feeling. Or maybe you're with a friend and they're venting to you. They just had this like conversation that really irked them. You know, maybe you say something to them, like God, it sounds like you're really frustrated. And you may get it right and you may get it wrong. So we just kind of put it out there. So it helps other people feel heard. My awesome friend Paul Tevis, another coach. So he gave me this tip. So if you're ever in a meeting and you feel like some of us know it, maybe you'd kind of dominate the airspace. So use my friend Paul's tip, which is try wishes three before me. If you're in a meeting situation, share the floor with other people, you know, be inclusive. You feel like you're going to dominate that conversation. Just wait, let three people speak before you speak. If you want to try to self manage in that way, you know, it opens the floor to more people to communicate. My other friend LV Procore, he talks about boomerangs.  You know, we were going with powder, right?   So when you ask somebody, keep the floor over there to them. Mind your boomerangs. Boomerangs are when you turn the conversation back on yourself, right? So keep your attention out. You know, maybe wait a little while, then tell them about your trip. You know, rubber ducking. We heard about this in some of the other talks. Vitor, a person that I work with at Procore, he put it out to all of us in R&D one day. You know, I'm always willing to be your rubber duck, right? Pragmatic programmer, rubber duck debugging. You know, you can always come to me, just simply being there for someone. Even if you don't say much, they can, you know, share what they want with you and you can be there and be present with them. The other thing is, if you have remote friends, put them on video. We can carry them around. Let's share our attention with our remote friends that we work with, right? Even if you do interactive activities, like for retrospectives, and I think just carry them around. Get somebody to be their, you know, the holder there. Yeah, somebody walks up to you and you're in an open area. If you're in an open area, you might be fair game for interruption. People might come up and talk to you. Kind of visually looks, they're having a conversation here. You can't really tell. Kind of visually looks like one person is not paying attention. But you know, it feels good, like especially if you're out there in the open, stop what you're doing, stand up, visually put your attention out. Makes a big difference, you know? So he might share, you know, he was in Tahoe over the weekend. You know, in Hoover here, you know, he might ask him a powerful question. What was that like? You know, so let's connect with each other. So I guess in closing, maybe you can write down, what is one thing that you might wanna do as a result of this session? Or it could be how do you wanna be? So think of one thing, who would like to share? Yes, okay, become a better listener. Okay, not asking so many closed questions. All right, cool. Thank you so much for your attention. Thanks for coming to my session. I'm Heidi Hellfand, I'd love to speak with you and have a great RubyConf.


Hello! As you already know, derivation creates new words by the addition of affixes or by non-affixational processes of word formation, which are phonologically restricted in many ways. This unit discusses affixation and conversion, the two central processes according to which derivatives can be formed in English. In the virtual session, we will exemplify derivation on the basis of affixation and conversion, the two central processes according to which derivatives can be formed in English. Use our question sheet with its video links and hyperlinks as default guidance if you don't know where to start. The mastery worksheet is a dynamic multiple choice test with several questions about derivation, not a difficult challenge after the virtual session. Well, and the practical provides you with derivatives ready for analysis. This includes the construction of morphological trees and additional research questions. Quite a challenging unit packed with information, but I'm sure you'll master it.


Okay, I'm going to go ahead. So welcome everyone, and thank you for joining Kubernetes on the Edge Day live in Amsterdam. I'm Steve Wong. I'm going to skip a bio and invite you to judge me by what I'm about to say. I want to shout out to the sponsors who provided some of the funding for this event. And with that said, let's get started. You saw the official theme when you registered some impressive numbers here. Edge compute four times larger than cloud, generating 75% of data worldwide. In marketing, forecasts like this are called a pitch deck. If this got your boss to okay, you coming to this event, that's great. But let's be skeptics and question the likely growth in Edge as a thought exercise. Why will Edge be generating and handling 75% of all data? Why will people decide to increase investments in Edge compute? Let me outline a few technology shifts taking place and lay out an idea of what this could lead to. Then you can decide for yourself whether that growth forecast is real. There are five significant changes going on right now. Some of the things on this list help with remote management of Edge workloads at locations with limited physical security and limited or no staff. And for Greenfield missions, new chips reach into places you couldn't go before with connectivity going increasingly wireless. We're seeing needs for better energy efficiency and data access governance. The world is using approaches like get ops and device twins to manage Edge at scale. And of course the elephant in the room is AI. These changes are the building blocks that are going to account for dramatic changes in growth at Edge. But let me walk you through an example that puts all of these things together. In a recent blog post, a former founding engineer of Google's big query dropped the line, big data is dead. It talks about data sovereignty and privacy challenges along with a reevaluation of whether hosting a central ocean of data delivered value to those who amassed it. Large amounts of data are getting generated and holding this in a cloud can have significant costs. But maybe the raw size isn't the crux of the