Okay, hello everyone and welcome to Iroha demo session. Yeah, hope you can see me and hear me. So, yeah, let's get started. So my name is Kamil. I am CEO of Soryamitsu Labs, which is Russian range of Soryamitsu. And today I will present you a better Iroha V2, which is a next generation blockchain platform. So, yeah, let's get started. Today we'll speak about Iroha V2. Then I will show you some GitHub structure of our repository. Then during the demo we will spin up a simple Iroha network and interact with it using Iroha special instructions and Iroha client CLI. So, yeah, let's start. So, who we are? We are Soryamitsu and we were established in 2016 and then we were one of the initial contributors to Hyperleder Iroha and we use this blockchain as foundation for our projects. Like we created payment system for the National Bank of Cambodia and also we worked with the Moscow Exchange to create platform called D3leder for tokenization of digital assets and, yeah, we were also selected to create C++ implementation of Volkadot. So, yeah, we kind of not work only in enterprise but also in public blockchains as well. So, yeah, to start with Iroha we should think about this philosophy. We should try to keep it as simple as possible so that people without big experience and background in blockchain can get started with writing applications on top of it using, for example, mobile libraries that we provide. That's why we would focus on mobile here. So, yeah, just to be a blockchain that people really can use without spending too much time on getting into details like consensus and other stuff. Well, when we speak about blockchains, yeah, usually I like presented like every blockchain has more or less same components like message queue, database, their transition function, consensus and if we compare Iroha 1 and Iroha 2 we can see the differences here. Iroha 1 has a message queue which is based on, well, that allows you to basically create MST transactions like multi-signature transactions that are based on the quorums. Every account has a number of signatories and you have a rule like if your quorum, for example, too, then at least two signatures should be attached to the transaction created by this account. And in Iroha 2 we have conditional MST which allows you to write more complicated conditions like, well, you can write a rule like every signatory should put his signature or just any of them or, for example, two signatories and well, it's mandatory that one of the signatories belongs to the list of pre-approved signatories or something like that. Yeah, for database in Iroha 1 we use Postgres and also we use RocksDB. In Iroha 2 we use in-memory key value storage because we believe that, well, the RAM gets cheaper and cheaper every year and if you think even about blockchains like Ethereum its entire state could be fit into RAM of the modern computer. So, yeah, that's why with that in mind we develop in-memory key value storage in Iroha 2. And for state transition functions in Iroha 1 we had a concept called commands which is kind of atomic instructions predefined atomic instructions that read them in C++ we also had integration with Hyperledger Barrel which is a theorem virtual machine. Yes, and in Iroha 2 we have instructions they are kind of more general than just commands and we also have, well, we have under development custom runtime which is kind of even more general so it would be possible to write virtual machines using WebAssembly or theory virtual machines as well but that depends on the use case like for central banks for example instructions are way to go as they are more simple and they are kind of created specifically for this use case but for the public blockchains we need very custom logic yeah, so custom runtimes work the best. For consensus, yeah, in Iroha 1 we use Yak which is CFT and in Iroha 2 we developed Sumeragi which is Byzantine for tolerance. So, yeah, with that I can give you the short overview of Iroha 2 so it is written in Rust and as I said all data is kept in memory but you shouldn't worry like we do not write anything on disk and so your data is volatile because well, the blocks are updated on the disk so nothing is lost we can easily recreate the state using blocks if needed. We have integration with Hyperledger Ursa which allows us to use any cryptography algorithm that is supported by Ursa and we also use multi-hashes for transactions like we can photoreselection signatures so that we can recognize by the prefix what kind of cryptography algorithm was used to sign specific transactions so that is a really flexible way of using any kind of cryptography in Iroha. Well, Turing completeness in smart contracts could be achieved either by using instructions or later by virtual machines like WebAssembly that we are going to develop the way we are going to do that is that we will have an interface for the state transition functions like QBlock with a data transaction and implementation of them could be either using instructions or for example in WebAssembly virtual machine that is the way it works. So if we use instructions so here is the data model that we have. We have domains and we have account address in this domain and it's kind of we notice that it's really simple but also useful for the cases like banks for example we have several banks in the system and each of them have their domain and they have certain users that have certain permissions in that domain so yeah, that's very convenient but actually that's the data model we use in central bank of Cambodia for example. Okay, so here we can start, well dig into GitHub structure of Iroha the whole development is going in hyperledger Iroha Iroha 2 dev branch actually so you can go into hyperledger Iroha select Iroha 2 either Iroha 2 dev or just Iroha 2 dev branch well Iroha 2 dev has more features but it's less stable so if you need more stable version of Iroha 2 you should use Iroha 2 branch and here we have several folders the main folder is just Iroha and yeah, the rest folders actually they might be even separate repositories in future so like Iroha CLI Iroha cryptography or Iroha HTTP server so yeah, all these different stuff we'll keep here then so yeah, we have several crates that we're going to use today so Iroha is the main create which is used to spin up Iroha network then we have Iroha client CLI well at the moment we don't have mobile libraries and DS libraries finished to Iroha 2 so we just use CLI but I think you'll get the impression of how to use Iroha and what you can do with it using CLI and also we have crypto CLI which allows us to generate keys so get started then the scenario is we'll first review our genesis file then we generate some accounts and spin up the network and start to interact with it so for genesis file you can go to Iroha folder and example of it you can find here basically the genesis contains the list of transactions that are executed in the very first block so here for example we register new domain called Wonderland then we register a new account Alice at Wonderland we register some assets like Rose at Wonderland and yeah, we also mean some of these assets and give it to Alice so yeah, for example in that case we have 13 roses minted actually we're going to use these genesis for our demo today yeah, the next thing is generating new account so yeah, we go into the terminal we have yeah, we can use this command to generate Bob account and here we can see that we generate the public and private key first several bytes of public key they contain information about which kind of cartography was used to generate this key pair so in that case it is ed25519 and then we put Bob's key pair into Bob the zonefile here we are and then we'll be able to use it to sign transactions on Bob's behalf so yeah, so let's spin up a network yeah, we have two ways of doing that first is yeah, first way we can generate like pure keys and create a list of peers and then we'll kind of create every peer and spin up the network but for the demo purposes today to speed up things here we created both file, so we're going to use that today so yeah, I just executed the new EROHA network and now we can start to interact with it using CLI so we go into test docker folder yes, and for the demo scenario we will create a new domain called EROHA bank and then we will register some account there and we will register some asset there as well and then yeah, we will transfer this asset from one account to another so yeah, let's start with this yeah, we create new domain we can then list all domains using this CLI command so that's not very user friendly