Welcome to lecture series in the course advanced geotechnical engineering, we are in module 6 lecture 2 on buried structures. So in the previous lecture we introduced ourselves to Marston's load theory and then we have understood about the definitions about the different trench and projection conditions. Now in this lecture we will try to look into the chief differences between flexible and rigid pipes and Marston's load theory for different trench and projection conditions. Before looking into that let us look into what are the significance of buried pipes or buried conduits and what materials are usually transported through these buried pipes. The materials transported through buried pipes are basically crude and refined petroleum and fuels such as oil, natural gas and biofuels and some power plants can also have the cooling water pipelines and the waste products in a fluid state including sewage, slurry and industrial waste and some pipes are also buried pipes are also used for water, transporting water for drinking and irrigation and in some cases hydrogen gas and highly toxic ammonia have been reported to be transported. So pipelines that are buried underground are required to sustain other loads besides their internal fluid pressures. So pipelines that are buried underground are required to sustain the other loads like first sulphate and then due to vehicular loads or due to or due to some seismic loads. That is they must support the soil war burden, groundwater and loads applied at the ground surface like vehicular traffic and forces induced by seismic motion in seismically prone areas. That means that these buried pipelines must support the soil war burden, groundwater and load applied at the ground surface due to load due to vehicular traffic and forces induced by the seismic motion in seismic prone zones. So buried pipelines are therefore the structures as well as conduits for conveying fluids and the special design procedures are required to be adopted while designing buried pipelines to ensure that both the functions are simultaneously fulfilled. That means that it will serve as a structure as well as a conduit. So the special design procedures are required to be adopted while designing these buried pipelines and to ensure both the functions are simultaneously satisfied. As the pipelines are buried more land space can be utilized for construction above the ground. So that is one of the attributes of using buried pipelines. And buried pipelines ensure minimum number of bends and crossing along the length of the pipe as they can pass in a relatively straight manner below the ground. So the buried pipelines ensures minimum number of bends and crossings along the length of the pipe as they can pass in a relatively straight manner below the ground. in turn ensures the minimum losses because if you ensure with less number of bends it ensures minimum losses due to bending and joints. And as the pipes are placed below the ground they are relatively safe from the sabotage point of view. So that is another important issue nowadays as because these pipes are placed below the ground they are required to be ensured the safety has to be ensured from any sabotage point of view. Remember these buried pipelines are necessary in case of pipelines carrying sewage oil or hazardous end products of complex industrial process in order to prevent contamination to the surrounding environment. So the functions of the buried pipelines are hydraulic and structural if you look into it. The hydraulic requirement is that designed to carry fluids carried by public water systems, sewers, drainage facilities and many industrial processes. In the structural they are basically designed to carry the weight of the ground and any load acting on it. So from the structural point of view the pipe need to be designed or buried pipe need to be designed to carry the weight of the ground and any load acting on it. So before looking into the Marston's theory let us look into the different types like again ditch conduits and projecting conduits. So we have introduced ourselves like buried pipes are divided into two main categories one is called ditch conduits and projecting conduits. In the pipe is installed in a if the pipe is installed in a narrow trench generally less than the two times the diameter of the pipe in undisturbed soil then the backfill to the natural grounds level then this is called you know the ditch conduit. The examples of this type of conduits are sewers, drains, water mains and gas mains and buried oil pipelines. So if the pipe is installed in a narrow trench generally the trench width less than two times the diameter of the pipe in the undisturbed soil then backfill to the natural ground surface and this type of conduit category is called ditch conduit. And the projecting conduits are basically two types one is called positive projecting conduit and negative projecting conduit. In the positive projecting conduit basically it is a conduit or a pipe installed in a shallow bedding with the top of the pipe cross section above the natural ground surface. So if the top of the pipe cross section is above the natural ground surface then it is called as a positive projecting conduit. Generally for highway and railway rail road culverts the positive projecting conduits are installed. A positive projecting conduit is a conduit or a pipe installed in shallow bedding with the top of the pipe cross section projecting above the natural ground surface. So highway and railway road culverts are basically installed in this way. And negative projecting conduit basically is a conduit installed in a relatively narrow and a shallow ditch with the top of the conduit below the natural ground surface that means that here this is the natural ground surface. The top of the conduit surface is below the natural ground surface. So there is a reason why it is called as negative projecting conduit. And the ditch is then backfilled with loose soil and embankment is constructed. So basically the ditch is then backfilled with loose soil and then embankment is reconstructed and here the embankment is with the compacted soil. So this is effective in reducing the load on the conduit especially if the backfill above the conduit is loose soil. So negative projecting conduit is a conduit which is installed in a relatively narrow and a shallow ditch with the top of the conduit is top of the conduit below the natural ground surface. The ditch is then backfilled with loose soil and the embankment is constructed. So this is basically effective in reducing the load on the conduit especially if the backfill above the conduit is constructed. So this is basically effective in reducing the load on the conduit especially if the backfill above the conduit is a loose soil. Then another case which is called as imperfect ditch conduit condition where it is similar to lead to embankment condition but more favorable from standpoint of load reduction in pipe used in very deep installations. So basically this is difficult to achieve for large diameter pipes and this type of construction is called imperfect ditch conduit or induced trench conduit condition where the top of the pipe is above the natural ground level and which is actually filled with a compacted fill and above the pipe it is actually placed with loose soil. So this actually process will invite seepage into the area and which actually endangers the stability of the pipe. So because of that this is not recommended for the wet areas and this type of category of installation of the pipe is called imperfect ditch conduit or induced trench conduit condition. So then we also have discussed about the active arching and passive arching. Then we said that this active arching occurs predominantly in flexible pipes and active arching occurs when the structure is more compressible like let us say a flexible pipe than the surrounding soil. So if the structure deforms uniformly on the plane above and below the pipe then the stresses on it tend to be lower toward the edges and due to the mobilized shear stresses in the soil. Because here in the case of active arching what will happen is that the pipe settles more than the surrounding soil. So in the process what will happen the load which is transferred to the pipe is actually less. So if the structure deforms uniformly on the plane above and below the pipe the stresses on it tend to be lower toward the edges and due to the mobilized shear stresses in the soil. So the stress distribution is actually shown here this is at the location of the pipe this is the diameter of the pipe this width is the diameter of the pipe and this is the one of the edges of the pipe and this is one of the edges of the pipe. So the stress distribution across the plane above and below the pipe and passive arching basically this is predominant in rigid pipes the soil is more compressible than the structure that means that the pipe will not undergo any settlements the surrounding soil undergoes settlements. As a result the soil undergoes large settlement the mobilized shear stresses which increase the total pressure on the structure while decreasing the pressure on the edges and ground. So here assuming that the structural deformations are uniform the stresses are highest at the edges and lowest at the center. So the stress distribution across the plane above and below the pipe is obtained like this assuming that the structural deformations are uniform the stresses are highest at the edges and lowest at the center line. This is because of the participation of passive arching particularly for rigid pipes where the soil is actually more compressible than the structure. So here the effect of soil settlement on flexible and rigid pipes is shown here. In case of flexible pipe it can be seen here the pipe undergoes more settlement than the surrounding soil. In case of rigid pipe the surrounding soil undergoes more settlement than the pipe. So in this case the this is the external prism on the left hand side and this is the external prism on the left right hand side and this is internal prism can be seen that this shear stresses are acting downward and imposing the load on the pipe. In this case what is happening is that because the pipe is settling more than the surrounding soil there is a resistance actually offered from the this external prisms on the left hand side and right hand side in case of a flexible pipe. So the actual load on the pipe is less than the load on the central prism due to the you know the direction in which the shear stresses are acting. Similarly here actual load on the pipe is more than the load on the central prism due to the direction in which the shearing stresses are acting. So here the actual load on the pipe is more than the load of the central prism. So the actual load on the pipe will be more than the load of this central prism that means that sulphate of this prism in which this is because is attributed to the direction in which the shear stresses are acting. So in this case you can see that the surrounding soil is settling more than the surrounding soil is settling more than the structure under consideration that is nothing but a rigid pipe. So this is once again which is actually shown in a pictorial way the arching effect in underground conduits particularly for flexible pipes this actually acts like a this is the direction of relative movement and here in this case this is the direction of relative movement. So here the for rigid pipes inverted arching action takes place. In case of flexible pipes the favorable arching action takes place like this. So the direction of movement is this like this and this side and this side there is a resistance. So we can see this arch which is actually formed which is favorable like this for flexible pipes. In this case you know the shape of the arch is like this and the direction of relative movement is downward here and this is the inverted arch action for the rigid pipes. Now let us based on the previous discussion which we have done in the previous lecture let us look into this example problem. So we need to calculate what is the maximum load on a very rigid pipe in a ditch excavated in sand and the pipe outside the diameter pipe of the pipe outside diameter that is nothing but the outer diameter of the pipe is 0.45 meter and the trench width is about 1 meter and the depth of the burial is 2.5 meters and the soil unit weight is 18.4 kilo Newton per meter cube. So the soil unit weight is about 18.4 kilo Newton per meter cube. So first of all in this solution what we need to do is that we need to find out what is CD. So here in this case if we assume it as a wet sand the rank and ratio k is obtained as 0.33 and coefficient of friction which is nothing but 0.5, coefficient of friction mu is given as 0.5. So the k mu is nothing but k into mu is about 0.165 that is 0.33 into 0.5. So first we need to determine CD and the CD can be obtained like this. Now by using this particular curve variation of CD with the z by b for different values of k u so we can see that as we have got for wet sand with k is equal to 0.33 and mu is equal to 0.5 k mu is equal to 0.165 so it will be somewhere here.  