Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Bringson today. We are an episode 155 of the Wizard101 Death Walkthrough. Last episode if you haven't checked it out already, we made our way over into the Zoltan Dock. So yeah, good job. This will help strengthen us and weaken them at the same time. We won't be able to open the main gate until we defeat the Shadow Queen's right hand. He lurks in the Charred Tower. He has many of my men trapped inside. Can you get into the Charred Tower? Defeat the Shadow Queen's servant and free my men. Okay, so in between episodes I had to defeat a whole bunch of seed thieves who are over this way, but Where are we even going? I don't even know. They're over there. Are we going up to this place? That's cool. Their life, they're just these guys. They're not too bad. They have like no health and yeah. As you examine the Charred Tower, you see a powerful ward guarding the door. You know no easy way to remove it. Unlucky. Yeah, that was quite easy. The defeating collect took a while though because we had to collect five and that took, we probably got one every second battle, so yeah. That ward you described sounds powerful and dangerous. We must rescue those men. Perhaps your escort, the Jaguar Shaman, knows how to unravel the ward. Ask Onyx Rainson. Yeah, so it took a wee while to get that sort of done. Yeah, probably like took about ten battles, which is kind of a lot. A ward that holds the door to the Charred Tower shot tight. The Shadow Queens' ways are devious. Level up. Yes, level up. I should be able to untangle the ward and get you entrance, but my charm bag was scattered in the fighting. Can you help me recover the charms that the seed thieves stole? I suspect a few charms are still lost in the streets too. Okay, this is annoying. More seed thieves. They really like just repeating everything. See, I'll be back once I have defeated a whole bunch of these guys again and collected them things. Actually, there's three we can get them. We can get these ones. One more up here. I also need to get some more teases, so I'll do that in this cut, which will be happening now. I'll be back in just a bit. Okay, I am back. We defeated them. Onyx. You are remarkable. I need a vessel to prepare the ritual to get through the ward. The fiercest seed thief has such a thing in her nest. Go into the nest of Mazen Stingerby and get the jar of five sons from her. Don't fail. Okay, I'll let us do this then. Yeah, shouldn't be too bad. What is this? Just a boss. Just a boss. Need to put in feints. Put in feints. Danger intruder!  Out I say! I'll peck your face! Yeah, right. Okay, two feints should be fine. Hopefully, teases are good. Yes, they are. I got a whole bunch more. So that's cool. So we should all be good now. Let us do this feint. Yeah, right. Person feint, please. Hopefully, she doesn't air-free because she is fire, so that could be bad. Fizzle? Okay. Still worried. Still very worried. Bum-ba-dum-ba-dum. I'll enchant you. We will draw. I mean, sure. Let's just stop letting. Who cares?  I should keep some wounds in. That's a good idea. I swapped decks as well, so I have a deck with slightly more health, which is great, and I think it also has incoming wear going on one of the two. Not much of it, but I think it has one of those. Definitely a bit more health, which is good. We will blade again. Bum-ba-dum-ba-dum. Whammo. And what else will we do? We will discard you. Draw and do this blade here. What's that? Elemental blade. Hello. Not that it's going to use that, but that's fine. Another blade. One, two, three now. Three and one faint. How much health does he have? 17. Okay. Not too bad. We'll do this blade. Just need one more blade, and then I think we should go for a hit. Hello, Crit. Nice to see you there. What's this? It is a fizzle. That's what this is. That is unfortunate. Yup, there's the other blade, and we can hit next, which is fantastic. Hopefully we don't get effreted, because I would be annoyed. Okay, me too. That's cool. It's really free. Hopefully he doesn't. Just resist that urge to effret, you know? Just resist it. If he effretes just before I hurt, that's going to be so annoying. Sometimes you've just got to live life in the moment and not be afraid of what you have. Good job. Okay. Yeah, he didn't effret. That's great.  So even better. Even better. Yeah. Okay. Boop, boop, boop, boop, bloop, and bloop. Bye. That's good. Did we stop? This could do well. 9000, yeah. I'm impressed with one thing. That's pretty interesting. Yes, now we will faint again. Yes, we will. And we will wait for a couple of blades, and then we'll do the cheeky wee. Dr. Vaughn. We're putting up those minus 70 shields. That's kind of good. Didn't know he was that good. Do-do-do-do-do-do. Let us do this. Sounds good. What's this? Okay. Morton Man. Oh, I don't actually know what it's called. Nygma Man? I don't know. Who knows? Fire Man? Who knows? Probably not a Fire Man.  Who knows? Only in Wiz. And bloop. There we go. And another blade, please. Ooh, look at those wanted juicy. Yes, another blade. Sounds good. Very good. Very, very good. Okay, another one he loves that spell, doesn't he? Two on a road. It doesn't do much either, so I don't know why he's using it. He's just out of pips now, which is upsetting. For him, it's upsetting. For me, it's great. Okay. Two blades. I don't need you. Three blades. And we will plop a couple TC blades as well, just because we need to, so we'll just wait a bit. Do-do-do-do-do-do. Do-do-do-do-do-do. Do-do-do-do-do-do. Boop. What do we get? We got a faint, of course. Don't want that faint. Faint, faint, faint, faint. Okay. We don't want either of those faint, because we should be able to kill without them. If we don't, that'll be awkward. Um, yeah, we'll do this one. There we go. What's this? A fizzle? That's what that is. I'm lucky. I'm not lucky. Nicely blade. And, nice, we hit. Bye. As long as we don't fizzle, this is another fizzle.  Fizzling all the time.  No, no, no, no, no. Yes, look at that. If he doesn't block, he's really dead. Like, he's super dead. Like, one in a mill. Pretty good, pretty good, pretty good. Okay, there we go. Look at that. Take your Jar of Five Sons and leave me in peace. Sure, I will do that. Um, Jar of Five Sons. Amazing. Yay, we did it. Boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop. Onyx, Onyx, Onyx, where are you? You, you, where are you? You, you, Onyx. Um, boop, boop, boop, boop, over here. Hello, hello.  