We are still on air. Good afternoon and welcome back to the touch line. My name is Max Oluwaseke. This afternoon we catch up with Paul Bitoka, a renowned volleyball coach now in acting capacity as the tactician for the national women's team, Malkia Strikas, and he did tremendously well overseas with the Rwandese national team. Getting full support of Paul Pagame, the president of the Republic of Rwanda, and I'm going to start with that question. Do you think it's high time we can get support from the president here if our sport has to grow? Yes, I think it is possible because the first time we visited the state house when we were going for the flak off to Morocco, I personally greeted him and I told him I'm back from Rwanda and he was surprised. He didn't know that I was in Rwanda, so I got blessings and I think yesterday, PS himself said that he's looking forward to request president to give me the contract as a coach of Malkia Strikas. So that means we are talking of the two presidents who are giving me the blessings. You had hinted of your exit from the scene of being the tactician of Malkia Strikas saying that probably in the future I will offer an advisory role. Do you think the intervention of PS Ambassador Kirimi Kaberia might enable you to rescind your earlier decision? For sure, when I came back from Rwanda, it was about what I was coming to do. I didn't expect to be the coach for the women. I was thinking that I'm coming into the Kenyan Folafederation in different capacity. So I told you earlier that I'm planning to have the national league to be played inside a youth and junior to be introduced in men and women. Unfortunately they called me and being called by the government to assist a team all the time I'm always ready and I took over the Malkia Strikas and helped them for these two months. When I came back I told them that it seems now it is like a job and we have to sit down if I have to do something with you. I wanted to be a consultant or to give them advice and to help them in a different way but we met two days ago with the president of the Kenyan Folafederation and also the PS was with us and they are looking for they saw that there is something that has changed from the team and the results is coming in. They felt that I should continue as the coach so that's why we are still negotiating and I think we will finish soon. Fredopenda, I know you are an ardent lover of volleyball as a sport and you are keenly following the proceedings of FIVB World Cup in Japan. Kenya managed to pick a win against Cameroon but the most important thing the learning cup from the championship was the coming out of young talent Sharon Chepchumba starring in the entire championship. What do you think the realisation of new talent to replace the aging Genwa Shuja Netwaja Masimoim is more important than the results? Exactly, we call it the change of God, old God. When we have the new talent as we have been discussing with the guru himself Paul Bitok is the most important thing, the most positive thing that maybe I know as he was saying when he was coming back he was saying that he had some ideas that he needed to help them maybe now he can tell us because you need to have a system to be able to get these results and the new talent. Now it's up to him now to explain to us maybe he has a vision what are the strategies maybe Mr. Paul Bitok that you were thinking of now getting the new talent into the limelight of the nation First of all we have a problem of basics you always hear that we are problem of reception, problem of blocks, service this one is coming out of what we are doing every day as a Kenyan football federation I myself retired in 2004 as a player we used to play Eldoret, Kisumu, Nakuru and we are still doing the same I thought I was talking to the chairman I told him we have to change, we have to play indoor we have problem of reception because we are playing our matches out of the arena we must use indoor facilities if possible and one way we must introduce the league to be played indoor so that every day they are training indoor and also playing their matches indoor and the challenge was the sponsorship and I have gone ahead and requested a few companies and they are willing to help us and very soon we are going to announce the sponsor for next year the other thing that we are trying to come up now is the youth and junior program as you are talking about the older players being there for a very long time it's the right time now to have the youth and junior participating in the competition there was the world championship in Egypt last month Kamerun and Egypt were representing Africa we are the African champion and we are not representing Africa in the world level when it comes to youth and junior so there is something wrong now our men's team they are nowhere because we have no program for the youth and junior and I believe that if we start such programs it will bring back our men's team and also give us more chances for the women adapting the right basics when it comes to the senior level we reached there, we have good scores with big teams we reached 22 but because we have not got in reception or we didn't practice when we were young so the other team will take advantage and they will finish them much so all the time we are about to win but we are not winning because there is something lacking and as he said that now it's do you think our facilities in the Kenyan in the Kenyan environment have been a major major undoing a major undoing to us as compared to our competitors outside there because you've mentioned about the Indo facilities and is it high time now Kenyan teams can start getting exposed to such a well equipped facility so that when they are participating in overseas championships it's not a strange thing they are encountering you see we have these facilities it's only the format that we are using which is a problem if we had introduced Indo arenas or Indo league we could have already identified many Indo stadiums here I visited several when I was giving out a proposal I went to Moya base there is a very beautiful gymnasium there Parkless Bank in sports club there they have one we have Nyaya stadium it is only the scoreboard which is hanging in the middle of the code which should be removed and put aside and then we can continue using the Nyaya stadium we have Katharani so that means we are not lacking facilities it's only the format that we need to change not having our competition being played in different region and it is possible also to have in our counties when I introduced the same system in Rwanda we had only one gymnasium in Amauro stadium but as we are talking now there are four which has been built because the teams which are participating from the district level they have already built their own and out of this President Esexalins Paul Kakami decided now to build the bigger one which he launched last month and it was full to capacity of 10,000 he was regretting that he should have built maybe 20 to accommodate the people who are now enjoying the facilities of INDO so this INDO can generate also money because people will be paying to come in so that means when you are an host team you will still generate some money for your team so it is a right time for us to change and also to change the leap time format we have to change but the time of playing for the national team and also club level is different FIVB have put it clear in October to May is for club level and from May to September or October is a national team assignment so we have to differentiate the two and to give chance also the club players who have been paid by club but they are all the time with the national team and they are not playing for their clubs you have spent better part of your career in terms of coaching in Rwanda besides facilities and even goodwill commitment dedication from the government through the president himself Paul Kagami what else can Kenya learn from fellow East African compatriots in terms of growing the game back home in Rwanda minister of sports they are the sponsor of the national team you find here most of the federations they depend on other sponsors to come in to help them because minister of sports maybe they will give small amount as part of their sponsor to the national team but I am very happy before going to Morocco peers came to come and he was talking of the new system that he was trying to introduce the hotels for the national team allowances of the players to be put in the account of individual not someone preparing the money for the team and this is what has been in Rwanda for the last 10 years there when I was in Rwanda when it comes to national team a national coach because most of the coaches in Rwanda are foreigners and I was the only African coach who was coaching there and you just give out your program 21 days before the competition there is an hotel for the national team you just go and check in facilities for the court to go and look for money to pay Kassarani to use when it comes to national team arena is free for the national team so anytime that you want to train there is a facility for the national team most of the time we have to call a press to come and help us we have been locked out of Kassarani things like that so these are things which we have to change also in Kenya to allow all national team assignment to be covered by the minister of sports I know coach would agree with us that all the local tacticians who have served in overseas leagues find it lucrative and they can't come back what informed you are coming back is it giving back to the society and serving the community is it patriotism that was the driving factor I think because for sure I know Rwanda it has full privileges I really made an history in Rwanda because it was the only coach who managed to stay there for more than 2 years because the contract you signed with Rwanda you have to achieve if you don't achieve you have to get the letter of going back to your country and I thank God that I sacrificed a lot and I managed to do my best and I realized that after doing all my effort and good results from youth, junior, beach volleyball I said there is a foundation for them I have left legacy I have to go back home I need also to give back home something and that's why I was coming back home here not as a coach but to be advisor consultant or being one of the leaders to bring in my experience I played in Tunisia 4 years I was in Croatia for 4 years I have been in Rwanda I have good experience to give back the community I went to school in Eldoret I have now 12 years below who are training volleyball and also athletics so I want to lead and using my experience now to give to the nation not only to myself in Eldoret I think I will be one of the parents because Ravel, the young one who is watching might be passionate about volleyball and I will be enrolling him soon hopefully