right now but when we have client libraries it will be much much better so yeah, you can see that the EROHA bank domain was created and now we can register account well, as you remember in Genesis file we don't have Bob account, we only have Alice account so all transactions right now they are executed by Alice account so we should create the Bob account here we are yeah, we can list all accounts using this CLI command and yeah, we can see that indeed Bob account was created and it has public key that we defined before so yeah, then we register some asset called IRH and mint this asset and give it to Bob so we mint 1337 IRH yeah, by this command we can check that indeed Bob has 1337 IRH in ROHA bank and now we can transfer some of these assets from Bob to Alice so yeah you can notice that here we actually signed transaction by Bob's config file that we created before and yeah with that we can check that indeed some amount of assets from Bob's account were spent and Alice received 14 IRH so what we did is really we created new domain which could be in that scenario another bank and transferred some amount of assets which we call IRH in that scenario from one domain to another domain well, we can do it really easy really fast using IRH blockchain so so yeah, that's that's all I have to show you today yeah, we can proceed questions I see that we have a question in the if you click on the Q&A tab there are some questions and we only have about 60 seconds left so okay, yeah, I'll try to be fast with that so how does Serenity support the IRH implementation to provide a consultation or license so IRH is open source actually Serenity doesn't own IRH so anyone can look at it and we'll give it a try if they like so yeah, there are no licensing you can just but definitely yeah we can help with consultation we use it a lot so Bacong ledger is centralized and managed by central bank can talk about the centralized version please so this is enterprise and it is centralized in terms of that only well, basically one entity uses that which is central bank but it is decentralized as we have several nodes it's not like the Bitcoin where everyone which is public chain where anyone can spin up a node so it's completely up to certain development so certain scenario well in Bacong they needed to keep it in central bank but yeah we can think about different scenarios in the future as well there's also if you want to ask some we're at time and I want to respect people's time if you want to ask questions you can jump into the chat thing I apologize, I forget the name Zelda right so that's open and thank you very much for your time yeah welcome nice to meet you


What's good job support Ross back again with another video So we're gonna check out pro wrestling tried not to wince or look away challenge by D I said D by BDWJ forever shout out to him man He makes some cool compilation wrestling clips from like different independent companies or whatnot So this is gonna be a tough one. I can't look away and I can't wince That's gonna be tough cuz I'm winning the bet There's gonna be some intense clips in here. So let's get right into this. You try as well. Try not to look away or wince. Oh Man, this is gonna be tough man. All right. Let's do this. I'm excited for this one, bro Appreciate all love and support on the channel, man. Whoo. Oh No, not Walter Killed them. Oh, no, Bob one. Oh, no. Oh I gotta have a straight face. Oh Oh My bro, I just want to wince and look away.   All right ricochet. Oh, no. Oh My god, oh Bro, I'm trying so Oh my I'm trying so hard not to win so This is this is oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no. Oh, no Law reasons. Oh That was impressive Okay. Oh I'm not the middle finger. Oh No, no, I'm trying. My heart is not the wince This is Sexy Eddie. No, I don't know if I am I think I am Oh, oh my god, this is just intense like just Oh, oh geez Darby is always taking crazy bumps. Oh, no Oh, no Walter is that Darby? Darby wrestling Water for holy. Oh, no. He almost messed up that land.   Oh Whether or not there is some kind of curse following me around Loose catches him. Oh no. No. No. No. No. No. Oh, bro. He bounced. He bounced No Go up to X. He's dead. Oh No, oh Is that what? Just the impact of that I failed I lasted five minutes and 41 seconds Let me know down below at what part time stamp it at what part did you wince or look away? I had to bro. It's the oh My god, I tried Don't know that come on, bro You might as well just laid it on he was he literally was He was holding it. Oh Yeah, so now I'm definitely gonna wince on look away now because I tried I lasted What is that a brick? She didn't get she got none of that that was definitely a box She didn't get all of that at all That was very impressive Oh, oh, oh, oh, it's laying it right on him. He's a chest. No non-steam is Oh, that was very good.  Bro. He has lost so much weight That that's water. Bro. He lost a lot of weight. Oh man Oh, come on man.  Oh my god. I tried y'all I really tried to like keep it straight face keep it, you know, neutral But there's no way that some of these spots you just gotta cringe And it's crazy the waltz one got me because of what they had them stretched On the top turnbuckle and all of a sudden you just hear a nasty chop. That was all brah This was crazy comment down below Let me know what part did you went or look away at what part in this video time stamp it down below? Let me know. Whoo. This was this was definitely intense, man I appreciate all the love and support on the channel wrote to 90k. Appreciate y'all kicking with me. See y'all next one. Peace


Good morning. This is a case study carried out in northern Zambia and it was a case study that we identified when we were doing research on the local social and environmental impacts of biofuels but the plantation had not yet been developed. There were only about 10 hectares or so cleared at the time that we first identified this case study but we started thinking among ourselves could we potentially look at the value of existing land uses, compare that with the value of employment given what the company was paying at that time and do a scenario analysis looking into the future. So this was a case study that was kind of put on hold for a year or two and then we went back and actually did it about a year ago. And so it's in a system where there's a shifting agricultural system called Chita Meni which helps us to explore this narrative about the marginality of lands being allocated for large-scale investments and with two co-authors who are or have been with C4 in the past. So Erin covered some of the global trends so I'm not going to go into much detail there. I just wanted to point out that in addition to the global market drivers host countries the significant host country agency in terms of trying to attract investment into particular country like Zambia which is land blocked and maybe potentially more having more difficulty than other countries in attracting investment. But across the board in southern Africa countries are offering a great deal to try to attract investors to their countries. From tax benefits five to ten year tax holidays for example and many other kinds of tax benefits as well as legislative reforms, land tenure reforms and business environment reforms etc to try to attract investors. And a number of narratives are of course leveraged in the context of these large-scale land acquisitions as a way to justify them. Some of them are focusing on the benefits and others are focusing on narratives that in effect try to minimize the cost. And this paper looks at these narratives that are essentially minimizing the cost by saying that the lands being targeted for investment are in fact marginal underutilized or degraded. And in this particular location degraded lands can mean a number of different things but it's often associated with landscapes where fire has been used relatively intensively for agriculture, for hunting, for charcoal burning etc. And they also may be considered under utilized in the context of itinerant land use as in this case this shifting agricultural system. So to what extent are these lands in fact marginal or underutilized? So just to contextualize this in the context of Zambia there's been a host of investment promotion initiatives as I talked about land policy reforms facilitating long-term leasehold by foreigners. In this case the leases are 99 years renewable. A host of fiscal incentives that I've talked about they also have established a land bank a number of countries are doing this where they've gone and negotiated with chiefs and