Efallai, hefyd, fel oedaf i'n gweithio'r ysgrifennu. Felly, rwy'n meddwl hwn i'r Christy, i'n meddwl pan am y maen nhw'n meddwl yn ynghylch wedi defnyddio, rwy'n meddwl hwn i'n meddwl hwnnw yn meddwl hynny. Rwy'n meddwl mewn meddwl hwn ymlaen na'r gweithio'r stwyffau i'r gweithio'r gweithio, rwy'n meddwl hynny'n meddwl hefyd. Efallai, roeddwn i'n meddwl hwnnw'n meddwl hwnnw'n meddwl Being at the Christie for about 18 months now and specialist in positron om phenomena which is what I'm going to introduce you to this morning. Now you may be familiar with the idea of antimatter, that there is an opposite version of the stuff that we're all made up of and there is an idea that appears in science fiction novels quite a lot, that you could meet your antiself and that you shut hands with them you disappear in a burst of energy. Well, that actually potentially could happen. Einstein, in the early 1900s, published a number of seminal papers and one of them included the idea of energy mass equivalence. So this equation equals Nc squared essentially tells us that energy and matter are two forms of the same thing. So if you were to basically dissolve stuff it would turn into energy. For those trekkies amongst us I think I'm fairly safe ground presuming there will be some in the room. You will know that the warp core in the Starship Enterprise is powered by a switcher mechanism although how they actually keep the anti-matter and matter separate is still a bit of a mystery to me if you want to enlighten me over lunch that'd be great. This process of pulling matter out of energy is actually why we're all here.  It didn't just have equal amounts of matter and anti-matter and it all dissolved back into energy. Matter won out. It's one of the big questions that's been asked at CERN at the moment is why that was, why we don't have an anti-matter universe, why we have a matter universe. So actually they're looking at what happened right down here, right at the sort of part just before the big bang kind of really exploded and the universe began to take shape. This all sounds a bit abstract and a bit weird and we're back in the distant past so why am I talking about using anti-matter emitters in hospitals? Well it's because we can actually see this stuff in real life. Its existence was predicted by possibly the grumpiest physicist ever to have lived, Paul Dirac. That's him smiling, it's not very convincing is it really. He came up with this spectacular equation which I won't go into any depth about because basically I haven't touched it since first year of physics degree and it basically tried to resolve electromagnetism and quantum theory and it predicts the existence of the electron, so all the properties of the electron it predicts. But it also predicts an opposite number to the electron so something with equal mass, exactly opposite charge and several other similar properties to the electron. So of course when a theoretician like Dirac goes there must be a thing experimentalists go we must find the thing and Carl Anderson got cracking and a mere four years later discovered the positron. So this is his experimental evidence. I've actually seen this photographic plate and I spent rather a lot of time in front of it. It was slightly embarrassing. It's kind of one of my first dates with my current partner and went to an exhibition at the Science Museum and it was almost like he stood me in front of a cathedral window. I was like gawping. In fact he's still with me, it's a good sign I think after that experience. So this is a cloud chamber, a picture of a cloud chamber and cloud chambers work when particles pass through them and they leave like a condensation track through the cloud chamber and if you put a magnetic field across a cloud chamber a particle with a charge will bend in a certain direction and how much it bends depends on how heavy it is. And this bend here is exactly what you'd expect from an electron but the other way around. So if you had basically this bend going exactly the opposite way that would be an electron. So this is a positron because it's behaving exactly the same way as an electron but a mirror image. It's kind of like if you were Newton sitting under a tree and instead of having an apple landing on your head it kind of flew off somewhere in the opposite direction. That's the kind of effect we're kind of seeing here in this cloud chamber experiment. Anderson got the Nobel Prize for this in 1936. I would love to say that this proves that if you want a Nobel Prize you should be an experimental physicist like me but the Higgs boson kind of disproves that theory. So where do we find this antimatter? This is a table which adorns many science laboratories up and down the country otherwise known as a Segre chart you may have come across it under that name where we call it table of the isotopes because that's what it is. Each row is the same chemical element and it has the same number of protons so it has the same number of electrons, the chemistry is exactly the same but a variable number of neutrons making up all these different variants of carbon for example on that row. And the black ones in the middle are the stable elements. Now what you need to know about isotopes is generally they just want a quiet life. They just want to sit there and be. They don't want to be doing all this radioactive decay nonsense. They want to get back to this line of stability. So either above the line they've got too many protons so they'll try and convert a proton to a neutron and get back down to the line. That way, below the line, they've got slightly too many neutrons so they try and convert a neutron to a proton to try and move upwards to that line of stability. And all of these ones, these are examples of some of the positron emitting isotopes that we can use. So these ones decay by converting a proton to a neutron and it's got to do something with that positive charge. So it goes, I'll create a positive electron. That'll work and chokes the positive electron out of the nucleus and that's how we get a positron decay. So it's conserving charge. It has to have the same amount of charge before and after that interaction and we get a positron generated in that particular form of decay for slightly proton rich isotopes. You'll notice that these are quite handy. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine. These are the kind of atoms that occur in biological molecules the kind of things that we're made up of. And you can stick these atoms in place of something that is naturally occurring. This is glucose. So instead of a hydrogen here, we can stick a fluorine on and fluorine is quite a small atom similar to electron configuration on the outside to a hydrogen. That will behave exactly the same as a non-radioactive form of hydrogen. So this is fluorideoxyglucose. It's one of the most common traces we use in positron emission tomography. So if you're coming for a scan using this particular type of tracer we'd inject you with positron emitting sugar and watch where it goes. So you want to see how it accumulates in the very metabolically active areas of your body and use that as a measure of how active either disease or healthy tissue was in those particular parts. So we basically got somebody who's emitting positrons after this injection so how do we actually go about detecting those? And in order to demonstrate this I have a small illustration at the front. For this I need someone with serious anger management issues. Has anyone had a bad summer? Is that home with the kids a bit too much? I'm going to pick on somebody if you don't volunteer. Bryn, do you want to go just grab someone? No, he's not going to sign up. Bring some glamorous assistants. You need at least two glamorous assistants. So either friends or people you don't want to be friends with after this. It could go either way. So let's pull this forward a tiny bit. We need two people to assist. You can do that later. I need you to do this bit first. So this was designed by a colleague of mine Richard shortly before his retirement. There is a diagram available for anyone who wants to make one in the comfort of their own home. So it has ping pong ball guns on each end and a couple of little catches so that when you smack the door knob in the middle it basically releases the ping pong balls.   No, that's okay. So electric... This is actually a kind of audience where this joke actually works. I love it. This is electrons are blue. So obviously positrons are red. So we have Richard's gamma ray gun complemented by Heather's positron hammer. It is secured by a gaffer tape because I gave it to a very angry physics teacher once and that didn't work out very well. So if you could apply suitable force here without actually breaking it again, that would be lovely. So positron meets the electron, what happens? I am going to need a couple of catches if you could stand here. That would be lovely. I'm going to stand well back so no one plays for Hebdenbridge cricket team then. I can't gather by that. Again, again. Okay, so that's where your taxi catch is. So if you just poke through the actual barrel of the gun, there's a little rod there. And then put it on the catch for me. If you pull it, it can just kind of disengage a little bit. Okay. Okay, so we'll do it a slightly different angle this time. So bear that in mind. Catch us please. In the hat! Oh mate! See what? One more, one more, one more. It will become clear by the way if you just think I'm just playing with toys for lolls up here. I will explain what I'm doing. Oh, we know. It's not a bad way to spend a Friday morning, is it? Let's be honest.  