Okay, we're back. We're live. I'm Jay Fidel on ThinkTank and this is Energy in America and we are joined by Lucian Pulirisi, who is the CEO of EPRINC, which is an Energy Research and Energy Policy Research ThinkTank in Washington, D.C. Welcome back to the show, Lucian. It's great to have you here. Good to be here, Jay. You look great, by the way. Thanks. Anyway, so we're going to name this, what you need to know about high octane. It's important that we know about high octane. And this little trip is off of a paper that you presented Monday, Tuesday, in this big energy conference in Washington, attended by virtually thousands of people. And you presented this paper to tell them about octane, high octane. Of course, it's related. It means it's a somewhat boring double guy degree, except when you show up at the pump and the numbers are expensive. So let's do the background to this. About the time that we went into the Great Recession and the auto industry was in a massive tailspin. In fact, I have a short video, something I should find for you, where there are brand new Chrysler's in a church and the pastor is praying for the auto industry. That's how dire it was in Detroit. And as part of the bailout of the auto industry at the very beginning of the Obama administration, the auto industry signed up for, which has turned out to be very arduous, expensive and difficult requirements to meet the fuel efficiency standards called the corporate corporate average fuel efficiency standards, also known in the business as CAFE. This standard, which is kind of complicated the way it's implemented more or less requires all the auto manufacturers to both improve the fuel efficiency of their entire fleet year by year, and also the fuel efficiency of their individual automobiles. Now this standard, which moves the, what we call right passenger vehicles, everything but trucks, you know, like trucks up to about 52 to 54 miles per gallon, and like vehicles with your traditional sedans to, let me see, I don't remember on that year, to around 40 miles per gallon. That's impressive, isn't it? I mean, but how do you reach that without spending a ton of money? So what has happened is, that's a really good question. So what has happened is, of course, the first way you reach that is you quit selling sedans and start selling SUVs. So one of the reasons SUVs are very popular is, they don't have as rigorous a fuel economy standard as sedans, because they are viewed as light trucks. So that's why you see a lot of SUVs. The second part is to meet this standard, you can meet it in many ways. You can produce a number of zero emission vehicles, but those are turning to be quite problematical because the subsidies are slowly coming off, they're expensive, and there's a lot of consumer resistance, something called range anxiety. Someone gets an electric car and they have range anxiety, so, and they're worried that they can't go far. It should work fine in Hawaii, but apparently people don't buy just electric cars in Hawaii. And then you could meet it with a range of technologies. So the first thing is, if you want to go to the, but a final way you can meet this is by increasing the compression of your automobile. You know, instead of producing a lot of electric cars, a very advanced technology, you can build a higher compression engine, but you can't build a higher compression engine with today's gasoline. You need a gasoline which has more adverse in it, which resists what we call knocking. Or, you know, knocking is really when the chamber ignites before it should. And you hear this banging sound in your car called knocking. So in order to achieve the higher cafe standard, which is, you know, maybe in some ways very rigorous, maybe even too rigorous for the existing equipment, you have to not only, you have to not only build an engine that's different to achieve the higher compression, but you also have to change the fuel and have a refined engine. And this is where the politics come in in a little bit because the cheap way to meet the standards for the auto manufacturing is to build a higher compression engine because the other alternatives are very expensive. But that has an unusual effect. It makes the cost of gasoline quite expensive and might be under different scenarios to meet the higher octane standard could easily lift gasoline prices anywhere from 25 to 50 cents a gallon. So actually the automobile manufacturers feel well, we don't care, let's let the refiners pay for it. But they're also a little concerned because if you sell a car whose only use can be asked to buy the most expensive gasoline, people might not buy that car. Sure, sure.  You can, you know, put your research and development. You can go to the higher compression and better quality fuel on the other side. And it strikes me that, you know, I mean, here in Hawaii, we're all focused on clean energy, renewable energy, and ostensibly, or at least ultimately, electric cars. So if we put our investment into building a car with better compression and finding better quality of fuel, we're going that direction instead of this direction. And it's a distraction from our stated mission of achieving renewable 100% by 2045. Yes, well, unfortunately, inexhaustible does it not necessarily mean inexpensive? This is the problem with these mandates and fixed goals that do not try to evaluate both not just the benefits, but also the costs. And so I think the, this octane paper that we did is sort of the final piece in this debate. There does not appear to be any cheap solutions to meet the fuel efficiency standard, which are now set for 2022. And oddly the government behavior in implementing standards back loaded down. So if you look at the, if you look at a slide on page 18, I don't know if you guys have that. Let's look at slide 18 and see. I think that's really the critical one. If you look at that, you can see that you go out to 2017 or 2018.  This way they don't have to explain why it's so expensive. So they, and if you look at, if you look at the cafe required versus the achieved miles per gallon, you can see that of this regulation, which is supposed to be finished by 2022, most of the heavy lifting is before us. See, the curves are quite steep. Those steep curves in achieving mile efficiency goals for each year's fleet is going to be extremely expensive. Hence, EPA has taken back the Obama decision and is now spending a full year or something called the midterm evaluation to look at the cafe standard and to see if it should be changed. Why would expect that?  And on everything that Obama did, he'd be looking to roll it back and take the pressure. It might be, but the problem with this is that this particular standard has historically allowed some states to go their own way. But there's a huge benefit to the American auto industry to have a single standard. Yes, if you have multiple state standards, or California, New York have one standard, then the cost of producing automobiles for the non compl- so called less compliant and the more compliant states goes up in both cases, because you beat down your economies of scale. So most economists, if you really think this is valuable, you should just put a tax on gasoline and let the consumers decide. Yes. Politicians don't like to do that. It might be efficient, but they like to hide the ball. And how you hide the ball is you pass a regulation and you tell everyone it's free. But of course, it's not free. No. So I just want to get one thing straight, and that is that some states are making more ambitious standards, despite whatever the federal government wants to do in terms of So there was a provision in the Clean Air Act, right? This regulations are promulgated under a piece of legislation passed in the 1970s called the Clean Air Act. And the Clean Air Act initially started with California seeking a special waiver to the law saying, look, the smog is so bad in LA, we can't have the same standards as the rest of the country. So when they got a provision to meet local air pollution standards, and as we discussed in the past, so called tailpipe emissions have gone way down. So if you take a 1968 Mustang, it produced about one ton of criteria pollutants for 100,000 miles. Still a great car. The pollutants are lead, sulfur, nitrogen oxide. Today's Mustang does 10 pounds. So the waiver that California is seeking, and which the Obama administration has not yet decided what to do about is for climate, not for smog or air quality. But as we discussed many times, California will have no effect on the world's climate or the California climate. So this is a looming fight. Who should prevail? A single standard for the US set by the federal government or local standards, which in this case are largely symbolic, and have no effect on climate, but could be quite disruptive to the auto industry. So what is what's the bottom line of the paper you presented? You know, the paper I presented was that I didn't present Max, because there are downstream exit presented was that, well, you look at electric cars, you look at all these other alternatives. And everyone was under the assumption that well, this could be fixed with high compression engines, which are not that expensive, and higher octane fuel. But the bottom line of this paper is higher octane fuel is very expensive. So that stands in the way of a market process to allow this to happen. You could either take you can get the higher octane to the addition of ethanol, but you would have to put about 70% of the farmland US and divert it from food to moonshine to use an automobiles. Or you can build a lot of what's so called reforming or octalation units, which are also extremely expensive. So building, putting that all together, Lou, you have, you know, the expense involved in in making in in achieving these standards. And you have on the other hand, the Trump administration and energy department would like to reduce the standards. And then some states would like to maintain the high standards for their own environmental considerations, individually, state by state. Where this is not an easy question. Where is it all going to go? What is a consumer going to want to do? What is what is Trump able to do? What are these states able to do? How are we going to reach a balance here? Yeah, so it's a very good question. And I was I so far have a very poor record of political forecasting. But you always say that your audience doesn't remember. But I think that the I don't think EPA, which is the agency in the federal government will really decide that not deal. I don't think EPA has decided what to do. They're spending this period to take it on. It's also a political decision. I would not put it past Trump to say in 2018, you know, I tried to issue a normal standard, which would not kill the auto industry, but California and New York, and their fellow travelers insisted on the higher standard. And that's why the auto industry in trouble. And that's why you should kick out of office these senators from Michigan. I wouldn't put it past him to do that. And if I were an advisor, I might encourage him to do that. But I'm saying, this is a classic political problem. We keep having this country. We have these people who live in California, New York, some might call elites. I'm the educator. They know it's better for everybody else. And they can be very disruptive, actually, to the traditional constituents of the Democratic Party, which are the workers in the auto policy. I don't think this one is going to be interesting to watch. Well, it just it comes to mind, as we say, from time to time, that energy and politics are inextricably intertwined. Don't you think? Exactly. Lou, let's take a short break. That's Lou Pugirisi. He's the CEO of E-PRINC and Energy Policy Research Think Tank in Washington, DC. Here we are on energy in America. And we're talking, among other things, about what you need to know about high octane. But we'll talk about other things now. We'll talk about the energy research funding bill, which is also very important for research and development in clean energy. We'll be right back. You're watching Think Tech Hawaii, which streams live on thinktechhoaee.com, uploads to YouTube and broadcasts on cable OC16 and Ollello 54. Great content for Hawaii from Think Tank. Aloha, my name is Steven Phillip Katz. I'm a license marriage and family therapist, and I'm the host of Shrink Wrap Hawaii, where I talk to other shrinks. Did you ever want to get your head shrunk? Well, this is the best place to come to pick one. I've been doing this. We must have 60 shows with a whole bunch of shrinks that you can look at. I'm here on Tuesdays at three o'clock every other Tuesday. I hope you are too. Aloha. Okay, we're back. We're live here on Energy in America on Think Tech, and we're talking to Lucy and Pugirisi. He's the CEO of EPRINC, an energy policy research think tank in Washington, DC. And we've talked about, you know, a paper they delivered on octane and the implications of the cafe standards that are supposed to go into effect. The question is whether they actually will. But now we'd like to cover another area, and that is the Energy Research Funding