This is the first book talk of Left Words Talking Red book series. As Vinay mentioned, we plan to host this every month on a second Saturday and we will be talking about Labour Matters today, a concern that underpins most, if not all, of Left Words publications. The May 2023 edition of the Tricontinental dossier on the condition of working lives in India notes that due to the lockdown, at least 120 million workers or 45% of India's non-agricultural workforce lost their jobs. So given the trends towards casualization and subcontracting that has marked employment over the last several decades, employers were under no moral or legal obligation to pay their workers. Many of whom did not even receive their back pages. The 2023 Oxfam report notes that a number of hungry Indians increased to 350 million in 2022 from 190 million in 2018. Simultaneously, from March 2020 to March 2022, the harshest period of the pandemic, we saw the profits of India's big businesses that doubled as did the wealth of the country's billionaires. The Oxfam report says that this new India is evidently about the survival of the richest. It is in this context that we have Archana Agarwal and Ram Prakash join us today with their books. Both books come from very different disciplinary vantage points. As you will find in this conversation, they also have very distinct writing practices. And yet it is fabulous to see how they come together in their own distinct styles. We could just start with you Archana and I'd love to hear from you about how you came to write this book. But in particular, also this informal research group that you begin the book with, that you tell us about perspectives as this group that you started work with and tell us something about this collective process of writing. So, over to you. First of all, I would like to thank Leftward not only for giving home to my book, but also for producing such a fabulous book. I mean, it looks beautiful. Now my journey has been, as Devi mentioned, a little unusual in the sense that the destination of the journey was not supposed to be this book. It was a little unplanned. And yes, it's been collective. In fact, it's been collective even till date. As part of the economics discipline, my interest lay essentially in looking at how the economic power policies impact the lives and livelihoods of people. So that was my departure point in many, many ways. So it's only as part of that that in early 2000s, sometime in mid 2000s, I founded this informal research group with students and like-minded teachers and it was called Perspectives. So as part of this group, what we would do is that we would basically go and try and do surveys and interviews with farmers, with workers, and try and understand how economic policy and laws impacting them. Now the group folded up around 2014, but I was compelled to keep going and do these visits sometimes by myself, sometimes with people, essentially to try and understand how the labour processes in the manufacturing sector are panning out. It was only in 2020 when lockdown impacted all of us. So that's when the actual process of writing began, because there's also been a gap in the existing literature in the sense that either there is economic analysis devoid of the people who economic policies are impacting or the human interest stories, which don't really have analysis with them so much. So partly it was also to bridge that gap. In a similar way, we have Bram Prakash, whose book for me at least made me sit up with this whole very distinct writing style. There was this experiment with the writing style, I think that one encounters when you first pick up the book. The author, you encounter the author in the first person, in the third person. Sometimes as a narrator, sometimes as a person who's bearing witness. And then there's also this fantastic kind of tapestry of Ambedkar, of Judith Butler, of Toni Morrison, of Father Stan Swamy. So this is a very rich quilt that you've woven, Bram Prakash. So could you tell us a little bit about your journey to the book? When you do the academic writing, then I was also feeling some kinds of disconnect that I was not able to connect with the people I also come from, a street theatre background, where this whole idea was to like, you know, how to connect because I was not able to practice my street theatre with some kind of different regions. And then this writing mode was giving me some kind of a space where I could have articulated my anger, my passion, my all different kinds of concerns that I can talk about. So what I will say that like, you know, still I'm not sure about the language that I'm using because I was never trained in writing language. The school that I attended in Bihar, we never had that kind of grammar, either for like, you know, Hindi language or English language. And therefore, I think the writing that you are seeing out as readers are going to see is a completely distinctive because it is not coming from some kinds of grammar or some kinds of like, no, so it is some kinds of resonance that I'm trying to bring it here. And here I'm going to, you know, kind of go back to Archana's forward of the book and borrow from Amit Bahaduri, who writes that the book pursues a subaltern economics, a narration by people directly affected, buttressed with and the book is buttressed with data for wider relevance. And, you know, we are constantly thrown terms like global supply chain, living wages, market wages, economic insecurity, and so on, many of which Brahma also alludes to in a different language in his book. But I was wondering if Archana and Archana could give us some of these an overview of the book to begin with so that the audience and the reader is also aware of what has gone into the book. But also share some of some account of these lived experiences of these terms, right? So we fed some of this policy discourse, but then what is the lived experience of some of these terms that your book literally captures? So what I've done is that I've taken two segments of India's manufacturing sector, I've taken the government industry and the automobile industry. So essentially, because both are part of the sector, both are part of manufacturing, but yet one is at the lower end and one is at the higher end. So the reason why I'm looking at manufacturing is also because the development stories historically have largely been about the importance of manufacturing. So I wanted to see how how manufacturing and the work processes and manufacturing are panning out. So what I've done is in the interviews with the workers, as I mentioned earlier, spanning over a number of years. So I tried to understand their working conditions, their living conditions, the impact of the policies, impact of the laws, et cetera. And I tried to look at where they live. I've of course focused on NCR. So in fact, it's very interesting because you know, I'm focusing on so the main cluster of government manufacturing in NCR is Udyog. We are in Gurgaon and for automobiles, it's Manesar and Gurgaon. Now, this is also the area where you have absolutely posh farmhouses. But behind those farmhouses, it one doesn't even realize that there's such a huge cluster of almost slumps in Kapasheeda, Dhundaheeda, which is where most of the government workers live. So to just give you an idea, so for the government workers, most of them are still completely attached to the land, the migrant workers, and they're attached to the lands that they have in their villages. In fact, it's the villages which are subsidizing their living and working in the city, not the other way around, as one would imagine. So those are the kind of things I'm trying to look at. Then I'm also looking at, apart from the work conditions, I'm also trying to examine the legal landscape in which these industries operate, where I'm trying to understand why there is a rollback of protections which workers in general enjoy. And then finally, there is also an attempt to try and understand what could be an alternative growth trajectory for the country as a whole, where manufacturing can play an important role and where the benefits of the growth can also translate and transform into bettering the lives of these workers. So the first thing I'm going to be reading are these accounts of government workers which have stayed with me. This is beginning of my chapter three, where this wasn't as early as 2014, it's 10 years back, but the situation is more or less the same and the story has stayed with me. So let me start. It was a summer of 2014. I was on a bus with a group of young students headed to Karpashera where we hoped to meet some apparel industry workers. We were going on a Sunday because it was a weekly holiday for most workers. Halfway through the journey, which was more than half enough on the starting point of the bus at ISBT Kashmir Gate, we realized that some of our co-passengers were government workers. I heard my young friends queeling in delight when they realized that these workers produced garments for Abercrombie and Pitch