Cyfathreun!西wt i gyfathreun! Felly, the presentation I'm going to go through today is a joint project I'm doing with Gavin that the ball of stress is walking around the mood and moodthe last few days. The twitter name is there and of course feel free to use the hashtag as well. The reason why we came up with this particular project or this idea really stems from Well, everybody's interested in learning analytics, but it really stems from our president, or what you would call your voice chancellor, because they go around, he's a really nice guy, by the way, for being recorded, but they go around saying that we meet certain statistics. They put metrics in front of us to say our college is better than the college next door, our college shows X, Yn Zed, and one of the statistics that our vice chancellor said was 80% of our courses will be blended by the year X, whatever X may have been. And I'm sure you've all had similar targets set for you, but we had no way of measuring what is a blended course, because every blend is different, different cooks will cook different things with the same ingredients. So we wanted to measure that blend in some way. When I was a little bit cheeky with them at the very start, not to his face, but when I was cheeky with them, I said, well, all of our courses are blended because they all have a moodle space available, by default, because of our student record system. That excuse didn't go down too well at all, really. So just to give you a little bit of background as to what my role is and why I was landed with this task of measuring the blend, I head up to teaching enhancement unit, quite a small team within DCU. There is five of us and we have 16,000 students and over a thousand staff. We're responsible for professional development for our staff, for supporting online learning and blended learning, and that involves managing moodle. So I am the moodle administrator within DCU and all other different learning technologies to go with that. But we also provide and run training courses and professional development programmes for courses as well as support research into teaching and learning by issuing awards and grants and so on. We have, as I say, one moodle instance, 16,000 students, five faculties and 21 schools. We'd have 300 plus, probably closer to 400 plus, lectures across the variety of different programmes and I put down X programmes because it's so hard to get a final number as to how many programmes you're running at one particular year. But the challenge remained how are people engaging with the VLE and both students and staff and is it making a difference, is it worth the investment? So we looked at the engagement element and we looked at, literally from a student's perspective, how many clicks are they making, how well did they interact with it and we actually looked and did a project to see did that have some effect on their final grade. And I was delighted to say that there was a correlation between engagement and engagement with moodle and students' final grade. We measured over, I think it was 28 million different clicks over a couple of years periods. But what we were able to do, and excuse me for the blurred chart but there are student IDs there which is so it's purposely blurred, which is to explain this. The students' names are on the left and the course code or programme code that they're with is in the beige colour. But on the right hand side of the screen you will see a colour coded chart where students are given a number from one to nine depending on how active they are relative to their classmates. And by looking at these figures we were able to see that the third student down started off low engagement relative to his class because it's a slightly red shaded figure. Red and low numbers is low engagement relative to their classmates. High numbers in blue is high engagement. But when we started looking at this and we were able to track whether students were falling off at any particular time, it then started to look at what were the final results like. Did it make a difference and we had non-participants in a study and participants in the study and I can explain that at the questions and answers stage. But we were able to see improvements in grades for students if they engaged with our moodle content and particularly if they engaged with that particular programme. But we looked at these modules and as you will see from the titles we have everything from computer science to law to politics and so on. So what I wanted to do was look at the make up of those courses and actually get inside the moodle courses and see well are they all PowerPoint files or are they all quizzes or are they wikis. And again seeing if there was some form of correlation between the increase in grades where we notice a benefit, a correlation and the course structure. And that's where this whole getting under the bonnet of the people's courses went to. But we started to get a little bit unintentionally, we started to get a little bit personal where we went to the lecture of CA168 and says well you don't have as many quizzes as this guy does. You don't have as many and the whole name and shame element came into it and it took us down a very very dark path. So we decided not to go there because I was quite disappointed, quite a lot of our lecturers were only using it as a dump and pump style or a repository style of course. But also it's something we didn't want to encourage by isolating people following on from Michael's talk earlier on, isolating people that aren't engaging with the VLE enough or in my case efficiently. So what we decided to do was instead of and again recognising the breadth of activities that's available to you through loop and how I would use a discussion form could be different to how Davo would use it and different again as to how Baz would use it. So it's quite difficult to make a judgement on interactions and so on. But what we decided to do was look at a course at a category level so we could make an umbrella to see if we're not isolating individuals. And our moodle setup is set up in such a way where there's a category for every faculty and then subcategory for every school and subcategory if that's proper terminology for the programmes. So we're able to then generate a report or we wanted to generate a report and say well in terms of content where you're just dumping resources up there, PDFs and all sorts of other file types or where you're using it to manage your assessments or interaction where you're giving them opportunity to interact online and indeed opportunities for collaboration. So they are the four elements that we wanted to judge. So just to break that down. How am I doing for time, Tim? Great. To break that down we wanted to look at all of the moodle activities that were available to us and what could we tag as content transfer or what could we tag as assessment based. So in terms of content transfer we looked at and just I do appreciate there's a lot of numbers thrown up there on the screen. But we said well if they have pages, books, files, folders, IMS contents, labels, URLs, lessons, wherever we had Lewis there and on. So we looked at that and we decided to see in this category how many lessons do we have, how many pages do we have, how many books do we have and so on. Now we were faced with the challenge when we looked at it, quite a lot of lectures had loads of stuff up there, historical stuff which they don't show to students. They may have hidden or they may be just too lazy to delete us and have well I won't say rubbish but they have contents they no longer use on their courses. So we decided to look at the number of active items. So as in the number of an item is deemed active if it is accessed, clicked on by a student within a certain time period. And that's important too because when we generate this report we can define the time periods that we're looking at. It also facilitated the fact that a lot of lectures as they say may have a whole load of historic stuff that they've up there. We looked at again the number of enrolments but we also looked at the number of active enrolments. We found in doing the study looking at the student engagement we actually found quite a large portion of our students actually weren't even clicking into the VLE at all which was quite frightening. So and we generated essentially a figure for each one of those. Looking at assessments we looked at quiz, assignment, workshop and scorn packages. Again we accept the limitation of this because you may use a discussion form as an assignment type. But you will see the number of activities we looked at, the number of active activities, same principle again. And then we looked at whether the submissions were made and how many were graded because we could extract all of this information. The other thing we wanted to look at was the average grade for the assignments that were given to give us more information. And then in terms of interaction this is one of the smaller elements. We had survey, choice, feedback and questionnaire. I'm not going to go through each one of the columns but it's the same sort of thing that's replicated. The challenge that we have is when we get all of these different stats and figures and I'm just again putting the ones for collaboration up there. The chat to form, the wiki and the glossary. But when we have this sort of data how do we visualise it? How do we actually give it to the head of school or the head of a programme and so on? And really I'd love suggestions where we are at the development stage. What I have in my head at the moment which is a very dark and dirty place to be in. But what I have at the moment is some form of visualisation like a pie chart or a spider diagram and so on. Because we want to be able to show ahead of school. Here's how blended your programmes are. But maybe here's what the university's overall blend is like and here's how you fit relative to the university. Because I'm sure it's the same in your institution. But when you start making a little bit competitive heads of schools will start cracking the whip. So that's one potential visualisation. I got loads of help from the crowd last year when we were doing the relative data and the relative assignment grades. So any tips, feedback that you can give us or maybe you may think that will work. The idea behind it where we are measuring all of these different activities it's just going to be a report. And with it being a report it's available to everybody in the audience. So it's a category based report and we're going to be measuring content assessment interaction and collaboration. Thank you very much.


Welcome to All Hands Update, I'm Petty Officer Jen Blake. A NAV admin was released announcing the establishment of a naval strategy designation. Approximately 300 unrestricted line officers were nominated for the subspecialty. This is part of a strategic enterprise initiative directed by the C&O. The nominees are now eligible to fill strategy billet assignments with the Joint Staff, Office of the Secretary of Defense, State Department, and Combatant Commander Staffs. This specialty code allows those in charge of manning to identify, track, and assign the right officers to critical billets. Specific education requirements or experience tours are required to be eligible for the designation. Officers who weren't nominated can still apply for the designation if they meet the requirements in the NAV admin. For more information visit the MillSuite website.


The Holy Spirit's power in your life is the key to true and full Christian living. He is the key to praying into the depths of God, to sincere worship that opens the floodgates of heaven, to knowing Jesus in greater depths than you've ever known him before. He is the key to not you following signs, but signs following you. Don't forget to subscribe.


