I always start with this slide, which shows all the crises in the world, not all them, but most of the crises in the world. And every time I show it I say, the crises are getting worse, and they're getting even more interconnected with the world before. And I think that is really true. What we're interested in is making sure that we think of agriculture, food security, and nutrition security as at the centre of these crises. We think that we accorded that position. We don't really quite know where we're going to get to. The commitments that are being laid out in Paris mean that we'll probably get to something like three degrees instead of the two that we want to get to. There's a big move to go to 1.5, and I think that's a really good political aim. If you go to, we're on track at the moment, really to go to that right-hand side, which will get you to something like four degrees, and you'll notice there that you've got great areas of very hot climates in Northern and Southern Africa in particular. We always have to keep in memory that when something has an average of two degrees above pre-industrial, it's an average. Some places will do much worse. Africa is hotting up faster than any other climate in the plan. What is particularly interesting is this graph, which I came across recently, which shows when the climates start to move beyond the historical. In other words, when you start to get weather behaviour that is not in the previous record, a good example is November the first near our house in Sussex this month where we hit 22 degrees centigrade, and that's the first time on record that it's been so hot in November in Southeast England. Mostly you're getting outside the historical in the oceans, but you can see West Africa, for example, getting it in the next few years and so on. What we're also getting is more weather extremes. This is the great winter of 2010-2011. The whole of the country was covered with ice and most of Ireland too. That was the year in which there was the great drought in America, drier since 1936. It was the great heat wave in Russia. It was the great flooding in Pakistan and there was another drought in Australia. We're going to get more of that kind of phenomenon into the future when all these things start to come together and they will be very difficult to cope with. In the UK effectively what's going to happen is that it's going to get drier and hotter in the Southeast and the rest of the UK is going to get wetter. In the Southeast it means that we're simply going to go towards producing wine. We've got massive vineyards being planted all over where we live and elsewhere and that's probably going to be our salvation. It's growing very high quality wines for the rest of the world. In the West you're getting more grassland production and therefore more livestock intensity. I decided because I was coming here I'd try and find out what's going on in Ireland so I'm going to show you things that you know but I'll just do it again. If you look at Irish temperatures it's a kind of mirror in a way. Not a mirror, it's a replica of what's happening in the United Kingdom. You're getting in the West here much milder winters into the future and so you're getting earlier springs and that's going to increase your milk production. In the summer it's just going to get hotter and hotter and hotter. Sorry about that, it is. But the rainfall is particularly interesting because you are going to get more rainfall in the winter but it's this that's fascinating. It's the increasing degree of drought. It's not just in the South-East of Ireland. It's over a great deal of Ireland. You're getting very extensive dry weather into the future. What's going to happen is your milk yields have sort of levelled a bit but you're going to go on increasing your milk yield because of the early growth of grass in the West. The potatoes are going to be highly variable and they're going to suffer enormously from the drought. The papers I've taken this from, you probably know, the person has written them, is arguing that eventually potatoes will not be a crop any longer, a viable crop in Ireland unless there's considerable irrigation which is a sort of a rather tragic thing to think about. Wheat and barley are going to go on increasing but they're going to be replaced a lot by maize and by soybean into the future. I just say that because I've only just discovered it and you probably all know what I've just said that there it is. But what is important is that both in the UK and Ireland we can cope. The problems are not that great. It'll be easy, relatively easy to change your cropping patterns. In Africa it's already tough. You've got much shorter growing periods. I was in Ghana and also Ghana recently and the rains came a month late and they finished a month early so there was only 100 days. That's happening a lot now. Most important is the maximum temperature above 30 degrees is increasing and we know what that's doing to maize crops. There's been considerable analysis of maize yields as a function of maximum temperatures. It turns out that for every degree day above 30 degrees you lose 1.7% of the final crop. That's a result of 2,000 experiments in Africa. Very well-grounded piece of information. In other words, if you go to 31 degrees you'll lose 1.7% of the crop. If you go to 32 degrees you'll lose 3.4% of the crop. If you do that 2 days successively it'll be 1.7.2% of the crop. Massive loss of maize yield is a result of heat. The point I really want to make here though is that agriculture is especially vulnerable to climate change.  Fundamental vulnerability. Also, farmers are particularly vulnerable. Developing country farmers are small. They don't have much money. They have less than a hectare of land. They have no resources to fall back on. Even developed country farmers out here often struggle to make a living and they depend on subsidies and insurance and all of them are highly vulnerable to extreme events. So unlike other sectors like say aviation or house building or transport or whatever else it is, this is a sector that's extremely vulnerable to climate change that has never really been accepted by the negotiators in terms of climate change. There's only a couple of sentences in all the draft negotiations that are going on at the moment which refer to food security or agriculture. And I think many of us think that okay, fine, they'll have this conference, but that's not what's important. What is important is after the conference. It's working hard to make sure that the governments, both developed countries and developing countries, donors and recipients work to make agriculture much more important in terms of adaptation and mitigation. We know that there's massive hunger in Africa and that's one of the problems we've got to solve. We also know that it's not an issue of population growth. Everybody, the public all thinks that the real problem is the population's growing and we've got to feed it. That isn't the big problem. It's the sort of problem, but it's not a big problem. The big problem is that we're eating more meat. The green there is pigment, I mean pork and other products of pigs. Half of all of that is consumed in China. Half of all the world's pork and pigment is consumed in China. They've recently bought Smithfield, which is the biggest American producer and processor of pork. The Chinese have bought it. The Chinese import huge amounts of soybean to feed pork and other animals. When we get the next great big, confluence of different extreme events, the Chinese are going to go on that market to gab all the soybean they can. It's going to get rough. There's also the problem of land degradation. This is work done in the University of Bonn. All that really is significant land degradation. These are the hotspots of land degradation, not just ordinary land degradation, but significant land degradation. In Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, it's over a quarter of all the land is suffering from severe land degradation. You can see it all along the Sahel, round the Great Lakes and down there. It's massive the amount of land degradation in the world. We're doing very little about it. It just compounds the issues that we've got. We have to intensify land production. We've got to produce more. Given that water and land of good quality is in short supply, we've got to produce more nutritious food, more variable food, and we've got to produce higher farming incomes. That's what we have to do on the same amount of land or less. I suppose, in theory, we could cut down all the forests in the Congo and we could grow a lot more land, but the climate would be even further affected. We have to produce more with less. But it has to be sustainable. You're adding and adding on the problems and the challenges. You've got to use your inputs more prudently, whether it be fertilisers or pesticides or whatever. You've got to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. You've got to increase natural capital. In other words, you've got to build up soil organic matter. You've got to build up soil moisture. You've got to build up natural enemies of pests. You've got to strengthen resilience. That's what the task is.  For most of us, it's really horrendous to think that that's what we have to do. At the centre of that is this notion of climate smart agriculture, linked into this notion of sustainable intensification. Climate smart agriculture is contentious. Many NGOs say it's all about industrial hegemony. The essence of it is that you're talking about adaptation and mitigation, but the mitigation has to be a co-benefit. I'll come to that in what I'm going to say next. These are the different bits, these are the FAO definition of what climate smart agriculture is about. I know that you've got a programme on this here and it will be interesting to see how you think about what you're doing in terms of these criteria for what's climate smart agriculture. One approach is precision farming. Sorry, this is a bit, Luke, you're going to have to take out because I don't have the copyright for you. You put fertiliser in it and you put that in a hole when you plant the maize plant. You may put some manure in there as well. That way you get away with very, very small amounts of fertiliser per hectare. You're producing higher yields and you're minimising the amount of nitrous oxide that's being given off by the field. You're getting all these double benefits and that's what's exciting about it. The same is true of drip irrigation. This is drip irrigation in home, somewhere. I mean, what's this captioning? Of course, you're making sure that you're just using the exact amounts of water for what you want to do. You're not wasting the water. The principle is the same, precision agriculture, even if the practice is very, very different. And the other interest that people have got is in conservation agriculture. Conservation agriculture consists in part, and you've done a lot of work in concern on this, in part on no till. In other words, you don't plough the land. And because you don't plough it, you can serve its structure rather better. You prevent a degree of erosion. But don't just not plough the land. You have to keep the land covered throughout the year. And you may do that by leaving the stover, the material after you've harvested, so, for example, if you harvest a mage, you leave the stalks on the surface of the ground, keeping the ground covered.  