So I can deduce from that that you're not particularly efficient radiation detectors. But apart from that, thank you very much for your enthusiasm. Thank you very much. So what was all that about? Well, we have in current generation PET scanners, we have this big ring of detectors. So, hula hoop. Anyone hold this? Let's go on, Bryn. This is my youngest Bryn. You just want to hold that for me, just so we can see it. Could you hold it up for me? That'd be ace. So what we have is a big ring of these detectors, and the patient goes in the middle, as you'll see as all physicists like to oversimplify things. Patients are always pink ellipses of uniform density. So we have a radioisotope's decaying. It's emitting positrons. The positron runs into the electron somewhere inside the patient's body. Matter meets antimatter. The two cancel out in give us energy, and we have the energy emerging from the patient as two 511 kV gamma rays in opposite directions. Now, the 511 kV is important because that's the amount of energy that you have bound up in one of these positrons or one of these electrons. So that's kiloelectron volts. It's a very tiny, tiny amount of energy, but it's enough to get out of the body for us to detect it. And these pairs of gamma rays, if we can be looking at our detector, this is where it would have been helpful to disentangle these before I started, but never mind. See what we can do. There we go. So we've got a detector that's looking for these gamma ray pairs all the time. So we have two, these gamma rays arrive in a very small window of time. Thank you, Brian. So you have one detected at one side. We have another detected at the other side. We have... I'll collect that later. So if we have another one collected over here, and another one over there, and another one, the observant of you will notice that the ribbons coordinate bits, they would be cooler than the ping pong balls. We have another one over here. And another gamma ray detected there. So you can see if you did this over and over and over again, we just raised it up a tiny bit more branches. You see that those lines would tend to overlap most at the points which were sources of the positrons. So we collect all of these overlapping lines.  And then we can build up this image of the distribution where the positron came from. All right, thanks, son. How has this actually done in practice?  But how we actually do it is that it starts in 1952 when you have something that looks like they came out of a B movie, maybe a horror B movie. You have these scintillation detectors that turn gamma radiation into light on each side of the patient and you have a perspex grid. And you just step them across this perspex grid and you have a chart recorder. Who remembers chart recorders? Yeah, I caught the tail end of chart recorders. And you end up putting a darker mark where you've got a higher signal. And you end up creating this, you draw around the patient's head and you take measurements of all these different points and you say, we've got slightly more signal here. That means when this example is slightly more blood flow at this point. And that moved into a multi detector system. So basically they just added a ray of these things so it was a bit quicker in the 60s. In 1968 we ended up with this. This is the electronics. Those of you who have a laptop screen and keyboard attached to each other or not. Will know that this is vastly less powerful than what you've probably got in your phone. This is the electronics that was reading out all of these individual detectors. And we could actually take these, we call the gamma ray pairs as we rotated these detectors around.  Probably give them an eye mask because they weren't too aware of what was going on. Looks a bit macabre that machine. And this is a brain. You kind of can see that's a brain. Kind of a cauliflower type thing. Taking up this radio tracer shining nice and bright. And if you look on the left hand side there's less blood flow on the left than there is on the right. In this particular example. This is what we're using now with commercial systems. It's actually made up of these things. I'll pass this round so you can have a look because I know you'll appreciate it. So it's actually got scintillation crystal elements in here in lots and lots of tiny ones. And it's backed by photomultiplier tubes. So we have the light being generated in the crystal being funneled down towards the PM tubes that convert the light into electricity into a measurable current. And the grid of PM tubes can map exactly where the gamma ray came in. So we can say within this tiny little square a few millimetres by a few millimetres. And this is the detector area that I worked on for my PhD. We can say within a few millimetres where this big detector ring. So let me pass that round. It's heavier than you think and that's all in the crystal. So remember that number. 12,096. This is the Scannerach Commission for Manchester Running Firmory. I loved it very much. It's just been decommissioned and it's a very sad day. But they've upgraded so I'm very happy for them. Anyone want to bet how many detector elements we've got in this? We had 12 in the one that I started with in 2000. This was installed probably 2007. You're a bit generous there. Not quite that exciting. Slightly lower. This number is obviously not impressive enough for you guys. I'm happy that I've basically got three times more detector elements within said five, seven years with this detector. So it's about 20 centimetres long. And this scanner has actually got a CT scanner on the front. So that you have this map of where your trace has gone showing how active all these processes are in the body. What process you see depends on what tracer that you give. And that you can map that directly onto the structure of the body because you can take a CT scan with a patient in exactly the same position. So most hospitals now will have a combined PET CT system. So the kind of big ring on the front is the CT scanner. So 3D X-ray image. And the back is the PET 3D radiatrace map at the back. I've given you the kind of short version and I'm aware I'm going to have to hurry up because that already took the best part of half an hour. But just to skip through and just highlight a few of the challenges that we have with our systems. Obviously the positron travels some distance before it meets the electron. And that means that this introduces a degree of positional uncertainty in the system that's dependent on the energy of the positron. So actually depending on which radioisotrace you choose you can get a different spatial resolution, which is weird. But fortunately fluorine has got quite a short positron range so this is a minimal problem for most of our studies. Also positrons and electrons are completely stationary when they meet. So you have some residual momentum that means that the gamma rays are quite back to back. And again that introduces some positional uncertainty. And all that's dependent on how you build your detector to start with and reconstruct the images. What I've told you about so far is true coincidences back to back gamma rays. We can also have ones where one of the gamma rays is scattered and this dotted line is what we record and that's wrong. If we're working at very high radioactive concentrations we can have two positrons meeting two electrons at the same time which also needs to be corrected for. We also need to correct for the fact that some of the gamma rays don't make it out with a patient at all because they get either absorbed or scattered out of the detector. There's all kinds of clever data corrections that need to be done and these are all actually now built into the image reconstruction loop. So actually if you're looking for a computing challenge medical image reconstruction is a field that's growing very very very quickly and can save a lot of radiation dust to patients and a lot of time in the clinic. One thing that's been particularly exciting over the last few years is that our detectors have got super super fast. In order to do this conventional detection that I've told you about where you can say that one gamma ray, the two gamma rays came from the same positron meeting the electron you need a timing resolution of about four to six nanoseconds so that's four to six thousandths of a millionth of a second. Our scanners are now down to less than half a nanosecond so what we can say is that positron met the electron there with a certain degree of uncertainty really improves the accuracy with which we can pinpoint where the signal is coming from. It directly improves image contrast and quality and allows us to scan patients with low radiation dust and also a lot quicker. So this is our current standard if you're going shopping this is your menu of current pet scanners. Ignore Philips the rubbish. This is being recorded. The whole pet community in the UK would agree with me so I'm safe ground there. Some reason Philips have really taken the ball off the eye of the ball with pet scanners in the last five years is real disappointment because at the moment it's basically a head between G and Siemens and they're pretty close to be honest. Fast insulation crystals you can scan about twenty centimetres of the patient it won't go. Really fast response and pretty good spatial resolution. But there's only so good you can get with pets. For those of you with any image reconstruction nerds in the room I'll move on. The next leap up from that is actually to use solid state detectors rather than to use insulation crystal and photomultiplier tube detectors which are a lot quicker. Philips kicked this off and again I don't know what happened to them there. He tried to match them and didn't quite manage it. Siemens played a blinder about 18 months ago and brought us down to 214 picoseconds. What that means in reality is we can tell with a Siemens system which is what now they've got a Manchester own infirmary where a positron metal electron within three centimetres. That's how good that system is. So we've got this system. We've got these lovely images of these bright spots of a lung tumour, the white bit there. If you calibrate your pet scanner properly and it's actually quite simple to do you measure how much radioactivity you've got and put it into an object with so many millilitres hence kilobeckles per mill. You scan it and you get an intensity of pixel values that you can then say that corresponds to so many kilobeckles per mill you calibrated your scanner. Once you've done that you can actually measure how much trace you've got in different bits of the body. That's incredibly powerful because you can quantify how active all these processes are, how much of this trace was actually going through these different bits of the body.  