Hello everyone, there's a lot more people in here than I expected. Today I'm going to talk about Chinese mechanical locks. Today I'll be talking about Chinese mechanical locks. Hello, I'm Lucas. I'm Zhao Chenlang. I go by the handle UrbanHawk. My name is UrbanHawk. This is my first year at Keisi University. I go to Case Western Reserve University. I am a freshman student. I will be going into my sophomore year. I am a tool member. I'm a tool member. I like all kinds of locks. I like all kinds of locks. Please feel free to ask questions anytime, photograph or film. But please don't vote for me. Please don't sue me. Because I don't have money, because I have no money. Please read this disclaimer carefully. Please read the next page. Please read it carefully. Anyway, I don't have money from any locks. No lock company has given me any money. I do not work for any company. And these are my own observations from my research. These things I'm going to talk about today are from my... from my perspective on Chinese locks. There may be mistakes, but this is not what I meant. And Chinese is not my mother tongue. So if I make a mistake, please be a little more polite. Chinese is not my mother language. So if I make any mistakes, please try not to laugh too hard. Introduction. Why I like locks? Why I like locks? A lock is essentially a type of puzzle. A lock itself is a kind of puzzle. With a lock, you are trying to design mechanical perfection. The design of the lock is the perfect design of the machine. The better the lock, the closer you are to mechanical perfection. The better the design, the more advanced the lock, the closer the machine is. The techniques used to achieve mechanical perfection are very interesting. The design of the machine is very interesting. Chinese locks are the most interesting. Chinese locks are the most interesting. Where are high-security locks used? Where is the safe and high-quality lock used? There are two types of locks. The first is the machine. The machine factory, the train station, the office building, the school. These are the same type of locks. The other type is the people's residence. Where are these locks used in other countries? I've covered it please! I've covered it please! Please don't ignore him. Please ignore him. In other countries, most of the locks are used in the machine factory, train station, office building. These are high-quality locks. But when you come to China, where are high-quality locks used in China? Chinese locks are used in the residents' residence, not in the machines. In China, as opposed to using locks on high-security locks on institutions, they use high-security locks on residences. Why is China different? Why is China different? Let's take a look at the differences between China and other countries. First, we need to look at the differences between the population of China and the population of other countries. Looking at China's population, we have over 1 billion people. There are more than 1 billion people in the U.S. We have more than 1 billion people in China than in the U.S., for example. In other countries, there are fewer people than in the U.S. Therefore, the number of people in the U.S. is small. Therefore, the number of people in the U.S. has to be high. In institutions in other countries, we have much smaller populations, labor is more expensive, therefore institutions are going to need they're going to hire less security because it's more expensive. And with less manpower, physical security is much more important. In China, the population is bigger, and the workers are cheaper. Therefore, institutions will hire more security workers. If there are more people, physical security is not so important. In China, in institutions, you have a much larger population. So labor is cheaper. Therefore, institutions will hire more security guards. And with more security guards, physical security becomes less important. Residential in China, in China. In China, most of the people live in the high-rise apartment. So the doors are weak. There is no window in the corridor.  And most of the workers have less security guards. Therefore, this lock is the biggest weakness of this apartment. Therefore, this lock has to be good. In residences in China, most people live in very high-rise apartments. And they're made out of concrete. And there are no windows in the hallways. So the door is the weakest point. Also, most apartment complexes have no security. So the lock is the target for attackers. And therefore, the lock needs to be good. In other countries, in other countries, most people live in the house. The door is not the weakest point. There is a window in the window. The wall of the house is made of wood.  