So, those three elements, no till keeping cover on the ground and alternating with a legume. And here you can see an example in UK, in Lincolnshire, where the wheat straw has been left on the ground and you're planting a bean crop in subsequent years. And you're getting increases in yields, reductions in crop establishment, reductions in fuel use, and reductions in erosion of different kinds. It works extremely well. And it's working in many parts of the developing world, as well as in the industrialized world. I said there's also the issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is a complicated picture, but basically it talks about three gases, carbon dioxide, which comes from clearing land, primarily, methane and nitrous oxide, coming from animals and nitrous oxide from fertilizer. Those are what agriculture gives off. Methane and nitrous oxide are much more powerful in terms of creating global warming than carbon dioxide. So agriculture as a whole is a major contributor of greenhouse gases in the world. Something like 14% of all the greenhouse gases come from agriculture as such, and another, what's it, 15% more percent coming from clearing land. It's a big contributor. I will reduce methane and nitrous oxide with various attempts being made with genetics and better management and different livestock and so on. There are good examples working at a small scale, but there's very little working at any kind of large scale. And we need much more effort to go into this in terms of producing large scale solutions. In most cases, what we need is a combination of adaptation and mitigation. Now, mitigation needs to be the co-benefit or the afterthought or the extra that comes out. There's a well-known crop which RSA has been promoting. These trees are called phyterbia. They're a kind of albitsia. They have a curious habit of shedding their leaves in the wet season. And when they shed their leaves, you get more nitrogen because they're leguminous. And there's enough nitrogen underneath these trees to produce you three tonnes of hectare without three tonnes of maize per hectare without adding fertilizer. And they put carbon back. They'll put carbon back to... Oh, it's underneath, sorry. Two to four tonnes per hectare you can get from under this kind of agroforestry. It's much better than conservation farming, in fact. And you've got the standing crop where it's mature will give you 10 to 20 tonnes of carbon in land. We need more examples like this of where you do something that actually increases your yield but at the same time gets carbon back into the soil or reduces methane or nitrous oxide. The problem is of financing. If you're a farmer and your extension agent comes to you and says, we think you should do this and we think you should do that. After three or four years, you'll be much better off as a result. The farmer will say, yes, yes, yes. And say, I don't have the money, I don't have the time, I don't have the labour to do what you want me to do. It's very difficult to get farmers to invest in their land, particularly if they're small, with less than two hectares of land. There are all these climate funds, about 50 different climate funds in the world. We can recite them. There's the green climate fund, the climate investment fund, the green technology fund, the green development mechanism and so on. Lots of them live there. But they're nearly all very complex. They're very bureaucratic and they're very difficult to access. So virtually none of their funding goes to Africa. And none goes to Small Holder Farmers, or my new amount goes to Small Holder Farmers in Africa. And that has got to change. Nothing will happen until that really changes. That's the depressing thing that's out there. We'll hear a great deal about all these pledges of money for climate change, but it's not getting to Africa and it's not getting to Small Holder Farmers. Value chains are important as part of this mix You can think of the value chain running up from rural to urban. There's all kinds of issues you can hang on value chains. But one that I just want to mention very briefly is insurance. Farmers will only be innovative if there is some degree of insurance. They're only likely to buy new seeds or fertilisers or to invest in their land. If there is some kind of insurance that protects them when it all goes wrong. And I've had a brilliant PhD student called Eric Chaves who has developed a mathematical construct that gives you the probability of extreme weather over one or two decades for a particular area. And he was finishing his PhD and Sainsbury's heard about his PhD and they asked him to go and talk to them. And as a result of that he's raised one and a half million euros for this insurance programme. In the UK, £6 billion a year are lost because suppliers don't supply what they're contracted to supply to supermarkets. The bill for Sainsbury's was £600 million alone. And what he's done is to produce this scheme and it's down to eight kilometre pixels if you like which gives you the kind of weather and so on into the future. And we've got a pilot programme in Tanzania on this to see how well this would work. The whole notion is to give farmers much more confidence that when they do things that they haven't done before they will get some insurance in the programme. Finally, resilience. Resilience is about how you react to stress or shock. You can anticipate it and survey it and prevent it, tolerate, recover it. The trouble is we tend to spend all our money down here recovering and restoring, not in terms of preventing what will happen. How do you get resilient livelihoods? A good example in the mouth of the sentiments in India is that this woman grows rice and she also grows vegetables. She's got a husband and he raises fish fry. You've got a little bicycle taxi which he rides around the village and you can have a ride on it or you'll take your bags with him. So they've got the rice, they've got the vegetables, they've got this and as I was walking away there was a solar panel on the fat truth. Most of you who've worked in Africa know that if you go to a village what you have to do is ask a lot of daft questions and then you finally find out the truth. So I said, oh, why have you got a solar panel? Electricity. He didn't say electricity, he's done it, but he said electricity. I said, oh, why do you want electricity? He said, for light bulbs. He said, he's going to be pretty cross at this point. Then I said, why do you want light bulbs? Then he said, so the children do their homework. So his children do their homework, they will get some kind of qualification out of their school, they will go and get a job in the nearby little township and then there'll be another source of income for that family when the next cycle comes and it did come, not very long after I took those photographs. I think there's a general lesson there, it's not just the Sunderbanz in India, it's for all of us. That's one of the answers we have to take. Thank you.


A very good evening, aspirants. Welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankaray's Academy. These are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis. It has been provided along with the page numbers of different editions of Hindi newspaper. The handwritten notes in the pita format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is provided in the description box and also in the comment section. Let's move on to the first news article analysis for today. The first discussion for today is based on this news article which talks about the promotion of integrated farming systems by the Agriculture Department of Kerala. So in this discussion we will see about the integrated farming system and its advantages. Now this topic is very important from problems as well as mains perspective. Even last year that is in 2019 a mains question appeared in GS paper 3 which asked how far is the integrated farming system helpful in sustaining agricultural production. So you can see the importance of this topic. Now let us move on to the discussion. Before that the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. Now first let us see what is meant by integrated farming systems or in short IFS. As its name suggests it is a integration of various agricultural enterprises by the farmer. This includes integration of cropping, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry etc by the farmer and all these components are maintained at the same place to generate employment throughout the year. So what is the need for such a system? We know that more than 80% of farmers in India are small and marginal farmers and they have very low land holdings and additionally this scarcity in irrigation and then reducing fertility of soil and also the erratic weather conditions create more problems to the farmers and more importantly our farmers concentrate mainly on crop production only and because of this they are subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income and also employment to them because sometimes the crop production could be seasonal so for a particular season they may be employed. So in this context only it becomes very important to evolve a suitable strategy for augmenting the income of farmers and based on this the integrated farming system was initiated to bring about a change in the farming techniques for bringing maximum productivity in the farming sector and this is done by optimal utilization of resources that is utilization of the resources which is available at hand. Now how this integrated farming is done? It is done with a judicious mix of agricultural enterprises like dairy, poultry, pigiri, fishery, sericulture etc. In this as you know sericulture is the production of silk and the rearing of silkworms and these practices will be carried out by considering the agro-climatic conditions and the socioeconomic status of the farmers. Now in this mixing of agricultural enterprises you should note that the crops, livestock, birds and trees are the major components and here the crop may have subsystems like monocrop, a mixed crop or intercrop, then multi-tier crops of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, forage etc. and the livestock components may be milch cow, goats, sheeps, poultry, bees etc. and the tree components may include timber and fruit trees also. Now some of the examples of this system include integrated rice fish poultry farming system model of Tamil Nadu, then the integrated rice fish vegetable model of Assam, then integrated pig or poultry fish vegetable farming system model of Assam etc. So what are the advantages of integrated farming system? The main advantage is that it will help to increase food production to equate the demand of the rapidly increasing population of our country. Then it also helps to reduce soil erosion when the IFS techniques are used properly. Then the integrated farming will also help in environmental production through effective recycling of waste from the animal activities like pigry, poultry and pigeon rearing. So this in turn will reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers to a greater extent and because of this organic waste recycling integrated farming system helps in maintaining soil fertility and productivity also. So overall this system helps in achieving the national mission for sustainable agriculture which is nothing but the eight missions outlined in the national action plan on climate change of government of India. And according to experts inclusion of biogas and agroforestry in the integrated farming system will solve the future energy crisis also. Here just know that agroforestry is nothing but the agriculture incorporating the cultivation of trees. As we already saw fruit bearing trees then timber could be grown as part of this system. Now these are the common advantages of IFS. Now what are the advantages with respect to farmers? One major advantage is reduced production cost of components through the input recycling from the byproducts of allied enterprises. This means it helps in increasing farm income through proper residue recycling and allied components. We already saw about the recycling of waste and we saw how this organic waste recycling will help to reduce the usage of chemical fertilizers and it will increase soil fertility and productivity. So this is one of the major advantages for the farmers. Then other than that farmers will also be able to get regular stable income through the production of products like egg, milk, mushroom, vegetables, honey and silkworm, cocoons etc. Because these productions can be carried out even when there is erratic rainfall damaging the crops. So in this scenario farmers not only be depending on the crop production they will also focus on producing these products which will be another source of income for them. So overall this system helps in generation of regular employment for the family members of the small and marginal farmers also. So based on these advantages we can say that the integrated farming system helps in building a self-reliant India in terms of agriculture and because of this only the agriculture department of Kerala is going to promote the integrated farming systems and it is expected that this move will help the small and marginal farmers in the state to use their land and resources in a better manner. And for this the state government has also announced a project known as Jai Vagraham project under the Rebuild Kerala initiative and this project