Welcome back. We're being joined by someone who would order his activities as architect, an activist, and a politician just in that order. He's the Lego son of the soil. I think that's something that I can call a Moloabi. Moloabi eko. Let's welcome Baddebo Rosevevo, the Govnorship Candidate of Labor Party. Welcome. Good to be here. Yeah. It's good to have you again. Well, but I've always wondered why knowing the kind of family you come from that you never ended up being a lawyer. So what really, what happened? Well, to be honest, I'm very passionate about science. I was top of my class in chemistry and biology, a third of my class in maths. But I was also very interested in poetry, I was also very interested in painting. So I looked for something that married art and science and architecture. Oh, architecture now fit the bill. Yes, it did. So you went into architecture. Yes. But you did your studies outside Nigeria and then you came back to Nigeria. And you branched off from the science that you've always done and you did something about policy. Yes. So when I decided to go into politics, I felt that I needed a theoretical framework for that. So I went to Unilag and got to Masters in Research and Public Policy. Oh, that's why you did that policy. Okay, but you have been an activist. You've had something about GMO. Yeah, Genesic One-Five Foods. You've also led a delegation, as it were, or a protest, or whatever I would want to call it, to the National Assembly talking about so many other things, one of which is to return, your advocacy has been to return history into the curriculum. Yeah. So why do you have that kind of a passion?  History is the means by which society programs as citizens on best behavior and behavior that they actually are looking for a majority of people to uphold. Now, unfortunately, Nigeria and most African nations have never really taken advantage of that. We still have children being told that Mungo Park discovered River Niger. River that the ancestors were batting in when the Europeans were probably still living in caves. You have a situation where history that were being taught probably starts in 1960 and everything that existed before colonization has been painted as bad and negative and evil. So when people don't see themselves in history, don't see themselves in greatness, understand their story, you always find that they look outside of themselves to solve their problems. So that needs to be changed. We need to trace our history and our understanding of our path in the world back to ancient empires. We need to tell the story of our glory as human beings, as people that contributed to civilization and were not receivers of civilization. Until then, when a pride really comes from the inner being of a person, you cannot see yourself as operating as excellent. That's what needs to change. Well, congratulations will be in order because history has been returned to the curriculum. But the worry is, is it the kind of history you want to be taught? No, our history needs to be completely revamped. There is a history that has been taught. You have to think about history in terms of what are you programming your citizens to believe. I will give you an example in America. The history is taught that slavery or that slave trade was a migration of labor. They don't call it enslavement. Because they want to program their children to think of themselves as excellent without any stains. They will program it, they can go and find out the reality later on in life. But you see what gives the American, the French, the British a sense of exceptionalism is the history and education that they've been baked in in the education system. And that's what we need to start looking at history based on what are the things that we did, what are the people that we're going to celebrate, what are the men and women that we're celebrating, what are the kingdoms that existed, what was their interrelationship across Africa, why you want us to start trading with other states in Africa, right? Inter-African trade is at a low. If you want to send something to Namibia, it has to go to Germany and then come back down. You need to start making these places familiar in the minds of your citizens. You need to start interlacing the migration movements from northern, where we call Egypt now, formerly Kemet, down into or you're down into this part of Africa and trace mansa, Musa's movements. There's so much greatness that we need to explore that unfortunately but you cannot give what you don't have. If the people in charge of these things don't actually have this understanding of history, they can't give what they don't have. Okay, that brings us to politics proper because people who are in charge need to be the ones that can give what they have. Do you think the new generation has what it takes to take over the political space? That's a very good question. Have what it takes. I think your political leaders will be reflection of the people that are taking politics seriously at any point in time. If people get the leadership that they deserve, I do feel that there are a number of young vibrant politicians and there is a movement now, especially the obedient movement that is stepping up to take responsibility for where they want the government and their future, what they want it to look like. And I think that that is enough. But we also need a lot of people to do much more. We need a lot more people to come to the table to understand that they play a role in determining who their leadership should be and what their leadership should look like. And it's extremely important that the people put politicians in position. Politicians don't buy their way into position. So when you say leader or potential leader that's aspiring for presidency, turning down opportunities to appear at debates is because at the back of his mind he believes that he's going to use his money and buy his way into office. He does not need to sell himself. He's not needing to sell himself. It's also saying that you're not going to be accountable to the people because the people don't matter. The opinions don't matter. You're not going to give them the opportunity to hear your thought process and you're just going to go around the country throwing jibes at other candidates and not really saying much, having other people read your manifesto. And it just makes for very bad politics. In my opinion, a politics that will move Nigeria forward. It makes for good politics in keeping the status quo of what Nigeria has been and has been in the past. But that's not what we want. It's not what we want. But if it's not what we want, we need to do something about it. But do you think the problem is the age or because a lot of people will just argue everybody old out, everybody new comes in. Do you think the problem is just the age? To be a leader... Do you believe that if everybody at the hem of affairs is a youth for instance things will be better? No, I don't believe that. I think that the number one quality we need in Nigeria in leadership is empathy. We need a leader that has empathy, genuine love for people that's willing to put that love before his own interest. We need a leader that has high cerebral capacity as able to mani things and has high intelligence to make things happen innovation wise and put things in place and also appreciate and respect intelligence and not be insecure about it. There are a lot of leaders that cannot stand being around intelligent people because they feel that they will not shine or they feel that they will be belittled. So you need an excellent leader so that that team around that leader can also be excellent. That leader can thrive in excellence. We need a leader that comes at level of integrity that puts some level of value into their work and what they said they would do. In the last eight years we've seen that completely gone out. Somebody comes out and says we are the safest country in Nigeria that patrol is selling. They did not promise this. They said they would do this but now they are not doing it and we are literally watching us live the realities of a failed state but they are coming and telling us every time that Nigeria is working but they are doing excellently well. We need integrity and we need courage. A leader with courage to actually take the right decisions to move this country forward. So it's more than youth. It's important to be healthy.  We cannot hand it to the hands of a sick leader. We need health. And also you need a situation where you have a leadership that genuinely has a vision and understands dynamics of the country and is willing to manage resources by trying to do things unconventionally and using innovation to reduce our cost and wastefulness. Okay. I'm wondering how we can measure integrity. I've seen a lot of good men go into politics and you say this man is a man of integrity, a man of his words and all that and he gets there and like I usually say they seem to be bitten by a bug that spoils them and they become something else we never imagined. So do you think or what are some of the things that can be done so that the person who goes in as a man of integrity can stay a man of integrity we can hold the people who are leaders accountable because sometimes like they say power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely maybe you get there and there are no tools to hold you responsible for your actions. So what are some of these things that we can do to make sure that our leaders stay the way they were before we gave them the job? Yes, I agree with you 100%. At the same time we must also remember that we've had leaders that have lived up to this. Alagilati Uchakunde is one of these people. He showed a high level of empathy in four and a half years he accomplished what this government in the last 20 years have not been able to accomplish and did this with the civil service. So it is possible. He looked at his excellency Peter Obie the marks of integrity all across his government where he managed it and did things in the right way that should be done and that's what is giving him this support base that he currently enjoys. Now for me I feel that the most important thing first is to start your foundation of governance with transparency and accountability opening up your books acceding to the Freedom of Information Act ensuring that contract sums are based on a benchmark that's taking to consideration East Africa, West Africa and trying to get the best deal possible and being open about this with the people. I think once you set that foundation even if you want to turn crooked later on you cannot because that foundation has been set and the moment you turn now start to make your accounting and your finances especially your contract awardees and all that will pick then people will know that there is something wrong. So that's one thing that's an idea that's part of our vision that we are committing to do as Governor of Lagos and will be able to keep us on the right track. Right now you're talking about the person who is at the hem of affairs doing something to keep himself in check. Is it that some of these things that should keep the leaders in check are not available no instruments available in our polity that can keep the leaders in check that you have to invent what will be good enough for you? I think it's not even a matter of opinion or subjectivity our leaders are not in check Right? I mean we look all across the country the leaders are not in check the only time when you start to see what is really going on is maybe when there is a fight between them and somebody is talking about how a boho was killed for 70 million naira or somebody is coming and releasing information to the public but that's not normally the case. Right? So we need a situation where leaders take this situationize openness and accountability and then also respect it because it can be openly stealing and nothing comes out of it and you don't even have shame you