Hello. I'm Cynthia Shelley, Lead Program Manager for Accessibility on Chrome and Chrome OS. Today, I'm going to show you how to use the new full page accessibility tree in Chrome Dev Tools to debug accessibility in your web applications. To debug accessibility, you need to do two things. You need to find accessibility bugs and you need to fix them. There's a lot more of it goes into accessibility from design to coding standards to user testing. But right now, we're talking about one small piece of the process, how to find bugs, figure out what's causing them, and fix them. There are many automated tools to help you find accessibility bugs. Chrome Dev Tools includes an accessibility audit as part of Lighthouse. It's built right in, so you don't need to buy or download anything. It's optimized to reduce false positives, so there won't be a lot of noise in your results. And it provides links to developer docs that help you understand the error and some common approaches to fixing it. The screenshot here shows the results of a test, including controls that are missing accessible names, more on that later, and an image with no alternative or alt text to describe the image to users who can't see it. That's one of the most common accessibility bugs. It's important to note that automated accessibility checkers only find a subset of the issues on a page. It can give you a good idea of the accessibility state of a page. A poor score here indicates that the developer didn't follow best practices and likely has other bugs too. Fixing these issues doesn't mean that the page is ready to go, but it's a good place to start. You'll also need to test manually with screen readers and other assistive technology. Most automated tools don't test interaction like, what happens when I activate this button? Can my screen reader find the menu it opens? And they can't tell you if it makes sense. For example, a tool can tell you that the alt attribute is missing or empty. The screenshot in the last slide did just that. But it can't tell you if the words in that attribute describe the meaning of the image and its function in the page. Or if I tab through a page, it can't tell you if that order makes sense. Now we'll do a demo showing how Chrome DevTools makes it easier to find and fix accessibility bugs. First, we'll run a Lighthouse accessibility audit. Then we'll do some manual testing using ChromeVox, the screen reader built into Chrome OS, to explore a complex issue found by the tool. This is FriendPer, an example website we created with some known accessibility bugs. First, we'll run an accessibility audit with Lighthouse, which is built into the Chrome DevTools. So open up the Chrome DevTools. On my Chromebook, I use Control-Shift-I. On Mac, it's Option-Command-I, and on Windows, it's F12. I've got it all set up to run an accessibility report now. I click Generate Report, and it will take a few seconds to examine the web page for known accessibility errors. Then it shows the score for this site, 82, yellow. Not the worst, but not great either. And it shows the errors that it's found. It won't find everything, and we'll do some manual interactive testing in a minute. But it found quite a few things. Here's a classic accessibility error. Image elements do not have alt attributes. Missing alt text. These adorable baby goats don't have the text describing them to screen reader users, users who can't see the picture. This next one's a little more complex. But the tool still was able to tell us something is wrong here. It says, aria toggle fields do not have accessible names. OK, so what's an aria toggle field? Why does it need a name? And what does that have to do with pictures of cats? I mean, OK, everything has to do with pictures of cats. aria is a set of attributes that allows web developers to add extra accessibility information beyond what's built into HTML elements. This site must be using aria. OK, but why toggle field? Let's see if we can figure out what this thing is for. It says, share with, above the pictures. And above that is a text box that says, what are you meowing about? This is a social media site, and I think we're supposed to be able to select which of our kitty friends we want to meow at today. We can choose more than one. So functionally, it's a multiple selection control, or a set of checkboxes or toggle buttons. That's why toggle, so aria toggle field. And it's an interactive control. Interactive controls all need accessible names so that users with assistive technology, like screen readers, can tell what the control is for. So Lighthouse has found a problem, but why is it a problem? A little bit of manual testing can show us. So I'm going to try it with a screen reader. And first, I'm going to close dev tools so we get an experience similar to what end users have. I'm on a Chromebook, so I'm going to use our built-in screen reader, Chromebox. If you're on a Chromebook, you can turn it on with Control Alt Z. There are screen readers for all major operating systems. Check your system docs for info about how to enable yours. So let's look at those aria toggle fields. Chromebox Spoke Volume, slider, 75%. Chromebox Spoken Feedback is ready. Friend pour. With Chromebox, you use search plus arrow keys to navigate around the content, including content you can't reach with just the tab key. The orange box shows Chromebox focus. Friend pour. Complete what are, share, checkbox, checked. Press search plus space to toggle. Checkbox, not checked. Press search plus space to toggle. Checkbox, not checked. Press search plus space to toggle. Chromebox is reading them as checkbox. The first one is checked, and the other two are not checked. Checkbox is what's exposed to the user, letting them know that they can select multiple items. Checkboxes and toggles are functionally equivalent, but checkbox is more familiar to screen reader users. Okay, so that makes sense. But it's not saying a name for them. That's weird. The names are right below the pictures. Even if I move Chromebox cursor onto the text, it doesn't get right out loud. So this is clearly not the right behavior. A Chromebox user who can't see the screen will not be able to tell us which friends will get the message. That could be awkward on a social media site. That's a quick example of finding bugs with Lighthouse and with manual testing. Okay, so once you've found a bug, how do you figure out what the problem is and how do you fix it? Before we start debugging, let's talk for a minute about how web accessibility works. Chromebox gets its information from something called the accessibility tree. The accessibility tree is a tree of accessibility objects that represent the content of the web page. It's based on the DOM, but simplified to remove nodes with no semantic content. The buttons and headings are there, but spans and divs that are only for styling aren't there. This example is a simple form. The form element becomes the section in the accessibility tree. The H2 type of cat is the first heading. There are two radio buttons, tuxedo, like my cat, and tabby. Those names come from the label elements. There's another heading, name your cat, and that's the other H2, and a text box called cat's name, which comes from the input. These trees, the DOM and the accessibility tree, represent the same thing in a slightly different way. Understanding this makes debugging accessibility issues a lot easier. Okay, let's fix this bug. First, let's turn on the full page accessibility tree. Open DevTools. On my Chromebook, I use control shift I, and on Mac, it's command option I. On Windows, it's F12. Go to the accessibility pane in the elements panel and check enable full page accessibility tree. You'll need to reload DevTools. A blue button will appear at the top, and once you've done that, go to the elements panel. You'll find a new button to switch to accessibility tree view. You can toggle between accessibility tree view and the DOM tree view with this button. Now we'll figure out what caused those bugs we saw before and what we need to do to fix them. Okay, now we're ready to go back to friend purr and figure out what's causing this strange behavior. I've got my full page accessibility tree up, and I also have the accessibility panel up to show more detail. First, I'm going to select our Dutch's picture and see if I can figure out how it works. In the accessibility tree, it shows up as a checkbox, which is what Chromebox said too. That makes sense. Next to a checkbox role though, there's an empty string. Why doesn't it have a name? Let's look at the accessibility panel. Here we have aria attributes. Those are the attributes the developer added to the DOM and competed properties. Those are the state the element has after all the different algorithms have been run. Looking in the accessibility panel, we see that Dutchess has the aria labeled by attribute pointing to an element with the ID of label one. It shows up in the computed properties too. If the ID were invalid, it would be crossed out in the computed properties. This seems like it should work. That's weird. In the computed properties, we can click on the label ID and it will take us to that element. This is really useful for understanding how the elements are connected together. The accessibility tree has many secondary relationships that aren't always obvious when looking at the DOM. Label one has the role of label text. That makes sense. And it's highlighting the text Dutchess under her picture. The text is right there. We saw that the reference worked when we followed it in the dev tools. Why doesn't this work? I'll try to expand the label text. Nope, no children. Okay, now we need to go over to the DOM to see what's happening. The same button we clicked to switch to the accessibility tree will toggle us back to the DOM. One really nice thing is that it keeps our place when we switch back and forth. We're still on the Dutchess label. Only now we're looking at it in the DOM. Here, we can expand the label element and see what's inside of it. Look, there's a span in there. It has aria-hidden true on it. Remember earlier when we talked about how the accessibility tree doesn't include every DOM node? aria-hidden equals true explicitly tells Chrome to leave that node and all of its children out of the accessibility tree, even if they'd normally be there. It even says in the computed properties, accessibility node is not exposed. Element is aria-hidden. If we switch back to the accessibility tree for a second, while we have this selected, we'll see that there are now two nodes showing up under the label text that are grayed out and say ignored. Let's switch back to the DOM again and test our theory. We can double click on true and change it to false. False is the default for aria-hidden. So when you go to fix this bug for real, you may want to remove the attribute entirely. Both the tree and the panel are live. Changes in the DOM will be reflected here too. That's especially useful when debugging something that involves a lot of user interaction. So we can switch back to the accessibility tree and see if this worked. Okay, so there's a static text element with a string duchess inside the label text. That looks promising. And if we go up to our duchess profile picture checkbox, it has the word duchess under it. It's there too. And it shows up in the accessibility tree, checkbox duchess, focusable equals true. It's even in the computed properties, name duchess. So that seems like it's working. Let's try it with ChromeVox to see if it's really fixed. So first I'll close the dev tools to emulate typical user experience. Even with the panel closed, it keeps our edit of a DOM in place so we can test them with ChromeVox. I'll launch ChromeVox with control-alt-z and use search-write arrow to move to duchess. ChromeVox spoke volume, slider, 75%. ChromeVox spoken feedback is ready. Friend poor, friend poor, profile feed, search, search, prof, Jane complete, what are you, share with ellipsis, duchess, checkbox, checked. Press search plus space to toggle. It said the name, the fix worked. If I keep doing search-write arrow, we'll also see that the text duchess underneath the picture is no longer separately focused, while Barely Oz and Maria's text is. Checkbox, not check, checkbox, not checked. Press search plus space to toggle. That's because ChromeVox knows that the text is a label for the image checkbox and is smart enough to treat them as a single control. There are a few use cases for Aria Hidden, but it's also the cause of a lot of bugs, like this one. If you find yourself wanting to use it in your code, think about whether there's a different way to achieve your goals. Of course, editing the DOM only fixes the bug on my browser and only until I refresh the page. Now that we know what the problem is, we need to go into the source for the page and fix it there. And we should have some real users who use screen readers and other AT all day long try it out before we declare it really fixed. Debugging accessibility isn't much different than debugging anything else. You still have to find bugs and you still have to fix them. With the new full-page accessibility tree in Chrome DevTools, it's now a lot easier to track down accessibility bugs. You can see the accessibility tree for the whole page, how it relates to the DOM and easily switch between them. Thank you for joining us today. You can find out more about the accessibility features in Chrome DevTools, including the full-page accessibility tree and Lighthouse accessibility audits, on the Chrome Developers blog and on web.dev. You can learn more about accessibility at Google on the keyword blog and at google.com slash accessibility. And you can follow us on Twitter at Google access, all one word. Thank you and enjoy the rest of I.O.


