You know what time it is, right? It's orb time. We're going to see how he reacts. Orb? Orb? Aw, fuck! How's it going, everybody? Dot, today, you're back with some more Dragon Ball fighters this time, playing a team of Piccolo, Cell, and Fu Zamasu, because, well, main they really wanted to play Piccolo. And I couldn't think of a good enough theme, so I just went with Team Green. But maybe, I don't know why I have Piccolo up on front, honestly. This dude's assist is excellent. We've talked about it before, but his assist is top tier, so I'm just, excuse me, just gonna switch out here. Try to keep that pressure. Jiren assist, we blocked those. I'm looking out for any tech. Can't tech that. That is a command grab. Into the sea assist for the combo extension. Alright. Zamasu assist kind of slow. Oh, they really gotta buff my man Zamasu, dude. Just a little bit. That assist could use some work, I believe, and see that assist. That assist is perfect just the way it is. Zamasu? Then again, I don't really know what Zamasu players use for his assist. See if I can't get the orb here to just, he wants a super dash, no? Does he want a super dash this one? No. Not interested in super dashing either. The key blast. Okay, I see you.  I gotta do a little sum of that myself. I thought I was, oh, you can't reflect cell. My man will slide back into the corner. Alright, we're up a character already. I do kind of want that health back, so now it's time for Zamasu to take over. I'm a fly. Do you, oh never mind. Jiren is just saying no. I just want to fly, and this man will not have it. My freedom to fly. That was sick, and I am sad it happened to me. Three but only drops it. I just bet, dude, my two, I'll miss them by a little bit. Zoom it. You know what? While I'm dying, since I'm dead, go back. Look at how close Zamasu's foot came to hitting that man. I just barely threw that, buffed my man's Zamasu. It's time. I say we buff Zamasu all 2021. Zamasu should be top tier. But hold on, we're back to a DVS Worldly doing things. I think this is where we're gonna go ahead and spark just for a minute. Wait. Alright. Okay. We got him. We got him right where we want him, boys. Hold on. Let Piccolo go to work. Let him do something. Oh no, I don't do it too much after that. Oh, sit down. Sit down. Piccolo does not play these games. Hold on, Piccolo. Why?  That's not how that worked. I think you're just supposed to do the back. Oh, damn it. I was looking for that too. Oh, no. I'm getting jeering. I'm getting jeered. Let me just deal with Broly then. Let me deal with Broly also. Let me hold on. I'm a pop spark raw just because we are losing a lot of blue life. Come here. I'm just gonna super nice at him. Hold it. There we go. I'll take it. I'll take it.  April. Hey, jeering, you want to jump? Let me see that. Do you want to jump?  I would have been smiling year to year. I would have been. I would have never had a nightmare I got grabbed. I'm getting scared. The lower my health gets, I do not want to 1v1 jeering if I'm being honest. If I'm being honest, I don't want to 1v1 jeering. I'd rather no limit break this. Don't Super Dash. I'll level three. I'll do it, dude. I will level three at the first sign of danger. Solar coming up. I'm gonna do it again too. I'm gonna do it again.  All right, I won't do it this time. Oh, you can counter dragon run. Is this one? Is this what try something feels like on the other side? I'm just trying something, dude. Why should I be punished for trying? I just want to play the game. Oh my. Is this what it feels like? This this heat? Is this my limit? I'm speed. You got to watch my speed. That was sick. I didn't think that would come from there. Oh, the dashing was sick. Guard canceling. Oh my goodness. Just barely with the dragon rush. Do we actually get this guy? I was sweating right there. Oh, I was sweating. I'm glad we were able to wrap that up when we did. Dude, Jiren was just whittling us down too. That was crazy. The counters were starting to add up. I was just losing it out. But we got the W. We got the win. No way. No way. No way. Yeah, he thought he'd counter his way to victory, dude. And the thank you stamp as well trying to butter me up. He knows he's trying to hit even more counters in this next one. And I can't blame him, dude. I'm a Jiren player. I've been there, done that. Hold on. He's going to try to hit me with the command grab again. No, he didn't. I was ready to mash though. Mashed right there. That's our opportunity. I'll take it. Mid screen.  I'm thinking yes. Too far away. Oh, come on. I just love that you can do that.  That's not you do the. Okay. Hold on. I just remembered what I'm supposed to do there. Let me go ahead and show you have to do normal heavy. I've been doing down heavy this whole time. He might not have enough health to make a difference. There you go, dude. There you go. Just a special bean cannon. Top it off. That's what we want to see. All right. Finally, wrap my brain around that. Now that we've got Piccolo commas, we can do anything. Demon elbow, fake mix up demon elbow right into the C assist about what I expected. Jiren though, he's going to start going to work. Why up tech? Woo. What you reflected? He wanted that reflect play again. He was trying to hit me with the reverse of round one. Beat it. Oh, I can't believe he could counter that too. He could counter command grabs. Can't counter with that one though. You've got to use the all around try something counter. All right. I'm playing around it. This is making me want to play Jiren though. I can't tell lie. This is making me really want to play Jiren. Oh god, I'm nervous. Come here. Oh, I wanted to snatch his. I wanted to snatch him so bad. Oh no, that would have been bad, dude. I was going to grab him right through the Broly assist, land a little combo. He's going to counter right here. Watch. Oh, we're going to scare it out of him, dude. We're going to scare the counter out of him in the corner. Really? Right here. He's not doing it. He doesn't. Well, he's got control over it. Don't counter. Oh my god. He's he's reflecting the defensive god. He's a defensive god. He doesn't want to play these games. He's the counter is not even on his mind. Oh, I've gotten hit by that command grab so often. He's got the combos to boot. Five bars is going to spend the three. Miss it. Oh, he didn't miss. All right. Well, the best we can say is we're not out of the game, right? The best we can say is we're not out of the game. Do I wake up level three? Am I wild? Am I crazy? Am I stupid? Don't headbutt me. Yeah, the headbutt follow up is brutal after that. Zamasu. If anybody could win this, it would be a Jiren, but I don't have a Jiren so I gotta rely on you. Let's go Zamasu. Let's go. Let's make our mark. Mortals. Look at these mortals trying to face Zamasu. Can't you see I'm a god? Let me throw up the lightning. Dragon rush. Mix. One, two, three, one, two, three. I'm just going to level three again. I'm not sure a level one would have killed. It might have to be fair, but I don't want to risk it. I think we could take Jiren with just one bar. I don't think we need to save three for him. And my plan for taking out Jiren with one bar involves this. No Jiren could resist this. He'll want a super dash at me and I'll react to it. He's already trying to snipe me. Look, there it is. Alright, see now that we've got his reaction down. Oh no. Alright, we're gonna fly. No, fly. Fly Zamasu. Oh my goodness. That was not the plan. I wanted to do the fly plan, but I'll take it. Zamasu going to wrap the game up. Give him a little pose. Zamasu saying short but sweet victory line. Alright, that's a whole essay. But appreciate the games to the opponent. I really want to play Jiren now, but we're going to keep rocking with Team Green and go straight into this next match. Alright, we are back with game two and I am. Oh, I was going to try to read already. I wanted to get the reads already. That's fine. I think instead we'll switch out, try to get some. Can I switch? Oh my god. Whitey counter that just that scared me more than anything. He thought I was going to mash. He wanted me to mash up there. Uh I'm terrified. Can I switch? Thank you. I'll take the switch. I'm going to spark dude. It's momentum time. It's going to be momentum time soon is what I was saying. What I was saying is it's going to be momentum right now. Come on. Okay, good. I was about to lose it. I'm still about to lose it. Wait, guard cancel. We'll take the risk. Zamasu for the grab. He does land the dragon rush and we have the orb assist. This is about the best you could hope to see right now.  