is going to bring the practice of integrated farming system in Kerala and as per this project farms under agriculture department in various districts will be developed as model farms by adopting high-tech and integrated farming methods. So following the footsteps of Kerala even other states can initiate similar projects. With this we come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the integrated farming systems and we saw its advantages especially its advantages to the farmers. Let us move on to the next discussion. Moving on to the next discussion which is based on this news article. It mentions that on 13th July that is day before yesterday the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has once again released a draft Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Rules of 2020. Now these new draft rules have been released with some modifications to the earlier released draft which was released in April 2020. See here you should note that in December 2019 the President of India gave assent to the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act of 2019 and this act came into force on 10th January 2020 as per section one of this act and this act recognizes the identity of transgender persons. It states that a person who is recognized as transgender shall have a right to self-perceived gender identity. The act also mentions that a transgender person may make an application to the district magistrate for issuing a certificate of identity as a transgender person and this is the definition of transgender person according to this act. We have given here for your reference and here you should note that a trans man or trans woman is recognized irrespective of the fact whether or not such person has undergone sex reassignment surgery or hormone therapy or laser therapy or such other therapy. Now one of the positives of this act is that it provides for the governments to take wide range of welfare measures for transgender persons such as it provides to take steps to secure full and effective participation of transgender persons and their inclusion in society and it also pays for taking measures to promote and protect the right of transgender persons to participate in the cultural and recreational activities. So in this aspect we can understand this in one more dimension that is in sports and other gender-based competitions. In future we can expect a new category as transgender category in the same way how men compete among themselves and how women compete among themselves and even if you remember in the beginning of this month that is in the first week of July 2020 the Ministry of Home Affairs has proposed to the Central Armed Police Force to incorporate transgender as third gender and this move of Ministry of Home Affairs is seen as a step to remove fear of stigmatization towards the transgender persons. Now apart from this know that the act also provides for prohibition of discrimination against transgender persons. It provides that there should be no discrimination in employment and it also provides for establishing grievance redressal mechanism then right to residents and other obligations. It also provides obligations related to education, social security and health of transgender persons. So for all these aspects provisions have been made in this act. Now know that to redress the grievance of transgender persons and for other functions it provides for the establishment of National Council for Transgender Persons and the chairperson of this council will be the union minister of social justice and empowerment. Now let us see the procedure for issue of certificate of identity as per the draft rules of 2020 which is the news today. See this draft rules released on 13 July has made some modifications with reference to the previous draft rules that was released in April 2020. The April 2020 draft rules created some confusions with respect to issuing certificate of identity by district magistrate. It stated that the magistrate shall issue the certificate of identity based on the application, the affidavit of the applicant and the report of psychologist of a hospital of appropriate government. It also mentioned that the magistrate shall verify the correctness of the report of psychologist and the place of residence of the applicant. See even though the draft rules stated that any medical examination is not required, there were some doubts related to this and this doubt has been cleared by the recent draft rules. It mentions that the district magistrate subject to the correctness of application shall process the application based on the affidavit submitted by the applicant but without any medical examination and here note that in case of a person who was already issued a transgender identity certificate if that person undergoes surgery to change gender either as a male or female then in that case for issuing the revised gender certificate is required. This certificate is related to change of gender which is issued by the medical superintendent or chief medical officer of the medical institution in which the transgender person has undergone the surgery to change to another gender. So that is all about this discussion. In this discussion we saw about the Transgender Persons Protection of Rights Act of 2019 and we also saw about the draft rules which has been released based on this act and we saw that these draft rules does not mandate any medical examination for issuance of certificate of identity to transgender persons. With this we come to the end of this discussion that is moving on to the next discussion. This news article mentions that the members of Pughal Code Mund Eco Development Committee in the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu have removed an invasive species in more than two hectares. That invasive species is Cestrum Nocturnum Plants and they have removed it to save the Shola and native grasslands of Nilgiris. So in this analysis we will see about this Cestrum Nocturnum Plants we will see about the Eco Development Committee and also about the Joint Forest Management and Joint Forest Management Committee. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. If you first and foremost know that National Forest Policy of 1988 envisaged Joint Forest Management. Here you can see few provisions of the policy which mentions about the involvement of local people. Like it mentions that the regulation of grazing in forest areas should be done with the involvement of the community. So like this these provisions paved way for Joint Forest Management. So what is it? It is an approach and program where in state forest departments support the local forest dwelling communities and forest fringe communities for two main purposes. First purpose is to protect and manage forests then for sharing the costs and benefits from the forests with the communities and in turn the communities organize themselves into a JFM committee to protect and manage the nearby forests and know that they are guided by locally prepared by laws and micro plans that is some small plans. Now in line with this National Forest Policy of 1988 in June 1990 the central government gave enabling guidelines to the states with reference to the Joint Forest Management. The guidelines provided for the participation of local communities and NGOs then it also facilitated institution building for forest management and it allowed flexibility in their formation also and as a result of this some kind of institutional setup was established in many forest areas at the local level but in different names for this Joint Forest Management. But if you see the progress of Joint Forest Management was slow in the initial years because of many policy issues technical and institutional issues. So because of this only around 4 million hectares of forests in 17 states were under this Joint Forest Management until 1998. So because of this government wanted to boost this initiative and for this purpose in 1998 the Ministry of Environment and Forests created a joint forest management cell. This cell was established to monitor the progress of JFM and also to act as a clearing house for information on the Joint Forest Management. And further in February 2000 the Ministry also issued another set of guidelines related to the Joint Forest Management and these guidelines necessitated all the state governments to register such committees for the Joint Forest Management under the Societies Registration Act of 1860. This is to provide legal backup for those committees and these guidelines also provided for uniform nomenclature as well that is in all the states such committees should be called as joint forest management committees only and it also provided for participation of women in such committees. And know that even though union government issued main guidelines as we just saw the guidelines of the appropriate state governments actually decided much about the committees other than the broad outline given by the central government. So now you may have a question since both central government and state governments are issuing guidelines on the same topic. So whether it belongs to a union list, state list or concurrent list of seven schedule of Indian constitution. Know that the subject of forests protection of wild animals and birds come in the concurrent list in the seven schedule of Indian constitution and because of this only both central government and state governments can enact laws and guidelines in these areas. So now let us see comprehensively what these joint forest management committees are. It is a local institution of forest dwelling communities and forest fringe dwelling communities which is democratic, decentralized and transparent and the main function of this committee is to ensure people's involvement in the development and protection of forests. Now these committees are set up as per the provisions of applicable JFM rules or guidelines of the state government remember this and know that these committees are either fully part of Gram Sabha or partially part of Gram Sabha and normally there is one JFMC in one revenue village but however in special situations like historical collaboration with neighboring villages or where it does not make sense to divide the forest a JFMC may cover two or more villages also and on the other side you should also remember that especially in tribal areas there may be situations where one village may have several dispersed hamlets. So in such areas JFMC's may be set up at sub revenue village level or hamlet level also. So this is the basic about joint forest management committees. Now what is this eco development committee? An eco development committee is similar to JFMC's but it is meant for villages in protected areas and their buffer zones that is the area of operation of eco development committee is restricted to protected areas and it is restricted to forest and non-forest areas near the protected areas and they are set up working roles responsibilities powers funds etc are as per these state level orders and know that these eco development committees have twin objectives one is to protect wildlife and other biodiversity and then to undertake eco development activities in the villages. Now while exercising this objective only one of the eco development committees in the Neel Giris was involved in the removal of an invasive species called as sestrum noctonum and know that according to the news article many members of this EDC belong to Toda community. Now let us see about this invasive species sestrum noctonum. It is commonly known as night jasmine and know that sestrum noctonum is commonly cultivated in many countries as an ornamental plant it is because of its fragrant flowers that bloom at night and this is the reason it was also given the term noctonum because it literally means at night these flowers bloom at night and that is why this flower and plant is also called as queen of the night and know that this plant is reportedly native to Mexico and West Indies and this plant is known for aggressively colonizing disturbed sites such as forest gaps and therefore it comes in competition with the native plant species of that site and it displaces them and that is why we call the species as invasive species now since it is an invasive species the spread of sestrum noctonum is a threat to all the Shola and grassland habitats of Neel Giris as it does not allow any native flora or plant to thrive in that area and because of this the