Bear eyes today the straight line eye shadow technique for downturned hooded or aging eyes. I'm bringing that to you in a tutorial right now. Hello friends. I'm so happy that you're here with me today because I am going to be sharing with you what is called the straight line eye shadow technique. This is by no means a new technique and it is by no means my technique. This is something that I learned a long time ago from Wayne Goss. I think he may have put this video out more than five years ago but I have been using it often and I have incorporated it a little bit into other videos that I've shown with you before but I wanted to really deep dive into it and get a tutorial so that you can see. Now what is interesting about it and what is really great about it for a mature woman or someone with hooded eyes is this right here all of this lid right here this space this is the space that we it'll either sag down as we age or you already might have hooded eyes. I don't really have hooded eyes too much but I sure have the sagging right here and I also have this downturn where I have a little flap right there on the edge. I will make sure that I link Wayne's video so that you can watch it. It's a lot faster pace than I do just so you know that but it is a great video so I'll make sure that I link that down below. The first thing I'm going to start off with is eyeshadow primer. I don't have any on yet. My Anastasia Beverly Hills is what I start off with because this eyeshadow primer not only grips your eyeshadow so well it really just gives an opaque surface to start with on that eye and it really is a great eyeshadow primer. I talk about it all the time and I try different ones all the time and I always come back to this one because it's just probably the best that I've ever used. For the purposes of this video I've chosen to go a little bit darker than you guys have seen me in a while but this will make it easier for you to be able to see and you to be able to recreate. Keep in mind that you can go as light as you want or as dark as you want. So I'm using the Making Moves from ColourPop palette. I just thought it would be a nice change from a neutral. We're going to go into a little bit of purple. So the darkest color right here I'm taking a smudger brush. This is the BK Beauty smudger brush and what we're going to start with and this is how Wayne does this as well. We're going to start with the bottom lash line and making like a template where we're going to actually put that. You're going to start in that corner of your eye and before I get started I do have a policy in my hands that makes me shake. I do apologize if that makes anybody nervous. I just shake so that is nothing that I can really control. I'm starting out here. Wayne goes clear across the eye. I don't do that. I go just barely in that outer part and then I lift it just a tiny bit into the corner where my fold is and I will do that on both eyes. For quite some time I haven't used the tape. I used to use this constantly but this works best if you have a template. You don't have to do this. You don't have to use the tape at all. You can put like a tissue up there. You can use a credit card. You can use a piece of thin cardboard, whatever you want. We're going to go right underneath where we just placed that eyeliner and we're going to put this tape at the tail of the eyebrow. So my eyebrows are already done and we're just making a template for where we're going to be sticking the next eyeshadow. Again on this eye you might be able to see a little bit better right underneath where I just put the tape and then right out to the tail of the eyebrow. Okay, open your eye up all the way and just look straight ahead and right above your pupil is where you want that line to start exactly above the pupil. So that's where the eyeshadow is going to start. Then you're going to take it in a straight line instead of going curved at all because if you curve you're going to pull it down. You don't want to do that. Wayne talks about if anything pull it up but we're going to just try to make it as straight as we possibly can. I'm going to go into the medium mob that's in here and like I said I would normally do this a little bit lighter but we're doing it a little bit darker at the center of my eye and then I'm going to just very gently in a straight line pull my eyeshadow all the way out to the tail. You can use a more precision brush if you feel like you need it. That's fine too. Then take what's on your brush and fill that in like so. Very easy, not a big deal. Now you can raise your eyebrows a little bit and go into this outer part of your eye if you want to but we have just created our straight line which you'll see very starkly when I take off that tape. All right, same thing on this other eye. Start open your eye up straight ahead. I'm trying not to get my mirror in in camera view but it's really hard. Open your eye up, start right at the top of your pupil and go straight out. This is going to create the illusion of a lifted eye instead of a downturned one. Fill that space in if you need to raise your eyebrows a little bit. Go ahead fill that space in and fill in right out there on the outside part of your eye. You don't want to over exaggerate that inside part. You just want to stay on a straight line. If you want to, you can use less of a fluffy brush that probably would have worked a little bit better for this demo but this is a refer 01. This is one of my favorite brushes that I work with so many times and it just works really well for everything. Okay, let me show you how easy that was and how quickly that went. Now we have this straight line. We've come straight out from our eye. We have done a complete eye look almost just with one eye shadow and it is a little bit darker. I know but like I said, use a medium eye shadow if you don't like it darker or if you want it more stark, go starker with it. Whatever you feel comfortable with and then what's left on my brush I'm going to bring just towards that and I'm going to take off this harsh edge just by really buffing here and making it softer and that's all you're doing is you're just the rest of the time you are going to be buffing and what you'll notice is this looks a little bit darker down here. That's because that's where I put a lot of shadow not because I'm using two different colors so this is really easy and quick as far as that goes as far as you know not having to use a bunch of different colors on here. You're just using a couple and it just works out so well. Now since this palette doesn't have a lot of light colors in it, I'm actually going to grab the Norvina palette. I've been using this because I've been wanting to do some tutorials for you because it was on Ulta's 21 Days of Beauty or Will Be. I think it will be tomorrow so that's something for you to think about. I'm going to go in with just a regular, this is kind of a medium shader brush and I'm just going to put that up in my eyebrow line just to soften everything just a little bit. Now back to the Making Mobs palette.  A little bit of reflect gives us softness.  Right, go back in with that smudger brush from BK Beauty and just kind of smudge all of this on the bottom towards the tail of your eye look. If you have any residuals from taking the tape off, you can take some concealer and put it in there and then I'm going to go in with some eyeliner.  It just works really well for me. One of the things I talk about quite often in my tutorials is that when I do put my eyeliner on to tight line my upper lashes, it is so that they look a little bit thicker and I stay as tight as I possibly can. But when I get out here, I don't go all the way down because that's going to defeat our purpose. It's going to pull us more down so I stop about an eighth of an inch away from that end and I fill it in a little bit thicker out there just a little bit and if you want to, you can fill that in with eyeshadow. I find that what I've done with already tight lining or smudging out that bottom line works great. So there you have it, the straight line technique in a nutshell. I hope that that was easy for you to follow and that you got some help in seeing how you can lift your eye up instead of having it pulled down. You know if you follow the socket of your eye, especially if you're older, it's always going to be pulled down and this always this skin is going to look pulled down anyway. So lifting it up can really make us look more youthful and be very helpful. I do hope that you have gotten a chance to see Wayne's video. He's just a master and I love him to death and so if you haven't had a chance to maybe go over and check his out and compare it and see what you think. I get a little bit more wordy and I get told that a lot so I totally understand. I hope that you do get a chance to try it. If you do leave me a comment in the comment section and let me know what you think of this technique and if it worked well for you. I hope everybody is doing very well. Please take care of yourselves. I love you very much and I will see you all in my very next video. Bye-bye my friends.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards. We are Rip it one box of 22 23 Pinnier city and basketball hobby for Michael or for Sam M. Sam M. So good luck here Sam It is we're getting to those hours Hey, what up super bad? Long time no see what up what up? Blake Wesley 42 of 99 rookie for the Spurs We've got orange tie-tie Washington 13 of 50 for the Rockets nice one there Rockets rookie Wendell Moore, Jr. Bobby Porter's Dallin Terry rookie for the Bulls got 36 of 99 Antoine Carr nice one there in the lightning strike auto 13 of 25 Christian Brown three colored RPA nice one there Sam that's NBA champion Christian Brown Congrats on that one very nice. That's nasty very nice. Congrats on that Sam. That's gonna do it for your break My friend. Thanks as always for the support. We'll get them right