Why do we do the one? Oh because it hit I guess. Ah, no. That was sad. Got to play around better than that. Can I get out of the corner? Thank you. I'll take it. Orb assist. Oh, he wants a super. Oh, I couldn't stop it though. I was caught up in the other action. Oh, the second orb. I'm just trying to stay safe from these assist. He still hasn't even used Gohan's assist. I don't remember what it was. That's kind of why I'm so nervous about it. If that was like a C assist, Gohan, I'm scared. Oh, why not combo off the orbs? Hold on. Keep Piccolo in the assist spot. We need that Piccolo assist. I am spamming that all game. Don't try to kick me. Oh, I thought the 2H read would work. That 2H read was he did exactly what I thought he would do, but the 2H did not work exactly how I thought it would work. Oh, sell combos. I dropped it. That's fine. We saw the orb. I'm going in. This guy's page. This guy knows I love me a full screen super dash. That's fine. We'll leave Piccolo up front now. I think I'm worried that he might kick again. Oh, God. Yo, get off of the boy. That was the reflex. Don't let me catch you slipping. All right, we are going to level three. I know it's a lot of bar, but he has a lot of sparking, so I'm trying to take that away.  I'll super dash to that. Get down. This guy. All right, Piccolo is definitely the MVP of the team right now. The orb, the everything, dude. How much stacks does he have? I just want to know if I need to worry about getting level seven orb. He wants a super dash orb. Do you want a super dash orb? Orp. Orp. Orp. How are you going to deal with the second orb? No. Oh, he was patient. He was patient. Okay, okay, okay. He was patient. He was patient. But will he, how will he deal with the second orb though is the question? Let me hit him with the moderate strap. Oh, I'm dead. Yo, but imagine there actually was an Arto Fighters. That would be moderate assist. Only there would be meteors. So spoilers, I guess. Can I get it? Don't want, yeah. See, I don't want to get hit raw by anything like that. That would be game. Dragon rush, but that is game for me. That is going to be all she wrote. We'll just stick with the level one to wrap it up quickly. My power is great. Gotta drop the voice line on him and everything and we're going to take round one. Piccolo is definitely the MVP. Once we get down to that 1v2 situation or 1v1, we're really just going to be spitting orbs out. I think it's going to be the strategy. Just spit an orb, let him react. This person doesn't seem to like super dashing full screen. In fact, they seem to hate the idea of it. They punish them with relative side to side. He didn't see me pass under. This might be sales game. Hold on. Wow, never mind. Oh, that was sick. Nice assist usage doesn't get the full combo though. I did try to trade. I'm going to mash. I'm going to mash to get out of that. Let's drop some orbs. Oh, so, so close to being perfectly timed. If we would have hit that second orb, block the overhead, reflect the assist. All right, beautiful.  Get the orbs out. Get the orbs out. He's got to worry about that last one though. Oh, he decided to jump back into it. Not a bad plan. EX. EX again. We are just playing that slice. Drop the orbs. There it is. Just get that chip damage. Sell assist just to lock him down. He wants the DP. It's hard to explain how wristy that was. We were playing wristy right there. The DP chances is pretty much everything. I went silent. I was like, I just want to be, you know, if I'm going to get hit with something, I want to be present for it. Let me get out of here.  Oh, that sucked.  Awkward hitbox. Got to accept it for what it was. Level three. Oh, come on. Not on the engine of the team. Piccolo is the engine. The backbone. He's what keeps us going. So I'm going to spark to save him. Oh, and we got you in the corner. I got crossed. I got crossed. That was actually kind of nuts. I thought I got punished for that. It wouldn't have surprised me. Take a 6M. I thought you'd get hit. I thought you'd block. Don't do this. Gohan, I practically trained you, bro. Wait. I would understand why Gohan would not be a fan of cell though. So go ahead. Oh, wait. I was facetious. Stop. No, not the full level three. Not the full level three. No mix. Oh my goodness. I don't know what that trick was. Dragon rush. It works every time. With the orbs out, really, dragon rush becomes so much better because they're constantly worried about it. And I got mashed on. Could have been worse. Could have been worse. Cell is not going to be around for a while if we keep him out though. So we probably will switch. We're going to do level one. We'll drop another level one on there. Just do a level three. Just to ensure, you know, Team Gohan is the scary character out of the bunch. Might as well lock it up. Spend the bar. Just always get the kill if you can, right? Don't, don't cheap out. There's, there's no need to cheap out. Oh, I almost got mixed. It took me like eight years to turn around. Oh, and even when I responded to the mix, I was slow in the defense. I was over 10. Yes. Somebody help. I don't want to lose Piccolo. I'm a mash. I got a mash. Let Piccolo eat. You know what time it is, right? It's orb time. We're going to see how he reacts. Orb. Orb. Orb. Oh, we had just recovered a tile. I did not expect to die there. Oh, no way. You did not think I wouldn't. Perfect attack. That's a reason it's called the perfect attack. There's no flaws in its opening. There's no openings. Perfect attack. All right. There's one flaw in its opening. There is one flaw in its opening. There's one opening. It's the counter. And fair play. That was sick. Oh, he dropped it. I bet he wouldn't. I didn't even get to block. I was going to say, I bet he wouldn't expect a second perfect attack. All right. We're playing Zamasu. Definitely a scary character to be left with, but it's GG. It's game over. Game set Zamasu. Just mostly the finisher. He didn't do a lot, but Team Green. Going to walk away with two wins here and we will definitely take it. Hopefully you enjoyed this kind of team. I mean, let me know some more team suggestions down below. I definitely just played this team because I mostly felt like playing Piccolo. But while you're down there, make sure to like button and subscribe to the channel. And you can also check out some more videos on your screen right now. We're trying to hit 400,000 subscribers. So tell a friend, subscribe yourself. I appreciate all the support. Thanks again. I've been down to do it. And I will see you in the next video.