Terrific work. You got the Jar of Five Sons from Mazen Stingerby with hardly a scratch. I mixed up a potent wash that would cleanse away the ward. Here is some wash from the jar. Use it to open the jarred tower. Once inside, defeat a Shadow Queen servant and free Chantico's men. The wash that Onyx's rain sun made smells crisp, sweet, sharp and has a citrus note. All those things in the way, it's quite annoying. Um, so yeah, let us dispel this ward. Boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop, boop. The wash completely wipes away the protective ward. It makes your fingers tingle but smells pretty. Okay, we're going to collect this Red Mandrake. Because Red Mandrake is great. Um, and we will head on in. We need to restock Tessies. Thank you for reminding me. One, two, and one, two. Yeah, I got like a lot of Spirit Blades so we have like over a hundred now. Well, probably just on a hundred, which is great. The Shadow Queen said to keep an eye out for you. She said whomever defeats you can keep one of your eyes for good luck. Ah, good luck Chantico, that's cute. Um, so yeah, basically this is just the same as before. So I'll set up and I'll be back once I'm about to hit. Okay, I am back. We are about to hit. Um, this isn't going to do too much. We didn't even hurt, which is upset anyway. I had a struggle finding Blades and it was just terrible. Terrible draws, just terribly, really, really. Um, we were done. So I'm like, okay, got a hit, got a hit, got a hit. Um, we got two, um, negative 45s put on us. Negative 45% accuracy is pronounced in a row. Um, so that wasn't cool. But we did it. Killed the minion, which is good and we did decent damage on the boss as well. So, I'll be about that. We will now just blade up a tad for the boss. Stop. Oh my God, these guys have a lot. These guys do a lot of damage. They are painful. Painful, painful people. Um, we'll do this. Yum. Okay, get rid of that noob. Which is good. And what's next? Next is, we will linch on you. What do we have? We have a 45, correct? Yes, 45 we can do. We're going to draw. We will do this one. Okay. Um, I might have to reshuffle for a faint because I just colored it while I was trying to frantically look for a blade. Um, so, yeah. I might reshuffle, so I'm just going to chill for a bit. Just chill and reshuffle next. Sounds like a pain. Seriously with the minus 45s, this is not cool. Um, okay, we're going to just cut you and we're going to reshuffle. Waste all of our pips and we might even fizzle, which is unfortunate. Which we did. I'm lucky. Oh well. Luckily, it will come back. Um, maybe not this round, but actually not should because we were like out of cards. So yes, it should come background, which would be correct. It did, don't worry. I lied. I was blind. Okay, there we go. Reshuffle. Okay, fantastic. And we will now have all of our TC's back. So we will either faint or TC. Fainter doesn't really matter. Um, we can faint. That is fantastic. Yep, we'll faint. Then we will TC and blade. TC, blade, and then hit. Maybe we'll have to pass one of the rounds in between, probably. Or two. Who knows? Um, we've got you. Got you. Okay, now we get that. Okay, that's cool. This game making it so hard for me. Can't I just get what I want, please? I would be far happier if that was the case. But no. No, it says you cannot have what you want when you need it. That is just too easy. Okay, there we go. There we go, fantastic. Lots of blades. Hopefully we find our um, blue blade that would be nice. Item card blade would be good. Because that's another 45. So I might dig for that. Hopefully I haven't already discarded it, that would be bad. Don't actually need any of those. Um, if we get it next, that would be great. Otherwise I'm just going to head anyway. Doo doo doo doo doo doo. We've got to look at that. Fantastic. And there we go. Uh oh. Yeah. Okay. That did quite a bit. They spam that as well. So be careful there. And here we go. Let us get all of this juicy health back. Didn't even fizzle, look at that. Amazing. Okay. Okay, here we go. Crook be a joke. Good. Um, lots of blades. All the blades. And a faint.  He'd be a dead. 21. Again, amazing. There we go. That actually did more than last time. I'm going to have nightmares about this forever. Yeah, you better. I'm scary. Okay, let us free these fellas. Doo doo doo doo doo doo. And there we go. And Onyx again. Amazing. I'm actually surprised that we did that with all of the things that happened in there. Um, so yeah, let us head over to Onyx who is down here. And over here. Not to get pulled by those guys because those guys are annoying. Um, Onyx, hello. Ha, it sounds like a decisive victory for our side. Tell Chantico Blueair the good news. Assuming his men haven't told him about your exploits already. Okay. Chantico. Hello again. Hello. I heard the story how you defeated the Shadow Creatures soundly. Thank you for freeing my men. With the Shadow Queen servant gone, we can burn away the webs holding the main gate shut. Collect a torch from one of the night terrors in the area. It should serve to burn the web away. The one you are chasing, Yakate Farwalker, fled into Cloudburst Forest, opened the gate, and I will meet you among the underbrush. Okay, um, what do you need? Hello, her name, she's Kathleen Wilder. Has a small ground nest she was staying. Can you search it for clues and we find her whereabouts? Okay, so I'll be back once I've collected a torch. Okay, I am back. We got that torch first try, which is impressive. You touch the night terrors' torch to the thick webs. They flare up like dry kindling. The heat and accurate smell are so intense. They force you to shy away for a moment as the gate unlocks. Okay, let us head over to Cloudburst Forest, which is actually where I took the thumbnail. So yeah, this is a really cool place. I love the Cloudburst Forest, it looks so cool. Um, hello. The forest paths are no longer safe as the Shadow Queen's forces prowl here unchallenged. We've heard whispered songs from Alto Alto Village that the Shadow Queen's forces have invaded the canopy. She's after our king. But I don't know why her forces patrol the forest floor. Surely they must have some other purpose than simply to cause chaos. Can you defeat some splinter wings and see if they'll tell us what the Shadow Queen is plotting? Okay, so, um, let us quickly have a wee tour of this place. Um, I'll, yeah, do that in between episodes just because there's a few to defeat. Um, so yeah, this is a really cool place. Cloudburst Forest really, really short and small area, but it's so cool. Um, they crammed quite a bit into this one small area. Um, but here is the masterpiece that I like to call the best bit of Azteca. Um, look at this magnificent waterfall. Like, honestly. This is like where I took the thumb now, so, yeah. Up there. Yeah, up there is, um, Alto Alto. Oops, wrong button. Um, and we have to grab the waterfall to get there, which is really cool. And then there's like this, um, really cool foresty grove right there. So yeah, anyway, thank you for watching. Um, next episode we will continue with this and, um, don't actually know what we'll do in May. This first time we were in here is really short, so we might actually finish the first bit next episode. But anyway, thank you for watching. Remember to leave a like and subscribe, and if you're very subscribed, press the little bell so you know exactly when I post another video. And remember, craft, outside the box.