This is the first scan we did of a patient with epilepsy at Manchester own infirmary and it turned out to be beautiful. It shows what you want on your first scan. So this is a brain. It looks a bit better than one I showed you in the previous picture, doesn't it? It's a colour scale that goes from purple with not very good uptake of the traces through to bluey green and then yellow and red and then into white for lots and lots of uptake. So lots of this glucose is going to the outside of the brain which is the most metabolically active bit of the brain. In epilepsy when you have an epileptic fit you get loads and loads of glucose in that really active area. But in between fits, which is when we scan because that's when the patient stays still, we can see an actually lower glucose uptake in the same area. So we're looking for a lower than normal. Can anyone spot it comparing right to left are there any bits that you think are actually a bit lower on one side than the other? How about there? So this is your temporal lobe and actually epilepsy of the temporal lobe is fairly common if you're going to have epilepsy it tends to affect that bit of the brain. So we were able to say yes it's this bit of the brain that's affecting this particular patient, the medication they were on wasn't working. They actually had part of their temporal lobe surgically removed to control their symptoms. So yeah he's doing a lot better because we were able to say take this bit of the brain out and it'll help. Some heart scans, because we've got a detector that's all around the patient all the time, we can take pictures of this radiotrace distribution as it's changing. So we can inject someone and see where it goes. So in this example you've got the blood that comes into the heart in the middle and it distributes that into the heart muscle. We're looking at the delivery of blood to the heart muscle which is often a problem that underpins a lot of heart conditions. And we can get diagrams that look a lot like this. So we can look at the heart under stress conditions, heart under rest conditions and see how well the blood flow is ramped up in stress conditions to compensate. And because we know what's going into this system we can create a fairly simple model of how that distribution is happening. So there's the blood concentration and that will go in and out of the myocardium, the heart muscle. We've got that variation in time. We've got the variation of this in time from all these different bits. And then we can build up a model of exactly how much of this of blood flow is going into the heart muscle in terms of mills per gram per minute. Why is this important? Well, believe it, this is a heart scan. So we see mainly the left ventricle because it's the biggest chunkiest muscle in the heart. You just about see the right ventricle on the side there, that shadow. It's kind of a cup shape. It pumps up like that. So if you cut through it that way, you get a series of donut shapes. If you cut through it that way or that way, your image is. Not for real, fortunately. Without taking the heart out, it's great. So you get U shapes if you go that way. And that looks fairly even, fairly normal uptake of our radiatrace. You would think that was good. And it is. These numbers show that the blood flow under stress conditions is ramping up exactly as it should. There's enough getting through. This one looks similarly good. But the numbers tell us it's not uniformly good. It's uniformly bad. The blood flow is not ramping up to the same extent under stress conditions. And the reason for this, if we do more detailed CT, is there are blockages in all three of the arteries feeding the cardiac muscle. So this means that delivery of the blood throughout the heart is hampered to the same degree all over the heart. And you would miss that if you didn't have the numbers. That's one of the powers of doing PET scanning and going to the effort of getting these numbers out of the scams. This is what I'm working on at the moment at the Christie. We are using PET to not only look at how extensive cancer is, how aggressive it is, and also how it responds to treatment, but also able to image the delivery of the treatment because some of the treatments we use are radioactive as well, and they give off some positrons. So just to show you some example images, this is quite a big chunky tumour in the liver. You can see that on our baseline scans it's quite extensive. We've got the PET in an overlaid in a ready colour scale under the CT that's grey there. Fortunately our therapy seems to have worked because it's a lot smaller on the follow-up scan. These are just different ways of imaging the same thing with different technology. I won't touch on those, but this is an image of the actual distribution of the therapeutic age that we've given. So this is at Iterium 90, which gives off a little bit of positrons. So whilst we get a crummy PET image we can actually see where it's going. So on the projects I'm working on at the moment is to say we've got all this data on the same patient. If we know that this therapeutic dose has been delivered to there, can we predict what that scan is going to look like? So that's one of the things I'm working on at the moment. Getting numbers out of this is a nightmare, by the way. That's why it's holding me up. So what's next? That's what we're doing now. What's next? You can go large. Bigger is better. Let's have a massive PET scanner. So the Americans, to build something large, got to be the Americans, hasn't it? So they've got this absolutely massive PET scanner that they're building in the US. I've nicknamed it Coffin PET because it literally covers the patient from there to there. So if you think we've got claustrophobia issues in our current scanner, I have no idea how our patients are going to hold up in this. But it's really, really quick and you can image the whole of the body in real time. So if you've got disease that's affecting the whole of the body you can model how that is taking up trace. You can model how various bits of the body are behaving differently to others. As a research to it, it's incredibly powerful and the gossip is that Edinburgh are already trying to get the money for one. £10 million, if anyone's got deep pockets. The other thing which I'm particularly interested in with being at the Christie, we've just done proton beam therapy in the last year is that when you fire protons or carbon ions for therapeutic purposes at a patient, you can actually create positrons inside the patient. So if we could put a PET scan on the back of our proton beam therapy machine, we could image how successfully we've delivered that therapy before they even get off the table because we can image where the positrons are being created. So I'm hoping they'll get me to play with proton beam therapy at some point and put one of those on the back. The other thing is that we're getting huge quantities of data out of our PET scanner. So if we could, we need a clever way of processing that huge volume of data. You probably hear a story every week about how radiologists are going to be replaced by computers. You have to train that software as carefully as we would a junior doctor and that is the stumbling block at the moment and that's why it's not good enough to trust it yet. It works in a situation where it's being trained, it can't be generalised to other centres. But there are ways forward where we could perhaps use AI techniques to pick up subtle details that perhaps we would have missed, a clinician would have missed. So it acts as a second reporter, another pair of eyes on what we're already doing. And it allows us to pick up subtleties on poorer quality images which is what this paper is about. Both of those are open access if you want to go and have a look. So that's me, hopefully a little bit more about why we inject people with radioactive stuff now. As I mentioned, I'm a wearer of many hats. But I think we might have time for one question. One more question. But do find me on Twitter and ask me questions about antimatter any time you like. Thanks very much.