see they say you cannot shame the shameless we are hearing that people are cutting grass for tuna and something million snakes are swallowing monies monkeys have carried monies termites have... no shame the person that is saying given that excuse you would think that they would be ashamed but no shame and that's the new normal in our country and that needs to be reversed How do you think the person who wants to uphold integrity can survive in a system that has been rigged by those people who wanted to always favor them and they are keen? Well first of all you have to be courageous and not go the route of you can't beat them joining them by joining the ruling party that has the power so that's the first decision that you are going to make the second decision is you work really hard to actually create a system that makes their system obsolete and you get into position by God's grace and the help of the good people of the country in a party that is in opposition so when you get into position you now have the opportunity to set things right now if I go into the ruling party and think I'm going to change things inside it overnight I'm deceiving myself because it's a status quo that has built itself around maintaining itself it's created a beast that has created the entire country to feed that beast so going in there and trying to change anything you are deceiving yourself if the young people, older people are deceiving yourself you might do some little positive things in one corner but overall you are not working in the interests of the people This might sound funny but why you ran away from the PDP The PDP in Lagos it has been in opposition for 20 plus years I joined the PDP because of the same things I've talked about and the PDP was a party where agreements were made between the leaders and eventually flag bear myself as well and it was reneged on and when I cannot stay in a party where I cannot sell the candidate even if I'm not the candidate because the person completely lacks integrity he's not a man of his word and really not only bars no reason to be called fine or running for a position like that so I excused them and I went into labour parties, started afresh learned the ropes and by God's grace emerged as a candidate Some people say that you were fingered to be the running mate to the person who is now running as governor in PDP That's the argument I'm talking about I'm particularly excited about but you see party politics is also about consensus it's about the minority as they say but the majority has their way and leaders in the party that I respect a great deal beauty members of the party felt that this would be a very good arrangement that allow for a seamless sort of politic and eventually I gave into it and I agreed but I have to put on record to say that it's not a partnership that particularly I wanted to run I was running to be governor candidate of the party and governor of the state but the party had his ideas I agree with them and unfortunately like I said will happen the candidate broke those agreements and showed he's not a man of one or integrity Okay so it was the sole decision of the candidate that brought in a different person to run as the running mate Yeah I mean the progressive of the candidate to choose the destiny Now what gives me concern and a lot of some other people is the fact that when first time we met and we talked like this you were running under kowa party and one of the reasons you gave for running under that platform like you have said now is the fact that kowa did not have a factor people were allowed to do that things the way they could do them and all that so the next time we heard about you you were in PDP that has Godfathers whether we see that as anyhow PDP has Godfathers same as APC and maybe some other parties and then it was after the agreement in PDP were not met that you went to labor party so we need to know what switch went we need to know what you were following around that made you take this kind of decisions even when your first appearance in kowa party seemed to define what you needed in the party as the direct opposite of what was obtainable in PDP I want to say direct opposite you see I've been very consistent all my movement has been anti APC there's never been a point where you do opposition party the next move they make they go and join the ruling party typically it has all been anti APC that's one two the PDP in Lagos state has never been in government they've never held local government chairmen you know majority of them they've had the number of state assembly that then they come they had a number of house rep members but they've never been government so everything I disdain run is in the hands of the APC and when you look at a party that has been in opposition for that long there is that opportunity to come in and win and actually chart a new course for how governance should be even when you talk about Godfathers there are people that are in power like for instance if you are in Adamawa and you want to contest the president you have a situation where you have controlled the states you've handled you've produced men that have their political giants then you have this serious Godfathers but here you have leaders I'll call them leaders and in your emergence as now the leader of the party you have a very strong opportunity to actually set the pattern and path of how governance would go in that state and in the situation where all of that backfired in terms of agreements I do not go to the APC I want to label party so there is a serious consistency here and it all still stems to getting on a platform doing the work to deliver good governance to people on our own terms but there is still so much to talk about regarding that but Bayo is standing by I'm sure he has a contribution to make questions to ask or something Bayo are you there? Yes, I'm here I'm in Miami Good morning Mr. Rose Baybo Good morning and it's really nice hearing you speak Ladies reported they contribute 30% of Nigeria's GDP Nigeria's GDP for 2021 was put at $440.8 billion which still makes Nigeria the largest economy in Africa but Lagos contributes 30% of that so that's roughly about $90 billion yet people might say that there's a lot that has happened in Lagos but there are still so many things that do not project Lagos in the light in which Lagos would like to be projected how Lagos would like to be perceived as a mega city a place where business thrives it is easy to do business and so on and so forth how do you think the actual contribution of Lagos to the GDP can be reflected who make up Lagos who make Lagos what it is the ordinary people Thank you so much for that Lagos State is supposed to be the commercial capital of Nigeria and genuinely if we did what we were supposed to do Lagos State should be the commercial capital of Africa but currently Lagos ranks I think if memory serves 19th on the ease of doing business how do you think you can do now that dealing with all those insecurity issues and there's been so much money that has been borrowed so much debt that has been earned and so much money that has been accumulated that's no reflective in the level of development in Lagos State I say to people that by 1966 Lagos State was ranked as one of the best cities in the world it was ranked alongside London, Sao Paulo I think it was 56 out of about 70 something now it is for last 10 years been ranked as one of the worst cities in the world so we have a situation where Lagos State has been captured the concept of state capture is when pretty much an oligarchy or a group of people pretty much control the entire state's resources for their benefits their family and their cronies and Lagos State is run for profit as opposed to for the people and these are the veins that are run to everything so for instance when you have the agbro phenomenon is tied to that when you have the monopoly of the BRT buses and only one company is allowed to ply that route is tied to that especially when you have a deficit in terms of number of buses that you need why can't a private individual that meets certain requirements get his buses on that lane why can't a private individual that has the capacity to buy trucks that are used for waste management why can't they also be transparently allowed to participate in waste management why are all these things so politicized why is it taking 20-something years for us to just do 16 kilometers of rail and they are quoting 1.0 billion on Lagos State books the Chinese company is quoting $170 million to their stock exchange why all this controversy because Lagos State is run for profit for people particular people as opposed to running to enable people's lives enable their businesses allow for a decentralized level of development all across the state and that is why we are not seeing the reflection of it there is a lot of tokenism in Lagos State you have a situation where I'm coming from Oshudi there is the big Lagos is and all of that it looks good I admit it looks good but once you go under the roads are terrible there is a bridge you go under the bridge portals everywhere you have the scam of people coming to do roads that will last for 6 months and then is washed away there are portals everywhere and then in a year time they come and do it all over again but the state just runs to get a government that is free from that state capture a government that can truly be accountable to the people and it's not accountable to this has even gone past godfathers only Daki that's not accountable to people that have truly captured the state and its finances and resources and that's doing where Lagos State can actually thrive and return back to the excellence that I once had Bayer is still with you thank you thank you very much some people have also looked at the industrial capacity I mean allied to the question of the contribution to the GDP is the industrial capacity of Nigeria a significant proportion of which is warehouse to Lagos between Lagos actually and Agbara and Otayu in the state you have about 60% of the industrial capacity of Nigeria what new things should be done you know because this has remained like this for a while and you know in previous times what was called the western Nigeria market in both states which is the whole of Akran Axis it's always management all of this is done in the first public but if you look recently we have not had new industrial parts development areas and so on to take the pressure of the Agbara Otayu Axis what do you think you could do which maybe the current administration has not been doing and that will mark you differently okay and even to add to that you find a lot of these warehouses are now being sold to churches because these businesses have gone out of they are not working anymore the huge unemployment especially for youth that are facing Lagos so for me there are two things the first thing is ensuring that we deliver four real lines in four years that will be able to allow for movement of people and cargo and also allow for Lagos to work a lot more efficiently and enable businesses as well and then we're going to have industrial parks that are away from the centralized part of Lagos and then also work in partnership with gas producing companies to actually provide electricity and energy and create incentives for industries and companies to go and what's the word settle and set up there also look at the current industries that already exist in Lagos state and see how we can partner with them as a stakeholder to ensure that and incentivize them to employ and hire our youth especially with the skills that will give them so all these things will be tied in together working with the private sector working with youth as stakeholders and also creating the skillset that the people potential employers will need so they'll make our youth employable but the major thing that we'll be looking at is decentralizing Lagos and decongesting Lagos really bringing the bad agri