you want to be exorbitant to charge me more As long as he is tall and qualified to be one of the big players So young people stand at the tender edge at tender edge because my coaching career started when I was in Tunis my coach was a teacher and when they were in PE time you could send me some of the kids to come and play with me I could train them so I realized that those kids now they were the ones who are playing the national team of Tunisia and I say to myself give back to the community in Sima village and that's what I'm starting now When you were talking you mentioned about beach volleyball where do you place beach volleyball in the Kenyan sport? There is nothing which is impossible when I started this in Rwanda I realized that indoor the other countries are already very far but in beach volleyball started in many of the countries so I started with Rwanda in 2013 it took me only 3 years to become African champion Rwanda has been ranked first for the last 7 years in the women and men in that position The last competition that we participated in Africa Cup of Nations with me I won the women and I was second to Morocco and we qualified for the world championship which was in Germany it was unfortunate that I didn't participate with them in that competition because my contract was ending in June and the competition was in July so Rwanda they don't have beaches here we have Indian Ocean we have we are using artificial we brought sand and we started and became African champion most of the time they were writing stories about us this country of 1000 hills African champion in beach volleyball I had a chance also this year before the Moroccan trip before they were appointed me I was working with Patrick Owino with beach volleyball girls and I was trying to help them and I was very happy that they came second in this competition and I hope they will qualify for the Olympics next year I remember interviewing Waitaka Kiyoni the current president of Kenya Volleyball Federation some time back and why the male counterparts have not been performing very well both at the continental and international stages and probably the reason was that women and in particular Malika strikers do get good facilitation from even the continental body CAVB and like men I don't know whether that remains the reason for you I don't think so because when I started working with Rwanda national team I pushed the men side until we were beating Cameroon who were ranked number 3 and it's only that we started with youth and junior with the same age group that we managed to be we were ranked 4th in Africa after beating Cameroon though Cameroon was ahead of us I managed to beat Cameroon and Cameroon was participating in the world championship and you can imagine I started in second school since if we can have those youth and junior program we can bring men up to the same level when we were in Kassarand this year for son 5 Kenya played so well against Egypt they took one set there is one set they were leading 24-20 to get to the two sets today as we are talking Egypt have won two matches in the world cup the same same group which Kenya was about to beat so it's just a matter of giving them chance giving them sponsorship and they will reach there policies, systems in terms of structures at the machinani because you run a very successful championship in Amako volleyball tournament with good sponsor on board how is it like at the local level in terms of talents and especially in schools because I have covered Kenya sport secondary school games and there is immense potential in Kwanzaan in Malawa for sure school association they are doing great job it is even federation they are depending on them and I have visited several areas since I came and I'm telling you there is great potential in machinani and what I'm afraid is that these big schools that they are now the champion in East Africa or in our country they are going to a certain area to bring in players if they don't develop their own players then you will find that in future we will only have the players coming from the same region I remember one time when we were grouting the players in 2006 the group of Washu, Wangeshi we were going up to Tetu high school to select some players but now if you don't go to Rift Valley or Western then there is no any other player that you can get from Central Machakos and you find now those schools are shining 99% all those girls are coming from the western or Rift Valley it's about to naja those students who are in that school not to go to Rift Valley to poach or bring them to your school I think we can develop anyone this year as a Kishi school won the school competition but 85% of the same students they come from my village so it is affecting those students who are coming from Kishi the locals who could have gotten an opportunity and they have talent it's only chance they believe in what we have but as we just provide them with the net and the ball they are always all the time they are playing I think Fredopenda with your financial muscles and considering that you come from those areas of Kishi now that they are poaching other students from other schools to shine for them it's high time you pioneer an initiative where you have to embrace your very own actually I remember when we were in high school not even in volleyball even in football schools used to go to poach students from somewhere and they can come and shine for their schools but as as Paul Bitoko is saying it's a disadvantage actually to the locals and we should now come up with the measures to ensure that the locals also get the same chance to shine and as Bitoko was saying he wanted to come back in for consultancy really where he can give advice so in such a scenarios which advice can you give to these schools in order to help the local talent not to go outside and poach other students you see now we must have excellent centers in each region I will give you an example when I was in Rwanda I had three centers for men and three centers for boys there is a primary school competition I could go there and have their names after data of all the student at that category and then I convinced their parents to take these children to certain school and I could go around one week to train them in those schools and this is where now coming in why we should have a national coach which has a contract because you will have time to move around and to monitor and to help and advise those coaches what to do now here our scenario now the coach of the club is being appointed to come to the national team then down there there is no one who is following what they are doing so the player will come when they are 17 or 20 years they have their own style of jumping they have their style of putting their hands on the movement it becomes very difficult when it comes to the eye level so a federation must come up structure on how to develop up to those schools they must have coaches who have studied how to deal with the young players not just leaving everything open that they will have one talent which is coming from nowhere to join the national team how was the experience in Japan during FIVB World Cup it was very interesting especially to other coaches they were surprised to see Africans have really improved they are playing more than vulnerable we could give them rough time remember when I went before 2011 or 2006 they could not even call for time out they could not even substitute their players but this time you could see the coaches who are really stressed when they were playing with us and they were even telling us that you have improved a lot your way of play is different before you could find three players they are running for one bowl even we could be taken to hospital because maybe you could not each condition I was very happy each time that when we have a press conference they are really thanking us congratulating us for what we are doing they were telling us if we continue the same then it is possible for them to lose to African countries they were surprised also with Chepchumba how she is so powerful they were admiring her wondering are you seeing white lifting and Chepchumba she has never even have this kind of program of strength training which we are introducing to her and I am very happy now three or four players have been invited to go to play in Europe for professional volleyball and is the position of technical director in volleyball I think the position was introduced three or two years but if you try to ask really the role of the technical director it is not clear so I think they should sit down and know what are the roles of the technical director is it for the Malkia strikers alone or together with men to work with schools to work with coaches only because there are different roles we need to sit down and come up with certain positions which are the right ones not just the name I know there is a burning question friend of Pendo would want to ask but he is shy I know coach dealing with these ladies is sort of a challenge how manageable do you overcome the challenges associated with dealing with young ladies, vibrant, robust pretty at the beginning when you have no experience maybe it can be challenging to you but to us we have been there for a very long time we take them as a professional work you have to respect your work it is the same as the way you are here you have to respect your colleagues this one helps a lot and when you take your workers in a professional way you will never go wrong but if you mix the two then at the end of the day no one will have results because the moment you mix with those things it will be a problem for the team and all the players now which way which way forward actually I was talking to Maxwell and I said there were rumors that Bitok is once out of coaching now he wants to go into consultancy but you have told us that there are negotiations between you and the federation and all that but now another question comes in if you are not able to agree on the coaching aspect what are your plans you know I was valued very well in Rwanda they gave me a very good contract they respected the contract I worked on it and it I developed developer in Rwanda now I came back here thinking of in a different way what I should give to the Kenyan developer federation now I have several things I have to do to earn a living I am not under any contract now they are world level now they are looking forward to be in the Tokyo Olympics that means there is a lot of time which will be taken if I am the coach to be with them what am I going to be earning if I am not with them I can do some other business or do my own things so it is a bit complicated to me as much as I wish to help them I also need to earn something out of it and I am saying this to help us also in the future so that we can have a neutral coach not coming from the club we must have the contract for