All right. So my name is Joan Moore. I'm the new phase four encode DAC project manager. And I'm going to be talking today about an overview of the registry of CREs that we created at the end of the third phase of the ENCO project. As G.P. mentioned, I'm going to hand over to Michael that's going to give you an overview of the online tool screen that you can use to access the registry. And then we're going to go through some use cases of actually how you can apply the registry to try to annotate genetic variants, learn more about disease associated genes, and actually apply it to your research. So this is an overview of the ENCO registry of CREs. CREs stands for Candidate Regulatory Elements, as G.P. has already mentioned. So what it actually is is it's a collection of regions that may have different functions. So as you've mentioned, we have promoter-like elements, enhancement-like elements, and what we're referring to is CTCF-only-like elements which may function as insulators or possibly the anchors of different chromatin loops. What we actually did to create this was incorporate data from hundreds of cell tissue types. So we have over 600 unique cell types included in the registry for human and over 100 for mouse. And for this, we actually collected data from both the ENCO project and incorporated data from the Remap Every Genomics project as well. What we did is we created registries in both human and mouse, and this allowed us to be able to compare across species as well and look at elements that are conserved between the two. And so this is a brief overview of actually how we created the registry of CREs. We based everything on what we're calling representative DNA hypersensitivity sites. So if we look in the genome here in green are signal tracks from DNA-seq experiments. So DNA-seq assays open regions of chromatin, and presumably these regions are open due to transcription factor binding. And these regions may have punitive regulatory regions because of these TFs binding interacting with one another and interacting with transcriptional machinery. When we looked across the genome, we can see that a lot of these sites are fairly consistent across different cell types. So these are six different randomly surveyed cell types here. As we can see even across, for example, placenta tissue compared to natural killer cells, the regions of DNA hypersensitivity tend to be fairly consistent between the cell types. So we use this fact to actually create what we're calling representative DHSs. So what we did is for over 400 cell types with DNAs data, we clustered all these regions together and picked a representative DHS or DNA hypersensitivity site to represent each one of these clusters. And as you can see here, these are the black DHSs up at the top. So we did this for human across 400 cell tissue types and for over 60 cell types of mouse. And our next step was then to try to annotate these RDHSs with other epigenomic signals to try to understand what their curative regulatory function might be. So we incorporated three additional single types, two histone modification, chip-seq data sets, H3K4Me3, which is known to be enriched at promoters as well as some distal enhancers. H3K27AC, which is known to be enriched at active enhancers and active promoters. And then we also incorporated CTCF transcription factor chip-seq binding as well. And this is just a bit of a global view where here we have the gene SP1. We see high histone mark signal at the, near the transcription start site of this gene. And then we have some distal regulatory elements here. This one would be enhancer life since we have high H3K27AC. This one would be CTCF only, possibly an insulator, possibly the anchor of a chromatin loop. So we have two types of classification schemes based on these other marks. One is what we call cell type agnostic. So this is a classification, for example promoter-like enhancer-like that's not going to change across cell and tissue types. To create this, we use this a bit of a complicated flow chart here, but essentially it looks at the maximum signal of these three supplementary epigenomic marks across all cell and tissue types. It also considers distance from transcription start site. So, for example, if you have a region that has high H3K27AC and high H3K43, but it's very far, very distal from a transcription start site, it's more likely to be an enhancer than, for example, a novel promoter element. So for these classifications, they stay the same across all cell and tissue types, but we also want to have cell type specific annotations as well. So this is, for example, a particular region. What's its activity, say, in B cells compared to T cells compared to the brain? And so we did this for every single CRE and over 600 cell types for humans. And this is just an example of what that actually looks like. This is done in GM12878, which is a lymphoblastered cell line. Here, we can have all these different combinations of signal. So, for example, here, we can have high of all four marks. Other cases, we may just have high H3K27AC and DNAs. Or for a CRE to be active in a cell type, we do require it to have high DNA signal by definition. So we have all these different combinations of signal. We want to try to combine them together into a little bit of an easier way so biologists maybe are interested in all enhancer-like elements that are active in GM12878 or all promoter-like elements. So it's a little bit tough to distinguish what those are from just these signals here. So what we did is we looked at this complementary signal for call 2, EP300 and red 21 to see if these separate groups clustered into any naturally forming groups. When we looked at this group up here, we looked at EP300. That's a transcription factor that's known to bind enhancers. We had this group up here. It had really high EP300 signal. We classified those as enhancer-like. We also had this natural group here that had really high red 21 signal. And red 21 tends to co-localize with CTCF, particularly at the anchors of chromatone loops. So that seemed to be another naturally forming group there. And then we had these groups that had very high call 2. So presumably they're going to be transcription start sites and are going to be promoter-like. So this is just our new classification scheme here. If we take these more simplified groups such as promoter-like signatures or PLS and enhancer-like signatures ELS, CTCF only, and then a group of DNAs only. So we have this for all of the CREs that we identified in the genome. We also were able to validate experimentally this classification scheme. So for example, these ELS CREs here, we annotated them in mouse as well through some of the embryonic time points that you can mention before in that matrix. And then Len Panapio and Epsilon selection experiments, they tested them in embryonic mouse transgenic assays. And so our high-ranking ELS CREs tended to have greater success than the lower-ranking ones. So this is just an overview of what we've actually defined. In humans we have 1.3 million CREs and in mouse we have just over 400,000 CREs. And this is the breakdown of their cell type diagnostic classifications. This is just a brief overview of even though we don't have every single cell and tissue type assay to the registry, overall we do have fairly high coverage. So here we took cell types that don't have DNAs data to see what the overlap of their histo-marked peaks are in the registry. So for example, we only had any anchors for these cell types, but still by combining multiple cell types together we're able to pick up most of the DNA type or sensitivity sites.