division and the eco division really into Lagos because currently if anybody not do what they did in Ekbe that whole division will still feel that they are not part of Lagos so we want to bring them in and create employment in those divisions as well but we'll be looking at stakeholders meeting with entrepreneurs meeting the industrial sector and looking at putting in policy that will ensure that their lives are enabled and they can flourish in Lagos state I would like to touch on the because you made an evolution to that now in your response I would like to touch and go back to this question of Lagos as a mega city and to see as you spoke about opening up Ekbe and Anikuru June and Badagri and actually integrating them into the greater Lagos so to speak but there are also if I understand correctly the mega city project actually also spans open state actually only Lagos because Lagos has also grown to incorporate parts of open state but if you look at it there does not appear to be at least again to us to the public any concrete strategy to fully integrate open state into Lagos the water which is consumed which is I consumed waterworks they are in open state many people don't know that they are in open state so in some ways open state is already somehow integrated but we don't see that happening so is it something you are thinking about in addition to your bringing Ekbe and Badagri into greater Lagos do you foresee something like that but now realizing that in the case of open state it's an entirely different setup because it's not part of Lagos and equivalent emissions yes that's an amazing question the corridor between Abijon and Lagos state right is a megapolis in the makis of being a megapolis in the next 30-40 years it will be the region that houses the most human beings in the world right so Lagos state in itself must expand horizontally and vertically the easier one is what is alluded to expansion upwards which is into open state and this for me will be done mainly by rail right ensuring that we can create a rail network that's connecting us even all the way into oil so that people we can now start to have a situation where is it possible that you live in open state and can get to work for 8 but you woke up at 630 or 7 by time you do this you start to decongest Lagos state right but even in the decongesting let's understand this the more we thrive the more we become excellent the more we attract small people so there is also an expansion that is going to happen horizontally as well that will be in the interest of everybody aligned from here all the way to Abijon Lagos state has to see itself not just as a constituent part of Nigeria but as a city state in itself right that has its own expansionist ideas and interest we will be doing this to survive because by default we are currently housing 10% of our population and that is also potentially going to increase to 15-16% there are many factors for this one obviously there is global warming that is happening that is leading to deforestation and all of that is happening up north people are always coming down south and the more you thrive the more you are going to attract people the point is the capacity that you are getting here you must have a system that takes them in gives them skills gives them education makes them productive members of society and puts them to work so that the entire place is generating even more in terms of GDP and also ensuring that people have things to do because and I do mind this devil's workshop and that is currently what is happening to a lot of our youth in Lagos so yes I completely agree with you there is a real line that is supposed as planned to go from Ota to Marina we need to make sure that that happens we also need to make sure we can expand that even more also right of way sharing that is currently state is doing with the red line we also need to make sure that that continues to exist and also expand on that as well we want a Lagos state where you don't have to live in central Lagos so you don't have to live in Yaba due to work in VI and also let's open up other places because we can be going to work in Ikuodu companies can feel free to set up in Badagwi because the train system is connecting you anywhere in Lagos into 5 minutes that's the vision for Lagos okay but just before I forget I'll come back to you when you talk about when you flourish people come lighter tracks insects and all that so a problem that arises from population density is education and housing what's the plan yes so I take exception to the analogy use light attracts insects because Lagos takes pride in the idea that they are generating this idea is coming from these people it's coming from people in the market place it's coming from midumota it's coming from all the people that we love to go to work in the morning so in this case the insects are generating they are generating light that is perfect they are generating light how do you allow for more of these people to be productive how do you enable them to flourish as opposed to just taking taking taking and shaking down and taking pride in that what are the incentives that they get directly for paying those taxes how can incentivize the people to actually even pay more so that is what our government is looking at it's part of my vision for Lagos state we have the commonwealth of Lagos it's a platform that allows for you for more paying taxes to have direct benefits you have direct benefits to healthcare insurance you have direct benefits to being on the affordable housing ladder so for instance going to your question affordable housing we have about 3 million housing deficit in Lagos this cannot be done and fixed just by the government private sector needs to get involved as well but in terms of government just like Alagilati Jacko did we are going to do massive housing but we are going to do it in a way that will be open and transparent and the winners that get to bear this housing will meet certain conditions want their taxpayers and I'm not saying you have to be a taxpayer you are paying hundreds of millions you are a taxpayer, formal and informal you can show and we have to automate our tax collection even in the informal sector because there are all these multiple taxations that people are dealing with the woman in Lagos island in the markets complaining about taxation and still taxation the northerna in Igomuda selling scrap metal is complaining about the same things people are just coming and taking taking taking right so once you can automate this so there is evidence of it and then there is a lottery you pay a certain money to get into the lottery and it is transparently giving when you build housing and you are selling it among yourselves it never really gets to the market or when it does it is selling for a price that is unrealistic for somebody looking for affordable housing so that is something that we are going to change and we are also going to partner with the private sector so we have a social housing components where we are cross selling not cross selling we are cross financing so all the funds that are generated from these high luxury buildings funds that government is making we are taking that and putting it into building affordable housing right and then we are making transparent we are really going out people to let them know this is available it is not something where you must know somebody to get involved in it we are going to use technology to just make everything transparent and even the playing field so everybody can get on that ladder and when you are on that ladder if you get off it you cannot sell it to somebody else it goes back to the government to make it available for somebody else that is in need right and then also bringing credit into the system because a lot of our more debtor densities because there is no credit you must accumulate so much money to buy a car you must accumulate so much money to rent a house you are paying for your house rent in one year up front or two years sometimes up front these things need to change and we need to reward proper wealth management so this credit system also we brought into the commonwealth of Lagos as a platform so healthcare education education so healthcare accommodation education I need to talk about very passion by education there is innovation as being brought into education system legal state will claim they have run 300 schools out of 1009 question how long did it take for your policy to get to the point where you did only 300 schools the same mediocrity that I am talking about you are taking 23 years to deliver on 16 km of wealth we need focus on education and healthcare and massive implementations reached as many people as possible and continuity not this flip flop of policy somebody is doing this implementation by the next year we move the person no longer doing it that innovation has died we need consistency policy consistency and we need to be able to deliver education with innovation and with technology to all the schools in legal state and invest heavily in it and not just that to ensure that because there is a high drop out rate once you get to high school but by that point you must make sure that they have practical skills and practical knowledge I went to school in Nigeria up until SS1 and most of the knowledge that we got was coming there was no practical there was no desire for people to learn the practical application of these things that they are learning and that's what we need to get to because they are in demand jobs now that we can train our people to have you don't have to go to university you'll be earning more than more that I went to university so we track these things make sure that people have access to this knowledge create infrastructure for them so like for instance in every local government who have these work and training stations where you can walk in there for free learn these skills and we open up we open you up to the world to go to compete on that global scale I know that bio is itching to ask more questions but unfortunately we don't have that much time bio and I really enjoyed it just one quick one and if we can deliver in 30 seconds let's try the APC has been in power for long and you alluded to that as well in your very incisive comments now how are you going to dismount them how are you going to make sure people see you as a better alternative to the APC okay in 30 seconds we help power because of voter apity 16% of people come out of votes in elections about it 4% are staying at home because they do not believe in the system they believe they don't believe that their votes will change anything and they are hopeless but now there is a movement of people that have hope there is a movement of people that believe that their votes will count BVAS has come there is transmission of votes directly from the poll unit to the server so people know that their votes will count there is an awakening that has happened the seed was planted during the ensal movement where people realize that there must be a two way traffic between governance and the citizenry and that has taken on a new turn and a huge tree has grown which is the obedient movement which is people that believe that they are going to participate in elections they are going to mobilize they are going to make their voices heard and they are going to come out and vote and deliver a servant leader we are relying on the people we know if people are going to get their votes because those that already do we are counting on them to come out and vote and that is the way we can actually get leadership that will serve the people as opposed to the oligarchy and state capture Okay the time is up but a yes or no can suffice in this question I am going to ask Legos you think about Legos you think of Agberu if you come in is it possible to stop the menace of Agberu on the Legos streets on the Legos streets Beautiful Well that's from our guest here the governorship candidate for Labour Party Legos State I'm talking about Badebo Rotsvaevo and he's been talking to us about a lot of other issues not just because he is the governorship candidate of Labour Party but because he's a passionate youth that wants a new order in the political realm of our country and I think that you did enjoy it but we know that as we get closer and closer to the election time we will still have need to talk with you It's our pleasure to have you on the show Thank you so much for coming Okay we'll take a break now and take the news and when we return the show continues for the last lap of the journey Stay with us