Its construction has been called the greatest public works program in the history of the world. From the extensive interstate system that crosses the mountains, weaves through the valleys, and passes the plains to the arteries that reach deep into the hearts of the cities. From the highways that stretch through the deserts, roadways that cut through the rocks and routes that wind along the rivers to the corridors and connections that lead to favorite destinations. Wherever they're going, the motoring public expects good roads. They want a smooth ride. They deserve a safe and reliable transportation system without any undue delays. For the highway community, that takes a change in philosophy. From the old mindset of waiting for the worst, to a new strategy of keeping good roads good, preventive maintenance, and the biggest challenge, project selection. It's got to be on the right road with the right treatment at the right time. Times are changing. It's no longer constructing roads. It's about preserving and maintaining the roads. It's about working with the state agencies and contractors and suppliers to get out and do preservation treatments at the right time so that we effectively extend the service life, improve the quality of service for the traveling public. Preventive maintenance is a tool for pavement preservation. Unlike routine maintenance that involves regularly scheduled activities, preventive maintenance is a strategy which is planned. It is not reactive maintenance intended to keep a pavement at a particular level of service. Rather, preventive maintenance applies quantifiable, cost-effective treatments to preserve an existing roadway, retard future deterioration, and improve the functional condition of the system. And unlike rehabilitation which restores a pavement structure, the goal of preventive maintenance is to extend the life of structurally sound pavements. We all know that we don't wait until the wood is rotted before we paint our house, and the same philosophy should be true with pavements. We should apply preventive maintenance treatment while the pavement is still in good condition. You've got to make sure that you have adequate structure of the pavement. Otherwise, it will not last very long. If you put a micro-seal or a thin overlay over a pavement that is not in good structural condition, in a year or two, you're right back to where you were with the same problems. Although a variety of treatments may be used appropriately in a preventive maintenance program, the same treatments do not constitute preventive maintenance if applied as a stop-gap measure simply to delay needed rehabilitation. Just because we're doing a particular preventive maintenance treatment does not mean that it's preventive maintenance type of work. True preventive maintenance requires selecting the right road, choosing the right treatment, and applying it at the right time. To do this requires first an evaluation of the current and past conditions of the road. Typical condition measures used to assess deficiencies in a road include distress or the amount of cracking, roughness or ride quality, deformation such as wheel rutting in flexible pavements or amount of faulting of rigid pavements, and the amount of friction or skid resistance. In the past, measuring distress has often been a way of finding failure. Now, the goal is to prevent failure from occurring. For preventive maintenance, we need to get on our condition surveys earlier. We need to use preservation type indicators which we may not even have fully defined as of yet. Indicators may include oxidation, a change in surface texture, or evidence of the loss of fine materials. In Georgia, annual surveys of flexible pavements involve a visual inspection and a written recording of maintenance type indicators as well as traditional condition measures. So you're really assessing the extent or the amount of the crack? The amount and the extent and the severity of the cracking is what we're keying in on. That's very important. For our program to work, a thin asphalt overlay mainly or a chip seal, we want to catch it at an early stage of deterioration. We're not so much worried about the size of the crack as we are the appearance of the crack in the pattern. In this part of the state, because of the clay soils, we don't want the moisture to get under the roadway and weaken the structure. So with thin overlay, we do it early enough and the life will give us long-lasting service. In this example, the cracking is more severe and widespread. The pavement's condition has deteriorated beyond the threshold for preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance are things that protect a road surface before you start seeing alligator cracking. You need a preventive maintenance treatment, a reclamite, a fog seal, a slurry seal, a micro pavement, something to, even a chip seal, to restore the sealed surface of your highway before you get intrusion of water there. And sometimes that seal could come early on after a new overlay. Early evaluation and treatment is equally important for rigid pavements. A number of states use an automated system, as in this example of surveying rigid pavements in California. We're going to pick up a little bit of faulting in that number five lane zone. Caltrans uses a driver and a pavement evaluator. The driver drives a vehicle and is responsible for the crew's safety and the traveling public safety. And the evaluator sits behind the operator or the driver, looks out the window, and inputs the distress scene from the outside two lanes in each slab directly into the computer.  And that's one reason Caltrans looks at the outside two lanes because that's where the majority of the truck traffic goes. That's where we can focus our work and come up with a very good analysis of the conditions of our highway that way. Some of the things they look for are faulting, spalling, a sound pavement structure, and proper drainage. Drainage that works correctly will keep water away from the riding surface and protect the pavement structure. The condition of the seal in the joint between a concrete pavement and asphalt shoulder is another key indicator for preventive maintenance. As you're looking at these pavements, our goal is to gather accurate pavement condition surface data. And the data collected is very important that it remain consistent and accurate throughout the entire network. So we have a very intense training period to make sure that all our raiders look at the highway in the same manner and log the data in the same way. Management is able to look at that and find out where preventing maintenance strategies would be best applied. You have to have the data, the collection of the pavement distress, the traffic volumes, all those kinds of things that go into making decisions on what is the condition of the pavement out there. By evaluating current and past conditions, agencies can determine whether or not a pavement is a good candidate for preventive maintenance. Pavements that show rapid rates of deterioration may not be good candidates. Certainly there are those roads that we'd be better off or the owner agencies would be better off to leave them alone, let them deteriorate, put the money where it counts. Where it counts is on structurally sound pavements in good condition that show normal or slower rates of deterioration. Such pavements are ideal candidates for a preventive maintenance treatment. Using the pavement condition data, agencies must then determine the optimal time in a pavement's life to apply a preventive maintenance treatment. While I feel timing is critical to preventive maintenance, early in a pavement's life we can do our less expensive treatments and we can get some very cost-effective results. If we wait too long on a roadway and then apply a treatment, it may not be cost-effective and it may not really extend the pavement's life. You'll feel like you're doing something to a brand new road. Why should I do this? But it really helps in preventive maintenance. You won't see too much distress. That's when you do it. You don't wait till it's too late. Once a candidate has been identified and the preventive maintenance project has been designed, it's important to act quickly to get the work done. The window of opportunity is brief, generally within one year of pavement selection. Because you could have a good solution, but if you don't get out there and do it in the right time frame, then it no longer is the right solution for that road. We turn them around pretty early. We identify the needs and then we go ahead and let them to contract and get them done early. Selecting the right treatment is an equally important element in an effective preventive maintenance program. You have to have a number of different treatments and applications that you routinely consider. There's no one treatment that's going to fit all roadways, all pavements, all the time. Now there's a lot of factors that go into determining what treatment should be used. One is the availability of a contractor. And just as important as an industry balance, are we using the resources in the workforce around us effectively? And it's not unusual that contractors can help us by providing insight into maybe better techniques. Maintenance factors, how durable is the process we put out there. How long will it extend the life of the underlying pavement? I think it would make a difference on the pre-existing condition of the pavement you're going over. Is this going to work with the kind of loading that we're looking at in California? Each state has a tailored preventive maintenance program that's going to meet their needs. We perhaps don't need to place those expensive treatments on a low volume road. We have a lot of traffic to deal with. We can't afford to shut down a freeway. Operational considerations are even funding and policy considerations. We're just trying to provide the motorists with a very smooth, efficient riding pavement. States like Michigan, we're more concerned with a free stall. It depends on climate. Climate's a logical effect. The environmental effects have a tremendous impact on what treatment should be used. Assessing the performance of different treatments under different conditions will better equip an agency to select the right treatment at the right time. The Strategic Highway Research Program has mapped out four environmental zones related to long-term pavement performance.  