Bill, because this has an effect on the development of clean energy around the country. So tell us about this bill and tell us its status. Will you, Lou? So as you recall, as you may not know, the United States government, largely through the Department of Energy spends a great deal of money on something through an agency called the Advanced Research Project Agency-Energy. And this agency provides guarantee grounds for cutting edge demonstration facilities, factories. It's not a traditional way the government funds science, which is traditionally government funds money and basic research. And then that information, those findings are disseminated widely. And they allow the capital markets, entrepreneurs, to decide how to take that research and use it to make something useful for society, right? So, and the standard thinking about that is that basic research, it really doesn't make sense for any individual company often to do it. But they're huge benefits to disseminating those results broadly. But in the, and I'm not saying that's always the case, the government likes them. So but under the Advanced Research Project Agency, they began to provide guaranteed loans for like automobile companies. For example, Elon Musk, hundreds of millions of dollars of guaranteed loans. A company called Fisker, which went bankrupt, got them. Another company called Cylindra. Do you remember Cylindra? Yes, there was a manufacturer of solar panels. And they went bankrupt in California. And so this created a lot of concern along the Congress where some people believe like it's any sort of hedge fund or any kind of research, most of the projects were doing well, but others have to have a few failures, right? The idea was you would expect some things. But it was a big political fight. But to put it in perspective, though, Lou, this is not direct funding, right? This is not funding where the government just pays one of these companies to R&D. This government was picking winners and losers. This was the real part. So the legislation is now the Trump administration set their proposal for funding to Capitol Hill. Congress tore that up and did their own work. And so because they're all the ones are going to decide what we're going to spend. And so they have started on this. And they have already decided that, for example, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Energy is going to see its budget cut from about $2 billion to $1 billion. That's a big cut. People at the University of why I'm sure worried about this. They probably have some projects there. So that would be worth to look at to see on it. In addition, the House of Representatives is going to completely zero out the Advanced Research Project Agency. Zero down to nothing. I do believe the Senate won't have quite as generous of you. They may try to put some more money into it. Oddly enough, the core of engineers will get a little bit more money. And I know people know, you know, why you like this, but the core engineers is the basic agency that issues something called the 404 permit. And if you want to build a road, or a pipeline, or anything that crosses a so-called Navadol of Water, which under the interpretation of the EPA is a puddle in the middle of your backyard, that you have to get a permit from the United States core of engineers. And so there's lots of complaining that getting that permit is very difficult, takes too long. The Congress is going to give them a bit more money. They're going to sort of keep the nuclear program constant. So this beginning of the budget process is quite interesting. It tells us where we're headed. And other members of Congress are also trying to increase or stabilize the budget for basic science research. So fundamental more conservative views, okay, let's put money into basic research, maybe even more, but cut out the stuff of picking winners and losers. Yeah, so what does this mean? You know, to the people who are developing technology for clean energy? Because I mean, in Hawaii, that's really a mainstream kind of thing. And in fact, we have an energy accelerator here that, you know, is dedicated just to that kind of research and startup entrepreneurial, you know, best practices, R&D. So the question is, how much of that money that might have been funded or guaranteed to these startups who are doing research or these academic organizations that are doing research on renewables? For example, we had a show last week about HNEI's efforts, that's the White Natural Energy Institute efforts at developing fuel cell technology. And they're pretty well advanced. They have scientists here from all over the place. And I wonder if these changes, you know, in the funding bill are going to affect them. So it would be good at some point to maybe do a program with them or to talk to them because fuel cells, fuel cell technology is heavily funded by Toyota, basic research grants in Japan, even in the US. Some advanced, even a Ramco, the Saudi Arabian oil company, is doing a lot of research in the US on automobile technology. So, you know, we have to look to each of these programs and see how much of this is based on federal money? How much is it based on state and private sector grants? And then finally, is it basic research or the funding and enterprise? If you're involved in fundamental research to advance fuel cell technology, and you're disseminating that research, I think those programs are nothing to get that hard.  They're pulling out of the Paris Peace Accord and all that. And the flip side of that is they don't care too much about renewable energy either. And I guess I have some concern that that will filter down through the government, through the Department of Energy and everywhere else, and we'll see less research money for developing renewables. There is a legitimate concern that some of the funding is, I don't want to resort wasteful, but it's not really directed at the most effective. Let's take something that's, that's probably no one who I care about coal, right? Today, the camper, carbon capture and storage coal plant, right, announced that it was shutting down. And the camper facility, which I think might be in Texas, I'm not sure it's shutting down, and it's going to be replaced by a gas facility. Now, is that a good or a bad thing? My view is carbon capture and storage might be a good idea, but it's the people keep trying to deploy it before it's ready, because they get all this either get feed-in tariffs from the local PUC or they get money from from the government. But the evidence is there that CCS is too expensive, given the alternative fuels. So that's probably something it's time to kind of put us, you know, put a stake in it. It's done, you know, it's, we have to accept that everything we're working on is not necessary going to make it. Yeah, well, absolutely true. But let me offer that sometimes, when you have a high profile, high priority project, and a lot of people in Hawaii feel that clean energy is just that, you throw money at it, you know that it's not going to be totally efficient. You know there's going to be some slippage, some waste, but but in order to solve the problem and move ahead, you spend the money and try it out, you take risks, as a business concern would take risks in order to move the needle ahead. The government is going to take it out of the laboratory and deploy it as a commercial entity. That should be a much different standard. Then basic research allows you to try a lot of different things. But if you're going to deploy it, and build a constituency around that commercial enterprise, and it loses money year in year out.  These things work, they don't get too expensive. But you cannot grow wind and solar with subsidies where the middle class has to spend $500 billion transferring money to the upper class. That's what sort of elective that's why electric car subsidies have to go away. Not because they're you can't keep spending money, but that the people that are taxed are going to stop giving you the money. Okay, $50 billion, I got that. I'm not giving you, I must $500 billion. He needs to make this thing work. It's got to be limits on it for sure. Let me let me ask you this. They're not considered. When you when you put together, you know, the the existing momentum, especially in states like Hawaii, and then you put in the new administration, and then you put in the sensitivity of funding bills, and sort of the leverage of funding bills, how they can affect R&D going forward, both at government levels, utility levels, and for that matter, private entrepreneurs. What is going to happen here? Do you think we will have a slowdown in the development of renewables? Or will it be just fine? You may have a slowdown in government support for renewables. But if renewables are cost effective, I don't think you'll have a slowdown in there. I mean, look, if you can get if you can get the customer base of HECO to pay for this stuff. Why do you need taxpayers across the country to send you on? Yeah, I suppose that's a big question. And it's also a big question as to whether these guaranteed loans have worked so far, or whether they've just been a drain on the on the budget. I'll tell you that if you look at the history of rooftop solar in Hawaii, it's not exactly covered in the morning. I mean, there's a lot of money right down the tubes on that. Well, the good news is you'll be here in August. I will come in and in the studio directly. Absolutely. And I want to take you around and put you together with people to take you to every corner of the energy industry. All the activities we can find so completely exposed you to everything that's going on and a lot is going on. I'm very interested. Well, thanks very much. We'll talk to you again in two weeks hence. And thanks for discussing these two issues with us. And we'll look forward to more. And next time. Thank you so much. Lou, pull your AC.


We are at all time highs once again. Gold, gold contract up $3.40 at $1,471, what the gold contract did once again folks, is reject lower price out here this morning, a bottom line gold traded down to $14.56, rejected it, bottom line $14.71, gold is anything over $14.70, $15.50 in this contract is saying number one you're in the higher range and number two bottom line that's saying it's going to start making a run to the $15.19 area. If we go take a look at the actual equities inside the gold market what you're going to see is that the GDX had strength out here today. GDX up $0.46, we did 36 million shares which basically is good volume. The GDX is now saying it wants to run up into this 2818 area, that's telling me that we're going to actually see some juice on the way down inside the dollar index. So what we have had with the dollar index right now, dollar index today was down, the cash index was down $198 and it's the third day down, we're at $97.801, that's down about a penny and a half, we're at $98.424, dollar index looks like it's going to make a run down to the lower end of this $97.14. And what that was all about is that what you did have out here today is that the pound caught a small bid, that was up 56 ticks, that looks like it's going to go after the high of October 21st which is 130 or 129.59 right now and then the euro basically followed up and the small net was a little bit weak, but the bottom line is that the euro started also catching a bid. Now the euro is 60% of the dollar index, so if the euro does catch a bid you will see that dollar moved lower with conviction. The euro is up 23 ticks today at 110, not bad. Okay bottom line is that we'll see we can get some follow through, if you get some follow through up to this 111.75 area you'll see that dollar go south very quickly. Have a great day folks, have a safe day and we look forward to speaking right back here. Join me, I'm Amos Larry Pesavento, great show starting at 9 o'clock right here at TFNN.


Mi je Laura Spinardi, head of the Technology Transfer Office in fundazione IRX Cagrando Spedale Maggiore Polikliniko. Technology transfer is a complex process that brings results from basic research to apply the user and back to society. In the medical biofield, this is an even more complex process and the importance is indeed to the impact on the society that are going to benefit from the research results in general from translational research in order to improve health care, patient welfare and at the end benefit for the whole society. Scientific results can be protected by different tools meaning patenting, trademark registration, copyrights and also trade secrets. The very important things that I would like to highlight is the fact that those are only tools so it's not a question of only identifying and protecting them in order to collect them like in a library but the most important thing is that after protecting them they need to be fostered and exploited in order to bring these innovative results that are protected and therefore controlled by the owner of the protection in order to apply those innovative solutions, very often technical solutions to product for the benefit of the whole society. The final impact is always to improve society, welfare and return to the society itself.