This video was brought to you by my patrons. Thank you so much for your support You probably want to make your dream game, right? And there is an MMORPG I know that's how we usually get into game development But there are simple games you can make to get into the game development industry and build the skills you need To make your dream game. So in this video, we are going to talk about the five game genres You can get started with your journey and build those skills so you can reach your goal. So let's jump into it Top-down shooters are those games where the camera is far above the character with a wide vision of the game world And the character can move in all directions But most importantly the character shoot on enemies games like asteroid hot like Miami GTA 2 and Icaruga.  I'll put a link in the description if you want to play it It is available for free on h.io Top-down shooters are awesome to understand the basics of input handling and perform movement for instance They're also good to understand how you can spawn objects into the game world For instance, how you can spawn a bullet how you can add an enemy How you can make asteroid appear on the screen if you want to start with a top-down shooter I will recommend you to make a an asteroid copy you can add everything into a single screen and hide the UI elements So the play screen the main menu The credit screen everything the height score and you hide these elements and you make them appear based on some events inside their game So everything will happen into a single screen. It will be quite easy to manage those elements Oh, by the way, if you want to get that effect when the object reaches the edge of the screen It goes to the other side. You can use warp functions For instance in Godot, you can use the warp f function to warp the position of the character or the spaceship Adventure games are those games where the core value is a good story. People with storytelling skills exceed in this genre Usually in adventure games developers create branched stories where each player action leads them to a different story path Solving a mystery defeating a full exploring a fantasy world All those are great plots you can explore with just a few UI elements and a good tax database If you want to go even further you can add some graphics make some screen transitions and add some animations to get started With the visual novice genre, which by the way Nathan from did the quest just released an update on the 2D secrets course, which is all about visual novice. So definitely worth checking out By making an adventure game You'll be able to develop your skills to make logic branching and also to pass files from a database For instance, one of the most common files you use to feed your game with data is a JSON file There you can put dialogues titles character names Even some path to graphics and even more then you just need to load those JSON files and pass everything based on your players Interactions. Oh, by the way in gutted engine You can use the parse JSON to parse a JSON file as a dictionary Then if you want to store your game data as a JSON file You can use the to JSON to parse the dictionary to a JSON file format pretty useful methods Creating a virtual turn based strategy game is one of the best skills you can develop as a game designer Games like checkers chess tic-tac-toe and even go I've great to develop your ability to abstract Concepts and rules into the digital world by developing a turn based strategy game You'll be sharpening your ability to understand abstract concepts like grids and turns. I myself I never understand why turns and grids are so common into tabletop games for instance until I realize There are just a discrete way to abstract space and time talking about grids You might already know that but in gutted engine. We have the tile map node It's not just a great level design tool But it's also a beauty tool for mapping game coordinates For instance a great way to know if there is an object into a given board coordinate is to map this object position to dictionary For that you can use the tile map wall to map method Platformers are one of the most popular game generators Especially for just starting to game development a platformer is an action game Where the player must navigate a character between two points in a given environment For instance an A level or a room Games like Super Mario Super Meat Boy and a whole ton of well-awarded games including most of my favorite games all fit this genre Making a platformer will help you understand one of the core features a game engine can provide to its users It's physics simulation engine For instance, I wasn't aware of the difference between a rigid body and a kinematic body in gutted engine Things like why I couldn't make a static body platform fall or why my rigid body character keeps spinning While I'm just trying to make it jump Well, if you're interested in making a platformer game I made a video about how you can make one in just five steps. You can check it on the card somewhere here Also, I'm going to make a complete video series here on YouTube about how to make a platformer game from start to finish From like the splash screen to the credit screen for that I just need to reach the $200 goal on my patronage campaign So go to my patreon page become a patron right now and let's make this happen The links will be in the description and also at the end screen Puzzle games are a special type of strategy game. They test the player's ability to Recognize patterns use the logic skills and in a sense to solve a problem Majung, Candy Crush and even Mind Sweeper They all fit in this genre, but this is a very broad genre to explore. By creating puzzle games You develop your skills to manage object relationships. So to solve the puzzle the players will need to figure out the Arrange that will lead them to the winning condition You need to figure out a way to abstract this arrange somehow. The good thing about the puzzle game Is that you can make them into a single screen as well. So this will cut a lot of production time So these are my five suggestions to get started with your game development journey Note that by mixing and matching those genres you can get even more complex games For instance if you mix an adventure game and a turn-based strategy you can make a turn-based RPG Or if you mix a puzzle and a platformer you can make a Well a puzzle platformer which is still a pretty popular genre By making simple games you develop your skills to make even more complex games And you will eventually get to the point where you can make your dream game So start small and be consistent. For this video, that's it. Thank you so much for watching keep developing and onto the next time


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com with a box of capstone baseball. It's a random team break, number 41. The last filler we got to do to unlock this break, that's coming up in the next video. Eight spots being given away in this break, ladies and gentlemen. Big thanks to this group for making it happen. Appreciate it. All teams are in. We got another play-in game in basketball coming down to the wire. We're going to randomize names in teams three and a five, eight times, different dice roll for the giveaway part, as most of you know by now. Names first, Pelicans ball, thunder up by one. Pelicans have a lot of time. They don't have to rush. Turn around jumper for Brandon Ingram, off the back of the rim, thunder rebound, 15 seconds left. They're up by one. They're not fouling. They're not fouling. What were they doing? Jason Jaspy, what were they doing? Jason Jaspy, what were they doing? That there was no time left in the game? It's a one-point game. They were just going to let them round at the clock. There's three and a five, eight times for the teams. Josh Giddy hitting clutch free throws here. No one was letting Josh Giddy's get dust on him, right? No need to even dust up. Hits the second free throw. 12 seconds. Pelicans up by three. That's exciting. Exciting, ladies and gentlemen, getting that playoff fever. All right, let's do this break really quick. All right, here's the first half of the list right there. No trade windows, as you know by now. In filler breaks, there's second half right there. Let's sort by a column A. Let's print and rip.  If the Thunder lose by a possession or two, so you would think, man, how much would a Chet Holmgren would have helped in that game? I'm sorry, yeah, not a playoff game. It's a play-in fever. The most exciting three or four days of the year, the NBA play-in. This is kind of, it kind of gives you March Madness sort of feels. The Thunder are not out of the woods yet. Time out, advances. Ball. All right, here we go. Quick foul. Yeah. James, I think you're right. Brandon Ingram and McCallum should be enough. Now, Balanchunas as well, they got, so they got some players. Brandon Ingram misses the free throw. Taylor Ward for the Angels. That will be for Kevin.  I wonder what she would say. Do you think she would say trade Zion? Just get, I mean, they're basically playing without Zion. Anyway, it was Greg Diekman. Do you hold out hope that the stars align and Appalachans go on a deep playoff run that one season Zion is like fully healthy? Or do you trade them, see if you can get a big call for them and then just draft the next Zion, I guess? There's Jose Marada, I mean, is there a next Zion? There's Jose Miranda for the twin that goes to James O. But then are you even gonna get a hall for Zion? Who's gonna give you a hall for Zion? There's Vlad 75. Someone, ironically, it's the Thunder who actually have, don't the Thunder hold like a zillion picks? And they could burn some in a trade. Here's a wander Franco for the red hot rays. Ooh, blocked. Yeah, what do you do when he says he's healthy but won't play until Spencer Torvalson, he's on my fancy team, he's sitting a little bit better. He's starting to heat up a little bit. Yeah, I don't know what you say, although the team doctor's apparently according to the broadcast said that he wasn't medically clear to play yet, but I don't know. I get what he's saying though. It's like, hey, listen, until I can give the team, the best version of myself, I don't wanna be a burden to the team, but it's not like Zion's like the sixth man, like 70% of Zion is still many percent better than probably maybe half the guys on this court. So I don't know why, like management should just be like, listen, 70% of you is better than 0%, you know? I would at least try to be like, hey, can you give us 15 a night? Wow. All right, let's flip back over here. I don't wanna upload that video yet. I need to give away, this basketball game's distracting me here. All right, let's roll it, randomize it four to five, nine times. So it's gonna be the top eight after nine, you'll be the next break, the diamond dozen. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and ninth and final time. After nine, now from nine through 30, it is gonna be sad times. Carlos, sorry man, very close, but just not quite. Nine through 30, thank you everyone for giving it a shot. Top eight though, happy times for James, Danny, James again, Eric, Nestor, Michael, Danny, Chad. So congrats to the top eight after nine. I'm Joe for jazby'scasebreaks.com. I'll see you in the next video for the diamond dozen. Bye-bye.