Welcome to Celebrity Medium, Tony Green. You know, I would be more surprised if I didn't flub the intro. That's all I'm going to say at this point. Okay, let's get started with the show. It's just an intro. It doesn't really matter. So for those of you who are new and those of you returning, thank you so much for being here with me today. I'm so grateful for you. I'm going to give the quick PSAs that I always give at the beginning of the show. I will be taking callers live through the whole hour. The call in number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. If you would like to call in, please do so. I am happy to answer one question or connect you to a loved one on the other side. The reason I say one or a is because there are a lot of people waiting online to have a connection. Please have an exact or direct question ready and or available or an exact loved one. Many times people say just give me any message from spirit and inevitably that is not the message you want to hear. It is the message you need to hear and it takes me a little bit longer to get that message. Well mostly because you know I don't always love telling people what they need to hear publicly. That's more of a private thing. It certainly is. I'm also taking questions live on YouTube. So if you are watching me live on YouTube, you can put your question into the chat and I will go between the call log and the and the chat answering questions and connecting people with loved ones at the beginning of every show. I say I do two things. Names and songs. The names are loved. The name can be your name, a loved one's name or the name of somebody you have in common like your brother, child, whatever it is. I'm going to start with names since we went there already. Oh just really quick. One last thing. I will never reach out to anybody and ask them or tell them they need a reading or anything like that or none of that. Please don't get scammed and I only have one website t-o-n-i-g dot i-n-f-o. Please don't be redirected to a different website. Yes, that's it. And yes, I do private sessions. I'm pretty available. I can typically get people in the same week. Yeah, I can always get people in the same week as long as it's the beginning of the week because this is all I do all day long. This is it. Okay, I'm going to start with names of loved ones on the other side. And as somebody said, you know, I get asked often why I do what I do on my show. Well, first of all, I'm listening to them above. And second, there are, even though you guys are joining me live, this show airs on WSES, all of their streaming channels, Rude Rangers, TV, all of their streaming channels. It is a number of podcasts from WSES and Rude Rangers, radio stations, and all of the podcasts that I put it on. So I think it's on almost every podcast. It's also on radio stations and television shows and streaming shows. So anybody who can't watch it live, they will get something from it also, even though they can't call in. If you are watching live and you want to post a question, please post it in that chat. If you're listening live, the call in number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. And go ahead and put that in. Okay, the names are Doug. The first name coming through is Doug, D-O-U-G. And I know this is not the song, but these are not the words, but Doug right away goes into Dougie, Dougie, Dougie, you're so whatever. Something just hypnotized me. So I normally don't mix a name with a song. But as soon as I said Doug, that's what came through. I don't even think I'm pretty positive that's not even the right way. The next name I'm hearing is Felicia. The next name I'm hearing is Chantel and Shaquilla. Okay. The next name I'm hearing is Paul. The next name I'm hearing is, the next name I'm hearing is Luanne and then Luinda. Luanne and then another name of Luinda. Then I'm hearing Jeffrey and then I'm hearing Joel or Joella. Okay, that's what I'm going to do for names. Now songs. This can be a song your loved one loved, a song you loved, a song you listened to together, or it could be the answer of a question that you've been having. Songs, angels always work with music. Spirit always works with music to answer questions, to comfort us and mostly though to raise our vibration to bring us into a higher place. So the first thing I'm hearing and I cannot sing it clearly is Bach and then Beethoven. So there's somebody either listening or on the other side that really loved Bach and Beethoven and I hear classical, classical or the classic, classic or classic code. Bach and Beethoven. The next thing that I'm hearing as far as music goes is, I think these words are not right in the middle of the night. And that's all, that's the only verse I'm hearing from that song. So I do apologize. The next thing that I'm hearing is the song. Let's go. Oh, this is for Heather. Let's go all the way, Rosanna. Yeah, but it could be for other people out there too. They wanted to make sure they, they did get that song in again. The next song that I'm hearing, and I'm only going to do two more songs. Oh, I came in like a wrecking ball. I don't need to sing that. I think everybody knows, or if you don't know that song, it's by Miley, you can look it up. And then Jack and Diane, that song, Jack and Diane by that guy, that one guy who's saying the song. That song, Jack and Diane by that guy. And then they're showing me Rod Stewart, and they're doing that song. Maggie, wake up, Maggie. I think I got something to say to you. Okay, that song. And then the Beatles and, well, I thought I was done with songs, but apparently they are not the Beatles and women. Please let me explain. And nope, you had all your chances to talk and use it. I'm sorry, guys. I'm sure my commentary is not appreciated as much as would like it to be. Okay, no, that song, Woman, I think that's by the Beatles or John Lennon. Is there anything else before I go, folks? Any one last one? I'll let you get Purple Grain by Prince. Boom, perfect song to be done on. That is awesome. Hey, Patrick, Miss Dick Raven, Heather, we have so many people in the chat, you guys. It is amazing. I love each and every one of you, everybody who calls in. And everybody who's in the chat, thank you. Yeah, that could be it. Patrick said, John Cougar, Jack and Diane. And I think in the middle of the night is by Billy Joel. Probably, I'm not good at that. Thank you so much, Patrick. So we are going to get going now. I'm going to go between callers and questions. If you do have a question, put it in the chat. Miss Dick Raven, I know you didn't ask this, but when I look at your name, the statement I hear is it's coming soon.  Okay. Thank you guys so much for that. Thank you. I want to let everybody in wherever you are, we are going into the holiday season. So I know I think Canada just celebrated their Thanksgiving. We're about to celebrate a happy holidays to everybody. Happy holidays. I'm going to take 216. I think I am. 216, what's your name and where are you calling from? How can I help you today? All right, new job today. I want to know how do you feel, how is that going to go? Not just for the day, but for the future. Okay, so your name is Devon, right? Desmond, I'm so sorry. I'm so sorry. Thank you for correcting me. I just, if I say your name, I want to say it correctly. And I want to make sure that I'm tapped into the right energy, but I just, I'm very, I always want to say everybody's name correctly. So Desmond, the first thing that I'm hearing is the job is going to go good. Now, I'm going to give you some advice, but I'm also going to give you some, some, the first thing I'm hearing, and this is coming from an elder that is on the other side, there are two women here from the other side that are wanting to guide you in this new job and give you a few pointers. The first thing is just because somebody corrects you, it doesn't mean they're criticizing you. Okay. And I know exactly what they mean by that. Sometimes when we're on a job and somebody says something, we take it as a criticism and we take it as they think we're not doing a good job, but they're saying that's not the case at all. If somebody makes, if somebody in charge makes a correction, take it as a compliment because they care enough to make sure you're going to do the job right and you're going to be there. And it's not even necessarily that you would be doing it wrong, but that they want it to be efficient. So please don't take it in any other way than it is a peer helping you to be at this place longer. And I don't know if you guys are seeing this light fluctuation. Jesus, that is crazy. They are letting us know they are here every time I come on. The next thing they want to say is you're going to do really good at this job. Don't listen to the naysayers at the job. Just go in and work like your boss does. Well, unless your boss is lazy, then don't work like your boss. Did you guys see that? Okay. They're saying also there's going to be the opportunity if not two opportunities for you to do something on the side and make sure anything you do on the side is legit. And in a way that's going to build you into something more, bring you in more. I do feel like one of the opportunities on the side is going to be something extremely prosperous. And when they say legit, let me be clear here. I think what they mean, it's not somebody trying to scam you out of money with a pipe dream. Okay. But also legit, like don't end up in the pokey. I don't think you would, but whatever, there's two opportunities coming in. Do your research on both of them. The one thing I do when somebody comes to me and they say, hey, I'm doing this, I always read the reviews for it because if people have been ripped off by it, it's going to be in the reviews and more than one person is going to have it in the reviews. I do think one of the things you're going to have the opportunity to do on the side is something that is on your own, like almost starting your own business, a smaller business, something that is going to take you very far. Now, I'm going to say this, whatever it is, it's going to start small and it's going to grow. It's not going to start as something really super big. And I am seeing the craziest vision on this Desmond. It's almost like, and I'm just being seeing some product. It's probably not the product, but if it is kudos to your ancestors, it's almost like you're selling cigars and cigarettes or something like that. But you know those little ice cream carts that they push, you're like selling cigars and cigarettes. I don't know. I don't know. The vision I'm seeing is somewhat crazy, but what I'm going to say is whatever that is for you, if you get that opportunity, and I'm not saying it's that exact opportunity, it's something you may have been thinking about for a while. Like, you know, this would be a really good business if somebody did that. Just go and start it really small is what they're saying and let it build into something bigger. Okay. I do feel like those are your messages. The job is going to go well. Just don't take anything anybody says personally. Get through the tough days and you're going to do well. And then when or if that business idea comes, jump on it and do it on the side until it makes more, it makes more, more consistently than your day job. Okay. Whoo. Okay. That's what I have for you. Oh, okay. I hope this was helpful. All right. Yeah, it's going to come to you. Believe me, when they say there's a side thing coming in, that means it's on their way and it's on its way and they're letting you know to take it. And again, I feel like if this is something somebody else is saying to you, maybe don't make sure you check it out before you invest in it. I think the idea that's coming in for you on the side is something that's going to kind of be yours. Okay. Desmond, thank you so much for calling in today. Feel free to call in anytime and I look forward to talking with you again. You are absolutely welcome. You are absolutely welcome. Okay. I'm going to see if there's any questions yet. I don't think there are any questions in the chat. I think I could. I think I could have missed them. So if you did put up a question in, please repost it. I'm going to go to the next caller who is 415. And I'm kind of going all over with callers today. So please be patient. 