and high-end casual wear brand. I was tutored about the details and nuances of his brand. Amongst those on the bus was Ramesh, a 35-year-old worker. He and the other workers were returning from Chor Bazaar, which is a well-known flea market in Old Delhi. They had used their holiday to travel more than 30 kilometers to the flea market to buy second-hand clothes for their children. The irony of the situation was not lost on us. Having spent their lives draping the world in some of the most famous brands, these workers could only afford old t-shirts worth Rs. 35 for their children. So these stories have stayed with me. There are many, many such stories. And what I've tried to understand with this book is that, I mean, it's not that these workers are not getting minimum wages. They are getting minimum wages. They're not like, well, they're not really marginalized as one imagines the marginalized workers are. But despite working in the manufacturing sector, why is it that while working even for 20 years in the government industry, the worker cannot buy a new shirt? Are the workers still living in poverty, virtually at the poverty levels? Or in the manufacturing sector, where there is a small proportion of workers who are very highly paid? Why is it that increasingly, most workers are getting jobs which are more insecure, temporary, contractual, more precarious? What was recurring while reading the book, but also from what you just shared, the accounts that you just shared was the question of not just the work, please, right? But what happens after the workplace? So it's not just the question of exploitation at the work site, but everything else that is necessary to all the other infrastructures that go into making life happen, right? For example, food, clothing, and so on, your children's futures. And so I felt like here, while Archana's book adopts an economic lens, which is infused with these lived experiences, Bram Prakash shifts to a different register and brings in the body. So the body that Archana was referring to in terms of body, nitchor jata, that she referred to, the worker at the automobile factory who spent exhausted, depleted at the end of the day. And Bram Prakash brings this body into focus and talks about, well, not just the harsh sweatshirt work conditions, but also beyond that, right? The various registers at which Bram Prakash is engaged with the question of the body. And specifically, I'm going to quote Bram here, and where he says that the epic tragedies and violence have to have an epic writing response. They cannot be captured by stating facts and information alone. And so can you tell us about these different bodies and sites that your book engages with? So one way of reading this book is that it is a book of essays where you have, like, no disparated essays, but I think other way of reading the book is also book is a consolidated kind of, like, no, some kinds of criticism or some kinds of trying to attempt some kinds of connections through two keywords. And that would be cut element and resistance. Because when I was writing earlier, then I given this title, like, no subtitle, equal like no cut element of life and freedom in contemporary India. And then I realized that, you know, I'm also talking about resistance and why we should not talk about resistance that is happening in a very, like, I will say severe in the background of severe cut element. So it has eight chapters. And so first chapters discuss about, it takes the breeding as a metaphor, but breeding just not about coronavirus. It is not just about pandemic, because when we think about, when we can't breathe and that is the name of the chapter, then it is not just about, like, no usual pandemic situation that I'm talking about. I'm talking about the kinds of breathlessness and therefore living with the cut element, sense of cut element that every day you leave, every day you encounter some kinds of operation and you are facing a different kinds of scenario. And therefore when I'm talking about breeding, then breeding here becomes a sense of metaphor. And then thinking through this metaphor of breeding, I'm talking about the way authoritarianism is taking over all the kinds of, like, no, democratic spaces. And whatever rights and the things that we have achieved in, like, no many years, that is, like, no spaces are getting curtailed. It is not only the body that is getting curtailed, but words are also getting curtailed. The way the speech is, the whole, like, rhetoric that we are witnessing, and that we will see that only it is subbed, like what Kabir would say, subbed, subbed is also getting curtailed. And then I talk about, and I will also read it, except from this chapter, it's called Dance of the Migrant Leverers. So where I'm talking about, like in this chapter I'm talking about what happens when migrants, leverage, deviate from the root. So migrant laborers are supposed to, like, you know, work in the kinds of designed root or designated root. But when, like, is there a possibility when they are not working into that root, like, taking that root, then that becomes a problem for the state. And I see the witness, the migrant laborers problem that we witness during the pandemic raises some kinds of problem, but also generates a lot of possibility for me, a lot of potentials for the politics for me. The chapter starts with a poem by Guru Pandey, and this is a famous poem I know many of you already know. Bhaynu aur bahno. Abhiya alisan imarat ban kar taiyaar hai. Ab aap ehaase jaa sakte hain. Brothers and sisters, now the luxurious building is ready to move in. You may move out. You may leave now. Add you from heaven. The poem poem poem poem poementally captures the irony of the lives of migrant laborers. They lay down their bodies to build the cities. They raise the buildings on their heads and shoulders. They connect the city with bridges and highways by hanging between poles and wires. They give it a spectacular presence. With affection, with perfection, with blood and sweat, they make the cities livable. They make them beautiful, a site to hold, a site to behold, a site to walk and explore the spaces of freedom. But as soon as the houses are ready to move in, they have to move out. They leave the site as one leaves their babies and hearts behind. This deception of labor does not need a detector. It is open and out there. Where will they move now? Perhaps they will move to another site, to another city, to other jobs in other capacities. They may go back to the villages which they call home.  They will be back as hungry homes will run to buy them like hunting dogs. Without money, the poor homes turn into hungry tides. They will be back in the city again, again as an outsider to keep the city moving. It is the movement of the workers that move the surplus for the capital. It is the exploitation of the cheap migrant laborers that is crucial for the capitalist growth. Yet the same movement can emerge as a threat once they deviate from the designated group of the capital. What does it mean? But what will happen when they own it? When are they going to own their own movement? What will happen when they start walking back against the desire of the authority, against the flow of capital, against the performance drive that is driving us to this madness? Long march. Let me underline this paradox. This is not a long march of any communist party to establish the rule of workers. It was the case of a mass exodus, exodus of the sum of the most precarious laborers in the world. The Indian authorities' sudden announcement in lockdown amidst COVID-19 led an unprecedented crisis for migrant workers. The nation suddenly turned into zones of confinement. Overnight, the migrant laborers across Indian cities were out of work. Soon, they were out of their sanity as the owners felt that they could not pay their rents. They were out in the streets like the pretas, walking in the daylight and the dead of the night. They were out in the open, without food, jobs in a place to stay. They were established and homeless, turning into lesser human beings. As there was nothing to lose, millions of migrants began a long walk under the lockdown. The authorities announced it again. A stay safe, be at home, install the Arugia Situ app on your smartphone. The Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare would announce every time you made a phone call. A smartphone, a smart city, a smart people, a smart India is the name of the merit we know. It appeared that authorities lived in Yahu land or la la la land. They assumed that everyone had a smartphone. Everyone could download apps. Everyone could open a website and register themselves for help. Everyone had a house to lock themselves up in. Everyone had enough food to sustain themselves for months and days. At the height of the pandemic, the authority gave out a contact number that was out of contact. They would give hospitals names that would not admit patients. They offered support mechanism that did not support. The pandemic has proven that