What's going on everybody? Dato Doi here with another Dragon Ball Fighters theme video. Over the course of this channel's lifespan I've made a lot of videos covering Dragon Ball Fighters and usually the goal of those videos is to help newcomers get acquainted with the systems in Dragon Ball Fighters so that they may go on to become competitive players themselves. Now usually those videos cover the game itself or they cover the terms that people use to discuss the game. This time however I'm going to be covering the controllers you use to play the game and the common misconceptions that come with them. Let's start with the most important point of this entire video. You do not need a fight stick in order to be competitive in Dragon Ball Fighters. In fact the game was clearly designed with controllers in mind and this is coming from somebody that's going to be spending most of his time playing Fighters using a fight stick. Now you may be asking if that's true how come at every fighting game tournament I've watched all of the top players are using a fight stick and the answer to that is simply they prefer using it. You see the one thing most top-level fighting game players have in common is that they've been playing fighting games for a really long time and because of this they most likely learned how to play fighting games at the arcade in which the only way you could play the game was with a joystick. So because they were doing it for so long and got comfortable with playing on a joystick just because the arcade scene here in America died out doesn't mean that their love for the joystick did. And that's the second point to this video. The best controller for you is the one you prefer.  Same goes for people that grew up with PlayStation and the ironic part is if you don't have experience with fighters in the arcade then getting a fight stick might actually make you worse at the game. The entire point of a controller is that you want it to feel so natural to you that you don't want to think about it when you're playing. So if you try learning a new game and a new controller at the same time you might find yourself getting confused and frustrated especially after paying two hundred or three hundred dollars for the fight stick itself. I mean seriously those things are expensive and you might say well yeah but I could get a cheap one which is something I would advise against heavily. Again this is something you're investing in so that you can play a game you love and if you really like the game chances are you'll be playing a lot and when you play you need to use your controller and cheap fight sticks are not built to last. Those things will break on you numerous times. So if you are going to get a fight stick just save up and spring for one that's better built. So now for the remainder of this video I thought I'd show you the controllers I plan on using for Dragon Ball Fighters and why I prefer each one in different scenarios. So here's my lineup of controllers. You've got your standard Xbox One controller, a PS4 pad and the Madcats TE2 for Xbox One. Now like the overall theme of the video would suggest I'm gonna go through each controller and list my pros and cons for me personally. Let's start with your basic front of the mill Xbox One controller. My two favorite things about the Xbox One controller is the shape and feel of it and the fact that there's not a lot of setup involved.  When I do use it though I have to use the analog stick which isn't preferred for me since my D-pad is broken but overall this is still the controller I use when I wanted to do something casual in the game like maybe play through the story mode or arcade mode and do a couple of the trials from my favorite character. My one major gripe with the controller however is the button layout. I think Dragon Ball Fighter has actually handled it much better than a lot of other fighting games that you can play on the Xbox One but still for some reason in my brain it doesn't make a lot of sense to have the attack buttons not over each other and directly next to each other. I don't know why my brain works like that but if I have to use the triggers and bumpers for anything in a fighting game then that's going to take a lot of mental concentration on my part and I just rather not think about it. Alright let's skip the ps4 pad from now and move directly onto the arcade stick. So my first pro for this controller would be that it feels very natural and solves the issue I have with the Xbox One controller and having to use the bumpers during the fight. All of the buttons here are laid out for you in order and you can customize each button to perform a specific action. I guess you could do that with the Xbox One as well but you'd have to use the bumpers for something. My other pro for this controller would be that it just feels rewarding to win with. I know that sounds kind of weird but this controller is very satisfying to use. All the clicks and button presses makes it feel like you're doing something and the overall feel of it is very satisfying. I plan on using this controller for when I'm really trying hard to climb that ranked ladder and if I'm ever doing like an online tournament or something that that's somebody sourcing I'll probably use this controller as well. The cons of this controller include its size. If I want to go over to a friend's house and play some dragon ball fighters over there I'm not going to lug this thing all the way over. I'll just take my Xbox controller or if he's playing on PS4 I'll just take my pack and I know a ton of people like to sit with their fight sticks in their laps but for me I like to have it set on a table for something so it really dictates the way I'm sitting when playing the game. Now onto the final controller I use that being this PS4 pad. Now I got this controller on a whim. I literally walked into GameStop and asked if they had any and they said yeah and showed me this Mortal Kombat one. I'm not really even that big of a fan of Mortal Kombat I just really wanted to try out a controller version and I ended up really liking it a lot.  It has everything that's satisfying about a stick and it has the perfect button layout and it's very easy to take with you wherever you go and it also plugs into the PC which is what I use this thing for. So I'm going to be using this thing for everything on the PC version of Dragon Ball Fighters that includes beating the story mode and climbing the ranked ladder. For a con I'd say this controller is probably the easiest to break out of the three but if you treat it properly I don't think that's really an issue so I don't know. I'd still say I have more fun using an arcade stick but I would say if you want something in between an arcade stick and a controller definitely check these things out. Oh that's gonna be it for me. If you have a favorite controller that you use for Dragon Ball Fighters please feel free to leave it in the comments below. I'll be down there as always and if you like this video and channel then it would mean a lot if you could hit the like button and subscribe. I'm Dr. Doya and I'll see you in the next one.