Wet with non-freezing temperatures. A dry, no-freeze zone. And a dry climate with freezing temperatures. The environmental effects in these different zones will cause pavements to display different condition deficiencies at different times, thus requiring different treatments. What causes the most deterioration to pavements and to roadways is the intrusion of moisture into those pavements. When you have freeze-thought cycles, what happens is the moisture gets into those nooks and crannies and because when it freezes it expands, it actually makes those nooks and crannies wider and you end up with more moisture in your pavements. And that's the enemy is moisture. Even within an environmental zone, there may be several microclimates with conditions and effects that can vary widely. Well, we have the desert, so you have the hot temperatures, you have the coastal environment, so you have the fog and the lower temperatures. And in each one of those microclimates, building materials and strategies for maintaining our highways varies a little bit so that you can cope with the conditions. So we're looking at the environmental sides and then we're also looking at the traffic loading sides. We're looking at the vehicles and the number one vehicle we're looking at, of course, are trucks. Trucks do most of the damage to the road. By the very nature, pavements that are subjected to greater traffic volumes and heavier loading are more apt to deteriorate than roads that are not. And so we need to look at those traffic conditions to determine what may be the most cost-effective treatment available. Agencies generally break preventive maintenance treatments into four broad groups. The least costly crack and joint treatments, surface seals in the moderate price range, the more expensive functional pavement enhancements, and minor rehabilitation techniques. Common definitions of preventive maintenance and pavement preservation are not cast in stone. We're still trying to work towards commonality in our definitions and that may take a year or two longer. But it doesn't mean that the common groupings of these treatments wouldn't be somewhat similar in most states. The following examples relate various environmental and traffic conditions, pavement types, and efficiencies to the four treatment groups. Well, this pavement is a relatively new pavement. It exhibits a very few cracks. It's got an excellent cross-section. And the cracks are well-defined. They haven't deteriorated to the extent that another treatment, other than crack sealing, would be considered. What we're attempting to do is keep the water out of the underlying base by sealing cracks. And we're doing that by routing the cracks, creating a reservoir, blowing the reservoir clean, and then putting in sealant. Crack and joint sealing can only be effective if the right sealant is properly applied. Joint sealing on rigid pavements can help prevent the infiltration of water in wet climates and prevent the intrusion of incompressibles that interfere with the expansion of slabs in hot temperatures. Surface seals include both hot applied and cold applied treatments such as fog seals, rejuvenators, slurry seals, microsurfacing, and chip seals. Chip seals and slurry seals are similar in benefits. Both add a protective surface with good skid resistance, retard oxidation and raveling, and reduce the infiltration of water into the pavement structure. Proper curing and speed control is required with chip seals in order to reduce windshield damage to vehicles. The products that we deal with, the chip seal, is by far the most temperature sensitive in that it needs some warm weather for a few weeks after to get into good shape, to keep the asphalt live. If you have real cold weather right after you put a chip seal down, you'll have problems with it generally. Some of it will come off and have to redo the following year. Applying a surface seal early in a pavement's life will protect the pavement from the effects of oxidation. In areas where you have a lot of sunshine and it's dry, you'll see more oxidation than you will, of course in areas that are more shady or more temperate in climate. Oxidation is one that asphalt gets real old and brittle and becomes hard. It's a factor, especially in the southern part of our state where we get oxidation cracking because of the brittleness. To reduce the incidence of reflective cracking, preparatory crack-filling is recommended before applying most surface seals. Basically the more preparation the better the road is, these seal coats aren't going to make the road any better than what it is already. What they're going to do is protect what's there. If it's in good condition it will protect it and keep it in good condition. The slurry seal is a good example of how it treats a pavement which was in pretty good condition. The slurry seal which we put on here for the most part after 10 years of life is still holding up very good. There's a few cracks which have come through which need to be sealed up, but for the most part the wearing surface is still tight. Particularly in urban settings, treatment selection must take traffic conditions and congestion into account. Well, the city decided that they needed something that they could get in and out of the areas rather quickly. They had a lot of pavements that were worn but structurally sound, and they just needed to add a new surface life to the existing pavements. But yet they also wanted to add something with a high skid resistance to the pavements for wet weather traction. The chemical reaction in micro surfacing forces the moisture out of the system so it chemically cures in about an hour rather than relying on the ambient air temperature for curing. In about 5, 10 minutes you could walk out across it and what you actually see is a wetness on the surface and it's not the asphalt wetness that you're feeling, it's actually the water being pumped up out of there and if you padded your hand on it you could get clear water on your hand and no asphalt. In the southwestern United States, pavements subjected to wide temperature swings have been shown to benefit from the application of asphalt rubber products used in both chip seals and thin overlays. Well, I think most people will agree that any time you have an asphalt pavement and there's thermal conditions, you're going to have thermal cracks. I'd like to show you why asphalt rubber binder works so well both in chip seals and hot mix. It's probably about less than 80 degrees today and you get this real wide band of binder that stretches out and it has a tendency to want to hold things together and resist reflective cracking. Roads in a later stage of deterioration will likely require more expensive treatments in order to extend pavement life. We look at certain preventive maintenance treatments as functional enhancements. That is to say that they actually improve the ride as well as reduce the level of distress in the pavement. A good example is a bituminous overlay or a concrete pavement repair. What you're seeing here is a thin overlay over an existing pavement. This is a typical treatment for most of our state routes in the state of Georgia regardless of the traffic level unless it's an interstate. This will last on an average of 10 years or better. In Atlanta, most highway work is done at night during non-peak hours. A treatment that can be done in stages, a lane at a time, allows all lanes to be open to traffic during the day, often the only choice in urban areas with extremely high traffic volume. If we let this road go and do have to do major rehab, we'd have to shut down at least two lanes which would be total chaos on the traffic since there's not a very good alternate route into town for the suburbs. A nearby concrete highway with approximately 200,000 average daily traffic has performed beyond expectations, due in part to proper preventive maintenance. That road is approximately 30 years old. It's 15 times its design life has been the number of loadings on that concrete pavement. We've diamond grounded in 1981 when we added a lane to the inside. At that time, we also did joint sealing. We have not touched that pavement since then. Diamond grinding is a process that we use to remove the faulting out of concrete pavements or to step off at the joints and to restore ride in surface structure. Basically, it's a machine that has approximately 60 blades per foot, diamond blades, and really cuts grooves into the concrete at a certain depth. And the fins of the concrete will break off to give you that even surface. When you see faulting, basically the slab basement material is being evacuated by water action and vehicle action. And it causes the slabs to fault or step off in a rhythmic thumping action you get with the tires. And that means the slab basement material below it is now... it's not supporting it any longer, it's shifting. And your slab is starting to move and then even crack. If a concrete pavement has excessive faulting but still has significant remaining structural life, it may be a candidate for a minor rehabilitation technique, such as a dowel bar retrofit or full-depth pavement repair. And dowel bars or other devices across joints or cracks can restore good load transfer, thus improving pavement performance. Manufacturers and contractors are responding to preventive maintenance needs by developing new equipment and techniques to address a multitude of conditions. Improved technology for both hot-in-place and cold-in-place recycling now make these techniques viable options for preventive maintenance applications. Often cold-in-place and hot-in-place have not been considered as preventing maintenance treatments. But today we find more and more county and state agencies considering these treatments as part of the treatments that are in their grab-bagger tricks. Emerging technologies include multiple-seal surface systems such as cape seals, double chips, and, this example, a paver-placed surface seal or ultra-thin bonded wearing