the coach not only me the Malika strikers is a big team they are playing world level why government cannot give a contract to the coach why should we have a contract for the coach from the ministry of sports to only football or maybe in rugby if we are playing world cup world championship at this moment and they don't have a contract coach that means if we can have an international living coach having contract with the Kenya Kenyan team that means we can move to another level so all sports disciplines will be treated equally you imagine if I am a coach for KCB and coach for Pepline and I have a chance to promote my player from Kenya Pepline to win some competition as a club I will give chance to them so to have a neutral coach is very important and then there is also respect to the players because they are not favorizing any team even in training sometimes it is very difficult you push the player because I am not coming from your club then you are pushing me you are not pushing so on so it is the right time to have a neutral coach for the Kenya team it is always a pleasure speaking to you coach this particular after knowing it has been a fantastic show having pulled the acting tactician for the national women's volleyball team alkairstrikas now in negotiations with the government through minister of sports to see whether he will be given a full time contract to take charge of the national women's team and of course he has been formally at the Rwandese national team now back home to serve the community it has been a big pleasure having you and we shall be looking forward to hear from you soon thank you Fredo Openda it has been nice enjoying and getting seated closer to the coach exactly it has been awesome having the coach we have never met before this is the first time and I like the insights the view that he has for the vulnerable fraternity inside here and the thinking I like it definitely every Saturday 1 to 3 we talking matter sports and let's continue the conversation on social media handles at Waseke Maxwell at Osorobats at Y254 channel touchline Y254 don't go away of course the program continues keep enjoying and have a sporting weekend God bless you


I'm from the University of California in San Francisco, and my work is on skeletal mechanobiology, and we're trying to understand how the physical forces that our body encounters when we're exercising, whether it's skiing or bike riding, and all the other activities that are happening up here in Vail, how do those help keep our skeleton healthy, and how are those disrupted in diseases? And if we can understand those processes, then maybe we can intervene and stop the progression of disease earlier or help promote regeneration. How did you get into that? I mean, that seems pretty specialized. I was just fascinated. I remember seeing a picture in graduate school of the cells in bone on the screen of a medical school lecture that I was just attending so I could learn how to teach it in the next year, and just seeing the picture of those cells made me have a thousand questions, and that was so long ago, but actually that's what I'm studying today, and we now know that the cells that I was looking at way back when are the cells that are responsible for sensing mechanical forces and converting it into biological action to keep our skeleton healthy. I think one of the pieces of news a lot of people have heard is how important exercise is for our skeletal health and for bone health, and we're precisely trying to understand how does that work. So that is one of the areas of relevance, and certainly all of our work supports that entirely, that everything that we're doing with exercise continues to support our health. And we think that by exercise and a healthy person, or maybe we can help cells feel like they're exercising in a joint injury so that if they do have an injury, we can change what they're experiencing and help them promote a healthy signal instead of a damaged signal. Cells encounter physical forces in so many different ways. Cells can feel stretch, they can feel how soft or stiff something is, just like a mattress, the Goldilocks principle, is it soft or too soft or too stiff or just right. They can sense fluid flow across the cells, and we're trying another part of my lab is trying to understand how does a cell tell the difference between all of these different kinds of forces just the way that we can, and we don't know the answer to that, but it's an exciting question. We take advantage of cell culture experiments where we're looking at cells in dishes, and we have, I have really smart bioengineers working with me who are figuring out how to mimic all of those signals in a cell culture environment. So I have one student who's making a flow chamber using microfluidics to flow cells, and then we look at them using this really high-tech microscopy to understand how it works and a variety of others. But we also use animal models and apply loads to a mouse as if it's jumping on a trampoline on one leg, and then we can see what's happening in the one leg that's getting the mechanical load relative to the other leg that isn't. And by studying that, we can really begin to understand the molecular underpinnings of how a cell can experience mechanical load. Do you ever feel frustration doing what you're doing because I don't think people understand how research really works and how long it takes to really fully understand or comprehend what is really going on? That's a very real part of research, and especially when I was a trainee, and it's something I'm very mindful of the people who are working in my lab now, that it's a very real part of your day-to-day life of coming in and needing to face up against that that obstacle and push and push and try and try and try again. And there's a really great analogy that somebody described called the cloud where you're doing all of these experiments and you're getting data, but you don't really understand what it means. And it's like being in an airplane in a cloud, and it's just all foggy. And then, but suddenly the airplane comes right out of the cloud, and all of a sudden there's clarity. And so I remember those experiences as a student, and I try to remind my students who are in the middle of the cloud, like, don't worry, you're going to get to the other side. If you're collecting good data and we're doing the right experiments, and you're doing it rigorously and well, then you will get to that other side and we'll get some answers. One of the sessions that I thought was most inspiring was the session on senescence and aging. So, I think one of the best parts of a meeting, and especially a meeting like this one, is bringing people together who are from different disciplines. So, I often get to hear about work in bone or cartilage, but I don't often get to hear about work in the brain or the heart on senescence. And so somebody who's working on a very different tissue, but on something that's fundamental and relevant to what I'm studying, is incredibly helpful in giving us new ideas and insights that we can take advantage of. And one other thing that I personally really appreciate about this meeting, that's different from any meeting I go to, is the involvement of people who are not scientifically trained. So, having members of the lay public come and participate in the sessions and mingle with us at the coffee breaks or the cocktail hour or the poster sessions, and ask me, well, you know, I got this procedure and it works great, so why isn't anyone talking about it? I think it's really important for scientists to hear from people who are receiving what we're trying to do on the front line. It keeps me motivated and those are the stories I take back to the people in my lab.


The life and work of Sir Arthur Lewis is being celebrated by the institution named after St. Lucia's first Nobel laureate. Sir Arthur Lewis received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1979. On Tuesday 15th June, the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College hosted what it dubbed the Unthink Thought Festival, which discussed the economic theories posited by Sir Arthur Lewis. Hermione Mark reports. The Sir Arthur Lewis Community College successfully hosted the Unthink Festival on 15th June, 2021. The thought festival aimed to promote regionalism and global competitiveness in the Caribbean. The Unthink Festival was held in commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the passing of Sir Arthur Lewis. The virtual event consisted of a series of panel discussions, including an open session which focused on Caribbean futures. So the key point is that to encourage the region to think forward, but also for developing countries as a whole. That's what the pandemic tells us that we need to do now. And that's why we constructed the idea of the Unthink Thought Festival. We've brought together a stella cast of thought leaders from around the world and from within the region. And we are hoping that the audience will be delighted by the key provocations today. One topic of particular importance discussed by the presenters was the significance of regional integration to the group of the Caribbean nations. Professor Avinash Basad, chairman of the Karakam Commission on the economy, highlighted a shift in the regional development over the years. Back in Sir Arthur's day, we were the fastest growing region, developmentally one of the most successful, the 1960s, 70s and 80s. And then something happened. Then we seemed to get stuck. Now we are one of the slowest growing regions in the world. And all the consequences that lead from slow growth. We've become as a result of slow growth. One of the highest indebted regions in the world. Highly indebted, slow growing. We are giving up many of the gains and social economic gains and developed gains that we had made earlier. Jonathan Joannes is the managing director of First National Bank. He encouraged participation among countries to attain regional growth. I think if we take the time out to realize how powerful collaboration is as opposed to competition, we will see how the sharing of best practices makes each country, each bank, each business, each citizen a lot better and a lot stronger. The sharing of assets to benefit all. Knowledge transfer and forming consortia where we can. I know we have this deep yearning to remain independent and to maintain our identity. And believe you me, the journey to form the consortia to acquire RBC was struck with this idea of remaining indigenous and keeping our own unique identities. But there are mechanisms that allow us to be independent and cooperate as though we are one. Other topics explored during the Sao Paulo's Unthink Festival included climate action, fourth industrial revolution, creative futures, and youth and social entrepreneurship. From the Government Information Service, I'm Huma De Mark.