committee in Neel Giris is involved in completely removing the plant along with the root to save the Shola ecosystem and apart from this sestrum noctonum is also known to be poisonous if ingested therefore it is also a risk for the grazing livestock further this plant is known to produce hay fever like symptoms in some people which are mainly sneezing coughing runny nose etc and because of these reasons the committee is involved in completely removing the plant along with its root to save the Shola ecosystem and the biodiversity of Neel Giris with this we come to the end of this analysis in this discussion we saw what is joint forest management and we saw briefly about the timeline related to joint forest management we saw what do we mean by joint forest management committee also then we saw about eco development committee and then finally we saw about the night jasmine that is the sestrum noctonum the displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session let us move on to the next discussion moving on to the next discussion this discussion is based on these news articles and this editorial which talks about India-Iran relations as you know yesterday we discussed about how India was dropped by Iran in the development of its railway transit route connecting India-Iran Afghanistan so today we will discuss the implications of this move by Iran on India the syllabus that is relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference first know that Iran has given reason for this move it has said that it dropped India from the Chabha Rail project because of absence of active Indian engagement it has also cited that Iran expects India to be more active and it must not heed to third-party unilateral sanctions in the future projects that is Iran has asked India to not to mind the unilateral sanctions of USA on Iran it has said this because due to those sanctions only India stopped purchasing oil from Iran actually if you know this is not the first time India has chosen USA over Iran the original Chabha agreement which was signed in 2003 between India and Iran was abandoned by India within a year that is India did not pursue the agreement further it is because at that time India started engaging with USA and USA had imposed sanctions against Iran at that time so the same scenario happened and we sided with USA at that time now after this 2003 agreement in 2016 the Indian prime minister went to Iran and agreed on trilateral track with Iran and Afghanistan and according to this 2016 agreement India was to develop Chabha and then we would go forward with building a railway network and road networks this strategic plan was to make India a potential role player in the duration scenario that is why this project was hailed as a major trilateral project that would give India access to Afghanistan bypassing Pakistan but what again happened we again sided with USA to satisfy the US administration and India delayed its development works in Iran and because of this India was dropped by Iran citing delay in the proposed funding now by losing a strategic opportunity to build relationship with Iran India has lost a very good opportunity to establish critical linkages with the Middle East and with Eurasia and more importantly this has given an impression that India had succumbed due to US pressure and this has raised many questions on India's commitment to its strategic autonomy and further we are living in a world where connectivity is seen as the new currency and now India has lost this new currency and yesterday we saw that because of this India may have to depend on Pakistan and in this scenario it seems like our loss has become gained to China it is because now Iran has claimed that it will fund the railway project using its own resources and this confidence of Iran is due to an imminent deal of Iran with China this proposed deal with China is for 25 years and it is a $400 billion strategic partnership on infrastructure connectivity and energy projects and know that both China and Iran are in an advanced stage of finalizing this agreement and this agreement will allow China to expand its presence in different sectors in Iran like banking, telecommunications, ports, railways and several other sectors and in return China will get heavily discounted oil for 25 years and at the same time Iran will also be beneficial because already Iran is suffering from economic sanctions followed by decline in oil prices and reduction of exports due to pandemic and now this agreement with China if it is finalized it could be an economic lifeline for Iran other than this China is also having another advantage which is it could enhance its strategic influence in the region because so far US has built a strong presence since the second world war in that region and now this agreement will give China to build its strategic influence in that region and not only this as you know USC was exercising maximum pressure policy on Iran now according to experts this has USA unintentionally forced Iran to opt for China's BRA project that is built and road initiative so as a whole we can see that this deal of Iran and China is advantageous to both Iran and also China because now China has come to the rescue of Iran's economy which was suffering under the USA's maximum pressure policy so the ongoing cold war like scenario between USA China has impacted India and because of this we have lost the Jabha project and our gateway to Afghanistan but you should note that here not only India has made a mistake but Iran also committed certain mistakes in the recent past and because of that India-Iran relations were disturbed because if you remember when anti-CEA protests was ongoing in India Iran condemned and took a very hard stand against India regarding the Citizenship Amendment Act and Delhi rights and this move of Iran did not please Indian government and after that now because of pandemic all the economies are disturbed and India could not focus on the Jabha project now all of this together has caused a major loss to India by which China is going to gain so as a conclusion we can say that India should be very proactive regarding the new happenings as a result of the move of Iran that is all about this discussion in this discussion we saw about the implications on India due to the recent move of Iran with this we come to the end of this discussion that is played practice question will be discussed in the last session moving on to the next discussion based on this news article it mentions that the former president of Maldives has appreciated Maldives relationship with India see as you know India is in a situation where we are losing relations with neighboring countries even in today's one of our discussions we saw about India's deteriorating relationship with Iran so at this time the comment of former president of Maldives is a relief for India he has noted that Maldives cannot grow or develop further if they abandon their ties with India he has noted this because only recently government of India has handed over outdoor fitness equipment for 61 islands across Maldives and India has done this as part of India's cash grant and development projects initiative which are being executed in Maldives and know that this initiative is worth approximately 200 million Maldivian Rufia now based on the continuous support from India in the form of financial assistance he has also urged the current elected Maldivian leaders to develop a strong relationship with India see you should note that India and Maldives are traditionally close and the bilateral relationship between Maldives and India have been strengthened and depend since November 2018 because in November 2018 the current president of Maldives Mr. Ibrahim Muhammad Soli assumed office as president of Maldives and since then it is stated that the policy of the government of Maldives is India first so in this context let us see some facts about Maldives Maldives is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean it consists of atolls coral reefs and low-lying coral islands see in this know that atolls are almost circular groups of coral islets as you can see in this picture and islet is nothing but a very very small island and know that at all is also called as an island formed by a ring-shaped coral reef that encircles a lagoon a lagoon is a shallow body of water as you know which is separated from a large body of water by coral reefs now here additionally know that at all that we use in geography is borrowed from the Maldivian term atoll and know that there are 22 geographical atolls in Maldives they consist of close to 1200 islands and out of these 1200 islands only 200 islands are inhabited by people and the rest of the islands are used mainly for tourism purposes and know that fishing and tourism are the main industries of Maldives and with respect to India geographically Maldives situated southwest of mainland India and another important fact is that the Lakshodip island group of India and the Maldives are separated by the 8 degree channel that is they are separated by the 8 degree north latitude and in particular know that the 8 degree channel separates Minicoi island of Lakshodip group and Maldives and know that Lakshodip group of islands are north of Maldives and if you observe this image you can see that equator passes through the territory of Maldives but know that the equator does not pass through the land part of Maldives but it passes through the territorial waters of Maldives and from exam perspective know that Maldives is a member of shark nations but it is not a member of beam stick because it is not a littoral country of Bay of Bengal now if you look at this question this is based on the topic which we just discussed and the question has been framed based on a 2017 question which asked which of the following geographically closest to Great Nicobar and the correct answer is Sumatra for that question now today's question is which of the following Indian island is geographically closest to Maldives and now only we saw that Lakshodip islands is north of Maldives but in this use you can see two Lakshodip islands one is Minicoi and the other one is Kavarathi and know that Minicoi has close affinity with the islands of Maldives even the language of Minicoi is Devehi but the other islands of Lakshodip they speak Malayalam this is important because the language spoken by Maldivan people is Devehi only so this shows the close relationship between the people of Minicoi island and the people of Maldivian islands and know that Minicoi is the second largest island of Lakshodip and it is the southernmost island of Lakshodip so the correct answer is option B Minicoi island now let us take the practice questions that were displayed during the news article discussion sessions now this question is based on Toda tribal group the first statement is they are included in the list of particularly vulnerable tribal groups this is a correct statement Toda tribal community from the state of Tamil Nadu have been included in the PVTG list now the second statement is they are handicraft work called as Toda embroidery is a registered geographical indication under the geographical indications of goods registration and protection act of 1999 now this statement is correct because the Toda embroidery of the Toda tribal community from the state of Tamil Nadu received geographical indication tag in 2013 and the registration is valid up to 2028 and know that one of its interesting feature is that this embroidery is reversible so one can use it both sides now here the question asks for the correct statements and both the statements are correct so the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2 now this next question is based on transgender persons protection of rights act of 2019 two statements are given the first statement is the act prescribes that the national council for transgender persons shall investigate into complaints filed by transgenders and the orders of the council are binding on the appropriate governments and persons concerned now this statement is incorrect because the act only mentions that one of the functions of the council is to redress the grievances of transgender persons it does not provide for any provision on the investigation of the complaints and even the recently released draft rules also does not have such provisions so this statement is incorrect now the second statement is the chairperson of the council must be a