FEV1 by FEC ratio is a marker for differentiating between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Before we proceed, you should remember that the main problem in obstructive lung disease is in expiration, basically problem in moving the air out of lungs, while in restrictive lung disease there is restriction to lung expansion, so main problem is getting the air into the lung, so problem is in the inspiration. So with this concept, let's try to understand FEV1 by FEC ratio. So by the way, what is this FEV1 and FEC? Well, FEC is forced vital capacity and FEV1 is forced expiratory volume in first second. So let's try to understand their meaning. See, to determine forced vital capacity and FEV1, we have to connect the patient to the spirometer. Now we will discuss more about the analogue kind of spirometer, however these days everything can be done digitally. But anyways, so for determining forced vital capacity, what we do is, we ask the person to fill his lungs completely by taking maximum inspiration while obviously he is connected to the spirometer. So he will draw in air from the spirometer. Now when that happens, when the patient draws in the air, the spirometer bell actually goes down because the volume in the spirometer is decreasing, so the top bell will go down and this will cause the movement of the marker of the spirometer to go up. So if initially say suppose it is somewhere here, then the marker will go up and we will get a straight line and this straight line we will get because the spirometer right now is not moving. Now once he fills his lungs completely, what will happen that he will not be able to draw any more air. So when that point is reached, we ask them to exhale maximally and forcefully. So as much forcefully and as much fast he can do that, he is asked to exhale out the air and immediately we start the spirometer at a speed of 20 millimeter per second. So because the spirometer is now moving, we will get a line like this in the spirometer and he is exhaling out, isn't it? So the air is going back into the spirometer and the drum of the spirometer will go up and hence the marker will go down. So we will get this kind of line. Fine. Now for complete evaluation of FEV1 and FVC, it is important that you continue to record this till the time he is exhaling or maximum up to six seconds. Now with the graph obtained, we determine FEV1 by FVC ratio. See from here to here is the total volume which is exhaled. So that is forced whiter capacity. So forced whiter capacity is defined as the amount of air which can be exhaled out after maximum inspiration and here because it is forced, so the amount of air which can be exhaled out forcefully after maximum inspiration. Now the spirometer chart which is there, actually it is already calibrated means it has some lines like this and the distance between lines represents 500 ml. So we can actually determine how much total volume of air has been exhaled out by just counting these lines. So here if we count, so this is 500 ml, this is 500 ml, so here it is coming to till here 4000 ml and say suppose this is approximately 200 ml, right? So 4200 ml. Fine. Now let's determine FEV1. So FEV1 we said is forced expiratory volume in first second. So in first second how much air he is exhaling out that is FEV1. So for that we should know the speed of his spirometer. So here we said that speed of his spirometer is 20 millimeter per second. So here basically with the speed we can determine the distance which the graph will move in one second. So that is 20 millimeter per second, so it is moving 2 centimeter in one second. So what we do is to mark this time on the graph we use a scale, mark it as 2 centimeter. From the point the person has started exhaling, right? So this much is representing one second. Now if we drop a perpendicular from the point of start of exhalation to this one second, this much will be the volume which is exhaled in first second, right? So here again by counting the lines we can determine how much it is coming. So it is coming to say 3800 ml. With these values let us now calculate FEV1 by FEC ratio. So just divide 3800 ml with 4200 ml and it comes to 0.90. Now normally greater than 80 percent of forced vital capacity is exhaled in first second. So here it is coming to 0.90. So that is if we express in percentage it comes to 90 percent. So in this case yes obviously it is normal. But clinically if the value is less than 0.7 it signifies obstructive lung disease. So as we said that in obstructive lung disease problem is in exhalation, right? So like if we allow him to exhale as much as possible for long duration then total volume of air which is exhaled that is the FEC it will be normal. But the volume which is exhaled in first second forcefully and maximally it will be less because actually the person is exhaling very slowly, okay? So this FEV1 will be less. So the problem is basically in exhalation. Hence the value of FEV1 FEC ratio is going to decrease. So graphically if we draw this it will be like this because he is exhaling slowly and hence the ratio FEV1 by FEC ratio will decrease. Now in restrictive lung disease what will happen? In restrictive lung disease the person is not able to fill his lungs completely. So this line which we are seeing it will go till here and then the graph will be something like this, okay? So basically FEC has decreased and when FEC decreases what happens at FEV1 also decreases proportionately. It's like if a tank is filled less then the speed of water moving out of that will also be less isn't it? So FEV1 also be proportionately less. So in restrictive lung disease if we see the ratio wise FEV1 FEC then the denominator is less, FEC is less and FEV1 also decreases proportionately. So it will be normal or sometimes even increase if this FEC decline is too much then this ratio may be increased as well. So basically to diagnose restrictive lung disease we need to look at the individual value of FPC and fundamentally we have to look at the values of static lung volumes and capacities in which we will see that there is decrease in vital capacity, decrease in residual volume and decrease in functional residual capacity. Okay, before finishing let's try to solve one question on FEV1 by FEC ratio. So suppose the forced vital capacity is 2500 ml and FEV1 is 2200 ml for a 35-year-old male and if we calculate FEV1 by FEC ratio it will come to 2200 divided by 2500 so it comes to 0.88. So the ratio is normal. So definitely it is not obstructive lung disease but is it actually normal? Well look at the individual values of FPC and FEV1. See FEC is definitely decreased normally for an adult male it is around 4500 ml so that means FPC is less. Hence it is basically restrictive lung disease where FEC has decreased and FEV1 has also decreased proportionately causing the ratio to remain normal. So that's all for FEV1 by FEC ratio. I just want to bring to your notice with this that if you want to solve more clinical based question more thinking applied questions on practical physiology then you can get our book on practical physiology where we have given lot of thinking and analytical questions for minds to actually think and apply their knowledge in physiology. Okay, thanks for watching the video. If you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel Physiology Open. Thank you.