415. What's your name and where are you calling from? Ms. Teresa, I'm calling from Tucson, Arizona. Thank you so much for taking my call. Absolutely my pleasure. How can I help you today, Teresa? So I'm not sure if you can tune in to my spirit cat or my mother. I can tune in to both. Which one? Did you have a question or did you just want to hear something from your mom? No, I do have a question. What's the question? A couple of days ago, there was a snake under my foot and for three nights I've been dreaming about the members one and nine. I feel like I'm getting messages of completion and new beginnings and stuff and I would like some clarity around it. Okay, the snake under your foot is to watch out. It was right behind me. It wasn't under my foot. Well, the snake, is there's a snake in your midst? Be careful about that. Oh gosh, you guys, I'm so sorry I can't. Snakes are one thing that creep me out. I don't even care if they're little grass snakes, they just clearly creep me out. A snake is most of the time a symbol of be aware of the people around you. It can be anything from backstabbing or back talking to somebody who is just very snakeish being around you. I just want to, I heard this statement and it's one of the best statements I've heard. It's about people who can have those snake-like behaviors and it was a snake will shed its skin. People will say, oh, but a snake can shed its skin. Yes, that's just so it can grow into a bigger body. It's not because it's changing, a snake is always a snake. So be careful of that. I'm not saying that's it for sure. But I would say really assess who's around you and I think you may already know, you may have a feeling or an idea of who this person may be. Now going beyond that, the dream of the one in the nine. Multiple nights. Yeah, I would say, listen, I'm really not good with dream analogy and I'm not good with numerology. I would say look up angel numbers of nines. I did. One is beginnings and nine is completion. Okay, then you already know what that is and I just wondered what it was about, what was changing. Okay, so here's what I'm gonna say. I would say that whatever that is, Teresa, that one and that nine with a snake, it may be you're coming to the conclusion of people taking advantage of you or backstabbing you or it may be that you are, you have gone through a full cycle and when you start, you're about to start a new cycle and when you start this new cycle, please make sure that you're not taking anybody who is snake like with you or you will end up repeating the same cycle again. That is what I would say in my, that's what I'm getting. The one thing I am going to say that your mom is saying to you and that is your mom's spirit guide, whomever it is, is to watch out for people that don't watch out for you. So the bigger emphasis is on people who are not honorable or having character with you and it's okay to let that complete. Whatever that is for you, that's what they're saying and I hope that makes sense for you and I hope that helps you and I hope that that gives you some vision moving forward. And they're saying you already know who that person is so please take heed is what I'm also hearing, take heed. Sometimes the snake is the person who we feel is the person that's closest to us but there's, there's something we are not wanting to see that and that can also be a very big challenge okay. Okay I'm going to go to questions in the chat if you would like to call in the, call in numbers<PHONE_NUMBER>. I'm here every single Monday at noon and every Wednesday at 7 p.m. I'm thinking of doing a new moon manifestation show this evening. If you guys would join me for that, let me know. Put a time in the, in the box and I'll be happy to do that. If you do call in please press the 1 and, and so that I can see your hand is up and that you are, I can take your call. Okay Mystic Raven on YouTube wants to know do you see me applying for a work position that is parallel to this one that I have? It's a different agency but I can keep my same job. I will make more money and yeah I think you should definitely apply for this. I do feel like you'll get it maybe not immediately but especially as we go into or in between or closer into the holiday season it's going to be coming, coming for you. You'll, I see you getting it then. I do think you should do that. I believe that would be an amazing thing for you. It would be very strong for you okay. Even if it's only temporary whatever comes in will be good for you okay. I'm going to go to the very next next color and the next color is 814. What's your name and where are you calling from? Hi. Hey. My name is Amy and I'm calling from Pennsylvania and I was calling to see if you see anything with my son Tristan about him getting any aid for college like any scholarships. Okay so as soon as you said that Amy I heard one and I feel like it might be one significant one but then he may get smaller ones but there will be one significant one. The other thing that I'm hearing with this is there will be help coming in. It might not be the help that you are kind of like wishing or hoping for but it will be help whether it's loans or whatever it is. There will be assistance on another and it's just not, it's not the maybe like the scholarships. I do feel like you should and for scholarships and for anybody in business I would say if you can find someone that can help find scholarships for you it's so worth it because there are so many scholarships out there that people are not aware of. Yes the schools will send you to certain places to look for them but there are a lot more, I'm so sorry excuse me, there are a lot more scholarships out there that are available that you would not even be aware of that you could that you could partake in. So I would find all the resources and or a person or people who can help find scholarships so that more of them can come in for him okay? Okay thank you so much. You are so very very welcome you are so welcome. There's on that I'm going to take another color so everybody please hold on I'm gonna just say this though. There is a you know I know a lot of people, one of the things I would recommend and as we're going into this new year and I know I've said this a couple of times I'm going to say it again. I, this is the time to start a business.   Have it up and going as close to the new year as possible. The message I keep getting is that by the new year or in the new year there's going to be a lot of resources or a lot of rebirth things are going to start to turn around in January and head in another direction which is really good for us. Let's fingers crossed right which would make sense because we're going into an election year so they have to make it look good. Math 101. What I am, but let's hope there's, let's just hope our powers that P are smirking for that. Let's hope they realize that. But on a bigger note, on a different note, any business at all that you have been thinking about scale it. Start it small and build it up. Manufacturing businesses, companies that build things make things that's going to be so, if you have it set like the plan and you start it and you have it up and running by the new year it's going to do very well. Now you don't need hundreds of people even if it's manufacturing. It can be a very small manufacturing company. It doesn't need to be big. It can grow with need. Another thing I'm getting is a lot of transportation, a lot of positions in transportation that doesn't mean just driving truck. That doesn't mean like delivery. That means maybe starting your own type of transportation business. If you've ever thought, you know this would be a really, there's a need for this. Now may be the time to start it. If you can't start it on your own pull-in partners. One of the biggest needs we're going to have in 24 into 25 is for electricians, plumbers and electricians, plumbers and like those people who do foundation work, like floor, well yes flooring but like the cement, the foundation cement concrete workers, concrete workers and those don't take big degrees that take 10 years, 50 years to pay back. Those you can either, some companies will give you an apprenticeship with electrician, plumber and you can learn as you go and then eventually start your own business with that. Those are, there's going to be such a huge, there is a need now but through 24 and into 25 and even they're showing me 26 is going to be such a need for that. Roofers, anybody who's doing roofing that's going to be a huge need in 24 and 25 and then another thing that's going to do very, very well are carts, C-A-R-T-S, carts and vehicles with food and beverages. Now let me go a little, anybody who does any sort of food delivery, anybody and you can cook out of your home for friends and family and deliver it, anybody but it could also be like a food truck, a food cart, a beverage and or whatever cart and don't just let it be that. I mean you can set up a little cart with crystals and be walking around. I hear on-the-go businesses like on-the-go massage, like the people who get pampered are going to really want to be pampered especially end of 24 into 25 and these people are going to want