Hello everyone, welcome. So my name is Lucy Earle, I'm the director of the Human Settlements Group at the International Institute for Environment and Development here in London, IED. Human Settlements is a bit of an old fashioned term where I basically head up a group of urban researchers. So we're urbanists working with federations of the urban poor in cities in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. On issues of urbanization, urban poverty, climate change, resilience, housing and displacement, or forced displacement, which is what we're going to talk about today. Talking about refugees in cities of, for one to the better term, the global south. I'm joined here by Kate Crawford, who is an engineer currently working on sustainability in the built environment for a company called KLH Sustainability. So she's a civil engineer by training, she has a PhD from UCL in Sustainable Infrastructure, but she's had many jobs, including driving a tank. She can also strip a bicycle and put it back together again. She's a great talent. But she has also worked in humanitarian response and has worked in the Middle East and specifically in Jordan, which we're going to be talking about today. Also, someone who's worked on the Middle East is Romela Sanyal, who is Associate Professor in Geography and Planning at the London School of Economics and Political Science. So Romela works on similar themes to me on urban displacement, working with urban refugees and other displaced people in the Middle East, India and Europe. And she has a wonderful podcast called Displacement Urbanisms. So as well as being extremely accomplished women, both Kate and Romela are my friends, so there will be a relaxed atmosphere in our chat. This is not a formal panel. I thought I should just explain that. So before, I think I should probably launch in just to explain that I'm going to talk for about 10, 15 minutes, probably a bit less on some work that is related to a project funded by the British Academy. I'm then going to hand over to Kate, who will give a more technical presentation. And then Romela is going to challenge us with some answers to some pertinent questions. So you don't have to shout out, but what you see in your mind's eye when I start talking about refugees or when you hear about refugees. So given the situation in the UK at the moment, the political situation, the news, you're probably thinking of something like this. So you're probably thinking about people coming across the channel in boats, or if you cast your mind back to what was called the European refugee crisis in 2015, you might be thinking about these people landing on Greek islands coming from Syria, North Africa and elsewhere. And abandoning these very arresting images of abandoned life jackets on the shores of Greek islands. If I'd asked you this question about 10 years ago, or this also might have come to mind just now, you might have thought something like this. Refugee camps far away in quite inhospitable places. So on the left is a camp called Dadab in Kenya, which is home to hundreds, several hundred thousand Somali refugees. And on the right you have a camp 5,000 kilometres away but looking awfully similar in Jordan in a place called Al-Azrak, which is home to around 40,000 Syrian refugees. There's space for many more in that camp, but funny enough, not many people want to go and live there. But these questions about where you see refugees and what you have in your mind's eye when you talk about refugees, these sort of idea of rows of white tents with blue UN logos, the reality is actually quite different. Refugees are neither mainly in places like this nor are they mainly in Europe. There are 35 million refugees around the world and 76% of them are in low and middle income countries and not in Europe or North America. They may have generally crossed one border and they've probably done it on land. And that means they're still in the region where they have been impacted by violence and conflict. And the country of asylum they're in may also be affected by that conflict or be fragile in other ways. Figures are really hard to come by and not particularly reliable, but it's thought that around 60% of refugees around the world are living in towns and cities, not in camps. There's possibly around 20% of the total in camps and the rest will be in rural areas. So the reality of refugees is something a bit more like this. This is an unfinished building in Beirut in Lebanon on the left and on the right. It's not a great image, but I think you can just about see people building shacks on the roofs of an apartment building living on a balcony and living in what is probably already an informal settlement. The quality of the housing there doesn't look great. So there might be someone like that or they may be living in an informal settlement. That's the way to refer to a slum in somewhere like Nairobi. But despite the fact that most refugees are not living in camps, it would seem that outside of the European context, most humanitarian funding for refugees is channeled to camps. And there's some reasons for this. So they don't know like great places to live, but they're actually quite attractive to hosting governments and to aid agencies. So a government can put a fence around a place in the middle of nowhere in the desert and say, we welcome these simple interests out of this country. They're here now, UN, will you do something about them please? Because they need water and shelter and food and health and education. So it's a way of controlling population. It's a way of delivering aid in an supposedly efficient manner. You can also take Angelina Jolie to one of these places. I think she's been to both, well she won't have been to Azrak, but she's definitely been to another camp in Jordan. You can take a Hollywood actress, walk her around the camp, take some photos and use that as a great fundraising tool. Sorry for the cynicism. So camps are remotely located for a reason to keep people out of the labour market, out of the housing market.  They can't work. In most cases they can't leave the camp. Those areas, there's not lots of jobs in those places where those camps are located. And they also are often not permitted to work and work in the camp is very limited and poorly paid. And they end up having extremely low quality of life and that to me is a big irony.  And they're going hungry and there's no future for them or their children. And we're paying for this out of our humanitarian tax dollar, which I think you can tell from my tone of voice I find quite annoying. So we also think that putting people in the middle of the desert like that and making them dependent on assistance is an extremely expensive thing to do. And we put the question mark expensive because it's actually very difficult to find out what it costs to keep people in a camp. Camps are supposed to be temporary fixes to an acute problem, but they can stay in place for decades. So the camp I showed you on the left there, Dadaab camp in Kenya, it's been there since 1991. And there are people there who are grandparents who've never known another life. So the question is, could we be spending the money on camps in a better way? And that is the focus of a research project that IID is leading with funding from the British Academy. We're working with engineers from UCL and from the Jordanian University of Societs and Technology, and with a Jordanian think tank called WANA. And I would have loved to have done a study of an entire refugee camp. Take it sector by sector, which is how aid is organised, as Kate will explain, and go through what has been spent on housing, on education, on health, on security and on water. But that would be a project I think beyond the funding level of particular call that we applied for to the British Academy. So we focus on just one sector, which is wash, water, sanitation, and the H is for hygiene promotion. And that's the humanitarian terminology for giving people water and sanitation. And we chose one country, we chose Jordan. And we chose to work in this camp, well, to find data about this camp called Zattery, which is better connected than the other camp you saw in Jordan. It's closer to an existing urban centre. It's relatively porous. People are able to leave. They're supposed to, but there are people who are able to come in and out. Some people do leave the camp to work during the day. Others find irregular ways of leaving the camp. And in order to answer this question, what can we do differently with the money, we need to find what's been spent in Zattery camp on water and sanitation. And then we're working with engineers to work out what could have been done to provide to improve the water situation in Mafrax City, which is in the same Governorate as the camp. And choosing water, we did that very specifically because Jordan has won the world's most water scarce countries. It relies on groundwater aquifers that are being depleted more quickly than they can be filled. And Jordanians in towns and cities get water 24 to 48 hours per week. So you have to pump the water from the system. You have to store it. When the water comes on, you have to turn on the taps and do your washing.  It's also an extremely ageing network with lots of leaks. Water theft is a big issue, referred to euphemistically as non-revenue water, the water that doesn't get to the place where it's supposed to get for a variety of reasons. So there are lots of problems with the water system. So our question was, if we're spending all this money on water and sanitation in a camp, could we not be spending that money instead in a city and improving water supply and sanitation for everyone? And just briefly, before I hand over to Kate, just briefly, in the Jordan context, 80% of refugees are in urban areas, living in the capital or somewhere like this. And there are 630,000 Syrian refugees registered in the country, possibly more than a million in total. And Mafraq City, Zaatari Camp, is home to around 80,000 refugees currently. And Mafraq City is home to 130,000 people. We don't know how many refugees are there, but we know that there are around 80,000 in the whole province or the governorate of Mafraq. So we knew it was going to be hard to find out what had been spent on water and sanitation in the camp. We knew it was going to be a difficult question to answer, but we didn't know it was going to be nigh on impossible. So this caused a problem, being able to respond to the overarching research question that we'd asked the British Academy for money to answer. But luckily, IID funded the way it is. I was able to access some additional resources to bring on board one of the researchers from UCL, who can't be here today. Her name is Ana Magalitha Grafias Royo, and she's done a lot of work on this with us. And also, I was able to ask Kate, who's on our advisory board, to dig into the data. And that is what she's going to do now and tell us what she found. So I'm going to give you a little bit of a whistle-stop tour of the frameworks that the WHO consider for evaluating whether water and sanitation are safe for people. And on the