basically have a database of land concessions that are made you know put on offer for investors who come and the establishment of the Zambia Development Agency as a one-stop shop for investors a number of countries are doing this as well basically trying to facilitate all of the permitting land acquisition etc within one government agency to facilitate investment. They've also participated in a relatively significant way in the biofuel boom particularly with Jatropha which is largely being seen now as a failed crop but the country established blending targets for ethanol as well as biodiesel. At the time of research when we were focusing on biofuels back in 2009 more than 500,000 hectares had been acquired by investors for biofuel production and more than 45,000 farmers had been engaged in outgrow schemes or contract farming schemes and there was a tendency to target quote marginal lands particularly in northern province where a government agent actually representatives of several government departments were going around talking to chiefdom by chiefdom negotiating land for investment is the way it was related to us and this area is where this shifting agricultural system is most prevalent. So just to give a little bit of an introduction to land use in the province Chintamani agriculture is a little bit different than many other shifting agricultural systems where an area seven times larger than the actual resulting plot is is lopped branches are lopped it's not so you can see here there's you know kind of large dumps left in this area and they're concentrated in a smaller area and burnt so it's essentially bringing concentrating nutrients from a larger area into smaller area for cropping and finger millet is the first crop that's cultivated it's a traditional crop with a number of cultural values and then followed by ground nuts cassava and then at the very end beans for as long as beans will produce one or two seasons and the benefits of the Chintamani system relative to permanent fields is yield farmers were saying that if mature for forest is cut it yields far far more per hectare than the permanent fields but also cost households are not of course don't have to buy expensive fertilizers to make the system viable finger millet was also stressed as a benefit that finger millet doesn't grow so well in the permanent cropland so that so there's some consequences there permanent fields have been promoted historically through subsidies for maize cultivation and so the benefits are access to that subsidy but also the declining desirability of Chintamani as mature for us are more and more distance from distant from households and also declining yields given the tendency to be opening up areas of younger vegetation over time so the case study was in Pika district and these are the five or six concession areas totaling around 300,000 hectares it's a mosaic landscape involving Chintamani permanent fields and natural vegetation in various stages of regeneration including permanent mature forest and we focused in on this concession here where operations had initiated on three villages which were on the boundaries of the concession there are also two villages that are fully contained within the concession boundaries but by doing it this way we're able to look at the actual resource distributions within and outside the plantation and also make some assumptions about what it would look like for villages that were fully encompassed within plantation boundaries so we looked at livelihood impacts under alternative plantation development scenarios the first being that only Chintamani farmland would be displaced and the permanent crops would remain this is the official company policy at the time but since even in the very early stages were 10 15 hectares were cleared some two farmers had indicated that their that their permanent croplands had been displaced and so we went ahead and looked at the other scenario where both both types of cropland are displaced so the scenario analysis looked at essentially eight scenarios which I'm going to present in very distilled format that defined by the company strategy so scenario one only Chintamani is displaced scenario two all vegetation or land uses are displaced and then we looked at all livelihood active the case where all livelihood activities are within concession boundaries representing those two communities that are fully encompassed by the concession area and then actual resource distributions for those boundary communities where which resources are found inside versus outside the concession area and then under scenarios of employment and no employment so that's to say you know looking at household averages what's the consequence if you know only my Chintamani fields are displaced and I do get employment versus I don't get employment and that was looked at for all the different scenarios so what's the baseline look at look like before concession comes in or a large-scale agricultural investment the current land holdings first of all we didn't find any households were who were solely focused on Chintamani agriculture we found people who are practicing permanent cropping exclusively and those who are practicing both Chintamani and permanent cropping but interestingly those who practice both had larger area of permanent cropland in addition to their Chintamani fields and we weren't able to figure it to distil why that was the case but in any case it's not that just the poor poor households are practicing Chintamani in the system the income derived from diverse livelihood activities permanent cropland as compared to Chintamani crops generates far more of the household's income on average however the Chintamani cropland is within a system involving natural vegetation in various stages of regeneration as I mentioned as well as our areas that are used for livestock grazing so the assumptions we made in terms of looking at the Chintamani system were to consider the non timber forest products as part of that system and only 50 percent of the livestock component as part of that system and so you see there's just just so so the implication of that is that this component these two components here are relevant for the households who also only practice permanent cropping because they're you they're also collecting non timber forest products so moving on to findings the first table looks at all where all livelihood activities are located within concession boundaries representing those two communities that are inside the concession area and where only Chintamani is displaced so this is kind of the the best case scenario for those communities and you see that Chintamani farmers are if you consider the consumptive value of all the resources in their system they're actually earning more than they would earn if all households were in fact employed which I've never witnessed in practice in this case there are 18 households employed at the time of research it's impossible to look to know what that would look like or look like over time as far as percentages but and then for non Chintamani farmers there would be a gain through employment if that employment could be guaranteed so it depends on their current livelihood strategies what the net effect would be looking at the case where if all land uses or vegetation were displaced by this company or in other by other companies in similar landscapes you see here that the annual income from employment is about this and this by the way this was a wage labor that people were very very happy with it and we were able to look at a number of different large-scale plantations and they were paying far more than others were paying at the time so it's a fairly generous estimate but if you look at all the consumptive value as well as the cash value which is here you see that you know if the basically employment cannot offset economic losses when you consider those consumptive values if you're only looking at cash value then you then the answer would be yes it would offset those losses and the final table is looking at existing resource distribution so each boundary community here in the left hand column and looking at the actual distributions of resources within an outside concession boundaries and I just want to point out here that there's a very different dependency on resources within versus outside concession boundaries based on local landforms the distribution of non-timber forest products there's a high highly heterogeneous distribution and also in this particular community where you see most of most of the much higher percentage of resources found within concession boundaries it was