I used to be a corporate hall, but I'm okay now is the usual introduction I do to public sector folk. I'm very much a private sector refugee, spent 10 years at a massive consumer goods company, which I won't name, but as we said, spent a year in GDS recently and very much enjoyed it. Let's start with the story. Eight years ago I took over as tech lead of this awful financial byddwch chi'n falch y pryd apdysgu y cyflaeth rhannu'r ystyried bunol a hwnnw wedi fel refle dementia. HDMI-yw iawn, mae'r plant gennym ni wedi ddiogelio'i cyfrifiadau mewn Thor. Os efallai, mae'r cyfrifiadau yn allan pen genywb i'i gweithio'r ein fryd yn y cyffraestor, ac mae'n llwyddo i ni'n ddiogelio'r hynny i'r cai iawn a llwyddo i'n cael rwynebu. Mae'r cyfrifiadau sy'n ddirectorio'i cyfrifiadau yn maen nhw, ac mae'r ysgolion, ychydig i gweithio'r ystyried, bydd y dywed, o'r ymgyrch, mae'r cyfnod yn ei wneud i'r gwahanol. Ac mae hefyd yn cael ei byddio'r ysgolion, ac mae'r cyfnod fel ddechrau'n gwahanol. Mae'r meddwl sy'n gweld, mae'n gweld yn gweld ar 11. Mae'n gweithio'n gwahanol oedd yn cyfrifio'r cyfrifio. Mae'n gofyn ymweld sy'n cyfrifio'r Ysgolion ac yn mynd i'r pethau cyfan ychwanegwyr yn cael statiwyr syniad, eu ffordd i dechreu i'r syniad hon i'n gweld flasgwrd yn y systemau ystgril. Rwyf i mi, dwi'n mynd i ffres ydwodi ac mae nhw'n bywys i'r pethau ffarswyr yn y syniad yma. Rydyn ni wneud bod dyna ni'n gwybod themu a chyfthenwyr i'r pethau. Teimlo i'r門hygoel yma. Ond amser wrth yn mynd i ddod, rydyn ni'n ffresywodau. Felly'r sefydlu dyna cofnoddiad, mynd rydyn ni'n megwineb'r ysgrifennu sy'n ddim ddim yng ngynhau, ac efallai rydyn ni'n rhan o'n ddangosol? Felly dyna'r hoffio'r Maid Gymig, mae'n gwahyddwyr wedi bod ni'n weithio'r bywydd, mae'n gwahau'r hwysbryd, mae'r sysadmins eu chwyn hwyro dibynnu'n mhag hwnnw, gyda'r torgu dyna'n ddyliadig. Felly, roedd yn gweithredu, mae'n cydwyno'n dweithio, Myelio gyda'r game. We started having proper testing, testing development. On the opposite side, we learnt to trust a bit better. After the first time we put something live and didn't destroy the world, we got them to agree that we could at least put things out monthly, that's 12 times a year, not just 4 times a year. I suppose the bigger thing was just talking a bit more, which I think we all know that when we try and solve technical problems, usually there are people problems. ac yn amlwg i'w bwysig, a dyna chi'n gweithio'r cyflogwch ar 400 yrhygoffau a rydych chi'n iddynt gael bod yn gweithio'r ysgolwyddiadau ac mae hynny'n iddyn nhw'n gwasanaethu'n gweithio'r cyflogwch ar ffwrdd hynny i gael gwnaeth yr amddangosion, ac mae gennym gweithio'r cyflogwch arall o'r cyflogwch. i'r llwyaf i'r cyfnodd y gofynion, ac fyddwch yn gweithio'r ddau angen i'r ddeithasol a dwi'n gweld i'r llwyffaeth o'r cyfnodd. Fy angen i chi'n bwysig i ddau'r ysgol yn gweld gwnaeth gwaith o'r cyfnodd, ond tewch yn ymgyrch yn ddiddordeb ar y llywodr, a'r ymwysig i'r ysgol yn ymddangos a'r gweithio, ac mae'n ddiddorol yn eich ddau i ddim yn ystod i ddim yn llwyffaeth, a ydych chi'n gweithio i ddim yn ei wneud. Felly, o'r pethau o'r rhan o'r lluniau, ydych chi'n ei ddim yn ei wneud o'r cyfrifysgoriaeth, ond, roeddwn i'r cyfrifysgoriaeth, wedi bod yn gwneud hynny y bydd y rhan o'r sianlitaeth, roeddwn i'n gweithio'r holl yn y cynnig o'r peth, mae'n ddysgu'r cyfrifysgoriaeth i'r sianlitaeth. A'r Deffops mae'n ei ddysgu'r felosifiaeth i'r cyfrifysgoriaeth a'r cyfrifysgoriaeth between those two specialties. It isn't saying that you don't need one or the other or that you can make them the same thing because my God, I was a developer and you did not want me running your production servers. So I think that's really important. It's not about making them the same thing, it's about just improving the collaboration and communication between them. So first of all let's look at some stuff that I can tell you right now won't work if you look at doing this in your organisations. And this is a credit where it's due a really brilliant list from a site called Dev Ops guys. And they've got some really good articles about Dev Ops and what it means for the industry and where things are going, so it's worth looking at. So traps to avoid, don't feel like this is something you can put in a flowchart and inflict on people, that won't work. Agile and Dev Ops aren't the same thing, they work really well together. So if you get your agile development processes and project management going, then the Dev Ops philosophy and way of working can be a really wonderful complement to that, but don't confuse the two things. Re-branding a team, or either a Dev team or Ops team and just calling them a different name, isn't going to work. And starting a separate Dev Ops group isn't going to work either, because really what this is about is a philosophy of reducing silos rather than creating new ones. And I think the last one's the thing I see the most often, which is Ops teams going, well it's all about Ops, so we'll own this now and Dev teams trying to do the same thing. And that's probably, many of you are leaders in your organisations, that's probably the one I'd say, watch out the most of all, don't let this become a power struggle, it needs to be about finding a new way of working together. Believing it's a buzzword is another thing that really doesn't work or that it's a silver bullet, it's really not going to solve all your problems. As I said earlier, it's really not about Dev's managing production or Dev driven release management. But I do think that everybody can make this happen. It doesn't, you don't need special people, you don't need special time to do it in, you don't have to wait for a crisis and probably waiting for a crisis is the worst thing to do. But, you know, there's a lot of times when you talk to organisations about why best practice would be good for them and their immediate answer is just, but we're different, we can't do it that way. That was a bit depressing, so let me talk about what does work. This is a framework that John Willis has put out, which I think works very well and anybody who has read the GDS service design manual, this is a framework you'll see there as well, which is to start with culture but also look at automation, measurements and sharing. So, what do we mean by culture? It's all about people and reducing that us and them mentality that Dev's broke production and it's their fault, but focusing on fast and stable. And that's really the most important thing about Dev Ops as a philosophy is it's a way of smoothing the road so that your business that needs faster and faster change, which we've all the other speakers have spoken about a lot today, and you want to be able to do things more frequently, add new functionality, respond to the users, to your citizens, your internal folks, but you also have a public out there that expects things to be up not just 99.9, but 99.9x9% of the time. And so this is a way of getting to be agile and fast in your change, but also stable in the service that you provide. Invest in automating everything that you can. There's very few, as admins I know, who really want to sit every day and stroke tin, as we were talking about earlier, or their job be about monitoring alerts or seeing what's broken and then fixing it. In giving time to invest in making, working on the system to reduce time working in the system is really, really valuable. And you look at some of the most interesting, to me, startups these days, they can spin up new servers, services, and so much in clicks of a button, or even automatically. And that's something which, with my big systems outsourced private sector background is just a dream. I couldn't believe how well that was being done when I joined GDS, and you literally saw a board up on the wall that ran all the tests for every part of Gov UK in under three minutes. And any change that was deployed, they could see whether it had broken anything in three minutes. And being from a world where a full range of testing and a project took three weeks, I was extremely impressed with that. The other thing is to measure things. We all talk about you get what you measure, but it's even more true when you look at operations, knowing what you break when you break it, being able to respond well to things like anonymous targeting you, DDoS tax and similar. But again, it's an investment to be able to put some of that measurement, the analytics and so on in place, so that you can then focus on improving the things that are needed. And the last is sharing, this is a terribly saccharant Haley Joll Osmond movie, but the cultures that we're seeing that are really adopting DevOps as a philosophy very well tend to be really good at sharing back, not just inside their own companies, but with the broader community. There's a series of meetups called DevOps days that started in Belgium and have now spread around, and so if the people in your organisation who are looking after your development and your operations aren't hooked into that kind of community and seeing what's going on there, then it's possibly worth investing in getting them some access to some of the thinking that's going on here. As I said earlier, GDS is pretty impressive in this regard that that philosophy of developers and operations folks working closely together. The approach of continuous delivery, having plenty of monitoring and automation. My good friend, Gareth Rushgrove, has a series of t-shirts all about how much he loves graphs and more and more people buying them for him as pranks now. I mean that I thought this from James Thornett, who's the product manager for GovUK, that in the first six months of GovUK, there were over a thousand releases. That's the sort of thing that is almost incomprehensible if you're used to that more traditional way of doing operations and doing development. The fact that a thousand code changes had been released in that six month period is pretty impressive. My other favourite thing about GDS is they have a GDS badger of deployment that tweets when they do releases, which I think tells you a little bit about the DevOps culture at GDS as well. In terms of a bit further reading about this, I've posted all of these on my blog as well, so there's a load of different posts about anti-patterns and patterns. A guy called Nick Bottolomeos has written a really amazing presentation about how you introduce this culture in a very traditional legacy bound environment. And so probably that's the one area that I didn't feel I had time to talk through in detail today, but I'd highly recommend that presentation to those of you who are finding yourself with loads of existing transactional systems, whether you own them or you're working with organisations on them that need to be brought into the 21st century in terms of the way that development and operations is done. As mentioned by a few people, the GDS's digital service manual is excellent and there's certainly a good page there about how to approach this as well. And there's a weekly newsletter, which I'd also recommend that you have a look at. Given the time, it was really just a bit of a taster of what this is and hopefully some food for thought in terms of how it might be useful for you guys, but hopefully it was good. Thank you very much.