pattern movements do not hold political significance. They make you less, unless some interruption or reversal occurs. The interruptions possibly change the meaning of encounter itself as it happened in the case of migrant laborers who were started walking back like moving pretas. They were carrying eyes on their back and were walking towards their front. Soon they become aspectories for the capital as they dance to and off the patrhythm. The obliged workers become suspects in the eyes of the neoliberal state and their much-appreciated movement soon became a threat for the state. The Indian authorities were not concerned about the migrants getting infected. They were not troubled about them returning to their homes. What literally worried the state was the reversal that could emerge as a new potential for the politics. A march that could turn into people's march, they were afraid that they might appear in the spaces of appearance, another name of politics, any day. The fear was that they would gather anytime on the roads and public places, anytime like the next time. The situation was alarming because the fear was that they might not follow the warnings. It was a serious case of disobedience. Nothing could be more threatening for the neoliberal orders than the defiance of the surplus armies of laborers. Workers are supposed to walk in a safe pattern. In order, they have to be in assembly line without the potential of being part of the assembly, which can turn political. Migrant workers walking to their homes were out of that pattern. This is what worried the Indian elites. This is what disturbed the former BJP and member of the parliament, Balbir Poonj and he said, and he said it seamlessly. How these migrant laborers behave irresponsibly? Why migrants living there? For want of money or food? No, just irresponsible. There is no money jobs waiting for them back home. It is to utilize their force Shruti to catch up with their families or errands back home. The workers are not supposed to go on Shruti, holidays or vacations. These informal workers are not supposed to be irresponsible. They are not supposed to disobey orders. They are not supposed to force their decision on the authorities. While the authorities largely saw this crisis in economic terms for the laborers, the crisis was an existential one besides economics. They were ready to take any risks to go home. They were ready to risk their lives to that extent. We can say that in their extreme vulnerability, they produced a dangerous potentiality. The decision to gather and go home, come what may was so extraordinary. It was the birth of new possibility and thus new politics. Critics said that this was a manmade disaster with misplaced priorities. Some also said that migrant laborers were never on the list of priorities. Ranveer Samadhar in his important study highlights this connection by saying that, the state has over emphasis on lockdown and under emphasis on care, but capitalism too cares. Capitalism has acquired emotional intelligence too. It means it can love, it can cry, it can waste in loving, caring and crying. It can give you more hugs than your mother. It can give you more touch than your lovers. When profit is the aim, care will also sell. The problem is not the care, but capitalism. Capitalism is so careful in caring that he will not interested in even killing the children of beggars. It would rather have them crippled than be invested in the sentimental capitalism. For capitalist workers are more profitable living than dead. Even if their bodies break, the levers could grow. A worker cannot be more modest than figures of Prometheus. The Greek myth credits Prometheus for the creation of humanity from clay.  He is the one who remains chained to the rock and is punished for his actions.  Every day, the liver grows back at night. It is this repetition through which capitalism survives. That is, keep ripping apart the liver of the workers. Paws, gauze, plunge, great move. Let it grow. Keep repeating it like the dance of the dead. Thank you so much, Ram. Particularly the section that you read out captures those elements of the poetry that you bring into your text. But also the play of words. I mean, the worker who's on the assembly line but is never allowed to be part of the assembly. But also, the poem by Gorik Pandey also reminded me so strongly of how, of the account that Archana read, which was that you make these t-shirts but you're never allowed to be part of that supply chain, isn't it? You have to go buy those secondhand t-shirts. You're never allowed to be part of those, to consume the same products that you're making. And I was also thinking about the question of curtailment that you, again, you mentioned that it's throughout. It's a connecting thread throughout the text. And yet, in Archana's book, she refers to this idea of labor market flexibility, which is constantly thrown around that notion of flexibility. And Archana, I wondered if you wanted to talk a little bit about that while we open up for questions. So labor market flexibility essentially alludes to the view that like any other commodity, the price of labor and the terms of contact should be decided by the market. So should be decided by demand and supply. So like any other commodity, it's demand and supply which would determine what the price of labor would be or what the wages would be. And it is the demand and supply which would decide whether the company's going to hire a permanent worker who will have to stay on even when the demand is not there or will the company hire a temporary or a part-time worker. So this flexibility is something which essentially says that let the markets determine the price as well as the work conditions and there should be no constraints. Constraints whether in terms of unionization by the workers which are asking for higher wages or better working conditions in terms of the time of work, et cetera, no constraints in terms of no legal constraints in terms of a minimum wage or a restriction on hiring or a restriction on firing and retrenchment which the companies would have to stick to. So basically all perceived constraints have to be removed. That is basically what is meant essentially by labor market flexibility. Now the flexibility view to be fair it also argues that while employers are free to hire and fire, the workers are also free to take the employment or not take the employment. But this truth is actually more nominal than substantive because it ignores the fact that there is an unequal position and unequal bargaining bar between the workers and the employers. So workers are not really free to not take the employment and what underlies I think this idea of flexibility is that one is dehumanizing the workers, looking at the workers like economists look at any other company where it is a market which would be the sole determinant of prices which in this case means wages, the work conditions, the time that is extracted from the workers, the intensity with which the workers are required to work, the market would determine whether the workers would be kept on a permanent basis or a temporary basis. So what I argue is that this understanding needs to go and essentially one needs to look at these workers as the forward suggests, as flesh and blood individuals these are actual people and the economic policies impacting them. So unless there is a shift in the understanding where the workers are not regarded as commodities which are disposable it's very difficult to get away from the situation that we are in. I just wanted to conclude this discussion. With Archana's book, I've seen that it resonates with me as committed kind of fieldwork over several years, but also as you mentioned, there's this hat of the teacher that we wear sometimes and pretty much all the time and Archana's book just speaks to that, right? There's so many of these notes that is for the student as well as the specialist reader, right? And that's what I particularly appreciated and enjoyed that it's so accessible, both the specialist reader necessary, but also so open to the student. And then of course, Bram uses this body as a barricade metaphor and then just unsettles all these thought patterns that one just takes for granted and both books as you could have, you would have possibly seen through this discussion, they move beyond the question of work and the workplace to examine life as it stands in contemporary India with all its precarity and endured bodies that we see. And also, but then again, as Bram reminds us consistently in his book, which is that the book is about earnest hope in the face of extreme curtailment, right? So I hope those who have tuned in, thank you so much for joining us. Do continue to join us on these book talk series that we hope to have every month. Pick up the books. Archana's is already available on the website. Bram Prakash is available for pre-order and I hope you'll pick up the books, share them with your friends, contact the authors and spread the word. Thank you so much.