because there was a river that was basically blocking access to the other side of the community so they're very highly dependent on resources within the concession and so the net looking at the net household impact if you're they're not employed of course there's losses for everyone but anywhere between 5% and 86% of their livelihoods were displaced from inside the concession area and then the net household impact if considering employment was variable and it very much depended on which village you came from and how those resources were distributed so since this table is very dense I just thought I'd distill a few bullets from it so there's significant net losses in the absence of employment of course for land or resource losing households irrespective of the land occupation scenario it's obvious and we've yet to see any any situation we've been looking at the large-scale land acquisitions where communities have been able to negotiate employment for land losing households you know for all land losing households there's there's often a generic commitment that yes we will employ local people but never talks of you know in terms of numbers or percentages and one of this the concessions we looked at in Ghana only 4% of displaced households were employed so this is a really important thing to be looking at when looking at the impacts on local people there's significant inter-village differences based on variable land forms and heterogeneous forest product distribution which shape whether there are net economic gains or losses so these distribution this patterns of resource distribution are very much important and in shaping outcomes and with employment guarantees for displaced households net gains cannot be guaranteed when considering consumptive values and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and again I'm not seeing we're not seeing cases where local environmental impact assessments are actually quantifying the anticipated effects it's a a lot of you know you know kind of qualitative assessments of benefits that will come relative to cost but not a whole lot of quantification just to so I figured I do the disclaimers last a few shortcomings in the quantification of consumptive values for NTFPs NTFPs that have no market value such as thatch for roofing and and other and and I think we also left out firewood were not quantified in those estimates but the NTFPs that do have a market value all of the harvested volumes were considered to be sold and so that could have inflated or or reduce the estimates there and the state does not try to capture non-economic or indirect impacts and that's of course a huge issue when you know all these unanticipated effects on gender etc but there's one interesting finding is that in one of the focus group discussions where women said that they brewed beer from finger mill and then they use that especially single female-headed households use that to pay for male labor to establish their farming plots and so this loss of finger millet from the system is could potentially have some important consequences so going back to the questions the mark you know are these lands in fact marginal that are being targeted for investment in Zambia well first most house households continue to rely significantly on a Chita many system for cash income and subsistence even in the more degraded areas targeted for investment and also even for those households who do not practice Chita many agriculture there the their the first table I showed or the second table showed that they're actually also highly dependent on the system employment matters but is often insufficient to offset losses highly heterogeneous landscapes mean highly uncertain effects and so you know these narratives of certainty really we need to be very cautious about that and anticipated lively effect should be quantified even the most degraded environments to justify the development claim accompanying land acquisition narratives thanks


So, Tyrionocleotomy is not based on the Tyrion, when you make the Tyrional Barrel, it is based on the Tyrion, the Barrel is not at the Tyrion, that you must remember, sometimes you say Tyrionocleotomy make the Barrel on the Tyrion, the Tyrion is not the point, so when you tell your resident because all of you are now seniors, you may be asking someone else to open this skull for you, so where to make the Barrel, you have to give instructions, how will you give that, you cannot say make it on the Tyrion something like that, so what will you tell your resident, what landmarks, bony landmarks are there when you donate Tyrionocleotomy, there are three important bony landmarks, one is always visible superior temporal line, second is lateral margin of supraorbital rim and third is where these two are meeting and with the frontal process of the magnetic bone, so these three meet at a point, so this is the point superior temporal line, lateral margin of supraorbital rim and the frontal process of the magnetic bone, they are meeting here at about half a centimeter below and inferior, that is the Tyrion, that is the where you make the key Barrel, not the Tyrion, so when we see bones are meeting half a centimeter posterior and inferior is where you make the key Barrel, now since I have we have talked so much about the key Barrel, I will just give you one more point which I think is also time has come to talk about that, nowadays almost everybody is using a drill, I mean Giggly saw maybe some people but most of the people have a drill and use it, when using a drill then you have to modify according to your structure, so when you are doing a Tyrion, you have to be using a drill, it is not necessary to make a Barrel at the key Barrel, it is not required because what we do is we make a Barrel leg here, you make one Barrel here, you come like this, come like this then drill this part a little bit, that is also acceptable and it is come in textbooks also now, it is not necessary to have a key Barrel always to make it a, you have a drill, you are used to the drill, you make one Barrel here, as you make the second Barrel just behind it in the temporal area, frontal temporal region, this bone cannot be cut with the B1 bit, this bone, you can come like this, come up to here, when you are coming like this, you are coming the base, this will always stuck here, take it out, you can just rotate it, take it out, use the AMA towards what are at the terminology, keep on changing depending on the bits available, you drill this part then you can break it, coming back to this sterional again, there are two structures to protect when to making a skin incision, one is superficial temporal artery and there is a facial nerve, so which are temporal you can palpate and be planning your skin incision accordingly because it can be variable and sometimes quite often you can cut the superficial artery, it is always better you do not cut the main stem, it divides into two, a frontal and a parietal, your possible will have to cut sacrifice one branch when you are taking incision, but always try to be careful about the fat, it should not coagulate the main superficial temporal artery, the second is how to protect the facial nerve, the frontal branch which crosses around the middle of the jigayoma and because if you you may do a grill conatomy sometimes patient have a little bit of grouping of this thing, this is not uncommon, this we have seen, so there are two ways to avoid injury to the facial nerve, one is you directly skin you take it down to the muscle, you take it down to the muscle and erase the muscle along with everything, you will not damage the facial nerve at all, so this is one example, but sometimes you want a little more exposure at this base and you want to take a separate flap, skin flap separate and a muscles flap separate, so how to do that as a classically described by Jassar Gail always follow that principle, the temporal muscle has a superficial temporal fascia and a deep temporal fascia, the deep is on the deep surface of temporal and superficial and superficial, the superficial temporal fascia in the anterior part of this frontal temporal and the anterior one fourth splits into two and encroaches a fat of fat, which is called the sickle shaped superficial fat of fat, so once you are reflecting thus you are in the signal lose a real tissue, lose a real tissue we always dissect, the posterior part you keep on the signal like that, when you come to anterior cut that superficial temporal fascia and turn into the facial fat of fat, if this is a temporal muscle the anterior one fourth of temporal muscle and then tear 25 percent of