issue. Maybe the secret is to use Edge hosted analysis to act on it locally and reduce what gets forwarded. The savings aren't just in cloud storage. If you process workloads such as high def video, the downside goes beyond latency and added points of failure. It can bring wasteful energy burn at each step of copying and caching. What if you could summarize at Edge? What if you could use something to analyze and act on data at Edge, avoiding round trips to the cloud? Chat GTP, GPT recently woke up the world as to the potential of AI. But chat is not the only application for AI and a central public cloud is not the only place where this could be useful. Data is being generated in manufacturing, retail, utilities, and other Edge use cases. And we have affordable AI technologies to act on this data. The Google USB TPU, and I've got one here to show you it's real. And the MG24 SoC are just a few examples of technology for far edge that exists to run inference engines at low cost and high performance. Technology also exists for mid-tier locations that can use higher power accelerators as a shared resource. Let's look at a specific example of how these machine learning and AI accelerators could be used. When I worked in industrial automation, I'd run into plants where they'd have a veteran who could come in in the morning and tell just by ear if a turbine was off. This slide from Silicon Labs is based on training an ML inference engine that listens not just in the ordinary audio range, but way up into ultrasound territory to predict failures before downtime happens. Maybe it's not perfect. Maybe, but what's the cost of an error if it occurs? A false positive might mean that you changed a bearing a little early, but if this also catches and prevents occasional unplanned outages, what would that be worth? Bottom line is this doesn't have to be perfect. It has to be work most of the time and be better than the status quo and it becomes valuable. Don't get me wrong here. This is new stuff and it's changing rapidly, but the opportunity is huge. These devices aren't multi-million dollar quantum computers. Maybe you want to consider doing a proof of concept to learn about this. ChatGPT was trained on the resource of accumulated web pages from the internet, but it seems that training, this training was maybe burning through the world's accumulated information like burning up fossil fuel as a resource. You see here a quote that just came out yesterday from the CEO of OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT. Well, edge data, if you'd view mining the existing internet text as a fossil fuel burn, edge data is more like a continuous source of renewable energy in the form of data screams that just don't ever run out. Now with ChatGPT4, you could upload limited amounts of additional information and use it as training data, but not all edge data is text and doing this might be giving away trade secrets or customer information. There are good reasons for hosting AI and machine learning under your own control when it comes to edge. So AI has massive uncertainties and risks, for those in competitive businesses that get caught unprepared. Every business is going to change whether we like it or not. And on top of that, AI is likely to alter your career, maybe sooner than you think. AI is not going to replace engineers, but engineers who know how to deploy AI are going to replace those who don't. If you wanted to use AI at edge, there's more to it than just buying some chips. You're going to need tools for deployments, updates, security, connectivity, and more. This stuff is available and we're going to talk about it today. So here are the sessions that we've got laid out this afternoon. Please take a look at this list. We're going to do four 25-minute sessions covering foundations like Kubernetes, ServiceMess for Edge, Management at Scale, and then take a brief break. After the break, we're going to visit security, connectivity, digital twin approaches, and we're going to close the day with a talk about a use case involving autonomous drones used to pick fruit out of trees. AI tech can be an intellectual force multiplier just like the steam engine and electricity were physical force multipliers that changed the world and got 12-year-old kids out of coal mines. Suppose we could use AI to improve the efficiency of a manufacturing or transportation operation by just 2%. These kinds of advances save resources and improve quality of environment while elevating the standard of living and quality of life for all. This is a critical time to come together to listen, learn, share, and be curious about what comes next. Let's explore together. The way to get the most out of this event is to go beyond passive listening. Make an attempt to meet the people here at the conference and hold discussions out in the hallway during breaks or after hours. Introduce yourself to the people around you who don't work for your own organization. This event is all about community. Finally, this event is subsidized by the event sponsors. Yes, you paid a registration, but these sponsors help cover the budget, so I want to quickly recognize them. So that's the end of my talk. Next up, we've got Danielle coming up to talk about Kubernetes for low resource edge. So give us a few minutes to cable up a different laptop.


We're about 16 Staff Augmentees for the Lithuanian forces. They're running the brigade talk here. We're just helping them out. We're a partner state, Pennsylvania. I'm working as a battle captain, assistant battle captain to a Lithuanian captain. So basically we're in charge of tracking all the reports coming in, making sure everything's updated on the map, checking enemy forces against friendly forces. Operations called Saber Junction basically bringing multinational forces together, working with the 173rd is kind of hosting it here in Hohenfell's training area. We've got Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, 16 countries overall basically working here at Hohenfell's doing multinational training, just practicing interoperability between multinational forces, keeping that edge sharp but also building those international relations and figuring out how to work together on something as large scale as a brigade level exercise.