In Bakhmut area, Russian forces lose almost 4,500 people in two weeks. In the area of Bakhmut, the enemy lost almost 4,500 Wagner fighters and regular army soldiers killed and wounded in two weeks. Every day, he carries out from 40 to 50 assault attempts. Said Deputy Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Brigadier General Alexei Horomov, to date. Bakhmut direction remains the most difficult, where the enemy continues offensive actions in the central part of the town of Bakhmut, as well as in the direction of Bodanivka and Ivan Kivsky settlements in order to surround the city from the north and south. In order to strengthen the offensive potential, a part of the enemy's forces and means has been moved to Bakhmut area from Avdiivka direction. Every day in the area of Bakhmut, he carries out from 40 to 50 attempts of offensive assault actions, more than 500 attacks using the full range of available weapons, he said at a briefing. As emphasised in the General Staff, the military political leadership of the Russian Federation does not pay attention to significant losses. Horomov noted that, over the past two weeks in Bakhmut area, the enemy has lost almost 4,500 warglar fighters and soldiers of the Regular Army of the Russian Federation, killed and wounded. In addition, in some units of the Russian Army, the mobilised military massively refused to participate in hostilities, the Refuseniks are brutally dealt with.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late sports cards ripping 21-22, Panini Mosaic, basketball hobby, four box break, number 52. Picker team style. Read off a list of our names on our teams. You've got Blaine T with the Wizards, Brandon L. Kings, Cody M. Timberwolves, Drew Z. Pistons, Felix N. with the Pacers, Frank C. Jazz Sons, Hank B. Grizzlies, Joe M. Magic Thunder, John P. with the Mavs, John H. Sixers Nuggets, Joshua B. Lakers, Justin O. Bulls, Kent I. Bucks Warriors Rockets, Kevin R. with the Hornets Spurs, Max K. Knicks, Michael W. Trailblazers, Mike I. Cavs Heat, Paul G. with the Nets, Tom B. Raptor Celtic, Zachary W. with the Hawks and Pelicans, and Zachary C. with the Clippers. Good luck, everybody. We've got another two of these to fill up after, as well as a six-box mixer. Let's fill up the next one. I believe 14 to go right now. Pick your team style. Everything is on sale. Donnie will drop you guys that link. I'm not tweeting it, Facebook and Twitter. Thank you, sir. Teams are all on sale in that one for some mosaic. Silver, Christian Wood. Red, Cam Thomas, nice one there. All are on sale. Check it on out, everybody. Everything is on sale. Sugs, Kaminga, Kwai Leonard. There's Desmond Bain. Red is Draymond Green. Steph Curry, Joellen Bede. Scotty Barnes-Rookie. Got Chris Paul and Josh Giddy. Been hot tonight, too, man. There's Marcus Morris, Poku. Did they really, Joshua? There's Jimmy Butler. For God, I remember hearing about it. Remember hearing about that making the documentary on it. Some guy had talked to Dolphin. Dolphin Whisper. Silver, Nick Claxton. Gold is Nikolaj Jokic on the montage. Goin' to Denver. Man, what a break to start off. Nine of 10. Very nice. Gold montage of the MVP. I'm gonna carry Moses Moody. Yes, I'll nag that for sure. Again, guys, we've got just 14. Pick your team spots left in the next one. Silver, Will Barton. White, Quentin Grimes. That is 7 out of 25 on the rookie for the Knicks. Nice QG. Comin' your way. Congrats on that, Knicks. Evan Mobley at Straight Fire AD. Mobley Rookie. And Jalen Suggs. Cam Thomas. Red, Kai Jones. That is Rising Stars of Ant-Man. Tray Murphy. Christopher, Paul George. RJ Hampton's gonna be our auto for the magic. Nice one there. Orlando. Silver, Chris Thortay. Red, Obi-Tapin. Overdrive, Chris Thortay. Jerry Butler. Zyra Williams here. I'll drop you the link really quick, Gianni. Bunch of decent teams left for sure. One second. I gotta check one thing as well, guys. Hold on. Yeah, it's fun, dude. It's definitely fun. One second. Hold on. Hold on. Hold on. A couple more spots came in as well. We're down to just 12 to go, everybody. Hawks and Pelicans off the board. Scotty Barnes, debut. What's up, Wolfkin? I appreciate that, Gian. There's a Josh Giddy. LeBron, Jimmy Butler. Silver, Joel, and Bede. Nice one there for the Sixers. Red, Greg Brown. Lamella Ball. Scotty Barnes, introductions. Miles McBride. Garza, up from Shengun. Again, we're down to 12 to go, everybody. 12 to go, campaign. Red, Gary Trent. Stairmasters, Russ. Lamella, Banton, Aldama. Nuggets gone in 53. Thank you, Joseph. We're down to 11. 11 teams to go, guys. Thank you again. I do appreciate all of you. 11 to go. Box number two. Here we go. Got it as a four box. Pick your team style of mosaic basketball. What you're seeing right here. Pascal Siakam gone. Anzo Ball. Devon Vasell on the red 75th anniversary. Short print. Donovan Mitchell. There's Moments in Time, Dane. Donovan Mitchell. Yasun Muki on Johnson. All teams are on sale as well. Blake Griffin. Red, Chris Stopps for Zingas. There's Stairmasters. Deontae Murray. Evan Mobley, National Prize. There's been some big stops to come out of these as well. Josh Giddy. Red, KG. Middleton. We've got Anthony Edwards on the montage. Cade, base rookie. Why? Scotty Barnes' rookie as well. Just 11 to go. Silver, Moe Bomba. Red, Matisse Thible. What's up, Greg? How you doing, buddy? I say it's hot. What is up, Greg? Silver, Calden Johnson. White, Cade Cunningham. Boom. Let's go, baby. 22 of 25. Going to the Pistons. That is Drew Zee. Drew, congrats, man. This case has been great so far. Holy cow.  Ho-ho, man. Giddy rookie. Jonathan Kominga. Red, Gary Harris. Montage, Anthony Davis. Who's answering the phone tonight? There's nobody here to answer the phone, Greg. No Bryson to talk to. Silver, Jalen Suggs. Terence Mann. There's Tyrese Halliburton, Rising Stars. Austin Reeves. Silver, Moses Moody. Red, Jaden Springer. Rising Stars, Ant-Man. Or Stray Fire, Ant-Man, excuse me. Jalen Green. I think Mobley behind that as well. Yes, there is. Again, guys, 11 to go in the next one. That is it. That is all. That is going to be a Ron Harper. Going to the Bulls. Nice one there, Chicago. Ron Harper, Sr. Silver to Montage Sabonis. Red is Steph Curry. Base, we've got Overdrive, Zach Levine. Sondro, Herbert Jones, Kevin Durant. Got 11. Got two more of these we've got to fill up. Plus a six-box Mixer, some Prism Choice, Prism Hobby, and Donorus Hobby. $50 a spot on that one. This is PYT.  Silver, Bones, Highland. 11 to go, LeBron, Red. Overdrive, Franz Wagner. Maxi, White, Marcus Cousins. Cade, National Pride. Jalen Johnson. Red for Conducon Pazzo. That's Kauai Leonard moment in time. Ant-Man, Bissell, Mobamba. You're good, Gianni. It's this one, four-boxer, Steph Curry, Stairmasters. Two more four-boxers of Mosaic. Then we have a six-box Mixer, two Prism Draft Hobby, two Prism Draft Choice, two Donorus Hobby, and that's it for group breaks, and then a moment inception at the end of the night as well. Jason Preston, Auto for the Clippers. Nice one there, LA. Silver, Trey Murphy. Red, Nicolausovic. Starting five for the Pistons. Yeah, Jason Preston. Confused for a second there. This is a Jalen Green debut. It's a bonus. LeBron Red. That's basically Nightbot is like Evan Mobley. Landon's basically like the one we, it's on like a timer, so it gives you like updates and stuff. Suggs. Silver Rocco, Red Yacob Hurdle. What's up? I'm Nightbot. Yes, Donnie is Nightbot. Grayson Allen. Red, Jeremiah Robinson Earl. There's Luca Donchich. Spare is gone. More orders came in. Down to eight to go, guys. Kate Cunningham. Eight and 15. Camptons. Eight and 15. Camping. Red, Sexton. Frans Wagner. Pascal Siakum. Blayton Robot would take out Nightbot. There's Garland, the Twitch one to do so. Wow, Joshua things. Silver Darius Basely. There's a Blue, Peyton Pritchard to 99. For the Cs, nice one there, Celtics. Base. All right, we've got left now. A bunch of orders come in. John M taking the thunder. Thank you there, John. Appreciate you, my friend. We've got Bulls, Pacers, Clippers, Heat. We're down to seven to go, guys. Wow, thank you so much. Seven to go. We've got the Bulls, the Pacers, the Clippers, Heat, Magic, Kings, and Wizards, everybody. That is it in the next one. Thank you so, so much. Really do appreciate it. We're also down to 18 to go on our Six Box Mixer for some choice, for some hobby, and Don Russ hobby. Won't be until the end of the shift. So tonight probably won't get told to about between 1231. Evan Mobley. Silver J Crowder. Red Deandre Hunter. Stain glass. Jalen Green. Nice one there for the Rockets. Grats on that H town, picking up a Jalen Green. Thank you, Justin O taking the Bulls in the next two breaks. Justin, you're the man. Down to just six to go, everybody. Six to go in the next break. That is it. That is all. Scotty Barnes, rookie. Anthony Melton. Marcus Smart. There's a Devin Booker moment in time. Jaqueline Anthony. Josh Giddy, rookie on top. There's Anthony Melton. Stair masters, Fred Van Vliet. Bridges, Allen, Horford. Going here. It's going to be Latrell Spreewell. Going to the next nice one there. Nice spree. Latrell Spreewell for the next. John Collins. Chris Duarte, red. Starting five for the Grizzlies. Six to go, everybody. All teams on sale. Six to go. Jalen Green, rookie. Silver Patrick Williams. Got a blue Bogdan Bogdanovich 299 for the Hawks. Cam Thomas. Scotty Barnes. Josh Giddy as well. Kat, called Bridges. Montage, Nikolay Yolkic. Porter Jr., Kyrie. I saw your email, Thomas, or Tomas. I sent it to our head of acquisitions. I don't know, to be honest. Pink Cade Cunningham. Oh my gosh. 41 of 49. What a case we're working with so far. Holy moly. Wow, wow, wow. That is awesome, dude. Congrats on that again, Pistons. Two Cades coming out of this. Yeah, no problem. No problem at all, Tomas. Yeah, because why not, exactly. Cade, red now. A couple more teams came in for the next one as well. Introductions. Davion Mitchell. Ben Simmons. Fred Van Vleet. Io D'Souza. Monta Morris. There's Frans Wagner, Rising Stars. Hey, let's go, Drew. Congrats, buddy. What a break for you, man. Two Cades. Silver, Mobley. Red use of Nerkich. Big Nerk. And base. Do a quick recap here, guys. Thanks again for getting this build on up. We've got a Latrel Spreewell, Jason Preston, Ron Harper, RJ Hampton, Stain Glass, Jalen Green. Nice one there. We've got Pink Cade Cunningham. 41 of 49. A White Cade Cunningham. 22 over 25. And a Gold Yoakich. 9 of 10 on the montage. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up, let's fill up this next mosaic.