All right, so what if you have an audience, but they're not buying? This is for all of you who are experiencing that and I've been work I've worked with over 10 years of marketing coaching Many clients who kind of came to me with that problem like hey, I've got a couple hundred email subscribers I've got a few thousand email subscribers But my products or my services aren't selling well enough to sustain You know a business, you know let alone thrive. So what is going on? Why aren't they buying? Let's talk about this. So if you ask You know, you kind of start doing some marketing reading about you know, how to grow your business, etc Sometimes you'll come across this thing called the rule of seven the rule of seven says that if your Audience isn't hasn't seen the prop the advertisement for the product or service at least seven times Then they haven't really made a decision whether or not to buy. So is that true the rule of seven? Well over the past couple years When I have had very consistent rhythm of offerings meaning every month, you know, I'm selling a new online course I have not found the rule of seven to be true In fact, most of you who buy my courses The first time you see it you buy it or the second or third time you see it you buy it Most of the students are like that not everybody some people do need to see it seven times But most of the people I've noticed just need one to three times Within within a month within a one month time frame To decide whether or not to buy it if they've seen it three times and they still haven't bought then They're probably not going to buy it at this time. Okay, or for the next while and if you keep showing that add to them Or a different ad, but it's the same product then what happens is they get they get what's called add fatigue It's a real thing if you look it up add fatigue is when somebody gets tired of Seeing an advertisement for a product or service and what happens with at the T because that They also get tired of that brand that keeps Trying to advertise the thing to them. So you don't want your audience have add fatigue for whatever you're selling. So like I said, my recommendation is to Make sure and this is something that some of you really need to do a Lot of you who are here don't want to appear salesy to your audience. You don't want to appear pushy You know to your audience and that's a great thing that you don't want that But at the same time if they're they haven't seen if what if what is it? You're trying to sell right now What service are you trying to sell or what product you're trying to sell? Let's say this month if you could sell something this month. What would that something be or to sell more of something? What would that be? Okay, has your audience seen that advertisement for that product or service at least one time this month on Average everybody in your audience has seen it at least once if not how about two or three times if not then That's probably a good reason why they're not buying is you're not even getting the right reach So that's the first principle. I want to share with you. I have three principles today reach match and trust the reach is like Again, like I said ask yourself. What am I trying to what would I like to sell more of this month? If I could pick one thing what would I like to sell more of this month? Okay, great That now has my audience on average seen it at least once if not two to three times and beyond three times in this month That's that's enough and then the next month I shouldn't try to sell the same thing again because they've already saw it last month So next month if I'm gonna sell something I should sell something different or if I only have one thing Then the next month if I'm gonna sell it then I should sell it in a very different way Like tell a very different story about it approach it from a very different way Because I don't want to add fatigue. This is why I sell something different every month. Have you noticed I? only sell the same course at most once a year and Usually after I sell it two years in a row sometimes three years in a row if it's very popular I'll then I won't sell that course again for another two to three years So I prevent add fatigue for you so every time every month you can expect something new for me But it's not like I'm gonna create new courses forever I guess recycle them just every two to three years I recycle them so alright Reach are you? So it's how do you reach people right email newsletter that everybody know hey You know you haven't heard about this in a while. I want to let you know that I offer this and I'm really you know I'm passionate about this. I really This really helps the people that that use it. I mean these are the right kinds of people that should Inquire about this blah blah blah, okay, so email newsletter and Your social media audience what whether you use Facebook or YouTube or LinkedIn or medium or or Twitter, whatever Have they seen it enough times and with Facebook and Instagram nice things that you could use ads paid ads to Easily reach your warm audience at least one two or three times about that thing in a given month Okay, so that's the first principle. Why why is your audience buying because you haven't reached Most of them about this thing at least one two or three times in a month. Okay, that's reach second one If it's still not working, you're reaching them, but they're not buying. Okay, then the second reason is match match meaning It's not a good match for them right now Your product isn't solving a problem that they want solved right now that really is the strongest indicator You know people say well, I don't my product doesn't solve problems. It just gives people a good experience. It helps you reach a certain goal Solving problems, especially a problem that is painful and urgent for them That creates the most the best match. Okay. I mean think about it. Don't you want to ease human suffering? Right, wouldn't it be great to have less human suffering in the world? That's what we all want less human suffering in the world at the baseline now Once we get once we help relieve human suffering then we can talk about, you know, self-transcendence, right? You know, so let's just try to ease human suffering first Okay, you create or offer a product of service that eases human suffering. Okay, so that that's that's the best match It's that's people are more likely to buy it if it eases their Current urgent pain human suffering. Okay now if you really, you know The thing is what you might say well, George, you don't your your courses don't really ease human suffering It's more like people are learning new skills or trying to thrive rather than trying to survive I know some of some of the people here do take my courses to try to survive But some of you take it to try to thrive. So George, how do you make it work, right? You don't well That's the third principle we'll get to which is once you get once you have enough trust and enough reach You can you can then sell things that help people transcend Self self self trans self actualization and transcendence is much easier when you have the right trust and reach But before then The best match is to ease their ease their suffering. So what that means is you need to get to know your audience well enough Through surveys or through conversations to find out where They are suffering that you feel compassionate towards that you feel qualified to help ease and Can you shape or frame or? Somehow market your product service is helping to ease that suffering because you believe it does and you can see that It works for the people who've tried it. So Match is really really important And then finally the third principle is trust. Okay trust is such a big one because I've seen so many clients over the years who have You know a decent sized audience like I said at least a thousand email subscribers or whatever and they are emailing their Subscribers about their product, but they're but their audience isn't buying. Why why isn't their audience buying? Like I said, it could be a match problem. They have enough reach could be a match problem But even sometimes they serve the audience and the audience is yes, that's interesting to me But then yet they don't buy. Why is that? because of trust issues, okay, and There are two times types of credibility that we need to build To to have enough trust for the audience to buy one is topical Credibility what this means is that does the audience trust you enough to have expertise? About that topic that you're trying to sell a product or service in So if you are selling this thing, but then they don't they haven't seen you talk about that topic that in other words Content creation. I've talked about this all the time and I made my videos, right? that's my favorite way of earning your trust about what I do I Sell, you know product and services, you know that are in the ballpark of what I talk about in my content But my content when I when I create and distribute content to you It's not always trying to sell you on things. It's usually not trying to sell you I mean if you watch my videos most of my videos aren't trying to sell you on a course But they're just trying to share what I genuinely find to be helpful on On a particular topic that I my clients have found helpful or that I have found helpful and that that you might find helpful as well So it's a generous Way, it's a genuine way of trying to help and and also a genuine way of trying to express what I think is important for The world to understand so so therefore when I sell Sell courses or product or services related in the ballpark of what I talk about people go Oh, yeah, George knows about that kind of stuff because I have found his content helpful on that So therefore I trust that he knows about that So that's the first type of credibility topical credibility second type is General credibility now. What does this mean? I again? I see a lot of my clients You know first they come to me and they they learn my ways they realize oh, I need to build more general credibility What is this general credibility is basically like do they trust you as a person? Yeah, do they trust you as a business and as a person like do they feel like you're always trying to sell to them? Do they feel like you're always trying to make them do things or do they feel like you really genuinely? Genuinely want to help without attachment. This is where I think a lot of you Can continue to to grow in like how can I show my audience? I want to help them without attachment, even if they never buy. I know it's a hard one That's a hard one to sit with even if they never buy So you have to believe that if you don't believe that it doesn't it doesn't work But even if you never buy from me, I'm still gonna be making videos for you You see it's true Even if you never buy from me, I'm still gonna be writing articles to try to help you That's it. Even if you never buy from me now Because I genuinely believe that I went through a kind of a spiritual transformation Years ago that kind of totally revamped my business and that spiritual transformation Gave me a very deep sense of security Even though my finances were not secure that spirit gave me a deep sense of security So that I could actually serve without attachment and say even if you never buy I'm still gonna do this because I believe in it. I believe in this. I believe in this content. So So I know it's so really I Essentially, I think the first the most important task all of us need is to dive into our spiritual path Whatever our spiritual path is if we dive into it if we really work with it. We find this profound sense of security and ease This purpose this deep Sort of always There undercurrent of it's all going to be okay It's from spiritual your spiritual path has that just well as mine And if we dive into it and we and we feel that deep sense of it's gonna be okay Not just gonna be okay It is all somehow miraculously perfect right now. I and sometimes I can't explain it especially in 2020 But somehow there is a greater plan that is so beautiful That if I that sometimes I catch glimpses of it and I go I'm just blown away and for me I read near-death experiences, you know on my web favorite websites near-death.com near-death.com And go to go there click on exceptional NDE's and read some of those things and you'll get glimpses glimpses of the greater reality that oh my god It's so perfect. You can't even imagine it is beyond it is beyond beautiful and beyond loving. It's beyond The best thing that you could have ever imagined so if that deep ease and security is there Then you can create content with generosity and without attachment then your audience will feel it your audience will feel it and You will earn their trust naturally. It's not we don't have to try to build trust I always find it's interesting people to build trust. I'm like if someone is trying to build trust with me It's suspicious, right? It sounds weird. It sounds manipulative, but we don't build trust We we simply find our deep security. We serve generously without attachment and we naturally earn trust It's not something we try to turn their trust. It just naturally happens because why because we're trustworthy Because we're trustworthy. So so there you go three principles. I hope this is helpful Reach match and trust see what you need to work on in your business And I I promise well, I I promise that if you do work with these three principles You will see improvement in your marketing and if you have any questions I'm always happy to to see your questions or comments below So go ahead and do that now while I check out if there are any comments from those who are live here on the Facebook live and Let's take a look at the page here. Thanks for your patience while I Figure this out and that's giving you a chance to comment below if you wish to share what your Reactions to this video is or your your questions or your thoughts See, thanks for those who are joining me today, Johannes Anna and Yeah, I look forward to any comments or questions you have and I'm George Cal for those of you who don't know who I am I love talking about how do we build a business truly from the heart? That is aligned with our higher values and that we can deeply enjoy. So I Will see you in another video. Take care


What's up everybody? Jason here for JasperJasperCaseBricks.com. This last sell-a-pack here for Mosaic. Rounding teams number 122 sells out impeccable 1718 basketball. So again, the way this works guys, randomizer 30 customer names and teams, distribute the hits out of the sell-a-pack and then at the end of the break we'll randomize customer names again, that separate die-shoulder randomizer, and the top three will win a spot each in the 1718 impeccable tiered random team basketball break, which is a $300 spot break. So paying a fraction of the price at 32 bucks to win a $300 spot. So good luck to all of you. Let's do the break first. Roll the dice and we got a five and a six. 11 times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11. Sean Dunn surprise. Oh, nice, Jared. Yeah, Nick did some yesterday. So yeah, maybe it was that one. 11 times here. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, and 11. Denver Nuggets down to the Charlotte Hornets.  So there you go. All right, no one's going to really trade, so I'm going to quickly close the trade window, print and rip the one Salo Pack, and then we'll see who gets spots in that impeccable break. Jordan Clarkson got game, Bruno Hernandez, Derek Gross, Riley Beal, and Carmel. All right guys, so there it goes. Quick Salo Pack. Now let's see who wins spots in the break. 122. Good luck guys. Roll the dice. Here's the customer names again. Good, good luck. Roll it. One out of five, six times. One, two, three, four, five, I remember top three get in. Bryce, Sean, and Mike, congratulations. You guys are now in the break six times. Coming up next is impeccable. Appreciate it guys.