Good good morning Today doing fine I made Mags have a fit there Because I was trying to trick you because we all dance and carry on in the background and as soon as the music stops I go still. Mm-hmm. Oh, I like to keep going grads still dancing. Oh, yeah Thank you He's here Let's see who else is here besides he and us so we have Brian and Betsy Let's see Brett Betsy the in a hot minute Janine Tommy Chris and my mom is here That's it so far.  He's tail. Yes Yes, her tail. That's like a Swiffer. It collects everything.   Yeah I don't know what she's doing. She's in a weird position right now, so Really? We didn't notice that your cat was in a weird place Yeah, I don't know okay, there she goes that hurts, huh? Did that hurt? No, no She's pretty cautious of her nails. So So we I heard we have a whole bunch of fun stuff today lined up We have some questions and some answers and then I'm sorry, but there is no fun today Well, I guess if there's no fun, I'm leaving. Oh, no, no, then the fun would leave. Yeah The fun Hello, Susie Carter. Hello Let's see somebody said it was 49 degrees in Middle Tennessee, I believe Somebody up there. What's your weather like Greg? Three degrees. It's above zero It's above zero above zero Celsius. So yes, it's it's it's not freezing anymore It's raining. We got a little wet on our morning walk getting in an eye So I've got two degrees Celsius and it is raining here and I just want to go crawl back in bed with a book Yes, that's what today is like We were talking about books. What what are you? What's your weather today looks? It's raining out here, too Oh, it's like 60 degrees. It was been stormy You know Yeah, I'm talking about books before we started recording. I just mentioned I finished all of the Nathan Goodwin books And so I need a recommendation for another genealogy writer that I can dive into anyone in the chat Richard Hills book And there's a really good one out this week that was American Bay or this summer. I've got a whole bunch I'll take a picture of my bookshelf and post it on my Facebook page. There you go Thanks has all the books and if anybody else has any suggestions, you know, I could I could give you some research books like I could give you a Templeton book or two. There's they're pretty heavy You know what we we have a great question of the week this week and it Seven pages of replies. Let me get over to that Oh, yes, I remember what the question of the week is now because of a certain day that was Yeah What Share my I see a fox up my window right now. I'm really excited really you get a red box You're gonna take a picture. She's taking a picture. Yes. I am Maybe that's why Kiki was being weird. Yeah, I don't know. You just popped up. Look at him. Okay. I'm sorry You should turn your camera around Let me see if I can actually try I think it would be difficult. Hold on Can you guys see him? Yes, yes, oh, wow, I'm away. Yeah, I think he actually looked directly at the window How fun was that wildlife Saturday live cast there you go There we go, let me make it bigger. Oh So do you have Irish roots Greg, I don't even need to ask you. No, I do. Yeah, what about you, Sarah? I Do not actually none Smidge, maybe a smidge, but it's not really that smidge sounds like an Irish name Oh smidge Jane Goodall's book of hope there you go. Oh, okay So do you have Irish roots? We have so there are seven pages of answers Lots of can you believe the very first one on the Facebook page? Has a name Rebecca O'Cain How Irish is that from Jeanine Paul? Yes, two different ways my maternal grand was born in Belfast Scottish names and religion obviously at some point planters. That's not true Because I have Timbletons that are that are DNA connected to the O'Neill So they're very Irish and they had Scottish Name name They aren't planters McCluskey Yeah, John Walker says yep all convicts sent to Australia McCluskey's oh look Look at you And I have a coffee cup. How apropos Conversation starter I'm from Appalachia. Of course, there's some Irish in me. I'm even supposed to have Scott's Even my supposed Scott's has Irish DNA. So what I was just saying, thank you Clearing that up for me Multiple people people Lloyd. How do you pronounce his name? Lloyd feel let's sir Yeah, ancestors work to live in almost every country in the Caribbean Pan Irish Get but he gets very low. I Irish DNA results Sukay quite a lot Quite a few from Bob Wilson and he even has a wiki tree map for us to see if we want to see it Let's that's his Let me go back to where I was Fidelia Alice Morris Lowe Sharon Haynes, I'm gonna switch over to there's so many To go through question of the week I tried to grab some good one. Yes, so my mother's side of the family my mother's Maternal side of the family as far as I know they were from County, Kevin and emigrated the United States in the 1800s I think I have other Irish ancestor Different parts of Ireland that go further back, but I really have rather diverse origins Information that's from Mary Leachman. So I just went through and I picked a couple Mary and Saruti according to the results of the DNA Analysis I have Irish ancestors. However, none have been identified genealogically. That was kind of the one of the running themes is Yeah, I think so or yeah my DNA, but I don't have anything genealogically um Let's see Jeanine Jeanine here today is actually Jeanine Isilon says my ancestry DNA result says that I'm 7% Irish I Do have documented ancestors who were from Ireland. Thank goodness. That's John K. Knowles and James pasty Several more, but those two are documented more than the rest Cool, Jeanine Let's see. I think I have John tiner. We have to talk about John today. Yeah I hear you from Ireland after all If John comes in late telling me has to go back and watch it Well being from Ireland. Yes My dad's family are from Dunn Manway and Cork Cernames are tiner good. Yes, it's a surname Shorten Bradfield rice my dad's mom's side are from Wicklow and Carlo with surnames Sean or Shane Haskins Astle Astleford Hopkins and Cursey my mom's father was an air commoner Walter Howard Hutton CBE There you go and what is he saying yes Oh, sorry in Italian with my Irish side in both Massachusetts and Nova Scotia Thank you so much and then Aaron said his great third great-grandmother was Irish nice um a lot of people wanted to just list their surnames to um Interesting and Brian has I'm not gonna show Brian's video today But it's up if you want to see it check out the the G to G feed Carol Baldwin says I'm st. Patrick's 47th great grand knees so Yeah, so that was one of the the connections for this week was Irish Spain so we could do that Um, and I forgotten who it was somebody pulled up the Ancestor Explorer app in their answer and Said yeah looking at the Explorer app. I can see tons and so there you go. You can see all of my Ancestor Explorer.  