Hello, and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brent and today we're on episode 300 Woo 300 nice of the death walkthrough we are outside the witch's house Which is where the thumbnail is I say that every time and we're about to head in last time if you haven't checked it Already, you should we defeated Wilhelm wonky and did a whole bunch of other stuff We discovered that goblins of a cause you made it. Oh, you're feeling better. How was Nebelheim fairing? Fine now a nunna did show up to force that trickle plant to reopen, but Austin held firm I wonder why she cares so much about that toxic gunk Toxic of course none is not interested in designer treats She wanted trickle as a weapon the ultimate stink bomb for her army of clan boys What I will catch you up while the wizard talks to the weird sisters Yeah, sounds like a plan right the weird sisters through here. I love to see them What you just said makes perfect sense the anti-joys in gobbler's sweat work like sour patch goat Dantroff turning bland candy corn gummies sour even the trigger word fits Nobody says sad in caramel at least not until the happiness initiative overwork them then they complained the gummies were activated And also Nana could make a secret army to destroy other candy companies A tale as old as time, but what to do now how to stop this that is beyond science Strategy is more Samantha's area go talk to her Right, let's go to Samantha Yeah, hello Strategy is not my area. It's Piper's area and she says we obviously need to expose Nana and Happiness initiative who is prudence my familiar is Piper But first she says we need to counteract the gobbler anti-joys Sweet in Nana's army and make a time list Rosina's a goblet expert I sent some goblet's her way earlier, but you know, she cannot stand the forest and her house moves How do we find it? Yes, Piper? I know they can follow the breadcrumb trail, but it is invisible Oh, they would need superior senses A pet to find it Wizard you can help with that. Yeah, let your pet lead the way to Rosina's house and my sister and I will follow Right Let's just go outside and use pet mode. Hmm. And we will find Rosina's house with our pet because yes Because that makes complete sense. I also have stocked up the the happiness on this pet as well Recently so that is pretty cool because at the time of recording this which is way in advance the pet promenade's on So it's quite a handy thing to do But yeah, this is actually the last one of the last videos that I need to pre-record for when I'm away on a holiday So yeah, the all of the things that you've seen before this have been Recorded ages ago, and I am in fact probably Coming back from holiday now as you see this video. So that's pretty cool. That's pretty cool, right? Oh, look the scary bush things. Let's go through.  I Do not know they look like plants, but there is no sugar dust no weaf of the peppermint They are just green or red They are cold vegetables my friend and their presence on caramel can only mean one sink We are all in serious danger Mal worth. How did you find this place easy for a line? I spied it Suspicious yes But this time I was not following you I was following George veg He is the last of our suspects for the attack on the old one and a fitting a candidate to as He has the power to Use the roots to pull people beneath the earth He most likely dragged your friends inside the house. He waits for you there this time. It is a trip Hmm, right. It is a trap interesting. Let's find out what's happening in Rosina's house Hmm, truly nothing weird at all. You would hope you would hope but look at those goblers just munching on Munching on things love to see it. They seem to be very happy munching on vegetables Didn't think that would ever happen, but hey it does Wizard you stand accused of fraternizing with candy pushers of producing and distributing foodstuffs with limited Nutritional value also, you probably attacked the old one. How do you plead plea? rejected proceed to each of the trial rooms for your sentencing and Execution Hmm, okay, don't key. Let's go to the first trial room The witness will answer the question. I I do not know what is happening Did the wizard engage in willful acts of snackification? Yes or no? It's a simple question I am unsure ask them yourself. Ah, there's the defendant now anything to say before I pass sentence He thought not Right, I'll be back in just a little bit once I've defeated these guys, right? I am back.  I guess Mmm, right, righty-ho. Let's see how this goes Hmm Will this kill probably not let's go for the This no, we'll do this. We have a hundred percent pop-up chance. We'll do this into a Ship of false and that should probably kill I would say hopefully most likely fingers crossed probably Hopefully Hopefully hopefully hopefully Right here we go. Let's go For Lulu we said ship of false, but Lulu works perfectly well as well perfectly well as well because that makes sense and Here we go Crit 70 faint and we should definitely kill with this. Yep. Wait way overkill, but hey, that's okay. It's okay It's all that bitter all the bitter Right, let's get hounds out of here. Hello hounds Do you deal with this sort of lunacy often visit because I do not but we have to find Greta We were separated when the vine sings pulled us into the ground which lunacy, right?  You will be the one pleading when I get out of here if you provide evidence on your accomplice We will be willing to show leniency Good for you because my accomplice won't will you visit? No, definitely won't be showing leniency, right? I'll be back once I've defeated these guys, right? I am back. Hopefully this kills and fingers crossed unlike last time where it didn't else highly awkward No big killed that's good gg we good.  They kind of like scream a little bit. It's quite sad really Visit we must get out of that cage Yes, we must get Greta out of the cage I need to punch someone too bad. They all run away Perhaps we should do the same. Yeah, let's visit find Rosina. Yes fine come along Hans We will wait outside visit finds that cabal maniac and end this Right, this is gonna be a very interesting fight. I don't know if I'm gonna be able to solo this I might have to call in some reinforcements But for now we're gonna try I hate this world. It's sicker in false Everything wrong with society the spiral needs to become like uncooked vegetables hard healthy Land That's what the first world was no tearing apex of divine civilization It was just life without the culture and flavor created by the spiral worlds The first world was cauliflower Flat tasteless pebulum in a word it was wholesome at this place is a disease a Disease you're no doubt trying to save which is why you're guilty wizard and the sentence for being guilty death Yikes judge judge veg is very in character with his whole judgy thing But I think he should just stop judging me to be honest Instead I should judge him, but yes this fight is very interesting And by interesting, I mean so many cheats.  Hopefully we can use it. We'll see We'll see you can't faint in this fight ever He polymorphs us Eventually theoretically Unless we kill first round that would be kind of crazy. I don't think we can yeah, here we go Here we go, so he polymorphs us into something we are carrots Which is cool. So the carrots are Their their life, which is interesting life vegetable I don't know The thing is I'm not sure if things are like bugged With this fight or not because you have shadow spells like wings of fate and Grimadia, which is the new spell new life spell Except you don't gain shadow pips in this form So I don't quite understand why that's a thing. This is a loud spell. Holy moly But yeah, we are now life apparently. I don't know if we have any resist No, we don't so we can die really easily now Luckily they don't actually do too much damage Judge of Edge and the dead beats don't actually do that much damage Um, but yeah, what are we gonna do? What do we can heal? So that's pretty cool.  I believe I Believe that's what it means Pretty sure. Yeah, that's what it is the new life spell here. It is Here it is With a bottle of yum, which is not yum. It's TNT It's just disguised as yum How this fight is fair. I don't know because That is very loud They really need to fix that I'm surprised that hasn't been fixed yet fact that it goes so loud after that spell geez Luckily my volume wasn't all the way up. I'm gonna have to remember to try and turn. Oh, whoa Okay, now we're out of this Okay, this didn't happen in test drama, I don't know I'd never got removed out of the thing in test drum, so I Just assume we were always stuck in it So this fight has changed quite a lot since test drum apparently which is good because I can now do this get some health back Which is fantastic. We might actually be able to solo this which is quite cool I was very worried that we wouldn't be able to but it seems like at least for now We might be able to Which is cool. I like that a lot. I really like that because in test run We didn't ever I don't think we ever got out of being You know polymorphed Which isn't exactly fair. We cannot faint He does remove those so we're just gonna blade. Unfortunately. We don't have high power pips at the moment or many because of a Powerpip chance being severely lacking severely lacking With the other thing, maybe I should have healed that would have been probably a good move Probably would have been a good move it makes sense now Why we can cast shadow pip spells on them because you can actually gain shadow pips now because we're not constantly just have no shadow chance Instead we do here, which is cool. We're gonna death play it again double death play. It sounds like a great idea Until we get polymorphed into the death vegetable the dead beats Hopefully that doesn't happen because then we're gonna have to do something. Oh, yeah, he cast wings of fate every few rounds So that's kind of annoying kind of annoying But hey, it happens It happens Luckily, it's not that terrible Or not that good But it's still slightly frustrating. It does give a heal which is very frustrating very very very frustrating Especially when it's like 590 that's a lot That is a lot of heal very quickly. It is three rounds. So 590 times three you can do the math. I'm not going to but it's about 1500 ish 1500 health that they're getting back plus the initial bit as well Plus the drains that the deadbeat seems to use all the time as well, which is kind of annoying But hey, it's okay. Judge veg now has no pips, which is cool That makes our job so much easier. We're gonna hurt.  