So 2.5 meter divided by b that is 1 which is nothing but 2.5 and for h by b that is is equal to 2.5, k mu is equal to 0.165 for z by b is equal to h by b is equal to 2.5, k mu is equal to 0.165 we can read CD here and CD works out to be 1.4. So with that what we can get is that w is equal to CD into gamma b square where in 1.4 into 18.4 into 1 square. So with that what we get is that it is nothing but 25.76 kilo Newton per meter. So normally if you look the weight of this prism above this pipe which is nothing but if you say the unit weight is say 20 kilo Newton per meter cube and the height is 2.5 so it is nothing but gamma h is nothing but that is 2.5 into gamma that is 2.5 into 20 is about 50 kilo Newton per meter square. So w is equal to CD gamma b square where 1.4 into 18.4 into 1 square. So with that what we can get is that 25.76 kilo Newton per meter. So in continuation of this discussion the Marston load theory particularly for embankment conditions need to be highlighted we have done for the previous case for the trench conditions. So in conjunction with the positive projecting conduits Marston determined the existence of horizontal plane above the pipe where the shear forces are 0 and if this plane is called the plane of equal settlement. That means that in conjunction with the positive projecting conduits which are actually where the top of the pipe is above the natural ground level the Marston defined the determined existence of the horizontal plane above the pipe where the shear forces are 0. So this plane is actually called as the plane of equal settlement. So above this plane the interior and exterior prisms that means that interior prism is nothing but the prism which is right above the pipeline and exterior prisms are the prisms on the left and right sides of the pipe. So above this plane the interior and exterior prisms of soil settle equally and the condition where the plane of equal settlement is real is called an incomplete or incomplete projection or incomplete ditch condition. If the plane of equal settlement is imaginary and that means that the shear forces extend all the way up to the top of the embankment then it is called a complete ditch or complete projection condition. If the plane of equal settlement is imaginary and the shear forces will extend all the way up to the top of the embankment then it is called as complete ditch or complete projection condition. So there are two cases which are actually considered for the positive projecting conduits. In case one the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more than the top of the pipe. So that is for a rigid pipe the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more than the top of the pipe. In case two the top of the pipe settles more than the soil at the sides of the pipe this is for the flexible pipe. So case one the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more than the top of the pipe. In case two the top of the pipe settles more than the soil at the sides of the pipe. So in case one was called the projection condition by Marston and is characterized by positive settlement ratio that is gamma that is rsd, rsd is nothing but positive settlement ratio. This is for a where this is for called by the case one is called by the projection condition by Marston and is characterized by positive settlement ratio. The shear forces are downward and cause a greater load on the buried pipe for class one. The shear forces are downward because the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more than the top of the pipe because of that the shear forces are downward and causes a greater load on the buried pipe for case one. And case two is called the ditch condition and is characterized by the negative settlement ratio that is rsd will be negative. So the shear forces are directed upward in this case and resulted in a reduced load on the pipe. This is the shear forces are directed upward in this case is resulted in a reduced load on the pipe. So in the positive projecting conduit conditions derivation according to Marston's load theory the two cases were considered on case one is that the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more than the top of the pipe and case two is the top of the pipe settles more than the soil at the sides of the pipe with case one and case two and case one where the positive settlement ratio gamma rsd is used and where case two where the negative settlement ratio where the shear forces are acting upward in this case and results in a reduced load on the pipe because case two the top of the pipe settles more than the soil at the sides of the pipe that is for a flexible pipe case. Now in this particular slide a case one is actually shown where h is the height from the top of the embankment to the top of the pipe and he is nothing but the height of the plane of equal settlement. So this is the plane of equal settlement and this is the interior prism and this is the exterior prism one on the left hand side exterior prism on the right hand side where in this particular case h is greater than he where h is greater than he and sf plus dc.  So here not all pipes are installed in ditches and therefore it is necessary to treat the problem of pipes buried in the embankments and embankment is where the top of the pipe you know is project above the natural ground and this type of installation is defined as the positive projecting conduit and this condition where sf plus dc is less than sm plus sg and h is greater than he is called as a incomplete projection condition. So we are actually discussing about the embankment conditions as the not all pipes are installed in ditches therefore it is necessary to treat the problem of pipes buried in the embankments case also that is the reason why we are actually trying to reduce the expression by using the Barstons load theory so that we can determine what is the load imposed on the pipe for the different conditions which are actually are going to be you know evolved. So in this case the case 2 where h is greater than he and sf plus dc that is the settlement of the fill and you know dc that is the deflection of the pipe is greater than sf plus sg. So this case 2 is called the ditch condition and is characterized by a negative settlement ratio that is rsd the shear forces are direct upward that can be seen here the shear forces are actually acting upward in this case and result of this results in a reduced load on the pipe. So this particular condition of h greater than he and sf plus dc greater than sf plus sg is called as incomplete ditch condition. In case of the previous slide where it can be seen that the shear forces are actually acting downward the shear forces are acting downward so this actually contributes to more settlement on the you know below the critical plane here the critical plane is a plane at the top of the pipe. You can be seen that this is the critical plane so this particular portion is sf plus dc and this particular portion is sf plus sg. In this case also the critical plane you can see that the pipe actually settles more than the critical plane and the surrounding soils only settles this much sf plus sg. So this is sf plus dc where the settlement is actually very high because of the flexibility of the pipe because of the flexibility of the pipe. So here what is sf, sf is nothing but the compression of soil at the sides of the pipe and sg is nothing but the settlement of the natural ground surface at sides of the pipe. So sf is compression of soil at sides of the pipe, sg is nothing but the settlement of the natural ground surface at sides of the pipe and sf is nothing but the settlement of foundation underneath the pipe and DC is nothing but the deflection of the top of the pipe. So SF is nothing but the compression of soil at the sides of the pipe and SG is nothing but the settlement of natural ground surface at the sides of the pipe. That means that these settlements are due to this particular, this is the settlement of the foundation and this is the settlement of the fill below the exterior pipe. There is the sides of the pipe. So this is actually what is being discussed and this is Pbc, the P is actually called as the projection ratio, P is called as the projection ratio. So SF is the settlement of foundation underneath the pipe that is the settlement of foundation underneath the pipe and that is here also it is shown SF as the settlement of the foundation of the underneath the pipe and SG is the settlement of the natural ground surface at sides of the pipes. That is settlement of the natural ground surface at the sides of the pipes that is actually shown here. How much the natural ground surface is settling at the sides of the pipe and SM is the compression of soil at the sides of the pipe and settlement of the natural ground surface at sides of the, SF is nothing but settlement of the foundation underneath the pipe and DC is the deflection of the top of the pipe. that is the DC is the deflection at the top of the pipe. So after having defined the terminologies the settlement ratio is actually defined as SM plus SG minus SF plus DC by SM. So for flexible pipes the settlement ratio is negative because SF plus DC is actually greater than SM plus SG. So the ratio of SM plus SG minus SF plus DC by SM is defined as settlement ratio and critical plane of settlement is nothing but SM that is the strain inside soil plus SG ground settlement and settlement of the top of the pipe is equal to SF plus DC which is nothing but the SF conduit settlement and plus DC which is the vertical pipe deflection due to the property of the pipe. This is the pipe deflection is merely due to the property of the pipe. So in conjunction with the positive projecting conduits the Marston determine the existence of horizontal plane above the pipe where the shearing forces are 0. So this plane is called the plane of equal settlement. So above this plane the interior and exterior presence of the soil settle equally. So in conjunction with the positive projecting conduits the Marston determine the existence of horizontal plane and above this pipe where the shear forces are 0 and this plane is actually called as the plane of equal settlement. Above this plane the interior and exterior presence of soil settles equally. So for the positive projecting conduit in continuation of our discussion the condition where the plane of equal settlement is real that is located within the embankment and is called as incomplete projection