You see my Templeton's those are the ones that are Irish that are supposed to be Scottish down here and Other places, but yeah, that's a pretty cool thing to go to the Ancestor Explorer and That's in the in the apps section. You can check that out and And What did I want to do? Oh People were talking about just how many Irish names they had and I went through and I looked at mine and I have 44 Irish surnames in my family line and people were listing those So if you really want to check those out go and look and see them and make sure you vote Those answers up. That's the question that we kind of a short one this week because there were so many answers I can't cover them all It was I was overwhelmed Yeah Very impressive That's a nice nice app that you have there putting together all those surnames. Isn't that a beautiful app? I designed this this cool little Widget thingy and my good friend Greg turned it into this impressive application And what's a really cool thing is we can go to one of my Irish names and click on it And it'll take me straight to the earliest known ancestor for that line That's cool Very cool And also if somebody calls me or sends me an email and says what are your surnames? I'm like no not doing that here Go to this link and you see the link right here It brings it takes people straight to this list of surnames find what you want. Tell me what you find Yeah, I've got lots Anyway, there you go It's cool Greg's the man Thank you. Wow. Well, actually sticking with that theme. Maybe I will do I will do that That's a great segue. It's a nice segue. So I'm going to share my screen Which I should have actually prepared in advance Let's do sitting around all the apps today. Yes, that's right Because I made a gdg post this this week Um About a new app that I just created and All right, did I not share it? Wait a second Thought I hit share share. Wait a second share share Browser cannot access your screen What why can't it access my screen he keeps saying share sorry I had to pull out my share Okay, well except I won't dress like share I can't pull that off Okay This is well, we'll try this it doesn't it doesn't it didn't want to Oh, no, it's not letting me share a screen. Yeah Oh We have come across a technical pick up No Make sure you click share on a model and not on a what I just tried to share and it says my screen can't it was cancelled Oh, I'm gonna share my screen so it happens. No, give us a give us a link there. Greg and we'll see if we can do it Oh, okay There we go The link is here pka.hp is the ending of that Wow, that is weird Can you I have to close out and come back in maybe Don't I have that in my email somewhere though? Yeah, I put it in the chat. Do you don't you don't see it? We can't copy it. So I can't get it. I can't grab it Which one of my oh try that There we go Okay That was the best five minutes of any livecast we've ever had. Oh, yeah, I'm sure it was just riveting Okay, so um My new app is called the earliest known ancestor finder and oh, yes Sorry No, no problem. And when you go into if you're already logged in on the wiki tree app it automatically Finds your name and then loads your earliest known ancestors and what it does is it basically it follows your paternal line your father's father's father's line as far back as wiki tree has it recorded and it follows your maternal line Your mother's mother's mother's line as far back as as it's recorded Which correspond to your y dna and your mitochondrial dna lines Um, and you notice it always says starting with the father of whoever the person is That's using it and starting with the mother of so even though Women do not have y dna because y dna is only passed on from father to son But if you start at the father of any person then that then that person will have y dna Obviously because the father's always carry the y dna. So that's why I've phrased it this way so that those who are the The pedants who like to always nitpick the fine details of every aspect, you know This is still technically correct because it is the y dna of the direct mail line of your family starting at your father Okay, I just thought I'd put that out of there, you know, is it on the apps page yet? It is uh, I put it in the ggg post and I haven't asked jamie to put it in the apps page And I don't know whether she's put it there yet or not It's not but I can look because in the help menu. There's a link direct link to the wiki tree apps page and I can see Others that are there but not that one. There's the surnames generator. So this app here is the one That mags use to create that list of surnames. So if you want to do that surname list in your own saves me so much time It's pretty cool. Um, so the eka the earliest known ancestor app works basically the same way if you're not logged in So I'm gonna be logged out.  Um, uh, let me see if I'm gonna put in just someone different Um, the title of the uh the Post for g to g is new app to find eka ancestors Here we go. I'll post it. That's the Right Here you go Yeah, and um, there's a link to that also, but of course if you can't if you can't get to the app, you can't find But if you're in the app and you want to read that and you want to find out any comments or any other things That's really cool. Uh, so I you put in your your wiki tree id you click the button Uh, it gives you a little scrolling then it actually happens pretty fast So you don't see too many names before it gives you the final results And one thing I've added is that it shows you the your confidence level. So whether so this one here So joseph a shea maku is that who is actually my great-grandfather? On my mother's side. I've got he's I've got uh dna confirmation up to his level and then from there on I've got some confidence and um, this one I I haven't personally done the um, I haven't checked the the records I suspect they're there, but I haven't done that so I haven't changed that from uncertain to confidence Has has peter roberts seen this yet? Uh, I think I did show I'm pretty sure he's seen it Uh, I think I know I sent him a message about it. And then the same thing with the female line Goes further back because it goes all the way back to france. Whereas my male line Oh wait one second in my personal one the female line goes further back than the male because my personal line stops in ireland 80 1800 But because I chose my great-grandfather. He has a french line on both sides. So he goes back to 1600 I and the other fun thing if you scroll down copy copy wiki text to clipboard So if you want to slip this into your profile That's exactly absolutely put just grab all the text click on it there, right?  