Good afternoon you are back with the Vermont House Government Operations Committee over the past two days we have been continuing to hear responses from different individuals and organizations about the pension plan design proposal we put on the table as well as the governance proposal that we put on the table. And just to reemphasize that there's nothing about either of those proposals that should be construed as being a bill that we are trying to push through in any sort of direct time period, rather that's those were both intended to be starting places for us to have a discussion. So what I'd like to do right now committee is spend a few minutes, not reacting necessarily to the folks who have commented on the governance or plan design but, but just, I think reviewing what you heard in the two public hearings that we held. I haven't totaled up the number of how many people we heard from but, but I do have the lists over here in front of me I could. I could count it up but what did you hear from members of the public who testified, were there themes that you found to be eliminating were there misconceptions that you felt we, we should identify. So we'd just like to share for the next 20 minutes or so your reactions to the public hearing, Mike Berwicky. Thank you Madam Chair. I heard a lot of compelling testimony, certainly heartfelt. And very compelling in that. I think people were concerned that their futures were were being changed in ways they weren't weren't very happy with. And I heard that really clear. Some of the things that I heard though include, I would suggest. There's a complete lack of confidence in the decisions being made in investments. And that's why I think this governance structure we, we would do well to go forward with. I think we need to do something to restore that confidence even if it means cleaning house completely. Other piece of that that came through is that people really believe that it was legislators time and time again. There was a belief, not based on fact is obviously there are no legislators on that board but somehow or other. There's a belief that has come to be in very intelligent people for the most part. And that it's legislators who are at fault for the decisions of that. And I think that's adding to the lack of confidence that people have in that. I feel we have to address that we have to try and restore confidence in the decisions of the of the board. And I fully endorsed moving forward with with this governance structure changes and an education for the participants in that so they know who, who is that exactly are making the decisions, and not just necessarily so they don't think it's legislators doing that, but who, in fact, are making those decisions on their behalf. One of the pieces that really came through for me and the other pieces I'll conclude with, I've been to a number of hearings and they're usually very emotional and sometimes people aren't as articulate as they might want to be. But again, I think these for the most part were wonderfully are intelligent and articulate people and their testimony reflected that it was very well prepared and well presented. Other thoughts, reactions to what we heard at the public hearings. Mike McCarthy. Thanks Madam Chair. Yeah, I'll echo a lot of what represented more wiki said I mean we clearly people are very frustrated and I, something that I noticed was, there seemed to be a lot more frustration about the potential length of time additional years that that employees would have to work that that seemed to be the biggest consistent point of like this is a non starter. If we need to do something don't do this. Heard that loud and clear in my conversations with individual teachers and state employees from my district over the weekend. What I did hear openness and a lot of the conversation to things like maybe increasing contributions if if we're in this idea of kind of a fair share, and who has paid their fair share is a big theme that we keep hearing. You know I think we've heard a lot of testimony about the difference in the contribution rates across the systems. Issues of equity and fairness within the different pension programs. Those are things that I'd love to continue talking about and exploring and hopefully you know with representatives from the unions. So, I think there was a, there was a conflating of the historic underfunding of the past, you know we've talked about, you know, the, the 10s of millions of dollars during the 80s 90s maybe early 2000s even where the edict payments were made for people and the underfunding and it's really the state, not funding those things and I want to own that to a certain degree, but I also want to contrast that with, you know, last year, the year before that I mean the past decade plus Vermonters, all of us including teachers state workers like we're we all are Vermont and taxpayers. And right now where we've spent, I think if I read everything right over the last five years, we've put a billion dollars into the system, at the same time, when state employees have put about a third of the dollars that the employers have contributed to that five year period and when we look at this year the budget we all just voted on last week, we're looking at putting 300 million plus dollars into the retirement systems, and, and it's you know orders of magnitude more than the normal cost that we would want to pay in a healthy well managed well financed system. And so, you know, the, the voices crying out for manage my funds better so they earn more. I totally hear what represent Rewiki saying I agree with that. I also really want us to, to continue to look at these issues of equity and fairness and the expectations that people have for their benefits and retirement. Thanks Mike. Mark Higley. Thank you. I guess and even last night's meeting up in Newport. The main team that I that resonates with me I guess is folks telling us to slow down the process. I can't tell you how many times I heard that last night as well as the other two nights of testimony. It sounds like they've lost confidence in us as a legislature whether they had that confidence before I'm not sure but they, they definitely are losing it. Now, I don't know if we can regain that, I certainly hope so. And, you know, I think it was interesting course you always look for bits and pieces that might help your initiative or your thoughts but there was a few that said that Jesus they knew that we were going to continue to change the defined benefit plan year after year that they might have considered a DC plan so I don't know if they said that out of frustration or if they were sincere. But again, you know it was it was it was a crack if there was a an opening there to at least discuss it. So, I guess again, the biggest thing was the lack of confidence slow things down. Didn't didn't feel that they had the input or that their, you know union leaders had the input that was needed to get to even this point. Thank you. Thanks, Mark, Tonya Behovsky. Thank you. I really heard a lot of what I hear Mark saying about slowing down in the complete lack of confidence in the process that has brought us to this point and feeling like people's voices just haven't been heard. I think that I really also heard a real request to do our, again, to really slow down and do our due diligence to examine all the, all the possibilities and have all the information before moving forward. And I to really want to rebuild that confidence and really know that we're working in conjunction with people. And just from, I, similarly to what Mark said you know knowing that I to stand in a space of really wanting to make sure that we don't keep tinkering every 10 years and really under the full understand the full scope and build something better and more sustainable. You know that certainly came through to is that frustration that we just keep coming back here and I don't think we can go forward by continuing to do what we've done in the past and saying let's change this and let's change that with really not understanding the full scope of the of what's going on. Thanks Tonya Bob Hooper. Thank you Madam Chair. I didn't have the benefit of hearing representative Marwikis comments because my dog does not agree with your three minutes bio break framework. I think today he said if you want me come get me. I agree on the equity and fairness piece. Quite frankly, you know I've been asking that information from the treasurer's office since before we sat down to talk about this it's been an ongoing thing, continued to ask for the information about who's paying what who's assuming the liability, where it's all coming from. And although I've heard rumblings that it's coming. I'll believe it when I see it. I walked away from the public hearing Monday with a fairly light heart because I thought for Monter's voices were going to be heard when I walked into this committee and walked out the next, the next day I was dismayed as hell. I didn't think that it seemed like for Monter's voices were being heard at all and quite frankly. I'm questioning at this point what involvement the business roundtable has had and why they continue to be back here acting in as advisor to us. When they really don't have anything to do in the process, slowing down. Definitely something that everybody's talking about. The concept of earning more money is a great concept, but quite frankly you heard this morning from one of the most recognized experts in governance that is running around in our country today. He laid out clearly what Beth has laid out several times if you want more earnings you have to have more risk. If you want more risk you're going to lose more. If you want the VPIC coming back to this body, the legislature to say, we need more money because we took more risk and we lost it. That's the other side of the coin you're advocating for. We got an answer to a question this morning that in terms of an evaluation that this individual from RBK did. We are operating under best practice. It said don't know who are running the things happen to be the same people that have the ability to elect the people that are running things we hold an election. Basically every two years for retirement board and every three years for beefing members. Since I don't know and since it was clear through the, the hearings that there are a lot of people who are beneficiaries of the system who don't know can you just run through a little bit about how that works on the state side. All right, let me make one more comment DC plan. I imagine they would have the same comment mark if you changed your contribution match on them in the middle of the process. Governor appoints half the retirement board, the state workers or the teachers or the municipal employees do the other half of their boards. It's done on there's three members plus chair. The state board is a little bit different because we drag Roger in from sort of an unaffiliated