one fourth of temporal muscle, the superficial temporal fascia with flit and that, so in the entire part of the incision with your knife you enter into this superficial temporal fascia and see the fat of fat and go below it, because the superficial layer of the superficial temporal fascia will carry the facial fat, in this way you will avoid those things, so this was just what we are going to add on to the, this is standard teriyanocardomy, these few points will help, I have learnt this over years and years, it is better to know where forehand why spend time in cutting and doing damage before you learn, before coming to the teriyanocardomy again, the positioning everyone will be well in different place and many times you ask your assistant to position and you come when the teriyanocardomy is made, till now I will always like to be present when the position is made, I think I follow the principle I will advise you also to follow it, when the position is made, after that you can go out and come back again if you want, but when positioning is done you always will be there, one basic rule to follow when you are positioning patients supine, lateral, 3 quarter prone, prone is you draw one line from the extent of this you like this, okay, everyone knows this line from one extent order in meters to the, a legion is anti-aito it, you can do in supine position, then that basic rule, a legion which is anti-aito this line you can do in supine position, a legion which is basically posterior, you have to modify your position, which can be, if the legion which can be either prone or sitting or semi sitting or a lateral, so these things you have to choose depending on your legion, now whether you want to use a sitting or a prone or a lateral will be decided upon your preference and your experience, I have given up using 3 quarter prone or part position most of the patients, the position should be simple, because it is convenient to the patient to the anesthetist and to the surgeon, just give an example a CP angle tumor, so the position this cat for a CP angle tumor or 3, one is lateral or part one position, second is supine with the head turn to one side with the shoulder and third is a sitting, so there is no right and wrong again, I personally do in supine position, I think this was most comfortable position with one pillow under the ipsy lateral shoulder, turn head only little bit, when you turn in the head you almost look at the sternum asteroid also, of course it should not be too much flexed, if you flex it too much, you have a other anesthetist to check the airway pressure, do not turn it too much, if you turn it too much and the sternum asteroid becomes taut, that means you may be putting some pressure on the vein and most of you have good operating tables, you can turn the table, why turn the patient when you turn the table with some support on this side, so this is a little bit about positioning, about retro mustard approach in almost all CP angle tumors, unless it is a jugular foreman tumor extending into the C 1 C 2 area, you need not open the foreman magnum, it is not required, unnecessary bone word is not required, you need not remove the foreman magnum day, so what is required is when you are using a lazy ass, the lazy ass is starting above the pinna, this is the supermajus, just not above, just at that level of pinna, but one finger blade or two centimeter behind the mastoid base and when you are going in fairly, you turn it medially, why do you turn it medially, just to avoid engineering the vertebral artery one and you can have a better exposure of the foreman magnum area, but you need not expose the foreman magnum completely to do that, then third thing I wanted to add was, we have talked a lot and you must have seen so many skull base approaches, anterior patrocel, posterior patrocel, orbitosarcomatic, keyhole and everything, the skull base approaches have also evolved, at present, I think posterior patrocechomy should be relegated to a historical archive, most of the times, 99 percent of the times, you will not require to do posterior patrocechomy to remove any tumor, so posterior patrocechomy we have spent so many years learning how to do mobilization of the visceral nerve, how to do the semi-circular canals, but at present, I think most of the people who have done this also have left it, so you must be familiar with orbitosarcomatic, of course, has come to stay because it gives you very advantages, orbitosarcomatic, a standard retro sigmoid approach and some variation of far lateral, this is enough, you need not go spend hours doing a lot of skull base bony work, okay, so just few tips because this is my favorite approach, orbitosarcomatic approach, I am quite fond of this approach, so I will just tell you and I do it in a single piece, so I will just tell you how I do it, orbitosarcomatic is a good approach because it gives you a basal approach and it can be used for complex anterior circulation rhythms for, if you are operating once in a while upon posterior circulation rhythms and for the petroclival region, because it allows the assess to look up into the brain without having to retract the brain, so that is very important, without having to retract, you can look up, orbitosarcomatic can have very variations, I will just tell you a standard orbitosarcomatic, that involves exposure of the frontal region, the temporal region, orbit and the zygomatic region, so the bones which you have to remove is frontal, temporal, part of the orbital roof, okay, across the zygoma here and the root of the zygomatic process, I will just tell you in a single piece what bony cuts you have to make, then depending on that you can do your bony exposure, you have to make one cut here, the zygoma has two roots here, one is going here and one is going here and the lower part is that you do not have to go here and open the temperamental joint, so this has to be cut here, this can be cut with a bit or a saw, whatever it is your choice, what are you, or with a central saw, just a giggly saw or a cut, so this one cut has to be here, other cut has to be across the zygoma, if you are too close to this area, you will fracture it here, how to know where to cut is, always look for the zygomatic facial foramen, it is usually present in the center, this is the level where you should cut it, at the zygomatic of facial foramen, sometimes there are two foramans, sometimes there are one and most of the time there is a foramen available and once you see one foramen, the superior most is the, first one foramen is the one level where you should cut, so you should cut here and third is, when you are here at the superorbital notch, it is always possible as your Sanjay already told you, just do a little bit of drilling and take this nerve along with the periorbita, so what I do is, make one burrow here, one burrow here, one cut here, one cut here and stop, I do not, and come here, and this one little bit, I do not cut this thing here, because I want to remove it as a single piece, I do it as a single piece, it is just a variation, your choice what do you want to do, so from here to here and stop here, then you have to carry this cut into the orbit, okay, and you have cut here also, and the other cut is like this, so this is one cut, one cut here, cannot be like this, like this, and this you can use various ways of cutting this, always use a chisel and hammer, because that is the best way to avoid cutting the dura, if you use any power instruments, you can cut the dura here, okay, I am not going to detail of this thing, and then you can just break it like this, so this was about orbital diagrammatic, so since lots of when talked about, so many crinotomies and positioning, I will just show you one more thing, just you tell me now, how will you deal with this patient, this is nothing unusual about this, all of you see this, so if you mark this tumor on this skull, how will you do it, you see the first step before making crinotomies is to be exactly knowing where the tumor is on the skull, so what are the landmarks we will use to mark this tumor on the skull, the simple thing we will say every day, what landmark will you use, okay, one is you must know the coordinates which are, second landmark, Parathalaminase, okay, so one is you must know how far behind the cordon switcher the ligian is, Parathalaminase, you were approximately know where the ligian is in relation to the cordon switcher and Parathalaminase, this is one thing, second midline, you must know when you look at the cordonal images, how far from the cordonal images, so one is, sahital image will tell you