section 16. Othello, from Beautiful Stories from Shakespeare. Three hundred years ago there lived in Venice an ensign named Iago, who hated his general Othello for not making him a lieutenant. Instead of Iago, who was strongly recommended, Othello had chosen Michael Cassio, whose smooth tongue had helped him to win the heart of Desdemona. Iago had a friend called Rodrigo, who supplied him with money and felt he could not be happy unless Desdemona was his wife. Othello was a moor, but of so dark a complexion that his enemies called him a black-a-moor. His life had been hard and exciting. He had been vanquished in battle and sold into slavery, and he had been a great traveller and seen men whose shoulders were higher than their heads. Brave as a lion, he had won great fault. Jealousy. His love was a terrible selfishness. To love a woman meant with him to possess her as absolutely as he possessed something that did not live and think. The story of Othello is a story of jealousy. One night Iago told Rodrigo that Othello had carried off Desdemona without the knowledge of her father, Brabantio. He persuaded Rodrigo to arouse Brabantio, and when that senator appeared Iago told him of Desdemona's elopement in the most unpleasant way. Though he was Othello's officer, he termed him a thief and a barbaric horse. Brabantio accused Othello before the Duke of Venice of using sorcery to fascinate his daughter, but Othello said that the only sorcery he used was his voice, which told Desdemona his adventures and hair-breath escapes. Desdemona was led into the council chamber and she explained how she could love Othello despite his almost black face by saying, I saw Othello's visage in his mind. As Othello had married Desdemona and she was glad to be his wife, there was no more to be said against him, especially as the Duke wished him to go to Cyprus to defend it against the Turks. Othello was quite ready to go and Desdemona, who pleaded to go with him, was permitted to join him at Cyprus. Othello's feelings on landing in this island were intensely joyful. Oh, my sweet, he said to Desdemona, who arrived with Iago, his wife, and Rodrigo before him, I hardly know what I say to you. I am in love with my own happiness. News coming presently that the Turkish fleet was out of action, he proclaimed a festival in Cyprus from five to eleven at night. Casio was on duty in the castle, where Othello ruled Cyprus, so Iago decided to make the lieutenant drink too much. He had some difficulty as Casio knew that wine soon went to his head, but servants brought wine into the room where Casio was and Iago sang a drinking song, and so Casio lifted a glass too often to the health of the general. When Casio was inclined to be quarrelsome, Iago told Rodrigo to say something unpleasant to him. Casio cudgled Rodrigo, who ran into the presence of Montano, the ex-governor. Montano civilly interceded for Rodrigo, but received so rude an answer from Casio that he said, come, come, you're drunk. Casio then wounded him, and Iago sent Rodrigo out to scare the town with a cry of mutiny. The uproar aroused Othello, who, on learning its cause, said, Casio, I love thee, but never more be officer of mine. On Casio and Iago being alone together, the disgraced man moaned about his reputation. Iago said reputation and humbug were the same thing. Oh, God! exclaimed Casio, without heeding him, that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains. Iago advised him to beg Desdemona to ask Othello to pardon him. Casio was pleased with the advice, and, next morning, made his request to Desdemona in the garden of the castle.  Casio at that moment saw Othello advancing with Iago and retired hurriedly. Iago said, I don't like that. What did you say, asked Othello, who felt that he had meant something unpleasant, but Iago pretended he had said nothing. Was not that Casio, who went for my wife, asked Othello, and Iago, who knew that it was Casio, and why it was Casio, said, I cannot think it was Casio who stole away in that guilty manner. Desdemona told Othello that it was grief and humility which made Casio retreat at his approach. She reminded him how Casio had taken his part when she was still heart-free, and found fault with her Moorish lover. Othello was melted, and said, I will deny thee nothing. But Desdemona told him that what she asked was as much for his good as dining. Desdemona left the garden, and Iago asked if it was really true that Casio had known Desdemona before her marriage. Yes, said Othello. Indeed, said Iago, as though something that had misfied him was now very clear. Is he not honest? demanded Othello, and Iago repeated the adjective inquiringly as though he were afraid to say, no. What do you mean, insisted Othello? To this Iago would only say the flat opposite of what he said to Casio. He told Casio that reputation was humbug. To Othello he said, who steals my purse, steals trash, but he who filters from me my good name ruins me. At this Othello almost leapt into the air, and Iago was so confident of his jealousy that he ventured to warn him against it. Yes, it was no other than Iago who called jealousy the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on. Iago, having given jealousy one blow, proceeded to feed it with the remark that Desdemona deceived her father when she eloped with Othello. If she deceived him, why not you was his meaning? Presently Desdemona re-entered to tell Othello that dinner was ready. She saw that he was ill at ease.  Desdemona then produced a handkerchief which Othello had given her. A prophetess two hundred years ago had made this handkerchief from the silk of sacred silkworms, dyed it in a liquid prepared from the hearts of maidens, and embroidered it with strawberries. Gentle Desdemona thought of it simply as a cool, soft thing for a throbbing brow. She knew of no spell upon it that would work destruction for her who lost it. Let me tie it round your head, she said to Othello. You will be well in an hour. But Othello petishly said it was too small and let it fall. Desdemona and he then went indoors to dinner, and Emilia picked up the handkerchief which Iago had often asked her to steal. She was looking at it when Iago came in. After a few words about it he snatched it from her and bade her leave him. In the garden he was joined by Othello, who seemed hungry for the worst lies he could offer. He therefore told Othello that he had seen Cassio wipe his mouth with a handkerchief, which, because it was spotted with strawberries, he guessed to be one that Othello had given his wife. The unhappy Moor went mad with fury, and Iago bade the heavens witness that he devoted his hand and heart and brain to Othello's service. I accept your love, said Othello. Within three days let me hear that Cassio is dead. Iago's next step was to leave Desdemona's handkerchief in Cassio's room. Cassio saw it and knew it was not his, but he liked the strawberry pattern on it, and he gave it to his sweetheart Bianca, and asked her to copy it for him. Iago's next move was to induce Othello, who had been bullying Desdemona about the handkerchief, to play the eavesdropper to a conversation between Cassio and himself. His intention was to talk about Cassio's sweetheart, and allow Othello to suppose that the lady spoken of was Desdemona. How are you, Lieutenant? asked Iago when Cassio appeared. The worse for being called what I am not, replied Cassio gloomily. Keep on reminding Desdemona, and you'll soon be restored, said Iago, adding in a tone too low for Othello to hear if Bianca could set the matter right. How quickly it would mend! Alas! poor rogue! said Cassio. I really think she loves me. And like the talkative coxcomb he was, Cassio was led on to boast of Bianca's fondness for him, while Othello imagined, with choked rage, that he prattled of Desdemona, and thought, I see your nose, Cassio, but not the dog I shall throw it to. Othello was still spying when Bianca entered, boiling over with the idea that Cassio, whom she considered her property, had asked her to copy the embroidery on the handkerchief of a new sweetheart. She tossed him the handkerchief with scornful words, and Cassio departed with her. Othello had seen Bianca, who was in station lower, in beauty and speech inferior far, to Desdemona, and he began, in spite of himself, to praise his wife to the villain before him. He praised her skill with the needle, her voice that could sing the savageness out of a bear, her wit, her sweetness, the fairness of her skin. Every time he praised her, Iago said something that made him remember his anger, and utter it foully, and yet he must need to praise her, and say, the pity of it, Iago, oh, Iago, the pity of it, Iago. There was never in all Iago's villainy one moment of wavering. If there had been, he might have wavered then. Strangle her, he said, and good, good, said his miserable dupe. The pair were still talking murder when Desdemona appeared with a relative of Desdemona's father, called Lodovico, who bore a letter for Othello from the Duke of Venice. The letter recalled Othello from Cyprus, and gave the governorship to Cassio. Luckless Desdemona seized this unhappy moment to urge once more the suit of Cassio. Fire and brimstone shouted Othello. It may be the letter agitates him, explained Lodovico to Desdemona, and he told her what it contained. I am glad, said Desdemona. It was the first bitter speech that Othello's unkindness had wrung out of her. I am glad to see you lose your temper, said Othello. Why, sweet Othello? She asked sarcastically, and Othello slapped her face. Now was the time for Desdemona to have saved her life by separation, but she knew not her peril, only that her love was wounded to the core. I have not deserved this, she said, and the tears rolled slowly down her face. Lodovico was shocked and disgusted. My lord, he said, this would not be believed in Venice. Make her a mens.   Othello then invited Lodovico to supper, saying, you are welcome, sir, to Cyprus, goats and monkeys. Without waiting for a reply, he left the company. Distinguished visitors detest being obliged to look on at family quarrels, and dislike being called either goats or monkeys, and Lodovico asked Iago for an explanation. True to himself, Iago, in a roundabout way, said that Othello was worse than he seemed, and advised them to study his behavior and save him from the discomfort of answering any more questions. He proceeded to tell Roderigo to murder Cascio. Roderigo was out of tune with his friend. He had given Iago quantities of jewels for Desdemona without effect. Desdemona had seen none of them, for Iago was a thief. Iago smoothed him with a lie, and when Cascio was leaving Bianca's house, Roderigo wounded him, and was wounded in return. Cascio shouted, and Lodovico and a friend came running up. Cascio pointed out Roderigo as his assailant, and Iago, hoping to rid himself of an inconvenient friend, called him villain, and stabbed him, but not to death. At the castle Desdemona was in a sad mood. She told Emilia that she must leave her, her husband wished it. "'Dismiss me,' explained Emilia. "'It was his bidding,' said Desdemona. "'We must not displease him now.' She sang a song which a girl had sung whose lover had been based to her, a song of a maiden crying by that tree whose boughs droop as though it weeps, and she went to bed and slept. She woke with her husband's wild eyes upon her. "'Have you prayed to-night?' he asked. And he told this blameless and sweet woman, to ask God's pardon for any sin she might have on her conscience. "'I would not kill thy soul,' he said. He told her that Cascio had confessed, but she knew Cascio had not to confess that concerned her. She said that Cascio could not say anything that would damage her. Othello said his mouth was stopped. Then Desdemona wept. But with violent words, in spite