or incomplete ditch condition. If the plane of equal settlement is imaginary that is the shear forces extend all the way up to the top of the embankment this is called as a complete ditch or completely projection condition. So for this the Marston load equation for positive projecting conduits is given and this is given by for complete condition for complete condition wc is equal to cc into gamma into bc square, cc is nothing but e to the raise plus or minus 2k mu into h by bc minus 1 divided by plus or minus 2k mu. So please note that there are plus or minus signs are there in expression for cc. So this is for complete condition where wc is equal to cc into gamma bc square where cc is equal to e to the raise plus or minus 2k mu into h by bc minus 1 divided by plus or minus 2k mu. So the minus signs are for the complete ditch condition and the plus signs for the complete projection condition. So in this particular expression the minus sign is for the complete ditch condition and plus sign are for the complete projection condition. For incomplete condition we have to use this one where cc is equal to e to the raise plus or minus 2k mu into hc by bc he by bc minus 1 divided by plus or minus 2k mu plus h by bc minus he by bc into e to the raise plus or minus 2k mu into he by bc. So where minus signs are for the incomplete ditch condition and plus signs for the incomplete projection condition where minus signs for the incomplete ditch condition and plus signs for the incomplete projection conditions and he is the height of the plane of equal settlement. So he is nothing but the height of the plane of the equal settlement. Suppose if you assume that the height of the embankment and height of the equal settlement that is the plane of equal settlement if they are equal. So when he is equal to he and this is actually converted into this case is converted into cc is equal to e plus or minus 2k mu into h by bc minus 1 divided by plus or minus 2k mu into this thing. So when we have h is equal to h mu this particular expression is actually converted into this one. So this particular portion will get nullified so what you have is only this one. So at h is equal to he the incomplete case becomes complete case when he is equal to he where that means that height of embankment is equal to height of plane of equal settlement then that case the incomplete condition gets converted into a complete condition. So what we have done is that by using this different for embankment conditions we actually have deduced depending upon the either flexible pipe or rigid pipe we actually have you know deduced the effect we have made efforts to calculate the load coming on to the pipe that is nothing but w is equal to wc is equal to cc into gamma into vc square. Now this cc basically is a function of the ratio of the height of the cover to the pipe diameter so h is nothing but the height of the cover to the pipe diameter and the product of the settlement ratio gamma sd and the projection ratio that is gamma sdp that is nothing but the that is the settlement ratio product of settlement ratio gamma sd and the projection ratio p and k is nothing but the Rankine constant and mu is nothing but the coefficient of friction. So the value of the product k mu is generally taken as 0.19 for the projection condition and 0.13 for the ditch condition. So the cc is a function of h by bc and the gamma sd into p k and mu. Now we actually have you know the four conditions have been classified according to Spangler based on the installation the complete projection condition is nothing but the top of the conduit settles less than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is less than the theoretical height of equal settlement that is called complete projection condition. In complete projection condition the top of conduit settles less than the critical plane that is the rigid pipe and height of the embankment is greater than the height of equal settlement and in case of complete ditch condition the top of the conduit settles more than the critical plane and the height of embankment is less than the height of equal settlement which is imaginary case. In complete ditch condition where the top of the conduit settles more than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is more than the height of the equal settlement. So we have complete projection condition and incomplete projection condition. The difference between complete projection condition and incomplete projection condition is nothing but the top of the conduit settles less than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is less than the theoretical height of equal settlement. So in the case of incomplete projection condition the top of the conduit settles less than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is greater than the height of the actual settlement. In the case of complete ditch condition the top of the conduit settles more than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is less than the height of the equal settlement. The incomplete ditch condition the top of the conduit settles more than the critical plane and the height of the embankment is more than the height of the equal settlement. So these conditions are actually shown once again here wherein the complete projection condition, the complete projection condition where height of the embankment, height of the embankment that is this is the embankment and this is the natural ground level and this is the top of the conduit is actually above the natural ground surface, this is a positive projecting conduit and where the height of the plane of equal settlement which is above the height of the embankment that is h less than h e and sf plus dc, sf plus dc is less than sm plus sg that means that here the surrounding soil actually settles more than the, you know this more than the, more than more than the soil at the foundation below right below the pipe and the deflection of the pipe. So sf plus dc is less than sm plus sg so this condition is called complete projection condition whereas so if you look into this in order to reduce this for getting this w is equal to cc into gamma bc square and for getting the different load conditions which we have discussed the forces which are actually nothing but the shear forces are acting like this, in this case it is downward, they are acting downward and these are the normal stresses acting like this and so what we have taken is that we have taken on the small element and integrated to the entire area so that we could actually get the entire load acting on the buried concert. So in this case you know the plane of equal settlement is less than the height of the embankment you can see that h greater than he so h is actually greater than he so this is the critical plane so this is the critical plane also in this case where sf plus dc is less than the sm plus sg, sf plus dc is less than the sm plus sg so this is incomplete projection condition where incomplete projection condition is here. So here initial elevation when h is equal to 0 when initial elevation when h is equal to 0 that is shown here and elevation when h is equal to he elevation when h is equal to he and after settlement and elevation at completion of the field which is actually shown here. So incomplete projection condition where incomplete projection condition means the top of the conduit settles less than the critical plane and height of the embankment is greater than the height of the equal settlement that is what actually has been shown here height of the embankment is actually more than he and the pipe actually settles less than the that is sf plus dc settles less than the sm plus sg that is again here the shear forces are acting downwards. So the both this incomplete projection condition incomplete projection condition which are actually shown the both are for the rigid pipes only. So in order to compute this cc value by considering the factors which are actually there for different possible conditions which can be possible the diagram for the coefficient of coefficient cc for positive projecting conduits is actually given here where this curve is for values of the coefficient of cc on the x axis here they range from 0 to 10 here and values of h by bc for different values of h by bc they are given here and this side is actually for k mu is equal to 0.19 and this side is for k mu is equal to 0.13 and at this along the central line that rsdp is equal to 0 at the along the central line rsdp is equal to 0 when rsdp is equal to 0 that means that cc coefficient will be equal to h by bc whatever h by bc will be there and that is equal to cc. So this condition when rsp is equal to 0 is nothing but you know h by bc so when you say that wc is equal to gamma into cc into bc square then cc is equal to h by bc so what we get is that the load on the pipe is nothing but wc is equal to gamma into h into bc. So here the negative settlement ratios are given that is minus 0.1 minus 2 minus 0.2 minus 0.5 and minus 1 so here the minus settlement that rsp ratios rsp term which is in minus is given here and positive is given here and along this line this is the complete projection condition and this is the complete condition and this is for different incomplete conditions and this is for incomplete projection conditions. So in this slide the diagram for the coefficient cc for positive projecting conduits is given wherein this is after the Spangler and Handy 1982 wherein for different values if you look into that rsp is equal to 0 it gets converted into cc is equal to h by bc with that the wc is equal to gamma into h into bc that is actually about. So this is for complete ditch condition incomplete ditch condition incomplete projection condition and complete projection conditions they can be obtained. So the settlement ratio rsd is difficult and if not impossible to determine even empirically from direct observations. As we discussed here when rsd p is equal to 0 cc is equal to h by bc with that wc is equal to gamma hbc that means the presumed load that is the weight of the soil above the top of the pipe when rsd is equal to 0 that is nothing but the plane at top of the pipe is called as the critical plane settles as the same out as the top of the pipe that means that if sm plus sg is equal to sf plus dc that means that the side soil and the sf plus sg and sf plus dc then they settle equally then it is called as rsd is equal to 0. If sm plus sg is equal to sf plus dc then settlement ratio will be 0. So the different values of design values of settlement ratios are given rsd for the rigid culvert on foundation of rock or underlying soil where the settlement ratio is taken as plus 1 and rigid culvert on foundation of ordinary soil where the settlement ratio is given as plus 0.5 to plus 0.8 and rigid culvert on foundation of material that yields with respect to the adjacent natural ground where the settlement ratio is given as 0 to 0.5 plus 0.5 and flexible culvert with poorly compacted side fields where the settlement ratio is nothing but minus 0.4 to 0 and flexible culvert with well compacted soil is nothing but minus settlement ratio is nothing but minus 0.2 to plus 0.8. So the design values of settlement ratios are given here for rigid as well as the flexible culverts. When the pipe is installed in a narrow shallow trench with the top of the pipe level with the adjacent top of the pipe level matches with the natural ground then the projection ratio p is said to be 0. The projection ratio p is said to be 0 that means that when the pipe is installed just at top of the pipe matches with the natural ground surface then the projection ratio is said to be 0. The distance from the top of the structure to natural ground surface is distance from the top of the structure to the natural ground surface is represented by BBC. So the load