left-hand side there, you can see the criteria we look at for drinking water. And on the right-hand side, the criteria we look at for the sanitation chain. And as Lucy mentioned, this point about whether water supply is continuous, whether you have water for a few hours a week or every day, has a massive knock-on effect in terms of hygiene and health because the longer water is left standing, the less effective the chlorination becomes. And so all of these criteria of making sure lots of people have access to water, making sure they have a sufficient quantity of water to keep clean, to cook, and for drinking. To make sure that that water is of a potable quality or a quality that can be maintained, monitored. And that people can also afford it. So if the water, cost of water, represents a lot of your income, that is a threat to health. On the other side, the sanitation chain is very much the out-of-site, out-of-mind part of this cycle. And we often think about, if we think about it at all, sanitation will be about sewage and sewerage and networks of those things that we don't see, we don't want to know about. But as you'll see in a minute, when you establish a refugee camp on land that has nothing, no infrastructure, the approach is slightly different. So these icons will pop up again. But the point of setting that up for you is just to show why the systems evolve in the way that they do when you're starting from zero. So in a camp setting, there's a little icon at the top left there that looks like a thermometer, and it's supposed to represent a borehole. So a borehole is a well from which you pump water and then usually you do have to treat it, at least chlorinate it. And at the very start of the crisis in Jordan, that boundary would have been Zattery Camp. There was a borehole many kilometres away and water was trucked. The solution initially is to have collective tap stands.  Same for latrines. Latrines are dug and lined, we hope, but they're shared.  And it was initially. So as time goes on, the priority became bring water closer. So boreholes, the wells, were sunk within the boundary of the camp. It still had to be trucked from there to tanks, but you can see that incrementally they're trying to reduce the operation cost by bringing the water closer. Latrines became private individual latrines instead of collective public toilets. And time went on again, and this time the emphasis is on trying to network to some extent the sewage connection. So instead of latrines, thinking about a network for sewage to flow into, and most importantly and under great pressure from the Jordanian government, that sludge had to be treated. So wastewater treatment plant was installed again very costly and it has to be installed and then the water can be discharged for agricultural purposes. And that is the end game or where the camps it's in 2021. So there's some progress there and you can imagine not cheap to do that. So meanwhile in the area surrounding the camp there is already a water utility company called the Yarmouk Water Company. And their objectives, and you can think about this from a kind of tens water perspective, if you like, they already have an established infrastructure. It may be aged, but they do. And what their challenges are, adding more people to the water network. So more people have access to safe or as the WHO has it improved water. And the much more lagging population connected to the sanitation chain or a safe sanitation chain. So it's about half the number of people connected to water that are connected to the sewage system. And that has improved, but that's what, over that same period that that camp was being built that's what this water company were trying to do. So what does that look like? Sorry about the graphs. This is the engineering section of the presentation. But in the top left you can see the total water supply that the Yarmouk Water Company is handling. It's in million cubic metres, it's hard to imagine those volumes, but all you have to think about there is comparing it to what's underneath, which is the very, very small quantities of water that the camp is providing in comparison. So you're in a governorate, there's a utility company providing masses and masses of water, but not here. Here they've got their own self-contained setup. The red is the losses from the network. And they sit at around 46% to 48%. Don't be too horrified, UK is 22% for our network. So it's double that, but we're not in a great situation ourselves. On the right-hand side is the water per person. Very important to notice that in Jordan and in that water company's service area, that's going down. The liters per person per day is going down over time. And those numbers are already fairly low. In the UK you might expect that to be double. But they're not very different from the amount of water that's being provided in the camp. So you can imagine this camp is in a situation where people are already dealing with huge water challenges and they've managed to provision an almost equivalent service in the camp. But not for the same amount of money. So on the left-hand side, you can see the supply cost per meter cubed. So that's in terms of the volume of water for Jordan and for the camp. And evidently the camp seems to be much higher. But I will add that the costs in Jordan include everything. They include water, they include sanitation, they include water treatment of sewage. For the camp, it's just water. We couldn't find anything about sanitation. And the numbers are very unclear and there's only a couple of years where we have numbers. And this is over a 10-year period. So the numbers were very, very, very hard to find. And on the right-hand side, per person, we're looking at the costs now, not per unit of water. And again, very low, if you're a water utility company, you have economies of scope and scale. And very inconsistent data, patchy data, and much more expensive-looking services for the camp. So the final part of what we try to do with Maggie at UCL is to look at the breakdown that we established from all of the work on the reports from that time, interviews with people, very little data, but just being able to go through lots and lots of reports. And then we compared it to the international aid transparency initiatives, data repository. And we looked at all of the data for UNICEF, which is the overarching agency, UN Agency with Responsibility for Water. And we tried to compare the data that UNICEF had put in the public domain with the data that we could glean from reports. And what we found was that there was very little, disappointingly little. And the other horrifying thing is that UNICEF collected almost no data at the beginning of the response. There's hardly anything. There's very patchy data about sanitation. There's a tiny bit of data about energy and fuel, which are clearly really important when you're tracking things everywhere. And you can disaggregate it. Once you've got all this data and all the budget lines, you can then filter it for anything that you can find if you manually go through every line of data and tag it that went to Zatari. Hardly any account, right? So not very transparent. And this is not for want of having every single aid agency. I don't know if anyone here has worked for an aid agency, but you must fill in budget lines for absolutely every detail. This just gives you an idea of the amount, dollar amount that were in the budget lines. At the far left side, there were documents in the repository of data for ring binders, reams of A4 paper, banners that had been printed. And on the far right-hand side, enormous multi-year construction services contracts with no breakdown, no disaggregation, no evidence that they went geographically to a particular location. No idea what the money was spent on. So it can be collected. Astonishing. And in some ways laughable. But I emphasise again, that's all I'm going to say for now, that pulling this together and finding these numbers is almost impossible. It must be somewhere, you would think. It's from the UK government. We passed money over to those countries, to this disaster. We don't know. We don't know how much. But we're going to try and estimate. We're going to try and estimate. We've done as much as we can. So I think it's going to be me with a clicker. I suppose in summary, we know that it was very expensive because there are some evaluations of the wash response in Jordan. They talk about $350 million being spent on water in just five years on the refugee response. But anything more detailed than that is really hard to come by. And one of the things that Maggie and Kate have found is that often in the reports, there'll be huge figures bouncing around in these reports. But it's not clear where the money's going. So sometimes it'll say the running costs of the camps are $24 million annually. And then you'll see another report talking about just one camp costing $9 million. So it's not really clear. We know it's hugely expensive, massively more expensive to supply the camp than somebody living in a city. But we have very little clarity on where these huge sums of money have been spent. And we have tried to ask directly, and I didn't make this point, but I've requested numerous meetings with UNICEF, which is the agency responsible for water in Jordan, in the regional office, and also at New York level. And nobody wanted to speak to me, apart from one engineer working in Zaatari, who was very generous with his time. And said he would share data on costs. And a few days later he was told that he was not allowed to share that data on the costs. And it's partly because that data isn't there, but it also is embarrassing. A lot of mistakes were made, and there was corruption. They cited the camp over in Aquifer, which is not a great idea, particularly when people started digging their own latrines and I think not lining them. Huge mistakes were made. But no one was honest about these mistakes. Even an internal evaluation of the response that was funded by UNICEF, the evaluators were not given the detail they needed. It even says in this publicly available evaluation, we cannot comment on the efficiency and effectiveness of this response, because we have not been given the adequate financial data. And this is one of the issues that we have. So why does it matter there's very little data available? Well, it matters if you're going to work out of what you're doing is a good idea, whether you should do the same again next time, or perhaps you should consider some other possibility. I mean, there are all sorts of answers to these questions, and I can see people nodding and smiling. I guess some of it is quite obvious that if you're going to be spending hundreds of millions of dollars on something, don't you want to make sure that you're delivering good service, that people in that camp are having a decent quality of life? I'm not sure how much people care about that. But anyway, the other interesting thing about Jordan, and this is where I'm going to turn to Romler as well, is that I had a trip there, we both had a trip there last year in November, and I had a series