retiree organization. Everybody else that comes forward to the retirement board has to be an active employee. They get elected at the annual meeting of the employees Association. That's the forum. But anybody that is a member of the plan has the ability to come forward and put their name in. So, like when the state cop. President said he would like to have a seat on the thing. Plan C resident plan C members have had seats and it has been a Vermont State police officer up until I'd say probably a year ago when the last one resigned so basically all they need to do is come to the meeting to put their put their name in the treasure runs the teachers election because they are so diverse they don't come together. In one meeting it's it's basically school district school district school district so it's basically a ballot process. The individual boards then elect from the membership of the board, they sit in election and move somebody into VPIC and an alternate. So, three VPIC members come forward one from municipal one from teachers one from the state employees with an alternate goes with them. They match the treasurer's office, a couple of members from the governor's office and their alternates. And that's how the quick thumbnail everybody gets to where they are. All right, so if I were a teacher I would keep my eyes open for a communication from the treasurer's office because the treasurer's office conducts that election and if I were a state employee I would go to a meeting. Every state employee and I don't know this 100% but every teacher, there's a notice published that there is going to be an election for retirement board members. Thanks. I think that every teacher gets an actual ballot. But I would have to check with Beth. I think I heard that as well. Tonya so it's like, I mean it's really like everything else that we do. Nobody knows what happens behind the curtain until they're impacted by it and then they want to know what happens behind the curtain. Thank you. I think how had his hand raised before I did. Well, there we go. Ladies before gentlemen. I just had a quick, and it might be a Bob question actually around the VPIC the beamers board also has membership there correct. That's municipal board. Okay, so it's a separate board or they do get a seat at the VPIC table. Thanks for that question that probably deserves a little more repeating. The three boards have jurisdiction over certain things of their own. Everybody gets a seat at VPIC. The three boards also, I mean I brought this up once before they do business like managing in a DC and an alternative DC plan. They manage the applications and processing for disability retirements. They do the composition of the funds for a DC plan they they have a lot of business that as the man talked about this morning is not managing money. They manage administrative stuff so there's a pretty good firewall between those two. Okay, because one of the things that I have heard and I wonder if it makes sense to bring some conversation to this committee is that under the government and this was from someone who's on the municipal in one of the boards and she said that she's reached out to me and really pointed out that under the governance structure on the table the beamers board may have to consider sort of leaving the VPIC so I think that they may be a voice we need to hear. Excellent point I heard that also and that's because the proposed structure. So instead of moving three people forward to the board, or the subboard that makes the investment decisions, there were only two people going forward. So the possibility that one of the groups would have been left out of that process was what is real, and it's, it'll happen because there's only two chairs and three people and from our childhood musical chairs you know what happens with that. There's some additional concerns as well, just with the structure so I just I realized that that's a board that sort of stands to be impacted by this piece of the puzzle that we haven't really heard from. They're the smallest board and they, they're not state so that a bang. I'm Adam chair. So we, we, yes I, I kind of would and I would welcome you to to grab a cup of coffee, but, but I do want to make sure that everybody on the committee has the opportunity before 430. I'm sorry, many of us have to leave for other meetings to share any reflections they have on what they heard in during the public hearings so definitely carry on that conversation another day, how. Thank you, Madam chair. So, I agree with what's been shared. In particular the time issue, which makes me wonder, is there any way that there can be given some time for some components of what needs to be changed. And obviously, we need to be urgent about making changes to stop the bleeding. For me what I, what I didn't hear in the testimonies was the whole notion of oversight. You know, like, had there been oversight real oversight independent oversight would be in this condition today. I don't know. But if we're going to be looking seriously at governance. I think that that should include some form of oversight, so that we can be ready to you know hit the yellow light and make adjustments so we keep keep out of the, the abyss that we're now in. And even wondering if here in state government, you know, with the JFO being an independent nonpartisan body, if that might be a home for a pension system committee that has oversight responsibilities. So, yes, we have to get out of this mess but how do we not fall back into this very stressful complex situation that we're in now. Yeah, let's keep chewing on that question. Peter Anthony. Thank you Madam Chair. I agree with Hal about the seeming lack of that we heard at the hearing seeming lack of accountability oversight and house perfectly right. And it's an easy fix, because we have to insist that the legislature and, and by name government operations and appropriations both receive annual check ins. How's the fun doing is it meeting its goals. What's the actual actual rate of return. You know things like that. What's the funding ratio. I don't know if you folks who served on the committee had ever gotten directly a report stuck under your nose but I think Hal is right I never had a sense, have not had a sense that there was a purpose purposefully designed chain of custody of the how are we doing report, unlike, for instance, from tax and from PVR. There's a, there's a January 15 clockwork is a report that comes out of PVR on all the tax expenditures, etc. And that gets delivered to ways and means no question about. I'm not sure that that's happening in respect to pensions. I would say a lot of things with all due respect to Mike Mariki. I just, I agree that the hearing produced a sentiment of we have no confidence, but at the same time, I think it's already been noted, there was a clear misunderstanding of how the oversight process is peopled by stakeholders union people and not the legislature so the lack of confidence comment, I have a hard time. I guess is the word I'm searching for. So, unlike Mike, Representative Mariki, I really think we do need to tinker. And I say tinker with the VPAC board. The gentleman this morning warned, I'm not sure relying on a gubernatorial appointment process is really good for continuity for length of years of service commitment. Using the word continuity, I agree with him. I think we have to think beyond that. You could tell I was curious to try and prod him about the role of the treasurer in this because she's the common link between the legislature and the boards but that doesn't seem to have worked terrifically well in my opinion, but he didn't bite so I'll let that one go. I definitely think we have to abandon the teachers requirement that they stick around till age 67. I think there's room to maneuver on contributions is room to maneuver on a more surgical approach to colas and average finally years of service I think those are all worthwhile. I want to support the treasure on some of the levers she identified but I'm not sure I'm willing to go as far as she went in articulating hers or indeed our benefit change that yourself and the Vice Chair presented to us last week to chew on. So some things I support in that some things I heard at the hearing that I think are over the top and probably unacceptable and are just inflammatory I guess it's the way to put it. But I'm happy to talk more about that in detail. Whenever you want. Thanks Peter, Sam reflections on. Thank you, public hearing. Yes, thank you madam chair. I guess through the testimony that I have read and what I heard the biggest insult to injury that I have felt from people that are being affected is that they did not have a choice, nor they still have a choice to be in this punching system. They've actually taken out of their check, they don't have no say. And so I, the one of the biggest prize I hear, besides leave us alone is that they want choices, and they want opportunities. And to me, you know, I feel that people should be able to have opportunities and choices.  And to me, again, the age, the age factor going, you know, age factor as Mr Anthony has said that to me it's like a non starter because I think people's bodies know when they're done people's minds know when they are done and working because you need to be able to retire and hopefully live a life after a life that's not acceptable. You signed up for something you know what you're doing and I would hate to see more on job, you know, accidents or incidents because people are, you know, they shouldn't be there. And so I appreciate that this is the starting point and I definitely appreciate the availability for more proposals to be coming forward tomorrow or ideas of where to pull pick and choose from you know. I thank you for this. I'm Madam Chair and Vice Chair. Thank you. Great. Bob last word, since I'm now two minutes late for my 430 meeting. I'll cut to the chase then. I think the treasure puts a good report out every year. God knows where it goes. I know part I know it comes over here. Virtually, I know it goes to the governor's office. I've read them. And I think they're still listed on the website, but that's all I have to say about that. That's all I have to say period. Thank you all for your good work today. We have an interesting morning tomorrow, a little bit of popcorn of many a slew of different ideas that folks have chosen to put on the table in front of us. I'm in response to the ideas that that John and I put forward but others just out of their own experiences and and and sensitivities and sensibilities so look forward to tomorrow's session. I have not factored in a break from your computer tomorrow morning, but I'm hoping that since we scheduled these in 30 minute blocks that we will find one that gets done a little bit before 30 minutes so that we don't end up staring at the screen for three hours straight. Thank you. And I will see you all in the morning.