transfer pattern in flexible and rigid pipes is actually shown in this slide. It can be seen that the load transfer in a rigid pipe is actually internally borne by the pipe itself. In case of a flexible pipe as the load increases the vertical diameter decreases and the horizontal diameter lateral diameter increases. So it derives support actually from the side supports. So here in case of flexible pipes as the loading increases it actually the vertical diameter decreases and lateral diameter increases. So the distinguish should pattern of the load transfer mechanism is actually shown here. In case of rigid pipe which is actually shown in this left hand side of the figure. In the right hand side of the figure wherein it is actually shown as the loading increases the vertical diameter decreases and horizontal diameter increases. And here the typical failure modes of the flexible pipes is actually shown here and wherein we have the wall crushing which actually can happen with the furlings here which is actually shown here. And here the buckling of the pipe which can actually can occur because of the non-informed stresses buckling of the pipe and excessive deflection of the pipe because of the material inherent property. If the material of the pipe which is actually used is inferior then the excessive deflection can actually can come. So that actually results in too much decrease in the vertical diameter and increase in the lateral diameters and excessive internal hydrostatic pressures. For example if you are actually using some cool water pipelines under the pressures of the order of 5 bar to 6 bar and because of that if there is excessive internal hydrostatic pressures the failure planes also failure modes can also can lead to the bursting of the pipelines. So the typical four difficult failure modes of the flexible pipes are shown here and wall crushing, wall buckling and excessive deflection and excessive internal hydrostatic pressure. So for flexible pipes most are proposed with the following expression where W is equal to gamma into BD into H. The B is nothing but the breadth of the pipe the diameter of the pipe and H is the height of the embedded depth of the pipe. And the importance of the proper bedding on buried pipes basically the bedding condition is very much important and the area of the contact between the pipe and soil is so small the stress is actually more and may damage the pipe. Suppose the area of the contact between the pipe and the soil is actually small the stress concentration which actually occurs here and lead to the damage to the pipe. So the area of the contact between the pipe and the soil is large so the stress is actually less. Suppose if you are having an appropriate bedding the proper bedding for the pipe then what will actually happen is that the stress concentration will get reduced here and will not lead to on toward the failures like buckling of the pipes and leading to the non-form stresses generation the pipes and this can actually happen lead to failure in flexible pipes. So this importance of the proper bedding on buried pipes for example when we have at the joints and if the joints are actually supported like this there is a possibility that this portion actually becomes unsupported and the load is concentrated at this zones and it lead to the formation of the cracks and the proper way of doing is that it needs to be properly supported or the proper bedding need to be given so that the load is uniformly distributed and the cracks can be or damages or distresses in the pipe can be prevented. So in this case here because of the improper bedding there is a possibility that the distresses in the pipes can be cause. So after having discussed about the different loading conditions of installation of the pipes as we have discussed that the pipes or buried pipes are subjected not only due to the sulphate of the soil but also due to some external loads and internal loads. The external loads are nothing but dead load or war burden pressure and live loads live loads nothing but if that area is actually having some vehicular traffic then the vehicular traffic needs to be considered and the seismic loads particularly as we have seen that in order to reduce the load on the pipe we actually use the loose fins and if they are actually saturated then in the case of seismic perturbance there can be possibility of the pipe flotation and liquefaction which we are actually going to discuss. And this the internal loads basically the internal pressure and vacuum and pipes associated pipe and associated contents. So the loading on the pipe lines is basically the two broad categories one is called external loads and internal loads and another external one of the other external load is also loaded load due to external fluid pressure the load due to external fluid pressure. So when you have the dead load or war burden pressure this is the pressure due to the weight of the soil and the water above the pipe. So here if suppose if we are having a let us consider four different pipes which are actually placed at different levels the pressure increases with the depth of the pipe that is the dead load of the pipe P1 is actually less than P2 less than P3 and P3 less than P4. So the pressure due to the weight of the soil and weight of the weight above the pipe so this is due to the dead load or war burden pressure. And the live load this is nothing but the static or dynamic load acting on the ground above the pipe and transmitted the pipe through the soil. So vehicles in case of railroad traffic the train loading and vehicle loading in case of highway embankment loading, aircrafts in case of air feed pavements etc they are the source of such loads. So magnitude of such loads get reduced at the depth of the embankment is increased. So what we have actually discussed in this particular lecture is that we have discussed about the different projection conditions and we defined you know the Marston's load theory for flexible pipe condition and where pipe settles more than the surrounding soil. In case of rigid pipe surrounding soil settles more than the pipe and when these two issues are there then we have actually defined a parameter called settlement ratio and depending upon the projection condition we actually have said that Wc is equal to Cc into gamma into BC square and then we said that the Cc is actually function of you know the H by Vc and the product of gamma Sd and P and K and mu and for different projection conditions we actually have deduced you know we can calculate what is Cc. So with that we can actually calculate for different projection conditions which are actually categorized and classified for pipe installation. We can actually calculate the prime and most important loading due to the soil and thereafter now we will actually try to look into how the external loading like loading due to some external loading and live load how they can actually affect and how these effects can be calculated and further we look into how these pipe deflections can be calculated and then subsequent to that we will try to see you know how the issues of pipe flotation and other issues can be addressed and how they can be what are the remedial measures to safeguard and prevent pipe flotation in case of a liquefaction attenuation.


As part of a morale, welfare, and recreation event, the Seattle Seahawks Cheerleaders visit Naval Air Station Naples to hold dance clinics for children. Petty Officer Andres Hernandez brings us his story. The Seattle Seahawks Cheerleaders, also known as the Seagals, visit NSN Naples to entertain service members and their families. The most fun and most rewarding part is getting to connect with the troops. We put on various dance clinics at all of the bases that we're able to tour. Play some games, so it's a lot of fun. The girls and the boys always love it. And hopefully just bring a little bit of home to everybody who's missing their family. Create a really, really fun, entertaining time for you guys where you can just focus on having a good time. For more information on upcoming MWR sponsored performances, visit their Facebook page at NSN Naples, MWR. Petty Officer Andres Hernandez, Naples, Italy.


If you want to have the unfair advantage, if you want to crush everybody, you better make sure your voice tonality is on point. Hey guys, it's Andy. In this video, I want to talk to you about something that's very, very important. By the way, this can be in person, face-to-face selling, or this could also be on the phone, all right? This is going to be a video about voice tonality. Now, once you understand something, you see how I started the video is a little higher, and then I said, this video is going to be about voice tonality. I would drive it home, okay? You can use your voice tonality to make certain points, okay? Number one, you could slow down a word. I could say, hey guys, listen, this is really, really important for you to understand. You see, that's that really, really caught your attention, and then I sped back up, okay? So you can use it to make a point. Secondly, you can use it to get someone's attention, okay? And then also on top of that, you can also do it to what? Increase the energy, because listen, if you can hear my voice, if you called me, you could tell whether I was sitting down having a crappy day, or standing up having the best day of my life, right? All in the voice tonality that you would hear from me. Also, when I'm talking to you, okay? Do you want to be monotone? Look, I always tell people, it's almost like a heart rate, okay? Obviously, we will always talk a lot about customer state. The state of the customer, right? The state of their mood to want to say yes and by now. Who can alter and change that state? You can. How do you do it? By body language, but also by voice tonality, which is the way people hear you. Hey guys, what's going on? It's Andy. A lot of you leave comments telling me that you need help. Do me a favor. I'm going to tell you the best way to get a hold of me. Shoot me a text message right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'll help you with whatever you need.  Let's get back to the video. So, I want to use this heart rate example here. So, this is kind of what it looks like with a heart rate. It goes like this. It goes like this. It goes like this. It goes like this. Okay. Dead Bob. Dead Bob is my favorite sales guy. He's dead. He has no his no energy. He hates his job.  No one's buying.    And number two, there's this guy. This guy is selling a lot. He's alive. He's alive. He sounds alive, which is what? Your voice tonality. He uses his voice to push his point across. He makes people feel how he wants them to feel by the way that he uses his voice. Now, your words, word play is the way that you say things. It's the words you use, right? Like logically to explain something and present. But the tonality is the way that you actually say those words. Your tonality is everything. If you can't see me on the phone, the only thing that you can feel from me is my tonality, okay? But if you see me face to face, I can also use my body language, my word play, and my tonality as I'm talking to you. Listen, if you want to have the unfair advantage, if you want to crush everybody, you better make sure your voice tonality is on point. It drives the points home when you use it. It catches people attention. And then it allows you to stand out, be different than everybody else and crush it. Hey guys, I just want to tell you the true one percenters you made it till the end of the video. Do me a favor, share it with the friend that wants to go to another level. Make sure you like the video, comment below so I know who you are. Set your notifications and then subscribe to the channel. We got daily sales training videos dropping. I'll see you soon.