in-house service or in business service so if you do hair, if you do nails, if you do whatever it is you do make sure you find out how to get that license for your high-end clients to be able to go into their home and do these services or corporate corporations to do these services whatever that means, whatever that means for your business or however that means for your business catering is another one that's going to be very big. If you start small and grow and work with event planning companies, if you can cater that's going to be another business that's really needed in 24 and again I'm seeing June especially from June on in 24 into 27 catering is going to be huge. If you can cater things do it and I'm hearing specialty catering whatever that means for you whether that means a specialty as far as the type of food so let's say you're Greek and you cook Greek food don't think you have to do American catering or you know you can do Greek food catering you can do Latin or Spanish food catering you can do you know Italian food catering it's good it's just it's going to be very big and you can even just do desserts and catering with desserts you could be the dessert part of the catering crew and that's going to be very huge for you what other businesses give me two more businesses that anyone can pop up with well not anyone there are a number of people that are in the audience and or listening that have abilities and skills that could okay thank you that could start their own thing it doesn't have to be a full-on business and I'm going to bring this on up again I brought it up before yes margarita card a sal that is just where I was going with this oh my gosh so there are a number of businesses and a number of people that could just do like there's this thing it's called bubbly but you can legitimately so easily make your own portable bar you don't have to get theirs and and and work with again event planners or put out your own thing to be the bar at their party um and and just have margarita machines or you can do the full bar if you know how and make sure you're licensed um but yes and if it's at a private party make sure if you need licensing but that is what I'm hearing for some of the businesses that have the ability to come in and let me say this because I'm seeing it right now now I know where I live we get a winter and it's quite cold but indoor parties happen but if you know how to grill and or smoke meat and you can do a huge party for um grilling and smoking meat get that out there get that out there these are going to be really big things that are going to be coming in that are going to be really uh people are going to start to do again okay so please if you're capable of any of this please get it out there and start it okay I'm gonna go to I can't remember if I'm if I if you'd like to call in the call in numbers eight four five two seven seven nine one three one Diana uh uh what I Carla asked a question first Carla on YouTube is asking um why do I feel ostracized by everyone Carla the answer I want to give you is people stink but I can't get that answer because that's not I mean I'm just going to say we're in a very very difficult time right now Carla this is not even a psychic answer this I'm sure people are the chat would agree people have been very different recently but I'm going to do a clearing for healthy loving relationships so here we go we're going to clear that healthy loving relationships come in and that we have healthy loving relationships Carla there's a lot going on in the world and I'm just going to say to you that during this time don't take anything personally it's very it's a very difficult time for everybody I think a lot of people who have been doing okay and have not had financial difficulties or a lot of people who have you know always had had everything okay things are very different now so let's all just be kind and loving to each other and if somebody is making you feel ostracized just move on for now don't completely cut them off just move on and then if it comes back together great but right now don't take it personally okay I'm going to go to the very next caller who is 780780 what's your name and where are you calling from hey tony it's jay caller from Canada thanks for taking my call hey jay how are you today absolutely absolutely my pleasure how can I help you today jay hey I do have a question at room it's regarding my boss he's always saying tell me do something and he does it himself and I actually reminded him several times that hey if you're going to do that just know why he does that he did that a couple times that he didn't realize I just wondered why he does that there's going to be a reason I think I know what it is so there's a couple things coming to mind and the first thing is some people think if they don't do it it won't get done and it's easier for them to do it because you know somebody else won't do it the way they would do it they just see it and it needs to be done and they want it done then in that very second what he wants your it's a very odd dynamic your boss is for the most part a good person he just is hyper vigilant about making sure everything's done right away and I hear higher ups and I feel like part of that is him making sure that the higher ups don't see things that are not done so he would rather done so he would rather just jump in and do them himself if he has the time to do it if that makes sense to you jay I hope it does yeah yeah I would I would just you know I don't even know what to say with a person like that because sometimes like if if I had employees I would give them a list of a hundred things and then I would be doing all hundred of them so that I mean but but that's how we are as humans this needs to be done let's just let's get it done now I feel like when he says something needs to be done he feels like it's urgent and it needs that immediate attention even if it doesn't okay yeah you apologize on several occasions too so but um just apologies well yeah for the most part he's a good guy he really um he's he's also a little bit I feel like believe it or not he's a little bit of a people blazer but most of all you know there are people that he answers to and he never wants them to see him in a bad view so he makes sure everything is always done as soon as it needs to be so if that makes sense to you I don't know I hope it does that makes sense okay perfect well jay it's always wonderful to hear from you thank you so much for calling in happy time there we are just enjoy the moment that we have thank you so much jay you have an amazing rest of the day thank you jay okay we are gonna go to next I have to kind of go back a little bit to find the questions uh Diane Diana wants to know hi Tony this is Diana from Houston lately I noticed my neck vein left side looks a little swollen when laying down also a little numbing sensation on the left yeah go to a doctor um I don't know honestly if you should be alarmed um for the sake of YouTube I have to say go to the doctor I would also say check out a chiropractor um that's where I would go first a chiropractor and then I would go to a doctor if that did not get the right results um I feel like that would be the best answer I can give you Diana um I feel like something might be pinched up up here so I feel like find out from a chiropractic uh chiropractor first and then take the next step after that um so that is what I would say for you okay gonna go to the next caller who is um I don't think I took this person about five one four five one four what's your name and where are you calling from hi this is Genevieve from Montreal Canada how are you Tony I'm good Genevieve how are you how are you so so so good so so good we're having snow but we're good we're keeping warm in our hearts I don't want to hear about snow oh I don't want it I'm so dreading it so Genevieve what's up what's your question yeah okay well I believe it would be for the spirits above the angels or whomever uh want to answer that question as you know I'm it I'm exploring right now uh new territories I'm venturing into new potentials of my expansion for new possibilities with my new book that I'm writing and um it's it's been they've been answering they've been sending me answers which is wonderful when I've been questioning about the how I'm writing book and they answered my questions and it's beautiful I want to keep on this beautiful me shining so brightly and playing big and not playing small and I don't want it I don't know how to explain it but it feels like it's bigger than me like I don't want to hold back like this there's no way back I'm on this journey and it's just like I'm fully in it and I'm loving it because it's just beautiful and I'm seeing things happening in front of me and I'm like watching this and I'm like interesting it's confirming that I'm you know what I've got the choice to either stop this or put a slow on this or continue and I want to continue I would like to have from you that you're beautiful angels around you and around me um what to do to keep on that shine that that light shining brightly on me so that I continue to create more and I can continue to create more abundance more love more potential more possibilities more fun more freedom more more creation more and everything okay so what I would say um thank you for sharing that what I would say is and the first thing I'm hearing is focus focus focus where your focus goes is where your environment grows so that is what they have for you is to stay focused on what you're working on or what you're wanting and then you will it will grow from there okay love yes thank you you are so so welcome and I'm happy that this journey is going beautifully for you and that everything is falling into place and it's such a miraculous experience for you just stay focused in the right direction and you will be very happy with it and thank you thank you so much for calling in I really um I love every time that you call in aloha j um how are you aloha j i'm going back and trying to look at some of the pine lake hi pine lake how are you um an auto repo person yes that's a huge business right now aloha j for sure it is hey marla how are you um jesus j um let's see I'm looking for a question I'm just I'm telling you I'm reading these comments and it is it's it's pretty funny I love it um mack mackyre mackyre brown hi how are you uh finally caught alive I'm so happy you're here um first name last name that's their youtube name I'm gonna go with their question hey tony do you see me speaking on the stage I just realized today that I'm terrified of doing it but I have been dreaming of doing it for years um I hear yes no yes no yes no okay so first name last name our stages have changed considerably