North Korea has sent more than 10,000 containers of munitions materials to Russia. North Korea has shipped over 10,000 containers of munitions or munition related materials to Russia since September. The State Department of the US said, as Moscow strives to replenish its weapons stockpile for use in Ukraine. The department pointed out the arms transactions and the Treasury Department together announced sanctions against more than 500 individuals and entities to ensure accountability for Russia's ongoing war against Ukraine and the death of the Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny. Since September 2023, North Korea has delivered more than 10,000 containers of munitions or munitions related materials to Russia. The department said in a fact sheet, in the latest sanctions package, the department designated two additional entities involved in the transfer of munitions from the North to Russia. They are a Russian firm that manages a terminal at Vostoshnyi Port in the Russian Far East and a naval facility near Vladivostok. The White House has said that in addition to munitions, the North also provided Russia with several dozen ballistic missiles, some of which were fired against Ukraine. Observers have expressed worries that the North's arms support for Russia could contribute to prolonging the war in Ukraine, while what in return Moscow might have given to Pyongyang could further undermine security on the Korean Peninsula.


Hello everyone. Today we are going to learn about threads in operating system. The learning outcome of this session are at the end of this session student will be able to compare between processes and threads and to introduce notion of threads which is a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multi-threaded computer system. Let us see fundamental process characteristics. Process has two features that is unit of resource ownership and unit of execution. In unit of resource ownership, process includes a virtual address space for process image. For example, files or IO devices operating system also give protection to the process from input output devices or from some external resources. In unit of execution, the execution path may be interleaved with other processes. The execution states in this case are ready running or blocked and it contains some dispatching priority. The unit of resource ownership is also called as a process or task or it is also called as a heavy weight process while unit of execution is also called as a thread or light weight process. Let us see what is process and thread as shown in this figure. Thread is also called as a light weight process. It is a basic unit of CPU utilization. It contains thread ID and program counter. It also contains a register set and stack. Thread can share its code, data and file section with another thread if both belongs to a single process. Now let us see the single and multi-threaded process. Now as shown in this figure, we can see the left part of the figure is single-threaded process. As shown here, that thread contains its own thread ID and program counter along with its register sets and stack while code, data and file section is also associated with that thread. So this is example of process with single thread. Now in this case, it contains three different threads. The process has three different threads. As we can see here, each thread contains its own ID and program counter along with their own register set and stack while code, data and file section of that threads are shared with each other because they belongs to a single process. So this is nothing but a process with multiple thread and this process is more capable than this process because this process can perform more than one task at a time. So the process with multiple thread is called as a multi-threading. Multi-threading is nothing but ability of an operating system to support multiple concurrent path of execution within a single process. Means we have only one process but that process is able to execute multiple tasks at a time. Let us see the motivation behind the thread. Thread can perform multiple tasks independently of the others. If one of the tasks may block, then it is desired to allow the other task to proceed without blocking. For example, Microsoft Word. Now here we can see Microsoft Word as a single process but this process is able to perform multiple tasks. For example, spelling and grammar can be checked when user is giving input to the Microsoft Word. That is while user is giving keystrokes. So there is one thread which is created to check spelling and grammar of user input. User input is taken by another thread. Again a thread may be created to load images from the hard dive. Again there may be a thread to which keep periodic automatic backup of the file which is continuously editing. So here we can see there is a single process that is Microsoft Word along with four different threads and as this process contains multiple thread, this process is able to perform multiple tasks at a time as shown here. Another example of multi-threading is client server architecture. Here the client sends request to the server. Server creates thread to process that request and resumes for listening to the new request from another client. The client, same client or another client may give request again back to the server and server may create another thread to process that request. In this way the multi-threaded server architecture can be developed and here this server performs multiple tasks by creating multiple threads. Now these are nothing but difference between processes and threads which you can see later on. Now just pause your video and think about that why process is called as a heavyweight process and why thread is called as a lightweight process. Up till now whatever we studied about thread and process just think why process is heavyweight and why thread is lightweight. Pause your video and write down your answer. Now as we can see individual processes are independent of each other. Processes have independent data and code segment while thread can share code and data segment if they belong to same process. All the different processes are created separately by operating system while thread has their own library. Then process require more resources than thread because process has its own address space while thread share the address space of the process. Process require more time for creation and termination and due to all these reasons process is called as a heavyweight process while thread is called as a lightweight process. Now what are different benefits of thread? Thread takes less time to create a new thread than a process. It also takes less time to terminate a thread than a process. Switching between two threads takes less time than switching between the processes and threads enhance efficiency in communication between programs. Due to these benefits threads are used in the processes. Now where this thread can be used in a single user system? So application of thread in single user system is first is foreground and background work. Now consider a spreadsheet program. Okay here one thread can be created to display menu and read input from the user while the another thread may be used to execute user commands and update a spreadsheet. Second application is asynchronous processing. Asynchronous processing means asynchronous elements in the program can be implemented as a thread. For example a thread may be created to take periodic backup of a file means writing the data of that file periodically into the disk writing the data which is present in RAM into the disk and that thread the sole job of thread is after a particular period of time it has to write the whole content present in that RAM to the disk. So this asynchronous processing can also be done using thread. Next is speed of execution. Now in multi threaded environment the processes can perform multiple tasks at a time. So one process may read the input from the user while another thread is used for spell checking as we have seen. So it automatically increases the speed of execution. Next is modular program structure. In this case the program that involves a variety of activities or variety of sources and destination of input and output may be easier to design and implement using the threads. So let us see thread execution states. The key state for a thread are running, ready and block. So these are these states are also associated with process along with suspended state. But suspended state is not it is not a point here because it is a state of that process. But along