The National Health Service is the most civilized thing about Britain. It was created in the aftermath of the Second World War to provide healthcare free at the point of need for everybody. And those principles have survived and are actually very popular. But, and this is a big but, it is under the most enormous threat. The Health and Social Care Act of 2012 started down the road of further privatization on top of the private finance initiatives that have built some of our hospitals. And we now have American health companies coming in trying to take over parts of our National Health Service. I warned against this in 2019 and was told it was all scaremongering on my part. We now have a large number of GP practices run by a number of American companies and many more are sniffing around to take over our NHS, to take over diagnostic services, to take over all kinds of other services within our hospitals and our care sector. The only sensible way forward is for full public ownership of the entirety of the National Health Service and a National Care Service on the same principles as the NHS care free at the point of need for everybody. So, let us absolutely resolve. We will defend our NHS. We will campaign for a National Care Service. That's the only way of bringing about any degree of health equality in our society. Go to yournhsneedsu.com and you'll find out what you can do to save our NHS.


Welcome! We are going to be doing some more quadratic equations today and we're going to be using the calculator quite a bit, so make sure you have yours out and ready to go. So there's a couple different ways you can solve quadratics with the calculator. If your equations in the form f of x equals f of x equals zero, as I wrote here, then you're going to want the points on your graph where y is zero because remember y is the same thing as f of x. So these are known as your x intercepts, which your calculator also calls your zeros. So I'm going to go in and highlight that word. I'm using that one a lot today. If your equation is not in that form, then you can just graph them in your y1 and y2 and then you can figure out where they intersect at. So I'm going to show you both ways here today just so you can practice with both of them. Alright, so the first one, let's solve the equation 2x squared plus 11x minus 63 equals zero. Okay, so I'm going to go to my y equals, clear anything out that I have in there, clear both of these out, then I'm going to type in my equation 2x squared plus 11x minus 63. Now, if you want to put a zero in your y2 and then do the intersection, that would be perfectly fine too, but I'm going to show you a little bit different way to do it today. Alright, let's graph this. Oops, we're going to have to fix our window for sure. That doesn't look much like a parabola to me. So let's do a zoom and let's start with number six, our standard window. Alright, that's looking more parabola-like. We can't see the vertex, but that's probably down here. But remember what we're looking for. We're looking for the x-intercepts. So that's going to be about right here, maybe at negative nine-ish, and then somewhere in here. So that would be like 3.5-ish. Okay, so to find those exactly then, what you're going to do is you're going to go to second calc. Actually, let's take a look at the table first. Change my mind. So let's see, I said what about negative nine-ish? So let's scroll backwards. So looking at the table, yes. So here at three, we have negative 12, but at four we have positive 13. So because this one's negative, this one's positive, there has to be a zero in between there. So that'll be somewhere between three and four. But then let's see if at negative nine, it's exactly a zero, because then we don't have to worry about finding that one. And it sure is. So our y is zero when our x is a negative nine. So that is one of our solutions. Now to find the other one, we're going to go to second calc, which is right above your trace key, and you're going to look for number two, called a zero. That's why I wanted to use that word a few different ways. So let's press option number two. This is very similar to finding the minimum and the maximum. So it's going to want a left bound and a right bound. Right now my left bound is at zero negative 63. So I want to get somewhere close here to, I think we said around 3.5. So I'm going to go ahead and toggle to the right until I get close to 3.5, or at least until I can finally see my cursor. Oh, there it is. Okay, that looks pretty good. So I'm going to hit enter. That's on my left side. Now it wants a right side. So I'm going to toggle this time above my axis. That looks pretty good. Okay, hit enter. Now it wants a guess. We're going to have to sit to go in there and hit enter. And sure enough, my guesstimate was pretty darn good. It's at 3.5 zero. Okay, so what we're going to want to do over here then is on our paper, we'll go ahead and draw in our parabola. So then we can say here this is negative 9 comma 0. And this point was 3.5 comma 0. So x equals negative 9 and x equals 3.5. Alright, number two, this one says solve the equation 2x squared plus 27x equals, or sorry, plus 27 equals 21x. So let's go to the calculator. If you wanted to, you could move this 21x over, solve this equal to 0 and do it exactly like we just did. But I would like to show you another method on this one. So here's where we're going to use our y1 and our y2. Okay, so in our y1, we're going to put 2x squared plus 27. And then in our y2, I'm going to put the other side of the equation, which is 21x. So what I'm going to be looking for then is where these two functions intersect at. So when I hit graph, I'm not going to see my, oh that doesn't really help us very much. So in this case, instead of monkeying around with the window, if we go to zoom and let's toggle down to the option, I believe at zero, that says zoom fit. I don't like to use this one very often because it messes with your window and it makes it really hard to see what's going on. But sometimes it's kind of necessary and I know what the outputs of this one is going to be. So we definitely need it. Okay, so there's our parabola that represents the left side of the equation because that was a quadratic. And here's our line that represents the right side of our equation because that's linear. And they intersect, it looks like around two-ish and maybe nine-ish if I had to guesstimate. Okay, so let's go ahead and calculate that. We've done these before where we want to use option number five, that's the intersection because these two graphs are going to cross. Okay, oops, I don't think I hit the right thing there. Try that again. Let's do second calc. Option number five, I think I hit graph for some reason. Option number five, there we go. Okay, so once it's to be close to the first curve, so we want to get close to that first point, that's pretty darn good, hit enter, hit enter again, hit enter again. And so that gave us an intersection of 1.5, 31.5. So again, let me go ahead and draw a rough sketch of this. So I've got our parabola like that and our line like that to pretend like they actually intersect at reasonable points. So at this point here, we saw was 1.5 comma 31.5. So you see why I didn't want to mess with the window this time. These y values are huge. Okay, let's go to the other intersection. So do second calc again. Pick option number five for intersect. Let's toggle to the right to our other intersection point. Keep toggling over until you get close. I think that's pretty darn close. Okay, hit enter, hit enter, hit enter. And it spits out the point nine hundred and 89. Yes, I'm glad we didn't try to figure out that window ourselves. So that's going to be the point nine hundred and 89. So that means my x values because I'm solving the equation x is going to equal 1.5 and x is going to equal nine. And those are our solutions. Okay, graphing quadratics and looking for x interstops or zeros are also connected with the factors of a quadratic equation that we talked about in the last chapter. Okay, so looking at the graph of, let's bring the calculator back up. Clear these equations out. Okay, so we have parentheses x plus four, parentheses, parentheses x minus one.  So I asked the question, what do you notice? Well, okay, it's a parabola. It opens up. But looking at these factors, so what do you notice here? Well, where are my zeros at? Where are my x interstops? It looks like it's at one and one, two, three, negative four. Let's take a look at the table to confirm that. And sure enough, negative four, zero. There's a zero there. Let's see if there's one at one. Absolutely. So sometimes I use my graph and do my zero options. Sometimes I use my table. It just depends on which one I think might be easier for that problem. So x is going to equal negative four and x equals one are the zeros. Now I say set each factor equal to zero. What do you get? So my first factor here is x minus four. Let me highlight that one. It's my first factor. My second factor is x minus one. And you notice I didn't multiply these out. I just left them alone. So x plus four equals zero gives me, oh, x equals negative four. Interesting. x minus one equals zero when I move that one over gives me x equals one. Interesting. Okay, so what you want to see here then is you notice your factor was x plus four, your zero's negative four. Your factor was x equals, or x minus one, your zero is x equals one. Okay, so there certainly is a relationship between these two things. And it makes it pretty easy then to go back and forth between factors and zeros. You just have to remember to change your signs. We highlight those phrases, change your signs when you go back and forth between the two forms. And that's because you're moving over zero. So you're going to have to do that. All right, so this one, I gave you a picture. So find a possible, and here's the keyword possible quadratic function for this graph. Okay, so I look, I'm looking at this graph and I see a zero here at negative three. And I see a zero here at positive three. Well, that's nice and symmetric for us. Okay, I want to find a function though. So let me start with my function notation f of x equals, so if x equals negative three is a zero, I have to change the sign. So that would be x plus, oopsie, not four, three is a factor. I don't know where that four came from. Okay, so these two pieces go together. So this one gave us that one.  