transgender person with knowledge or experience in the rights of transgender persons now this statement is also incorrect because according to the act among the members of the council five representatives will be from transgender community and they will be appointed by rotation from the state governments and and union territories and they will be nominated by the central government as members but the act does not mention that the chairperson or the vice chairperson should be a transgender individual so this statement is also incorrect now here additionally know that the council will have five experts who will be nominated by the central government to represent non-governmental organizations or associations for working for the welfare of transgender persons and the chairperson of this council is the union minister of social justice and empowerment and the vice chairperson is the minister of state who is in charge of the ministry of social justice and empowerment in the government so here both the statements are incorrect and here be careful because the question asks for the correct statements and both the statements are incorrect so the correct answer is option D neither one nor two let us take one main question based on gs paper two the question asks in what ways would the recent action of iran dropping india from the jabah rail project affect the strategic interest of india how should india respond to its situation based on today's and yesterday's discussion you have to write answer for this question after writing you can post it in the comment section we will review it and the appropriate suggestion will be provided for improving your answers within a reasonable time frame with this we have come to the end of today's hindi news analysis if you like the video don't forget to like comment and also share with your friends please subscribe to shankaray's academy youtube channel for receiving more updates related to civil service examination preparation


You're still watching Waze. Every day people all over the world celebrate their cultural heritage simply by living their lives in the way that embodies who they are and where they come from. But one day a year is set aside to celebrate the joint history and heritage of the human race. World Heritage Day encourages us to celebrate all the world's cultures and to bring awareness to important cultural monuments and sites. And to espouse the importance of preserving the world's cultures. World Heritage Day. Angel, what do you think about the holiday? Well, we even say in the, okay, so we have a couple of historic, you know, there's the, what's this, this thing, you know, in Abiyokuta? Ulumarok. There's the Ulumarok in Abiyokuta, there are a few other ones around the country, different historic and places that hold a lot of history and heritage even for us as a people. So yes, well, it gives us a time to reflect on where we're coming from and to actually even highlight some of those things that, some of those things that, you know, make us who we are and that we've left right back in the past. So it just brings it to light for us to just remember where we're from, who we are and have a story. It just brings back the story of our heritage back to us. So yes, it's always good to celebrate such some of those monuments that are dead, not well maintained. So it's also an avenue for the federal government or the state governments to actually revamp some of those places and still give it that, you know. You know, I think that Nigeria has a very beautiful and vast diverse culture and we have a lot of historic places. I mean, I've been to Eringesha Waterfalls and actually hiked on the mountain and my goodness, it was such a beautiful site. The waterfalls alone, you feel honestly, you feel like you're in Zanzibar. It's that beautiful.  Like these are things that we pay for. Everybody goes to Lebanon now, going to Jeta Guto. See, we have these things in this country. There's one in Niger, I think, is it Gurara Falls? Yeah, Gurara Falls, yes. And Gurara Winde is magnificent. Like you hike all the way up and then by the time you get to the top of the mountain, you can see the waterfalls. It's so beautiful. Just like what I would, as a world traveler, I would also go to another country to take a picture. And it's right here and it's amazing that we don't even give such places the credit that they deserve because really they hold a lot of like there's there's so many beautiful places even in Africa.  Do you know how many countries are in Africa? That are beautiful, like beautiful. Like you go there like, wait, this is Africa, blue water, like clear blue water. So we need to do better with our cultural heritage and our tourism as well for Nigeria. I pray we wake up soon. In a lot of countries, in a lot of countries, they are making a whole lot of money from tourism. And I don't see why Nigeria shouldn't be part of that because people even come here just because they know, because you are Nigerians, they even just come here to see you and they will tell you. Not to talk about what the country has to, you know, offer. Yeah, I guess we'll have this conversation some day. OK, May, what did you find of the news? And today, I don't know if they're going to put up the video. OK, please, May, let's call him for her video. But basically, it's a story about the black teenager that got shot after going to the wrong house to pick up brothers. The shooting of Ralph Yall, who rang the doorbell at a house in Kansas City, Missouri. Last week led to calls over the weekend for charges against the right, the white home owner who opened fire. The 16-year-old was hospitalized with two gunshot wounds, including one to the head. According to his family and their lawyers, they said he had been sent to pick up his younger twin brothers at a friend's house on Thursday evening. But mistakenly went to the wrong house about a block away. The man who shot him was taken into custody, held for 24 hours and released with no charges, although the police said the case was still under investigation. For investigation of a felony, at which time they're required by Missouri law to be charged or released. The vast majority of cases to include violent crime involved the suspect being released, pending further investigation. In this case, the prosecutor requires more information from investigators that would take more than 24 hours to compile. We recognize the frustration this can cause in the entire criminal justice process. The women and men of the Kansas City Police Department are working as expeditiously and as thoroughly as we can to ensure the criminal justice process continues to advance as quickly as all involved and our community deserve. Sometimes I feel like this is a psycho box. Yeah, so my question is, is it because you just see a black guy, you just shoot, you don't even... You know, some people just use anything as an excuse to, I don't know, to carry out a lot of, you know, activities like this. Because there was no threats to say, okay, maybe he was trying to attack them. Yeah, maybe he was snooping around your house even. When did the color of his skin become... And have any to shoot, to kill? To become criminal. Not just one? Or to just become a target. It's one of those two things. Because he saw him as a criminal and this guy was just a target. But have you seen the monstrous of a guy? No, I haven't. Okay, maybe then you'd understand. He looks like all those creepy guys from all those movies. So he probably had some things on that. Yeah, that's what she was saying. I start for the criminal justice, but then until proper investigation is carried out, they have to release him after... Because right now he's just here, yeah, that's a normal thing. He's here, say there's no video evidence, there's no evidences. He says, she said, I saw, maybe. So at the end of the day, I just hope that the justice will prevail. And, you know, the right actions will be taken because it will be quite unfortunate if this man is allowed to go scot-free because what it does is that it tells every other person who is likely to take the same line that they are free to do it and there's nothing that the justice system can do, to take that long. So there's need for action. And I hope they'll be able to investigate and do what is necessary within the shortest possible time before it aggravates some other people. I hope so too. It's quite unfortunate. My story. A woman shoes her husband for allegedly failing to take her to Saudi Arabia. So this lady and her husband have been married for four years and the man decides that I think he lost his job, but he wanted to go to Saudi Arabia because he had found something that he needed to do. I think he got a job or something in Saudi Arabia. Before his trip, she got all her money, got everything and supported him to actually travel to Saudi Arabia. So I don't, they didn't report if she actually works or she does anything, but she just said that since he has been gone, she has only sent her money twice. So I think she has only been able to feed for two months and she had to sue him to court and realize that, oh, this man is actually in Saudi Arabia and he's living a good life. So she says they came to court, but when they got to court, the husband told them that they had already been divorced. They had divorced the woman. So right now they're asking the woman, do you have a witness? She says she doesn't have any witnesses. So now it's like, we can't try this case or continue with this case until you have a witness that can actually back what you're saying. So right now it's just pending. How do people marry? How do we end up with this kind of people? How do they end up in such situations? I think she knew that she was divorced or they were going to be divorced or something. The story isn't even...it's not clear because the entire thing is blowing my mind. It's coming. Obama is blowing my mind. The kind of... You don't know your husband. Maybe I'm married. I don't know. Interesting. I've heard different stories this way. It's very shocking. But I'm glad I actually took this particular story because of our topic. But we'll get there. Yeah. Wait, wait. I can't read. Am I? Yeah, that's it. Okay. So my story is about the dead-storeway that was found on KLM flight from Lagos. So the story reads that a dead-storeway was found on Monday, the 17th of April, discovered in the whirlwell of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Boeing 777. Registered PH BQM. The flight flew from Nigeria's commercial hub, Lagos, according to Belgium's Aviation 24. It's unclear how the undocumented passenger found his way into the aircraft, but an investigation has been launched to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. According to a statement issued by the airline, the dead-storeway was discovered in the whirlwell of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Boeing 777 on Monday, April 17, 2023. The statement declared this morning a disease storeway was found on the airline and the aircraft originated from Lagos, Nigeria. It's currently unknown how or when the man was able to climb into the aircraft, but an investigation has been launched and we're hoping that the passengers believed to have died from hypotermia, which is normal. I've not heard this in Nigeria for a very long time, for years, so I don't know why people even go ahead to risk their life. I understand you've heard of stories of people going through the desert, going to the boat, not even the ship, on the high sea and all, they're looking for better life, but what is better life if you're dead? There's always this mentality of, God forbid, it won't happen to me, or I will make your choice, so somebody has hope. You're like, oh, my own case would be different. You've never been through the situation, so how do you even know what you are supposed to move for? I think it's belief in what you're saying now. I've heard a lot about what you're saying, but now you can see. It's a bit different. There's one sound on Snapchat that says, Zen is happening, but it's made one shelling. It's the sound on Snapchat. It's just amazing. Okay, I like our conversation for tonight because, like we said, we're about to unpack a whole lot of things. Oh, none of us here is married, but thank God that we're not even married yet, so we can't know what to do before we get married. Alright, we'll take a break now. Then we'll come back to the conversation and continue. See you later.