with this state four basic operations of thread are there. First is spawn. When a process is created automatically one thread is created for that process. That thread can create sub thread or another thread for more tasks. Next block that when a thread needs to wait for an event it will block. When it blocks it saves its user registers program counter and stack pointer. The processor may now turn to execution of another ready thread in the same or different process. Next is unblock. Now unblock means whenever thread is blocked for us for some event and that event occurs then automatically thread becomes unblocked and it changes its state from block to ready state and it can be used for execution. Next is finish. When a thread complete its execution its register context and stacks are deallocated. So these are nothing but different states of the process along with four operations which is associated with the thread. Now thread synchronization. It is necessary to synchronize the activity of various thread because that thread belongs to same process. So synchronization must be there. All thread of the process share the same address space and other resources. Any alteration of a resource by one thread affect the other thread in the same process. For example suppose two different thread want to add an element in doubly linked list at the same time. Then there may be loss of that element and the doubly linked list may be malformed. So such situation should not occur. So there must be proper synchronization between thread. So this is all about threads. These are the references. Thank you.


et a cap on their wastewater fees if it gets this designation and they do not have to go through act 250 the win for the city is that and the community is that in order to be becoming what's called priority housing project the project needs to meet a standard of 20% of the housing units have to be affordable to those earning 80% of median income or less which is a more significant threshold than what we have in our inclusionary requirement so we've been conversations with the property owner they're interested in pursuing this and it's as I said appears to us to be a significant win-win for housing that would otherwise be built but not necessarily as affordably how would it be accessed it would be accessed via a street right here there's a right of way that has existed for a long time between these two homes here the city also will use that right of way for access to the park and so there would be a street as purple line is and then dwelling units would overlooked before or just why wasn't it included before it was not included before because initially the city proposed to have the neighborhood development area exactly match the new town center okay we didn't want to just make jump forward and assume the reason we have these other tag-ons is that actually we changed the boundaries of our original new town center so we were just a little bit conservative in the way we went about it to begin with so that we could have a little more robust conversation about what exactly we're accomplishing this city so we could be back again in the future for another edition for more Helen are you able to follow because we are following along with the visuals that Paul's providing I'm looking I'm looking at the visuals although I'm not certain I didn't see the purple line where the access is oh I'm counselor really that's on a separate map that I did not put in the packet it is in the application sort of towards the end it's on the zoning map on the which map it's on the zoning map that's in the application ah right okay so that's the only access is that easement that is the only road access from Barrett street it is yeah so there would be two pedestrian accesses eventually one would be to the north actually three one to the north one through the park over Ivy street and one to the west the western one won't exist right away we have not secured the portion that goes directly to San Remo so that parcel backs up to like Bouchard brothers and Spotlight on Dance Bouchard brothers yes Spotlight on Dance I think is a little bit south too far south okay so you weren't here earlier Paul we had talked about what was Andrew's language in the newest sense ordinance the just a minute sound buffers the sound buffers but there was language here just a minute I just made a booboo just a minute it was performance standards that was the language that Andrew used and we had talked we had a brief discussion about and I believe it was over a year ago that I sent to you and Kathy Ann some language regarding sound buffers when you have a residential area abutting an industrial or a commercial area how the land development regulations can ensure that noise coming from whatever activity would not be harmed you know in some way present some form of harm or disruption to the neighbors abutting so that was in regard to the newest sense ordinance and the happy tales business on Hinesburg road and this seems to me since it's abutting the San Remo Drive which is a commercial area that that would also be an area where we want to be sensitive to how those new housing development would ensure that quality of life for those residents would be compatible with whatever activities going on in the commercial properties on San Remo Drive is any of this possible to tackle before moving ahead with the project and the initial plots it's certainly something we can communicate with the property owner in this case it seems that it might be a little bit of the reverse of the happy tales where the commercial activity already exists there and so anybody who moved in there would certainly at least be aware of what's existing today but we could communicate certainly with the property owners about what the property owner of the folks doing the development to be aware that there could be noise nearby and that they may want to think about things like where to put the bedrooms where to put the garages tree buffering whatever it is but that would be an optional thing on the part of the applicant as long as they're meeting our regulations and we do on a regular basis communicate with applicants about what our neighborhood circumstance that they should be aware of what can this council do and I should probably know this so I say this a little bit with guilt for this council to move forward an initiative to have zoning with regard to noise buffers be considered by the planning commission certainly in years past haven't we once a year had a planning commission city council joint meeting we could have put that in the books certainly through that method or if the council wanted to recommend items for the request items for the commission to take up the planning commission is doing a joint meeting with the DRV very similar to this in a couple weeks time so certainly with scheduling one with the planning commission to share this idea and any others that are that are relevant would be great especially as both groups ramp up to work on their work plans for next year over the next couple months because we want our commercial areas and our residential areas to be desirable places to settle right and to thrive and so I we're kind of looking for ways to ensure that that happens I mean we can't avoid all conflicts but that we can minimize the conflicts that would Megan so when I was on the DRV I mean I watched them and participated in lots of like nuance negotiations between applicants and the butters and usually one person to the other had an objection right and so then it was usually they met offline and negotiated some sort of you know escaping solution or whatever it might be so it depends upon which side wanted what right so in some cases it's you know the noise buffering is a consideration but a lot of times it's just aesthetic screening right in this case you're screening commercial activities from residential right so you don't want to have to look into a place where they do body work on cars a lot of cars and you know pieces of cars and pieces broken off of cars right and stuff like that or something else that's going on so those get negotiated in the DRV quite often I've seen that so it depends on if they're feeling who side they're on at that point so but that's visual and I think that the discussion tonight was also looking at the oral factor right in this case I mean because of a particular source from animals right but the vast majority of things or trucks like garbage trucks are right right but the vast majority are usually aesthetic visual screenings right but you anticipated this conflict when it