Um, and then I'm just gonna say added eka list You can never you do you have performance anxiety? Uh, no I can never type ever anyway I can make I can make typos and 90 words per minute. There you go Let's see what it looks like. Look at those big families, eh? Anyway, so now in the contents, uh, there we have early as stone ancestors I click on that and there he is in that beautiful It's the same sort of information. It's just it's um formatted with with wiki as opposed to the html sort of formatting, but again all of these links will Will take you exactly to where you want to go That is so cool. And then it also has if you have a website you can copy the html as well. Yeah, that's exact. Yeah, because um Let me go back to Okay here. It's gonna reclaim it again. Um When I first made the surname's app someone said well, that's great But um, I don't want to put it on my wiki tree, but I've got a blog and I want to put it there So that's why I yeah created this copy html button. And so the same thing So there you go.   Exactly. It's girl so Uh, anyways another shiny thing that happened this week though is that we did get profiles of the week So maybe I should start talking about those Oh Does it have to do with the is it is it irish themed as well? No way Because the profile of the week is st patrick um In the theme is which saint are you most closely connected to so saints? um How stately is everybody? How stately is everybody? Well, I am actually fifth cousins to one of the saints. So that was pretty cool Now I have to go see. Let's see. I will reveal that mystery when we get to it Well, some of you may guess Oh, thank you betsy Just a quick look over there, uh, someone when someone calls you brilliant, you know, you got to acknowledge it. That's very kind So the first the first saint is st patrick um From way back and born in 351 Like that's really he he was around for a long time patrick ap culpernaeus um In actually born in scotland. So did you know that he was actually born in scotland sarah? I did not Yes, it's kind of surprising actually because you I mean, you know a little bit about the myth of st patrick's St patrick and you know private snakes in a virulent and all that sort of stuff But uh in real life he was actually born in scotland um now, uh And again, no lovely long profile because there's just so much about st patrick Um, but the person who's put this one together are people who put this together. I've done a really nice job um, so i'm not going to read it all to you but uh his um where we're here His father was a deacon in the church. So He didn't he didn't come to religion just all on his own that he did grow up in a religious background His father was a deacon his grandfather was also a a Celtic Christian priest um And when you go through it it seems he lost or he wasn't really Uh deep into the church when he was young, but then he was kidnapped by irish pirates So that's how he made it to ireland the first time because he was born scotland captured by irish pirates Um and was taken there worked for six years on the farm uh learned the irish language customs and history And incorporated that and that and is credited for devising the Celtic cross which is a combination of the cross um and the The kelta the the earth symbol the pagan symbol of the the round so that's a neat combination there um Eventually became a priest and then ordained as a bishop and went back to to serve in ireland and uh So he is the patron saint and where is that here? he's the patron saint of uh let me just Pretty much Of our engineers ireland in nigeria So i'm curious i didn't read and maybe i just didn't read close enough the connection with nigeria So that's interesting. So if anyone knows that connection that would be very cool Um, but let us go move on. So yeah, happy. Thank you to you. Which is the 17th um another fun fact this is march 19th And today is actually the feast of saint joseph Now saint joseph isn't one of these patrons because this is saint joseph the husband of mary um So uh, you know woodworker Um Father of jesus or adoptive father. I'm not sure what you would call foster father um anyways, um, but uh little family history here patrick saint patrick's day is the 17th Saint joseph's day is the 19th And the 21st which a nice arithmetic sequence 17 19 21 The 21st was the day that my dad was born and his name was patrick joseph Clark That's how he was and that's why he was named like that. So anyways, a little piece of family history there um, moving on the next saint tomaso d'aquino um son of landolfo d'aquino and teodora Car caccio or better known to english speakers as saint thomas equinas um born in sicily And died in the abbey of fos fos anova in part as part of the papal states So he was a saint and a doctor of the church and a philosopher Teacher he taught in cologne paris rom and naples Also called doctor angelicus because a lot of his philosophy work actually dealt with the theology of angels um His His father was a knight in the service of the emperor and His family wanted him to become an abbot in an abbey, but he wanted to become a monk So um, which I thought were sort of close to the same thing, but I guess one is more Serving at the other end the family didn't like that um They tried to prevent him become from becoming a monk by kidnapping him like that's These these saints, you know, they're being captured by pirates. They're they're they're being kidnapped by their own family man Back in the day, you had to work hard to be a saint The things you had to go through Anyways, and he was uh but he became uh he was uh He studied philosophy a lot and in in fact if you If you do want to become a priest today, you actually have to get a university degree and philosophy um Aquinas a lot of the Philosophy that was based on saint thomas Aquinas is some of the stuff that you have to study. So Uh, he's a pillar of the church very important, uh saint in that regard and then we have blessed brother alf alfred beset or um ferron drae As his name as he's known as um So andre beset uh more commonly known as brother andre uh and His since his canonization has seen andre of montreal um Was a lay brother of the congregation of the holy cross and a significant further of the roman catholic church among french canadiens So he's the one he's actually my fifth cousin four times removed So he's the closest one um Here so that would be my my great grandfather would have been fifth cousins with him So that's pretty cool um He was declared venerable and then beatified there's sort of three stages as they're as people as the These people go through the progression to becoming a full saint They're first. They're venerable if they're they're kind of holy, I guess and they're they're