cordon switcher, Parathalaminase where the ligian is, you can approximate RDA if how many centimeters behind or in front of the Parathalaminase, cordon switcher, second is how far from the midline, Next, what is the third dimension? The third thing is, you see, you have to know how high from the base or how far from the midline it is. So, how do you make out that, which cuts will help you marking it on the skull. You know from the cordonless switcher, you know the platylaminase. So, you must know above the orbital middle line, how much high it is. So, you look at the axial cuts, they are either usually they are 5 mm or 10 mm. You see the first cut, orbital middle cut, it at how many centimeters above the orbital middle cut, the legion is started appearing. So, that you can do, this is the orbital cantho-meter line. Suppose, it comes in the sixth cut and each cut is 1 centimeter. So, from this cut, it is starting 6 centimeters above and ending about maybe 9 centimeters. This is a basic rule. I mean all of us follow this, but we must know how to teach it to your students also. So, these are the cordonless switcher, platylaminase and how high above the orbital middle cut the legion is starting. So, this will help you making the legion on the skull before you mark it, cannot make. Okay. So, what do you mean or what approach will you use for this, the orbital diagrammatic. Okay. And what else, orbital diagrammatic with what, additional anything, ACP drilling, because you want to decompress the optic nerve, the optic nerve is not involved, it is pushed to one side. So, if you, patient may have come to you only with vision loss and you do a tumor removal and vision doesn't improve, what is the fun. So, that is why the drilling is important of the ACP. In this patient, orbital diagrammatic with drilling of the optic nerve, so that you decompress and remove that. Now, this, what issues will you have while planning the approach? For additional information, we would join and how will you plan your approach for this patient? There is a vessel inside the tumor. So, your concern should be this vessel. So, you may do an angiogram also to know whether and you have to know that whether the cavernous sign is IC is also involved or not, but cannot be able to use for this. Or you want to do endoscopic, different experience people may be using different approaches. For example, if I have to do it, I will use a standard terional with a little skull base work with a swenard ridge drilling, every extension of the orbital foreman, I will remove that also. And you have to be aware that it is not necessary, that if there is a legion in the cavernous sign is just leave that, not necessary to do a total exigen. Sometimes it is better to be safe and you have to do extra duraly, this is a meningioma. So, most of the supply will be from the extra duraly. You de-bascularize that dura before you open it, okay. You can de-bascularize the dural opening can be little just on the tumor, keep on removing the tumor till to get outside. So, terional cannot be with swenard ridge drilling and possibly ACP drilling if required depending on the extension of the foreman. De-bascularize the dura, open the dura and keep on de-bulking the tumor till you become, de-bulking the tumor is very important. Till it becomes smaller and smaller and smaller, then you have to see around the reckoning approach. I mean we will not discuss what this is about approach. You have seen so many approaches. So, you can come through the top, endoscopic and through the foreman you can enter into this curve, okay. Again, what is the problem in this? Simple, why am I showing you this? It is simple thing, anyone who has done his neurosurgery anywhere with the two years of experience can do this thing. What problem can you have? If this looks like a same, but nothing to worry about everything. But still sometimes you can have problem with these delusions. Why? What surgical problems can you create which can cause postoperative morbidity? This is a meningioma, but normally we do not have, I mean you can have of course meningioma, there is edema around it, which is a little unusual. So, this edema can be usually because of what? Yeah, venous compression or pile breach or sometimes we wear secretory meningioma. So, the problems you can have is and sometimes in this region, you almost always have one vein on the anterior spec, one on the posterior spec, anyone. So, in this what has happened, one of the vein has been correlated. So, you have a post-op in edema. So, this increases the morbidity in the post-op period. So, as like any other tumor remain, the principle is do not coagulate any vein and in meningioma especially do not cross the arachnoid. You keep on debulking at the end of the tumor, you should not be seeing normal brain, you should be seeing only arachnoid. At the base, you should be seeing arachnoid all around, you understand what I am saying? So, this is what, what cannot be will you use, DACA aneurysm. You see, this is a routine DACA aneurysm and many people, I mean, of course, sometimes the people get lost while trying to find where the aneurysm is.  What are the cannot means available? Again, I am saying no right or wrong. What are the available cannot means for this? What principles will you follow? What happens is, sometimes if you are not careful, you make a cannot mean which is to posterior to above the base. This is a skull base. See, somewhere here is a crystalline. So, this aneurysm, DACA aneurysm, standard DACA aneurysm which are at the genu or almost always within 1 to 2 centimetres of a skull base, okay. So, your cannot mean has to be a little basal, whether you use a unilateral or bilateral is a personal of choice. Some people do a bilateral, basic frontal and then cut the crystalline, a durab of the crystalline. Some people use a unilateral parasitical approach, but you are too far behind.  Release the CSF first, so that you have a control. So, this what I want to say DACA aneurysms are not very distal, they are distal, but they are close to the skull base, almost always within 2 centimetres of a skull base. So, depending on that you have to plan your cannot mean. Either you use unilateral or a bilateral is again depending on what is your preference. It has to be just above the supra-orbital margin and then you go. This is just switching tracks approach. This patient has come to neurosurgeon because of para-pareces. So, that means obviously there is a spinal extension, para-pareces and posterior column signs approach. This was a hydrated, I mean we have now post-op histology also pre-operative we consider hydrated as a possibility. So, the aim in hydrated is to remove it without spilling it, otherwise you have a lot of chaos. So, in what we did I mean you can we did a therocotomy and this was removed and total. But during and total removal it looked that it may rupture. So, what the cardiac CT was just put a needle inside and without trying to spill, the he fall felt that it is going to give rupture inside the classic cavity. So, you can do a controlled without allowing spillage that we done. And the same sitting then we turn the patient prone and did a hemiline. So, it was extra I mean let me on that side. Okay, just switching tracks again. So, this is a MC impact. What will you do for this? I am already showing you what we have done, decompressive. What precautions while doing a decompressive? Many a time all of us have seen you have a small, you see why just large what is called a trauma flap, all of you are not familiar, it is very important it may look, but some city is justified trauma flap for these type of, otherwise you have a chaos, large trauma flap. This is smaller than what I would prefer for this type of thing. So, just one last few. What will you do? We have done both, frame based and frameless also, but for this situation for navigation guided biopsies also is because you have to go transferable. If it was in involving the mid brain, you could have come from above or thalamus, but in this you will have to transgress, if you go from frontal standard, you have to come through the thalamus or the mid brain, so that is not justified. So, when you doing this steutatic biopsies through the Pustey force, then navigation is helpful. Again, I think last one or two approach, this patient has been advised by consider that Sajid is required to prove the diagnosis, so what approach will you use? What I thought was that this tumor is surfacing here. So, this is simple, follow this vallicula and this turned out to be a sort of peanut or something and it was soft circuable