Let's get something clear right off the bat, so we're all on the same page. Sparkster for the Super Nintendo is not to be confused with Rocket Knight Adventures, or Sparkster Rocket Knight Adventures 2 for the Sega Genesis. The latter was made at the same time, and while they share the same cover art, the same characters, and the same name, they are completely different games. The Genesis did have Rocket Knight Adventures first, and those games are very good, but Sparkster for the Super Nintendo was its own game, not a sequel. So, now that that's out of the way, Sparkster is yet another great platformer from Konami. It's fundamentally solid with fine hit detection, tight controls, and quality jumping mechanics, and the special attack is very well done as well. You can really tell this game's origins are with the Genesis hardware, because it's very fast. Sparkster definitely has a Sonic the Hedgehog kind of vibe. Just for a quick comparison, here's how the Genesis games look and sound. And here's how the Super Nintendo version looks. And yeah, of course I'm going to be partial to the SNES version, duh. But really, you can't go wrong with the Genesis games either. Now, back when this game first came out, it was very easy to be cynical about a game like Sparkster, because the publisher's intentions were pretty transparent. Pick an animal out of a hat, give it a quirky name, and some kind of gimmick, and boom, instant franchise. Hey, it worked for Ninja Turtles, right? And don't forget SWAT Cats, Bubsy, Biker Mice from Mars, Battletoads. Anyway, we're far enough removed from that era that it's much easier to look at Sparkster objectively. And be thankful for that, because this game is good. It has a storyline, of course, and like most platforming games of the era, it just doesn't matter. The Kingdom is under attack, and Princess is kidnapped, blah blah blah, who cares? What matters here is the level design, the weapons, and great sound. And I want to stress great sound, because it's arguably the best part of the game. The explosions really sound great. And everything sounds really clear. That's a big difference from the Genesis games, which often produces a dissonant grungy sort of sound. And yeah, Sega programmers often use that to their advantage and do some quality sound design and music with games like Kid Chameleon and Gunstar Heroes, but the Super Nintendo always had better sound, and Sparkster is a good example of that. The only real negative I can come up with for Sparkster is that it's pretty dang easy, even on the hardest difficulty mode. There's certainly nothing wrong with being able to breeze through a game in less than an hour, but it kind of dampens the replay value just a little. Don't let that stop you, though. Sparkster on the Super Nintendo is well worth playing today, even if you played through the Genesis games.


Following an SU announcement of gender-neutral bathrooms across our campuses, we investigated the knowledge and accessibility of these bathrooms. We haven't got any negative feedback and the university seems content with the roll-out and how that actually progressed as well. Do you think people as a whole know that they're there? I think that the awareness campaign that was run was via the newsletter that the DCU-SU put out, it was on the LGBT society pages and ourselves, we pushed it at the time. I know the college view wrote an article about it that did actually get a lot of traction. As regards to the university side of things, I don't know how much it was pushed or if it was pushed. I haven't seen them anywhere. So effectively what the SU have done is they've put a new sticker on the second and third story disabled toilets and they've labeled them gender-neutral toilets. What do you think of that? Well, I'd probably never go into them because they are disabled toilets, so I'd feel bad to go in and then a disabled person might be waiting outside for the toilet. So I probably wouldn't go into them then. I think they're great because I could want to be a boy and you know, one day I could want to be a girl so I think it's fair. Are you aware of or have you seen any gender-neutral bathrooms on DCU and what's your opinion on them? I haven't seen any but I would be absolutely in favour of them. I think it's time in a place, it's time to move on, get used to the real world. Well, what about the disabled access then? I'd say that it would be better to have gender-neutral bathrooms and disabled bathrooms as separate. Tucked away at the postgraduate research room in Henry Gratton's second story, this is one of DCU's universal access bathrooms. This, like all of DCU's gender-neutral bathrooms, is a formally disabled access-only bathroom. The only change is a sticker on the door. Rialos Canal, DCU TV News.


Felly, y dyfodol gynllunio'r ei ddweud yn ôl i'r gwisnodau yn ddechrau, rwyf yn ddechrau i ddweud yn ddechrau i'r ddweud, oedd y Llyfrgellol Llyfrgell yn ymgyrch yng nghymru ymyniadau, a'i yn siwr o ddweud yn ddweud, a'i'r ddweud yn ddweud. Felly, oedden nhw'n ddweud yn ddweud yn ddweud, rwyf yn ddweud yn ddweud, fe'n ddweud i ddweud yn ddweud o ddweud o ddweud o ddweud. Handeling ond how I have been personally inspired by an incredible paper book sculpture called The Butterflies, which is currently outside of this chamber. This talk is about what the sculpture means to me. Those who have seen it and what it can represent for Scotland. Made by an anonymous artist who has left amazing paper sculptures in Edinburgh libraries and museums, each of these intricately and carefully crafted pieces comes with a label promoting libraries and public spaces. This artist has become the subject of a book, a tourist trail and is an internet phenomenon. Imagine a tattoo book open on end with the butterflies flying out. This is the butterfly sculpture. Originally made to raise funds for a cancer charity, it has been touring Scotland in a not-for-profit basis. This sculpture too began a year ago in the War Poets Library in Edinburgh University, Napier University's Craiglock campus, where I began my personal academic journey as an adult. It has also been in the UK Library of the Year in Kirkwall, in Dumfries and Galloway, Aberdeen, East Lothian, in the Kulin village library in Abbotsford and most recently in a place where I grew up, South Nits Hill, Glasgow. South Nits Hill used to be a place of violence and hopelessness, and what I would call, in the words of Billy Conley, a desert where windies. It has now changed. I could not imagine that I would be returning as an adult with a piece of art in the hope of inspiring children, adults and teenagers. For me, the butterfly sculpture represents freedom, a flight from poverty and freedom from violence. The butterfly sculpture, like most art, projects multiple perceptions. Many people are inspired because they see an individual who has spent hundreds, if not thousands, of hours without desire of public recognition to promote a worthwhile cause. That piece can be said to represent the many unsung heroes in our society. Those actions represent what is good about people. This art has been warmly and enthusiastically received wherever it has appeared. However, it is not the object that is special. It is made from paper and a recycled book that is not meant to last. It is what it represents that is important. It is a story, a cause, a mystery, a journey. Designed to inspire my message to the Scottish Parliament today is to let us inspire social causes. Let us inspire business. Together, let us create a country with a focus on inspiration.