And I want to just finish With the passage so this is a passage about teaching in Bridgeport And we were in a charter school a first-year charter school and we didn't have a gym or anything like that. So to get our kids Active we took them on trips The school bought a van and we hired a guy and he would just take them out to the mountains to hike or to the beach To swim or kaybang stuff like that. It was actually pretty cool. And this is one of those trips that I went on In May Andrew planned an overnight camping trip for anyone interested Ten kids including Henry and I signed up and we spent the week before the trip making preparations We have masked our camping gear in a pile in the corner of the cafeteria and packed our backpacks during lunch Friday after school We filled our water bottles and headed off in the van to hike a section of the Appalachian Trail This was going to be my last outing trip and last break to think about the future before the future got here a Few minutes into the hike Henry cell phone went off Andrew stopped at the head of the line. I told you no cell phones. He turned and looked angrily at Henry Henry was tall enough to meet Andrew's eyes from the back of the line. He blinked once then said I need my cell phone We all looked from one face to the other You can't have it. I specifically said no cell phones. You knew that was the rule. I thought maybe the trip was over How am I supposed to call my mom? What if there's an emergency? I Have a cell phone. I will make any necessary calls. We are here to be away from all that Andrew waved a hand toward the road where we left the van. I knew you were going to do something like this Henry Andrew faced forward and crossed his arms Henry looked down at me as the only other adult I had to help make a decision Henry and I had a spotty past He'd honed in on me since day one or so. It seemed early one morning I found him staring at my face in the elevator.  He said gesturing to his upper lip All I could do was flush with embarrassment The other student in the elevator covered his mouth to stifle a laugh What Henry defended they have something for that, you know Since moving in with my dad, I'd stopped taking care of myself my depression had led led to a general disregard for my appearance Hardly thinking about what to put on in the morning I rarely showered and certainly didn't pay attention to details like facial hair That night I went home and left in the mirror. Sure enough the outline of a dark moustache cast a gloom over my face That weekend I bought a box of bleach and cream and went to school Monday morning hoping nobody especially Henry Would see the faint line where the bleach had turned my upper lip a paler shade of white When I decided to experiment with dreadlocks and stop brushing my hair for a week Henry immediately picked up on that as well You look like you just rolled right out of bed. He commented in front of the whole class Claire overheard and told me later that teaching required a thick skin and I better develop one The fact was no one else was paying much attention to me It felt like Henry in an odd way was showing me some concern by even noticing All of this came back to me now while Henry waited to see what I was going to do Andrew had taken off his pack clearly letting me deal with it I thought of the day not long before this one when I was selling snacks and the lunch on it lunch line and Henry picked up About a pack of cookies. How much when I told him the price he tossed the cookies back They missed the box and hit me instead. He looked at the person behind him in line and laughed You need to apologize. I said for what you missed the box So he slid his tray along the counter. I left the line and went to the dean of students to write Henry a referral Given the sea of paperwork surrounding the new dean I never found out if Henry got in trouble, but he was selling in class for a week refusing to look at me He'd cross his arms and stare at the ground when I walked by mumbling things. I was thankful. I couldn't hear Now all of that was flipped on its head as he stood before me looking for an ally Everyone waited to see what I was going to do We want you on this trip Henry I began the gentleness in my voice surprising even me But you're not supposed to have a cell phone. I looked him in the eye hoping we could work this out I'll be right back. He said turned and in three bounds was out of sight No Andrew shouted after him.  He'd stashed the phone behind a tire and we shared a smile Think I'm gonna stop there. Thank you


In this video we are going to see how the stability of a benzyl cation if I have a benzene ring along with a CH2 attached then this is what we call a benzyl group. So I want to see how the stability of a benzyl cation changes if I add different functional groups like an alcoholic group or maybe an aldehyde group to different positions of this benzyl cation. So let's say I take an alcoholic group and attach it to different positions of this benzyl cation. So I want to see how the stability of these cations differ from a simple benzyl cation. Now we even have special names for each of these positions. This is what we call an ortho position ortho while this is meta and this is the para position. Now a quick note out here it doesn't really matter in which direction I put the wedge group towards my right or towards my left both of these are going to be ortho because remember that in a benzene ring these pi electrons are in resonance with each other right. So therefore a more realistic scenario of this benzyl cation is actually going to look something like this in which I have a partial double bond distributed throughout the benzene ring right. So therefore it doesn't really matter if I put my OH group to this side or to the other side I can simply rotate this to get back my other orientation right. So it doesn't actually matter in which direction you put these OH groups. Anyways let's start with our analysis. Let's start by first analyzing the cation in which we had an OH group attached at the para position. So out here we have an oxygen with this lone pair of electrons and this is connected to a pi bond right. So we can have resonance out here this lone pair can go over here while these pi electrons can move over here and this will lead to the formation of a new resonating structure that's going to look like this right. Now this lone pair of electrons that are now on carbon can again resonate with this pi bond so it can move out here while these pi electrons can move over to this carbon atom right. So this will lead to our next resonating structure that's going to look like this and the moment you have this the moment you have a lone pair that's directly attached to an empty orbital the moment you have such a scenario both of these orbitals can overlap and this will lead to the formation of a pi bond right. Now as you can see this will remove the formal charge from the carbon atom but more importantly what's happening if you look at this molecule closely more importantly what's happened is that this carbon atom now has a complete octet right. It has a complete octet in fact if you count the total number of shared electrons out here so we'll have one two three four five six seven eight so it has eight electrons in fact if you look at all these atoms all these carbon atoms as well as this oxygen atom you'll see that all of these atoms actually have a complete octet out here even this oxygen atom if you count the total number of shared electrons so it's going to be one two three four five six seven eight so even this oxygen atom has a complete octet so therefore if we put