was before you in the DRV oh yeah because of residents that for homes that hadn't been built yet in an application that hadn't been approved at that point I don't think Ryan was in the process of being approved when Happy Tales came along where he had just recently been approved at that point I can't remember the exact order I think it had recently been approved yeah and so and my consideration wasn't for the commercial because I figured what would commercial care about another commercial business right but I never thought that it would be a mental health counseling some sort of medical type thing but I was concerned about the 50 homes that would be in the vicinity that would have to listen to the dogs barking all the time because I've driven by doggy day care every day on the way to and from and it's very noisy and so that's why they had the condition that they couldn't use a loudspeaker saying you know Joe Schmoe call you know they had to use hand you know units on their belts or whatever and try to have some sort of sound absorbing materials on them and I don't know how I guess it didn't sounds like it didn't work out as well as it could but we'll look to a future meeting I don't want to get too far off but that is just I didn't know that that was anyway it's just seeming to dovetail nicely with the discussion we had earlier and if I may for for counseling really on the phone the best map to see that that planned road is on within my packet there was 36 pages it's on page 22 it's called official map form based code area and it's sort of the bottom right there's a dashed black line surrounded by a blue box which is the the subject parcel let me ask yeah I was looking through the map let me ask one more question about that whole San Remo Drive block right what is that zone now currently send the San Remo block is zone T4 so could it take residential three-story apartment buildings yes it could be up to four stories four stories if it is adjacent to a non-transact zone so this area here then it needs to have step back starting on the third story to have it so it's not looming over a neighborhood so I think it's 12 feet and then another 12 feet for the third and the fourth story and there needs to be a vegetated buffer of about on the on the T4 property of I think 10 or 12 feet something like that do you think it is feasible that properties that are adjacent to that NDA area that you want to add could someday be turned into residential does it have enough this area on San Remo to the right to the right that strip no right to the left of that yeah it's like we're Bouchard that whole area there could that be it very well could be not prioritized between housing or commercial but is there enough space with setbacks and things like that too is it about the same amount of space width wise as they have over at Black Bay I would say there's somewhat more so this is Black Bay ventures right here that's about 100 feet right down here you've got probably I'm going to eyeball it and say close to 170 feet so I'm just pointing out that nothing lasts forever so a couple of businesses and a couple of lots when they're given the right price something else replaces it and we're going to see that happening here over the next 20 years so very good so I think are there any other pressing questions if not I think Paul is looking for an approval of this application to the Vermont downtown board to expand the city's neighborhood development area designation second so moved smooth second no favor alright that was unanimous thank you Paul thank you for your time alright and that brings us to other business item 16 and Kevin Dorn had two updates one with regard to the SBBA meeting and the other with regard to the Wheeler conservation report I actually have a third and I'll take them quickly the you had asked me to reach out to the SBBA and see if we could arrange some type of a joint meeting with them to talk about economic development and how the council and city government can be supportive of local businesses particularly you know as they transition hopefully into city center Julie Beatty their executive director said they'd be happy their board would be very happy to meet with the council and so I wanted to ask you quickly about your thoughts on timing I suggested sometime in late February but maybe you want to wait till after the election before what is your thinking about that A and B would you like it to be a special meeting where it would be kind of like a round table thing a special council meeting but dedicated to that issue or do you want it to be the traditional half hour here with you in a scheduled meeting I think it's a special meeting a separate special meeting I think that would be better and just to keep in mind that late February there's a school break I agree with a special meeting and I don't you know I don't care when it happens but if you want to find a time in February that's fine yeah we'll just have to make sure it doesn't conflict with debates if there are any yeah you know that makes for it busy let me see if I can get something scheduled by the 15th of February and I think that stuff generally comes after that okay thank you on that the second item and Helen I emailed this to you pursuant to your interest in having a mailing go out to new homeowners I have begun to draft such a letter that would go out with and what I'm looking for from you is just is this kind of what you're looking for there can be more items on here but the tax the tax issue is in here it's the fifth bullet down I kind of didn't want frankly to have the first contact between government and taxpayer be a note to say oh by the way damn it we're going to put your house up for a tax sale yeah fairly so we were thinking about sending something like this out with the current copy of Sobu Life and it's just some handy information is this what you're looking for um I know that we have a journalist here but I do hear residents say that they receive those city whether it be the other paper or probably Sobu Life and it goes right into the recycling I really I mean it's up to you believe me I'm perfectly happy to not take on another task and send letters out to to new residents but this is not for you to decide today I think a letter is I mean we have proved positive we've tried to communicate with them with this right but where it says as a friendly reminder I'd make that big bull print bingo I mean these are nice because somebody unless you say at the top please read through to the end right I think it's that I just you know and don't forget you need this friendly reminder and I was just he looked at it and thought all the rest of this stuff which is fluff that was trying to soften the other part well you know when you move to Vermont you pay a welcome fee $1,500 just so you know so that's how Vermont welcomes people from out of state where's the what it is yeah when you move to the state of Vermont we paid $1,500 in 2002 you're kidding me when you buy a house pay it to the state so it was welcome to Vermont $1,500 yeah that we paid a welcome fee to move into Vermont changing your car registration I can't remember if it was linked to something it's probably a collection of fees we called it the welcome fee well I think it's a you know it's a bunch of stuff well I think that might have been my husband and myself so I'm just saying that we still came and I do think that as opposed to paying penalties and interest it's not just a friendly reminder it's a helpful reminder and I would put headings and just say you know local property taxes as a heading because you have a whole section here on the back they might not even turn the page over and I mean they can skip that the other papers are official paper but they better not skip some of the other pieces well that's where that's why I like that this is a lot of information if I were a new president I would be appreciative of this as a simple letter I would just add a couple things I don't know if you want to go over this tonight any edits you want but not tonight very good any stylistic things you want and we'll change it I think we ought to have retained for reference on it so they don't forget maybe some dates when stuff is due so I'll work on that and then as soon as practical we'll start sending them out and I'm sure the $1500 is in the deposit that you get when you leave is that an enticement? no that's just a trap I think it's a deposit I think it's a deposit what do you mean? the welcome fee must be a deposit it's not a they save it for you I'm just saying if it still exists and I have to