of all her pleading, Othello pressed upon her throat and mortally hurt her. Then with boating heart came Emilia, and besought entrance at the door, and Othello unlocked it, and a voice came from the bed saying, "'A guiltless death I die.' "'Who did it?' cried Emilia, and the voice said, "'Nobody. I myself.' "'Fair well.' "'Twas I that killed her,' said Othello. He poured out his evidence by that sad bed to the people who came running in, Iago among them. But when he spoke of the handkerchief, Emilia told the truth. And Othello knew. "'Are there no stones in heaven but thunderbolts?' he exclaimed, and ran at Iago, who gave Emilia her death-blow, and fled. But they brought him back, and the death that came to him later on was a relief from torture. They would have taken Othello back to Venice to try him there, but he escaped them on his sword. "'A word or two before you go,' he said to the Venetians in the chamber. "'Speak of me, as I was. No better, no worse. Say I cast away the pearl of pearls, and wept with these hard eyes, and say that when in Aleppo years ago I saw a Turk beating a Venetian, I took him by the throat and smote him thus. With his own hand he stabbed himself to the heart, and ere he died his lips touched the face of Desdemona with despairing love. End of Section 16, read by Dennis Sayers in Modesto, California, for LibriVox. The Taming of the Shrew There lived in Padua, a gentleman named Baputin. Baptista, who had two fair daughters. The eldest, Katharine, was so very cross and ill-tempered and unmanorly that no one ever dreamed of marrying her, while her sister, Bianca, was so sweet and pretty and pleasant-spoken that more than one suitor asked her father for her hand. But Baptista said the elder daughter must marry first. So Bianca's suitors decided among themselves to try and get someone to marry Katharine, and then the father could at least begot to listen to their suit for Bianca. A gentleman from Verona, named Petruchio, was the one they thought of and half-ingest, they asked him if he would marry Katharine, the disagreeable scold. Much to their surprise he said yes, that was just the sort of wife for him, and if Katharine were handsome and rich, he himself would undertake soon to make her good-tempered. Petruchio began by asking Baptista's permission to pay court to his gentle daughter, Katharine, and Baptista was obliged to own that she was anything but gentle. And just then her music master rushed in, complaining that the naughty girl had broken her lute over his head because he told her she was not playing correctly. Never mind, said Petruchio, I love her better than ever, and long to have some chat with her. When Katharine came he said, Good morning, Kate, for that I hear is your name. You've only heard half, said Katharine Rudley. Oh no, said Petruchio, they call you plain Kate and bonny Kate and sometimes Kate the Shrew, and so hearing your mildness praised in every town and your beauty too, I ask you for my wife. Your wife? cried Kate, never. She said some extremely disagreeable things to him, and, I am sorry to say, ended by boxing his ears. If you do that again I'll cuff you, he said quietly and still protested, with many compliments that he would marry none but her. When Baptista came back he asked at once, How speed you with my daughter? How should I speed but well? replied Petruchio. How but well? How now, daughter Katharine, the father went on. I don't think, said Katharine angrily, you are acting a father's part in wishing me to marry this madcap Ruffian. Ah, said Petruchio, you and all the world would talk amiss of her. You should see how kind she is to me when we are alone. In short I will go off to Venice to buy fine things for our wedding. For, kiss me, Kate, we will be married on Sunday. With that Katharine flounced out of the room by one door in a violent temper, and he, laughing, went out by the other. But whether she fell in love with Petruchio, or whether she was only glad to meet a man who was not afraid of her, or whether she was flattered that in spite of her rough words and spiteful usage he still desired her for his wife, she did indeed marry him on Sunday, as he had sworn she should. To vex and humble Katharine's naughty proud spirit, he was late at the wedding, and when he came, came wearing such shabby clothes that she was ashamed to be seen with him. His servant was dressed in the same shabby way, and the horses they rode were a sport of every one they passed. And after the marriage, when should have been the wedding breakfast, Petruchio carried his wife away, not allowing her to eat or drink, saying that she was his now, and he could do as he liked with her. And his manner was so violent, and he behaved all through his wedding in so mad and dreadfully manner that Katharine trembled and went with him. He mounted her on a stumbling, lean old horse, and they journeyed by rough muddy ways to Petruchio's house, he scolding and snarling all the way. She was terribly tired when she reached her new home, but Petruchio was determined that she should neither eat nor sleep that night, for he had made up his mind to teach his bad tempered wife a lesson she would never forget. So he welcomed her kindly to his house, but when supper was served he found fault with everything. The meat was burnt, he said, and ill-served, and he loved her far too much to let her eat anything but the best. At last Katharine, tired out with her journey, went supperless to bed. Then her husband, still telling her how he loved her, and how anxious he was that she should sleep well, pulled her bed to pieces, throwing the pillows and bed clothes on the floor so that she could not go to bed at all, and still kept growling and scolding at the servants so that Kate might see how unbeautiful a thing ill-temper was. The next day too Katharine's food was all found fault with, and caught away before she could touch a mouthful, and she was sick and giddy for want of sleep. Then she said to one of the servants, I pray thee, go and get me some repast, I care not what. What say you to a neat's foot? said the servant. Katharine said, yes, eagerly, but the servant, who was in his master's secrets, said he feared it was not good for hasty tempered people. Would she like tripe? Bring it to me, said Katharine. I don't think that is good for hasty tempered people. Said the servant, what do you say to a dish of beef and mustard? I love it, said Kate, but mustard is too hot. Why then the beef, and let the mustard go? cried Katharine, who was getting hungrier and hungrier. No, said the servant, you must have the mustard, or you get no beef from me. Then cried Katharine, losing patience, let it be both or one or anything thou wilt. Why then, said the servant, the mustard without the beef? Then Katharine saw he was making fun of her, and boxed his ears. Just then Petruchio brought her some food, but she had scarcely begun to satisfy her hunger, before he called for the tailor to bring her new clothes, and the table was cleared, leaving her still hungry. Katharine was pleased with the pretty new dress and cap that the tailor had made for her, but Petruchio found fault with everything, flung the cap and gown on the floor, vowing his dear wife should not wear any such foolish things. I will have them, cried Katharine. All gentle women wear such caps as these. When you are gentle, you shall have one too, he answered, and not till then. When he had driven away the tailor with angry words, but privately asking his friend to see him paid, Petruchio said, Come, Kate, let's go to your fathers, shabby as we are, for as the sun breaks through the darkest clouds, so honour pierce in the meanest habit. It is about seven o'clock now, we shall easily get there by dinnertime. It's nearly two, said Kate, but civilly enough, for she had grown to see that she could not bully her husband, as she had done her father and her sister. It's nearly two, and it will be suburb time before we get there. It shall be seven, said Petruchio obstinately, before I start. Why, whatever I say or do, or think you do nothing but contradict. I won't go to din, before I do go, shall be what o'clock I say it is. At last they started for her father's house. Look at the moon, said he. It's the sun, said Catherine, and indeed it was. I say it is the moon, contradicting again. It shall be sun or moon, or whatever I choose, or I won't take you to your fathers. Then Catherine gave in, once and for all. What ye will have it named, she said, it is, and so it shall be so for Catherine.  So they journeyed on to Baptista's house, and arriving there they found all folks keeping Bianca's wedding feast, and that of another newly married couple, Hortensio and his wife. They were made welcome and sat down to the feast and all was merry, save that Hortensio's wife, seeing Catherine subdued to her husband, thought she could safely say many disagreeable things, that in the old days when Catherine was free and forward she would not have dared to say. But Catherine answered with such spirit and such moderation that she turned the laugh against the new bride. After dinner, when the ladies had retired, Baptista joined in a laugh against Petruchio, saying, Now in good sadness on Petruchio, I fear you have got the various to shrew of all. You are wrong, said Petruchio, let me prove it to you. Each of us shall send a message to his wife, desiring her to come to him, and the one whose wife comes most readily shall win a wager, which we will agree on. The other said yes readily enough for each thought his own wife the most dutiful, and each thought he was quite sure to win the wager. They proposed a wager of twenty crowns. Twenty crowns, said Petruchio, I'll venture so much in my hawker hound, but twenty times as much upon my wife. A hundred then cried Lucensio, Bianca's husband, content cried the others. Then Lucensio sent a message to the fair Bianca, bidding her to come to him, and Baptista said he was certain his daughter would come. But the servant coming back said, Sir, my mistress is busy, and she cannot come. There's an answer for you, said Petruchio.  