So this one gave us that one. And that's a possible quadratic function. You could multiply it out if you want to, but I think I'm just going to leave it like that. It doesn't say what kind of form it has to be in. So you might as well be an easy on yourself as possible. Okay, so I put here then the good news is if you're not very good at factoring, you can always look at your graph, find your zero, work backwards. Okay, this especially works well when your zeros are whole numbers. If they're not, then you have to do a little bit more finacling, but that's okay. And I put on here, if you are good at factoring though, you can always set your quadratic equation equal to zero, factor it, then set each factor equal to zero and solve. Okay, so last problem here is d plus seven times d minus four equals negative 24. So you may think, well, these are our factors, but you notice it's not set equal to zero. It's set equal to negative 24. So unfortunately, that's not going to work. All right, we can do this one by graphing. We can do this one by factoring. It just depends on how you would like to prefer or prefer to attack it. But I think I'm going to go ahead and graph this. So let's clear this off. And then I'm just going to do it all with a table this time. So x plus seven, hopefully out with a table times x minus four. Put that in my y one. I'm going to put negative 24 in my y two. Let's take a look at our table and see if we can come up with values that match. And sure enough, right here. So at negative four, you notice they both spit out a value of negative 24. And here at positive one, they both spit out a value of negative 24. So from our table, oopsie, x, missed my variable there, d. See from our table, d equals, I got myself all confused. All right, we have negative four and positive one. So d equals negative four, d equals positive one. Okay, so keep practicing these and we'll do some more equations next. Thank you.


Hey, Psych2goers. Welcome back, and thank you so much for the support. If you're new to this channel and by the end of the video you enjoy our content, do consider subscribing and joining the Psych2go family. Now, let's begin. Were you given golden roles to live by when you were younger? Did the lessons they taught you make the world seem as simple as black and white? If only. Always be kind, honesty is the best policy. You should always be polite and well-mannered. Do these sound familiar? But as you grow older, you start to realize that the world is a much more complicated place than what you were brought up to believe. Sometimes making the right choice is hard and confusing. Often, you land in what feels like lose-lose situations.  Does it feel like, no matter how much you try and protect yourself from the harsh realities of life, they continue to stare back at you? Even being in denial and pretending like everything's fine, there's always some things you know to be true, but wish weren't. But until you confront those truths and accept them, you're always going to be stuck facing the same old dilemmas over and over again. So, with that said, here are some of the most uncomfortable, but important truths we all need to accept in life. 1. Only you can change yourself Just as you are responsible for your own happiness, you too are responsible for your own personal growth and development. The moment you stop living in denial and open your eyes to your own flaws and toxic traits, the sooner you stop making the same mistakes over and over again. Everyone in your life may be aware of it already, but until you call yourself out, it's not going to make much of a difference, because the only person who can make any real, lasting change in your life is you. 2. Only you can give yourself closure Maybe you were in an unhealthy relationship with someone, or you went through a traumatizing experience. It could also be that you're still trying to move on from someone who abandoned you. Whatever it may have been, it's important that you understand that while your trauma is not your fault, your healing is your responsibility. Closure isn't something you get from someone else, it's something only you can give yourself. Closure is a choice you make. To move forward, keep going, and not let your pain define you anymore. Closure is the peace of mind only you can give yourself. 3. Taking no risk is the biggest risk of all Are you convinced that playing it safe and staying in your comfort zone is the smartest thing to do? The truth is, it's not. Because living in constant fear of failure, hurt, and disappointment also means missing out on some of the best and most wonderful things life has to offer. After all, as they say, you have to risk failure to succeed. You have to risk heartbreak to find love. Putting yourself out there is key if you ever want to experience the worthwhile things in life, like love, friendship, passion, and adventure. These things all come at a cost, but the price is considered much better paid than living life full of regrets and what-ifs. 4. Sometimes quitting is for winners Life is all a game of finding the perfect balance between putting yourself out there and knowing how to quit while you're ahead. Do you agree? Because in spite of what you've been told all your life, quitting can be a good thing too. Yes, really. Knowing when to stop, change directions, and leave behind a negative situation is going to save you a lot of heartaches as you grow older. So think long and hard about which battles are worth fighting and give up anything else that no longer serves you. Don't quit because it's hard. Quit because it's making you unhappy, because it's no longer working, and because you deserve better. 5.  It hurts to realize that people you love and care about may not always feel the same way about you. The wiser approach is to come to terms with it sooner rather than later, so you don't end up wasting your time. If you need to force someone to make an effort to keep a relationship alive, be it romantic or platonic, you're better off not having them around at all. Yes, it is painful to admit, but you need to let go of those partners, friends, and family members who take you for granted and don't see your value. Instead, go to where you know you are loved and appreciated. 6. Happiness isn't anywhere down the road As Steve Mariboli puts it, happiness is a state of mind.  It's not something you'll magically find when you finally get married or land your dream job, because happiness is a journey, not a destination. And if you can't find happiness where you are now, then you won't find it anywhere else either. Not until you give up the idea that happiness is anywhere but here, and start being more grateful for what you have and where you are right now. It is, after all, an experience that you choose, right? 7. You can't love someone else until you love yourself first Here's an oldie but a goldie. Yes, it may sound cliche to some of you psyched-goers, however, there's a lot of truth to be found in this saying. We kid you not, because no matter how hard you try, no matter how perfect your relationship or your partner may be, at the end of the day, there is no amount of affection or love that can fill the void in a person who doesn't love themselves. You need to have a good relationship with yourself, filled with honesty, knowledge, acceptance, and compassion. Otherwise, none of your romantic relationships will ever work out. Or worse, they might have become maladaptive coping mechanisms for you and make you more dependent, needy, and insecure. And so it goes. It's always better to be honest with ourselves about how we feel and what it all means. Living in denial of our problems and flaws certainly isn't going to do anyone any good, and staying stuck in our problematic ways is going to get us nowhere in life. It might feel scary, difficult, and overwhelming to confront our issues head on. But as they say, the only way to get past your problems is to get through them. And at the end of the day, an uncomfortable truth is much better than a comfortable lie, don't you think? We hope we were able to give you insight into some truths that might be uncomfortable but are better off accepted rather than avoided. Do you relate to any of the things we've mentioned here? Is there a painful or uncomfortable truth you're struggling to come to terms with right now? Leave a comment down below, and please feel free to share any thoughts you have as well. If you found this video helpful, be sure to hit the like button and share it with those who may be playing hide-and-go-seek with the truth. Don't forget to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more new videos, and thank you for watching.