I would say he does have a fortify actually so maybe not but it'll be close It'll be very very close to very very close to Hopefully Maybe we will find out maybe Not quite so close so close. It's so far away. We have full health as well So when we get transformed again or polymorphed, we should be fine minion is dead, which is good Which is fantastic judge veg getting that health back 700 health for him. Oh, that's a lot That is a lot. Here's a high incoming boost for health He's a healthy boy. He is a healthy boy. That is for sure Right Let's see what we can do. I mean, I guess we could ship a force next and that should probably kill We're out of traps we're out of faints All we have is a reshuffle in a Lulu a scion and a ship of force. So um, yeah Oh Okay, that's fine weakness is okay weakness is okay. We'll just ship of force or we can do this We do have a weakness. I Like the chances with Lulu It has a more chance to kill and then we can always follow up with a ship of force later And not have to wait for a shadowpip so that sounds like a good idea I mean if we didn't use it, we wouldn't have to but you know my logic is flawed Okay, my logic is very very flawed all of the time All of the time a constant flaws everywhere just no ceilings just flaws Just flaws. Um, is that a kill? I think that killed Wow Okey-dokey then No, the cavities aren't mine. I didn't see eye to eye with the old one on everything But he was a vegan, you know, so I gave him a pass as for the cavities themselves I told you this world is diseased even you can't save it I do hate to be a bother, but would you be so kind as to let me out kiddo? Thanks Look, it's rosina. Hi. I like rosina. Oh wonderful. Hello. I'm rosina part of the group known as Witch I gather you're the wizard that's been making waves all over the spiral Alfoy, no, I don't know what that is I'm a gobbler though. I suffer from a variety of allergies to sugar gluten peanuts dairy soy shellfish and wood Definitely an alfoy. I suspect this is related to my rather distinctive features at any rate What say we prove that unpleasant fellow wrong and save caramel? Hey, let's just try not to spend too much time outside in the forest allergies and all that very uncomfortable Right, let us return outside. I love rosina. We're about to hear probably next episode so much gobbler lore that you're gonna be Sinking in gobbler lore. It's crazy. I also cannot believe I solid judge veg That is in my opinion crazy. Absolutely crazy. We don't even get a badge for soloing judge veg You know, you would think that we would but but we don't it's quite sad quite sad, but hey Let's your friend scurried off again Honestly, we just blinked and he was gone. What in the name of nana happened here. I can't have this stuff around me I'm allergic to citrus and chlorophyll That was me another episode. Oh, and look you found some gobblers. How about that? What were they doing here? That that's a good question rosina nano was sweating them for anti-joys to make sour gummies That's the most ridiculous thing I've ever said Do you know how to counteract the anti-joys so we can purify the tainted gummies will ferried us do it Not by itself kiddo that would just pile sweetness on top of the sour We need something to break down the anti-joys themselves Fortunately, I think these gobbler fellas can help us with Hang on. Hang on That Wait, I know you're the witch what banished our king run everybody run from the witch Oh this again. They must be trying to hustle back to gobbleton. I left a boat by the soda lake We gotta get there before they do Well, we we we got there the gobblers are gone and there is no boat I guess they stole it to get back home. So now what do we do? We must go to gobbleton find out how nana is getting its people to her factories and disrupt her supply line of Anti-joys Hans Greta return to the tree house and tell everyone where we're going wizard I hope you can breathe under water looks like this is where we part ways wizard. Good luck Right next episode water cliff hanging to be on we're gonna go over we're gonna jump in the lake Um, we're gonna head over to gobbleton and we're gonna start the end basically of caramel the gobbleton is the last area um of caramel As you can see we've been to vom trapper state rock candy mountains come drop forest We spoke noble high noble high minds black licorice forest, which is where we are at the moment candy corn farm Gobleton is the last area before we go back to caramel city and wrap things up Um, but yeah, we'll be here for the next couple of episodes But otherwise, thank you for watching remember to leave a like and subscribe if you subscribe press the little bell So you know exactly when I post another video and remember to craft outside the box


this panel on trade across regions that share the Indian Ocean. We're looking about trade across South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. We've all come to acknowledge the fact that trade is a major engine of growth across the world. And many nations have revolutionized their economies through trade. We're going back to Japan, South Korea, and China. So the question we're presenting, we are going to debate or we're going to discuss today, is about how to enhance trade across South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Now these are large economies in terms of the size of the population, but in terms of the share of world trade, there still is a small part, especially South Asia and Africa, is a small part of trade. There's been a large increase in South-South trade, but most of that has been kind of intra-Asia, mostly East Asian economies and Southeast Asian economies, much less South Asia and Africa. And the Middle East is well known for its oil exports. The question is whether we can think of other areas that it could diversify into. We have a great group of speakers to comment on this topic with a lot of experience in this area. To my left, I have Priyanka Mittal, who is the director of KRBL India. I have Vinit Nair, who is the vice chairman and CEO of HCL Technologies. And to my right, I have Mohammad Jaffer, who is the chairman and managing director of Kuwaiti Danish Dairy Company of Kuwait. So we have two representatives from the South Asia side, the India side, and we have Mohammad, who is from the Middle East, and we are missing one of our speakers who would have been from Africa. But I assume we can get some good questions from the audience on this. So the way I want to proceed on this topic is to break it down into three parts, which is first, start with a discussion about the unique opportunities that the region affords, and then speak about the challenges that we face in growing trade across these different regions. And then in the end, talk specifically about best practices and solutions to address these challenges and how to grow trade. So let me come to the opportunities and we start with Priyanka. So Priyanka, you are heading an agro-based company and you have many dealings with the Middle East.  So maybe you can start with telling us about what you see as some of the unique opportunities that exist for trade across this region in the agro-based sector and in related sectors. Okay. Gita, I'd like to start by saying that there's great opportunities to trade with neighbors, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and I don't think that potential is fully harnessed. I'll start by sharing a statistic that inter-regional trade roughly accounts for 65% of European Union's total trade, 51% for NAFTA, 25% for OSEAN, and 16% for Mercosur. However, the ratio is just 5% for SAFTA, despite excellent infrastructure. So that's a low-hanging fruit that is up for grabs. Now obviously there are a lot of benefits for inter-regional trade, particularly in the SARC area, political stability, labour mobility. You know, culturally we understand them better. We can spec and customize the product better. There's obviously a freight advantage. And recently the issue that has gone out a lot of attention is carbon footprinting. So trading with neighbors actually reduces that substantially. Now a lot of work has happened. India has made a lot of initiative with Pakistan trying to develop inter-regional trade. And in December 2012 last year we signed the MFN and we will see that that area of trade increase in future years. But I think that's a low-hanging fruit. And that should have been done similar to other regions. With regard to the Middle East, you know, India has primarily been a raw materials exporter. So I think there is great opportunity to go up the value chain. I can give you our example as K. Herbiel. Rather than just being a raw materials exporter, we have actually gone into a value addition and we are actually exporting brands. So we are capturing that value addition in India. So there are two aspects to the issue here. One is to actually not only raise the value of trade but also raise the kind of trade that you do. You know, we can get into more manufactured centric trade, get into more knowledge-based trade, you know, and thereby enhancing not only just being a raw materials provider but actually uplifting the entire value chain and capturing that value in the supply chain. Now what happens is Southeast Asia, exports raw material to, let's say, the West. The West does the value addition and then it is exported to the Middle East. In that sense, then the value is captured by people there. So if you actually directly evaluate the product, that source of origin, where the raw material is generated, you will actually capture significantly more value. That's great. So it sounds like besides having comparative advantage in a particular product, you want to be able to move up the value chain. Absolutely. And come up with more branded products for which you then, you know, have a significant market share in these different regions. So I want to move on to beneath, you're in a completely different industry. You're in IT and for you, from your perspective, are these regions a market for you as a destination or are you basically sourcing skilled manpower to fuel your service trade with North America and Europe? Before answering that question, Keith, if I can step back and answer that, where is the opportunity I see, right? Most of us actually are existing with the western hat on our head, assuming that's the market which we are all focused on and we need to produce either raw material or good services for the western market. And each one of us are doing our own bit in our own way and without looking at the collaborative enterprise and what potentially it could do for us to even pursue that agenda. EU is a very strong example of intra-trade base growth. That means how do you trade within that region so that you can grow. However, this experiment could be a different experiment, which is where your question is going. So what you can trade within, is that an attractive opportunity? Yes and no, because the opportunity in the west is far bigger than the opportunity within this region. However, what you can do collaboratively to leverage and deliver better value and better services to the west is a very interesting opportunity. Most of the people in west see a risk in a single country of sourcing, whether it is a supply chain or sourcing or IT or whatever it is. And therefore they seek multi-country collaboration, whether it is India in Philippines, Malaysia in India or Middle East in India or South Africa in India increasingly. And when you do that, the question is do you appear as one or do you appear as virtually two separate companies, which are trying to deliver to the same customer. And so far, because of the trade barriers, we appear as two separate companies in two separate countries and therefore what we have on offer to US or Europe is not very cohesive and therefore it's not a single value proposition.  That's the bigger raw material we have in our age, 50% of the age is less than 30% of this population. So how can we leverage this raw material and how can we collaborate collectively and raise the level of this raw material to deliver higher value added services to the West and redefine globalization. Today globalization is all about West going to East and therefore you talk to any Western company, their biggest opportunity is going East. So how can we redefine globalization about East going to West by better collaboration and leveraging these two and a half, a billion people to be able to pursue the dreams which all of us have in the emerging market. That's great. So it looks like in terms of opportunities we've raised two sets. One is about the market itself as a source, as a market to sell to and the point you raised about leveraging the skilled manpower in the region not to sell to sell to the markets in that region but to sell to markets outside.  