of meetings at national government level with a ministry of planning and international cooperation. And I asked them and also followed up in an email, roughly, what's the percentage of humanitarian funding going to the camps versus humanitarian funding going to elsewhere in the country or into the cities? And the answer was, we don't know, we don't have that information. And I found that a bit confusing, so I followed up in an email and I got the same response. They just don't know. And this seems odd to me because at a local level, these conversations with the mayor, the people within the municipality of Amman, the capital city, if there's money coming into your city for refugees, plausibly, it could be very useful for everybody to benefit from the services. And if I'm a planner, which I'm not, Romler's a planner, which I'm going to get a chance to, but if I was a planner working in Amman, and I knew there was tens of millions of dollars coming into the city for particular programs around health or education or, I don't know, what else? No one knows, but this money's coming in. Wouldn't I want to sort of make sure that was complementing my own resources or my own plans for city improvements or expansions? But when we asked this question in the municipality of Amman about where the resources were going, there was, we've got these blank faces, like, oh, that's nothing to do with us. That's dealt with people higher up. And that was a reference to the court and to the king. The sensitivity around refugees in Jordan, given their history of hosting refugees, which Romler can talk about, is huge. And it's a separate world. If you're a planner in Amman, it's a separate world, these humanitarian responses that are flowing into your country, regardless of the fact that everybody in Amman could be benefiting from those. So I'm going to hand the clicker over to Romler, or I can just click through the questions. I mean, first of all, do you have an answer to this question? Why does it matter that there's very little data available? I thought that would be the sort of question that you would be answering. For me, I sort of entered into this sort of tangentially, because I came from, as Lucy said, I came from an urban and a planning background. So it was, I came to this from the perspective of looking at how refugees transform cities. And then over time, I began to realize that there was this entire world of humanitarian planning that was also trying to reshape urban areas in particular ways. And there's a certain kind of ambition by certain individuals within organizations to do that. But to what extent, as Lucy points out, that is actually being done is quite difficult to track. So I don't necessarily think I have an answer to why there's such a lack of transparency around humanitarian funding. But it should matter, as you pointed out, because we should know where the money is going and how it's helping people. I mean, if I look at the comments that you've made and the data that you shared, what becomes obvious is that you have a significant amount of money that we are being told is being spent on a very small area for a very small subset of people when it could be better spent elsewhere. And spent in a way where it would bring about more socially just outcomes for a bigger group of people. So I think all of us are sort of on the same page in terms of making the point that we really shouldn't have camps. We shouldn't have camps because they're inhumane. Pending people, let's just be realistic about the language that we use, confining and penning people into a small area from which very often they simply cannot leave is an inhumane thing to do and to do that for decades and to rob them of the opportunity to make a life for themselves is inhumane. It is not something that any of us would want to do. We wouldn't want to be in that position. So from that perspective, the camps are wrong. But also looking at the ways in which this data is made so opaque tells us even more about the humanitarian system which creates this very particular fiction of protecting and saving people and keeping them alive. And we are told that it's done at some cost but we don't actually know what that cost is either. So we're told to open our wallets several times in the year. We're told to give to charity and for various fundraising events. But rightly I think there's a lot of cynicism amongst people. Certainly I see that with a lot of my friends who don't want to give to the bigger NGOs and they always want to find smaller NGOs that they feel are more responsive and are more transparent and give their money there because they have this view and I think your presentation has in a way strengthened that view that a lot of the money is simply unaccounted for. So how does that actually affect how we see these organizations and how we believe in them and their transparency? I want to sort of take this in a slightly different direction. And Lucy and I had kind of thought about how I could contribute to this conversation and we had a few discussions back and forth and she was quite keen to kind of think about what kind of data we needed to start planning, delivering responses to refugee crises in ways that would support the choices to live outside of camps in cities or in rural areas or in other places. And this is where, and I agree and I absolutely agree with her. And so I want to sort of take both the presentations here together to kind of think about what are the ways in which data is made visible both within the camps and within urban environments. So I'm going to put on a planning hat now and I'm going to ask in relation to Muffrock City where, you know, which is next to Zaatari Camp, do we have accurate data for that city? So how much data do we have for that city in terms of the services that are being provided? So how much water, how much electricity, you know, the sanitation services, not just at a sort of a city-wide level but can be desegregated down to the household level and see how much a household is using. And in that question, I want to ask also who is included in that data and who isn't included in that data. And the reason why I raise this point is because in a lot of countries that we all work in, there are a lot of politics around who is counted and who isn't counted and who is doing the counting. So I think I would probably, like, if you want to convince a city government or even a national government because we can have this entire conversation about how particularly within the Jordan context but also in many other places, you don't have that level of decentralization. So, you know, going back to the point that she was making that, you know, she wanted to find out about this data but it was held higher up. This is a highly centralized system.  That is not within their decision-making abilities. That is something that is done through the line ministries. So the local governments don't really have a say if an NGO comes in and starts implementing certain things within Muffrock City. At least that was what I was told and I've been told this several times on many of the trips that I've made. So if you have to convince the governments that actually it's better to take this money that is coming through the humanitarian funding chain and instead of putting a camp in the middle of the desert and then going through this process of relocating the borewells and changing the water infrastructure and trying to find ways to reduce the costs of trucking water and trucking the sludge and all of that, if you just connected it to the network, it would cost a lot less. Do you actually have that data for the people who are living in Muffrock City to make the case? Well, probably not for everybody. We're in certain neighborhoods but there are other parts of Muffrock City where we found that refugee households were not connected to water or to sanitation and this wasn't something that was sort of known about or spoken about within the Yarmouk Water Company and those people are kind of off the map and I think we all have experiences of working in informal settlements where over decades people had to just convince the government that they exist and they deserve to be mapped and they deserve services and they can pay for services if services were to be delivered but what's I think interesting also about the Jordan context is that Syrians are just the latest refugees to arrive in Jordan. Prior to that there were the Iraqi refugees during the Gulf War. There's clearly huge numbers of Palestinians in Jordan with different statuses but even prior to that, hundreds of years ago, Circassian refugees arrived in Oman and there's a country built on flows of people around the region and yet we're not in a position and this is not my point, this is something someone, an NGO worker said to me when I was in Oman we should be able to say exactly what it costs for a refugee family to live in Oman for a year what it costs for their housing, what they would need in terms of a subsidy for housing, food, water we should just be able to say how much money that costs and next time there's a refugee crisis the Jordanian government can just go to the donors and say we need X amount of money per year to absorb these additional populations into our cities but we seem like we're not in a place where we can give that number and if we can't give that number about the city we can't do a cost comparison with the camp and we don't have the data about the camp either so we're in basically a bit of a data vacuum and we carry on in this emergency phase ten years on, more than ten years camps are meant to be for emergencies it's no longer an emergency the Syrian crisis is not acute anymore and yet we carry on with this humanitarian mentality and it seems very hard to make it stop and Kate you have some views on this now about the issue of humanitarian hindsight so final question for Romula is it feasible to think of a world where we no longer have long-term refugee camps? Exactly and in thinking about this question I wanted to sort of open up this discussion of the work that camps do I want to go back to the word you used they they put refugees in camps and I want to ask who is the they and why do they put the refugees in camps in other words who are these people what is their agenda and what are the sort of reasons behind their insistence on putting people in these open air prisons now there's it's quite interesting that you you raised this point about that what you've heard are people saying that they would be safer in these camps or better attended to if they're in camps I think a lot of the sort of refugee literature for some time has also talked about this is really a security measure that a lot of states deploy so there's a certain kind of the camp acts as a certain fiction it acts as a fiction that migration can be controlled and contained and people can be stopped from coming I'm just thinking back to the news story yesterday about 70 people who drowned in the Mediterranean and there's a parallel here with a lot of countries who also have detention centers or who have systems and processes in place of