I think I told you in the first lecture itself an introduction to distillation that normally reactive distillation is treated as a special case of distillation like you have an enhanced distillation in which you have a azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation and then they talk about reactive distillation. But that is not true in a sense because reactive distillation is not just a distillation technique or it is not just an enhanced distillation technique because it is not just a distillation column or a separator but it is a reactor as well. So it is not only used for separations but it is used for reactions as well and of course as the name says it is the combination of reaction and distillation in a single unit. That means in a column on every stage or a particular zone the reaction is taking place. Now I put a catalyst or sometimes it is uncatalyzed reaction that reaction is taking place. In that case how the things change? Can I have a design methodology for reactive distillation? Let us discuss all these issues but before that I thought let us understand the commercial applications of reactive distillation like. So I am going to take you to a different world now not really the separation techniques and vapor liquid equilibrium but I am going to talk about different processes, commercially important processes where reactive distillation can be used. So we are going to talk about chemicals, chemistry, reactions and all that. So we are adding another dimension to our process that is reaction, so your reaction taking place and reaction can be as complicated as possible. You can have the kinetics depending on what kind of catalyst you use. It can be solid catalyst, it can be liquid catalyst and depending on that you have complex kinetics and will affect your reaction to a great extent or distillation to a great extent. It is also called as a multifunctional reactor, reactive distillation is also called as a multifunctional reactor. That means my purpose is to do reaction and then the distillation will help reaction so that some enhanced performance is achieved. So it is not just a distillation column, you can call it as a reactor in which distillation is employed or it can be a distillation column in which reaction is employed depending on the application that we are looking at. So it should be taken, reactive distillation term should be taken in a very broader sense as far as its applications are concerned. This is something that we have seen in the very first lecture, I will just repeat. You have simple reaction A plus B giving C plus D, it is a reversible reaction, equilibrium controlled reaction or rather it is affected or influenced by equilibrium. So if you do this reaction in simple reactor, law of mass action says that you get equilibrium conversion.  But then if you remove one of the products simultaneously during the course of the reaction, then reaction can be shifted in forward direction, leach at least principle, very simple. So in this case what I am doing is C, let C is the more volatile or most volatile component in the system. So I do the reaction in boiling condition so that I have vapor going out and liquid going out. So two streams coming out of this reactor. Now this will be enriched in C, but along with C you have A and B and A, B and D and here you have ABD. But then this reactor will perform better than normal reactor where you have only one liquid coming out because you simultaneously remove C and because remove of C, the concentration in C in the reactor will be reduced and if you look at law of mass action, this will be reduced so that the reaction will shift in forward direction. But then you have problems because you are removing A, B, D along with C, there are losses of these. Can I avoid that? I will put a column and selectively remove C, efficiently I will remove C with the reflux and all and if the system is ideal, now you know, if the system is ideal I can remove pure C from the top. If the system is ideal, if there is a exertor form then you have limitations. So you are recycling ABD back to the column and same is true here if D is the least volatile component. See I am putting some conditions, if D is the least volatile component then I have a stripper there and I am selectively or efficiently removing D through a normal distillation technique. Now you consider the entire assembly, you have reactor followed by two distillation column. Can I just scrub this reactor along or other, combine this reactor along with the separation units and I have a normal reactor distillation column, conventional reactant distillation column. Where the red part shows that, the reaction is taking place. And you have the blue part, where there is only distillation taking place. So this column is equivalent to this section of the column, this column is equivalent to the section of the reactor distillation column and this part where reaction is taking place is equivalent to this section of the column. So, you have this is called in hybrid reactive distillation column and if I have A B that is reactants going in to the column I am not shown that here, then you have C and D coming out from top and bottom right. So, this is possible right this is possible of course there are many questions can I do the reaction as efficiently as what I was doing here ok this is stirring here we do not have stirring. But then of course like the reaction is relatively fast it depends on the chemistry and the catalyst that we use. You can avoid or you can get you can use efficient column internals can have good column hydrodynamics. So, that the reaction is not affected by a mass transfer limitations and all. But as far as the flow pattern is concerned it will be a plug flow type behavior compared to what you have here you have a CSTR there ok, but in fact sometimes plug flow is better right. So, you have a typical reactive distillation column where the feed is going in A and B and you are getting C and D products out ok. Now, you can imagine like this is really going to be an achievement if you can do this because normally a chemical plant would have what reactor you have insufficient conversion you have unreacted reactants then you have products you have to take this stream out then you have chain of distillation columns right and then your recycles many things right. If you can I can achieve all this in a single piece of equipment then nothing like that it is a good tool for process integration right. You are bringing all the components of the process together you are condensing the entire process in a single piece of equipment ok. You are bringing cost effectiveness and compactness of a chemical plant ok. So, that is reactive distillation and it is not just though I have considered a hypothetical example here it is not it is not as I said like in the first lecture itself it is not a not just an idea or concept it is commercially applied like for example, the reaction of acetic acid with methanol giving methyl acetate and water ok. So, you have both acetic acid and methanol going to the column from the top you get methyl acetate from the bottom you get water ok. I am going to see that I am going to tell you more details about that reaction later, but then this is practice ok this is commercial ok. The entire plant is condensing in a single unit ok. So, that is the potential of reactive distillation. So, it is not just the separator it is a process it is a process. So, it is combination of reaction and distillation. So, it is bringing all the components of the process together of course, it has its own limitation it is not that we can apply reactive distillation for all the reactions like the major limitation like where I was explaining this I am making many assumptions I was saying that C is most volatile in this volatile. So, all this may not be true in every case right. So, those conditions should match now there will be certain temperature at that temperature reaction should take place. Now distillation distillation there is a temperature is decided by the boiling point bubble point right and that temperature should be same as the temperature required for the reaction ok. If that these two temperatures do not match then you have constraints ok. Of course, there is a ways to play with pressure ok and play with pressure and increase the temperature or reduce the temperature and get the reaction going ok, but then we have to work out economics and all right. So, this is an example where I have started with reaction ok and I showed how the distillation would help the reaction get going in forward direction, but there are applications where you are struggling to separate a mixture like the example that I gave you A plus B difficult to separate means you may have formation of azeotrope or the mixture or other components are close boiling ok. Normally a technique non reactive techniques are azeotropic distillation or extractive distillation you add third component ok. In extractive it will change your VLE favorably in azeotrope it will form an azeotrope atrogenous azeotrope you can use reactive distillation also and add this C, C will react right, C will react with other A or B ok. It will form a product and this product ok it is having it may be having a relative volatility which is higher or lower than the other component right and you can separate this product right you can separate this product and convert it back later on or can sell if it has a market ok. So, I can achieve the separation by reactive distillation ok that is why it is considered as a special case of distillation ok. There is a purpose to separate a mixture ok, but the example that I gave you here the first objective is to get a reaction going right. So, this is difference right. So, it is quite possible to use reactive distillation for enhancing the reaction performance and at the same time it is quite possible to use reactive distillation for doing separation for a difficult to separate system where you have formation of azeotrope or close boiling mixture right and the applications that we are going to see they are mixed rather in sense rather sometimes distillation is helping reaction sometimes reaction is helping distillation and so on right. So, it falls in the category of multifunctional reactors ok it is a very popular concept these days ok try and combine reaction with something else. Now, this something else can be either separation heat transfer momentum transfer and all that is why reactive distillation comes in the category of multifunctional reactors where I am combining reaction with distillation ok. I see the purpose is to enhance the performance ok see the reaction is synergistically enhanced by means of integrating with one or more operations in this case is just one operation right. So, I am combining distillation in reaction so as to enhance the overall performance of the process. Now, enhance the performance means what it can be increasing conversion, it can be increasing selectivity, it can be reduction in energy cost, it can be reduction in capital cost you can imagine ok entire plant in contains in one unit. Now, much saving would be there in your equipment cost right recycle cost ok. So, it is not a new concept it is not a new concept way back in 1869 like solvage process like to produce soda ash like. So, they use this concept doing reaction together with distillation ok. The ammonia recovery in that particular process is done through reactive stripping