What in your opinion are the opportunities that cooperation in this region can bring about? I think when you look at the region and what it has to offer, it has a lot to offer, it has people to offer. You have the middle classes of Africa and India alone are the new consumers, the Canadian Prime Minister yesterday said he's not waiting for Doha to happen. They're having bilateral agreements quickly. They're interested in India. Energy, Hungary, India. You also have what we were talking about the Indian Ocean but there is what lies beyond the Indian Ocean, beyond the coast. So you've got China, you've got Central Africa and just the shores of Africa. So it has people to offer markets. Tackling trade was addressed by a number of organizations. You have ASEAN, you have IOC, the Indian Ocean, you have the Gulf Corporation Council within the Gulf. They all have existed for many years to facilitate trade within those particular regions. And now we have a very wide brush where we want those various countries around the Indian Ocean to cooperate. I think it's a great challenge. I think first for the opportunity to happen, you need to refocus. Who's going to, like the Canadians, coming with a small trade delegation to a specific country? I think the execution mechanism for these opportunities to take place has to be revisited. The trade within the GCC, for example, in the Gulf countries is nil and I think you have to examine if you're unable within a sub-region to trade, why is it that you're unable to trade within the sub-region and is it ambitious to trade outside the region? It's easy to sell oil because there's demand for oil today but what lies beyond the obvious? So the opportunities here in India, infrastructure in Africa, infrastructure again, and agriculture. So you've got the people but also you have the means to produce food. I think that these are priorities, bisector priorities by country that need to be identified to get the ball rolling. And I think the new model of public-private partnerships and the change in mindset must start to exist so that these opportunities that have existed for a long time, the populations didn't appear yesterday, the arable land didn't just appear yesterday, they've been here for a long time. How do you turn that into a reality? This is a good point to start bringing up the specific challenges. We all agree that the opportunity exists. If I could add one more opportunity here because what you're saying is absolutely right. I think what's happening is that over a period of time, because of this whole western mindset coming east in a very dominant way, we don't think cooperation, we think consumption. And therefore our mindset is how can we consume more like the west? And what is actually needed to solve either the social problems or economic problems or diversity problems is more local solutions, more innovative solutions. And there are huge number of innovative solutions, whether you take the Jaipur Fort on one side or you take low-cost education, we will never have the teachers which we would need. A whole lot of solutions are there, whether they are in South Africa or India and Middle East. I think if there was an agreement of sorts to try and cover some of the social issues by leveraging the local innovation we have, people will start seeing the benefit of leveraging innovations from each other and the commerce will come later. Otherwise what's happening is that we are trying to force-fit the western solutions even to social problems. You take water, you take irrigation, you take all those medicines, you take all those, we are trying to ape the west to try and solve a local problem which is not going to be possible. So even at the government level, if not the trade, trade is a very sensitive topic in terms of what you will and what you're not and it needs infrastructure. But even if you try and encourage social innovation labs, frugal innovation labs to try and encourage solution of social problems by leveraging capability from each other, I think that conversation within the region will start. We're talking here about having regional cooperation, not just purely trade-based, but in terms of transfers of social technology, solutions that address problems that are specific to the region that you won't find solutions in the west for. But it sounds like these are compliments. To some extent, by actually improving the social infrastructure in the region, the physical infrastructure in the region and by transferring technologies across the region, you might actually enhance trade also in the process. And so these are the kinds of opportunities that we are thinking about. And so we all agree there are great opportunities, but still if you look at the numbers in terms of trade in the region, we're talking about small numbers. And so let's try to get a little specific about what we think are the challenges to growing trade. Now, we know that there are kind of explicit barriers to trade versus tariffs. And in fact, if you look at the tariff barriers between the north and the south, they're actually less severe than across countries in the south. And then of course there are non-tariff barriers, which is the physical infrastructure that doesn't exist, financial capital, things of those kinds. So let me go around and get your opinion on what you think are the specific challenges to growing trade and more regional cooperation in this region. Well, I'd like to start by saying that I think one of the biggest challenges is non-harmonization of standards. So let's say when you deal with Africa as a continent, and you go to Kenya versus Tanzania versus Nigeria, South Africa, the standards are vastly different for any product, whether it's agriculture or non-agriculture manufactured products.  So there needs, and you're actually incurring resources, you're incurring time, you're incurring money in trying to seek those approvals. And that phenomena is not an Africa-specific phenomena. That happens even in SAC, it happens in OSEA, it happens in the West. I think there needs to be greater collaboration now regionally to uniformly apply the standards. There should be just one body that regionally does it. That way you gain a lot of efficiency in implementing and making trade seamless. I think that is the first constraint. The second, of course, is mobility of labour, which I think, Vinit, is something that you'd probably, an issue that's very close to your heart, is mobility of labour. And I think that also is a restrictor to trade. I think one of the big benefits of the European Union was uniform skills enhancement and mobility of labour, which actually improved the value and the value of trade, the volume and the value of trade. And I think with India or the Middle East, India and Africa, that's an open opportunity, that's our programmes. From skills enhancement perspective, from visa perspective and mobility perspective. The third, of course, which is actually very, very inherent to agriculture, is protection of intellectual property. There is this great intellectual property that exists in South, whether it's rice, it's silk, it's tea, Ghana coffee, Kenyan tea. I think that intellectual property needs to be jointly registered so that the farmers or the enablers of that trade benefit from that value rather than somebody which is more developed, trying to grow it and sell it cheaper. So thereby destroying the entire value. So those are the three primary things that I'd like to say. Great, so Vinit, what do you think? I think I completely agree with all three and I can see progress being made on harmonising of standards. Mobility of labour sounds like a much tougher proposition but curious to know what you think. Yeah, so I completely agree with what she has said but let me ask the question in terms of why it is not happening and go at challenges from that point of view. I think the start point is that the small businesses are the real beneficiary of this trade because large corporations somehow find markets across the world and somehow sustain growth and somehow have enough cash to be able to take the difficult path of going west. The small businesses, if you really see the India-Pakistan agreement came out of a huge amount of small businesses putting adequate pressure on their local governments to say that it makes sense to have this trade barrier lifted and therefore we have almost a 50 or 100% growth year on year with Pakistan. So the first question is, do the small businesses in the respective countries have a voice in the governments or is it dominated by the big business houses? That's the first part. If the small businesses don't have a voice, do industry forums have a voice? In this particular case in Pakistan case, the industry forum had a voice. So what industries are going to benefit out of it and do industry forums of the two countries see eye to eye and therefore do they have the voice in bringing about a change in the government policies in all the sectors which you talked about? What is really happening is the industry forums are also weak in the emerging markets. They are very strong in the developed markets because they are well contributed to. We hate to contribute to industry forums. We do not see a value in industry forums and industry forums do not produce too much return for the businesses and therefore they are weak. I think growing the industry forums, specifically in this region, specifically for local trades, specifically for small businesses is the other challenge we face. I think the third issue on global mobility, I don't think we should brush that aside in terms of the fact that it is difficult to do. The European example which you said is right standard is standing in front of us in terms of if we only take one decision, which is global mobility, all the stuff which you are talking about will automatically happen because people will start moving around, innovation will start moving around, people will start collaborating because this is a big consumption market and if the consumer gets together, then the buyer will have to behave himself, whether it is IP, whether it is, those are big issues there and that collaboration will either happen through policy or trade agreements or it could happen through global mobility and if we ease the global mobility as it is the global mobility between UK and US is very, very easy, within EU is very easy, if we just take that decision of global mobility at the educated level, let's forget the label market at the educated level, if we have good global mobility standards, I think a lot of these challenges, which appear challenges will start solving themselves. I think it is answering these three questions which would try and solve some of the issues which Prankar is saying, so in my mind these are the challenges, that we are focused on that, let's focus on the cause of why are we not able to do what she is saying, despite the fact it looks so obvious for us to do. It is interesting, neither of you brought up the Tad of Badi as being a big constraint, that they are actually, you seem to be referring to more of the softer constraints on trade rather than the more direct observable, measurable constraints, do you not see those as being constraints? I think that is an obvious constraint, that is I think the one thing that has hampered trade for a very long time, but you know that something that's happened, has existed for a very long time, there has been a lot of discussion about it, but because of reasons of internal security, with regard to food, with regard to labour, protecting smaller industries, those tariffs entail. I think recently also those tariffs have become a tool for negotiation, there's a lot of give and take that happens and I think artificially keeping the tariffs high, there's a certain give which the developer does, in lieu for something take from the developing world. I think there's a bigger agenda, tariff is a very politically sensitive, economically sensitive, social sensitive issue, and to wish that it completely goes away, I think is just wishful thinking. It's not going to happen in the foreseeable future, economics has argued the benefits of competitive advantage, et cetera, for removing barriers, but that has only been discussion, what is the solution really? If you look at a broad period of time, I think the world has recognised that you need to have free trade and so you have absolutely seen a cut in tariffs across time, so I think we're moving in the right direction, but you have specific experience, I know that you were interested in sugar exports from Africa and the specific problem there was about tariffs, could you speak to that? I think tariffs, the hard and the hard tariffs are clear, it's 20% if you're importing the soft tariffs, even sometimes when there is not a hard tariff, are worse because they cannot be measured, but they're very real, the example from Africa is one, is a case in point, but also in Jordan we try to export some food products to Jordan, officially there is no tariff or there is a particular tariff which is disguised as something else, but then the procedures and the red tape upon arrival, basically once you've experienced that one short twice you lose the appetite for exporting. Tanzania produces sugar, we're interested in buying some sugar from Tanzania, I was there recently, this is why this was fresh, they've banned the export of sugar, they do not allow sugar to be exported, the sugar exporters want to export the sugar, but the government, and I think this is one of the problems there is a