This is going to be a terrific show. Amy, we asked the question, how do you please God? And is it okay to ask God why? And if you could ask God any question right now, what would it be? Oh boy, stay tuned, find out what the sisters think. Well, hello to all of you and welcome to Sister to Sister. I have the best bunch of sisters here on this panel. We're so happy that you joined us because we get questions from you and we answer from a biblical point of view but from our hearts. So I hope you enjoy our questions that you sent. And here we go, I'm gonna start. Oh my gosh, Amy, I'm gonna start with you. All right, good, this is really good. And you asked, is it okay to ask God why? Why? Well, yeah, yes, God can handle anything, any question that you have. And I've always really hesitated with this question. It just feels like there are no answers. Why aren't you acting God? Why aren't you answering me? Why aren't you listening? Why is this happening? So the questions of why can literally go on and on and on. And our friends of ours, Pastor Ed and Lisa Young, their daughter passed away a couple of years ago through an addiction. And they wrote a book called A Path Through Pain. And they answered this question in their book so eloquently. It changed me. So instead of why me, why me, why me, you switch to what now. So this takes you from discouragement, disappointment, grief, constantly to hope and healing that we find in Christ. And I just, I love that picture because the why me question, which is fine to ask God, but eventually it's like, okay, this has happened, God, what now? What can I do? I can't imagine. That's the King David. Like he was praying and praying and praying and praying and fasting and on his face for his little baby, but she was first son there to live and the baby died. And he did say what next? He said, okay, I'm still gonna serve you. So that is, for anyone who has lost someone, what's the name of the book again? A path through pain. A path through pain from a bit. Oh, wow, wow. What do you have? Scriptures? Well, absolutely. Psalm 22 and Jesus quoted Matthew 27. Jesus said, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Repeating the words of David prophetically saying that. And the Psalm says that we can come to him as at 62 and pour out our hearts before him. He already knows the heart. He created the heart, pour out your heart. The only caution is how we approach him. Micah talks about those who say, you're not a God of justice, God's in just, you make good evil, evil good.  But those who do and trust me through the difficulty, they are the righteous ones. Oh, that's good. What do you have? I love that because the truth of the matter is, is why, just like when you have a child. Why?  I think the challenge for us as believers is it coming from a place of we can get stuck in anger? Even sometimes like with doubt, and I think if we're honest, most of us have doubted somewhere along the line, but the why shifts us to a healthy, maturing place if we'll allow it, because that's where you tap into God's wisdom. His, the revelation of the matter. What it is God may be trying to work out of us. And sometimes it's something as simple as moving us to another level of faith because we don't get the answer. But I gotta believe you anyhow. Yeah, yeah. Cory, do you have something for us? I mean, carrying on through that, God doesn't often answer the why. That's right, that's right. He allows us to share that emotion that he allows us to cry out in our anguish, in our anger, in our emotions, but he's often silent in the answering of the why, but he always assures us that he is there. That's right. That he never changes. That's right. He is in control. And that is what we can rest upon, that the promises of God are true and that he is faithful and that he will not change and that he will stand firm. Amen. It's tough because those of you out there and someone is healed and someone isn't healed and you don't know why. And it's a tough one. So I appreciate the pastors that lost a child that wrote a book about that. So I love all of you and I know some of you are struggling with the why. She was Miss America, I forget how far back, but she lost a child too and she got stuck in the why. And she did a book as well. But one of the things I remember them sharing was that why, and I searched it out, I couldn't find what she had, but that why was the root of confusion. And so that's something that you have to watch. And I really appreciated her husband who also took that time to share with the men about being watchful over your wife because she was slipping into depression and him as her covering had come in and really ministered her. This is a tough one. I mean, we could do a whole show on this, but I'm gonna move on and I'm gonna ask Corey. Corey, this is a good one. How do you please God? You know, there's many ways that we can please God, allowing him to be what we cannot be on our own. Got it. You know, those glimpses of heaven on earth when we forgive others, when we are forgiven, when we seek out his will, when our will becomes his will. I mean, we have a whole guidebook. Hello. In the Bible. But the thing is, is the Bible is not a Boy Scout guide of how to earn your badges. It's not, here's your guidebook of how to please God and earn a badge in forgiveness. Earn a badge of here's the fruit of the spirit and earn each badge of the fruits of the spirit. And I think that sometimes is how we get confused. We think, I need to please God and I need to earn my badge. That is the beauty of a relationship with God. It's not about our works at all. It's not about what do I need to do today to please God? What do I need to do to earn his pleasure? What do I need to do to earn my salvation? It's not about us. It's about him. He already did it. And it's just about giving that back to him because he loves us so much. It's about his love and reflecting that back to him. And that is just such a wonderful place to be. And when we can sit in that and not think about how do I need to please God today? It is so freeing. And so simplistic, Corey, because the word says we were created for his pleasure. So when we tap back into that, when we tap back to the Creator, right? He who fashioned and formed us and knew us before being placed in our mother's womb. It's getting back to being reconnected with him and how do we do that through worship? How do we do that through obedience? Obedience is better than sacrifice. How do we do that by taking dominion? Every living thing was given the same commandment to be fruitful, to multiply. But for us, his crown creation, it was to take dominion. And faith, without faith, it's impossible to please him. And so when we have things that water down our belief system and make it okay, such as the, I believe in the grace, the grace of God, but some teachings have been erroneous and taken people off their path. I so agree with your approach, but we have to watch that we don't slip into legalism, but we also have to watch that we don't just become very passé about the way God has commissioned us by kingdom protocol to live our lives. I hope you're getting all that. What do you have, Aimee? Well, you took my scripture without faith. It is impossible to please God. And I had a whole train of thought, but I'm just thinking about my kids. And they're not all pleasing all the time. And some are more pleasing than others. And different seasons, different things. So like, what is that? I happen to like Gloria, and I think she's very pleased. Oh no, are we duking? No, Gloria is amazing. She's amazing and fierce and awesome.  It just is a blessing, you know? It's pleasant, it's pleasing. I like that, I like that. Well, I'm gonna go to this other question for you because I don't wanna miss it. I don't want you to miss it. And it asks, you asked, if you could ask God a question right now, what would it be? And it would please me for you to give me an answer. It would please you, and I'm gonna get very sober for a minute. Going on through my mind in the last few weeks, and I'm not surprised that this question was here, is the issue of God, how does the church approach mental illness? You know, we might be drugs, it might be chemical imbalance, medical issues, PTSD, abuse. There are many facets of it, but we know that it's so prevalent in society. The church is now opened up to those that might have problems and not just say, okay, be healed, it's all done. But my question to the Lord is, what's the path? What is the avenue that we can begin to do it? Now, it says in Colossians, he disarmed spiritual rulers and authorities in high places and nailed them to the cross. All right, and Jesus rebuked demons, other things. Where is it all coming from? And can your church, can we understand it better? And I know it's a heavy question, but my goodness, everybody in society is dealing at some level with their mind not transformed.  Don't let this world drag you down with its culture and its demands, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind that you may prove what is the good, acceptable, perfect will of God. And if we could begin to help people transform their minds, Lord, show us how to do that. Show us how to do that. Wow. I have to jump in, because literally, my question was, how do we deal with the mental health crisis facing our young people today? Wow. As Christian TV hosts, as church leaders, as parents, as relatives, as friends, I have never seen young people. I mean, older people as well, but young people today facing mental health, depression, anxiety as it is today. And this is causing a serious faith crisis as well. I mean, we are hearing young people leaving the church in record numbers. And so I think this goes right along with this mental health crisis that is happening. And I don't know what the root is. I don't know what is the cause. This is the question I just want to ask the Lord. What do we do about this? Because it is so serious. And I think that we're wanting to say, OK, give them scriptures that are anti-anxiety scriptures. And it's just not sinking in for these kids. And I'm like, how do we deal with this? How do we deal with this? We need to burn all of the social media. It's just feeding it like coals on a fire. You're not enough. You're not good enough. You're not worthy enough. You'll never have that. It's all of everything that you're not. And instead of who you are. But this isn't going away. Right. See, overall, for me, this really hit me because lately, the impact or the lack of impact that the church is having on the world. While I understand that we are pilgrims passing through that we're in the world, but not of the world. But we can't be the salt that has lost our flavor, our flavor. We cannot be that a lamp without oil in it. And when we try to live so close to the edge with such a high level of compromise. Now, don't get me wrong. There are times I'm just on my face. I really don't know how to deal with some things.  