since 20 whatever the last couple of years so I would say if you're terrified start with an online stage and going live online whether it's facebook um youtube zoom uh start going live that way and then from there you will be moving into a space where you are able to go live in person and start with smaller groups start with smaller I hear um do go go on go on stage with smaller groups live first and build yourself up listen I've done really um I've done a lot of live things and live groups and during one of them I it was a it was a bigger group and I was so excited but I was also so nervous and didn't realize my mic was on and kind of praying and stuff and anyway no matter what we all get nervous before we go live and into a big huge or small group of the way we'll be received or what we're saying and just start small and go from there and work one on one one on two one on four and then work yourself into bigger groups and you're going to be just fine and do a lot of building um a stage platform on line it's once you have that stage platform online even if you can't see the people when you're speaking eloquently or easily to them you will also be able to do it more easily in person I hope that makes sense to you I hope that does hey karmic karen how are you love that name by the way I'm going to go to the next caller who is um uh 203 203 what's your name and where are you calling from hello bye bye okay I'm going to go to 8600 860 what's your name and where are you calling from hi my name is Lisa I'm calling from Connecticut and thank you for this absolutely I would love to hear from your dad I'm sorry I would love to hear I would love to hear from my dad okay what's your dad's first name well it's Robert but it was Bob he's known as Bob Bob okay oh I love this as soon as his energy like hit me it was like just big happy energy like such big happy energy uh the first thing that he wants to say to you is um and there's so much coming through so much emotion and so many words that he wants to say he's saying um there's so much he wanted he would have told you like if he had known that he didn't get the chance to tell you and he wants to say it all now but he can't Lisa how old are you love I'm 64 he died 39 years ago okay yeah that makes sense because there's so much he wants to tell you that he didn't get the chance to tell you so that makes sense for the time frame that he went so what I'm going to say to you what he wants you to know and how he wants you to know it is that um life is fleeting don't let the little things get to you and don't have the um the uh the um apprehend thank you apprehension of things just go in wholeheartedly don't make excuses just go in wholeheartedly and allow yourself to be in the moment with this allow yourself to be in the time that you are in and the experience that you are in don't uh and again he's saying like don't make excuses don't make excuses so and I'm going to give you an example this isn't an exact it's just an example of sometimes people once they reach a certain age and they become single they say things like oh all the good guys are taken or who would want me at this age or I missed my opportunity to start the don't make it whether it's business or love or family whatever it is don't don't have preconceived notions just jump in wholeheartedly and don't worry everything will fall into place is the biggest message that he's sending and he's saying these holidays this holiday season is going to be different than the rest but in a good way so this holiday season is going to be different than the rest but in a good way now don't expect baby jesus to show up under your tree if you celebrate that i mean i'm being i'm being but that's not what he said like it you're not going to wake up christmas morning and go out there and there's a big vision or if you're jewish you're not going to have like uh whatever he's saying it's just going to be more loving if you allow that if you allow people in and if you allow for that love it's going to be there and it will that feeling that is supposed to come with this season will be there if you allow it okay sweetie much you gave me chills thank you thank you god bless you god bless you too and i love that so much i love it absolutely thank you for letting us know that he wants you to know he even though there's been some time since he's gone he's always with you he doesn't he doesn't uh separate himself he always has one like if you okay so i'm going to explain this for you but also everybody else listening when people go home or leave their physical body they're like a ball of light an orb if you will and that orb just like the sun can have rays coming out of it and that ray can be on us at all times so when someone is on the other side their ray from their soul or spirit or whatever you call it that moves on can stay connected with our energy at all times and that's how we can feel them and communicate with them telepathically once they have left their physical body and he wants you to know that he's always has his ray on you is the best way i love that statement and this is the first time somebody has given me this analogy and i love this analogy but he always has his ray on you or in your energy and you guys always have cross energy going like your energy is with him his energy is with you and anytime your energy feels heavy and this is for anyone and everyone listening you can either go to the source the the whole source our source god or angels or whatever you want to call it or you can go to a loved one and say clean up my energy clean up my energy um it's like having an air filter clean out all the pollution in your home it's the same thing you can go to a loved one or whom you know and say clean clean clean and clear my energy right now and if they will they will do that they will do that you you should also change your mind of the thoughts that you're thinking but it not you personally but whomever is having that feeling but yes that is what he's saying his ray is always on you and will never leave you and never let you go okay i like thank you you are so oh my goodness thank you so much and i'm so grateful that he was able to come through and give you that message and and help you and um when you sit down in your moments of silence and even as you're going to sleep and again this is for you and anybody else listening um just focus in on him and those telepathic messages will definitely come through and you will hear messages from your loved ones at that time um with intention and focus all things come in is what i would want to say to you lisa thank you so much for calling in thank you so much for allowing me to be the one that connects you to and give you that message i'm so grateful for it okay everybody um i go live every monday at noon and every wednesday at seven p.m both of those times are central times i also um every once in a while pop in and do another uh like a pop-up show i also sometimes will do a um like i'm gonna start doing new moon and fall moon um manifestation shows and a few other things so please if you want to be part of them just click that button that allows you to know when i pop up otherwise you know when i go live my scheduled times and i will see you on those shows it's almost they're going to give me that 90 second warning any second which always gets me like ah so i want to thank everybody who has listened in everybody who has watched everybody who has called in thank you so much for joining the show today i'm going to try to go live tonight um with a new moon manifestation meditation i won't necessarily be taking callers we'll be be doing a meditation and putting our our thoughts out there of what we would like to see come to fruition for us i'm going to try to do that so please click the 90 second there it is click those buttons to know when and i scheduled that for tonight i have a lot of um work today so i'm going to try to look at what time i can do that but whoever there is there and it will work out great thank you again everybody i love you all so stinkin much i look forward to if i don't see you tonight seeing you on wednesday and until then have an absolutely amazing 60 seconds


I'd like now to introduce you to Ashley and Lacey as she gets herself ready. Yeah, don't stick it in the eye. Thanks. Ashley is a certified athletic therapist and a second year MSc student in the School of Health and Human Performance in DCU. She is there studying the risk factors for running related injuries. To date she has completed a lot of qualitative research investigating runners use of running technologies, their engagement and long-term research and their perceptions around running related injuries. So I think what she is going to talk to you about here this morning is essentially what you've been telling her and I think it's a very interesting talk. Ashley is a Gaelic football and basketball player and as she calls herself a very recreational runner. Yeah, off season, reluctantly. Thank you. Perfect. Thanks, Brian. So I'm going to chat to you today about research we've been doing in DCU on runner's perspectives of running related injuries. So firstly, what is a running related injury? So running injuries are different to other high impact sport injuries like ACL tears and football or shoulder dislocations and rubble and they're chronic and insidious and onset. So they develop gradually over time, but how are they defined in the research? So there have been a variety of definitions used to define injury and research and they use different criteria. And this makes it hard to compare findings between studies. So a consensus definition was developed in 2015 that defined a running related injury as musculoskeletal pain in the lower limbs or lower back. So that was the first thing it had to have pain. Secondly, it either had to cause a stoppage or restriction to training or require medical attention. So we felt there were a couple of limitations to this about this definition of injury because it doesn't quite capture that chronic onset of injury and it also uses a time-lapse definition. So it has to cause a restriction or stoppage to training when we know that runners continue to train with injuries. And thirdly, it was developed through the opinions of researchers, which were very appropriate, but we felt we wanted to include the opinions of the people who experience these injuries. So we conducted a focus group study where we interviewed 31 runners across seven focus groups. We had 13 male and 18 female and they were from a variety of running backgrounds. So we had some sprinters, some middle distance marathon, ultramarathon. Each focus group was about two hours in duration. And they were recorded when transcribed and then we analyzed