He will go to the window, to the wall of the house. He won't go to the lock. Because the lock is not the weakness. The house is the building. And the house is the weakness. So the lock doesn't need to be so good. In other countries, most people live in houses where the walls are made of wood and there are windows everywhere. So the door is not the weakest point. The window is the weakest point. The wall is the weakest point. Therefore, the lock doesn't need to be that good. How are locks graded in China? What is the level of Chinese locks? This has A, B, and super B. There is A, B, and B plus grade. It's not like other countries. A is the best. B is the worst. C is the worst. China is the worst. B is the best. Super B is the best. In other countries, we use A is usually the best grade. B is slightly worse. And C is the worst. However, in China, this becomes A is the worst. B is second best. And B plus or B extra is the best. How bad are locks graded in China? How bad are locks on institutions? Let's take a look at China's Zhongshan University. Let's take a look at China's Zhongshan University. How bad are locks graded in China? Every day, people go to the locks, steal things, do bad things. Every day, people break into the locks and steal stuff from the students or do other thieves things. So students have to develop their own creativity to fund this thief. So students need to come up with their own ways to keep these criminals out. Let's take a look at these interesting inventions. Let's look at some of the inventions that they made.  They blocked the door in this case. You open the door at the same time. You put the knife on top of the door so that when you open it, it falls and scares away the criminal. Or Robert Duck. There's another one. Let's take a look at the Beijing South Station. What's this photo? A few years ago, someone went to Beijing Station. He went to see the lock in Beijing Station. It looks like the lock in his house. So he went to his house and tried to open the lock. But this person didn't go to the police or the police to tell them the problem. He thought it was a way to make money. So he asked a lot of people to enter the train station early in the morning. In the end, they were arrested. They changed the lock. They didn't change a better lock, but a bigger one. At Beijing South Railway Station, this gentleman over here, he noticed that the locks on the gates were pretty close to the locks on his house. So he tried his key in the lock. Lo and behold, the lock opened. Instead of calling the police or contacting the police or telling someone about it, he thought it was a great business opportunity. So he went and charged people to get into the station earlier. He was eventually caught, and this is where this picture is from. Let's take a look at Chinese mechanical locks, the industry environment. Let's take a look at its business environment. When you buy a lock, unlike other countries, you buy a lock when you buy a lock.  When you buy a lock in China, the packaging is really good. When you buy a lock in China, the packaging is always going to be very good. So we can see now that the packaging is usually like this lock, the level of the lock. In the box, there's the lock. So when you buy a lock in China, you're not going to get a very cheap packaging that you usually get in other countries because that's China. The locks usually have a very nice packaging, and on it is going to be the lock company's name, the grade of the lock, and the quality of the lock. Inside the lock, we will have many different things. In the box, we will have a lot of different things. One is the A key, one will be the A keys, one will be the B keys, one will be the key card. One will be the key card. The key card is really useless. Most of the time, the key card will be in there as a decoration and it will be the lock cylinder. The lock cylinder will go on the door. The B keys will go to the owner. A keys will go to the owner. A keys will go to the lock installer or they will directly to the owner. A key, A key, A key, A key, A key, A key, The AV keys that we were talking about before use this technique. The A key is given to the people who install the lock, or the people who need to enter the house. It can be given to anyone who needs to get into the house, or