tumor, it was extra axial, most of it came out. So, the approach, it looks like that you have to go like this, but if you are going like this, you will be transgressing all the nerves and going at T to the nerves and the aim is always do no harm. So, surgical planning is, it is surfacing here and once you into the tumor, you can go just keep on entering into the tumor. This is a least minimally damaging approach. Again, this was just showing what I told you before also, importance of veins, not difficult to remove this tumor, but you may have to plan your kinatomy depending on the venous nerve, MR venogram sometimes is helpful depending on the nerve. So, it preserves, almost always in this location, you have one vein and here, one vein for here, sometimes it between all. A basal bifrinter kinatomy, you may or initially I used to you include this orbital rims along with the kinatomy, but not as I stopped doing it and the important thing is, in this what we were saying that day, this, all attachment is here, so before you open the door, D-bascular is it, D-bascular, D-bascular and in this, you can remove this whole tumor without having to see or touch the brain, just remain in the tumor. This is very important, you can remove this tumor by any means, but you removing this tumor without having to touch or retract the brain is most important thing. This is again, orbital diagrammatic or something like that. Approach, there are three approaches available for this. One is, you do a postiparitosectomy, pre-sigma approach like this. The other is, you do FTOZ, you do or you do a sub temporal. Third is, you can go a retro-sigma approach and like this. In this patient, I use a retro-sigma approach, the nerves are spread on both the sides and you can work between them and it was totally seen by simple retro-sigma approach. Why I showed this is a retro-sigma approach is one which is very good for some of these patients sometimes, you can avoid lot of bony work and you can extend the retro-sigma approach if required by doing a tentative incision or from behind if required a little bit of retro-sigma anti-retro-sigma. So, do not give up on retro-sigma, this is an excellent approach and it can take care of so many legions without doing a extended skull base work. Approach, I would do a propane event without seeing a venogram. Whatever veins are there displaced, whatever veins are there, they are displaced. This tumor is no way inclusive. This is a meningioma. This is displacing all the veins. So, whatever approach you go, you first see the tumor. So, I went for this for a propane approach because it can give you exposure by cutting the tent from below and if required of the opposite side. Again, last approach, what I am saying is I am again emphasizing retro-sigma approach is a good approach. Total removal by retro-sigma approach. You see, this is called a lateral supra cerebellar approach, you know, did you have to recover and how do you tackle this tumor? This cannot be seen by any angle from the retro-sigma approach. So, how do you tackle this? Always remember that the anterior incision you give from this side can also be done from inferior also. You just cut the tent, you see the under surface of the temporal lobe and the middle part of the temporal lobe. So, again emphasizing maybe it is an old thing, retro-sigma approach is a good approach. Can be used without doing a pre-sigma approach in many of the cases. Same again, simple retro-sigma approach, no need to, they are totally seen by simple retro-sigma approach. That is all.


All of our speed records so far, except for the last two, were relative to the surface of the Earth. In the time before we knew the Earth was spinning on its axis once a day, and rotating around the Sun once a year, everyone thought that the Universe had a preferred frame of reference against which all other speeds could be measured. That preferred frame was the Earth, the center of the Universe. Once Galileo spotted the moons around Jupiter, another approach was needed. We'll use a train example. Let's measure the speed of the person walking on the train. We'll use the same measuring technique we used for the snail. The person on the train sets his clock to zero, marks his starting spot, walks down the car, stops the clock, and marks the second point. Now he just measures the length of the line and divides by the time. In this example he went 3 meters in 5 seconds, for a speed of .6 meters per second. Now picture the train car moving slowly to the right at 2 kilometers per hour, or .56 meters per second. This is the speed as measured by a person on the ground. We then repeat the measurement for the observer on the ground who is watching the train go by. He sets his clock to zero, at the same time the rider on the train does. He marks the rider's starting spot. He watches the rider move down the moving car. He stops the clock when the rider does, and marks the second point. Now using the same process, he just measures the length of the line and divides by the time. In this example the rider went 5.8 meters in the same 5 seconds, for a speed of 1.16 meters per second. Who was correct? Is he moving at .6 meters per second, or almost double that speed, at 1.16 meters per second? In the old system before Galileo, you could argue that the observer on the ground was correct, but in the actual world of equal reference frames, both are correct. In fact, we could have done it from the point of view of the train instead of the person on the ground. In that case, it is the person on the ground that is moving at .56 meters per second to the left, instead of the train moving to the right. If we put this on our space time graph, we see the train moving as the inertial frame velocity v prime, and the person walking with the velocity 1.1 meters per second. Now just rotate the velocity lines to make the train standing still. This turns it into the space time graph for the train's frame of reference. Here we see that the ground is moving backwards at .56 meters per second, and the person on the train is moving at 0.6 meters per second. With this in mind, to be completely accurate, the statement needs to be worded as, the person on the train is moving at 0.6 meters per second with respect to the train. And the person on the train is moving at 1.16 meters per second with respect to the ground. You can see that we are simply adding the speed of the train to the speed of the person with respect to the train. This is the Galilean transformation, between two reference frames moving at constant speed with respect to each other. These are called inertial frames because they are not experiencing any acceleration. In this model, time flows at the same rate in all inertial reference frames, and all motion is relative. The Galilean transformations give us the equations for converting from one frame to another. Let's look at another example. Here the train is moving faster, at 25 meters per second. The person on the train kicks a ball in the direction of the train movement and measures its speed at 10 meters per second. The person on the ground would add this to the speed of the train and gets 35 meters per second. Now if the person kicks the ball in the opposite direction, the person on the ground would subtract the speed of the ball from the speed of the train. He would see it moving at 15 meters per second. Here's another example that illustrates that it doesn't matter what is moving. Suppose the person on the train kicks a water container initiating a sound wave in the water moving in the direction of the train. He would measure the speed of sound in water as being the same when he kicks it forward and when he kicks it backward. The speed of sound in water is around 1,484 meters per second. The person on the ground would measure the forward moving wave at 25 meters per second faster than that and he would measure the backward moving wave at 25 meters per second slower than that. It followed that if it were a light bulb that the person on the train turned on, he would see the light moving in the direction of the train and the light moving in the opposite direction of the train to be the same speed of light. But the person on the ground would measure the light moving with the train at 25 meters per second faster than that and the speed of light traveling against the movement of the train at 25 meters per second slower than that. This view stood the test of time from Galileo until the mid-1800s because no one could measure the speed of light and no one had instruments sensitive enough to measure these small differences in the speed of light.