turning boats back which goes against international law and they do a lot of these things there's certain countries for example who have very openly in their policy said that they do these things to deter asylum seekers from coming to their countries by showing them how dangerous it is to cross these dangerous seas because you might drown and if you come we will put you in a detention center and the detention center and the camps they're not the same and I've made this argument many times they're not the same but some of the intentionality behind it is similar in that you are putting people in a particular place because the idea again is you will go back you are not going to stay here you are going to go back to the point that I've really been trying to pull out over the last several years because when I first started I believed in this narrative that somehow local communities and refugees would clash with each other I think a lot of us believe that people especially in many countries that may have resource scarcities and so forth that they would be competing with each other and one of the things that we've come to realize actually it's much more complicated than that it's not always a clash with each other in many of these countries in Jordan for example many of the people share ethnic and cultural backgrounds they have families that have lived across the border so in one of the podcasts that I did recently one of the interviewees was someone who was Jordanian but he came from a Syrian and Palestinian background but he had lived in Jordan and had Jordanian citizenship and he talked about that journey of feeling that he as if he didn't belong in any of he simultaneously belonged everywhere but was always questioned wherever he went and I want to raise this point because for a lot of people who get displaced across borders they will first go to those countries where they have family where they have relatives and there will be a level of support for them so why do we make camps for people to separate them in these countries is it really because they are going to be protected and supported to make a delivery efficient is it really so that there aren't clashes between different groups of people or are there perhaps other reasons as to why they and I imagine the day is a shorthand for the government to want to put people in camps I think we need to tackle that question first before we start to imagine a world without camps because I think we would all like to see a world without camps and I want to also come back to some of the points that you were making maybe after this kind of after we talk about this the day is the hosting government but it's also the UN and the international system and the donors because they're the ones paying for the camps we put in place and they always say well if we didn't offer this then it's possible that the government would close its borders and the refugees would be stuck on the wrong side of a conflict which is a very powerful argument to make but I don't think anybody really knows what happens in those closed door negotiations between the UN, the donors and the hosting government one of the reasons for doing this piece of research was to at least try and see if we can make the money argument for not putting the camp together if in 2012 the UN and the UK and the US and other big donors had sat down with the Jordanian government and said instead of setting up this camp that's going to cost billions and billions of dollars and it's very likely to be in place for decades and we should do some research on the average time that a camp is in place instead if they'd said we'll pay this up front we'll give you grants to improve your infrastructure we'll give you grants to build city extensions in places where your cities are going to grow anyway for now refugees can live in those places later on in the Jordanian populations the world bank's on board with this you've got soft loans for this for the X number of years no I can't believe anybody's making those arguments and one of the points of this project was to start at least being able to put a number on some of those costs up front and I think perhaps once we get able to talk publicly I think it costs maybe then the UN will come and say no no that's not right it costs this much and we'll be able to answer the question finally


Hey guys welcome back to my channel. Thank you guys so much for watching. Be sure to like and subscribe to my videos. Today we're going to be getting into a topic of what are the different types of anesthesia. So if you've ever done an anesthesia rotation or if you're just a patient and you're about to have anesthesia and you've always wondered about the differences in the types of anesthesia that we get, this video is for you. So first I wanted to talk about general anesthesia which is what most people think of when they think of going to have surgery. General anesthesia is a state of complete unawareness and with a lack of perception of any type of input. So you don't feel, hear or see anything when you're under general anesthesia. So it's a state of complete hypnosis. Think of like a hypnotist that is performing tricks and say at a carnival and they snap their fingers and then after that signal people fall asleep. It's kind of what general anesthesia is doing to you. Most of our medications that we use for anesthesia are great hypnotics. So it basically places you in that state of having no perception of what's going on around you and you go from open cool state to that state very quickly. So we use medications, VIP medications to get you there. That's what we call induction to go from being awake to asleep with those medicines and they work really fast. You'll be pretty quickly put to sleep and then the way that we maintain it is kind of what defines general anesthesia. So having a breathing tool or another breathing assistant device that will help support your breathing and your ventilation while you're under anesthesia is really what sets apart general anesthesia from any other type. So having a breathing tool and a ventilator kind of like this guy is what makes general anesthesia very specific. Other types of anesthesia include sedation. There's a very wide range of levels of sedation where you have anesthesia. So you can have mild, moderate sedation, and conscious sedation is at least in that category to deep sedation. So different areas of different types of surgery really predict what type of sedation is required. And for most currently minor cases, let's say you're going to have something removed from like a superficial site like your skin, like a lump on your skin or a cyst.  So that means that just in that definition of the word that we use, we're going to remain conscious. But we will have medications on board that are usually in IV that help you to feel a little bit more relaxed about the situation, less nervous, and also may provide some pain. So we have that level of anesthesia that we give for very minor procedures. And then if your procedures a little bit more involved might give you more IV medications to get you to a deeper stage, which is deep sedation. So we give you more IV medications, some of which are pain medicines as well, but we might give you a little bit of medication that really makes you hypnotized so that you don't really remember what's going on and you're less likely to have discomfort or anxiety with the procedure. In that case, most patients will get a little bit of what we call proper fall. So that's the medication of choice when it comes to giving hypnosis or a deeper level of sedation. Another type of anesthesia that we use often is regional anesthesia. So here we have what we typically use for regional anesthesia for patients that say are having orthopedic surgery to the lower extremity or the lower half of the body, through the umlegs in particular or even the hips. We will use an epidural. This is an epidural kit and this is what we would be placing in. It's a very small teeny tiny catheter. We basically place that in with the guidance of the needle and that allows us to place it into the area of the back that will be close to nerves, not necessarily at them, but near the nerves and give local anesthesia to numb up the nerves. So that's what we would typically use for some regional anesthesia. In addition to that, we might use spinals. So spinals, as you might have heard about, or our injections that are a little bit less long lasting than epidurals and you don't leave any catheters at all. None of that those teeny tiny plastic catheters that I just showed you are left in for spinals. What we do is we just do a single shot of medication that goes the bones between the back just like an epidural and we give that medicine one time and it lasts for the duration of the procedure. We can allow it to last up to three hours plus or minus depending on what we add in to the local anesthetic. And that is a way to provide anesthesia to the hips and the lower extremities for any type of surgery that might involve that. That's another type of anesthesia that we do. A lot of people have questions about, you know, what happens if they're getting original anesthetic. Are they still going to be asleep? Are we going to allow you to be awake and look around? And usually most patients don't prefer that. So what we do in that setting is might give you a little bit of moderate sedation or even sedation to allow you to be nice and comfortable for the procedure. And then what that's happening because it's sedation and it's not general anesthesia, we will provide the urethral oxygen. We might give you a nasal cannula of oxygen to deliver that to you while you're sleeping. Just to keep you nicely oxygenated while you're under that level of sedation. To be concise, general anesthesia, you go completely off to sleep and you are unable to sense anything that's going on around you. So you don't feel any pain, you don't hear any sounds, you don't see anything. That's when you're in an adequate depth of general anesthesia. If you're getting sedation, you might actually hear some sounds around you or you might interact with the person that's doing the procedure. And that's what we want. We actually want you to be able to respond appropriately to a verbal command or to let us know if something is uncomfortable. So nothing is going wrong in that setting. It's just that's what we expect with that level of anesthesia. That is sedation. So that's pretty much it for the different types of anesthesia, trying to keep it concise and to the point. And if you have any questions or comments about what we've discussed here, comment below and I will get back to you and we can continue discussion from there. Thanks so much for tuning in.


Well, I must say that, you know, considering that the last two years have been really unprecedented and challenging. I was actually delighted to see the battery of work today. And I was absolutely delighted to know that despite all the challenges, our industry is thriving and doing so well. And there are some lovely ideas that that I came across today, which actually made me feel really very, very good.