You've tuned in to another episode of 420grams on newsclake.in and today joining us via Skype is the man who was recently the head coach of the India under-23 side that played in the AFC under-23 qualifiers. Mr Derek Pereira currently, technical director of FC Goa. Sir, thank you so much for your time and thank you so much for joining us in the middle of the Hero Super Cup. I'm not going to talk about ISL but talk about that recent assignment even though it was only two games old. Five goals conceded, two games lost, so the paper of course tells you something but as a coach sir, what are your key takeaways from that? You're not keeping in mind the end result. Yeah. Hi, Arjun. Thanks for having me on the show. First of all, when I was asked to take up this assignment, I was clearly told about the challenges, about the hurdles to build up this team. First of all, I would say that in short time, I had to select the team and find the best playing level in just a few sessions. Before going to the tournament, we had a practice friendly against Qatar which was our excellent plan to see what is our strength before going into the tournament. The challenges ahead were like players, the whole squad getting into the, I mean getting them together because they were playing ISL matches and the I-League matches going on during that time. So we just got to two sessions before the Qatar match with four of our main players and missing out on that, that is Nawaz, Anirut Thapa, Nishu and Bora. So we went in with the young side which was the average age was 20. Most of the players were from the Indian Airways side who played the under 17 World Cup. It was, for me it was a very interesting one. Getting this assignment was like, for me it was for the first time training a national side. I mean always associated with clubs. I was a little anxious to know how to go about it but with the support staff and the players' response was excellent. So when we went to Qatar we had some good sessions and before the match, I was a bit anxious to know how the players would respond. But as the match started and it progressed, they started believing in themselves, we put up a good show, good performance. The best part was like we worked on a style to keep the ball which is in modern football the trend. To keep the ball and to press highs. So we were working on those lines and the players responded very well. In the Qatar match, I would say we created more chances than the opponents because we defended well and we were very good on the counters. We were keeping the ball with us and trying to create opportunities which we did to a certain extent. It was a good match but unfortunately due to our own mistake, we conceded a goal. From there on, we came back, we had to release the players for the finals of ISL and some qualifying round of the Super Cup. So we had to release the players again. We assembled just one, the whole squad assembled just one day before we could travel to Uzbekistan. We arrived in Uzbekistan just 24 hours before the match and we could see that it took the toll on the peers, the travelling part, 24 hours travelled from here to Uzbekistan and then played the very next day against a tough opponent like Uzbekistan who are the champions of Asia. I think considering all these challenges, I think the performance wise we performed well. We could have done better result wise if we had to convert the chances what we created and avoided the mistakes what we made which we conceded goals. Out of the three goals which we conceded were out of our own mistakes. I believe that if we keep these young talented boys who in short time if they could do so much I think in the long run they'll definitely be the Indian national team have a bright future. Sir, my point I was trying to make in the beginning was not to say that it was a bad performance. I was trying to say that on paper five goals conceded two games lost but I'm sure because I saw both those games I was tuning in as well and I saw it was so much it was so good to see these boys playing and the first thoughts that really came to my mind is that a reserve for the national team is in good hands you know and the style of play that you were talking about sir it was so refreshing to see the boys keep the ball especially the arrows boys the young boys who are 18-19 years old right now and someone like an Anwar Ali sir I was I mean what are your thoughts on this you said possession-based game was that something you've taken away from your time at FC Goa as well because that's what we've seen them playing in the ISL over the last couple of seasons? Yes Arjun we as Goans we have always followed a Brazilian style of football to keep the ball and play and when FC Goa when Lavera came in with the Spanish style I think it was more or less on the similar line so we have always been that's my belief that if we can keep the ball we can create opportunities upfront and you know and defend well it I always believe in this saying it does it's an old saying that attack is the best form of defense so if you have the ball with you and you keep the ball around with you you defend less so that's what I believe in and yes coming to young players like Anwar and Sahal and and Chang-Tae was excellent there were some interesting other players who like young players like Komal and KP I think they have got a bright future ahead and if we keep playing opponents like this where there is a lot of intensity and you have to make your decisions you know in that tight situations they keep improving the decision-making you know and that is there is I mean if we keep doing this if we keep playing against the stuff tougher opponents on a regular basis I think we have a we can develop as a footballing nation exactly sir do correct me if I'm wrong from whatever my assessment was like say when you saw certain Vinit Rai when he plays in the ISL he has about three seconds more time to make his pass but that same Vinit Rai was not getting those three four seconds and so the decision had to be made so much quicker and even though it might not have worked out in those 90-90 minute games I'm sure he's going to become a better player moving forward absolutely absolutely that's what my belief is also the more like a player like Sahal who is technically a very good player among us from you know from this lot he kept on improving match by match from Qatar what do I saw him in the first match he played about 66-65 minutes and then he went on to play against Uzbekistan and then against Tajikistan he was like every match he improved his decision-making his confidence level you know they started believing in themselves what we need to do like I mean we have to be we have to improve out the pace of the ball the movement of the ball a little quicker keep the composure on the ball and after you know the most important thing is that finishing we need that finishing and once we start doing that you know the boys will have you know we'll start believing and we'll be more confident to play at that level so I'm glad you brought up finishing because I wanted to ask you do you think while the midfield the defense goalkeeping everything looks very sorted as far as the reserve line for the Indian national team you suppose there is a paucity of Indian strikers who can play that single striker role that you were adopting in Uzbekistan there are some interesting players Arjun Daniel had that experience being with the you know the earlier teams with the national coach and I went in for more experience in this in this short time I could only you know play those experienced players but if I had a longer time I would have given opportunity to players like Danu and Rahim Ali who did so well he worked very hard against Ajikistan Rahim Ali he you know the more he plays like I kept saying this the more he players play they'll start you know getting better they'll start keeping composure on the ball and they'll know how to finish like for me in the ESC Champions Cup Anirudh's finish was the best finish in this old tournament a cool come finish you know against Thailand so if he keeps playing like that Anirudh Dhanu and Rahim Ali these are the players who have got the potential but we have to expose them to that high level of football. Sir you brought up Rohit Danu and I was seeing the game versus Indian arrows versus Goa in the Super Cup and even though that boy is barely 17 years old sir but you see the way he moves his touch his everything tells you of an out and out striker which has not seen too many in too many Indian players. Right Ajun yes I mean he's young he's very young he's got a long way to go and you know he's technically good he can get better he'll I mean he's very confident the most important thing is there's very confident at this age you know he shows a lot of confidence in himself the belief in him he has is like he keeps working hard he's not just because to make numbers he was there in the team but because of his talent he he was there and if if we have like you know he'll get at least he has seen the level of football there in the future once he gets into the pitch I'm sure he will do well. Sir you spoke about style of play and you said you like the possession-based style of play this style of play we've been talking about this in circles that follow Indian football that what is the right style of play for the Indian national side you suppose possession based football keeping the ball is our style of play and if if that is it sir how long