who are installing the lock, or constructing the work they're doing construction work. The key key is usually sealed. For the owner, the B keys are sealed and given to the owner of the house. The key key can be locked, or the key key can be locked. The A key can open the locks, and the B key can open the locks. But when the key key is used, the key key stops working. Some locks have a C key. Some locks will also have a C key. The A keys and B keys can be used simultaneously. The A keys and B keys can be used simultaneously. When the C keys are used, the A keys can be used. When the C key is used, the A key stops working, and the B key continues to work. The key management. I use a key key in other countries. It's called a key key. A key key can be opened by several locks. Each of its own keys. The person in charge can open all the locks with one key. But there aren't many key keys in China. So there's usually a key ring like this. The key is full. In China, as opposed to master keying, like other countries where one key will open many locks, in China, they often have just one ring with a bunch of different keys on them. Because it's easier to do it like this with a giant ring of keys. It's easier to replace the locks and it's easier to manage. I've used these things before. I have used these things before. It's annoying. They're very annoying. Because when they're ready, each key has its own shape. The shape of the key doesn't have a label. So every key has its own shape. Because the keys look exactly the same. I've used them before. And all the keys sometimes look exactly the same. And when you go up to the door, you have to try all of them because they're unlabeled. Counter-fitting. No doubt.  Why do they have fake locks? There are two reasons. One is to make money, of course. The other is to destroy the reputation. You can sell the locks by using other people's brands and selling better brands. You can make money like this. Sell cheaper. You can destroy the reputation. You can write the name of a good company on a bad company. On a bad company's name. People buying this lock feel bad. They don't buy this company's locks anymore. So there's two reasons why there are fake locks. One is for better profit because if you take the name of an established company and you stamp it on a lock, that's way cheaper to make. You make money off of that. And the other is destroying reputations, which is where you take the name of an established company whose reputation you want to destroy and you stamp it on a lock that is very terrible. When people buy this terrible lock, they think it's from that company and you ruin the name. What we're looking at now is a shipment that was confiscated by NIMBO Customs of many, many fake locks. Look at these fake locks. It's written like this. But although it wants to block it, it's that one. Tricircle. It's very famous. They want to block it. It's a bit wrong. It's still being stolen by the pirates. They try to copy Tricircle's name and they change the name around a bit to try to get around this. But they still were caught by Customs. Hai Guan Kou Dao La. 286,200 lock. Customs confiscated 286,200 fake locks. 1,688 boxes. 1,688 cartons of locks. Value? 1,430,000 RMB. Before, there were about 1,143,000 RMB.  If you ate one Beijing roast duck every day for the next 15 years, that would be that amount of money. For all these big locks, there's still a market. For all these big locks, there's still a market. Vending counterfeiting. For a lot of times, there will be two-way codes and a password area. You scan the two-way codes and put the password in. If the password is checked, that means the lock is fake. If the password is checked, that means the lock is real. Sometimes, it will have something on the lock. It will change color when it's hot. Or you can use UV light to show something special. To prevent counterfeiting, there are many methods. The first is, most prominent is QR codes that you scan.  If this password has been looked up before, that means the lock is counterfeit. Or if the password doesn't work, then the lock is counterfeit. If the password has never been looked up before, that means the lock is real. The other option are these stickers that go on the side of the lock that usually have that changed color or they look different under UV light or they have a hologram. Counterfeit keys. In other countries, there's something called key control where keys are controlled by the company that made the locks because the company has a patent on them. If another company tries to make these keys, they're breaking the law because I have the patent on them. And therefore I can control the keys. Key control is important because when you give the key to someone, when you get a key back, you want to make sure that's the only key in circulation and that he hasn't made a copy of it. This is what key control does.   