course. It places a polymer-modified asphalt emulsion underneath a thin, pre-coated, hot-applied, gap-graded aggregate. Some of the applications we've seen where there's a lot of interest has been where there's minor rutting, some degree of cracking. Again, less than a quarter inch or less as far as crack width. This does an excellent job of sealing that out. The fast-curing properties of this treatment allow traffic back on the road almost immediately. Another new system that minimizes traffic delays features equipment which applies multiple seals to a road in one process, a crack-sealing product, a sealing membrane, and a wearing course. Well, in extending the pavement life, typically your first approach is dealing with the cracking problem, which this process obviously does by sealing the whole road surface and filling those cracks. By providing a wearing course and a sealing membrane, you will protect it from the oxidation process. An effective preventive maintenance program requires a customized toolbox tailored specifically to address the unique conditions and needs of each state. Ideally, it should include a variety of treatments and techniques. Agencies may need to expand their contractor base and to foster, strengthen, and sustain opportunities for firms to respond to preventive maintenance needs. It should include survey and evaluation methods that assure consistent and accurate tracking of pavement performance, providing the data needed to make intelligent decisions on pavement selection, timing, and treatment. And it should include the administrative tools that allow agencies to act in a timely manner both to identify candidates early in pavement life and to apply treatments within a short time after identification and project design. We have to cast aside the construction mentality and quit looking at capital improvements and construction as the main program and start to address the customer's demands for preservation, improved mobility, and improved safety in the road. The biggest challenge to establish a preventive maintenance program is to change the mindset of a lot of people. We need to begin looking at pavements in good condition and keep them in good condition by starting slow and understanding the performance of the treatments and the cost-effective nature of the treatments. They'll begin to learn what benefits will accrue to the system. And then you can figure out what your budget needs are. Then you can go to the legislature and fight for your funding and say, this is what it will take. This is what our history is showing. This is how long it's lasting. And there's the money that we need to keep maintaining it at this level. I think it's very important that we all work together as a team and share this knowledge. And it isn't that one tool is any better than the other, but we all need to work together to answer this question, what do I use and when do I use it and on what conditions. It's got to be the right road, the right treatment, and the right time. Then states will start seeing the benefits of preventive maintenance.


Thanks very much. It's great to be here again and to give you a Sort of very biased view of what Alzheimer's disease is all about It's not the first time I've spoken in this theater. I think it's the second time so thanks Julio for your kind invitations I'm going to tell you about Alzheimer's and then I'm going to try and ask the question What have we learned from Alzheimer's that might be of some interest to the people who work on psychosis? It's a It's a very difficult subject as Ian has alluded to At the beginning I have to disclose a few things one is that I'm totally biased towards a beta These are the plaques up here on the I'll use the point here described more than a hundred years ago as One of the principal changes in Alzheimer's disease and I know we have one or two a beta skeptics in the audience today I'm looking at Ian and a few other people around here And but I I just want to be patient. I get at the end of my talk. I do have one task line one task line the other disclosure is that I have a Financial interest in a spin-out company that prior by technology that will be Refer to later on all right because of the skepticism of around a beta as the cause of Alzheimer's disease I just summarized here the the main elements. I probably shouldn't go through them each one for those of you who Don't know the story is that a beta is the major macromolecule present in the amyloid plaque Mutations in the gene surrounding the biogenesis of a beta cause early onset What is home of dominantly inherited? Alzheimer's disease. We are now beginning to see correlations of the amyloid load using new technologies that I'll refer to in a minute the the close association of triplication of the APP gene occurs in Down syndromes with all cases of which get Alzheimer's disease. I just draw your attention to this particular Interaction that I'm going to concentrate on and that is that a beta the amyloid subunit Interacts with copper and zinc and provides an explanation For the long puzzling selective topographic Dispersion of the lesions in the brain. So in the Alzheimer brain There is a heavy concentration of these plaques in the glutamatergic system Which is related we believe in part to the high concentrations of extra synaptic Zinc and copper in in that system The single major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease is at the apo e polymorphism, which is in some ways related to the possibly related to the a beta pathway and there is now increasing evidence very Preliminary those Some white that there is a failure of the clearance mechanisms of a beta in the aging brain which Gives rise to the gradual accumulation of a beta in the brain in the form of these insoluble plaques Okay, so this is still a contentious area that if the theory of a beta causing Alzheimer's is right Why haven't all the therapeutic? Interventions that have been thrown at a beta so far. Why haven't they worked? And then finally of course is that there are no other viable alternate theories So when you look at the biogenesis of a beta in the brain You come down to a selection process of looking at the ways to inhibit its function or its biogenesis through inhibiting the The enzymes that create this molecule That's the gamma secretase or beta secretases or you begin to discuss the Aspects of how do you promote the clearance of this molecule from the brain? Both of those therapeutic strategies are fraught with difficulty because once you try to interfere in those pathways you run the risk of Major side effects interfering with normal catabolic processes We've taken the view that it's safer to go for the toxic gain of function of this molecule in the brain That is target the species of a beta in the brain which are actually causing damage and Most of the field today agrees that it is a Oligomeric form of a beta in the brain, which is the principal target Now the Again, this is a long text slide. I can assure you after this all these slides are very simple and Pictorial, but I just want to take you again through the words here so that we're we're all on the same page A beta itself 42 amino acid peptide Dimerizes and this dimerization Process is key to understanding its toxicity in the brain the dimerization of a beta is driven at the end terminus by a metal binding site and at the C terminus by a particular hydrophobic Motif which is called the G triple X G motif, which is typical of a transmembrane protein The metal binding site may be either zinc or copper Modulated if zinc comes into into contact with a beta It tends to drive it down an amyloid eugenic pathway if copper comes into contact it drives it more into a soluble oligomeric pathway and What we found is that the stoichiometry the relationship of the amount of copper to the amount of peptide is Critical because if you have a sub-equimolar ratio of copper to peptide You get amyloid fibrous form that is the plaques But at supra equimolar ratios you get the soluble oligomers of a beta formed often with a cross-linking through the di tyrosine and we've recently been able to show that this toxicity correlates with these dimers and Trimers these oligomers binding to the cell surface probably through Fosca-Tital serine head groups in a stereo specific Manor all right, so that's the sort of theoretical underpinnings of what I'm about to show you pictorially if you take the brain of a person with Alzheimer disease and you Just divide it simply into the soluble fraction and the insoluble fraction and you do a Western block for the a beta Protein what you find is that in the soluble fraction you find 1% of the total a beta however, the 99% of a beta is locked away in these plaques and It's shown here and so you can see the monomer the dimer the trimer in Alzheimer's disease But it is the 1% soluble fraction that correlates with the amount of synaptic damage We see in the brain at the time of death Remember this is a process that goes on over 10 20 years So what we look at in postmortem material is very much in stage brain now over the last 10 years or so I've worked on this molecule 42 amino acids for the better part of my life for the last 35 years and Today, we still don't have a good atomic resolution structure of this peptide and that is because this peptide doesn't assume just one structure. It is a very multi Multiform protein with depending on the micro environment in which it is found Its shape its structure is determined by the micro environment when it's in a lipid environment that is when it's in the in the transmembrane Domain of a cell in the plasma membrane of a neuron near a synapse the C terminus assumes a alpha helical Confirmation and the bit that's poking just out of the membrane on the extra Sarasonic side is unstructured but partly coordinated by this metal binding site so my colleagues Luke Miles and Michael Parker from the St. Vincent's Institute of medical research two years ago solved the first eight residues of a beta using an antibody to confine it and constrict it and This is shown schematically here from residues five through to