talk to my husband I haven't thought about it for 15 years but if we're trying to attract more people to the state maybe we should get rid of this welcome fee well you know my daughter moved here 4 years ago and I don't remember if she paid any welcome fee I mean to your point it might be you had a car registration and you had a license to renew to get your license but I've never heard it call out the welcome use tax on your car that's the one that's the registration so that's the welcome fee well you do pay yeah you pay the tax but we have a it's like a we already paid tax on it yeah but it's not like Massachusetts that has excise tax on your car every year so last thing you received the report from the Wheeler conservation committee at your last meeting would you like that scheduled for further discussion soon or on an upcoming agenda what action would you like to take now like a question I think we have to deliberate more and potentially consider approval I mean does this require anything besides council action we generally are in favor of this easement right you had some reservations about I think I think we need to understand what the restrictions are that already already are in place because there are already restrictions on the property right if the restrictions are adequate to meet the community's needs for preserving the property in perpetuity then let's see Kev he answered that there was already some couple memos on that so I think we want to see those memos yeah we want that summarized I think why don't we find if you'd like to have a period of deliberation on this with any additional that schedule some time for you to deliberate I would be in favor of that alrighty that's all I got alright and then Tom you had the non-binding non-binding referendum raising the minimum age for smoking to 21 or for cigarette purchase bless you yeah so this is a request that maybe other people besides me receive from a school board member asking whether we would entertain the possibility of adding to our ballot in March non-binding referendum to raise the smoking age in the state of Vermont to 21 is my understanding that Burlington is doing this it's also my understanding that the house passed this legislation last year but the senate had two senators that basically blocked it I don't know why as you probably know there is a I love this word plethora of evidence about the harm that cigarette smoking does to human beings either by primarily smoking or by smoking and and we currently have new legislation that I don't know if it's been signed by the governor that restricts recreational marijuana to age 21 we also have legislation that predates to sale of alcoholic beverages to nobody under the age of 21 so it probably is a good idea and there's probably data behind this that shows that it makes it harder for young people to get tobacco products if it's denied to people under 21 at sale points within our city or within the whole state of Vermont the logic is that the survey data shows that Vermont's older population smokes at a rate lower than the national average but that our young population smokes at a higher rate than the rest of the nation so I think that epidemiologists will probably tell you that if you make it harder for young people to obtain the tobacco products that you could bring the rate down some more so the question is we have two things that we could discuss and we don't have to believe this tonight but we have to make a decision about whether we want to add something to our ballot by you just approved the warning that was the full warrant right there the full warning that's the full warning for the full ballot I don't know so nothing else can go on what's the actual deadline we have a steering committee meeting next week that we might be able to we get the language drawn out we might be able to get it on there are we I don't know I think the deadline is like the 25th and that's the 24th let's look into it do we have an August we do have an August right I think part of the reason for this and probably Burlington too is to demonstrate to Montpelier that there is public will to set this age at 21 to make the products unavailable to people under 21 especially people that are 18 17 16 15 I think that and that's so having a non-binding referendum lets the city residents speak on this subject to Montpelier although it will be too late for this legislative season if we do it in November I think it's going to be a long process to get something through the senate but even on that point if we had it on the March election it would still be the last legislative session anyway so November would still be aligned for the same next year right it was an idea that was put out there I think it's a good idea there are several states that have already undertaken and passed this legislation Hawaii was the last one I believe that California and Oregon also have this law on the books so I would like to see some data which shows from their experience that it did actually bring down the rate of smoking among their teenagers so I'll look into that deeper I received a bunch of information from Dr. George Till in my email discussions with him about this because he's one of the sponsors of that legislation in Montpelier that's it I'd like to see the data we'll bring it up at the joint meeting steering committee steering committee thank you Tim and then we have one more which is the rental registries the piece that I wanted to bring up because it was in the free press today and it would appear as though the state is interested in potentially doing a statewide rental registry and the only other community that had been mentioned that has one obviously is Wellington the only thing I'd like to put out there is if this is something that in time we decide to do and I know we've thrown it out on the table at various things I I'm going to be selfish enough to say that I would like to see it's something that we control ourselves here and that we work with the owners of the building so that we don't come up with something that the state mandates that we have that may not fit south Burlington for example we have in many instances much newer housing than they have even in Burlington for if you take a look at the apartments that they have in someone they work with something with a five year plan something like that and as long as we've got a good landlord who is meeting the needs of the tenants and not having them live in squalor as we seem to see in some of the others so the stories today in the paper were quite interesting on people not getting things resolved I would not want to see a statewide registry I think that would take away from our I think we should have more control over what we do here versus that and I think we've shown that with our storm water and everything else that we are leaders in that type of area and that when the time comes that we would like to have a registry to have it something that we can we can control we can sustain we can fund ourselves without I don't want to say more money going to Montpelier but basically more money going to Montpelier and maybe for things that don't apply to us here that's it so that begs a lot of questions so first of all Burlington already does this every rental unit is registered the landlord pays a fee annually for that for every unit? not new construction so if you meet certain thresholds you get five years before you have to renew again because it's brand new that's fine but Bill Ward is one of their inspectors and you've seen the articles in the free press about a particular landlord that has lots of properties that are in disrepair and how unfortunately how little he has to force this landlord to make the corrections now the landlord has gotten a lot of negative press and sometimes that can be just as effective unfortunately in a 2% vacancy which is now actually like 3% or 4% which is getting better these things so bad press can depress somebody's ability to fill their units so Burlington the question for Burlington is do they have a revenue neutral model for how they run their registry with their administrative personnel and their inspectors I don't know I agree with everything you just said we also need to put in this conversation this is a public safety thing these rental units some of them are not safe and it was a tragedy that propelled the creation of the registry as far as I recollect my friend Amy Minor actually knew where she died in 1998 because the unit next to her created carbon monoxide and it poisoned her unit so my understanding is since then that has propelled a