some electron donating groups like OH electron donors these have electrons that they can give they can share and if we put such electron donating groups at the para position then this lone pair of electron can also get involved in resonance and ultimately stabilize the cation right. Now one important thing that I'd like to add out here and this might also be a source of some confusion is that you might argue that hey if this oxygen donates electrons then this oxygen is going to become positively charged right. If you look at this canonical structure at this resonating form in which all the atoms have a complete octet the oxygen atom is has a positive charge right. So you might argue that hey this is in fact not a stable structure because we all know that having a positive charge on a highly electronegative element like oxygen is not energetically favorable so you might argue that hey this lone pair should not even delocalize much right. Now that's a very valid confusion but what I'd like to add is that do remember that these formal charges that we assign to our atoms may not always represent the actual electron density that is present within the molecule. What do I mean by this? Let me explain. Let's say I take a hydronium ion H3O+. Now I'm sure you must have come across this in your textbooks H plus in water actually exist in the form of H3O+. So it's a really strong acid. Now if we draw the Cauchy-Louis structure of H3O+, it's going to look something like this. Now you can see that this oxygen atom even though it has a complete octet it only has one two three four five electrons five valence electrons and a neutral oxygen has six valence electrons. So therefore this oxygen should be positively charged right. However if you think about it even more deeply then you realize that this oxygen is a highly electronegative element right. On top of that we are putting a positive charge on oxygen. So this is going to make it even more electronegative. So it's going to actually pull all these electrons all these surrounding electrons towards itself and ultimately if we look at the electron density if you look at the actual electron density of hydronium ion then you realize that this positive charge actually gets spread out to these hydrogen atoms while oxygen in fact is slightly negative. So therefore formal charges and the actual electron density may not always mean the same thing and even out here even though it looks like that this oxygen has a plus one positive charge but in reality this oxygen is not going to be that positive because it's going to pull all the electron cloud that's around it towards itself right. So this positive charge is in fact going to spread out to other surrounding atoms. So the bottom line is we can always have an oxygen atom a positively charged oxygen atom provided that its octet is complete. Anyways moving ahead let us see what happens if I put an OH group at the meta position instead of para. So again we can have a resonance this lone pair can shift over here this pi electrons can move over here and this will lead to the formation of a new resonating structure that's going to look like this but what's going to happen next. I have this lone pair on the carbon atom and I have a pi bond out here. So what's going to happen is that this lone pair is going to move out here while these pi electrons are going to move here right. So this will lead to the formation of a new resonating structure and this can resonate further and ultimately let's let me move this. I'll get back to OH once again right. Now as you can see if I put this OH at the meta position the lone pair of the OH does get involved in resonance but in none of these resonating structures can it form a pi bond with this empty orbital of the carbon atom. This is because in none of the resonating structures these pi electrons will come directly below this CH2 plus group so it can't form a pi bond like in this one. In other words if we draw all the resonating structures of this particular molecule then we'll get a resonating structure in which all the atoms have a complete octet and this will greatly stabilize my molecule my cation but if I put an OH at the meta position then I won't be able to find a resonating structure in which all the atoms have a complete octet. So therefore putting an OH at the para position will stabilize a bensile cation while putting it at meta won't make much of a difference. So finally what about the ortho position? Do you think putting an OH at ortho will stabilize my bensile cation or do you think it won't make much of a difference? You can pause the video and try to come up with your own answer. Well let's draw the resonating structures right. So this lone pair can resonate it can go out here while this pi electrons can move over here and this will lead to the formation of a new resonating structure that's going to look like this. This can then further resonate and this can go on and finally you can see I can get a lone pair directly under the empty orbital of this carbon atom right. So the moment this happens both of this can overlap both of this can form a bond out here so just like putting an OH at para even out here I'll have a resonating structure in which all the atoms have a complete octet right. So therefore stability wise putting an OH group at ortho and para makes it more stable compared to putting it at the meta position right. But how do we determine the stability between ortho and para which is going to be more stable. Now first and foremost you should remember that resonance is distance independent it doesn't matter if I put an OH group out here or out here in both these cases the lone pair of electron will delocalize and stabilize the cation. So resonance is distance independent it doesn't matter if the OH group is closer or further. However what does depend on distance is the inductive effect. Now as you might recollect inductive effect arises due to difference in electronegativity across these sigma bonds and because oxygen is a highly electronegative element the OH group as a whole is a good minus i group it pulls electrons in in sigma bonds across sigma bonds towards itself. So therefore having a minus i group at the ortho position which is closer to this positively charged cation will relatively destabilize the system compared to putting the OH group far away at the para position. Inductive effect decreases exponentially with distance so the effect of this OH group at para on this carbon atom will be very minimal right. So to summarize putting an OH group at the ortho position as well as the para position stabilizes a positively charged benzyl cation via resonance while putting an OH at meta does not or we should say cannot. So therefore ortho and para will be more stable than the meta out here. Moreover between ortho and para because resonance is distance independent it doesn't matter how close or far you are from this cation. So resonance isn't a factor when it comes to stability between ortho and para but what does play a role is the inductive effect and because we have a good minus i group in OH placed closer at the ortho position compared to para. So therefore this OH group will destabilize the ortho more compared to para via induction right. So therefore para is going to be more stable compared to ortho and between the meta and the benzyl cation addition of an OH group doesn't impart any extra stability via resonance but do remember that OH is a minus i group so it can pull electrons via induction and this will destabilize the cation right. So therefore putting an OH at the para will make it even less stable than the benzyl cation itself.