serine eight But the metal binding site which we're all So interested in is down around 13 14 So we still haven't actually got an atomic resolution of the metal binding site now My colleagues are working at Syro Victor Stelstof and Stuart Nuttall Joseph Arguezi published a few weeks ago Another form of a crystal structure of the a beta molecule this time from residues 16 through to 42 this is the so-called p3 fragment and Surprisingly we came up again with a very it had to be part of a fusion protein It had to be constrained by being in the center of a protein But it did form soluble tetramus, and this is what the structure looks like. I won't go through it in detail This is a dimer dimer interface here, which is beginning now to give us at least a structure upon which we can do medicinal chemistry and and and drug discovery However, the critical bit that we're still after is between 8 and 16 and nobody has yet been able to crystallize that Bit of the fragment we have NMR structures. We have models and so on and so forth We actually haven't seen it in a crystal structure From from the structural analyses that we have to date This is a model of what we think it looks like so here is a typical lipid bilayer with the polar head group sitting up here and the hydrophobic interior here We think this is a tetrameric structure and the I think you can just see a little black dot here This is the metal binding site This is the hydrophobic domains which project partly into the membrane and this is the Hydrophilic domains which sit just on the surface. So this is a model It's our conception of what the toxic principle is going on in the brain So these tetramus or some structure like this is the one that's sitting on the surface of the plasma membrane near a synapse not actually in the synapse but in the juxtapes synaptic space Which is in some way interfering with the normal function of synapses particularly in the glutamatergic system of the brain and thereby Giving rise to everything that we know about Alzheimer's in terms of its cognitive impairment Now about ten years ago My colleagues and I realized that we knew enough of the molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease to get on and do something else in other words to get off our Maxides and actually do something about developing drugs. This is what we would normally call Translational medicine and to do this I believe ten years ago And I believe even more strongly now that to understand Alzheimer's disease We really have to come to groups with the natural history of Alzheimer's disease And the only way to do that was to do longitudinal studies in a carefully defined Population so about five years ago a number of us got together with some strong support from the CSIRO to form a group called Australian Imaging Biomarker lifestyle flagship study of aging and The different partners was to this so this goes under the acronym of ABLE and I want to use this as a as a an example of how we might translate this type of approach into understanding the normal Natural history of some of the psychotic illnesses as well So it's very simple straightforward. We took a thousand individuals. We took about 768 healthy controls. This is mean age around 72 73 133 individuals with mild cognitive impairment and approximately 200 individuals with full-blown Alzheimer's disease meeting all the standard criteria and we subjected them to Baseline 18 months and we're now at the 36 months follow-up and Attack them with the typical four streams clinical cognitive stream all the all the usual cognitive Instruments applied to measuring cognitive decline. We collected information on lifestyle We had a heavy emphasis on biomarker which I'll tell you about in a moment and of course we Capitalized on the new technology which is revolutionizing this field at the moment, which is around actual molecular neuro imaging of the amyloid accumulating in the brain in real time so About again five ten years ago the people in Pittsburgh Bill Clunk and Chet Mathis Took a compound that had been known for the last 40 years This is an analog of fire-flavin tea and called it Pittsburgh compound B and tweaked it a little bit This was a compound that was known to bind amyloid in histological sections and what they did was very smart They just tweaked it a bit so it actually got over the blood-brain barrier and so once you Configure out how to get a molecule through the blood-brain barrier. You can label it with radio Liegans for example, and then you can follow its retention in the brain And when you do that you compare a healthy control and a PET scan Compared to Alzheimer's disease.  It's sort of you know, you can see the amyloid So-called amyloid you can see the retention signal sitting there So this has given us a real breakthrough in understanding the natural history of Alzheimer's disease If we look at this able cohort and break them down into this three groups The Alzheimer disease group have a quantitative measure of the retention signal Which is called the standard uptake a volume ratio of SUVR of a mean value here You can see of around 2.3 2.4 a couple of individuals who are negative We've established a cutoff value here of currently in our series of 1.5 Then the people with so-called mild cognitive impairment clearly fall into two major groups Those who are on the way towards getting Alzheimer's disease and those who've got something else going on in their brain So clearly a bimodal distribution, but the most important group of course is the healthy controls of whom 30% in the Positive range above the cutoff levels And so we now believe that this is the 30% of 70 mean age 72 73 Years of age who will over a period of time go on to develop Alzheimer's disease And more importantly that those individuals who are sitting in this negative group More than likely will never get Alzheimer's disease. This is hypothetical at this point We suspect that if we were to scan 80 to 90 year olds and show that their brains are not Positive by this measure they will never get Alzheimer's doesn't matter how many years they live now That's a contentious statement, but I believe it will turn out to be correct All right, so as I say this able study has now been going for What's over four years now, but we're just in the middle of collecting three-year data But the 18-month data are now coming through this pet technique has been around for a little bit longer So I can show you some of the longitudinal studies and here you can see individual subjects and they as they've been Rescanned at approximately 18 to 20 months and later individuals and so we're now beginning to see the rates of accumulation per year of amyloid in the brain, so let's look first of all at the Alzheimer's Population it's increasing at a rate of about three point five percent per year the MCI group one point four percent per year and those who are negative and not really changing much down here The healthy control group are also increasing at a very slow slow rate So that's beginning to put some parameters around the rates of accumulation of amyloid in the brain the conversion rates that is people can Moving from one category to the next they're very interesting that in the MCI group We can now see that over this interval about 70 percent of people who start off here Will convert into butter, you know meet the criteria for Alzheimer's disease within within this interval, whereas 14 percent of healthy controls move into the MCI group All right, so we now have what what to us is emerging as a gold standard that can be used against which we can do biomarker discovery These biomarkers of course can be either candidate biomarkers directed to the actual pathway that we know causes Alzheimer's disease Or you can do as Ian has been doing for many years Search for everything or anything that moves and go wherever it takes you It's a very difficult process So when we we of course would like to have a blood test for Alzheimer's disease We would like to explore the possibility that peripheral markers of a beta metabolism in blood will give us a clue as to what's going on We can see for example that the absolute Values of a beta in plasma are decreasing as the natural history of Alzheimer's takes its course My colleague Kevin Barnum has made him I believe is a major discovery and that is Everyone's looking in the wrong place for a beta in the blood if you just look in the plasma You don't see that much, but if you take the cellulite elements, that's the white cells red cell membranes and platelets and actually extract the lipid in the blood and There you see the oligomers and this is what is being difficult to see in the past But here for example is a mass spectrometer mass spectroscopic method of looking at monomers dimers and trimers Which are pulled down with an antibody and when you begin to do this you begin to see correlations with In vitro measures of toxicity, but more importantly when you use these population cohorts and begin to measure for example The abated dimers in the blood You're beginning to see correlations between cognitive changes MRI volumetrics and most importantly correlations with the PIP neocortical signals now the other obvious candidate biomarker for Alzheimer's diseases apoE being a prime genetic Respected determining the age at onset. It doesn't tell you whether you're going to get Alzheimer's or not The haplotype of apoE just simply determines whether you're going to get it at seventy four or eighty five or ninety five interestingly when we've Taken the bloods in this able cohort and actually measured the absolute levels of apoE We can show a decline in the levels of apoE. This is like Nobody's done this before and why I don't know but they hadn't they're all concentrated on the gene so again, this is telling us something important about the The way of the interaction between a beta and apoE we're still trying to figure out what it what it all means now the other way of doing biomarker discovery is to take the proteomic approach where you can take a proprietary screening panel of 252 analytes for example and just screen everything that moves in