On the left is the real key made by a company called Medeco. On the right is the fake key. Here's another example. It's made by an American company called Schlage. It's made by a key. Because in China, many times they use imported locks, it's hard to make these locks. These other countries' locks don't send the keys to China. So in the future, the locks need to make their own keys. You can see that this is a US lock. This is the key he made. He made two locks. We can see this is an American lock. Sometimes when locks are imported to China, they don't come with key blanks and companies are unwilling to send the key blanks to China. So locksmiths have to be creative and make their own keys. And here's an example of a locksmith making keys that are quite good. It's an Australian key. It too is made. It's a Swedish lock. This is my favorite example. It is a Swiss cabalock. This key is not only made by this key. Not only did this locksmith create this key, this lock is put in another company's other company's lock. The locksmith who made this key put it onto another company's counterfeit link. Put it onto another company's counterfeit link. Like this. Sometimes, Chinese locksmiths also have different logos. Can you guess which one is the first logo? The one in the middle, the one on the right, is the first one. Other ones are all similar, but they are all from different locksmiths. They are all the same. So these are a lot of lock companies that have similar logos because they have the same meaning. They are taking advantage of the power that another company's logos has. The one in the middle is the original one, but the rest of them look quite similar. Security technologies. This is a pin tumbler lock. This is a pin tumbler lock. How do pin tumbler locks work? When these pins are raised to the correct height, this lock can open. Otherwise, this lock cannot open. How do we make this lock safer? Add another row of pins. This lock has two rows of pins. Add another row of pins. This lock has three rows of pins. This lock has pins on the left side, the top, and the right side. How do we make this lock more secure? Add another row of pins. This is the very common cruciform or cross key lock. This is what it looks like. There are four rows of pins. Add another row of pins. Add another row of pins. Add another row of pins. Add another row of pins. Add another row of pins. You can add anymore pins. As long as you can keep doing it, you can add 100 pins. As long as you want to do it, every time you add a pin, it's safer. If you wanted to, you could keep adding pins more and more and more pins to this. And as you go, it will add more and more security. point where you can't add any more before it starts reducing the security level of lock. 编注锁,sidebar locks. What are sidebar locks? 有没有人看见过这样子的锁? 这样子形状的钥匙的锁? 请举手, has anyone seen locks with a key like this? 挺多人的,挺普遍的, these are very common. Many people in the audience are raising their hands. 编注锁是什么? What are sidebar locks? 这个是锁的前面, we're looking at the front of the lock right now. 我们把前面给切掉,把里面的结构全都撤出来,是这样子的样子。 When we cut the front off and we look at the inside, this is what it looks like. 有一个编注到, there is a slot for the sidebar and there is a slot for the pins. 现在这白色的地方是空的,这个灰色的地方是锁,这个深灰色是锁体。 The white parts are empty right now, the gray parts are the lock cylinder, the lock, the core, and the dark gray part is the lock body. 现在我们加个编注, now we'll add a sidebar. 这个红色的是编注, the red is the sidebar. 这编注再加个弹簧,像这编注槽里推的,编注道里推,像这个方向推, we'll add a spring which pushes the sidebar towards the sidebar slide. 我们转动这个锁丝的时候, when we turn the inside core, 这个编注会被这个编注槽的原型推进这个锁丝, when the plug is turned, the sidebar is pressed back into the plug, 你可以看到它现在,它现在这是平的,跟这个中间这个大道是平的, 你转它这个半原型把这个编注推回去,它就会稍微突出一点, you'll see that when the plug is turned, the sidebar sticks into the body of the lock. 这暂时这样子的锁,什么东西都可以开,比较没用, right now anything can open this lock, so it's kind of useless. 所以我们就再加一个弹珠, so now we'll add a pin. 但是这个只有一个弹珠, but this one only has one pin. 会有一排弹珠,但不是像弹珠所有的上弹珠,还有下弹珠, 这个锁只有一个弹珠,这弹珠还有个弹珠孔. Unlike other locks which have a top and a bottom pin, this one only has a single pin with one part cut out for the sidebar. 