But in my opinion, a lot of those controversial subjects are very clear in the word that this is not of God. But then there is that unique way to articulate the conversation of the Godhead to the people where it's palatable and it can penetrate their spirit and impart the level of revelation to them that will bring deliverance. And unfortunately, a lot of us leaders, including myself, don't necessarily always know how to do that. So the word of God says that He would that none should be lost. And so when I'm in the pulpit, my job is to pull people out of the pit. It is to throw out that lifeline to that one who was drowning. But I too have to stay in the face of God to hear the wisdom of God. We as the church, it's like the world is having an impact on the church. Instead of the church having the impact on the world. And we are not powerless, but we may be making some willful choices about not tapping into that power. Cause I'm so concerned about having the faces of people being moved. When a word clearly says don't be moved by the faces of people. This could be a whole show because God said be anxious for nothing. But like Corey said, we can't just throw scriptures at people. But our floor director Lori is happy all the time, right? And as she's putting my microphone on today, I said Lori, you're happy all the time. She said, I am Kathy. So some people by their actions, by their life, we see Jesus, we see hope, we see joy. Stay right there. Welcome back. We continue the discussion. I hope you did too. This question flows right into this and I'm gonna go to Flo for what we were just talking about, which is heavy and Flo is gonna answer this one. And you wrote, is the devil responsible for everything negative and bad in the whole world? Oh boy. So I love this question because it is something that sometimes I think we need to really think on. Cause it's so easy to, well, like Flip Wilson. The devil made me do it. But you know, but the fact of the matter is while I inherently believe that, inherently the devil is behind everything that's evil. So I definitely believe that and I agree with that. However, that does not excuse me from my responsibilities and my actions. And your choices. And so this is where we get into trouble because lots of times, some things, like one time we did, one of the questions was online. And we were even able to point out, well, this one lied in the Bible now, it still doesn't matter. We're not supposed to lie. And it has to do with the inability to handle the truth. Perhaps the consequences that are gonna come as a result of that. So the thing of it is, is when we look at wanting to blame the devil, I think sometimes we give him too much credit because by me constantly blaming him and not being accountable for my own actions, I am not tapping into the grace of God which is the enabling power to keep me from doing so. That's right. Do you have a scripture? Well, I have a scripture and I agree with Flo about personal responsibility. But Saul made team David says, and he rejoiced because Saul was chasing him and he was in caves and hiding and had his army and that he wouldn't touch Saul. And he says, you have trained my hands for war. Sometimes we have difficulties because we're supposed to be trained for war. That is good. We are supposed to be trained to go out there. How do you face opposition unless you've gone through? David, the lion, the tiger, the bear, whatever it was, the lion and the bear, sorry about that, adding the scripture, he was trained for war and he thanked God after his release from trouble that you trained me and I got skilled. And the other thing God does, he disciplines those he loves. Yes, he does. Sometimes we need the discipline of God in our lives. Flo was saying about lying or whatever else. We don't learn how to do the right thing. We learn obedience by the things we suffer. Help me Lord, don't make me go through something else because I'm saying this. But you learn as a disciple, we're not perfect, we're learning, we're all in progress. We're considered of one another's flaws, hopefully intolerant that God is teaching us. Someone might be there in that aspect and I might not be. So I think it's discipline and training. A lot of times that's the reason we're going through struggles, deep struggles. Well, talking about training, you don't go to war without knowing who your enemy is, right? I mean, there's an awareness of who he is. What is he doing? What's their tactics, what have they done in the past? What, you've got to, so there is an awareness of the thief comes to steal, kill and destroy. But Jesus said I've come to give you life. There's, he's going around like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour. It says to even give the devil no place. That's right, I like that.  And he just, he wants to take you out. He wants to take your marriage out, your mental health out, your life out. So I mean, there's an Uber awareness. Oh yeah, I've read a story about that in the Bible. I know what that tactic is. And I'm not letting, I'm not opening the door to that. I'm going to forgive, I'm going to move on. I'm going to get past it and don't get in his trap. He has traps to take out Christians. So not everything is on him, but he is very real. And there's a lot of evil in the world. Like my question to the Lord would be about sex trafficking and human trafficking. So why, why, Corey, what do you have? I don't think you can doubt the evil that are in humans or in Satan.  You know what I mean?  And I'm like, this is nothing to joke around about. We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against the powers of the darkness. It is real, evil spirits are real. Satan is real and we need to face that. And he operates by strategies. I like what you put up. And then one of the strategies the scripture clearly tells us is to wear the saints out. And he does that through all the things that you list. And some of our challenges back to your point about understanding that we have enlisted in the war, you don't fight a strategy with just a tactic. So we, you know, somebody that's a strategist, they'll put something in place right now that they know will unfold 50 years from now, you know? But a tactic, I'm just addressing it in that moment. Well, there's a song that says, this is how we fight our battles. And of course that's worship and praise. And we have one last question.  And cause it's a really good one. You wrote to us, what is faith? Well, that takes a long time, but how do I exercise the faith daily in my life? If you could address that. Yeah, I mean, we're talking about the enemy and Satan who's rowing around. There is a supernatural world that is very real. And that world is what we would call the world of faith. And I would just say in very briefly that faith is a substance. Faith is real, faith is tangible. It is seeing things in the spiritual as more real than the things that you're facing in the natural. It's that real to you. So, you know, we're praying thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Well, how does that happen? By faith, by faith are we saved? Not of works, let's say any men should both. This is the victory that will overcome the world, even our faith.  So, being firmly persuaded and you stand there for till you get what you're standing there for. And there's lots of scriptures. I'm sure you have a good scripture for me. Can you give me one? Well, I do. And it was Hebrews 11. Without faith, it's impossible to please God. And we must believe that he is and he is a rewarder of those who seek him. God's simple, believe God's promise. That's right. Hebrews 11, all the prior saints, it was accounted to them as righteous because they believed the promise. What was the promise? Jesus was going to come. Right, that's like the lady with the issue of blood. And she's going around, where is he? Where is he? Where is he? And all of a sudden she reaches out and she touches the hem of his garment and Christ turns around, who touched me? It was her faith. I love to, not just to seek him, but to diligently seek him. And let's stay right there. We're going to wrap this up right after this. I feel invigorated after these questions today. I don't know, I feel like my faith is strong and I'm ready to like face the devil in any situation. And I hope that you feel the same way too. You can, without faith, it's impossible to please God. But man, you have this firm persuasion and this confidence that God is faithful and he has your back. Let's go to the scripture. Psalm 149-4. For the Lord takes delight in his people. He crowns the humble with victory. Oh my, so I took this scripture. I looked it up in all these translations and I love this one so much in the message. He adorns just plain old folks with selfies. God adorns just plain folks.  Another translation, let this get in your spirit today. He loves to give them the victory. He loves to give them the victory. Well, you don't know what I'm going through. I mean, my marriage, I've got this with my kids, our finances, career help. He loves to give his people the victory. So today by faith, take that word into your heart and let it become a real reality in your life. Oh my gosh, this was a great show. So I hope you taped it and you can watch it again too. And we always, we have scripture, we have our scripture girls, but we end with the scripture and it goes like this. As iron sharpens iron, so does the countenance of a man or a woman, sisters sharpen the other. And I always say, and I mean it with my heart, these girls make me a better cafe. See you next time.


Hello everybody, this is East Side Steve from East Side Show SCP. Today we're going to have an SCP discussion about some of our favorite SCPs. The way SCP discussions work is basically I give out a topic for a discussion and then you leave a comment in the comments section down below talking about said topic. So what is your favorite SCP? While you're deciding, here are some of my favorite SCPs. One of my all-time favorites is SCP-1730. What happened to Site-13? All kinds of stuff happen in this story. There's political intrigue both internal and external. There are a bunch of creatures, some of which are mentioned from earlier stuff. I mean heck, even Bobble the Clown makes an appearance, and he's one of my favorites as well. I mean first they send in the mole rats to take care of the situation, then they have to send in their elite forces in to help deal with it, and then you learn all this crazy stuff that happens along the way. That's a really good SCP and it's one of my all-time favorites. The next one, which is my first all-time favorite, is SCP-093, the Red Sea Object. A red disc when placed on a mirror sends you into an alternate world where all these creatures come and basically absorb everybody they touch, the unclean, and the adventures between the SCP Foundation members and the stuff that they find within it. This SCP will always stick with me. It has classic horror, it leaves you with a lot of mysteries, and there's also a lot of SCP tales that are connected with this that kind of give more information about this world and the inhabitants and everything that's going on with it. SCP-1762, where the dragons went.  And I love how there's actually an addendum to this where I haven't read it yet, but it goes into great detail about all these creatures that live within this magical land inside the cardboard box and all that.  Here is a more modern classic. SCP-3008, Ikea, or Infinite Ikea, however you want to call it. It has a really long name to it, that's why everybody shortens it down so it's easier to understand. But anyways, this is a really good classic SCP.   Very well written, very fun, and there's a lot of stuff that can happen with it. The last one I wanted to pick out is SCP-087, the stairwell. This SCP preys on your primal fears of the darkness and basement staircase and all that, but imagine an infinite staircase with something down at the bottom. I really like the exploration sections with the D-class as well. It kind of gives a lot more detail about what's going on, but it leaves a mystery as to what exactly is going on, or why the staircase exists at all. Now that I got some of my favorites out of the way, the question is, what is your favorite SCP? Leave a comment down in the comments section below, and tell us why you like a certain SCP. Also, if you have suggestions for future topics, please leave a comment down below as well and we'll see what we can do about that. Anyways, this is East Side Steve with the East Side Show SCP, and I'm signing off, so have a good one, everybody. Also, don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for the latest videos, and also be sure to check me out on Facebook and Twitter and also my Patreon. Have a good day, everybody.