blood when you do that you end up with a massive data set that needs to be machine Data-mined and then you come up with all sorts of fancy statistics as to what it means when this particular analyte goes up And that other particular analyte goes down We're still in the process of trying to Get all that data together, but we are seeing signals that go with the evolution of the disease So just to summarize and where we're at at the moment in terms of predictive power of some of these different peripheral markers either the pet scan the apoE genotype or apoE level cognitive measures, MRI, volumetrics the measurement of the oligomer in the blood or the plasma a beta Levels if we're just trying to predict those individuals who are moving from healthy controls into Myocognitive impairment you can see that all of these measures are not giving us a very accurate measure So we are far far away yet they are however a little more encouraging in the Negative predictive value where for example if you're Pibb negative in your 70s Do you have a 97% chance of not going into any form of dementia over the insuring 18 months? Which is nice to know however Once you hit MCI and you measure the rates of conversion from myocognitive impairment To Alzheimer's disease suddenly then the accuracy of all of these measures Moves up quite a bit and you can see that by combinatorial analysis you're beginning to get these peripheral biomarkers to to become into the range of utility And also the negative predictive values are important So to summarize a lot of data at this point This is the way that we currently look at Alzheimer's disease. We have on this axis 14 to 15 years of And the natural history We're saying that if you're no amyloid in the brain you are free of Alzheimer's and over the following 15 years You're not going to you'll get other things. You're not going to get Alzheimer's disease However, once you are in the positive range you then on a curve that looks something like this You can be a healthy control and quite stable You can be somebody who's normal and converting slowly over to MCI or directly into Alzheimer's You can be stable as an MCI You can be stable as an Alzheimer and then you suddenly get into a situation where you are having Alzheimer's and you're rapidly progressing and It all seems to be related to the amount of amyloid that you have in the brain There are genes controlling this pathway We still we think that some new data coming up from was you suggest that the rate of progression of Alzheimer's disease is related to the genetic components of the phosphorylation of tau in the calcium urine pathway and Because of that we are actually interested in tau and we had a paper out in brain last week Where we have the first tau ligand In a mouse not a human yet. We're gearing up to do this. So this is a compound developed interestingly by Japanese colleagues in Sendai they escaped the earthquake many of their computers crashed and were damaged however They they survived So here is a wild type animal here's an Alzheimer animal and here is a tau overexpressing animal and if you look at the brains This is a micro pet. You'll see a red color up here, which is quantitated over here So this is the first tau ligand which is About to undergo phase one study in humans and I think will be of interest to the general community Of course, we would like a ligand for a beta oligomers and after males talk You'll probably see why we would like a ligand for Alpha-synuclein as well Now I just want to move very briefly into our therapeutic strategies based around our structural and Conceptual analysis of what a beta is about so we've been designing compounds to attack the oligomer of a beta So these are small molecular weight hydrophobic compounds that can cross the blood vein barrier and they have Relatively high but not very high Affinity for metal ions such as zinc and copper in other words Affinity of these compounds for a metal ion is of the order of 10 to the minus 11 Which is in the picomolar range the metal binding site on a beta in contrast There's two orders of magnitude less in the nanomolar range and the idea is that this compound will compete for the metals at this metal binding site of a beta when it does this it Prevents the in-term and I of a beta coming together and keeps the the dimer Separate so it then allows the monomer to be degraded through the normal clearance mechanisms in the brain So that's the one of the underpinnings of this particular theory So this class of compounds which are eight hydroxy quinolines has undergone a medicinal Chemistry program with prior biotechnology and a compound called PBT2 has evolved from this Which recently went when I say recently two years ago went through Early phase 2a studies in which we were able to demonstrate that after a 12 week Administration of this compound in people with early Alzheimer's disease There was a significant beneficial effect on different cognitive tests of executive function And for those of you who are interested also had a very Significant effect on a principal biomarker which turns out to be CSFA beta in A beta 42 and you can see here placebo Intermediate dose and high dose of this compound now We're about to take this compound forward into imaging studies But that's where we're at at the moment There are many other drugs currently under development in the big pharma The drug I've mentioned is PBT2, but there are a number of other inhibitors of gamma secretase and in and Anybody is directed at getting this molecule out of the brain or inhibiting its toxicity in the brain I don't think I've got time really to go through them now, but if anyone's interested in where the current phase 2 studies are in this In this mad race to get something that affects a beta in the brain I'll be happy to go into it in discussion Now I just want to say a few words about our efforts in Parkinson's disease because I know Mal's going to talk to you about The subject in a moment current view of Parkinson's disease again very biased and very narrow and very perhaps too simplistic We think that in the dopaminergic system a number of oxidative radicals are generated through which peroxy nitrates cause a Oxidative damage of a molecule called alpha-synuclein which then undergoes an oligomerization Process which ends up depending on a particular pathway will end up as a Lurie body or damaging the synapse and we now have different ligands of what we can monitor the efficacy of drugs for Targeting this pathway. This is the V-MAT2 vesicular monoamine transport signal in a human brain and we think that it is a reflection of the dopaminergic vesicles which on their outer surface have these alpha-synuclein oligomers So we've started a drug discovery program around this idea that drugs that have the ability to interfere with This particular oxidative modification of alpha-synuclein One drug is shown here for example and in one particular model of Alzheimer's disease You can see that if you look at a mouse brain that's been poisoned with MPTP and the drug and you then image the brain for the release of iron if e You can see that this drug is very effective at shutting down this iron response similarly it also affects the Total amount of alpha-synuclein expressed in the brain Another form of compound which is being developed by Kevin Barnum shown here and this was also very effective at shutting down the proxy nitrate oxidative modification of Synuclein in different types of Models so these drugs are all preclinical at this stage Right, how are we going on time? Good, so I want to end not with this credit slide But with a couple off the cuff comments about how to get on to the psychotic illnesses. I believe that The only way to really do a proper Biomarket discovery around the psychosis be it bipolar Schizophrenia or whatever is to take the extremes of phenotypes That is you take the extremes of treatment resistant Psychosis that is the let's say close-up in resistant schizophrenics or you take people with depression who only About to undergo ECT because every other Therapy has failed and you have to take these extreme phenotypes and compare them to another control group where they have Absolutely, no chance of ever developing that phenotype so you would need to take the control group from a very Elderly population for example, we've been through life and you know, they're not going to develop these things Now I'm not in any way disparaging Trying to discover Phenotypes in early age. I think that by all means I think that if we can identify young individuals You know in the critical period of life where the brain is maturing and converting from the pre-pubescent in the Into the pubescent state where the highest risk for these Psychosis are that this is also a very valid approach But I think the field is so difficult there that it's just very Hard to get a pure phenotype within those groups So the first episode psychosis groups are clearly of interest And and do need to be collected and analyzed But I I think I would be putting my money at the other end of the spectrum So as a very uninformed individual working as a director of a mental health research Institute That's my gratuitous advice for those of you who would seek to find the cause of schizophrenia and depression so Here is to do this sort of population-based studies is incredibly Expensive and time-consuming obviously and takes a vast array of people to do this and many Different institutions have contributed to these population-based studies our own groups working at the University of Melbourne Mental Health Research Institute in Association with spinouts and big farmer and small farmer so on knowledged here I've mentioned many of the names of the people whose work Paul Adelaide's been working on some of the zinc transporters in the brain Kevin's been very Contributing towards the The medicinal chemistry around some of the compounds Ashley Bush just got a straight fellowship around this and so on so forth I can't go through them all in detail Chris Rowe Victor, Velomania have been Been running the pet center at Austin and have produced outstanding results. Thank you very much