All right. Good morning. Let's get started today. Thanks. Thanks. Thanks for coming. You know, Monday morning at 9am, always a lot of fun to be in class for both of us. Okay, so in case you missed the email, homework two was sent out and assigned last night, so there's four problems. Going over, first question has to deal with how we decide if a grammar is ambiguous or not in two different ways. The second problem is about computing first sets, which we're going to go over in depth. We're going to see an example of doing that today, but it's just applying the rules that we actually all derived on Wednesday. Then the third problem is doing first sets and follow sets for grammar, and we'll start follow today. Hopefully we'll get into it, so you'll have an idea, and then we'll go into an in-depth example on probably Monday.  That's cool. Copy, paste, error. Yeah, basically you want to create a regular expression to that deals with that English string, so you want to translate the English description into a regular expression. Any questions? I looked at your website and there was a lot of text for the homework, but there was no link for it. Or is it just a link to Blackboard? Oh, it's on Blackboard. Okay. Those links, I took the link directly into the Blackboard class for some reason, so yeah, it just links to Blackboard in general. As long as I can get this on Blackboard. Yes, you should be able to. Cool. Any other questions on homework stuff? Midterm in a week. So on Wednesday we'll do a review, so I think probably today or tomorrow I'll release like a practice midterm, and on Wednesday that's what we'll be going over is we'll be doing the practice midterm and then you can ask any questions and that kind of stuff. So the best way to prepare for the midterm is to do this on work, right? Do the practice midterm beforehand, before Wednesday, and then come on Wednesday so we can talk about how you thought about things, if you made some mistakes, we can try and correct them before the midterm on Friday. Are we going to get as far as lexical analysis for the midterm or are we just going to be covering up to essentially what we're going to be covering up to today. Lexical analysis? Yeah, the stuff we covered three weeks ago. Syntax analysis is what we're doing now. So everything up till next Monday will be a fair game. Are we going to get one back? Yes, it'll be graded next week. Any other questions? Lots of heads trying to exist. We haven't covered it in a minute. Okay, today we looked at first sets and we tried to figure out, okay, how to calculate the first sets, right? So we kind of derived from using examples. We took the examples and we derived kind of general rules for how to calculate the first set. So let's kind of regroup here. So what is, you know, what is the first set or first function? What is this function? What does it take in? What does it return? It takes in a string and returns the first character. It takes in a string and returns the first character. You need to be more specific. A string of what? A string of characters? A string of, yeah. Grammar symbols, which would be terminals, non-terminals, or epsilons? Yeah, so a string of grammar symbols, right? So that's what the epsilon or the alpha here represents, right? So we have terminals, non-terminals, and epsilons, right? So a sequence, so a string is a sequence, so a sequence of any of those, yeah. So what does it return then? Somebody else? Say it again? Set of possible terminals are tokened. Perfect, yeah. The set of possible terminals that this alpha strings that that alpha generates starts with, exactly. Cool. So the way to think about this, so the way, so what we're going to do is we're actually going to try to think about this as an algorithm, right? So we've generated some rules and now we want to think about how to use these rules to compute, right? And to be able to compute this first set for any grammar that you give us, we can calculate the first sets of any grammar in a simple set. So first returns a set containing tokens or terminals. For this, since we're talking about context-free grammars, we'll just talk about terminals, but the tokens helps us remind us why we're doing this, right? Because they are tokens in parsing. But context-free grammars are general, you know, general concepts. So important things. Okay, so actually, so I guess we took back my terminals and epsilon, right? So we're going to meet epsilon in first sets, right? But no non-terminals. If you have any non-terminals in your first set, you've done something horribly wrong. Okay, so usually when we talk about first sets, we want to calculate the first set for every non-terminal in our grammar, right, just like we saw. Because that'll help us differentiate between the rules, right? So what we're doing is we're trying to say, hey, if we can calculate this beforehand, then when we write our parser, we know that if I can determine between two rules just based on one character, then I can do a predictive parser that's very efficient and can create these parseries. So we're going to first start out with, we're going to say the first set of every non-terminal is the empty set. So this is our base case, this is how we start. So we say, so for example, you know, homework's midterms, right? So if we say, okay, calculate the first sets of this grammar, your first step is, so when we say calculate the first sets, we mean the first sets of all the non-terminals, right? So for every non-terminal in your grammar, you're going to say the first set of that is the empty set. Then you just apply the following, the five rules, right, that we derive, you're going to apply these rules over and over until what we'll see nothing changes, where you can't, they don't change any of our current definitions of the first sets. So what was the first rule that we derived? Yeah. The first of x is the set containing x, if it only if x is a terminal? Yeah, right. So we say, hey, the first set of any terminal is the second containing that terminal, right? So then what was the second case? Yeah, first of the empty set is the second containing the empty string, right? What's the empty string called? Epsilon, yeah, good. So yeah, so the first of epsilon is the second containing epsilon, right? So why are these, why do we have these two rules? Why don't they just one? Because epsilon is special, yeah, because epsilon is not a terminal, I mean, right, it's not necessarily a terminal, just like maybe a book copy of myself. What happens when you forget your copy mug? I think I forgot it in my other class or something, I don't know, I don't know where it is, this is not it. I had to leave early to make sure I got coffee, otherwise we would have a terrible class today. All right, if we have a terrible class anyway, I'm sorry. Okay, so what was our next rule? What did our next rule have to deal with? What was the intuition behind the next rule, right? These are kind of, so if you think about, this is a recursive definition, right, these are the base cases. So when you break everything down, you're going to get just a terminal or an epsilon, right? So what is, what did the next rule deal with? Yeah. Our next, our next rule dealt with removing epsilon from something that epsilon could not be the first of. Correct, so, but what did it apply to? So what were we looking at? So for a terminal, so we did terminals, we did epsilons, right? So what's kind of left? Not terminals. Yeah, yeah, right? That's the third of the grammar symbols, right? So we're taking care of this case, the two cases, and we take care of the third. So we basically derived the rule and we showed ourselves that, hey, if we have a rule in the form of a produces b alpha, right? So here, so what, what type of grammar symbol is capital A here? Non-terminal, right? And so how do you know that? It's capitalized, yes, but also it has a rule. Yeah, it's on the left-hand side of the grammar production rule, right? So only non-terminals on the left-hand side, that's how you know that. Okay, great. What's alpha represent? Everything after b. Yeah, everything, all symbols, terminals, non-terminals, epsilon, a sequence of, of symbols. What's b? So it doesn't have to be a non-terminal, so I may change this to beta. I think I changed it back because it was annoying using all the Greek characters, but now that I kind of look at it now, I can see that it's a little confusing. But that b just means whatever symbol is there, terminal, non-terminal, epsilon, whatever. Wouldn't it, because it's, it's, because we were going to say the first of b minus the second containing epsilon, wouldn't have to be some kind of non-terminal? Because it has to contain more than one character. Not necessarily, actually. We can look at that in a bit. Oh, because it could just be, it could be epsilon, it could be just a, it could be just the terminal a, little a. Exactly, yes. And then the fifth rule applies, then you add it back. Cool. Right, so this, all this rule says, so this is complicated, but it says for every production rule, right, I can take, I can calculate the first set of the left-hand side, right, by adding the first symbol on the right-hand side, right, in this case b, taking that, calculating its first set, subtracting epsilon and adding that to the first of a. So before we had equals here, right, we'd say, well the first of a is equal to this. Why don't we kind of add, that's sense. It's kind of, yeah, right? So we're saying union that into it, right? So add those, add the first of b minus epsilon to the first of a. Right, but why isn't it equal? Why aren't we saying equality here? We don't want to overwrite the value. Yeah, there may be multiple rules, right? This, if there's multiple production rules for a, right, when we have the bar, that means two different rules. We have a goes to something or a goes to something else, right? And because both of those rules are possible, we have, we can apply this by adding each of their first symbols to a, right? So this just operates on each rule in isolation, but we want to add them, right? We're trying to build up these first sets. So what happens if b has an, and so we saw that specifically when we just look at this, right, we want to subtract out the epsilon because we don't know what else is left in alpha, right? Just because that the first symbol on the left hand side here produces an epsilon doesn't mean that a has to go to epsilon. It depends on the rest of the symbols in that rule, right? So that's why we subtract