the data. So we came up with a number of core categories, teams and sub themes from this data. We extracted the data and then analyzed the data. And we came up with our findings. So when we firstly posed the question to runners about how they define and describe injury, they came up with a number of expected terms that we thought would come up that mapped quite well with this definition of injury, things like pain, being unable to run, frustrated, limping, a bit affecting their daily life or needing medical attention. But as we kind of chatted more and discussed further, we got a more nuanced version of injury and more progressive definition of injury, I suppose, and things like discomfort or tightness, stiffness, awareness, being cautious, running through it and ignoring it. These terms came up. So we combined all of these together and we came up with our findings and this is what we found. So the first thing is that runners perceive injury on a continuum. And this continuum goes from its lowest point at running smooth to its highest point as a career ending injury. And there are seven other points then along this continuum that run through discomfort, niggle, twinge, persistent niggle, non-responsive injury, an injury with an acute effect and an injury with a chronic effect. And these points were arrived at based on how runners physically describe each stage, how they psychologically describe this, the effect it had on their performance and the effect it had on their daily life. We also asked then how runners manage injury and typically they do three things. So either they do nothing, they use self-management strategies or they look towards external sources. Then we also found that this is very individual and how this is perceived and managed is different for each runner. And a lot of different factors come in to influence this. So things like age or previous injury or whether someone has children or they're moved on a particular date, this all comes into play to influence how this is perceived. So I'm going to just briefly chat through each point and describe what each one is. So the first one is running smooth and this is the first, the lowest level and it was injury-free and pain-free. There was full training, so there was no interference to training. There was no effect on daily life and no management. So it was fairly straightforward. The next stage was discomfort. And this was the first description of a complaint. And words like stiffness or tightness or tiredness were used to describe this stage, but it was something that was temporary. So typically it might be felt before your session, you'd go for a run and then it'd be gone. You'd loosen out. Again, full training could continue. There was no influence to training.  They felt sluggish at this point. It was kind of psychologically, they just felt a bit slow. For the majority, there was no management involved, although some started to increase their stretching and they might turn towards external sources like looking up exercises on YouTube or then chatting to their friends, typically people they would run with, so people with experience of running. The next point was a word used by every runner in every focus group. And we wanted to find out what is a niggle. And a lot of different terms were used to describe this. And these were some of the most common discomfort, low pain, and increased awareness of an area. But how it differed from the previous point was that it's something that's repeated. So it happens more than once and you're more aware of it and it's kind of niggling and it's going on and on. And it was also described as this kind of constant state. So people constantly have niggles and they live in this niggle city. It was just standard. But again, for the majority, there was full training. So people train and run through niggles. But at this point, some people started to change their training so they'd either reduce their distance or their pace or they'd focus more on their warm-ups to do a longer, more intense warm-up. Again, it didn't filter into the rest of their day but they were cautious and had a bit of a fear of more serious injuries. So they're starting to think, should this be something I'm worried about? The majority, again, don't really manage it. Some, a few more, start to increase their stretching. They take a rest day maybe. Again, they're looking at Google, YouTube, or chatting to their friends. The twinge, this is an outlier. It's the rest of the continuum and that's why it sits above because it's something that's quite intense and painful and things like darting pain or cramp were used to describe it but it's short-lived and it comes and goes really quickly.  But it doesn't last and it's not there the next time you run. Again, it still didn't filter into the rest of their day but it's annoying and it's something that they think, should I be worried about this? Probably not, it's not a big deal.  So either with self-management, or they're taking another rest day. They're using ice or they're stretching. They're Googling, they're chatting to their friends, or now they're looking for more expert opinion and they're turning to a coach. Moving back onto the main continuum, this is this persistent niggle and how it differs from the niggle is that it's more intense and it's lasting longer. So there's no longer description of kind of more benign terms like stiffness or tightness and it's now pain. And it's something that's persistent and it's not going away. By this point, all runners are starting to change their load. So either overall load, distance, intensity, or more rest days are being taken here. Again, there's no real effect on the rest of their day. It's still only during their running session that they feel it, but now they're worried about it. So now we have anxiety about it and this is something that I'm worrying about. Again, alter training is how they manage it or they're starting to take medication to manage their pain or using ice and heat to manage pain. So the kind of self-management is more looking towards pain management. They're still chatting to friends and coaches and now we have the first onset of some sort of medical intervention. So whether it's physio or AT. This brings us up to about the halfway mark and this non-responsive injury was a point to describe our runners that all attempts to manage the complaint this far have failed and now they need to make a decision about what am I going to do? Do I stop running? Do I power through? Do I go get help? Like it's not responding to what I'm doing. So how do I manage it? And we're now into more pain. So pain is ramping up. It's something that's still persistent and now it's constant. So it's every run all the time I feel it. Again, how they're managing it is with reduced load. They're starting to introduce some sort of walk-run strategy. They feel they shouldn't be running but a lot will continue to run but some will choose now to stop running at this point. And this is the point now where it starts to drip into the rest of their day. So things like climbing the stairs or bringing in the shopping now they feel it outside of their normal running session. And again, they're worried about it and they're concerned about it. And self-management involves load management, joint supports and like checking their footwear maybe using orthotics, different kind of external sources of help and more reliance on that medical intervention. This point then is the point that maps closest with this consensus definition. So we can see all the detail before this that is potentially being missed if we only rely on this consensus definition. So pain is really starting to ramp up here. We're talking severe discomfort, high pain, sharp pain. A few will continue running again with altered training so either reduced load, distance, pace, but the majority will stop now in the short term. So this is for a number of weeks they've had to stop running. And again, pain is outside their normal session and they're starting to make conscious efforts to offload the injured areas. So they're driving instead of walking. And again, they're very worried about it. This is kind of increasing all the time. They're still doing pain relief and management and heavier reliance now on external management strategies. So this is the second last point then and this is an injury with a chronic effect. And again, the physical pain is starting to ramp up again we're talking extreme discomfort, sharp pain and very high pain. And all runners now have stopped at this point so no one's running and a lot are actually unable to run. So this is a long-term stop running for a number of months. And pain outside running again, similar to the previous point they're making those conscious efforts to offload it. They're still very worried about it and now they're getting frustrated. Less reliance on physio or AT input and more kind of specialist intervention and we're looking at imaging and scans to try and find out what's going on. Then the maximum point of this continuum was this career-ending injury. And this is something that was associated with very high pain and ill ability to run and potentially never running again. So again, frustration and now the onset of depression at this point, kind of last resort medical specialist and potential surgery to manage this complaint. So I suppose what did we want to take from this? And we wanted to highlight this progressive nature of injury and hopefully correlate that with this progressive perception of injury and highlight that this continuum is progressive and that runners will move along it in a fluid manner depending on how they manage it. But again, it's very individual for each runner and all these factors are going to influence how it's perceived. So not all runners agreed on each point and you may not agree on every point but hopefully runners will move along it as they perceive it. And then how we hope to use this. So the ultimate aim is to reduce the amount of running-related injuries. So we hope to use this continuum in a smartphone app to monitor runners over a 12-month period and monitor their training and use this continuum to capture all these stages of injury and monitor these complaints and hopefully no career-ending injuries. I don't know how we're doing for time but I think that's me.


They also designed a silicon on-insulator waveguide micro heater device to control the crystallization process of the phase change material. Using these components, they were able to create a hybrid computing system capable of performing convolutional processing for image recognition tasks, with an accuracy of 86% and 87%, respectively. This article was authored by Wendu, Bowie Dong, Nikolaos Pharmakides, and others.