Let's talk about local storage and session storage today. These APIs allow you to store data on the user's device locally. However, they do so in slightly different ways. Let's dive into each of them and see how you can inspect and update these values with DevTools. As you can see in my game demo, I have a button that allows users to choose their favorite theme and the play button to increase the game progress. When I open a new tab, the theme selection remains dark. On the other hand, the game progress is gone. The theme button uses local storage to store theme preference indefinitely, while the game progress uses session storage to store the data temporarily. The local storage data can be accessed by the website at any time, even after the user closes and reopens their browsers or tab. In DevTools, you can use the console to view and modify the local storage value, but even better, we have a tab for that. Once you open the application panel, expand the local storage item and select the site where you store the key value pairs. The table shows the items in your local storage. If the list goes too long, you can apply filters to search for it. You can start editing any item by double-clicking on them. Click Enter to persist the change. Once you refresh the page, the theme changes to light again. Otherwise, you can double-click in the empty area to add a new item. If you want to verify if the items is safe, you can lock its value with the console. Finally, to delete an item, you can either right-click on it or use the delete keyboard shortcut. On the other hand, session storage stores data only for the durations of a user session. That means that when the user closes their browsers or tab, session storage will be cleared as well. Besides that, each browser tab has its own session storage. Here, I have two tabs with completely different game progress. They are independent from each other. To inspect and modify session storage items, you can use the session storage tab under the application panel. When you update the progress of a page, the values reflect on the table immediately. In case it doesn't, you can use the refresh button to refresh manually. The tab supports editing and adding new items. Use the clear all button to remove all the entries. Alright, go to these links to find out more about local storage and session storage. Good luck in your web development journey, everyone. Follow me on MasterDawn or Twitter to get regular tips on DevTools. That's all for now. See you for the next DevTools tips. Ciao!


Over the last couple years MX Linux has become very popular and for good reason It's really good and every time I make an MX Linux video I'm always surprised at how good I find it now right now I'm in the middle of a long-term MX links review and that video should be up towards the end of January But what I thought I'd do today is talk about five things You absolutely must do after you've installed MX Linux for the first time now one thing We should say when you go about doing this is that For the most part the process is going to be exactly the same no matter what version of MX Linux you've installed So if you've installed the MX Linux KDE version or the MX Linux X FCE version It really doesn't matter the only thing that's going to change is The tweak tool is going to be a little bit more robust on the X FCE version And the look and feel will be a little bit different obviously because they're different desktop environments So I'm going to be using the KDE version But for the most part the things that I show you will be the exact same no matter what version you're using So let's go ahead and jump in with the first thing you should do after installing MX Linux So the first thing you should do is open up a terminal and update your system Now the one thing you'll notice is that my terminal looks a little bit different than yours likely will And that's just simply because I've gone through and customized my terminal to look a bit different Yours will probably look like this and that's fine They're both gonna function exactly the same, but we'll go with the way the default is so in order to update your system You want to do sudo apt update What that's going to do is update all the mirrors that are attached to your system And that will allow you to get the most recent list of software that is available to Your system and also will allow MX Linux to find to figure out which packages on your system are in need of An update in my case. I have none, but we'll do sudo apt upgrade Which is the next thing you'll want to do so hit enter after that and It will go through and update every package on your system now two things to note here first You'll probably have to enter your root password somewhere along the line. So make sure you keep that in mind It's not unusual. In fact, it would be unusual if it didn't ask for me I've already input my password within this terminal session So it didn't ask me the next thing you should keep in mind is that because MX Linux is built on Debbie and stable the first time you update you're going to get the most updates You'll probably ever see it probably won't be a ton of updates But there's going to be quite a few after that point You'll see fewer and fewer updates simply because Debbie and stable doesn't get very many upgrades So you'll know once you've gone through and done that initial update of your system that you probably won't see that many ever again Now once you've done this reboot your computer because there are certain packages that won't take effect Won't be updated until the kernel is out of memory So always just go through and reboot your computer after you update You don't technically have to but it's best to do it now then do it later Once you've updated your system and have restarted your computer The next thing you'll want to do is tweak your setup just a little bit now I'm not going to talk about going through and racing your system or customizing it full-fledged You can do that pretty much on your own at any time mostly what I'm talking about this time is seeking out the MX Linux tweak tool and Changing the position of your panel so if you're going to go through and Use your system frame on a time you'll want to go through and make sure that it's to your liking and You can change your themes and stuff like that in the traditional ways of doing so now depending on which Desktop environment you're using that process will be a little bit different That's why I'm not going to talk about actually changing themes here Because that process is different between the two desktop environments But for the panel position you can actually go through and change that in MX tweak tool and it's really easy You just go through and change it like this hit apply and it will go through and move it to the top It might take a little while on Katie. It's a little bit faster in XFCE Now in XFCE you'll have several other options in MX tweak tool Then you'll get in Katie and that's just simply because it's a little easier to pull that stuff out of XFCE and put it in a Custom tool than it is in Katie, which is much more Constraining when it where the settings are if that makes any sense at all So in Katie you don't have nearly as many options in tweak tool in XFCE. You can go through and do several things Including I believe change your themes and your dark and light modes and all that stuff right from the tweak tool If that's what you want to do So mess around with the tweak tool after you've done your updates and you'll be able to Have your system look the way you want to look right off the bat So once you've done that the next thing is to start installing your software now I'm not going to go through the process of that too much But there are a couple things you should know about Installing software on MX links now. Obviously you can do the traditional thing and do pseudo App install audacity or whatever you can do that from the terminal if that's what you want to do It's just Debian so you can pretty much do anything you would do in a Debian based distro from the terminal Just use act if that's what you want to do and if that's what you're familiar with for everyone else You can go through and use the GUI package manager that MX Linux comes with so you'll go to your menu Go to MX tools go to MX package installer it'll ask for your root password and then you'll see a list and Location of things that you can install so the popular applications stuff from the stable repo some stuff from the MX test repo The Debian back ports and flat packs So these last three is going to pop up a warning saying hey This is stuff that's not supported by MX actually. I think it's just the last two Are you sure you want to view these things obviously that's paraphrasing but you can just go ahead and hit yes And you can choose or whether or not to show that message again. Basically right here is your your app store It's not as pretty as other app stores, but I find it more Functional simply because it gives you the ability to find stuff from different repos fairly easily So you can just go through and you can do searches if you want so let's just say we wanted to find Kate in live We can go through and just do that hit this here and then update now Similar to what you'd find on like manjaro with Pamac. You can actually go through and Select multiple things so now we've selected Kate in live. We can go through and find let's just say OBS Studio right here and then hit that and then then you'd go through and hit the install button and it would install it now I'm not gonna do this because I already have both of those things installed That's the one downside of using this GUI package manager if you've gone through Previously like save you're installing packages later on into your MX Linux Usage and you've installed packages both from the package installer and the terminal you'll find that the package installer doesn't Actually know what you have installed unless you've installed it from the package installer previously So if you installed Kate in live from the flat from flat hub like I have which