ok. So, the concept is not new why I am I have put this slide here is to tell you that even in 1869 it was practiced, but not under the name reactive distillation ok. The concept is not new reaction is not new for chemical engineers distillation is not new for chemical engineers. So, combining them is not a problem so it was practiced, but the analysis today available is quite exhausted many people are working. So, as to apply this particular concept effectively and efficiently to many other processes right and of course it was applied, but not much analysis was available there not much theoretical understanding was available there. So, later on of course, people have started working on it and nowadays it has become very popular mainly because now we have the tools like simulation modelling and everything available there is so much development in catalysis. So, that I can integrate these operations ok. So, some most of the times they call reactive distillation as old wine in new bottle like it is not concept is not new, but can be advantageously applied to many important commercially important systems and we are going to see some examples ok. So, what are the different motives behind application of reactive distillation ok. The first one is to surpass equilibrium conversion we have seen that the first case A plus B giving C plus D the chattel is principal if I if I remove one of the products simultaneously during the course of the reaction, the reaction will shift in forward direction ok. So, I will reduce the recycle cost ok. The methyl acetate example is a best is the best example for this ok. Then the second objective ok selectivity engineering what do you mean by that you have a reaction say reacting system A giving B, B giving C ok series reactions ok and I am interested in the intermediate product B ok right. So, if I can remove this B during the course of the reaction by distillation I can avoid the side reaction of B going to C I can suppress this side reaction of B going to C right and again enhance the yield towards the intermediate products that is selectivity engineering I am going to give you some examples this as well. Energy utilization now that is the main thing you know distillation needs energy ok distillation needs energy and this energy is always given in the reboiler I do not know might have come across some literature where they say that thermodynamic efficiency of distillation is very low because you are giving the heat in the reboiler and not on every stage right. If you do that then your efficiency would go up right. So, if you have so and of course distillation the energy cost is tremendous most of the distillation techniques depending on how much reflux ratio you have right, but in this case since the reaction is taking place in distillation column the reaction is exothermic ok whatever heat liberated will be used in distillation then and there very effective use ok right. So, I do not need to provide extra heat ok in the reboiler the heat is used on that stage itself ok. So, that is that is the advantage of course I if I do reaction separately then I generate steam and can be used somewhere else, but you will lose some there will be some efficiency loss there no heat utilization. So, heat utilization is improved high purity products sometimes some impurities are there very difficult to separate now this is the real separation operation separation in which distillation reactive distillation useful I can react that impurity with something else and that product can be separated very dilute solutions reactive distillation may be useful ok. Difficult separation I told you about this close to close boiling mixtures or isotropic mixture I can add third component and it can form isotope and sorry not isotope another product it can react form that product that product can be separated and you can achieve separation through reaction. Recovery of chemicals the dilute solutions like say high boiling components like lactic acid glycolic acid all these acids which are high boiling acids and if I want to recur them from their dilute solutions. How do I do? Can I use distillation? Suppose I have 90 percent water and 10 percent acid I will have to remove all 90 percent water just to purify it and water is high latent heat compound. So, it is not an economical option. So, instead what I can do is I will react that acid with some alcohol I will form ester I will separate ester which is volatile and that ester can be again hydrolyzed back to acid. So, such schemes are possible with the help of reactive distillation. Longer catalyst life and better temperature control these come together now it is a very important advantage of reactive distillation. If you are doing a reaction in distillation column catalyst is always surrounded by liquid catalyst is always surrounded by liquid and suppose reaction is exothermic what happens normally in a normal reactor reaction is exothermic how much ever effort you put in removing the heat of reaction a slight increase in temperature you cannot really operate a reactor under strictly isothermal conditions. So, that increase in temperature may create some hot spots or heterogeneous catalyst and catalyst may get deactivated. Whereas, if you are doing a reaction in reactive distillation column these hot spots can be avoided. How? Because temperature rise is not possible whatever temperature or other heat is liberated because of the reaction it will be used in evaporating or other vaporizing the liquid and vaporization takes place at almost constant temperature of course, it depends on the composition. But, there will not be drastic rise in temperature or there will not be any hot spots created if you are doing it in reactive distillation column. So, I have uniform it in temperature no hot spot and then because and because of that catalyst life would go up. At the same time there is some deposition of the some unwanted material on the catalyst surface that also is washed away because catalyst is always surrounded by liquid it is the surface of the catalyst is kept clean in reactive distillation compared to gas phase reactions or vapor phase reactions. And, this is a going field this is of course, this we did in 2004 last 3, 4 years we have not updated this. But, this is the statistics of papers and patents of on reactive distillation that tells that see the way it is increasing that tells us so much research going on that many patents coming up. Some old examples now I am going to tell you about different processes in which reactive distillation can be applied. But, of course, these are some old examples I started with solver process where reactive distillation was used for ammonia recovery. And, these are the process where they did not really say that it is reactive distillation the term reactive distillation became popular very recently. And, there are 2 very important examples which made this particular process very popular I will come to that later. Now, esterification, Othmer's work on deutalicity in 1936-1940 there they used reactive distillation any esterification reaction reversible a leisurely principle works well. So, he has reported it long back commercial production of course, started much later propylene oxide from propylene through chloro hydrin process that the first ever process where they what they do propylene oxide formation they do it in reactive distillation column is a bubble cap tray column is the homogenous reaction takes place on the trays in the liquid pool on the trays cracking of di cyclopentadiene all these are very old examples. And, people were using reactive distillation unknowingly without much of theoretical analysis, but quite effectively sodium alkoxide you have alcohol and sodium hydroxide reaction. And, you are removing water of the reaction by toluene right, ethylene dichloride ethylene plus chlorine there is a boiling reactor like. So, you remove heat of reaction there right. So, let us come to the first example which is a very popular example I like to show this before I talk about reactive distillation and I have told you many times methanol plus acetic acid giving methyl acetate and water. And, this is a conventional process this is a conventional process in which you have a reactor and followed by see how many columns 5 plus 4 9 columns. Of course, there are many versions of this process sometimes people use even 12 13 columns right. Why? If you get that residue curl map for the system see when the reaction takes place you have a cotonary system methanol because there is a reversible reaction right in methanol, methyl acetate unreacted methanol rather methyl acetate water and acetic acid. So, 4 components that is a nice problem for conceptual design 4 components and many azeotropes form right. And, these azeotropes will make the separation difficult many means there are 2 azeotropes methanol methyl acetate and methyl acetate in water. And, because of that separation is very difficult in fact acetic acid water separation is also a problem I told you it is close boiling mixture that is why you see many columns here azeotropic column extractive distillation column then you have washing you have to recover your solvent recycle it back. So, many things. So, reactor followed by so many columns you can imagine it is a big plant right. And, look at this they have converted the entire plant or as I said they have condensed the entire plant in a single unit where you have acetic acid going in at a top the column methanol going at a towards the bottom of the column because it is volatile no it will move upward and acetic acid will go down right. So, you will have better contact of these 2 reactants at the top you get methyl acetate here you get water. So, they use sulfuric acid homogeneous catalyst of course, that acid will also come along with water and that can be recovered later right. But, otherwise you have just 1 unit right separation one otherwise difficult why how you can achieve all this here because azeotrope is broken when the reaction takes place right extractive distillation in effect is also achieved here by adding acetic acid in the non-reactive distillation region rectifying section. And, the entire design all the details are available in literature if you want if you are really interested in it. But, and this is a commercial process this month's process it is a commercial process ok. So, you have reduced the entire plant or you condensed entire plant in single unit so much reduction in energy capital cost right recycle. Another important example which along with a methyl acetate made the reactive distillation very popular ok. Methyl acetate and this MTB process these 2 processes the commercial process started in 1981-82 ok. From that time onwards about last 25, 26 years this particular field is so much research going on. MTB you know the application of MTB right it is used as octane booster in gasoline or petrol rather ok. And, it is made from methanol and isobutene made from methanol and isobutene is again a reversible reaction reversible reaction right catalyst use is cation exchange resin. Typical reaction conditions about 15 atmosphere pressure and temperature 60 to 100 because the temperature changes in the column right this is a flow sheet ok small flow sheet where you have you do as much reaction as possible in this reactor ok. And, then you have equilibrium mixture that goes to the reactive distillation column it is not that I am doing the entire reaction in reactive