deemed blessed So he was blessed saint on or blessed brother andre for the longest time um, and then the final one He was in 20 october of 2010 when he became a full saint Yeah, I was just looking up house. You become a saint What are the steps on becoming a saint? Yeah, and then they're posted there's there uh, they're actually there's studies and groups that you know declare You know, they have to have three miracles um Unless you watch I don't know if any of you are fans of saturday night live But there was a sketch in the 80s When they had a guest who was playing the role of father father guido sarducci was talking about oh And they just wave the third miracle. It's wave the third miracle. So um, I don't know. I'm not saying that they waved his third miracle Talking about how to become a saint Uh, next one annus yord bransma from the netherlands um Son of titus bransma and tietje postma. I'm not uh, I'm not dutch. So I'm not sure if I pronounce that close or not Uh, but he was a dutch caramelite fryer catholic priest and professor of philosophy Beatified in 1985 by pope john paul II um and In the end, uh, the vatican announced that pope france is the first to create advancements towards the sainthood And that he will become So when it says beatified that means he was given the title of blessed. So remember there's the three stages So that's that second stage The so he right now he's known as blessed titus But then as of may of this year He will be canonized and will be known as saint titus So he's not a saint yet, but he's not a saint, but he's almost there What's that he's a want to be saint. He's a want to be saint He's blessed and he's he's very close to becoming a saint um So he spoke um his uh the impressive thing in his biography is that he's he spoke out Against the nazis and encouraged cath newspapers to refuse to publish nazi propaganda And eventually he was captured And sent to a concentration camp a couple different concentration camps and then was Killed in Dachau by lethal injection in 1942 um, but he always prayed for those Yeah, his oppressors. He told the nurse who gave him the injection that he would pray for her and he gave her rosary like That's pretty you know, we're near at that end. It's amazing if you keep uh Keep that positive face You know And he was even hopeful that god bless the Netherlands and god bless germany May god grant these two peoples to return to the path of peace and freedom And to recognize his glory for the good that these two nations are are so close That is a sentiment that I think we could do well with. Yes. Yes, we could Yeah So pray for us saint titus blessed titus Um, and we have catherine bere Drexel Born in pennsylvania Philadelphia pennsylvania U. S saint Uh daughter of francis anthony drexel and hannah jane lying swirls Um, she was known as mother catherine mary drexel and the fender of the catholic sisters the blessed sacrament so um And she was beatified so she became blessed in 1988 and then canonized and declared a saint on october 1st 2000 My john paul II She's the patron saint of racial justice and philanthropists Very nice Her feast day was march 3rd. Yes. Just recently. Yeah, I think there was another one that was in march as well. Um, But yeah nice, um anyways, and then it talks about the The the sisters of the blessed sacrament uh, um that she's she counted and stuff So Very very neat Moving on is it jokes Um, son of la ronde jokes and france was Just some meh meh So he was born in france in orléans france And he became a jesuit And he was one of the north american martyrs Uh, and so his biography is totally in french Ha ha ha He was a thumb it up for us. Great. What's that? Sum it us. Sum it up. Look, I can help for you. You don't want me to read it to you I can see that he was canonized on june 29th 1930. Is that right? That's right. There you go. Yes Seven of his companion martyrs So, uh, I could name a bunch of them before Um, gabriel aleman. There was uh john Oh now i'm freezing. Uh, but anyways, he said daniel. There was um, anyways, uh So he he was a jesuit and he was sent to preach to the um, herons and then the iroquois Actually it was the herons he would preach for uh, but that was captured by the iroquois and um Then along with um, some of the other ones he they were tortured and killed, but um anyways the There's the profile is very detailed and well done. Um, but i'm not going to translate it bit by bit He's very very, um the canadian martyrs are very From where I live it's only about an hour and a bit to the martyr shrine Which is a giant church in midland ontario And they have ran right across from that is the village of uh, st. Maria among the herons, which was one of the villages where They they worked with the These the priests all worked and um, so they recreated that so you can sort of go back in time and visit it What it was like at the time, so it's very quite interesting And in fact, uh, my parents in the house had this exact painting. I remember that being there um, moving on him and colby Or maximillion colby as he's more commonly known as Um, it was born the 8th of january 1894 in stanzka bola, uh, which is Poland, right? Yeah, polska Uh, his, uh, mother was mariana The broska and his father was julius colby His mother was polish. His father was german Um during the second world war one half of polin was occupied by germany and the other half by russia Uh, the german nazis brought maximon colby to the concentration cap of camp of oschwitz He arrived in 1941. He was registered as a and he gave us prisoner number um One prisoner escaped for that reason the german nazis punished 10 other prisoners of starvation Maximilian colby asked to die instead of one of those 10 prisoners after two weeks. He got a deadly injection Uh, so he basically offered his own life on behalf of someone else Um, and so since then he was beatified and then canonized There's a movie about about him. I I think there is I don't know what the name of it is It says that there's a link at the bottom there see movie. Oh, there's a movie. There we go That's the reason I mentioned it So I clicked that link So what's the Oh, it's not a really a movie just uh, it's a movie on sink on catholic.org That was an absolutely Say youtube video Uh, then we have Marie-Francoise Thérèse Martin or uh St. Trisa of the infant jesus of the holy face or the holy face of jesus There's st. Trisa of the child jesus in the holy face discolored carmelite nun She was also known as trez was born ruse emblaze Alonso born france The ninth and last child. Oh my goodness for the large family um youngest of five girls She learned her lessons and she began school at the benedict in convent And then she became a carmelite Received her religious name