In a previous video, we used system.out.format to create formatted output. We can also use the system.out.printf method, which does exactly the same thing, and it has a name that's more like our good friend's print and println. In this example, we had two format specifiers, and they were both for integers, the years and days. You can have as many format specifiers in your string as you want, and they don't all have to be the same data type. Here's a program that asks the user for the name of a store and reads it into a string, the number of customers and reads it in as an integer, and the total sales, which is a double. It then calculates the average sales per customer. Now, let's print that with system.out.printf. Our format string will give the number of customers, and because that's an integer, we use %d as the specifier, and the store name, which is a string, meaning we need the %s specifier, and the average amount of money spent, and the specifier for that will be a %.2, meaning we want two decimals places, and f for a floating point value, and end the sentence with a period, and we want a new line. We could use backslash n, but best programming practice is to use a special specifier, %n. It's not a placeholder, it means insert a new line. Now that we have the format string, we need to fill in the specifiers with the number of customers, the store name, and the average sales. Let's compile it and run it, where the store name is going to be Acme Gadgets. We'll have 23 customers who spent $832.43, and there's their average spending. You'll notice that this line in our source code is pretty long, and if we have style guidelines that say lines shouldn't be more than 80 characters, we have a problem. We can solve this problem by using string concatenation to split our format string into two parts on two shorter lines. We'll split the format string here, put a plus sign, and continue it on the next line. Now that we have the shorter lines, we can compile and again run the program and get the same output and conform to our guidelines. In summary, the important part of this video is printf is the same as format. You can have as many specifiers as you want in your format string. They don't all have to be the same data type, and percent sign in is what you should prefer over backslash in.


Everybody forced here ripping 2022 Don Russ football hobby six box number one's random team style break I'm gonna show the results on screen for your right here, and you can always find them at late in sports cards dot com Let's go ahead and get started We'll have on tick-tock. Let's we'll do that. Oh boy. Oh boy again guys Don Russ football I Believe is sold out for the day. There might be some mixers tonight with Sam But the daytime breaks themselves a tour that we had her sold out Let's see what we got here Don Russ football like her own checklist right now Start keeping track of every single car and show Write it down I'll just be happy Doffle damage there. All right, here's our design Say a stingly Got a Ray Lewis legend series You go Baltimore the foil there Micah Parsons on the Highlights highlights my person's and then press-proof red is lender for Nets Lombardi Lenny First car weird because none of the other ones have anything Boy a mafia Traylon Birks the rookies Go Titans Raided rookie canvas Damian Pierce Texans and a red raided rookie ojabo for the Ravens I know this is the first box of the day Dahan Dahan Dotson raided rookie cards move a lot easier than last year You'll leave series James and Williams. You go Lions rookie there Sicki and Press proof Isaiah Simmons press proof red You think the design There's a picket raided rookie first one of those All the day for the Steelers Definitely feels like it's from the 90s Dominators Aaron Rodgers Great Iron Kings Metchie on the canvas in a Clinton Portis Don Russ O2. That's kind of cool Clint Portis is a beast Buffering we shouldn't be haven't dropped any frames at all Medj's have to refresh Khalil Shakir Mack Jones Carson Palmer elite series Tana Hill Franchise Future AJ Dylan and a Joe Mixon on the 92 Don Russ Yeah, someone on YouTube said we were buffering but still haven't so it should be fine everywhere Dulce a traded rookie this time So it's really weird some of the like the first light card in every single pack has like a corner ding on it Which is how it's packed or something the rookies Metchie Texans there Quay Walker canvas raided rookie the Packers and a purple Stats to 438 is Michael Thomas 438 sauce Sauce main camera Sorry guys all discombobulated right now Mack Jones Jersey Kings First hit of the day goes the Patriots the 399 Mack Jones Jersey Kings Got Tana Hill power plus Rams champions Champions anymore and Leonard for that press proof read Cards looking forward just nice raided rookies really Downside short prints lower numbered cards Baderian Mathis You flip it on me That is a Shaquille Leonard for the Colts action all pro Canvas Austin Eckler and red Derek Stingley rated rookie Press proof read I'm just gonna say read on those guys All the numbered cards are gonna be press proof or some proof There's breeze the beast or the Jets elite series breeze hall now Champ is here Jalen Ramsey and press proof Khalil Mack red press proof Trayvon Walker rated rookie with the Jaguars Dominators Kyle Pitts rated rookie canvases Romeo Dobbs Packers And a Don Russo too is Javon Curse Tyler Gordon Justin Herbert power plus Champ is here Ashawn Robinson Javonte throwback Anybody else having buffering issues? We shouldn't be And if there is buffering issues is probably YouTube because twitch looks fine Olave rated rookie It's a pretty good rookie so far Action all pros Joe Mixon Bo Jackson and a Traylon Birks press proof rated rookie 19 of 100 Titans There we go. Congrats Titans on that one nice Birks. I like Birks Cool. Thanks guys Sometimes you have to like refresh it when I'm watching on my on my mobile app. Sometimes that's what happens quay walker it'll like I don't know. It'll get like choppy not like buffering just like choppy like the audio will I'd like to close the stream and open it again. Josh Allen dominators Nicove Dean rated rookie canvas for the Eagles And an O2 who was that Steve Young Evan Neil rated rookie So 49 we got Danny Gray On the rated rookie canvas signature There you go Niners Nice low numbered hit to start us off Danny Gray That is Joe Horn legend series. That is a legend right there. Joe Horn Uh, JC. Yeah, I believe that is a son Uh, Carolina Carolina. Yes, the rookie's Malik Willis Titans Titans have a pretty good box here Great iron king sauce. You've got an Aaron Donald numbered to 100 Close out the Superbowl last year Steve Young was great. Yeah Jones rated rookie Gabriel Davis elite series Eli Mitchell and press proof red Is DeMarcus Lawrence tank Lawrence? Yeah, it could be Joe I'm gonna make sure that and that everyone else is all good Devontae Wyatt Dominators Jamar Chase Vealish Jones rated rookie canvas another Leonard for net red press is like a third red press proof Leonard for net I feel like I feel like that's It's mathematically very tough to do. There's a corral rated rookie A no-name variation of Etsy N Or missing nameplate, whichever they term it as I don't know if that's a shorter print there Wanda Robinson Devontae Smith and a Jelani Woods rated rookie red Okay, no short prints good low numbered rookie auto though Good base rookies and stuff again short prints looking for um Superbowl downtown night moves. What am I missing? Superbowl downtown night moves What's that third thing? I got morning brain right now That third thing Is uh Grudon marvels Grudon marvels. Grudon marvels. It's one of the probably this arguably my favorite Comes down to it. Allante Taylor rated rookie Action all pros rogers. Nicoby Dean on the canvas rated rookie Plexico burriso too. That's a cool one God, Isaiah Spiller rated rookie Legends Heinz Ward Javante Williams future franchise and Echler throwback Don Russ Yeah, rookie kickers are awesome.  This one's gonna be numbered to 75 13 to 75 randy moss vikings There we go Got Tyler Linderbaum just in his just in his casuals there Pickens elite series rookie for the Steelers there. We've got my homes. Yeah guys good road to the Superbowl Uh terrell bernard rated rookie red for the bills Did not make it to the Superbowl last year but one of this year Home is kind of good. Yeah The rookies typhoon thorton patriots phyllis jones jr canvas and a Caleb farley press proof red For tennessee tennessee wandale robinson rated rookie giants Deontay johnson elite series champ is here johnny hecker. Yeah punter card johnny hecker Press proof red michael parson's for the cowboys Yeah, pretty his rated rookiness. I don't know if he has autos daxton hill Wait on that checklist Debo Samuel dominators Dan marino the boss on a throwback Yeah, he at least has rated rookies Ritter rated rookie Ritter rated rookie another lender for net dude lender for net is all over this set I think he's the only buck in here card we've pulled so far Herbert and acres throwback He's the only buck in here in this set. They just said no, thanks brady. No, thanks mike evans only Leonard for net Jerome Ford Sauce gardener the rookies jets Johan dotson canvas and an orange john randall to 93 Minnesota two numbered legends from minnesota there a little ding on the bottom right on this one I'm gonna send a box of this one Seeing some ding issues so far But again y'all we have immaculate ufc available for today random card style All other daytime breaks are sold out sam's got a bunch of breaks later tonight too though It's kind of like release day continued. He's got more ufc more donruss His series one breaks are full, but we will have more series one tomorrow everybody on the baseball channel and the main channel here chris carter Canton kings patch card to 49 vikings Vikings having a good break elite series tulbert Fans of the game chuck norris.  