I hope better, Petruchio answered. Then Hortensio said, go and entreat my wife to come to me at once. Oh, if you entreat her, said Petruchio. I am afraid, answered Hortensio sharply, do what you can, yours will not be entreated. But now the servant came in and said, she says you are playing some jest, she will not come. Better and better, cried Petruchio, now go to your mistress and say I command her to come to me. They all began to laugh, saying they knew what her answer would be and that she would not come. Then suddenly Baptista cried. Here comes Catherine, and sure enough there she was. What do you wish, sir? she asked her husband. Where are your sister and Hortensio's wife? Talking by the parlor fire. Fetch them here. When she was gone to fetch them, Lucentio said, here is a wonder. I wonder what it means, said Hortensio. It means peace, said Petruchio, and love and quiet life. Well, said Baptista, you have won the wager and I will add another twenty thousand crowns to her dowry, another dowry for another daughter, for she is as changed as if she were someone else. So Petruchio won his wager and had in Catherine always a loving wife and true, and now he had broken her proud and angry spirit, he loved her well, and there was nothing ever but love between those two, and so they lived happy ever afterwards. End of The Taming of the Shrew Section 18 Measure for Measure From Beautiful Stories from Shakespeare This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer visit LibriVox.org Beautiful Stories from Shakespeare by Edith Nesbitt Measure for Measure More centuries ago than I care to say, the people of Vienna were governed too mildly. The reason was that the reigning Duke Vicencio was excessively good-natured, and disliked to see offenders made unhappy. The consequence was that the number of ill-behaved persons in Vienna was enough to make the Duke shake his head in sorrow when his chief secretary showed him it at the end of a list. He decided therefore that wrongdoers must be punished. But popularity was dear to him. He knew that if he were suddenly strict after being lax, he would cause people to call him a tyrant. For this reason he told his privy council that he must go to Poland on important business of state. I have chosen Angelo to rule in my absence, said he. Now this Angelo, although he appeared to be noble, was really a mean man. He had promised to marry a girl called Marianna, and now would have nothing to say to her, because her dowry had been lost. So poor Marianna lived forlornly, waiting every day for the footstep of her stingy lover, and loving him still. Having appointed Angelo his deputy, the Duke went to a friar called Thomas and asked him for a friar's dress and instruction in the art of giving religious counsel, for he did not intend to go to Poland but to stay at home and see how Angelo governed. Angelo had not been a day in office when he condemned to death a young man named Claudio for an act of rash selfishness which nowadays would only be punished by severe reproof. Claudio had a queer friend called Lucio, and Lucio saw a chance of freedom for Claudio if Claudio's beautiful sister Isabella would plead with Angelo. Isabella was at that time living in a nunnery. Nobody had won her heart, and she thought she would like to become a sister or nun. Meanwhile Claudio did not lack an advocate. An ancient lord, Escalus, was for leniency. Let us cut a little, but not kill, he said. This gentleman had a most noble father. Angelo was unmoved. If twelve men find me guilty, I ask no more mercy than is in the law. Angelo then ordered the provost to see that Claudio was executed at nine the next morning. After the issue of this order, Angelo was told that the sister of the condemned man desired to see him. Admit her, said Angelo. On entering with Lucio, the beautiful girl said, I am a woeful suitor to your honour. Well, said Angelo, she coloured at his chill monosyllable, and the ascending red increased the beauty of her face. I have a brother who is condemned to die, she continued. Condemn the fault, I pray you, and spare my brother. Every fault, said Angelo, is condemned before it is committed. A fault cannot suffer. Justice would be void if the committer of a fault went free. She would have left the court if Lucio had not whispered to her, you were too cold, you could not speak more tamely if you wanted a pin. So Isabella attacked Angelo again, and when he said, I will not pardon him, she was not discouraged, and when he said, he's sentenced, tis too late, she returned to the assault. But all her fighting was with reasons, and with reasons she could not prevail over the deputy.  She told him that humanity receives and requires mercy from heaven, that it was good to have gigantic strength, and bad to use it like a giant. She told him that lightning rives the oak, and spares the myrtle. She bade him look for fault in his own breast, and if he found one, to refrain from making it an argument against her brother's life. Angelo found a fault in his breast at that moment. He loved Isabella's beauty, and was tempted to do for her beauty what he would not do for the love of man. He appeared to relent, for he said, come to me to-morrow, before noon. She had, at any rate, succeeded in prolonging her brother's life for a few hours. In her absence, Angelo's conscience rebuked him for trifling with his judicial duty. When Isabella called on him the second time, he said, your brother cannot live. Isabella was painfully astonished. But all she said was, even so. Heaven keep your honour. But as she turned to go, Angelo felt that his duty and honour were slight in comparison with the loss of her. Give me your love, he said, and Claudio shall be freed.  So she went to her brother in prison to inform him that he must die. At first he was boastful, impromised to hug the darkness of death. But when he clearly understood that his sister could buy his life by marrying Angelo, he felt his life more valuable than her happiness. And he exclaimed, sweet sister, let me live.  At this moment the Duke came forward in the habit of a friar to request some speech with Isabella. He called himself Friar Lotowick. The Duke then told her that Angelo was affianced to Mariana, whose love story he related. He then asked her to consider this plan. Let Mariana, in the dress of Isabella, go closely veiled to Angelo and say, in a voice resembling Isabella's, that if Claudio were spared she would marry him. Let her take the ring from Angelo's little finger, that it might be afterwards proved that his visitor was Mariana. Isabella had, of course, a great respect for Friars, who are as nearly like nuns as men can be. She agreed, therefore, to the Duke's plan. They were to meet again at the moted Grange, Mariana's house. In the street the Duke saw Lucio, who, seeing a man dressed like a friar, called out, What news of the Duke, Friar? I have none, said the Duke. Lucio then told the Duke some stories about Angelo. Then he told no one about the Duke. The Duke contradicted him. Lucio was provoked and called the Duke a shallow, ignorant fool, though he pretended to love him. The Duke shall know you better if I live to report you, said the Duke grimly. Then he asked Escalus, whom he saw in the street, what he thought of his Ducal master. Escalus, who imagined he was speaking to a friar, replied, The Duke is a very temperate gentleman who prefers to see another Mary, to being Mary himself. The Duke then proceeded to call on Mariana. Isabella arrived immediately afterwards, and the Duke introduced the two girls to one another, both of whom thought he was a friar. They went into a chamber apart from him to discuss the saving of Claudio, and, while they talked in low and earnest tones, the Duke looked out of the window and saw the broken sheds and flower beds, black with moss, which betrayed Mariana's indifference to her country dwelling. Some women would have beautified their garden, not she. She was for the town. She neglected the joys of the country. He was sure that Angelo would not make her unhappier. We are agreed, Father, said Isabella, as she returned with Mariana. So Angelo was deceived by the girl whom he had dismissed from his love, and put on her finger a ring he wore, in which was set a milky stone which flashed in the light with secret colors. Hearing of her success, the Duke went, next day, to the prison, prepared to learn that an order had arrived for Claudio's release. It had not, however, but a letter was handed to the provost while he waited. His amazement was great when the provost read aloud these words. Whatever you may hear to the contrary, let Claudio be executed by four of the clock. Let me have his head sent me by five. But the Duke said to the provost, you must show the deputy another head, and he held out a letter and a signet. Here, he said, are the hand and seal of the Duke. He is to return, I tell you, and Angelo knows it not. Give Angelo another head. The provost thought, this friar speaks with power. I know the Duke's signet, and I know his hand. He said at length, a man died in prison this morning, a pirate of the age of Claudio, with a beard of his color. I will show his head. The pirate's head was duly shown to Angelo, who was deceived by its resemblance to Claudio's. The Duke's return was so popular that the citizens removed the city gates from their hinges to assist his entry into Vienna. Angelo and Escalus duly presented themselves, and were profusely praised for their conduct of affairs in the Duke's absence. It was, therefore, the more unpleasant for Angelo when Isabella, passionately angered by his treachery, knelt before the Duke and cried for justice. When her story was told, the Duke cried to prison with her for a slanderer of our right hand, but stay, who persuaded you to come here? Friar Lodowick, said she. Who knows him? inquired the Duke. I do, my lord, replied Lucille. I beat him because he spoke against your grace. A friar called Peter here said, Friar Lodowick is a holy man. Isabella was removed by an officer, and Mariana came forward.  Bravely he faced her as she put out her hand and said, This is the hand, which wears the ring you thought to give another. I know the woman, said Angelo, once there was talk of marriage between us, but I found her frivolous. Mariana here burst out that they were afianced by the strongest vows. Angelo replied by asking the Duke to insist on the production of Friar Lodowick. He shall appear, promised the Duke, and Bade Escalus examined the missing witness thoroughly while he was elsewhere. Presently the Duke reappeared in the character of Friar Lodowick, and accompanied by Isabella and the provost. He was not so much examined as abused and threatened by Escalus. Luccio asked him to deny, if he dared, that he called the Duke a fool and a coward, and had had his nose pulled for his impudence. To prison with him, shouted Escalus, but as hands were laid upon him, the Duke pulled off his Friar's hood, and was a Duke before them all. Now, he said to Angelo, if you have any impudence that can yet serve you, work it for all its worth. Immediate sentence and death is all I beg, was the reply. Were you afianced to Mariana, asked the Duke? I was, said Angelo. Then marry her instantly, said his master. Marry them, he said to Friar Peter, and return with them here. Come hither, Isabella, said the Duke in tender tones. Your Friar is now your prince, and grieves he was too late to save your brother. But, well, the roguish Duke knew he had saved him. Oh, pardon me, she cried, that I employed my sovereign in my trouble. You are pardoned, he said gaily. At that moment Angelo and his wife re-entered. And now Angelo, said the Duke gravely, we condemn thee to the block on which Claudio laid his head. Oh, my most gracious lord, cried Mariana, mock me not. You shall buy a better husband, said the Duke. Oh, my dear lord, said she. I craved no better man. Isabella nobly added her prayer to Mariana's. But the Duke feigned inflexibility. Provost, he said, how came it that Claudio was executed at an unusual hour? Afraid to confess the lie he had imposed upon Angelo, the provost said, I had a private message. You are discharged from your office, said the Duke. The provost then departed. Angelo said, I am sorry to have caused such sorrow. I prefer death to mercy. Soon there was a motion in the crowd. The provost reappeared with Claudio. Like a big child, the provost said, I saved this man. He is like Claudio. The Duke was amused and said to Isabella, I pardon him because he is like your brother. He is like my brother, too. If you, dear Isabelle, will be mine. She was his with a smile, and the Duke forgave Angelo and promoted the provost. Lucio, he condemned to marry a stout woman with a bitter tongue. End of Section 18. Read by Dennis Sayers in Modesto, California, for LibriVox. Fall 2007. Two gentlemen of Verona. Of beautiful stories from Shakespeare. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Beautiful stories from Shakespeare by Edith Nespit. Two gentlemen of Verona. Only one of them was really a gentleman, as you will discover later. Their names were Valentine and Proteus. They were friends and lived at Verona, a town in northern Italy. Valentine was happy in his name because it was that of the patron saint of lovers. It is hard for a Valentine to be fickle or mean. Proteus was unhappy in his name because it was that of a famous shape-changer, and therefore it encouraged him to be a lover at one time and a traitor at another. One day Valentine told his friend that he was going to Milan. I am not in love like you, said he, and therefore I don't wish to stay at home. Proteus was in love with a beautiful yellow-haired girl called Julia, who was rich and had no one to order her about. He was, however, sorry to part from Valentine, and he said, If ever you are in danger, tell me, and I will pray for you. Valentine then went to Milan with a servant called Speed, and at Milan he fell in love with the Duke of Milan's daughter, Sylvia. When Proteus and Valentine parted, Julia had not acknowledged that she loved Proteus. Indeed, she had actually torn up one of his letters in the presence of her maid, Lucetta. Lucetta, however, was no simpleton, for when she saw the pieces she set herself, all she wants is to be annoyed by another letter. Indeed, no sooner had Lucetta left her alone than Julia repented of her tearing and placed between her dress and her heart the torn piece of paper on which Proteus had signed his name. So by tearing a letter written by Proteus she discovered that she loved him. Then, like a brave sweet girl, she wrote to Proteus, Be patient, and you shall marry me. Delighted with these words, Proteus walked about flourishing Julia's letter and talking to himself. What have you got there? asked his father, Antonio. A letter from Valentine, fibbed Proteus. Let me read it, said Antonio. There is no news, said deceitful Proteus. He only says that he is very happy, and the Duke of Milan is kind to him, and that he wishes I were with him. This fib had the effect of making Antonio think that his son should go to Milan and enjoy the favors in which Valentine basked. You must go to-morrow, he decreed. Proteus was dismayed. Give me time to get my outfit ready. He was met with a promise. What you need shall be sent after you. It grieved Julia to part from her lover before their engagement was two days old. She gave him a ring and said, Keep this for my sake. And he gave her a ring, and they kissed like two who intend to be true till death. Then Proteus departed for Milan. Meanwhile Valentine was amusing Sylvia, whose gray eyes laughing at him under auburn hair had drowned him in love. One day she told him that she wanted to write a pretty letter to a gentleman whom she thought well of, but had no time. Would he write it? Very much did Valentine dislike writing that letter, but he did write it and gave it to her coldly. Take it back, she said. You did it unwillingly. Madame, he said, it was difficult to write such a letter for you. Take it back, she commanded. You did not write tenderly enough. Valentine was left with a letter and condemned to write another. But his servant's speech saw that, in effect, the Lady Sylvia had allowed Valentine to write for her a love letter to Valentine's own self.  He meant that it was very plain, and he went on to say exactly what it was. If Master will write her love letters, he must answer them. On the arrival of Proteus he was introduced by Valentine to Sylvia, and afterwards when they were alone, Valentine asked Proteus how his love for Julia was prospering. Why, said Proteus, you used to get wearied when I spoke of her? I confessed Valentine, but it's different now. I can eat and drink all day with nothing but love on my plate and love in my cup. You idolize Sylvia, said Proteus. She is divine, said Valentine. Come, come, remonstrated Proteus. Well, if she's not divine, said Valentine, she is the queen of all women on earth. Except Julia, said Proteus. Dear boy, said Valentine, Julia is not exempted, but I will grant that she alone is worthy to bear my lady's train. You're bragging astounds me, said Proteus. But he had seen Sylvia, and he felt suddenly that the yellow hair Julia was black in comparison. He became in thought a villain without delay, and said to himself what he had never said before. I, to myself, am dearer than my friend. It would have been convenient for Valentine if Proteus had changed by the power of the God whose name he bore, the shape of his body at the evil moment when he despised Julia in admiring Sylvia. But his body did not change, his smile was still affectionate, and Valentine confided to him the great secret that Sylvia had now promised to run away with him. In the pocket of this cloak, said Valentine, I have a silken rope ladder with hooks which will clasp the window-bar of her room. Proteus knew the reason why Sylvia and her lover were bent on flight. The Duke intended her to wed Sir Thurio, a gentle manly noodle for whom she did not carry straw. Proteus thought that if he could get rid of Valentine he might make Sylvia fond of him, especially if the Duke insisted on her enduring Sir Thurio's tiresome chatter. He therefore went to the Duke and said, Doot he before friendship? It gives me to thwart my friend Valentine, but your grace should know that he intends tonight to elope with your grace's daughter. He begged the Duke not to tell Valentine, the giver of this information, and the Duke assured him that his name would not be divulged. Early that evening the Duke summoned Valentine who came to him wearing a large cloak with a bulging pocket. You know, said the Duke, my desire to marry my daughter to Sir Thurio. I do, replied Valentine. He is virtuous and generous as befits a man so honored in your grace's thoughts. Nevertheless she dislikes him, said the Duke. She is peevish, proud, disobedient girl, and I should be sorry to leave her a penny. I intend therefore to marry again. Valentine bowed. I hardly know how the young people of today make love. Continue the Duke, and I thought that you would be just the man to teach me how to win the lady of my choice. Jewels have been known to plead rather well, said Valentine. I have tried them, said the Duke. The habit of liking the giver may grow if your grace gives her some more. The chief difficulty, pursued the Duke, is this. The lady is promised to a young gentleman, and it is hard to have a word with her. She is, in fact, locked up. Then your grace should propose an elopement, said Valentine. Try a rope ladder. But how should I carry it? asked the Duke. A rope ladder is light, said Valentine. You can carry it in a cloak. Like yours? Yes, your grace. Then yours will do, kindly lend it to me. Valentine had tucked himself into a trap. He could not refuse to lend his cloak, and when the Duke had donned it, his grace drew from the pocket a sealed missive address to Sylvia. He coolly opened it and read these words, Sylvia, you shall be free tonight. Indeed, he said, and here's the rope ladder. Pridely contrived, but not perfectly. I give you, sir, a day to leave my dominions.  Poor Valentine was saddened to the core. Unless I look on Sylvia in the day, he said, there is no day for me to look upon. Before he went he took for well of Proteus, who proved a hypocrite of the first order. Hope is a lover staff, said Valentine's betrayer. Walk hence with that. After living Milan, Valentine and his servant wandered into a forest near Mantua where the great poet Virgil lived. In the forest, however, the poets, if any, were Brigands, who bade the travellers stand. They obeyed and Valentine made so good an impression upon his captors that they offered him his life on condition that he became their captain. I accept, said Valentine, provided you release my servant and are not violent to women or the poor. The reply was worthy of Virgil, and Valentine became a Brigand chief. We return now to Julia, who found Verona too dull to live in since Proteus had gone. She begged her maid Lucetta to devise a way by which she could see him. Better wait for him to return, said Lucetta, and she talked so sensibly that Julia saw it was idle to hope that Lucetta would bear the blame of any rash and interesting adventure. Julia therefore said that she intended to go to Milan and dressed like a page.  I shall knot it up! was the disappointing rejoinder. Lucetta then tried to make the scheme seem foolish to Julia, but Julia had made up her mind and was not to be put off by ridicule, and when her toilette was completed she looked as calmly a page as one could wish to see. Julia assumed the male name Sebastian and arrived in Milan in time to hear music being performed outside the Duke's palace. They are serenading the Lady Sylvia, said a man to her. Suddenly she heard a voice lifted in song and she knew that voice. It was the voice of Proteus, but what was he singing? Who is Sylvia? What is she, that all our swains commend her? Holy, fair and wise is she, that heaven such grace did lend her, that she might admire to be. Julia tried not to hear the rest, but these two lines somehow thundered into her mind. Then to Sylvia, let us sing, she excels its mortal thing. Then Proteus thought Sylvia excelled Julia, and since he sang so beautifully for all the world to hear, it seemed that he was not only false to Julia, but had forgotten her. Yet Julia still loved him. She even went to him and asked to be his page, and Proteus engaged her. One day he handed to her the ring which she had given him and said, Sebastian, take that to the Lady Sylvia, and say that I should like the picture of her, she promised me. Sylvia had promised the picture, but she disliked Proteus. She was obliged to talk to him, because he was high in the favour of her father, who thought he pleaded with her on behalf of Sothurio. Sylvia had learned from Valentine that Proteus was pledged to a sweetheart in Verona, and when he said tender things to her, she felt that he was disloyal in friendship as well as love. Julia bore the ring to Sylvia, but Sylvia said, I will not wrong the woman who gave it to him by wearing it. She thanks you, said Julia. You know her, then, said Sylvia, and Julia spoke so tenderly of herself that Sylvia wished that Sebastian would marry Julia. Sylvia gave Julia her portrait for Proteus, who would have received it the worse for extra touches, on the nose and eyes if Julia had not made up her mind that she was as pretty as Sylvia. Soon there was an uproar in the palace. Sylvia had fled. The Duke was certain that her intention was to join the exiled Valentine, and he was not wrong. Without delay he started in pursuit with Sothurio, Proteus and some servants. The members of the pursuing party got separated, and Proteus and Julia, in her page's address, were by themselves when they saw Sylvia, who had been taken prisoner by outlaws and was now being led to their captain. Proteus rescued her and then said, I have saved you from death. Give me one kind look. Oh, misery to be helped by you, cried Sylvia. I would rather be a lion's breakfast. Julia was silent but cheerful. Proteus was so much annoyed with Sylvia that he threatened her and seized her by the waist. Oh, heaven! cried Sylvia. At that instant there was a noise of crackling branches. Valentine came crashing through the Mantuan forest to the rescue of his beloved. Julia feared he would slay Proteus and hurried to help her false lover, but he struck no blow. He only said, Proteus, I am sorry. I must never trust you more. There at Proteus felt his guilt and fell on his knees, saying, forgive me. I grieve. I suffer. Then you are my friend once more, said the generous Valentine. If Sylvia that is lost to me will look on you with favour, I promise that I will stand aside and bless you both. These words were terrible to Julia and she swooned. Valentine revived her and said, What was the matter, boy? I remembered, fibbed Julia, that I was charged to give a ring to the lady Sylvia and that I did not. Well, give it to me, said Proteus. She handed him a ring, but it was the ring that Proteus gave to Julia before he left Verona. Proteus looked at her hand and crimsoned to the roots of his hair. I changed my shape when you changed your mind, said she. But I love you again, said he. Just then outlaws entered, bringing two prizes, the Duke and Sir Thurio. Forbear, cried Valentine sternly. The Duke is sacred. Sir Thurio exclaimed, There, Sylvia, she's mine. Touch her and you die, said Valentine. I should be a fool to risk anything for her, said Sir Thurio. Then you are base, said the Duke. Valentine, you are a brave man. Your banishment is over. I recall you. You may marry Sylvia. You deserve her. I thank your grace, said Valentine, deeply moved, and yet must ask you one more boon. I granted, said the Duke. Pardon these men your grace and give them employment. They are better than their calling. I pardon them and you, said the Duke. Their work henceforth shall be for wages. What think you of this page, your grace? asked Valentine, indicating Julia. The Duke glanced at her and said, I think the boy has grace in him. More grace than boy, say I, laughed Valentine, and the only punishment, which Proteus had to bear for his treacheries against love and friendship, was the recital in his presence of the adventures of Julia Sebastian Averona. End of two gentlemen of Averona. All's well that ends well. Of beautiful stories from Shakespeare. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Gem of Life. Beautiful stories from Shakespeare by Edith Mesbit. All's well that ends well. In the year 1300 and something, the countess of Rosalind was unhappy in her palace near the Pyrenees. She had lost her husband and the King of France had summoned her son Bertram to Paris, hundreds of miles away. Bertram was a pretty youth with curling hair, finally arched eyebrows and eyes as keen as a hawk's. He was as proud as ignorance could make him and would lie with a face like truth itself to gain a selfish end. But a pretty youth is a pretty youth, and Helena was in love with him. Helena was the daughter of a great doctor who had died in the service of the count of Rosalind. Her sole fortune consisted in a few of her father's prescriptions. When Bertram had gone, Helena's war-long look was noticed by the countess, who told her that she was exactly the same as her own child. Tears then gathered in Helena's eyes, for she felt that the countess made Bertram seem like a brother whom she could never marry. The countess guessed a secret forthwith, and Helena confessed that Bertram was to her as the son is to the day. She hoped, however, to win this son by earning the gratitude of the King of France, who suffered from a lingering illness which made him lame. The great doctor's attached to the court, disbared of curing him. But Helena had confidence in a prescription which her father had used with success. Taking an affectionate leave of the countess, she went to Paris and was allowed to see the King. He was very polite, but it was plain he thought her a quack. It would not become me, he said, to apply to a simple maiden for the relief which all the learned doctors cannot give me. Heaven uses weak instruments, sometimes, said Helena, and she declared that she would forfeit her life if she failed to make him well. And if you succeed, questioned the King. Then I will ask your Majesty to give me for a husband the man whom I choose, so earnest a young lady could not be resisted forever by a suffering King. Helena therefore became the King's doctor, and in two days the royal gripple could skip. He summoned Escortiers and they made a glittering throng in the throne room of his palace. Well might the country girl have been dazzled, and seen a dozen husbands worth dreaming of among the handsome young noblemen before her. But her eyes only wandered until they found Bertram. Then she went up to him and said, I dare not say I take you, but I am yours. Raising her voice at the King, my dear, she added, this is the man. Bertram said the King, take her. She is your wife. My wife, my liege, said Bertram. I beg your Majesty to permit me to choose a wife. Do you know Bertram what she has done for your King? asked the monarch. Who had treated Bertram like a son? Yes, your Majesty replied Bertram, but why should I marry a girl who owes her breeding to my father's charity? You disdain her for lacking a title? But I can give her a title, said the King, and as he looked at the sulky youth, a thought came to him and he added, strange, that you think so much of blood when you could not distinguish your own from a beggar's if you saw them mixed together in a bowl. I cannot love her, asserted Bertram, and elven as I gently. Urge him not, your Majesty. I am glad to have cured my King for my country's sake. My honour requires the scornful boy's obedience, said the King. Bertram, make up your mind to this. You marry this lady, of whom you are so unworthy, or you learn how a King can aid. Your answer? Bertram bowed low and said, Your Majesty has ennobled the lady by your interest in her. I submit. Take her by the hands of the King and tell her she is yours. Bertram obeyed, and with little delay he was married to Eleanor. Fear of the King, however, could not make him a lover. Ridicule helped to sour him. A base soldier named Barrels told him to his face that now he had a kicky-wicky. His business was not to fight, but to stay at home. Kicky-wicky was only a silly epithet for a wife, but it made Bertram feel he could not bear having a wife and that he must go to the war in Italy, though the King had forbidden him. Eleanor he ordered to take leave of the King and returned to Rousalon, giving her letters for his mother and herself. He then rode off. Bidding her a cold goodbye, she opened the letter addressed to herself and read, When you can get the ring from my finger, you can call me husband. But against that, when I write, never dry-eyed at Eleanor Bean, when she entered the King's presence and said farewell. But he was uneasy on her account and gave her a ring from his own finger, saying, If you send this to me, I shall know you are in trouble and help you. She did not show Bertram's letter to his wife. It would have made him wish to kill the true account. But she went back to Rousalon and handed her mother-in-law the second letter. It was short and bitter. I have run away, it said. If the world be broad enough, I will be always far away from her. Cheer up, said the noble widow to the deserted wife. I wash his name out of my blood, and you alone are my child.  Helena did not stay long at Rousalon. She clad herself as a pilgrim, and leaving a letter for her mother-in-law, secretly set out for Florence. On entering that city, she inquired of a woman the way to the pilgrim's house of rest, but the woman begged the holy pilgrim to lodge with her. Helena found that her hostess was a widow, who had a beautiful daughter named Diana. When Diana heard that Helena came from France, she said, A countryman of yours, Count Rousalon, has done worthy service for Florence. But after a time, Diana had something to tell, which was not at all worthy of Helena's husband. Bertram was making love to Diana. He did not hide the fact that he was married, but Diana heard from Perils that his wife was not worth caring for. The widow was anxious for Diana's sake, and Helena decided to inform her that she was the Countess Rousalon. He keeps asking Diana for a lock of her hair, said the widow. Helena smiled mournfully. For her hair was as fine as Diana's and of the same color. Then an idea struck her, and she said, Take this purse of gold for yourself. I will give Diana three thousand crowns if she will help me to carry out this plan.  It is an ancestral ring. Five counts of Rousalon have worn it, yet he will yield it up for a lock of your daughter's hair. Let your daughter insist that he shall cut the lock of hair from her in a dark room and a green advance, that she shall not speak a single word. The widow listened attentively with the purse of gold in her lap. She said at last, I consent, if Diana is willing. Diana was willing. Hence strange to say the prospect of cutting off a lock of hair from a silent girl in a dark room was so pleasing to Bertram that he handed Diana his ring and was told when to follow her into the dark room.  The war was nearly over, but one of its concluding chapters taught Bertram that the soldier who had been impudent enough to call Helena his kicky-wicky was far less courageous than a wife. Paroles was such a boaster, and so fond of trimmings to his clothes, that the French officers played him a trick to discover what he was made of. He had lost his drum, and had said that he would regain it unless he was killed in the attempt. His attempt was a very poor one, and he was inventing the story of a heroic failure when he was surrounded and disarmed. Pochette Arthurosa, said the French lord. What horrible lingo is this, thought Paroles, who had been blindfolded. He's calling for the tortures, said the Frenchman, affecting to act as interpreter. What will you say without him? As much replied Paroles, as I could possibly say if you pinched me like a pastry. He was as good as his word. He told them how many there were in each regiment of the Florentine army, and he refreshed them with spicy anecdotes of the officers commanding it.  This is your devoted friend, said a French lord.  Paroles was finally let go, but henceforth he felt like a sneak, and was not addicted to boasting. We now return to France, with Helena, who had spread a report of her death, which was conveyed to the Dowager Countess at Rosalind by Le Fou. A lord who wished to marry his daughter Magdalene to Bertram. The king mourned for Helena, but he approved of the marriage proposed for Bertram, and made a visit to Rosalind in order to see it accomplished. His great offence is dead, he said. Let Bertram approach me. Ben Bertram, scarred in the cheek, knelt before his sovereign, and said that if he had not loved Le Fou's daughter before he married Helena, he would have prized his wife, whom he now loved when it was too late. Loved that is later fenced, the great sender, said the king.  Bertram immediately gave a ring to Le Fou, who said indignantly, It's Helena's. It's not, said Bertram. Hereupon the king asked to look at the ring, and said, This is the ring I gave to Helena, and bid her send me if ever she needed help. So you had the cunning to get from her what could help her most. Bertram denied again that the ring was Helena's, but even his mother said it was. You lie, exclaimed the king, seize him, gods, but even while they were seizing him, Bertram wondered how the ring, which he thought Diana had given him, came to be so like Helena's. A gentleman now entered, craving for mission to deliver a petition to the king. It was a petition signed, Diana, cabalette, and it begged that the king would order Bertram to marry her, whom he had deserted after winning her love. I'd sooner buy a son-in-law at a fair than take Bertram now, said Le Fou. Admit the petitioner, said the king. Bertram found himself confronted by Diana and her mother. He denied that Diana had any claim on him, and spoke of her, as though her life was spent in the gutter. But she asked him what sort of gentle woman it was to whom he gave, as to her he gave, the ring of his ancestors now missing from his finger. Bertram was ready to sink into the earth, but fate had one crowning generosity reserved for him. Helena entered. Do I see reality? asked the king. Oh, pardon, pardon! cried Bertram. She held up his ancestral ring. Now that I have this, said she. Will you love me, Bertram? To the end of my life cried he. My eyes smell onion, said Le Fou. Tears for Helena were twinkling in them. The king praised Diana when he was fully informed by that not very shy young lady of the meaning of her conduct. For Helena's sake, she had wished to expose Bertram's meanness, not only to the king, but to himself. His bride was now in shreds, and it is believed that he made a husband of some sort, after all. End of all's well that ends well. Recording by Gemma Blythe. End of beautiful stories from Shakespeare by Edith Nesbitt.