will it take us to honestly execute it in international level games. Ajun see we can play for results if you want results we can play for results and you can play to develop Indian football you know if you play for results you have to change your style of play if you if it is if you want to develop football in the long run and we have to learn to keep the ball with us first you know once you start doing that then players will start developing they'll start making the decision they'll know when to you know where to move the ball when to where to position themselves so these are the things what we need to improve on so once we start believing that like like no this is the way we have to go forward for example I'll tell you you will see a lot of players in Indian football players and coaches in Indian football and in world football of all European leagues you'll see most of the players are coming out from Spanish Spanish players are coming out I mean they are the ones who are dominating world football why is because there there's the style of play is to develop footballers they they are developing footballers footballers as well as coaches you know so we have to follow a style which will help us to develop over the years it is a long process it's a long process we can't just overnight change our style change our thing we will like the boys we during these two matches we made some mistakes they'll stop you know they'll they'll learn from their mistakes in the long run they'll learn from their mistakes when to keep the ball where to keep the ball and and in the bargain you know they will start getting confidence to keep the ball under pressure in tight situations make the right decisions you know with their first touch where to take the ball what they need to do with their first touch whether to run with the ball or tie a tight touch but these are the decisions making what will improve if we start keeping the ball and you know pay under those circumstances so finally we're going to end the interview just wanted to ask you what are your future plans are we going to be seeing you back again on national duty or do you now stay put with FC Goa what is the plan ahead I have I would love to be part of the national setup to you know develop Indian football I've always been thinking about developing Indian football wherever I've been at the club level I've always tried to encourage youngsters you know and always my I've been always talking the same language of you know playing at the highest level for me highest level is play against top countries like you know at least in Asia it is Japan and South Korea Australia these are the teams which we have to we have to start competing with so I would love to be at the same but I've started a program here at FC Goa so I would I would I mean at the moment I'm focusing more on on the project here sir I'm sorry Mary and then I would hold a journalist car key day so I just need to probe you for one more thing no no nothing discussion with AFF on any future plans any anything way for because I know this was one assignment but beyond this assignment now there's no discussion whatsoever no nothing is so yeah that's okay thank you so much for your time sir it was lovely chatting with you that's it on this episode of 420 grams we hope you enjoyed watching it remember your one stop shop for everything Indian football once a week we're gonna put out one video talking about Indian football thank you so much for watching good


Okay, so take a look at this. These are slime molds. They're basically little amoebas and they basically like roll around like little amoebas, but then something in their environment will happen that stimulates them to say, number one, we're starting to death, we need some food. Usually it's a bad thing that happens and then they come together and they were independent little amoebas and look at how they're joining together. And they join together to make a slug-like critter that can actually move around and go hopefully find a better place to live. And then they work together to make basically their baby-making tools. They're going to make spores and reproduce and all of the critters, this isn't one critter, this is all of them working together. The ones who are in the end are the ones that are going to actually make their babies wait a second, come back here. Come back to this, pause. Okay, that's a whole group of them. That's like our whole class deciding, dude, let's make some babies except we're going to have to put someone up at the top in order to make the baby and everybody else is going to be like a pyramid at the bottom holding them up. Case analogy is really disturbing, but the cells up here get to pass on their genes. These cells down here don't because they're just the stock. How do you decide? Like who decides who gets to pass on their genes? Well, they all work together to make it happen.  They also, if they get stimulated to come together, if the chemical message comes out saying, hey, you guys, come over here. I don't know if you can see this. This is a nice visual as well. So these are all the individuals. The message gets sent, something bad is happening. We're starving or something. So chemicals get sent out and then they all combine. They can turn into a slug that can move to a place that has more food. They move to the place that has more food and then they grow this little, like I think they're becoming a slug right here because look at how it's going to fall over and flap and now it's moving. It's a slug. It wasn't a slug. It was a whole bunch of independent things and now it's going to grow into that fruiting body and that spore and the guys on top are stoked and the guys on the bottom. Look, these guys all got left behind. They're like, wait a minute. We wanted our chance in the sun. We wanted to be the fruiting body. Okay, you get the idea. Can you see the advantages of multicellularity? Think about us. What if all of ourselves like did their own thing and had their own consciousness? We would just be amoebas. But instead, like however many 10 trillion cells decided to work together and communicate with each other and coordinate actions with each other, critters are so cool. All right, so slime molds actually have multicellularity by choice, but single-celled protists do exist. They just don't all share the same common ancestor. Okay, the next thing we get to talk about, we're going to focus in on two branches of the, whatever this is, cladogram. We're going to talk about the fungi and the plants in the next lecture. Bye-bye.


And welcome back to the breakfast on Plastiv Africa. Now let's go back in history to the 27th of July in 1949. On this day, the very first commercial jet made its test flight. It was called the Comet. It was a creation of English aircraft designer and aviation pioneer, Joe Free, De Havilland. He lived from 1982 to 1965. He started out designing motorcycles and bosses, but after seeing what Wilbur Wright, if you remember the history of airlines or air flight, Wilbur Wright demonstrated that in 1908. Havilland decided to build his own. The Wright brothers had made their famous first flight in 1903 and of course, furthermore in 1908. Havilland successfully designed and piloted his first plane in 1910 and went to work on English aircraft manufacturers before starting his own company in 1920. But I also share a little bit, you know, with World War II, he was also one of the pioneers, one of the people who made commercial jets and jet engines for German planes in World War II. Germany was one of the first countries to use jet fighters way back then. Of course, Havilland eventually then helped the British, I beg your pardon, to make their own jets and was knighted for his contributions to aviation in 1944. After the war, of course, he turned his focus to commercial jets and developed the Comet and the ghost jet engines. After his 1949 test flight, the Comet underwent three more years of testing and training flights. And then in 1952, the British Overseas Aircraft Corporation began the very first world's first commercial jet service with a 44-seat Comet 1A flying passengers from London to Johannesburg. And of course, a lot later, if you have followed aviation history, you must then also see where the Concorde jet came from, which eventually, of course, has gone under now. But it was one of the most fascinating aviation inventions, I think I can say that over time. But this all started with Havilland, the Havilland who started this in 1949. And then down here in Nigeria in the year 2019, to a second story in history, on this day in Meduguri in 27th of July 2019, I beg your pardon, at least 65 people lost their lives after suspected Boko Haram opened fire at a funeral in Nigeria's northeastern state of Burnu. They arrived on motorcycles and in vans in the village near the state capital of Meduguri. And a number of mortars were killed straight away when they opened fire at the burial ceremony. Some also died while trying to chase away these terrorists. It was one, of course, of Nigeria's very, very sad moments in history. Losing 65 people in one day to, well, in the most gruesome way. The government has continued in its fight against insurgency and its fight against terrorism. But these things will always remain in our history and some of the very, very sad moments in Nigeria's history. It's happened in 2019, on the 27th of July. 65 mortars lost their lives on that day. And that's for today in history, 1949 and 2019.