Tom here from large systems and we're going to talk about a list of free software and services that have been made available during the Coronavirus outbreak if you want to learn more about me or my company head over to Lawrence systems calm and for right now We're going to head over to bleeping computer calm to get this long extensive list of free software and services now I'm not going to go over the entire list I'll certainly be leaving a link to it because there's a lot you can talk about on here There is so many different companies offering online e-learning for free Offering documents for free Microsoft and Google have stepped up and offered the extended versions of their services and Tons of them even ring central has gotten in offering things like to the K212 for free So we're helping educators helping nonprofits There's a big variety of things in here a couple highlights that I know will directly affect people is ones like this right here Emergency remote work kits are here to assist this is from the folks over at go-to meeting and they're starting immediately We will provide critical frontline services to providers including eligible health care providers educational institution municipalities and non-profit organizations As well as any current log me and customers with free Organization-wide use of many of the log me and products for a three-month availability So if you're in one of those categories, they are offering it for free now I've got a couple other videos of other ways you can get some free Remote services through like screen connect. I have a video. I just did on that I'll link to that below in the description as well But these are different things you can get if you're one of the categories organizations ring central has similar offers as well If you're in one of the non-profits health care or K through 12 Sentinel one this is an excellent cyber security product that we use here at ourselves for endpoint production And they are offering the autonomous cyber security platform company has announced It's making Sentinel one core available free of charge and this is really important So from March 16th until May 16th of 2020. They were offering their product for free This is a very high-end extensive cyber security product And it can be really helpful having these extra licenses because so many people having to work from home Now we have to license the endpoint that will be connecting remotely to their work computers and obviously this became very unexpected So this will help you deal with some of the unexpected costs without Compromising on cyber security that is something really you don't want to have to compromise on is minimal as possible because well Many of the bad actors are taking advantage of this pandemic as well Zoom commitment to user support and business continuity during coronavirus outbreak if you're not fair resume It's a great platform for doing online meetings and online meetings are the way to go So with so many big events being canceled zoom has really stepped up what their free service offering is and this is great Because now a lot of people even if you just want to use it for you and your friends You can have some social meetups zoom sign up for free get it set up So you now can do some screen sharing and maybe have a you know good time talking with friends with Also practicing social distancing and not physically being in their presence This is this I've been using zoom for a long time is I'm happy to see that they're free service You can just sign up for it and they have links in there This is also really good for the kids stuck at home free creative cloud tools offered to students through May 31st 2020 so students yes, you can get on there and start doing some design work and some graphic work and use the creative Cloud for free all the way till May 31st This is great now someone's going to point out Tom don't usually talk about open source and alternatives to it Yes, I have but I'm not going to lie as someone who's done a lot of design work myself There's really no substitute for adobe creative and these are the tools you use commercially in business So if this is what the workplace is that you're work familiar with yes This is most likely what you're going to use I am myself I use alternatives, but if you are in the adobe creative world and you're using those tools This is something you can still you know sign up for and use And stories to help this is actually great for as long as schools are closed We're open starting today kids everywhere can instantly stream incredible collection of stories including titles across six different languages That will help them continue dreaming learning and just being kids so audible stepping up there and helping out That's actually really great too. There's a lot of books that kids can you know get on there I would see there's plenty to read online But you know hey, why not get some of these stories going and I have story time with the kids especially for those you are not essential businesses that are closed down your second home and Unfortunately, you can get caught up in the real panic a news cycle, which is really tough and stressful for people so avoid that So I'll leave links to this and the website is being actively maintained over a bleeping computer I have links of my some other videos. I've done will help you get connected remotely They'll all be in the description down below stay safe out there wash your hands stay six feet away or more from co-workers If you do have to work with people like we are here at Lawrence systems right now Check it out. There's probably a few things on there And it's good time to sit down and learn some new things as well, especially about working remotely. All right Thanks, and thank you for making it to the end of the video If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up if you'd like to see more content from the channel Hit the subscribe button and hit the bell icon if you like YouTube to notify you when new videos come out If you'd like to hire us head over to Lawrence systems calm fill out our contact page And let us know what we can help you with and what projects you'd like us to work together on If you want to carry on the discussion head over to forums dot Lawrence systems calm Or we can carry on the discussion about this video other videos or other tech topics in general even suggestions for new videos They're accepted right there on our forums, which are free Also, if you like to help the channel in other ways head over to our affiliate page We have a lot of great tech offers for you and once again, thanks for watching and see you next time