Yeah fans of the game is on there it didn't say anything about it though.  That's so cool. That's so cool cowboys.  It's a design right? Oh, there we go. There's a perty our first perty of the day. Oh six. You got the flu. I'm sorry man I got my sign Did you oh, I'm keeping that forever. I would too Legend series reggie wain. That's a patriots legend reggie wain in a trail lance press proof red Hope you get better. It's mild. Well, at least it's mild. Yeah, hope it stays that way and that just gets better John met you rated rookie for the texans Well, I guess you better just stay home and watch breaks all day six Devonte Adams on the alt pro isaac spill a rated rookie cannabis chargers And dude these throwbacks are fun, dude. Although drew breeze was a charger 2002. There you go saints Obviously that's not how it's supposed to go but Devin Lloyd rated rookie zamir white Oakland Raiders, sorry. I said Oakland. Ha ha vegas raiders to 299 the rookies auto Oakland on our hearts Go Raiders Elite series herby row to the Super Bowl Koopa cup Aaron Jones Romeo Dobbs rated rookie for the Green Bay Packers Breeze Hall the rookies Deserter rookie Great iron kings there and a press proof buddha baker to 100 cardinals Buddha camsailor britt Let's go a little quicker to this vet base here elite series Matt Corral rookie for carolina bobby trees Champus here rams press proof Dawson knocks red Alec Pierce rated rookie. Yeah, we have him up for a ship, but I believe six we should Dominators Jalen Hertz He was a beast on sunday. Alec Pierce rated rookie canvas and a red vita vea the scene No-name variation harris the smith vikings Christian Kirk elite series. There's also a beast this year and bow melton rated rookie press proof seahawks bow melton Let's check our iMac UFC here I'm in those are the last two daytime breaks between both channels today also matt's breaks are sold out for the day This is crazy y'all 12 to go random hits random card style. I should say random card style That's right. Six christian kirk first 1k yard season his pack is like A little mangled. Huh? Yeah, there's a ding. There's a There's been dings like the first cards in a lot of packs. They're just vet base Everything else has been fine outside of that like this christian watson is totally fine Which is good because watson's awesome.  That's so cool, dude. I love those fans of the game. Those are really cool I don't know if the patriots have one of those It's gonna be like mark wallberg Yeah, mark rashad white rated rookie bucks. Who would be the dolphins one? Tremac pride the rookies cardinals No, it won't be dj calab I I guess so six until he pops off at some point unless you want to keep it Alante tailor rated rookie. That's the thing is if you want to keep it So now it's a stealers card jamar chase action all pro Tyrion davis price canvas and purple press proof rated rookie alec pierce cults nice one 250 to a 500 dolphins would be like derrius rucker hit bull Derrius rucker. He was definitely way cooler with hoody in the blowfish. He was jones jr Derrick car signature marks raiders Number 250 Where do you guys think he goes? He was released like totally just released Three agents he's gonna have a high demand since teams can just go sign him rather than trade for him Him and garoppolo get a probably could be the two most softer outside of like rogers for the trade market, but But you have to trade for rogers. I don't know OBJ champions here rams I think the cults are gonna draft a quarterback Nicoby dean rated rookie. I guess they could bring him in and draft somebody. I don't know I'm thinking car is gonna want to start though. Oh, yeah Dominators tom brady buccaneers Ed Reed jack youngblood Yeah jets, maybe I think the jets are really gonna try for erin rogers I that's that's their plan a But there's always got to be a plan b Legend series to marcus where Tj what we got a red press proof denzel ward There's just too much smoke around the erin rogers and the jets there's too much smoke Like everybody's saying it so I feel like there's at least a solid chance that it happens the rookies alex pierce what it cults Traylon berks and a chanting tindal rated rookie press proof red for the dolphins linderbaum Two unknown in variation dolphins Missing name plate the vante smith elite series nick bolton. He had a heck of a game The chiefs linebackers are great And this is will clave on chase on press proof red Yeah, his erin rogers contract is insane carloft is rated rookie for the chief's furious george All pro kings kevin byard patch card 41 of 100 titans jaylin hurts elite series Kateria sony franchise future not that franchise future A kenyon green rated rookie red for the texans I don't know. What if what if the usfl offered derrick car like 30 million dollars a year? What do you just go? I would Say money. I just go do this instead. So it's a lot. It's a lot easier A lot less pressure son haskins the rookies for the titans alex pierce And red press proof quentin nelson snoop rated rookie. What's going on out there? They're just dropping stuff inducted 20 bicelli. We've got press proof red of tank lorenz You buy football league 500 million. Oh, yeah, I mean If that was the thing Dudes will leave like immediately rated rookie. Tyler. I'll cheer hers just turned around okay James williams the rookies lions Yeah, jerry Yeah, and then and then when the brady finally wanted to make market value the patreons was like, huh. See you thanks for the Thanks for the six super bowls d'angelo malone Stupid patreons power plus chris godwin Right at the super bowl. Josh Allen for the bills I mean car is a decent nfl quarterback. He'd ball out at any other league He'll be zappy Dominators russa wilson. Let's ride johann dotson canvas rated rookie commanders a press proof staffer numbered to 100 for the rams jacquan brisker rated rookie for the bears As a patreons fan, I'll always see as brady was giving them the chance to sign him and keep him And they didn't want to Pay him like like hey, I'm the guy that took a discount all these years. Remember me like Six super bowl quarterback here They're like nope. So i'm glad he won that super bowl with the bucks Like good That's how it should go Uh, rated rookie james cook should have got like a kobe type deal. Hey, you're retiring as this, you know The only team you'll ever play for should have been this one zack martin of joe burr press proof read another tank laurance Happy release day wahoos Well happy release day I hear elam rated rookie Peyton manning legend series. Oh my god Chase and another red press proof lender for net that is like a third or fourth red lender for net this break Is getting out of hand Lombardi lenny is out here y'all Okay, a lot of base in donners. This is how donners is it's kind of like it's kind of like the tops flagship of Football really but still some big things lurking in here. I want to see one of these short prints Oh, well, we're far gone from that now james cook the rookies bills Stingley canvas red miles gaskin We have iMac ufc today everybody random card style christia watson for the packers Vilish jones jr. Bears Elite series has turned around for some reason debo samuel wrote of the super bowl and rad press proof proudly chubb for the broncos Yeah, 11 to go on that's like one furious george carloftus Gibson dominators jail and waddle gridiron kings javon curse Malik willis the uh rated rookie there titans Yeah, 11 to go in that first case that has spots available james cook rated rookie auto there you go buffalo solid hit Uh backwards cards here bow jackson for the raiders champ is here taylor rap And a staffer. Yeah, I mean we're pulling nice rookies. We're pulling decent autos. I mean it's this dawn rus This is just like every other dawn rus release here wandale robinson the rookies carloftus canvas Ritter to 100 gridiron kings the falcons That could be dean rated rookie swift Red ebb katsy a falcons rated rookie quan brisker brisker Sean watson hamilton canvas rated rookie for the ravens ronde barber Yes, I thought that's what I would assume james cook rated rookie pier strong st. brown watson I'd say purple rated rookie martin emerson for cleveland 14 of 49 kair elam cooper cup priest hall My favorite to rip right there lane johnson on the all-pro jersey card of 399 eagles Yeah, specter seems to be a big fan favorite tea higgins elijah moore clave on chase on i'll expect her a lot my favorite though My brain's not ready for this type of questions today jack wilson skymore walter jones Yeah, shanstall jet lagged Nice rated rookie optic here evan neal rated rookie optic purple evan eal 5 of 50 nice car giants So like optic preview essentially There we go there's an eckler those are Well, whenever four box or something like that or four per case somewhere around there It has four. I don't know the odds have a four in it Those are not the easiest pulls though the numbered one too Is a spiller It's hard to say I favorite right now Donald sauce gardener canvas rated rookie jets i'm gonna go with I'm gonna go with donneros optic honestly like I like donneros. I love donneros optic though That's what I'll go with elite series thorton nazi harris steric car. Uh, no not currently six the rookies kenny pickett steelers to 100 chidobia wuzier for the bangles That is a missing nameplate variation kyle pitts falcons Yeah, it'll all ship godwin Dick vermel press proof red jake matthews last year they're easier to spot for sure wandale So like There's one right there aqueous test yami brown not the biggest one there dominators lamar jackson james wiliams canvas rated rookie and a red rated rookie Of emerson for the browns last year they were turned around this year. They're just with everything else I'll do my best to find those during group breaks john matchy everything's turned around now Rino cunningham Champ is here cooper cup and a red press proof ti A ty hilton has a cult Those aren't ssp though the aqueous test It's like a couple of box, right? Yeah, that's what it was last year. What's that guys? It's refreshing here. So yeah, I still 11 to go on the first iMac case That has spots the first one is sold out the second one has 11 the third one has 15 so That's where we're at now last year was like one of box or so 18 boxes for case for a dawn rus christian watson packers Be like that spot that would have it typically The rookies danie gray Well, I would like to see a super bowl downtown on this first break or another chuck norris carloftus something here signature marx jacoby mires patriots number 27 to 50 Kenneth walker the 30 lead series for the seahawks odell beckham for the rams Malik willis, uh, they were a lot more common than that last year ragnarov like Almost I would consider like almost like an insert almost dominators randy moss quay walker purple cadarius tony to 420 Mr. 420 for the giants and not making that up snoop connor jail and wattle on the power plus red press from nick bosa offensive player of the year Yeah, I believe it's only several downtowns. I haven't seen I mean the full checklist is it now but Coby dean the rookies kyle hamilton ravens red press proof michael parson's Now last year was a lot easier. The obvious test was turned around.  