lot of the inspections and more rigorous application of rental standards in Burlington so maybe this is a possibility you already do fire inspections you do electrical inspections the question is at the very minimum you want the units to be safe for smoke and CO at the very least and we already know they watch as Craigslist and they watch other forms of media that advertise rental units in the city and call people and say you need to have hardwired interconnected smoke detectors in your unit if you're going to rent it so the question is if they're already watching it's almost like we should ask the question how can we implement a registry and then start very small with just fire inspections let's say if the person is there for fire inspection and they notice some other state violations then they could write up and issue a citation to the landlord where they have to make these other corrections and maybe pass that off to somebody else I don't know what all the rules are the article went on today to talk about health the health because of this family having rats coming out of their couch or something like that it was really disgusting but they were told that they had to call their local health officer then they found that there really wasn't a local health officer or if there was the health officer said I don't take care of that you have to go back to your landlord it was kind of a convoluted piece and I thought that isn't what we envisioned here I think what we envision here is the safety for folks and we do have the health officer so we're kind of getting into debate about this issue and I was looking at the it is on your work plan it's not with the date though so if we want to put it on our work plan this is maybe the moment well we may want to keep it you know in the forefront and talk about it especially if the state decides that they are going to do anything with this because you know I'm not one to say that we have to have this in by a week from Friday but I'm also looking and saying I think it's worthwhile to talk about considering that the state is looking to take this on would our I don't know but our affordable housing trust committee have any interest in looking at this when they're talking about regulations and formal housing committee yeah you can pass it on to them I can also check with you know our own representative head as chair of the committee that would have jurisdiction over this and find out what might be happening there so I can reach out to you I like the idea of tasking the housing committee with this as well okay I have an open mind on this I really want to hear from staff I'd love to know from Justin and from Paul and from Ray what their thoughts are on this and I know that can't be done in a 15-minute conversation so I'm not saying next week or next month or so but it would be useful for me to hear what the concerns and questions and where staff comes in on this topic to me if fire department is already looking for new rentals or people that are renting houses out because they bought something they lived there they moved up they moved out and they're renting it for the first time if they're already taking an interest in it then there's the ability to bill for inspection register the property get it on the books and understand and then maybe from there we can inch our way into other safety considerations I don't want to go into the details of the safety issues in the house that my son rented on East Harris but there were quite a few but I was not the renter I was not on the lease I could not make any complaints and I could not convince my son to raise the complaints either because he was a college student so it's a quality of life issue for people that are renting and there are lots of properties in the city I'm sure they're fine and the rent is fair on whatever the market price fair is but there are probably some on the edges that are not and those are the ones that I want landlords to fix period I think that we've given Kevin some direction here to check with Helen Head the affordable housing committee and Justin was here earlier and said he'd be happy to come in and talk to you about his experiences which sounds good that brings us to item number 17 which is the adjourn adjourn moved second Allen favor night Helen thank you thank you all


surfactants are used to solubilize hydrophobic organic dyes such as solvent and dispersed dyes. Non-ionic surfactants have higher solubilization power than an ionic or cationic surfactants due to their ability to accommodate dyes in both the inner hydrocarbon part of the micelle and its head group shell. Additionally, the location of a dye within a surfactant micelle can be determined by examining its absorption spectrum. This article was authored by Ali Reza Tirani Baga and Krista Holmberg.


In the Indian tradition, an arti and doing pujas with fire is common. What is it that happens when one does arti to a guru, a photo of a god or an idol, or on the Ganga? And then people take the arti to apply it to their face. Does something change in the fire after the arti? It is not that the fire changes. If a certain form is exuding certain energy and you do not know or you do not have the capability to simply connect with it and you want to connect with it, fire is a good medium to bring both of you together. As we've been saying, fire has been used in so many ways to bond with each other. Without fire there is no wedding in India because it is being used as a bond to bring people together. Whether physical kind, emotional kind or spiritual kind, without fire there is no union. Taking this further, if a certain form, either in the form of a picture or a deity, if it is exuding certain energy to make yourself available to it, fire is a good means. So you will see you enter the Devi temple, if a few people go stand there, fire so that they will connect. It's not that she will not connect without fire, she will. But to make you conducive to it, to make you available to it, to make it the way where if… see, if you're looking at in an elemental way, you cannot connect with whatever the earth and water that is there in somebody or something. But if fire is built between people, something gets connected. So this entire process is to connect you with that dimension. So the fire which goes around the deity has acquired that the aura of the fire, not the fire itself, the akash around the fire has acquired a quality of the divine.   You want to take the akash and you want to benefit from that. You're trying to take some element of the divine for your own benefit to take it and make it a part of yourself. So the whole arati process is an effort in this direction. It is… these are all different things that can assist a person to slowly develop your own fire. But above all, in the yogic system, there are various processes where no fire is lit, all the fires lit are within. So this is what you hear from ancient times, the yogis were doing tapas. The word tapa means heat or fire.  So external help is needed when internal possibilities are not so big, but internal possibilities if they're created, no external help is needed. That's a simple aspect of it. Fire has brought various aspects to our life. Many temples were built for fire across the world. If you use very powerful reverberations in the form of mantras, the fire approximately takes that form. You'll feel suddenly there is a certain freedom, a certain release within you. A yogi who wants to access the nature of life, he will focus only on Sarvabha. It's the ultimate fire which holds all other fires within it. You're trying to take some element of the divine for your own benefit, to take it and make it a part of yourself.


Recent epidemiologic, virologic, and modeling reports support the possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from persons who are pre-syntomatic, SARS-CoV-2 detected before symptom onset, or asymptomatic, SARS-CoV-2 detected but symptoms never develop. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the absence of symptoms reinforces the value of measures that prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by infected persons who may not exhibit illness despite being infectious. Critical knowledge gaps include the relative incidents of asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, the public health interventions that prevent asymptomatic transmission, and the question of whether asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection confers protective immunity. This article was authored by Nathan W. Furukawa, John T. Brooks, and Jeremy Sobel.