Okay, a very good day to you. It is Sunday the 12th of December I hope you've had a fantastic weekend and a quick look ahead on what we can expect from the week and As you can see here got Corota Lagarde Powell and Andrew Bailey the governor of the Bank of England And it's a really important week It's the final kind of running now till Christmas and we get all of these central banks with their interest rate Announcements this week. We'll talk about that a little bit more in a moment But just a quick look at the charts first and then we'll talk about the weekend news then the week ahead and the one chart I really just wanted to focus on briefly was the S&P 500 in the cash market We actually finished at record high territory on Friday And of course this came irrespective of the fact that US CPI came in at its highest print in about 40 years essentially and despite then what you would imagine which would be then this idea of accelerated Tightening and therefore equities generally moving lower equities actually rallied in a relief kind of way And the reason for that really is that there was a lot of talk on the upside Particularly was Biden coming out looking to tame Expectations and managed then a high side number and the fact is it came in at 6.8% Which was actually very high but in line with expectations and so Somewhat relief and actually if we put this onto a daily chart You can see here in the futures market is the highest We've closed at this key kind of technical point of resistance that we've had around 47 11 and 3 quarters so definitely keen to see how we end on this week and do we finish as what? You know historically statistically December. It's the best trading month of the year Looking at the last I think it's 75 years worth of data So yeah, will the Santa Claus rally prevail? We'll find out really by the end of this week because then things will really start to quiet and down once this week passes But let's delve straight into the headlines first in the weekend and just briefly want to talk about the UK Omicron situation obviously it comes after the UK announced plan B coming into action Some of it as of Monday things like the work from home order But the UK Education Secretary spoke today Sunday and said one-third of new COVID infections in London are now the Omicron Variant and cases in the UK are doubling every two to three days as we know with that timeline of what Boris Johnson announced last week On Sunday, they confirmed two one thousand two hundred and thirty nine new Omicron cases and that's almost doubled From the day before we saw on Saturday UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson is actually scheduled to address the nation tonight 8 p.m. London time to provide an update on the vaccine booster program Amid some of these concerns with these numbers expected to go up Of course over the case of the next few weeks We're not expecting any new form of lockdown plan C type measures to come in It's most likely just going to be an update You're probably going to be hearing from him much more Because things are going to get worse and he's going to want to try appear to be in control of the situation From an optics point of view. So he's probably going to be doing those 5 p.m. Press conferences I would have thought fairly regularly going forward now, but it's probably going to be more focused on the booster campaign Before I move on talk about the other stories in the weekend Don't forget peers and I co-founder of amplify had a chat on Friday And it was our final market maker podcast of the entire year will restart them of course in January But to give us both a bit of a break after we've we've done nearly 50 episodes Throughout the year The last one is there and we do actually talk about what is plan C What might it look at what might the conditions be that would warrant such action And economically what like that mean and ultimately for the bank of England and their decision making process Check that out. And also we both pitch a stock actually Won't go to too many details at this point in time, but out of the tech titans We both put up an argument of which ones we think out of the big boys. So alphabet amazon Delights of microsoft tesla. Who's going to actually win over the long run and quite an interesting perspective peers gives on alphabet for one Otherwise the other major stories in the weekend were us and russia foreign ministers of the g7 spoke Today sunday and they said they were united in condemnation of russia's military build-up an aggressive rhetoric Towards ukraine The us is pushing the government in berlin to stop the Nord Stream 2 Which is awaiting certification by germany in the event that russia invades ukraine According to people from newer the matter at this point in time I don't really think that the market will react to any of this It's just kind of the latest status quo I guess the main thing is is that the g7 are all Aligned at this point, but I don't think you'd expect anything other Against putin and russia on this particular issue of ukraine so Yeah, let's see where it goes from here But I wouldn't be expecting any anything too great to materialize over this week I would say and the whole idea about Using Nord Stream 2 is to kind of leverage point to control the russians I think that's nothing particularly new and i've been talking about that for a while All right. Well, let's talk about the week ahead and actually I want to jump back to the central banks. That really is the main focus Starting off with the bank of england here andrew bailey And it is no longer anticipated that they're going to hike rates when they meet later on this week on thursday Now, don't forget on thursday You've got the bank of england and the ecp literally just around 45 minutes apart from each other when it comes to the actual rate announcement And obviously they will come the day after on wednesday. We get the fed fmc outcome that evening So for the bank of england the goalposts moved a little bit obviously inflation And uscpi is coming out in the uk later on this week and it is expected to move I think to a decade high as the consensus and it's probably going to go even higher than that in future months. However Omicron is the main thing now that the uk is adopting plan b The likelihood is plan c will come in time It means now that the bank of england are likely to adopt a wait and see approach to just see how much how impactful The lockdowns are going to be in time And a lot of this came after michael saunders One of the two bank of england rate setters that voted for a rise back in november He said last week or earlier this this month There could be advantages to waiting to see how omicron affects the economy before tightening monetary policy Now the fact that you get one of your most outlying hawks makes such measured types Assessment rather than just being an outlying hawkish mindset Really seals the deal that I don't think that they can hike at this point in time So as the latest on the bank of england for the fed and a couple of things we can look at This is quite interesting graphic that really shows tapering and obviously this is the main focal point