protectionist gene that seems to proceed the free trade gene in many countries this needs to be addressed, especially in hard times when there is hardship, this protectionist instinct comes in and you don't want to export rice, you don't want to export sugar, if we want to export food stuff, not oil to India, there are times, there are barriers that don't allow that, I think the challenges are fragmentation, it's too disparate a bunch around this Indian Ocean Rim, the priorities of the Indian PM are different from the priorities of the South African PM, the Australian PM or the Jordanian PM, how do you deal with this fragmentation the mindset is important I think believing that in trade lies the solution, if that is not at the core it will be doomed, like Doha has been doomed, it will get nowhere the initiative at the end of the day will be left to the private sector but is it possible, and this also has to do with mindset, is there trust, does government trust business does business trust government I think there is a worldwide crisis of trust that translates into everything that we do today the consumer doesn't trust the media, doesn't trust government doesn't trust corporation and until there is trust between the business community the politicians internally, before you go regionally establish that at home and then try to export it but there are, I will be moving to solutions later, there are solutions, it's not that this is a problem without solutions but my reading is that you need to reduce the complexity people within India complain of how difficult it is to do trade from state to state, harmonization not only of standards, but harmonization of taxes it's a nightmare, the time that it takes to do business within if that is softened if it is possible to be a European union, but as a federation of the states you have it from state to state you have different taxes there are differences, but there are major differences that force a newcomer to really look at the system and say this is totally foreign to me I need three years just to understand how to navigate the system so reducing the complexity the fragmentation, having a mindset and a coalition of the willing including non-government organizations including a government including the right stakeholders you have to bring to the table the right people, it has to be the right table, it must be the right topic that they're talking about and put some metrics in there to get some deliveries coming out I think this is the so Vinny can you tell us a little bit you've had experience dealing trading and services with different parts of the world, can you give us an example of why is it that much harder to do trade with the countries you're talking about as opposed to say a country in North America or in Europe is there something you could specifically point to as being a clear sense of the differences of doing trade across these different sorts of nations I think the first is the mindset that best is better and doing business with your own do you think that's a mindset and there's nothing I'm going down the line first it does start with the mindset somewhere in our genes since he's talking about genes there's also a gene called a brand gene that means a western brand gene even if it is on the verge of bankruptcy I like to buy that car rather than buy a car of a very profitable local company so it's in our genes and cuts across region the second is when we talk like brothers what is in it for me becomes a very important question to ask and in every conversation it comes up you know it means multiple things some said some unsaid but that becomes a very difficult thing that in every argument in every conversation whether it is with the custom guy whether it is with the government whether it is with the education institution South Africa has a billion people one of the things which we are very interested in is setting up our centers of local development in South Africa and we said we would like to have 10,000 people in five years in South Africa doing software development and that's a commitment we would like to make and the reason is because South Africa will be a very large consumption market on its own the second is that South Africa would also be leveraged by a lot of regions who go into South Africa to try and sell and South Africa will force and export and therefore South Africa is a great destination for us to be so it's a pure commercial logic for us South Africa development of talent education institutions with reference to IT it's quite not there and therefore the task for us if we are serious about it is to how do we engage with education institutions and with the local government to try and set up centers so that the engineers out there we can take them and convert them to learn the business processes and to learn the CMMI and all those standards in software industry so that we can deploy them into our centers and that becomes now there is where the difficulty is that if you have a similar conversation with the state governor in let's say US it's an across the table decision which is the reason we are in Seattle we are in North Carolina but the subsidies are easy tax laws are easy everything is easy you're done and dusted in about 7 days time it's been 3 years with South Africa predominantly because everybody is saying what is in it for you what is in it for me who is going to be the decision maker am I the decision maker is somebody else there is no one decision maker and therefore the concept everybody likes the idea everybody wants to own execute nobody wants to do and I'm sure when you come to India you face the same thing who are you talking to is there one decision maker so I think the biggest challenge in the emerging market is we are not decisive we are biased and we do not have an architecture and a structure where we can take these bold decisions and execute them we can take a decision but we don't know how to execute them and that's I think where the challenge is great so I think we are it sounds like this also tells us what what needs to be done to address the problems and address the fact that there is so little trade in the region so Priyanka let's move on to now the solutions part of the discussion and say ok if you had to think of what in your opinion are the important steps that need to be undertaken to solve these challenges what would they be well I'd like to say that I think in order to enhance trade or attract trade investment I think investment needs to be created I think Africa is really a forerunner in that sense creating favourable investment climate for people to come and invest I think what happens is when you do that to build a lot of ancillary industry also around it I think Singapore actually is a leading example they had a very small domestic market but they actually brought in a lot of trade through preferential tax regime preferential interest regime investment regime and I think that's a model that can be taken globally the second is governance factor which we need to touch upon I think that's the need of the hour I think investments particularly with regard to trade people shy away when there is a corruption fear and then there is a governance fear ineffective judiciary so I think these are broad policy measures which need to be implemented if trade needs to be honest the inherent fears which you mentioned psychological fears of dealing with Africa is corruption so I think if that is done I think trade would benefit significantly with regard to I think just the logistics of trade I think the discussion wouldn't be complete the logistics of trade is not improved with regard to port infrastructure I think there is a crying need now to improve that in India but also in Africa because those are the gateways to those countries and second of course roads if somebody wants to set up shop like for us when we invested in Nigeria I mean there were two primary issues there was no infrastructure with regard to roads and there was great insecurity to human life people didn't want to move from India to Nigeria to invest there so I think there are bigger macroeconomic issues they can't be addressed immediately but I think there is something long term implementation measures which need to be kept in mind I want to take questions from the audience but I do want to get both your opinions on solutions so Mohamed quickly if you have a few points just a simple vehicle that I have seen here at the forum of a successful partnership between the private sector government with results with fruits that are on the trees quite quickly and the example that comes to my mind is the water resources group very quickly this was a group that was set up to deal with water shortages worldwide countries like South Africa for example and Jordan to take two specific examples now India recognize they have a water problem but the government on its own doesn't have a clue they don't have the resources needed to fix the problem the forum comes in brings to the table the ride stakeholders they get consultants who know about water in and assess what the issue is but working very closely with the government and with the NGOs on the very local level it's an organization that doesn't cost a lot of money it's a very small enumble but it is proven and it is working so I think it has to be a sort of a triangle business but they have to be willing I think the key ingredient to the solution is being willing and committed I think a couple of suggestions first is warts warts and warts I think we can wish as much as we want we have to link business actions with warts in terms of how would they generate warts and therefore the role of industry forums become very very important they have to link with action with desire and how they are going to link with warts so creation of industry forums which make the linkage happen that's number one which are cross-border not focused on west regional industry forums take an example of the experiment with two experiments which are happening in Tamil Nadu one is on water distribution and democratization of water and the second which is happening is which is buying on E auction all the medicine for the poor which is resulting into a 90% discount take one experiment in South Africa of teaching English to people who do not know English in about three months time how do we bring these experiments together so that on that social platform these get discussed unfortunately there is no regional platform in which these options get discussed and if they start to get discussed at that forum then the forum will start putting pressure on the government to try and do something about it the last is the small businesses the entrepreneurs are the people who bring about the change the big business houses are useless because they already have many options and you don't so they will mumble jumble quite a lot as I'm doing right now but seriously their actions are going to be quite limited and therefore how do we get small businesses excited about it excited about the opportunity and create forums where they can start pushing the government and pushing the other businesses to try and collaborate this will be three ideas for myself I'd like to take some questions from the audience if there are any you'd like to go please my name is Anshu Gaur I had a question if the panellists have examples of where trade is happening and if so why and how because we heard a lot of examples of constraints which are hard constraints soft constraints outside the control of a lot of people here so we certainly have enough successful examples over here so we are extremely successful in both Middle East and South Africa with large houses in developing IT solutions for them to try and make them more competitive because South African and the Middle East entities are seeing a significant advantage we have because we work with a lot of global corporations with banks with oil companies, with mineral companies and therefore we have the capability to be able to execute for them on a turnkey basis at a much lower cost than anybody else can do so the bigger corporations in these countries get it and therefore there is a huge amount of success in this region South Africa business is growing at about 78% year on year, Middle East is going at about 52% year on year so yeah that's success Any other