is from a terminal command It doesn't actually know that that's installed. So that's one downside of it But if you install all of your applications from the package installer It'll go through and remember what you have installed and you can just go through and you'll know that it's there It also allows you to filter things from installed upgradeable and not installed and it allows you to install things from like flat Pack in flat hub. So if you can't find something from the Debian repos you can go through and Choose to install things from flat up or you can download a flat pack Package directly from like a website or something and then search for that from the home directory That's what you want to do. If you don't want to use flat up now Let's just say you still can't find the software that you want to install There's a possibility you might be able to fix that by going to the repo managers So you want to type in repo here and it's just going to be MX repo manager They'll ask you again for your pack your root password. What this tool does is it allows you to choose? Do two things it will allow you to change the mirrors that you're using So for example, if your download speeds during your update process were really slow You can go through and change to a different mirror. So for example, there are several Mirrors here in the United States that I could choose from and you want to choose the one that's closest to you So so for me, I'm pretty sure Madison is probably actually going to be a little bit closer but you can also just select this button here and it will go through and Test each mirror based on the speed and then it will select the one that was the fastest. I Don't think that this is actually going to end up changing anything. Oh it did it changed to Illinois, okay, that's fine, and then it will actually won't take effect until the next time you run pseudo apt update So that's one thing that the repo manager does the other thing it allows you to do is select other repos So you can check things Like the bullseye non-free repo will allow you to install more proprietary software Same thing with the back ports, which will allow you to install newer Non-free software so you can just go through and check those things hit apply and then it will go through and Update those mirrors the next time you do pseudo apt update It will also go through and list all the repos that you've added over time So if you've used MX links for a while chances are you've probably added other repositories when you found a piece of software that wasn't in the Standard Debbie and repositories and that will be listed here and allow you to unselect it if you no longer want to update from that repository So we're just gonna get in close and then once you you've gone through and done that just run pseudo apt update again And it will go through all those repos that you selected earlier And we'll update those mirrors so that you have the most recent version of the the software list It will take longer as you can see it will take longer than it did before some because you're now pulling from many more mirrors You also may get some errors. So just keep that in mind So once you've gone through and done that the next thing you'll want to do is install codex So there is a tool for this in MX Linux called the codec tool So you go to MX tools and then you find MX codex installer it will again ask you for your password It will then ask you if you are going to be okay assuming legal responsibility for downloading the codex now The reason why is because a lot of these codecs are proprietary and they all have you laser and user license agreements And this is basically just asking you if you agree with those license agreements go hit Okay, it's gonna go through and download all the codecs that you want So this will allow you to play things like DRM content like mp3 content and stuff like that things that require Proprietary codecs in order to work now if you're just gonna use like something like VLC That's probably going to download those along to the dependency and it'll just work But if you're gonna use some other media player or you're gonna use a browser that needs certain DRM functionality Downloading the codex will enable all of your media media to play no matter whether it's needs that stuff or not Once it's done, okay, and then it will go away. That's literally all there is to it And you'll only ever have to install that once you'll never have to do that again. Okay, so the last one on the list is Probably the most important not that's debatable I suppose because technically updating your system is very important But for me no matter what you do you should always back up your system no matter what and you should set that Process up so that it's automatic So when you want to do a backup, there are a couple ways you can do it You can download an app called time shift and I'm not gonna talk about how to use time shift Simply because it's not installed by default by default mxlinks comes with a tool called back in time and Basically what back in time does is allows you to back up your system and you can do so by just searching back in time in your Menu or you can do this either with the root or without root and I'm going to go ahead and use root So that's going to allow me to back up things that are password protected And Ella would allow me to save my backup into a place that is also password protected or requires User root user privileges. I'm not actually going to do that in this case So it doesn't really matter which one I use but I'm just used to using this one So once you go ahead and to your password and the first time you run this It's going to come up here back in time is not configured Would you like to restore previous configuration if you never run this before hit? No, if you have and you have a configuration saved you can hit yes So I'm just gonna know and this is what you're going to come up with now What this does is just backs up your system So the first thing I want to do is choose a place where it will allow you to save the Snapshot that is going to create you'll want to do this on a drive that is not your main drive That way if your main drive fails, you can go through and still have all of your data So in my case, I'm going to save it to my external hard drive. So in which case I'm going to go here and media and Dr. M dub and Artemis will in backups and We'll create a new folder here called Mx Linux And choose and then what we're going to do is create a schedule So what basically what this will do is allow you to change How often this is runs so in this case I'm going to choose every day at midnight is fine And we'll want to go to the include tab and hit add folder I want to do the entire home directory so slash and then home and then choose Okay, and then what I'm going to want to do is check and see if they're auto-remove Functionality is set the way I wanted to do so what this will do is we'll delete things that are older It will delete snapshots that are older 10 than 10 years It'll also remove things if the space is less than one gigabyte or if the free in nodes are less than 2% It'll also allow you to go through and hit smart remove and you can keep all snapshots for the last two days Keep one snapshot per day for the last seven days and so on and so forth This way you can kind of make sure that your hard drive doesn't get filled up really fast You can also go through and Sorry about the dog. I can't I can't control when they start decided to play You can also go through and select several options like not Allowing snapshots to happen on battery because this is going to take up some amount of resources while it's running You can also have it So it's only doing one snapshot at a time because you want you can go through and shut up snapshots For different folders, so I'm going to be doing the whole home directory Your snapshots will be quicker if you just do smaller directories So once you've done with this just go ahead, okay And then you want to hit this button here that says take snapshot It'll actually go through and do the snapshot. It'll take a while depending on how big the directory is In this case, I'm doing the whole home directory. So it's going to take a while So once you've done that you've backed up your computer. It will also go through and set up a Cron job. I don't think it's actually what it's doing is a cron job But it will set up a schedule so that we'll go through and do this Every single night at midnight like I selected there in the first step So once that's done, you'll you've backed up your system and you have A working backup just in case something goes wrong As a bonus you can check out my video on the mx linux snapshot tool Basically what that will allow you to do is create an iso of your system So all the software that you've installed all the themes that you've set everything It'll put it on an iso and that way you can put all that stuff onto a usb key And reinstall your system exactly as it was when you created iso And that way you'll never lose anything. It's kind of like an extra way of backing up So that is it for this video those are the five things that I've Chosen to do every time I've installed mx linux, which I've now done like four or five times because I've put it on all of my computers I'm this is probably going to be my most in-depth long-term review simply because I've found that I really really like mx linux There are some things that I don't like about it. There are a lot of things that I really enjoy about it So I'm really looking forward to making that video because I have tons of thoughts in my head about the experience that I've had so far I've been using it now for a couple weeks But uh, I want to use the couple weeks more before I record that video I'm very anxious about it. But anyways, that is it for this video If you have thoughts you can leave those in the comment section below You can follow me on twitter at linuxcast and if you'd like to support me on patreon like these fine people You can do so at patreon.com slash linuxcast. Thanks everybody for watching. I'll see you next time