when the fed meet later on this week And that's because as we saw at the end of last week inflation at such high levels at this point in time The labor market kind of plugging away at filling the the pandemic void at this point And the tightness of the labor market what that might do for wages and so forth The fed are likely to accelerate their tapering tapering program So at the moment they're reducing that by around 15 billion in terms of the the size Of bonds that their Reduction of what they're buying every month They're likely to double down on that and take that up to 30 billion And so here you can see this line here is when they were scheduled to end You remember the actual communication from powell Was that it would be the middle of next year Basically the summer going on pace of when they would then look to wrap up the process of tapering So by doubling down We then save kind of three months and it should be march then by the time that happens now This is very much kind of expected by the markets But don't forget that in this FMC meeting is the december one So one of the four every calendar sort of quarter will get the press conference But accompanied by the new set of economic projections And the dot plots with individual interest rate projections, of course will be particularly scrutinized For where they see rates then subsequently in 2022 23 and and thereafter The other one then is the ECB And yeah, good good title here life after pep So this being the pandemic emergency purchase program the top up if you like of a large magnitude size of their asset purchase program Which was in play already post or pre the pandemic And they are set essential bank in europe to avail the parameters of future bond buying as they agree to end Those emergency purchases to pep in march as they've previously flagged a lot of the expectation has talked about basically for a short period of time Doubling the increase of the asset purchase program I think it's currently 20 up to 40 just so that they can offset then the decrease of Of the stimulus coming from the pep as they look to finish that the end of q1 so that's the kind of transition effect just to sort of Make it a more graduated Withdrawal of stimulus rather than anything too drastic particularly given the fact that mainland europe even before omicron has really hit Is already facing the delta outbreaks, which is requiring quite onus restrictions and lockdowns across the mainland at the moment And then you've got the boj finally The boj is kind of here where they're expected to decide as early as next week to scale back emergency funding deployed last year to combat The pandemic induced cash crunch according to sources on reuters And so generally following other central banks and gradually phasing out their crisis mode Policies there's one other central bank here. There are others actually that have decisions this week But the other one of interest probably is turkey That's because their local currency has been hammered of late and that's because their president Erdogan is just Insistent on the fact that they should keep cutting rates Irrespective of the fact that their inflation rate is up at the kind of 20 region at this moment in time This is a kind of brief history of last several years. In fact, the the turkish lira Although it's accelerated in terms of its sell-off more recently It certainly has been an ongoing trend and if you'd like to check out this annotated graphic You can grab it off my my twitter hand or below But essentially they're going to meet on thursday So alongside the ecb in the bank of england turkey will decide whether to halt interest rate cuts Or just go again and lower rates another time. So it's going to be particularly interesting Looking then on the rest of the week. What have we got? So going to jump to tuesday And on tuesday actually, well, excuse me wednesday here is when we get the us retail sales figures And they're expected to come in and post another decent outcome Thanks to rising incomes and wealth providing a strong underpinning For spending while industrial production also out should also grow strongly since the manufacturing surveys have all been pointing to robust activity According to analysts at i and g The other things then just to cover off On wednesday, then we get the chinese industrial production retail sales investment data numbers for november They're going to be closely watched after we saw a pretty decent trade data figures Last week from china exports actually at record levels And then you've got uk labor market data and inflation data And these are going to be two of the final metrics that we get before the bank of england and then meet on thursday And as i said The median forecast for uk cpi year and year is 4.7 percent and that would be a decade high figure And then finally on friday the final one is The flash pm is i don't think they're actually On here or here on thursday, excuse me not friday and the flash pm is a couple of things They're going to show a slight waning in sentiment according to current forecasts The surveys will fully encapsulate the numerous covid-related tightening measures implemented across the eurozone over november early december period so We are looking for a little bit of a tempering of those those numbers this time around so That is it. I wish you all a fantastic week ahead any questions at all feel free to drop me a comment Otherwise, that's it from me and i will see you tomorrow. Take care


Ah, chilling. Have you considered the fact that recovery is part of training, not separate from training? You know a lot of people think when you're resting, when you're just chilling, sleeping, having a rest day even. It's a break from training. It's not training. But the truth is that recovery is part of training, right? It is actually an essential part of training.  And then afterwards, you're actually less fit than when you started, and you now need to rest, eat, and recover. And that recovery process will now build you up to a higher level of fitness, and that is training. So recovery is a key component. And here's the thing. A lot of people, they're very good at scheduling training sessions, right? Very good at just like, I'm gonna do a run on that day, I'm gonna do a strength training session on that day, I'm training this time and that time and etc. etc. etc. They're great at scheduling in their training. But what about recovery? Most people do their training very focused, and then afterwards they don't really think too much about their recovery maybe. They maybe go out with some friends, hang out, socialize, maybe do some work, work in the garden, I don't know. And that actually might not be ideal for your recovery process. So I'm urging you, I'm urging all of you guys here on this channel to consider recovery as part of training, and when you're scheduling training sessions, go ahead and schedule in your recovery sessions as well. So for example, if you're just going for a very easy run, sure, you don't really have to focus on your recovery that much. But if you're out for a hard session one day, or if you're out for a long run maybe, that afternoon or that evening after your long run should really be blocked off. This is recovery time, you need to schedule in recovery time at this point. You need to eat, you need to digest, and then you need to rest, and then you need to sleep. And it sounds so easy, but here's the thing. Your nervous system works in such a way that it has two branches, the autonomic nervous system. It's the parasympathetic and the sympathetic branch. And the sympathetic branch is the fight-or-flight response, the one that activates you, and that's one active when you're training, etc. The parasympathetic one is the one sort of rest and digest. It's the one that's active when you're sleeping and resting. And that's the one that promotes healing and recovery. So if you, for example, right now, making this video, that this puts me in a sympathetic nervous system sort of state. Meaning that right now, in my body right now, the recovery processes aren't really optimal.  