questions? You spoke about setting up forums for entrepreneurs because you think that small companies and entrepreneurs can bring about change could you elaborate on that? The point I was making is that if you are hungry you fix the problem of hunger if you are just had lunch and come and have a conversation on how to fix the poverty issue or the hunger issue you will speak a lot and speak extremely well but you do nothing about it So the question is how do we connect the hungry people who are going to benefit the most out of that cooperation to own the change and that can only happen as individually they are small by collecting them and pulling them together so that collectively they are large and collectively on one side like the trade association in Punjab the traders association pushed the government called large that they are going to gain tremendously out of the Pakistan collaboration so how do we put them in a forum that collectively they suddenly become large and with that large influence A votes and therefore the government policy we similarly engage with the regional other regional entrepreneur organization and how can we make them bigger not just lip service as we are doing right now with more teeth so that they can determine what the association will do and how they will bring the ideas to the association so that it will grow All premise in any transformation whether it was independence of India is how do you connect people with the highest pain with the highest gain if you do that the transformation would happen otherwise we will keep having such intellectual discussions and there will be no action I am Rajiv Sodhi globalization is about resourcing from the best possible source whether it is manpower whether it is material raw material so is there some kind of a common understanding about what are the strengths of each of these regions where one can source what kind of products or services and is there a common kind of understanding between all the members that these strengths are there and we should leverage so you give up the areas which are not our strengths and then leverage strengths from others whether it is minerals it is raw materials so one of the things that happened for the Middle East was the petroleum the discovery of oil and gas so everybody knows that surface to source similarly for tea it is Ceylon and India so are there such things which is commonly known and well adjudiced between government and people and businesses I think it is well understood that Africa is a source of natural resources in India it is labour we have these comparative advantages but Priyanka do you have that I think he is talking about competitive advantages of countries and purely leveraging that but I think what happens is there is an evolution to where the countries are in the value chain West is purely the consumer exporting only intellectual property with technology etc China is taking the lead on manufacturing so it is the manufacture and so what is happening is Africa then become the raw material provider to fuel that growth between China and the West to reach countries and the value chain India I think India is a brilliant example of how we moved up the value chain from just as I mentioned earlier from being a raw materials provider to now the biggest exporter of soft trade IT, oil centres etc etc so I think there is a lot of politics also to it rather than pure economics rationale there is a lot of discussion now on climate change and restricting trade to reduce carbon footprinting I don't know in an era where there is great stress already because of man made barriers because that in itself is a restrictor for trade it is an enabler in one sense because you are forced to increase trade with your neighbour but I think it is a restrictor also because maybe Brazil needs something that India has and because it is very expensive from a great perspective and from an environment perspective to get there so you restrict trade so there is no real answer as far as whether countries have outlined as to what they want to export I think it is purely a fiscal and a political issue what this country wants to do I mean also just to add to that I think to develop a competitive advantage in a particular area you need to have the domestic support for it you need to have the right domestic institutions and so what will be a comparative advantage of the country is going to evolve over time as these institutions develop but there are clear clear opportunities here and strengths of these particular regions in terms of what they can be a global leader any other questions behind me I had a question about my name is Aadash trade has some real costs I think the United States is a great example we have had an election season recently it seems that for a significant segment of the population perhaps the majority real wages have stagnated for a long period of time leading to social and personal costs how do we tackle that aspect of it and I think in India one of the biggest fears and one of the biggest impediments to people sort of reforming and bringing about more change in sectors that employ a lot of people like agriculture so I guess I was interested in thoughts on how we manage that aspect and whether we speak enough on the very real sort of downsides of what can happen this is on a much broader question of whether trade is good in some sense which is beyond this particular regional and I'm going to have somebody else answer this question but let me just throw in my point of view here there are always winners and losers in trade even from a pure economic model perspective the question is whether you can ensure that those who lose are ultimately better off and just to the point about wage inequality and the stagnation of wages in the US with trade but it's more because of skill bias technological change but is there anybody else who would like to add something? I can't speak this in front of Gita because she is an authority on this subject so you should be answering this question but if I could combine the two questions and this question is very relevant in the fact that does the country ask itself what is this competitive advantage let's take India does India ask itself before opening FDI or any other retail or anything like that what is the competitive advantage it is trying to build if it has a billion people and that is the raw material it has is it negotiating global mobility trade agreements while it is opening insurance and retail and other sectors in the country if it is not then you can think about the fact that it will create employment it may improve economy it may but if you were to look at global comparative agreements and saying I have the people I need global mobility you need me for consumption and therefore I will load the trade barriers because that's good for the world and I will do that at the same time I do want you to load the trade barriers on global mobility if that's the negotiated trade agreement which India and South Africa these two countries it's going to be very critical were able to proactively approach I think it's a good for the country if they don't then hope is the best strategy I think this is I think this is critical for India because I think with time the ambition is for India's biggest export is its talent it's human resources now can you export talent to Spain with such high youth unemployment I think this is a very crucial point because looking forward the vision has to be very clear what are our assets are we protecting them long term take a place like Saudi Arabia for example Saudis will not work outside of Saudi Arabia for cultural reasons and the Saudi government is trying to get people to work the Saudis to work within their country by creating jobs which means deleting existing jobs in Saudi Arabia this is a very clear example within this region of one country that has a surplus another country that doesn't want that surplus how do you protect that I think this is why clarity in the vision is very important so that they're choosing the right single propositions the right products to push and the list can go on any other questions I'm sorry one I'm Praveen Nair from New York University I just have a quick question in many of the trade discussions as well as any other reform discussions I actually don't like the word reform because it kind of feels almost like I've been penalized and sent to the penal system and I need to be reformed I don't understand why we don't use improvement and if you talk to a sociologist or a psychologist they tend to use improvement, change of behavior etc I wonder whether in any of these discussions we actually involve sociologists to help us understand what to do next that's an interesting question I mean everybody gets their voice in this discussion and this is obviously again a much broader question than we're even going past trade we could talk about any reform and language for it but I agree I think the fact any reform has for it to happen there has to be consensus about it and to generate consensus about the reform I think communicating the ideas across ensuring that all beneficiaries understand that they have something to gain from it is important so I think that's a crucial point so we're coming to the end if I can add a point there I think it's an interesting question from a different side of the coin what we have been discussing so far what I call material change change in policy change in trade what I think what Praveen is trying to say is that is it possible for like organizations that they want to bring about a transformation in their future they do what we call continuous improvement they don't come up with a policy and saying suddenly we're going to go east or suddenly we're going to west it's a slow process and it's what I call experimental in nature it's incremental in nature and it is no one decision which leads to a significant change and I think the interesting part to think about in this particular topic is that do we need incremental change rather than one big policy change and can we create those forums for incremental change and is the solution around incremental change rather than one big policy change right would you like to respond to something along those lines would you say that we should have incremental change or should we go in for a big bang reform I think we need both because incremental change bring about those micro improvements that actually fine tune the entire system and I think a big bang such as a policy change which reduce tariff barriers which create a more enabling environment to facilitate trade bring that top end thing so I think it's a function of both I don't think it's an either or but I think continuous improvement is more done by corporates civil society consumers actually I think it's done very organically where in demand supply itself balances it out you know there's continuous improvement in product services and I think government through its policy regulation mechanism you know referential investment climate brings about that top end facilitator role you know for enabling trade okay I think we are running out of time so I want to thank our panelists and it looks like we had a good discussion I think we agree that there are clear opportunities both in terms of markets to sell to and markets to source from that are untapped it's also interesting that one of the things that came up in terms of what needs to be done to grow this trade is actually have to have more forms of discussion sometimes I think we have went too many of those but apparently not enough and it looks like in terms of actually growing this in a significant way the challenges are exactly the same as the challenges of growing these economies which is about actually implementing the change I mean I think everybody again understands what needs to be done but it's hard to get things done when you try to deal with these regions apparently things move very slowly decisions don't get taken but clearly if that can change and that might require consensus at the top of bringing in the right policy changes clearly are large gains from trade in this region and not just trade from an economic point of view but through trans as a social technology that we've already talked about so thank you so much and thank you for your very insightful point