and made a profession took boughs of poverty But then contracted tuberculosis and suffered deeply for the last 18 months of her life. That's very sad She died of tuberculosis on the on number 30th 1897 the age of 24 So she wrote lots of very large books about st. Trisa and she's quite quite beloved actually I'm so much I didn't know before about How to become a saint. Yeah, that's right. Well, you think you have a shot sarah, huh? Do you think you have a shot of becoming a saint saint sarah? I can see it now saint sarah of wiki tree Maria Helen uh, mary saint of saint mary of the cross mackillip Born in new south wales I love it when we have a australian or in new zealand or like a down under connection somewhere. So this is nice. Um mary helen mackillip rsj also known as saint mary of the cross mackillip Is the only australian to be recognized by the catholic church as a saint Now surely there are more saintly people in australia. Just church is a little slow at recognizing that Mary and the reverend julian and tenison woods founded the sisters of saint joseph of the sacred heart A congregation of religious sisters who established a number of schools and welfare institutions throughout australia On the 17th of july 2008 pope benedict the 16th prayed at her tomb He approved the catholic church recognition of a second miracle attributed to her intercession um And was canonized in october 2010 during a public ceremony in saint peter square She was born in new south wales She was always known as mary And then it goes on about more of the details of her life and stuff. So very interesting And The last one is elizabeth satan an american saint born in new york city in 1774 Uh daughter of richard bailey and catherine charlton Um saint elizabeth and satan was the first person born in what would become the united states to be canonized And uh recognized as a saint by the rome catholic church. So there's your first the first american saint Uh elizabeth an bailey was born um new york city. We talked about that um She was fluent in french always like that an avid horsewoman and a talented musician You think she rode side saddle or? My guest back then as she probably did have to Probably wouldn't be saintly to not ride side saddle probably um Uh, so she she started the first religious order in the united states the sisters of charity of saint Joseph months after beginning She was now called mother seton And she and her sisters moved to in order to a poor parish and began offering free education to the poor children there And then the order grew swiftly Continued her work until her death. She devoted much of her life to charity for the poor Which is often a common theme among Um So there you have it. That's the oh my god, it's not even 11 o'clock yet. I know The saints helped me get through it quickly Everybody knows all about the saints and how to become a saint now everybody's goal Become a saint kiki kiki is going to be saint kiki saint kiki And now we have the the photos of the week the photos of the week They don't call the same theme of Oh, no the question and the kind of what's your job? Yeah, it's a profession. I guess being a saint is a profession. So The theme is profession. So we'll see Okay Let's go. I also know uh mags had a sneaked in a photo That has something for me Okay, so profession Have about 19 photos look at so This one C. I love lay senior on left owner of the musk g musk g auto accessory company Yeah, I'm used to a little kibbit Moskiggy, that's a crazy name. Hmm That's a good picture though.  I guess he was a I don't know if he was a captain or So 1928 to say it Nope, it doesn't say what maybe the g2g post might have Love of Douglas Porter Oh look, we have a doctor We have an ob gyn Oh, I guess Yeah, I was like, what is he listening to and then I realized it's a baby Listening to the baby I can't I don't don't quite know Not a hundred percent sure on this one looks like they're eating something. Maybe we're on a A farm or something What was the the caption was pals of them both Right, so it's like a coffee break or something. Yeah, I wonder what I was by Dieter Dieter uploaded this one Dieter you have to give more on the More information his grandfather was in the picture. I think Who they Some russian sailors No, how the facts harbour pilots And unknown russian sailors Thomas Hayes and they look like they're very cold like that looks like snow No They're they're cold That was a Yeah, that's intense. Yeah, that was a break on the construction site Wow So sarah that last one from Dieter that was uh It translated to break on the construction site or building. Okay. Yeah, look behind them. It kind of looked like concrete or something So, um Oh, look on a tractor Look at her go Wow, very cool. She don't need no man to do her farm work for her No man in kentucky 1952 Oh nurse for newborn in 1911 orange pritchard Getting some fresh air Constitutional better Huh better up. Oh, yeah coal mine baseball team Are they called the catholines? Oh, yeah the catholines Kathleen Name and cat have Kathleen on their jerseys. Hmm. I guess the names name of their coal mine I'm assuming in illinois Is there a Kathleen illinois? Is that a no or maybe it's just the name of the company not sure Yes, let's do Oh milk and cream Bernard and arthur mclean That name sounds irish mclean from oregon 1922 Florence at work In indiana So wonder what her maybe receptionist Not sure executive assistant. Let's there we go. It's a secretary. I said receptionist Turnover of alan stein 1921 what what is that? Not sure anybody know what that? Turnover of alan stein Are they transferring our insight? One person to another or Not sure Oh alan stein The polish teutonic wars Hmm There you go. There was a siege Oh from No, that was in the 1500s. Yeah, so that's Hmm must be a commemorative thing. Maybe maybe yeah I found the catholines. By the way is was a mine in dowel Illinois, which is in the southern part of the state of illinois A Kathleen coal mine from before Bye john We have a rocket scientist from st. Petersburg, florida if he was um So this was at his retirement He retired from being a rocket scientist Jamestown blast has oh Jamestown virginia. I think i'm going there in may i'm going there I guess we'll see that my parents are taking me on a A trip an educational trip to see a blacksmith Yeah, we're gonna go to jamestown because my dad's family's from virginia. So it's kind of like a kind of genealogy trip, too Three yards. Yeah. Yeah, we're gonna go to a couple cemeteries. So very cool And We have a nurse by janine Hey Shirley and williams iceland Salesman Looks like they work a little little store nice. It looks like there's like paint behind them or auto shop It says paint salesman. So i don't know hands. I can't tell paint That's what I paint. That's what I thought Lindsay finishes incorporated that. So yeah, it's probably paint. What's the name of their shop? Oh teacher and oh my Doris thompson That that looks like my grade one picture It's not like my graders or second graders Look for greg see if he's in there.  