I did get a grand welcome and it's good to be back Jerry come on sit down on the steps here and this is all you have to do until matinee oh that's right you're a performer now say where's bumps I don't know I haven't seen him since breakfast I guess he's around in one of the other I can visit and maybe with slats and hooligan why oh no special reason I was just wondering where he was Uncle Dan Jerry well I guess it's none of my business but well come on come on out with it what's on your mind well I was just going to ask you if you're ever going back hunting wild animals why did you hesitate asking me that after all Jerry you and I are pretty close we're the last of the doggins you know well are you you mean going back to the jungle yeah yes I want to Jerry I want to very much I've already sent some letters off to a few zoos asking them if they're in the market for any jungle beasts you did yes sir then as soon as you get some orders for lions and tigers and animals like that you'll be starting off to Africa well there's a little bit more to it than that Jerry it's not quite that easy well what else is there to do you just got to pack up what you need and leave I only wish it was that simple Jerry you know taking an expedition into the jungle requires months of planning and preparation yeah it does huh yes sir it's a big job it's not like taking a train right across the country oh I know that I suppose you have to buy certain things and take along and figure how long you're gonna stay and everything that's it exactly that's what takes the time but time is not the only factor you must remember it takes plenty of money I never thought of that that should have been your first thought the equipment such as traps ammunition food supplies and clothing run into thousands of dollars let alone the transportation costs which amount of thousands more maybe you could get a loan from somebody if you promise to give them the money back when you saw the animals you brought back well that's about the only thing I can do Jerry but the big problem is to find someone with enough money to go into a big deal of that oh it's it's bumps Jerry oh hi Bob hello where you been oh just been over talking to Jim Bennett you got to keep on friendly terms with a pay master you know how are you dad fine bumps fine oh and rags old boy didn't mean to slight you how's it seem to be back then just like coming home bumps yeah that's the way I feel about the circuit about the only home I've ever known what did Jim Bennett have to say he usually has the latest news when anything is happening she know I'm glad you reminded me I heard something pretty fine you did what is it yeah sit down and tell us about it there's room for one more you on the steps don't mind if I do when you get along to my age sitting down a lot better than standing well it's about patsy what about her we're not we just a miniature not so fast it seems that she's come into some very fine luck good for her yep seems her godmother or some distant and or something I didn't get it straight but whoever it was left patsy a good size fortune wow yep that's what Jim tells me he said some fellow from some law firm got in touch with patsy to make sure she was the right person well that sounds like they mean business yep she signed some papers and she says to sign some more and we get to harper city that's where the law firm that's having the cases located we play harper city pretty soon don't we yeah just a few more towns up below how much money will she get bumps or Jim didn't seem to know that as a matter of fact the fella didn't tell patsy exactly except that it amounted to several or many thousand dollars lucky girl we'll have an error some of us now yeah she stays with the circus but with all that money it's hard to say what you'll do oh I don't think patch is the kind to let that go to her head besides she's very much like us the circus is in her blood why she wouldn't be happy anywhere else on earth I guess you're right there bumps I wonder what I'd do if I got a lot of money why you'd loan it to your uncle so he could go out on a big game expedition that's right you're not fooling I would that's just what I do hello Jason morning hello dad morning Jason well what's up why the long face boy you look like you just lost your last friend you do kind of sad hey what's the matter oh it's nothing oh come on now don't try to fool us you're not your cheerful self this fine morning it's just one of those days bumps oh say did you hear about your girlfriend I mean you hear about patsy having all that good luck yeah I just heard about it from Bennett Jim must be telling everybody in the circus he's probably more excited than patsy is you don't seem very happy about it Jason oh I'm happy for patsy naturally I would be I think it's great but sometimes money makes a oh well let's not talk about it now Jason how are your animals I haven't had a chance to get over and see them a jet well fine fine Dan I haven't got a bad cat in a lot you wouldn't be in the market for a couple of rare Bengal tigers would you not this season but I might next year why uncle Dan has taken orders so if he goes to Africa you can get you the animals you need figuring on going out out for big game that's about all Jason just figuring out you get back in your stride again Dan just takes time that's all I'd sure like to go with you if you ever go back to Africa you were down well Jerry I don't think that would be the place for a boy it's pretty strenuous Jerry oh I don't care I bet I wouldn't be afraid it's more than just bravery take strength lots of it you said something there bumps it's no sense plodding through swamps day after day sometimes shoulder deep then running out of fresh water and hoping to find more then trekking across hot sand with the sun beating down until you think you can't stand it another hour is it that bad and then some Jerry oh I don't care I'd still like to go oh well there's a boy for you I don't blame you Jerry I think it'd be pretty exciting too exciting and interesting especially watching those big wild animals being trapped and captured I'll bet you pitch right in and help wouldn't you sure I would well sir if I were going on a big game hunt I'd take you along Jerry really sure I would with your enthusiasm you should be valuable hey now wait a minute Jason you're not putting me on a spot are you what do you mean Dan Jerry won't take no for an answer after what you said well when you get ready to sail away to Africa you just put in two reservations one for Jerry and the other for me we've got our reservations made you'll have to get going now then you've got part of your crew together already kind of looks that way doesn't it well it's fun talking about it anyway that's right Jerry but as for me I've done enough talking I've got things to tend to see y'all later so long bye bye Jason you know Dan I've never seen Jason so gloomy he's usually so cheerful yeah he did seem as though something was bothering him and did you notice how he looked when you talked about Patsy getting that money yeah that's it what's that I'll bet a cookie to a donut that's because Patsy's going to get that money that's what's alien I should think he'd be very happy about it why sure he likes Patsy so much he should be glad for all he's most likely glad for her but he's thinking of himself I don't believe I got you Bob who said Jason is an odd fella he's very independent and he's a little headstrong I think the thing that's worrying him is the fact that he doesn't want Patsy to think he's a fortune he ought to know Patsy better than that some fellas are funny that way all right yeah I'll venture to say that's what's the matter with him he thinks if he keeps on showing attention to Patsy she'll think he's after her money no he's wrong if he thinks that Patsy likes him too much say now how come you know so much about Patsy and Jason you're not playing Cupid by any chance you know but well anybody can see that he always sends her flowers and treats are real nice and everything well I'd say you were very observant Jerry well it's foolish to talk about it Patsy hasn't got the money yet and to it might only turn out to be a couple hundred dollars why sure it'll all work out oh say that reminds me work I've got to get to work and right now I didn't realize how much time we spent here just talking well what are you gonna do oh I've got to get busy and find some way of saving Mr Randall some money I told him I would find something around the lot that could be improved well you've got a job on your hands then just about everything around the circus has been improved upon for years and I'm inclined to think things are running pretty smooth he is sir just about letter perfect and you figure the same as Mr Randall does now bumps but nevertheless I'm gonna try oh efficiency expert Dan Dugan yep that's me no Mr Randall promised me a new suit of clothes for everything I brought to his attention that would save the circus money that you're worth trying for I'll say it is Jerry especially the way I need clothes right now I could do with a new suit of clothes I've got an idea you can look into or might be something to it what's that from me now just came to my mind Dan I heard some time back that Jack Hastings uh that's our publicity man yeah I know well sir it seems that Jack Hastings has been having some trouble with the passes that we give out for the use of window space in stores uh you know for advertising see I didn't know they gave away passes for that oh sure thing Jerry every time you see one of those window cards in a store window you can bet whoever owns that store or is in charge got a couple of general admission tickets to the show well what's the trouble but it seems that they give out quite a few passes and well the folks that have got them they get down to the circus early and they get in and then there's often a lot of cash customers that can't get seats I I see what you mean yeah that is bad and uh Mr Randall's losing money there all right well now there's something for you to work on maybe you can figure out some kind of a system to take care of that situation oh that ought to be easy uncle Dan well I'm not so sure about that Jerry but if it was so simple it would have been remedied long ago of course it's only fair that folks should get the passes to the show for the youth of their windows and and it's good advertising for us yes it is bumps it's a good idea I guess every circus in the business has been using that system for years but I don't see why folks that want to buy tickets should be turned down though well just because the folks that got in free took up all the seats that's the problem Jerry and your uncle Dan is going to get to work on it right away thanks bumps very much for giving me the job I'm glad to do it Dan and I hope you figure out something too if you can figure out a way that the cash customers won't be turned down and still the folks with passes won't lose out either then you'll have it solved it's just as easy as that ain't Jerry no I mean whoa that's what you have to do yes that's the trick and then you'll get the new suit of clothes oh see how about making the passes just good for the matinee oh let's see no no bumps I don't think that would be so good it really wouldn't be fair oh why not the show is the very same whether it's a matinee or at night sure but they'll see the same show but folks that work in and stores you know they can't get away during the day to see the show that's right Dan didn't look at it that way you sure think of everything well I hope you're right Jerry I hope I can think of some way of overcoming this little bit of trouble I've got a show Mr Randall that I'm going to be of some value to it well here's wishing you luck yep good luck to you Dan