distillation column right. I am doing reaction in the reactor first and a mixture goes out and acts as a feed to the reactive distillation column. See the color code I am using red is reaction blue is distillation ok. Now, in this case why will I do the reaction first here why cannot I do the reaction entire reaction distillation column any advantage doing that why do I actual commercial process they do it this way ok. This is supposed to be the best option do it instead of doing the entire reaction in the distillation column. Conditions they are matching anyway you know like since the reaction is taking place here right increase the you know speed you can increase here as well know. In fact, if you remove one of the products that is what I am doing. So, the reaction will go in forward direction as a practical advantage in this ok. Yeah, if you do the reaction in the column the column size would go up and reactive distillation column is in terms of its fabrication column internals it is much more expensive compared to a normal vessel this is just a vessel or it is a fixed bed reactor probably ok. Here you use very special packing which is a catalytic packing and which is quite expensive. So, reduce the load on this particular column you do as much of reaction as possible here till you go to equilibrium and remaining conversion or further enhancement is done in reactor distillation column and that is the technique normally used in many other processes ok. So, that you reduce the burden on reactor distillation column because this is not only expensive, but also difficult to design right. So, something goes wrong here should not affect the entire performance already you have got some conversion ok. So, for example, in this case I go from 98990 which is equilibrium conversion up to 99 percent see with reactive distillation I get about 99 percent conversion. Now, another important point see why I am doing this reaction reactive distillation column because MTB can be separated from the bottom ok. So, as the reaction takes place as the reaction takes place MTB is separated. So, it ships in forward direction ships in forward direction. Now, this isobutene is not available in pure form isobutene comes along with C4 stream right C4 stream from refinery it has N butane isobutene right. So, many other components and along with that you have isobutene and I just want to use this isobutene for reaction right. So, I am using C4 because otherwise the separation of isobutene from C4 is not so easy ok. So, I am using C4 I am using methanol I am doing this reaction isobutene from C4 will react ok. So, in this configuration I have C4 coming out from the top volatile unreacted C4 like N butane isobutene, butene is linear butene is and all right and then MTB from the bottom converging is almost 100 percent ok. Now, look at the boiling points look at the boiling points isobutene is the most volatile right MTB is the intermediate boiling and methanol is the least volatile right. Now, the mole ratio that they use in this reaction slightly excess methanol ok 10 percent excess 5 percent excess ok. Now, you have some unreacted methanol should come out right from these two streams ok which stream it will come from either this or this MTB from the bottom why because this is right ok. Now, again you are going by just boiling points that is why you give that reason or the answer it is ideal, but it is not ideal that is what I want to say it is not ideal in this case is a non ideal system. So, methanol forms azeotrope with C4 a minimum boiling azeotrope a minimum boiling azeotrope and then because of that it comes out from the top ok. You can plot a residue curve map for this system and you will realize ok that there is a azeotrope between C4 and methanol which is a minimum boiling azeotrope ok. That is why MTB comes out methanol has a tendency to go up it becomes volatile ok. So, if you just go by boiling points you will see you will say that ok reactive distillation may not be useful here because your product is intermediate boiling how can I separate right. But methanol being volatile under those conditions even if by boiling point is less volatile because of presence of C4 it is volatile it has tendency to go up in the column. I can separate pure MTB from the bottom ok that is the logic and that is how reactive distillation works ok. Very popular process in fact this is this process is responsible for the further research in reactive distillation boosted reactive distillation work in reactive distillation rather ok. Very famous and most of the commercial brand of about 50 percent of MTB is produced by reactive distillation technique ok. Another example this is something that we worked on reversible reaction methanol plus formaldehyde giving methyl alcohol plus water reversible reaction like esterification this is acetylization reaction and this product is highly volatile ok. So, you can do the reaction reactive distillation column and these are our research this is our research work and you can see the enhancement ok. If you even if you reduce the methanol to formaldehyde ratio from 6 to 3.5 you get enhancement in conversion you can reach close to quantitative conversions all right. Now, there are many other examples this is again an interesting example which we have also working isobutene to diisobutene. Now, isobutene is see as I said it is it again goes to formation of or manufacture of MTBE right, but then of course, the people are talking about ban on MTBE right because of its solubility in water and all that right. So, there is another alternative to MTBE that you can dimerize the isobutene and form diisobutene and this diisobutene if hydrogenated gets converted to iso octane and this iso octane can be a fuel additive ok. So, it can be a replacement for MTBE to some extent of course, it cannot match the octane number and other properties of MTBE, but to some extent it can replace isobutene MTBE because its octane number is 100 isobutene sorry diisobutene or iso octane octane number is 100 right. Now, what are we doing here? We are doing dimerization saturation and dehydration reaction in the reactive distillation column this is one patent that talks about this ok. Of course, I do not know whether a commercial process is available or is working on this principle or not, but what I am trying to do is passing C4 it is going up and dehydrogenation section the isobutene from C4 gets converted to isobutene right and when it when the steam goes up this isobutene gets converted to diisobutene right and this diisobutene being high less volatile falls down. This is a section of distillation column is a rectifying section of distillation column diisobutene falls down and then it can be collected from the bottom of the distillation column C4 goes up ok. Now, there is a very a peculiar system where we are trying to use reactive distillation ok to enhance the selectivity right. How will you increase the selectivity? In a normal reactor once the dimerization takes place the dimerize a tendency to react again with diisobutene and gives you trimer then you get tetramer and all that. In normal conventional reactor like CSTR or plug flow reactor because your product is there in the reactor. Now, since you are removing that product that is your dimer ok you are increasing the selectivity you are suppressing the side reaction. It is possible to do saturation also simultaneously you can pass hydrogen and if you have a bifunctional catalyst which catalyzes hydrogenation then your diisobutene gets hydrogenated to isoctane which is a desired product. So, you can have all the reactions taking place in reactive distillation column of course, this is an idea which was patented I do not know whether commercially practice or not mostly answer is no. But I am talking about a possibility you can have not just one reaction taking place in the column you can have multiple reactions taking place in the column very interesting case. So, they claim that there is a less equipment cause less recycle cause better selectivity that is what I told you. The general name for this is reactive dibuteneizer where you are removing isobutene and make converting it to isobutene isobutene is converted to diisobutene. So, both isobutene and isobutene are removed from the C4 streams that is why it is dibuteneizer, dibuteneizer. This is another example nylon 6-6 is a very famous reaction adipic acid plus examethylene diamine giving polymer that is the adduct rather plus water. No one can imagine polymerization having conducted in reactive distillation. Of course, we do not do polymerization in the column cause you will have practical problem the polymers, choking and all that right. That is why it is done in a large hold of vessel this is your reactor the red color this is your reactor your reactants are going in and water is separated and this water separation is very crucial. And so, this is not a new technique in fact, nylon process is very old and ever since as far as I know ever since its practice the water removal is done like unless you remove water the polymerization reaction would not get going and if you want a high molecular weight product or a nylon of required quality nylon 6-6 water removal should be quite efficient. So, this again uses reactive distillation principles right. So, improved conversion because of water removal and selectivity can be improved by efficient removal of water. When I say selectivity in polymerization I talk about the quality of the polymer in terms of molecular weight because it is quite possible that you say nylon 6-6 you may have different types of nylon 6-6 forming depending on their molecular weights. But I am interested in a very narrow range of molecular weight exact what is required in that case the water removal is very efficient it should be very efficient. So, reactive distillation again C5 streams I talked about C4 in refinery now I am going to talk about C5 the C5 stream normally goes to gasoline or sometimes they make TAME out of it that is tertiary amyl methyl ether which goes to again gasoline. So, C5 stream has some dynes dynes means two double bonds and they will really these are very reactive compounds and they will create problems later on if you do not separate them. So, these dynes are hydrogenated and they will form olefins right and olefins also can react with mercaptan now mercaptan also not desired right mercaptan is a compound with sulfur in it and that is not desired if you are letting this C5 go to gasoline right. So, this is to be removed and this removal can be effectively done with the help of reactive distillation. So, these compound it is olefin sulfide which is a high boiling component once this is formed in the reactive distillation it can be separated simultaneously because of its low boiling high boiling point right. So, we exploit this reaction and remove olefin sulfide during the course of the reaction by conducting the reaction in reactive distillation column. So, this particular diagram shows how we convert the conventional process how we can convert a conventional process to a reactive distillation process and a multiple reactions taking place here again it is a patent and I do not know whether the commercial process exists or not, but again the idea is to rather show the possibility of we are doing several reactions in a distillation column. In the first zone once the hydrogen is introduced this is a section of distillation column once the hydrogen is