I remind members that if the amendment in the name of Alexander Stewart is agreed to, the amendment in the name of Neil Bibby will fall. The question is that amendment 12372.1 in the name of Alexander Stewart, which seeks to amend motion 12372 in the name of Angus Robertson, on Scotland's place in the world, be agreed, and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Kenneth Gibson for a point of order. I would have voted no. I could not connect and I would have voted no. I was unable to connect and I would have voted no. I would have voted yes. ond Scotland's place in the world be agreed? Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we will move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Kenneth Gibson for a point of order. Thank you, Presiding Officer, but I voted no. Thank you Mr Gibson, we'll ensure that's recorded. The result of the vote on amendment number 1, 2, 3, 7, 2.2 in the name of Neil Bibby is yes, 52, no, 67. There were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The final question is that motion 1, 2, 3, 7, 2 in the name of Angus Robertson on Scotland's place in the world be agreed. Are we all agreed? The Parliament is not agreed, therefore we'll move to a vote and members should cast their votes now. The vote is closed. I call Bill Kidd for a point of order. Thank you very much Presiding Officer, my system is obtuse and therefore I'm not happy about that but I would have voted yes. Thank you Mr Kidd, we'll ensure that's recorded. The result of the vote on motion 1, 2, 3, 7, 2 in the name of Angus Robertson is yes, 67, no, 53. There were no abstentions, the motion is therefore agreed. That concludes decision time and we'll now move on to members business in the name of Emma Harper.


So I'm here to discuss the main question that's been appearing in my comment section of our Yukon Striker testing footage. Is Yukon Striker that much faster than the animation? Well I put the two side-by-side and let me tell you they might be very slightly off because the testing footage A doesn't have the holding break, the mid-course brake run holds the train a lot longer than it should be, so I've had to do a lot of editing to get them as close as possible, but I can tell you the footage most certainly proves that it really isn't that much faster than the animation. If it is faster than the animation it's faster in the second half only and not the first half. Now a lot of people are going to use the argument well the holding break isn't engaged and that creates a lot of extra speed. Well for me it doesn't actually create that much extra speed than you would think. The holding break is actually just at the very tip of the drop, so that there's a little extra speed incorporated there, but you also have to understand the ride will be operating in summer, during warm heat, so it will be operating around the same speed. So I do think the animation was pretty accurate and I don't think it's going to be that fast, but re-watching the animation, the animation has always shown that Yukon Striker will be a fast coaster and we just didn't really notice it, but now with the real footage you can see it in real life and you can tell that it is pretty fast. So this is probably just B&M at a new game with their dive coasters creating a more thrilling experience. So nonetheless this is super exciting. I can't believe we're getting a high-thrilled B&M dive coaster and I'm super excited and I'm glad that all of you are super excited. The comment sections have been really fun to read and super exciting that it's like almost like a month till opening now. Anyways, I had to do a quick update on Yukon Striker. Is it faster? And to be honest, I was kind of surprised. I actually thought it was faster than the animation, but it definitely isn't that much faster at all. But come summer, who knows? Maybe it will be a lot faster. Anyways, comment down below what you think and thanks for watching guys. Hopefully you had a great St. Pat's Day. Don't forget to give the video a like, subscribe if you haven't, and share this video for others to enjoy. Have a good one guys. Bye!


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 Low Power Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Interface. It covers the main features of this interface, which is widely used for serial communications. The Low Power Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver, or LPUART, provides full UART communications at 9600 BOD when the LPUART is clocked using a low-speed external 32.768 kHz oscillator, or LSE. Higher BOD rates can be reached when it is clocked by clock sources different from the LSE clock. Applications can benefit from the easy and inexpensive connection between devices, requiring only a few pins. In addition, the LPUART peripheral is functional in low power modes. It comes with transmit and receive FIFOs with capability to transmit and receive in stop modes. The LPUART is a fully programmable serial interface with configurable features such as data length, parity that is automatically generated and checked, number of stop bits, data order, signal polarity for transmission and reception, and BOD rate generator. The LPUART can operate in FIFO mode, and it comes with transmit and receive FIFOs. It supports RS-232 and RS-485 hardware flow control options. The LPUART supports dual clock domains, allowing for wake-up from stop modes and BOD rate programming independent of the peripheral clock. The multi-processor mode allows the LPUART to remain idle when not addressed. In addition to full-duplex communication, it also supports single-wire half-duplex mode. Here is the LPUART block diagram. The LPUART clock, LPUART KERCK, can be selected from several sources. Peripheral clock or APB clock, the PLL2Q, the PLL3Q, the high-speed internal RC oscillator or the low-power internal oscillator or CSI or the low-speed external 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator or LSE. TX and RX pins are used for data transmission and reception. Pins N-CTS and NRTS are used for RS-232 hardware flow control. The driver-enable or DE signal, which is available on the same IO as NRTS, is used in RS-485 mode. The LPUART has a flexible clocking scheme. Its clock source can be selected in the RCC and can be either the peripheral clock or APB clock, the PLL2Q, the PLL3Q, the HSI, CSI, or LSE clock. The LPUART clock source can be divided by a programmable factor in the LPUART PRESC register. The registers are accessed through the APB bus, and the kernel is clocked with LPUART KERCK, pre-scaled or not, and which is independent from the APB clock. The maximum baud rate that can be reached is 9600 baud when the clock source is LSE and 33 megabaud when the clock source is at 100 MHz. The frame format consists of a set of data bits in addition to bits for synchronization and optionally a parity bit for error checking. A frame starts with one start bit or S where the line is driven low for one bit period. This signals the start of a frame and is used for synchronization. The data length can be 9, 8, or 7 bits with the parity bit counted. Finally, one or two stop bits where the line is driven high indicate the end of the frame. The previous slide described a standard frame. This slide shows an example of an 8-bit data frame configured with one stop bit. An idle character is interpreted as an entire frame of ones. The number of ones will include the number of stop bits as well. A break character is interpreted as receiving all zeros for a frame period. At the end of the break frame, two stop bits are inserted. The LPUART supports full duplex communication where the TX and RX lines are respectively connected with the other interfaces, RX and TX lines. The LPUART can also be configured for a single wire half-duplex protocol where the TX and RX lines are internally connected. In this communication mode, only the TX pin is used for both transmission and reception. The TX pin is always released when no data is transmitted. Thus, it acts as a standard I.O. in idle or reception states. For this usage, the I.O. must be configured with the TX pin in alternate function open drain mode with an external pull-up resistor. In the RS-232 standard, it is possible to control the serial data flow between two devices by using the NCTS input and the NRTS output. These two lines allow the receiver and the transmitter to alert each other of their state. This slide shows how to connect two devices in this mode. The idea is to prevent dropped bytes or conflicts in case of half-duplex communication. Both signals are active low. For serial half-duplex communication protocols like RS-485, the master needs to generate a direction signal to control the transceiver or physical layer. This signal informs the physical layer if it must act in send or receive mode. In RS-485 mode, a control line driver enable is used to activate the external transceiver control. The DE control line shares the pin with NRTS. To simplify communication between multiple processors, the LPU-ART supports a special multiprocessor mode. In multiprocessor communication, it is desirable that only the intended message recipient should actively receive the message. The non-address devices may be put in mute mode using two methods, idle line or address mark. The LPU-ART can enter or exit from mute mode using one of two methods, idle line detection or address mark detection. The LPU-ART can operate in FIFO mode, which is enabled or disabled by software. It is disabled by default. The LPU-ART comes with a transmit FIFO or TX-FIFO and a receive FIFO or RX-FIFO, each being 16 words deep. The TX-FIFO is 9 bits wide. The RX-FIFO default width is 12 bits. This is due to the fact that the receiver does not only store the data in the FIFO, but also the error flags associated to each character, parity error, noise error and framing error flags. Provided that the TX-FIFO and RX-FIFO are clocked by the kernel clock, it is possible to transmit and receive data even in stop mode. It is possible to configure TX-FIFO and RX-FIFO thresholds used mainly to avoid an underrun overrun issue while waking up from stop mode. The LPU-ART is able to wake up the MCU from stop mode when the LPU-ART clock source is the HSI, LSE or CSI clock. The sources of wake up can be a specific wake up event, which is triggered by either a start bit or an address match or any received data. An RX-NE interrupt when FIFO management is disabled or FIFO event interrupts when FIFO management is enabled. This table lists the LPU-ART events that can generate an interrupt. This table lists the FIFO event interrupts when the FIFO management is enabled. The DMA requests can be generated when received buffer not empty or transmit buffer empty flags are set when FIFO management is disabled. The DMA request can be generated when the transmit FIFO not full and receive FIFO not empty flags are set when FIFO management is enabled. Several error flags can also be generated by the LPU-ART as shown in the table. The overrun, parity, and framing error flags are each set when the corresponding error occurs. The noise error flag is set when a noise is detected on the received frame start bit. The LPU-ART peripheral is active in run mode. The LPU-ART interrupts cause the device to exit sleep mode. The LPU-ART is able to wake up the MCU from stop mode when the LPU-ART clock is set to HSI, LSE, or CSI. In standby mode, the peripheral is in power down and it must be reinitialized after exiting standby or shutdown mode. The STM-32H7 devices embed a single LPU-ART instance. Compared to the USART, the LPU-ART doesn't support synchronous, smart card, IRDA, and LIN modes. It does not support the receiver timeout, modbus communication, and the auto bot rate detection features as well. This is a list of peripherals related to the LPU-ART. Please refer to these peripheral trainings for more information if needed. General purpose input output, reset and clock controller, power controller, interrupts controller, and direct memory access controller.