I need to really chill out professional style, you know? So that goes for socializing as well. Socializing is nice. Important part of life, important part of a healthy life. But after a hard session, if you socialize for the evening, let's say you hang out with some friends in the evening after your long run, well, the truth is that that sort of setting puts you into a more sort of activated state, a more sympathetic state, nervous system-wise. And that's not really ideal because it's, as I said, it's the parasympathetic mode that promotes healing. That's where some of those processes, those anabolic processes of building yourself up, the body is building itself up, repairing muscle fibers, recovering in terms of your endocrine system, etc. That's what you want. When you're in that fight or flight response, even though it's a cozy and nice situation with your friends, you're still in an active, turned-on sort of setting, which essentially turns on catabolic processes in your body, breaks down stuff, and you put your hormone system into a state where recovery is not optimal. I think you get the idea. So here's the summary, okay? Recovery is part of training. And if you're really good and serious about your training and you're scheduling sessions every week, you want to have a little bit of think about scheduling in recovery sessions as well, okay? Especially on those hard days. So what I do is that I consider, after a hard session the rest of the day, I'm chilling, okay? I'm chilling. I'm not meeting with friends. I'm not watching scary or thriller movie. I'm watching easy stuff on the computer. I'm relaxing. I'm eating. I'm chilling. I'm going to bed. I'm sleeping, right? And on those other days of my life where training is not so serious and I'm just having an easy day, that's when I maybe be able to go and hang out with some friends or just do something other than just relaxing. But bear in mind that between hard sessions, so if I have a hard session on Tuesday and then I have another hard session on Thursday, Wednesday need to be an easy day because I need to recover for my next session. So in that situation, I might actually consider the whole day on Wednesday a super easy day. And I schedule it in. I say, you know, maybe if something comes up, like, oh, maybe I need to fix something on the house or, or do some cleaning or whatever, I go like, nope, not happening. Wednesday, I'm chilling out. It's on my plan. It's a chill day. So something to consider for sure. Subscribe to this channel if you haven't done so already and let me know in the comments. Do you schedule in recovery? Have you considered this in your training so far? And if you haven't, have you noticed any effects of, you know, those days where you're doing too much? Have you noticed how it affects your recovery and your sleep and how your performance goes next the next day? Well, I've noticed that that's for sure. I noticed that when I invest in recovery, my performance is really top notch the next day, whereas when I'm stressing out doing all kinds of stuff. One day, next day, I'm typically, I'm tired, I'm recovering from the last day, right? So you got to set your priorities right. Be sure to check out some of our other videos. I'll put a link to a cool one here or there or somewhere. Hope you're having an awesome day. See you around.


The Senate has urged the federal government to, as a matter of urgency, send fighter jets to flush out terrorists from their hideouts. The call was made on Tuesday during plenary. It was in resolutions reached following a point of order raised on the urgent need for the federal government to take drastic actions to bring to an end the act of banditry and kidnapping in Fascari local government area. The point of order was raised by Senator Bello Mandia Katsina South. The Senate notes that the act of banditry and kidnapping has become a daily instance now in Katsina with its consequence of loss of lives, means of livelihood, and displacement of communities. Further notes that on Sunday, 31st January 2022, government struck around Gaudia, a community in Fascari local government area of Katina State, where 38 members of the community were kidnapped. Aware that the federal government had made frantic effort in curving the manors by setting up oppression in Sharan Daji, an interagency tax force to tackle cases of banditry, Kato Roslin, and kidnapping in Katina State, worried that the continuous security challenges are related attacks by bandits on towns, villages, communities in Fascari local government area have meted on tall hardship on the people and have subjected the affected areas under serious survival threats. Yes, Mr. President, I can say that enough is enough. What is happening now in Katina, this shows that yes, we have to not only condemn it, we have to do something very serious. Because we cannot just sit down after declaring these bandit terrorists and allow them again to continue with all these rubbish acts. So Mr. President, we have to really look at it critically. I think that yes, to me, I'm saying that yes, the security agent, of course, maybe we are doomed that they are doing their best, but to me, I think that they need to do another best. Because look at 38 people, how can they just go and kidnap 30 other people? After declaring these people as terrorists, what can we just do here? The few civilians in the village and go and burn all of them there. We have enough security agents to take care of this place. If it is the issue of recruitment in the army, we should also do the same. We have provided support to the security agent. But remember last year, hello, on supplementary progression, we approved over eight billion. And this year's budget, I know we have close about 1.2 billion. And we are getting little in terms of, you know, the outcome. The expectation of this Senate is that there is supposed to be a remarkable difference in success in terms of the fight against insurgency banditry and militancy in Nigeria. The military is getting better funding. When we declared the bandits as terrorists, my understanding was that they are going to be dealt with ruthlessly now. I wonder whether that is the case. The military, like some of our colleagues have said, need to work out.