introduced you have desulfurization taking place mercaptan plus olefin giving olefin sulfide this olefin sulfide falls down. So, the reaction shifts in forward direction hydrogenation this particular reaction takes place in this particular section then you have isomerization also you go for required C5's they are very particular C5's that which are important in C5 stream they react with methanol later to form TAME. So, you can do isomerization of this C5 streams itself the many isomers of C5 you get a desired isomer. So, that can be done in the reactive distillation column otherwise if you look at a conventional process you have caustic addition to remove sulfur then you have hydrogenation, hydrogen compression. So, everything can be all these steps can be combined in reactive distillation unit and you can have reduction in capital cost. Now in this particular case your C5 going in and then after all these reactions I have required C5 without sulfur here and this required C5 or a desired isomers of C5 can be made to react with methanol to form TAME. So, I can have another section here in the distillation column itself. So, you react that C5 with methanol which will form TAME which can be separated from the bottom of the column. So, you have 4 reactive distillation zones in a distillation column. Of course, it looks quite ambitious, but then it is possible to do it. Theoretically it is possible and of course, the advantages that they have claimed are high conversion, low catalysts life then the reactor function is not confined to pure reactant systems. You can use even a mixture energy utilization. So, remember I have talking about various motives behind the applications of reactive distillation. So far we have seen how reactive distillation can be used to enhance the conversion, it can be used to enhance the selectivity. Now I am going to talk about another example where you have reactive distillation being used for energy utilization and it is used for increasing this selectivity as well in just one process and this process is making ethylene glycol from ethylene oxide EO2 EG. So, this is the process and by doing this again C, A plus B giving C and C plus A giving D. So, it is a series parallel reaction and if I remove this product simultaneously during the course of the reaction, then I can surprise the side reaction. This is second reaction is side reaction. So, as and when this ethylene glycol is formed, it has to be removed and distillation column helps me do that. I have I have surprised the side reaction. Again look at the heat of reaction very high and I can use this heat in the column itself. So, energy utilization. So, like this I have many examples. We can use energy of alkylation. Now this reaction is for cumene production, cumene famous process for phenol manufacture which uses benzene plus propylene giving isopropyl benzene then isopropyl benzene that is nothing but cumene and this cumene then on hydrolysis or other then cumene is oxidized to cumene hydroperoxide and this hydroperoxide and hydrolysis gives phenol and acetone. That is the process. So, the first part it is alkylation part can be performed and there are patents and I think it has been commercialized can be done in reactive distillation column. And it is again highly exothermic reaction and you can use the heat of reaction to for distillation right. And here you are increasing the selectivity as well because you have other products formed. See benzene plus propylene giving cumene at the same time cumene plus propylene can give you diisopropyl benzene, triisopropyl benzene and so on. So, this multi-alkylation can be suppressed. So, again advantage in terms of selectivity improvement. This example we have done this in our lab as well. Acetone giving the acetone alcohol and miscellaneous oxide again it is A going to B going to C type reaction increasing selectivity. These are all commercial examples commercially important example chlorinations for that matter. If you are doing chlorination of any hydrocarbon you have many products formed like monochlorinated, diachlorinated, trichlorinated. So, again it is a selectivity issue that you if you remove monochlorinated as and when it forms I can avoid diachlorinated product I can avoid trichlorinated product right. So, the many examples I have given here close boiling mixtures I told you difficult to separate. Cyclohexene, cyclohexene boiling point difference is just 1.5 degree centigrade right. This particular mixture you come across in the process for manufacture of cyclohexanol ok. So, benzene partial hydrogenation to cyclohexene and you get a cyclohexene as a side product and separation is required for cyclohexene to further get converted to cyclohexanol right. So, this separation is otherwise very difficult. So, what we do cyclohexene can be made to react with acetic acid or water and corresponding product. What is the product? Acetic acid will form cyclohexyl acetate with cyclohexene or if it is water it will form cyclohexanol and all both these products are high boiling. So, these products being high boiling can be easily separated in react to distillation column right. So, otherwise separation was difficult, but since we form cyclohexanol which is high boiling, the boiling point difference in cyclohexanol and cyclohexene is much higher right. So, separation is possible. Now, the question is what will you do with the cyclohexanol? Cyclohexanol as a market right it goes to nylon caprolactam. So, I can use the cyclohexanol, I can sell it as it is otherwise if it is cyclohexanol acetate does not have much market. So, what will I do? This is a reversible reaction, I will hydrolyze it and convert it back to cyclohexane and acetic acid and acetic acid will be recycled back. So, it is like azeotropic agent getting this is recycled back or extractive distillation where solvent is getting recycled back similarly here your external component will be recycled back. Same is true for orthozylene paralleline very famous separation of course, this is again not commercially practiced. There is a famous process by UOP Parex which is used for separation, but it has been proved that we can do alkylation and the alkylated product can be separated and reactive distillation is theoretically possible. Same example MTB you have C4 and so many components I have told you about it and I am interested in isobutene, I am interested in isobutene. Rest all are all C4 and there are isobers normal distillation would not work, normal distillation does not work. Will you go for azeotropic distillation? That also has a problem because if you use some component which forms azeotrope with isobutene the same component will form azeotrope as well. So, this selective azeotrope formation is not possible here. So, azeotropic distillation also can be used for this extractive distillation also not possible. So, the best way is to exploit the difference in reactivity azeobutene has much higher reactivity compared to other components. So, what they do they use C4 and make MTB out of it. So, MTB even if you are not interested in making MTB as such as a product this reaction can be used to separate azeobutene from C4 and then MTB can be further cracked or de-etherified to azeobutene and you get pure azeobutene then. So, that is one way of separating azeobutene from C4 mixture. The recovery of chemicals I have given many examples here lactic acid and ethylene propylene glycol from water, formaldehyde recovery from through acetylization these are all dilute aqua solutions and as I told you before otherwise the separation is very expensive you have to remove water which is a high latent heat component and is highly energy intensive process. But if you use reactive distillation and can you react this component with some alcohol or olefins in that case you make volatile components which can be separated very easily and they can be hydrolyzed back to the original component right. Acetic acid can be recovered so much work that we have done here for recovery of acetic acid from dilute aqua solution through esterification. Many examples I have given the references also. Yeah, last example which is quite interesting I thought I will include this in my presentation it is from literature only. This is for making hydrogen you must have heard about fuel cells hydrogen they run on hydrogen reaction of hydrogen and oxygen giving water you have chemical energy converted to electrical energy very clean way of using energy right. Now, this hydrogen where will you get it from? You need hydrogen where will you get it from? And suppose you want to run a car using fuel cell right. So, you have on board a fuel cell which will need hydrogen. So, will you fill your car with hydrogen? Difficult right that I have how much compressed hydrogen you can have and it is not safe also right. So, the best way is to generate hydrogen on car itself on board ok. They are talking about having a reformer. Say you feed instead of petrol you use methanol and methanol is reformed or converted to hydrogen ok and CO2 that hydrogen can be used to use in fuel cell that is one way of looking at it. Otherwise see the problem is storage of hydrogen. Suppose I have a hydrogen somewhere I have a hydrogen tank in my chemical plant I am coming as side product. The question is how do I use that hydrogen on car on board rather right because I cannot have hydrogen gas storage. So, this is one way of doing it a very clever way decalene this is chemical structure and its unsaturated form is naphthalene and this is your hydrogen. If you hydrogenate this naphthalene molecule the reaction is reversible of course, it takes place in the presence of catalyst platinum carbon ok. If you hydrogenate this compound you get this compound and this reaction is reversible. Can I explore this reversibility? Now instead of filling my car with hydrogen I will fill my car with decalene ok right and this decalene on board will be dehydrogenated to get naphthalene and hydrogen ok right and that hydrogen will be used in fuel cell. So, what did I do? I have used this compound. So, its volume is much less compared to hydrogen ok. So, I use this compound I will fill my car with this and then generate hydrogen on board ok that is the idea and this is that graph ok. In terms of gravimetric contained and volumetric contained this particular option falls somewhere here. That means for the same gravimetric contained you have sorry for the same volumetric contained you have so much gravimetric contained and this is something recommended by DOE that is Department of Energy USA that you should have your compound somewhere here or your not compound or whatever way of using hydrogen should be somewhere in this region then only it is going to be economical. So, they have shown that if you use this option you are somewhere here. So, for the low volumetric contained you get very high gravimetric contained or is other way round low gravimetric contained you get very high hydrogen sorry low. So, that is the that is the advantage of going for this particular scheme. Now, where is reactive distillation here? Where is reactive distillation here? This reaction is from reactive distillation mode is a reversible reaction right and this is small tiny reactor a thin film evaporated type reactor they have demonstrated and simultaneous removal of hydrogen helps the reaction get going in power direction and you can get effective production or the enhanced production of hydrogen on board right.