Oh, I don't know the guy in the top in the middle I have a picture that's almost identical to that. Oh, there's greg Looking I figured you'd have been the one in the bowtie No Never that classy There's a couple bow ties. Yeah A baptism So I guess he could he could be a saint You know, maybe maybe he was canonized Both ties are oh look this is the one I was talking about There's a dog the dog's name is major Major would be a fire pilot. So this is before So that's my dad on the far right there. I mean I asked him Who the guy in the middle is and he has no idea who he is No way, but the dog's name is major and that was People back in the early 30s. They got these little flying Outfits for their kids and my dad had the whole get up with the goggles and everything So that was a wannabe fighter pilot. That's cute He became an architect That's funny. He doesn't know who the guy in the middle is Brother or cousin. No, he didn't look like anybody in our family Okay, let's look at the g2g post now see if there's any photos You said something in the chat there about that picture about what That one was a lpn and mostly nursing homes. Oh, that's good Okay, so this one. Oh, yeah, it does say it's an obstetrician. So abgyn Who was in solo practice and delivered 13 000 souls into the world? Wow. That's a lot of babies like rob said Okay, so it's show. Okay, it says Um, the man on the far right is my father-in-law On the photo that is many of the brick layers have beer bottles in their hands And in one small shot glass, you know, they they had to they really enjoyed their breaks Well, it's germany What I remember this one is this before what's this one? Oh, look, okay, so this this is the family temperance pledge By the help of god we The undersigned salami promised to abstain from the use of all intoxicating drinks as a beverage and only one person signed it Out of the whole family They weren't at the construction site, obviously. No, they were not That's Any of you seen anything like this before? Joyce uploaded that one. Look, it's the cold cold sailors great grandfather thomas ihays third from the left Harbor pilot and Halifax Nova Scotia Which would not be an easy job this time of year. No yeah And my great aunt told my brother that the other men were russian sailors that he meant in the course of his duties And they were none too happy to experience a canadian winter You know, ottawa is the coldest national capital in the world. Do you know that? I believe it It is very cold and snowy and snowy and snowy Let's see. Oh, we didn't see this one. So he was a suey's canal pilot Um, he served with the british merchant navy from the early 1930s and about the beginning of world war two He guided ships to the canal Uh, well, he lived in egypt for a bit um And Yeah, that's cool. That is cool. Mm-hmm Wilfred frances ross Oh look this one my great grandmother lived from 1912 to 1992 She married at the age of 16 to a man who was 52 years old and had 11 children. Oh more than she was. Wow Oh Wow, they had one very old Reykjavik actually this is this is why she was able to just be on her own They had one child together and three years later. He had a stroke and was unable to care for himself. Oh, no My lord. Yeah, so she was stuck right on the farm. So she don't need no man He did his other children were no help Yeah, that's yeah At least all most of the other kids were older. So she just had to take care of her one kid and him. It looks like so Wow And she also yes, she did hog killing time too. Can you imagine how stout and sturdy she must have been? I have the nurse She's a candidate for singing food We saw a different nurse. No, we saw this one. We saw that one. Okay, sorry Yeah outside giving the baby fresh air The one sound I think it said What did it say? I think it said oh one sound. Did I read that? Yeah. Oh, yeah Oh one sound terry okenda Okay, so this one Douglas porter worked as a ships engineer. There we go So the boston fire department john hogan. He served with them for 44 years And look at that. I remember her name Dorothy. Oh hair We have the baseball team Oh, we didn't see this one um Her great-grandfather love love deed d main Was lieutenant police officer in egypt like likely in alexandria Cool, you have arthur mclean and their their milk they had to 1918 they purchased a 50 acre farm They were able the rival rival the condenser area in the town allowed the farmers to sell their milk whole without separating the queen Yeah, we had to do that So She worked at rca manufacturing plant indianapolis Um, she started as a secretary and later worked in the factory itself Okay, so this one so Turnover by the allied commission of the district allenstein to the german government 1920 following the plebiscite in which the The population devoted to be part of germany my great-grandfather matias von open a lawyer then serving as That word Heart and i'm gonna try that is the tall gentleman holding the paper accepting the turnover That's a beautiful picture to have Yeah, family history album. Absolutely So we have the rocket scientist I don't see a pocket protector That's funny The glass house Hey, jory jordan just Oh, we're running out of time guys. Oh, we didn't see this one though. It's not my fault It was uh, so this is captain frank lewis weinheimer ship master on the great lakes nice The teacher let's say what she had grades three to six on the top floor um bc then My mother okay, it's her had the next door annex building to herself cleave with every grade one and two students for the next 20 years John thompson. Oh, we have one more page Somebody read that one there. Go ahead read it No It was a captain of the railway connection ship Uh, and that's the last one. Okay, that is all those are some good ones Thank everybody. Thank you everybody for sharing Well, let me look at the g to g real quick and see what we have for The wiki tree challenge seven elizabeth grason from highlander Oh Yeah, and then challenge seven jimmy fadden from the nitty gritty dirt band We have started the elizabeth grason is you can register for that. So check out the g to g feed um There we go and right below that is the wiki tree live cast for today Tommy buck for getting that posted for us.  Go on. He's not in a rush. It's right Well One minute passed unless we have There any is there's anything else If there's one, I can't think of anything Oh We can just leave is there a thon coming up