and remove epsilon here. So what kind of the next rule deal with at a high level? We're not going to describe it exactly, but what was the intuition behind there? Why do we need more rules? Are we done? The next rule is basically if you have a bunch of different either non-terminals or terminals that all contain epsilon, then you take the very last one, remove that, and add it to the first set away. Yeah, so kind of at a high level, right? We now have to deal with the question, well, what if this b has an epsilon in its first set, right? That means there's some possible combination of rules or applications of b, where b is going to go to nothing, which means that the first of a is going to be whatever the first of alpha is here, right? And so that's what this incredibly complicated looking rule does, but at a high level, it's doing something very simple. It's saying that, okay, if b is zero, if there's whatever number of symbols here, right, here we have b's, or you can think of them as beta as if that helps disassociate the non-terminal, not necessarily non-terminals, right? So if we have, basically we say that there's however many starting symbols that have epsilon in their first sets, we can add the next one after that, first set minus epsilon to a, right? So it says if epsilon is in the first set of b0, b1, b2, all the way up to bi, then I can add the next one's first set. But the important thing to note here is this is a recursive definition that applies for any i, right? So in this example, it would also apply for i as zero, right? There's a first in b0, which means I add the first of b1 minus epsilon to the first of a. And then I check, is there an epsilon in the first of b1? If there is, then I add the first b2 minus epsilon to the first of a. And I keep going until I have to stop when there is the first of epsilon, there is something that epsilon is not in the first of one of those symbols. And then I stop, I don't add any more because I know that those strings have to start with at least that symbol. And so the last case just deals with the situation of what happens if I go all the way through, right? If I can go all the way through all the symbols on the right hand side can produce epsilon, then there's one possible combination of trees and paths where every single symbol is going to produce epsilon, which means that it's going to be the empty string, right? Epsilon, which means that a can also produce epsilon. So that's all that this case says. It says, hey, if I go through every single symbol, terminal, non-terminal, whatever, and I got all the way to the end, then I can add epsilon back to the first of a. But only in that case, right? So does it make sense? Exactly, yes. So three always applies. So this is the thing, right? One always is our base case, two always applies, three also always applies, right? Every single rule is going to have some a goes to b, right? a goes to beta. It's going to have some leftmost symbol. If it's just the one symbol, then this rule will apply, right? All these other rules say, hey, what happens if epsilon is in those symbols? What do I do? So the idea is, well, if epsilon's in b here, then I go to the next one, the next symbol, and then I always add the one after it, and then I check that one. Hey, was epsilon in the first of that? Then I go to the next one, yeah. So what's this testing? What's this operation? It's just set membership, yeah. So saying, is epsilon in this set? Exactly. So yeah, it's just saying, is it one of the elements in this set? So it doesn't have to be exactly epsilon, and that's kind of, it's an important thing because, remember, the first sets are all possible. Strings that that terminal, non-terminal generates, what are the first terminals that it could possibly start with? So if there's some combination that it starts with the empty string, then there's going to be an epsilon in it. So that's what we start calculating. So let's say we have this grammar. S goes to A, B, C, D.  C goes to small c, big c, or epsilon, and D goes to little d, big d, or epsilon. So it's the fact that this is more complicated than what we've done, changed what we do, and we do the rules, we apply the rules just as we have them to this.  So the way I like to do this, and the way to help you make sure you're doing it correctly, and you know when to stop applying these rules, I build a table. So on the left-hand side, I have each of the first sets. So I have at the top the initial state, and then I'm going to put each transition of applying these rules to each of the non-terminals, what happens when I apply those rules, right? So I start them off, my initial condition is all of them are the empty set. Now this is really important because one thing that you're going to be tempted to do, right, this is a recursive definition. So when you go to program this, or when you go to write it, you'll say, okay, this is easy, right? So I calculate the first set of S, which means I have to calculate the first set of A, which means that I recursively go to A, try to calculate the first set of A. Well, the first set of A is either little A or the first of C. So now I've got to go calculate the first set of C, and you get stuck in this recursive hellhole in some sense. And because there can be loops, if you program it like that, you're never going to stop. You're going to keep trying indefinitely to calculate first sets, and your program is going to crash. So this is why we do this in steps, and we precalculate essentially the values. So when we say, on our first go around, we say, okay, I want to calculate the first set of S. So when I say, okay, my rule says I apply the first of A minus epsilon 2, add that to the first of S. Well, what's the first of A? It's right there on the board, standing in the face. No, it's the empty set. Yeah, this is why we start with, it's the empty set. We'll see that everything propagates correctly by continually applying these rules. But this is actually a very important point that will help you not get too far ahead of yourself when you're doing this, right? This is why we precalculate it when I say, what's the first of A? I don't have to look at anything else. All I look at is my table here, and I say, well, currently A is the first of A is the empty set. So that's what I'm going to use. I take the empty set, I subtract epsilon from it, I remove epsilon, there's still the empty set, and I add that to the first of S. So it's the first of S there. So now I'm going to move this out of the way, and we'll put the rules here. So which rule did I just try to apply by calculating the first of S? Which rule? So take rule three, so add the first of A right to the first of S, the first of A minus epsilon, where you said the first of A is empty set. So that's going to be the empty set, right? So now when I calculate, now I calculate the first of A, right? So which of these rules do I look at when trying to calculate the first of A? The production rules. These grammar rules. We'll number them. One, two, three, four, five. Which rules do I look at? Do I look at one? Do I look at two? Do I look at three? Do I look at four? Do I look at five? Do I look at all of them? So rule two doesn't apply currently because- Not rules. Not rules. I don't think about that. We're calculating the first of A, so we kind of know what we want to go to. So which production rules do we look at? Of these production rules. Do we look at this? Do we look at this? Exactly. So we only look at- We're interested in calculating the first of A. We only look at rules where A is on the left-hand side, right? Because our rules, that's the only way we add first sets. Each of those rules says, hey, if there's- To calculate the first set for a left-hand side symbol, check these things on the right-hand side and do these things, right? But that's the way we update. So we can completely forget. We don't have to look at anything else except for that the rule that has A on the left-hand side. Now once I get here, right, how many rules are there of A goes to something? Two. Two. Two, right? That's an important thing. So we're using the bar here but there's really two rules here. So let's take the first rule. A goes to CD. So which of my five rules, my first set rules do I apply? Three. So which one here is the left-most symbol? C? Big C? What's the first set of big C? Empty set. Empty set. Empty set. Yeah. So we take that, subtract it, epsilon from it and add it to the first of A which is still the empty set, right? So do any of the other rules apply? Three still applies a little way. Yeah. So three still applies to little A but just looking at CD, right? So those other rules don't apply because there's not an epsilon in the first of C, right? If there was an epsilon in the first of C I would try to add, I would add the first of D minus epsilon to the first of A but there's no epsilon in the first of C so I'm not going to do that. So that's the only rule that applies. So then let's look at this next rule, right? So applying rule three to the next rule, which of these symbols is matches to our V or our beta in our rule? Little A? Yeah. So what's the first set of little A? Little A. That's but how do you know it's not in any of these? It's rule one. Rule one. Yes. Right.  So after applying this we have the first of A here, right? So hopefully part of the thing that you should kind of be seeing and start to, right, is before when we tried to calculate the first of S we used the first of A as the empty set, right? But next time when we go through again we're going to use this set that contains A, right? So this is how our values are going to propagate through. So quick question for you. So the reason why we didn't, so you're saying we went over big C and big D, right, for the first of A but then the reason we didn't choose any elements from those from their first set is because their first set is the empty set, right? Exactly. We did. We still perform the calculation. Yeah, so this is what gets you, right? So algorithmically when you write this as a program, right, you just take whatever's in the first of C that you've calculated, you subtract epsilon from it and you add it to that, right? You're just doing set unions so you can do that with the empty set and it doesn't change. So based off of that if we would have pretty much computed first of C or first of D first and then first of A, it would have been, for example, little c. Exactly, yes. But we haven't got, we haven't, yeah, you can actually do these rules in any order. You just keep applying them and we'll look at the condition of when you stop when one column is exactly the same as the other column.  