I think it's just ssp Bailey zappy last year, I believe we we got we got multiple like Case hits and quotes per case the rookies chris olave saints. I believe that's what I remember romeo dobs I don't know man Eight years in the hobby is like or eight eight months in the hobby is like five years. So so who knows Who could remember that far back these days? Elite series trail on berks. There he is. Steph curry again fans of the game panthers He should choose a better team like the patriots james cook 2020 2023 Super Bowl cards would be in 2023 products is 2022 jonathan taylor Aaron donald to 100 again You got two of these now rams and the six box break the same card highlights card closing out the Super Bowl kair elam Dan marino canton keng's jersey card dolphins to 199 Sean's boy Jason taylor legend series Press proof red dawson knocks. I'm one of the patriots are good, too Rashad white I definitely remember damien pierce rated rookie canvas texans press proof red dan fouts son haskins elite series jerry judy red christian harris rated rookie texans dominators mac jones gridiron kings olave for the saints manning Donner's throwback mac zappy mac's definitely better than zappy Kurt Warner elite series garret wilson for the jets josh allen rode with the super bowl tonio gibson hines ward bonte wyatt the rookies desert raider falcons rated rookie canvas desert raider falcons and a press proof rated rookie desert raider falcons good lord 43 of 100 falcons, okay Okay falcons there's corral Shaquille lennard sony michelle vita vea alger nagi harris dominators gridiron kings mahomes And press proof red rated rookie johan dotts and commanders d angela malone So sam's nephew treyland's power plus March chase highlights press proof red Is roquan smith for the bears kid reporter All right last one y'all Last one a break one So you do have don rest hope all in stock everybody free shipping worldwide, of course. I think we'll have some rippets too It's 249 99 a box Rippet and ship it options available on the site Oh, it's payday 15 is payday Let's go. We go spend it all the rookies george pickin steelers Nice one there gridiron kings lorence and shawna alexander don russo 2 bonte wyatt Not the backwards inserts again. Najee harris air and donald rode to the super bowl rain decoder press scouts There's a gold press proof amari cooper for cleveland number 21 to 50. What is on my finger? What's that from? Come on That's only on my nail here. That's so weird. What is that? That's got him from a pack or a box Mario cooper that's strange one sec guys. You see that? Yeah I don't know open that pack and I noticed it on my on my fingernail Wasn't there before It was like an ink the ink the ink bomb and like the bags of money. Yeah Open the pack just ink everywhere. How does it happen? It's sort of disabled Yeah, someone didn't pay spectrum.  Okay. I'm gonna finish this last box It's not an ink or anything. It's like a I don't know what it is. I'm gonna finish this last box though And then go figure it out because it's not It's not like an ink or something. It's not gonna get on your card Strange dominators, uh, mccaffrey raider rookie canvas danie gray Case it ink bomb pack What's going on here? No name variation bateman ravens Sam tonight, yeah, Sam later on Benz Gironic Sam tonight d'angelo Malone again The rookies bailey zappy gridiron king stray hand red press proof jake matthews Zappy base rated rookie power plus t higgins Channing tindal rated rookie red Dolphins I'm down with that six davis price Let me know if it happens. I'll come in stream and watch it. I'll set that up I want Epcot later like both the action all pros. Yeah gridiron kings pick it We're supposed to go yesterday that just didn't end up going Just hung out I was like a data set inside sounds cool Even though I did that on on sunday also Shaquille Leonard Etienne herbert This was a good super bowl for like 80 or 85 percent of it Matt corral rated rookie panthers 51 of 100 I don't know it could have been it could have been an all-time game if the ending would have been better Johan dotson just exciting like I wish like the the the chiefs had scored and then the eagles had to like drive the field Like that would have been cool. There was time for that The rookies and mere whites kenneth walker the third canvas like that would have been ideal That's what that game deserved. Honestly ain't always perfect Canton kings brian talken's eagles jersey card numbered to 199 Yeah, exactly six Here at wilson elite series wrote of the Super Bowl jamar chase bangles and rated rookie red trayvon walker Jaguars good pack there with the picket and the walker red. All right, y'all we're getting down to it here. Come on SSP, let's see it Dominators patent patent for another team two team patent press proof red bobby trees titan old charles Long red gabriel davis. Yeah, I think I think the nba finals would be great this year There's a there's it's it's gonna be a pretty fun Playoff push here, especially in the west the west is going to be crazy sauce gardener Sean as a as a sons fan now Because he got kd and everybody The rookies he's a conma dude Magic they needed magic you tighten up make that uh make that playoff push george pickens canvas Tough loss last night, but overall they're trending in the right direction soon There in mathis only like three or four games out of the play in Elite series auto ryan tanny hill 12 of 25 titans like that, uh Whatever's in the behind him. Oh, they like the refractor look The prism look that's awesome There we go interesting autos so far in this uh In dawn rush today. Yeah, there's no more like there's no more like good Super Bowl commercials. They're all like Gotta get our brand out like that's the biggest thing now. There's like not as much comedy anymore tom brady action all pros Drake london and gridiron kings and a drake london to 100 Studio series there we go falcons There will not be any london on this track. No Sean says no Trevor laurence power plus We do best rain wilson fans of the game see hux michael press prove jake matthews red Yeah, right now it definitely looks like milwaukee or boston evan neil. I still think it's boston, but who knows milwaukee barely beat their like second team Was it last hour two nights ago matt corral raider rookie canvas red raider rookie kenyon green texans Yeah, fans of the game is cool Oh, we got a monster black pan dora Optic preview brock purdy Oh, man Niners 12 of 25 Unreal card Last pack of the first break of the day justin b Holy cow Unreal Unreal that was that was out of nowhere The best relax. I was getting into like about to do a recap mode. Nope. Goodness gracious Wow Wow, dude Kenny picket jordan brooks and jeff okuda Good god Now lane had to come see it Lane only comes in our release days when a big card gets hit Here we go. Sorry recap here Relics first we had bryan dawkins dan marino blaine johnson kevin byard chris carter mag jones Only autos we had to get a tan hill to 25 jacoby mires my guide of 50 James cook raided rookie for the bills and stuff there derek karta 50 for the raiders Sameer white raiders to 299 their rookies insert auto and a danny gray to 49 raided rookie autoniners solid solid autos And then big hit of the first break of the day Just magged maroc perty raided rookie black pandora optic preview 12 to 25 49ers justin b big congrats buddy Those will do well even after optic comes out as well This isn't like a oh, I have a timetable until optic comes like the optic previews always do well That'll do it guys number two coming up next


I'm Brian Ford, the Director of the Digital Currents Initiative here at the MIT Media Lab and one of the co-lectures of the Future of Commerce class. One of the topics that we teach in the Future of Commerce class is about cryptocurrencies and, like, such as Bitcoin and blockchain. And we're excited to have a lot of our students come together in this Future of Commerce hackathon this weekend to think about different ways that they can leverage the blockchain for coming up with new ways to facilitate transactions that we hadn't thought about before. Great. Could you tell me a little bit about what is blockchain? I'm sure that everyone knows, but I don't. Sure. The blockchain is a decentralized public ledger that allows for peer-to-peer transactions to happen with not only currency but other assets that one might have, like property title or even a concert ticket.