Test one, two, three. Test test. It's so crazy. Windy. Today. Denver. Good afternoon, YouTube. I was clipping coupons earlier now. By the way, I'm filming with my phone, not with a Canon 5D. Going into Runner's Rouge to check out handhelds. Handhelds. What is a handheld? Let me explain in a minute. Okay, I'm ready. Today's vlog, today's story, is a little different than most vlogs. Usually I film throughout the entire day. Today was a little tough. It was Monday. Busy. Phone calls. Meetings. Texted. Oh, it was a busy day. The day got away from me. So, instead, I want to talk to you about water. About the liquid. About the H2O. The good stuff. Question the day. What is the one singular moment? The one singular moment in your life when you were the thirstiest in your entire life.  You thought you could have thirst. You know that moment. Mine came in the University of Colorado where I grew up. In college, I was on a training run a 20 mile to 20 to 25 mile training run. I have no idea how long I went. But I just, in college, you know, running under Mark Wetmore, we would go out for 20 mile long runs every Sunday. So, I went home for summer and I thought to myself, okay, I got to go do a 20 mile long run. It's Sunday. Well, I didn't have any water with me because back in the day, you didn't have fancy vests from Ultimate Direction to carry your water. And Coach Mark would carry the water in the van for us as we were training on Sundays when I was in Boulder. But in Budivista, I just went out for a 20 mile run with no water. No game plan for drinking out of creeks or rivers. Like, I just, I just wasn't even thinking about water. And I got to the point where my pride got in the way from me of sticking out my thumb and basically hitchhiking home. I was, I was at the point of being a little scared. Like I thought to myself, if I stop, I was basically shuffling by the end. If I stop, I might pass out. It was that bad. But I, my pride got the best of me and I was like, I'm going to finish this run no matter what. And sure enough, I did. Sure enough. But that was the thirstiest moment of my life. So that's the question of the day to prime the pump for today's topic in 2018. I'm ramping it up a little bit. I'm getting a little aggressive with the racing. I am excited to see what we can finally do in the 25 plus mile running scene. So an ultra race is considered anything over the marathon distance. Traditionally, it starts at the 50 K distance 50 K that K stands for kilometer. So 50 kilometers equals about 32 miles. I have raced two or three 50 Ks and I've raised two or three trail 25 milers. So not a marathon but a 25 milers and then maybe two or three half merit, maybe two half marathons on the trails. So I've got a little bit of a background, not a ton, but a little bit of background. Oh, I've also attempted this crazy mountain run called Nolan's 14, which is something epic. Go watch it up there. So I'm excited though to dive much, much deeper into the ultra racing scene in 2018. Now I have been a 10 K five K guy in college on the track cross country. And I never really got into the road racing scene, you know, half marathons, marathons, 10 Ks where you're just pounding it on the pavement. I just never got into it after college. I did a little bit but not a ton. And so I kind of skipped that step and transitioned into the trail scene. Now road racing, I love it's fun, but I don't I love the trails because you're out there, you're in nature, you're it's kind of secluded, it's just quiet. It's just beautiful. It's a beautiful thing. But in road racing, you have aid stations every two miles or every three miles or every five. It's like no matter what you've got aid stations along the way, in trail running and ultra running, it's a lot different. You might have five miles to your next aid station. You might have 21.5 miles to your next aid station. Like aid stations are a lot choppier along the way. In the ultra world, you usually see a vest. And I know you see this in road racing as well, but not as much. So you see a vest, we see a handheld vest or handheld. There's also waste belts, but not too many people use waste belts these days. I have traditionally used the vest for like Nolan's 14 attempts. My long runs, where I'm going over, let's say 22 miles. And I love it. I do love it. But you know, it weighs you down, of course, and it gives you like road rash on this is an ultimate direction, which it's a good design, I would say it's not a great design. This design is about three years old. I think their vests have come a long ways in the last three years. It's an Anton vest, and it's good. But I think they've come a they've come a long ways in three years. Nathan, Solomon, Raidlight, in ultimate direction, they've all evolved quite nicely in the last three years, I would wear this type of vest in 100 mile race, or a 100 K race, which is basically 64 miles. But now this summer, that 50 K to 50 mile distance, the vest is just a little too much, especially if you have eight stations every five to eight miles, you don't really need a vest.  Okay, the handheld is a water bottle with a strap here, you see the strap, and then a little pouch on the front.  And then inside the bottle, I will probably use tailwind, which is basically a powder you put into your water like Gatorade, but it's designed a little more specifically for ultra runners, it's called tailwind. And so I went with Nathan today from Runners Roost, shout out to Runners Roost for having a great selection of handheld water bottles. I was beyond impressed, beyond impressed with your selection, and just willingness to help me. So thank you, Runners Roost. And so I went with Nathan for a couple reasons. First of all, I think the zipper system on this pouch is much better than Ultimate Direction or Solomon. And I don't I don't know it's just in the store. I was trying it out and it was just easy to unzip. Like I can do it with one hand and I don't have to take the bottle off. So that is amazing. Thank you Nathan for designing that. The strap system, once again, I found it to be a little easier to use this strap system to to cinch it down onto your wrist onto your hand so that it doesn't slide around. And then of course, the most important is how easy is it to drink out of. So when you're running along, you're carrying it like I'm not holding the water bottle, it's just stuck to my hand. So you're running along, running along. Sorry, that was not a good one.  You're running along, running along, running along. You just go, you just go. So it's faster than a vest and it's a little, I think it's going to be a little easier to refill as well. So this lid, I was testing it in the store. Boom. One half twist and it's it's good. And I can tell it's well built. I can tell Nathan you did a good job. You done good. You doing good, Nathan. That is my discussion on H2O and water and staying hydrated and make sure you do too out there. Don't, don't bonk on you. Don't bonk out there in the wilderness or on your long runs or so that's today's vlog. I know it's not the traditional SJD story, but yeah, I get what you can take sometimes and just the day got away from me. But I hope you gleaned a little insight, a little wisdom into hydration, especially for running. If you have any questions, of course, drop them down below and I'll be happy to answer them. And I'm excited to stay hydrated in 2018 and I'll be interested, very interested to read your stories down below as to the thirstiest moment of your life, whatever that might have been. So, seek beauty, work hard. Love each other. See you tomorrow.


Hey, Psych2Goers and welcome back to another video. Thank you all so much for the love and support you've given us. Psych2Go's mission is to make psychology more accessible to everyone. So let's begin. Don't we all hope to understand one another better? How can you get a good idea of what kind of person your new friend or acquaintance is? If psychology has taught us anything, it's that people are complicated. There is no quick and easy way to assess a person's true character and motivations. But there are a few tips and tricks that can help you gain better insight into someone's character. The people around us can give a lot of information about themselves without even knowing it. They express it in the little things that they do. All you have to do is observe carefully. So here are seven small things that can tell you a lot about a person. 1. Their Body Language From posture to facial expressions to hand gestures, researchers believe that our body language and nonverbal cues make up to over 65% of all communication. Interpreting someone's body language can be a powerful tool in helping you to understand their personality, attitudes, and feelings. For example, facial cues like smiling convey happiness. Burrowed brows denote confusion and biting at your lip means you're worried, anxious, or distressed. Clenched fists indicate anger or frustration. Crossed arms are a sign of defensiveness. And fidgeting can mean boredom, impatience, or deep thought. Learning how to better read someone else's body language can go a long way in helping you understand what someone is thinking, even if they don't say a word to you. 2. Their Social Media Accounts A person's profile and the way they present themselves online can reveal a lot about their personality, traits, and interests, including the way in which they want to be seen. Their social media presence shows how connected they want to be. While their privacy setting shows how much they're comfortable sharing with people. The pictures they post or share tell you a lot about what they like, whether it's going out with friends, eating good food, or watching movies. And the things they tweet about can give you a lot of insight into their likes, dislikes, and opinions as well. 3. The Way They Dress Another great way you can learn a lot about a person without ever even talking to them is by observing the way they dress. For example, those who dress casually are often laid back and easygoing people. Who value comfort over style and don't care much for impressing others. Whereas those who like to wear colorful clothes and fun patterns are usually creative and artistic types who want to express themselves through their fashion sense. Floral prints and dresses convey femininity and grace, while active wear and sporty clothes reveal confidence and dependability. And formal attire exudes sophistication and assertiveness. 4. Their Taste in Music For many of us, our musical taste is an integral part of our personal identity. We're drawn to certain genres and artists that speak to us on an emotional level. We connect with music that helps us better understand ourselves. Getting to look at someone's personal playlist can inform you about their inner world. Those who mostly listen to jazz, soul, and R&B tend to be sensitive, poetic, passionate, and deep. While people who like acoustic and folk music are usually thoughtful, calm, and warm, and those who enjoy pop and dance music are often upbeat, fun, outgoing, and cheerful. 5. How They Treat Strangers American author Dave Berry once said, A person who is nice to you but rude to the waiter is not a nice person.  When someone is rude or disrespectful to a stranger, like a barista or a server, it shows that they're superficial and overprivileged. It can signify that they're only charming or kind when they have something to gain from the other person. First featured in the book, Unwritten Rules of Management. This is known as the waiter rule, and it's something you can use to gauge how caring, considerate, and empathetic a person truly is. 6. How They Make Eye Contact Appropriate eye contact is a good way for someone to signal that they're paying attention to you and that they're interested in what you're saying. But those who often break eye contact may be nervous, uncomfortable, or distracted. Shy people also have trouble looking someone in the eye for too long, especially if they find the other person attractive or intimidating. Dilated pupils indicate desire. Rapid or excessive blinking conveys distress. Narrowed eyes show that the other person may be threatened or suspicious of you. 7. The Shopping Cart Theory Finally, we have the shopping cart theory. As the name suggests, the shopping cart theory puts in position that whether or not we choose to return the shopping cart once you're done with it is the ultimate litmus test for your capacity for self-governance. Returning the shopping cart is easy and convenient, but not altogether necessary. It's recognized as the proper thing to do. And yet, there are no dire consequences waiting for us if we don't perform this task. There's nothing to gain from returning your shopping cart, so the only reason someone would do so is because they know it's simply the right thing to do. To return the cart is to do so out of nothing more than decency, kindness, and common courtesy. From their thoughts and feelings to their true character, it's important that we know how to assess people so we can make better decisions about them. These little psychology hacks can come in handy in the dating pool, making friends, job hiring, and can help you make a good first impression. Did you learn something new about how to read and understand others in this video? Let us know in the comments below. Don't forget to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification icon for more content. Thanks for watching and we'll see you in our next video.