Why are you subtracting epsilon from c? Like how come you're not looking at little c yet? Here? Like, you know how you looked at the first of big C? Yes. And then you said, yeah, you used to correct epsilon. Correct. So what's the first of, so with the first of C? Oh, okay, I got you. Yeah, so you got to use these values, right? And this makes it simpler, right? So you can, at every step of this, uh-oh. Oh no, there's actually still a copy, I don't know if I should. Consider floor copy, if the copy was going in, I think it's fine. I'm going to drink it, so it doesn't get me too much. That's weird, but actually, it's about half full still. All right, that's cool. I blame the questions. Just kidding. All right, okay, so one horrible, horrible accident today. All right, so what was the question? I just got it. You didn't get to do it. Okay, cool. At least I'll do it in this mode. All right, perfect. Okay, so now I want to calculate the first of B. Right, so then which rule do we apply? B's rule? Rule three first, right? We apply rule three. So what's the leftmost symbol of the rule B goes to little b? Little b? Little b, right? So what's the first set of little b? The second containing b, right? So we take the second containing b, we subtract epsilon from it, and then we add that to the first set of big b. Yeah. So you're saying you always apply rule three because I thought it was only if it's like two similar? Alpha is a sequence, a sequence can be zero, right? Oh, okay. Exactly, yeah. So that's the other trick. That's why you only look at that symbol. So it just means you don't have to special case any rules for anything like that. You always take the leftmost symbol even if there's only one symbol. Kind of when we talk about leftmost derivations and rightmost derivations, right? If there's only one, it's both leftmost and rightmost.  Then we want to calculate the first set of c. Right, so how many rules do we look at here? Or which, which of these production rules do we look at? The rule three. Morse? Three. Yeah, c. Which production rule? The one that has the c. One that has c on the left hand side. Yeah, that's the important thing. Keep it getting right. Production rules. Production rules, first set of rules, I know. Kind of realized that as I said it. Okay, then we have, oh thank you. It's very nice. So now we want to calculate the first set of c. So what is the first set? So we look at the first rule, right? Big c goes to little c, big c. And then we take the, so which rule do we apply then? We take the little c. One, two, three. Rule three, right? So which of these symbols do we want to take the first set of? Big c or little c? Big c, little c. Little c, right? And so the first set of little c is? Little c, little c. Little c, we add that there, right? So we get the set containing little c. And then what about the next rule? We do the epsilon. So it's actually a tricky one. So this gets back into precisely applying these rules, right? So let's see if we can actually precisely apply these rules here in this case. So we have c goes to epsilon, right? Which rule do we apply? Rule three, right? We always apply to rule three, right? So we're trying to calculate the first set of c, right? And we say, okay, then we take the first set of the leftmost symbol. So what's the leftmost symbol here? Epsilon. Yeah, so what's the first set of epsilon? How do you know? Rule two, right? Epsilon. But what does rule three say that we add to the first set of c? Yeah, the first set of the leftmost symbol minus epsilon. So what's the second containing epsilon minus epsilon? The empty set. The empty set. So then we add the empty set to c, right? But, so we just applied rule three, right? Does rule four apply? Let's think about that. When would rule four apply? If epsilon is in the first of b, zero, etc., etc., then essentially it's saying that for all b of n, if epsilon is in b of n, then you check the first of epsilon b of n plus one. You don't check, you add it always. Yeah, that's good. The fourth rule, if we have to reply to the first of little c in this case, what about the next one? It would have for the other rule, right? But we're looking at the second rule here of epsilon, right? So, okay, the first thing to ask yourself for a question for number four, right, is is there an epsilon in the first set of the leftmost symbol? We just computed that. It definitely is. So then rule four says, okay, then you can add the next symbol to the first set of a. Is there a symbol? No. Yeah, so we can't add anything, right? So that rule four doesn't apply because we can't add anything after the epsilon. But what does rule five say? Epsilon still counts. Add it back in. Right. Well, so rule five says, right, if there's an epsilon in every single one of the symbols, then add epsilon to the first of c. So does that rule apply here? Yeah, we have one symbol on the right-hand side. Is epsilon in the first set of that symbol? Right. So then we can add, then we add epsilon to the first set of c. So take epsilon out and add it back in. Yes. So this is a, so obviously when you're looking at this, when you have c goes to epsilon, you know you can add epsilon to c, right? So you don't have to go over all of this rigmarole. But this is showing you that the rules are consistent. And if you, and this is how your program should work, right? So you don't have to special case epsilon at all. You just apply these rules over and over again, right? So you have a fifth rule that checks, hey, is there epsilon in the first set of all these symbols? If so, then add the second containing epsilon. So that's what actually propagates this. That was an important point I wanted to make, yeah. So how do you know it'll apply to the third rule instead of the second rule when you're checking c there? Because I'm trying to calculate the first set of big c, right? The first rule only applies to terminals. Is big c a terminal? No. And then the second rule applies to just epsilon. Is big c epsilon? No. No. So I know I have to start with rule three. Because rule three always applies to any non-terminal. Okay, because it has the or symbol that means that you have to apply rule three essentially. The or symbol just means that there's another rule. So I could write this as c goes to little c, big c. And I can have a new line and have another rule that says big c goes to epsilon. That's exactly the same. So it'd be the same thing if you have, if you got rid of this and just had c goes to epsilon.  And then by applying that, you apply rule two, right? To say, okay, what is the first set of the leftmost symbol? Well, in this case, it's clear, it's epsilon.  I'm hoping this will help on programming, right? That's why we want to talk about this and think about this as mechanically applying these basic operations. Okay. So that's the first set of d. What we can do a little bit of. It's going to have d and epsilon. d and epsilon, right? Yeah. So applying this to the, this rule, we take the leftmost symbol, right? Rule three says we take the leftmost symbol and then rule one says, well, that first of that symbol is the second painting d. We add that to big d. And then we do this exact same thing we did with epsilon. So we're going to get epsilon in here. Cool. So the question we have to ask ourselves, we've gone through all of the non-terminals here. So are we done? Can we stop and say these are the first sets? We've calculated it. We're done. Let's go home. No, because things have changed. Yeah. Right. That's how we know we're done. When two of these columns are identical, right? Are these columns identical? Well, we made a change, right? So we have to do it again. We apply these rules over again. So calculate the first of s. Which of these grammar rules do I look at? One through five. One. Yeah. Only one because I'm just looking at the first of s. And then which rule do I apply? Rule three. So I add the first of what to what? First of a. First of a to the first of s. The first of a minus epsilon to the first of s. Yeah, exactly. Which is going to be what? A. Little a. Little a. The second containing a. Yeah. Cool. Now I take first of a, right? I want to calculate the first of a, right? So I take, so I look at this rule first, right? A goes to big C, big D. So I'm going to add which symbol here? So which am I, so I'm going to apply this rule, right? So which do I try to calculate? First of C. The first of big C, right? And so what's the first of C? C epsilon, right? Yeah, we got it right here. This is where we look, right? We don't even have to, we don't look at the rules. We don't have to look at anything except for this table that we've created to say, okay, last time we did it, the latest value is C epsilon, right? We don't want to use this value, right? This is an old value. The empty set is an old value, right? We want to use the new value. Okay. So when I say, okay, so what, by applying rule three, what do I add to the first of A? Little C. Little C. Yeah, so right now the first of A is going to be the second taking A and C, right? Little A, little C. I specifically don't have epsilon, even though epsilon is in the first of C because they're, I'm subtracting it out, right? Cool. So do any of the other rules apply? Yeah, the A, the little A. The fifth one, maybe. The fifth one, you only go, wow. Isn't it because, because that first contained at the end, an epsilon, so you would add it back in, right? Or am I not understanding that correctly? The rule is, the rule is correct. Okay, so these are, there's two different things, right? There's the mathematical rules, which we can apply in any order. And as long as we apply them all correctly, we'll get the right answer. So we can't actually apply rule five. So what does rule five say? Well, the first sets. Yeah, so how do I actually calculate that here? What are the conditions here? How do I know if that applies? C and D, what do I look at for C and D? They can both be epsilon. Yeah, so if all of the grammar symbols in this rule, right?  No, no. No, because I'm not even considering that right now. Only focus on this rule, right? So I can say, hey, is there an epsilon in all of the, all of these symbols in their first sets? So what's the answer? Yes. Yes, so yes, I can add an epsilon there. So yeah, we can definitely do that. That's something we can do now. For me, I like to think about it a little bit algorithmically, right? Like, so how am I going to actually compute that? So that's, so I just added the first of S to the first of A, right? So the first of, sorry, I added the first of C minus epsilon to the first of A by applying rule three, right? But I haven't actually gone through and looked at each of the symbols yet, right? So I wouldn't really apply rule five now. What I think about is, does rule four apply? Yes. So what does this mean? How do I apply this to this rule, this production rule? This means if this first of C contained epsilon, then we wanted to use the first of C. So if the first of C contains an epsilon, that's it? Yes. Yeah. Then I add the first of D minus epsilon to the first of A. So what's the first of D minus epsilon? D. The second D. The second containing D. So A now has A, C, and D if we did it in this order, right? And then if there was a symbol after D, then I would say, hey, is epsilon in the first of D? Yeah. Then add the first of whatever comes after it to the first of A, right? But there's nothing after it. And then this is when I do my check, okay, did I go through all the way? Is there epsilon in all of these first sets? Yeah. Then I would, which is yes, right? And then I add epsilon there, right? So now this rule applies rule five. And so I add epsilon in here. So now I know the first of A is ABCD epsilon. We computed the first of A just now. Say it again. So we computed rule three on the first of A, right? So then how do we have an epsilon if we minus the epsilon from the first of C? Right. So we applied rule three. Yeah, and then we took out the epsilon. Then we took out the epsilon. Then we just added C, exactly. Yes, so the first of C doesn't have an epsilon. Correct. So we added, this is where we got the C from. So, yeah, no, I understand where you got the C from. Got it, got it, got it. I'll take it. You got an epsilon. You don't change the first of C. You just add the first of C by itself. Ah, yeah. Yes. So we only add and we're only changing A because we're only looking at that rule A. So yeah, so yeah, that's a good point. So we call, you think of it like a function call, right? We call the first of C. It returns something. And then we take out epsilon from that set without actually changing the first of C. OK. That's a good question. Cool. Yeah. Did we touch that? Did you get it? Yeah, the second. Ah, yes. OK, great. So actually, yeah, so we would apply this. So we actually didn't do that. I kind of skipped over it. That's a good point. But before we're done here, right, we say, OK, we finished with this rule, this production rule. A goes to C, D. But then I got to look at the next rule, right? So which one of my five rules applies to this, my five first-end rules? Three. Three. Right? So I do the same thing I did. I do three. And then I say, OK, add the first of little A to the first of big A. And I know by rule one that the first of A is the second-taining A. So I add that. A is already in there. So sets, right? So sets are just, order doesn't matter. And you can only have one of each element. So if you add A to a second-taining A, right? You still have? Doesn't matter. Yeah, it doesn't change it. But once again, algorithmically, you would just do that, right? You just apply all these rules as many times as you can for each of these non-terminals. Yeah. For the project where we're going to be programming, this does order matter? No, it shouldn't. If it does, you're doing it wrong. OK. So yeah, no, and that's the nice thing about this. You can just apply these. You can go over these non-terminals in any order. You can apply the rules as long as you're always grabbing the latest first set from here and not trying to recursively calculate it. That's when people get into trouble. OK. So the first set of B, change to rule one. Oh, yeah. Rule three, then rule one, right? So you add B back into there. There's already B in there. Mess to that. So that doesn't change. Then we do C. Same thing, doesn't change. And we do D. No change. So that actually gets into a good point about the question about do we take out epsilon from C, right? So this is another way you can self-check while you're doing this. So think about it this way, right? We're only ever adding things into sets. Every time we apply rules, we're only adding things. So all of these sets should only ever be growing. They should never be shrinking. So if you ever have a step where you've gotten rid of something, you've done something horribly wrong. And then you should go back and re-look at the rules or something, right? So that's another good way to check. So am I done? I want to know what the way is through. I'm not done. We've got to do it again. Do it again. OK, so we do S. So which of our rules do we apply to try to calculate the first of S? Three. So what's the first of A? A, C, D, and epsilon. So do I add A, C, D, epsilon to the first of S? Yeah, C, D. A, C, D, and then subtract epsilon. Right, A, C, D. So I take out epsilon, right? So now the first of S contains A, C, and D. So am I done? Because that set contained epsilon, you're now going to be. Yes, right? That's the important rule. So rule four, right? Rule four says, hey, do I add the first of the next one? And I know I add the first of the next one when the current one, the one I'm looking at, the leftmost one, has epsilon in it. So is epsilon in the first of A? Yes, yes. Yeah, then I add the first of big B there, right? Minus epsilon to the first of A. So my set for the first of S is A, C, D, B. So then do I add the first of C to the first of S? Yeah. Because the set rule four apply again? Because the first of B did not use your epsilon. Yeah, so B does not have an epsilon, so I don't add the first of C, right? That's the important point. That's when I stop. So there's rule five applied? No, right? We didn't reach the end. There's not an epsilon in all of these symbols just in the first one, right? Which kind of makes sense with the intuition of the first sets, right? So S, all the strings that S could possibly generate, A could go to nothing, the mg string, right, epsilon. But B is always going to be a single B, right? So it's not possible for S to generate a string that is empty. There has to be always a little B in there. So when I calculate the first of A, how does my set change? It doesn't change. Doesn't change, right? We have the first of C. We have the first of D. We take an epsilon, then we add it back in, because we went all the way through. Then we add the first of A. And none of that changes. B first of B? First of C? Nope. First of D? Oh, did I stop? Am I done? No, one more time is real. One more time, well, you only know it's one more time, because of the columns. Yes. We've reached the end of the PowerPoint slide, so we know we're done. That's nice, good. So first of S, right? When I calculate the first of S, what's the first thing I do? What do I add to the first of S? The first of A minus epsilon, right? A, C, D. No change. And then I, do I add the first of B? Yes, yeah. Yes, because there's an epsilon in the first of A, so I add the first of B minus epsilon. Do I add the first of C? Nope. Nope. So I stop, there, this one stops, this one stops, this one stops, this one stops. Now they're all the same, so we stop. Now we're all, now the sets are all the same. We've applied all the rules, so now it stops. And it kind of makes sense. If you think about why do we keep doing it until it doesn't change, right? So every time we apply the rules, we're adding something to the sets, right? The sets are always growing, and each of the rules depends on the first set of the other rules. So you keep on going until you don't change anything? Yes, it's called the fixed point, but we won't, we don't have to know that or anything, but in general, in the future, when they talk about theory stuff or fixed point or whatever, this is what it means is you've reached a point where you're applying all these rules, doing all these things, and you're not actually changing the sets or anything. And you know that you're done because, hey, every time I add these rules, I better be adding something to a first set, and all the rules depend on the other rules' first sets. So if I never change anything by correctly applying all the rules, then I know I'm done, right? And you can even, this doesn't mean that you actually, you know, you have to stop here if you wanna do a self-check and do it one more time by applying all those rules. You know, better make sure it stops there. All right, one thing, what if I change this A over here to be A, big A, big D right here on this left-hand side? Would I be able to do that? Or would everything, when I start here, right? I say, when I calculate the, I calculate the first of S, I calculate the first of A. So this C, big C is an A. When I calculate the first, when I try to calculate the first of big A, which rule do I apply? The term like it's epsilon? It's what you do with rule three, right? Rule three? Yeah. Wouldn't actually craft, you could do the first of A minus epsilon and then the first of A could be small A, big A, and then you would just take A. So it would be the same thing, right? Yeah, close. What do we use? So here we have basically A goes to A alpha, right? We add the first of A minus epsilon to the first of A. So do we get an affordable recursive call? We have multiple rules in A, so you just try the other rule. But I already know the first of A, right? The first of A is the empty set. The empty set A. Exactly. So when we see this, we say, hey, the first of A, I just look it up here. It's the empty set. I say empty set minus epsilon. Boom, done. What would you do on the next iteration? On the next iteration, there'll be an A in there, right? Because there's an A here. And so I'll just add in the second painting A minus epsilon to the second painting A. I mean, it's not going to change, right? If you union a set with itself, it doesn't change, right? But the critical thing is this is why you can't do this recursively when you program it, right? The important thing is there's no special case that it's the fact that it's the same, right? Whatever this symbol is that you're trying to calculate here, the first of B, right? You just look it up in the table. So though these rules are recursive, to apply them recursively is not the best program. Yes, absolutely. So you can think about this as like, what's the last scene value of the first of B? So that's what's important to yourself.