没有钥匙的时候,这个编注没发突进这个地方, 因为这个弹珠暂时在打开它, when there is no key, the pin prevents the sidebar from moving into the plug. 这个弹簧是向下按,这个在编注的弹簧是向编注槽那边按, 差对钥匙的时候,这个弹珠会抬到正确的位置, when the key is inserted, the pin will be raised to the correct height. 被抬到对的位置的时候,这个槽就会跟着编注一样的高度, when the key is inserted and the pins are raised to the right height, the notch in the pin is aligned with the sidebar. 所以转动锁鞋的时候,这个编注就可以进这个弹珠的槽里,这个就可以让锁鞋转动. When the key is turned, the sidebar can retract into this slot in the pin and the lock is allowed to open. 没有钥匙的时候,它进不到这个道就开不了, when there is no key in the lock, the sidebar cannot go into the slot in the pin and therefore the lock cannot open. 那我们可以怎么让这个锁更加安全? How can we make this lock more secure? 那好,我们把这个编注现在不是向外面推,是向锁鞋内推, instead of having the spring for the sidebar pushing the sidebar out of the cylinder, let's have it push inwards of the cylinder. 这样子有什么好处? How is this better? 这样子把这个弹珠地向下的力气和锁鞋转动的力气给分开, so now the lock cylinder does not need to be turned to have the sidebar go into the lock. 所以就安全的多, now the sidebar does not need to be turned to go into the lock. 差多钥匙的时候,编注会自己收回这个编注槽, when the lock, when the key is inserted, the sidebar will automatically go into the slot. 这样子要是放转动力或者破坏的转动力,它这个编注不可能断掉,因为编注没有在向锁鞋内推. When you put a very big turning force on the lock, the sidebar cannot be forced into the lock because the sidebar is not actively pushing. This is a kind of locking mechanism, is actively pushing in towards the lock and actively turning the lock does not push the sidebar into the pins, 然後就可以转开.空转锁,free spinning locks,这是一种编注锁, this is a type of sidebar lock. 这是盒子,this is what the lock looks like. 这个是前面,this is the front of the lock. 这个锁有什么特殊?What's special about this lock? 设计这个锁的人,想法是什么? The person who designed this lock and you design this lock, what was his thinking? 设计这个锁的人呢,他想大部分锁是把它定的越来越牢 Most locks can think about whether they can hold this plug in place with more and more elements. 但是他想不要这个锁僵硬,让它更,它让它可以空转 所以这个锁呢,你什么插在这个钥匙孔里都可以转这个锁 但是只有对的钥匙可以开这个锁 With this lock, any key can turn the plug, but only the correct key can open the lock. 所以你随便插个什么地方都可以转动这个锁线 但是只有对的钥匙可以开这个锁 背什么这个好? Why is this better? 你这个锁是,你放多大转动力都破坏了,开不了 With this lock, no matter how much force you put on it, you cannot forcibly open the lock. 这个是一个快速编柱,一个弹设编柱锁 This is a snap sidebar lock. 这个锁的编柱有什么要有趣的? What's special about this lock sidebar? 这个锁是给你少于一秒钟来把里面的结构都挪到对的位置才可以开锁 This lock gives you less than a fraction of a second to have everything aligned to open the lock. 这是说明什么? What does this mean? 你必须要把这个锁里的叶片和弹珠的叶片全都挪到对的位置 但是你必须要在一秒钟内挪到 You must move all the parts in this lock to the right place in less than a second. 这样子就会防止技术开, this way it'll prevent picking. 一个很复杂的锁, this is a very complicated lock. 这个锁看得像个普通的叶片锁,一个普通的cd锁 This lock looks like a very normal sidebar lock. 这是它的样子, this is what it looks like. 普通的锁会有12到24,或者可能有36个叶片, most locks will have 12, 36, or 24 sliders. 但是这个锁它们加了48个叶片塞在里面, for this lock they put in 48 sliders all crammed together. 48个叶片越多越好, the more the better. 这个锁哪有空间就哪有叶片, this lock wherever it is placed there are sliders. 这个是另外一个很复杂的锁, this is another complicated lock. 我们从前面看像个普通的弹珠锁,一个很普遍的锁, 但是仔细看的时候, when we look more carefully at this lock, 可以看到旁边要是有个槽, we can see that there's a slot on the side of the key. 然后呢,不光是这个,它这最后两个弹珠, for his last two pins, 弹珠里还有一个弹珠,母子弹珠,一个弹珠里面还有个弹珠, 就是这两个东西,更加安全, to add more complexity to the lock. There is a pin-in-pin on the last two pins, as well as the slider track on the side. 这是一个他的锁的一个照片, this is a picture of a lock. 这个是一个旋转弹珠的锁, this is a rotating pin lock. 一个弹珠锁基本上就需要抬弹珠,把全都抬到位就可以开. When you have a normal lock, all you have to do is lift the pin up to the right position to open it. 但是这个锁呢,它加了一个什么, with this lock, what did they add? 这个锁必须得有旋转这个弹珠到对的位置,到对的角度才可以开这个锁. 这个锁是在个罐头里,这个罐头是什么原理? 它钥匙罐头是封的,没人看过你的钥匙,没人知道这锁的钥匙是什么样的? 你开这个罐头,要是这个罐头没有,已经被开过, 那你就知道人可能把过你这钥匙,看到过你这钥匙. This lock comes in a can, so what that means is when the can is sealed, you know no one has seen your keys, but when the can is open, then you know that someone might have seen your keys and someone has touched that lock other than the factory. 它是这样子的, this is what it looks like. 这个弹珠不只需要抬,还得有旋转, not only do the pins in this lock have to be lifted, but they also have to be turned to the right angle. 这是锁的结构, this is the inside of the lock. 看得像个普通弹珠锁, it looks like a normal pin tumbler lock, 但是抬这个弹珠还有多的一个槽, it looks like a normal pin tumbler lock, but each of the pins has an extra slot in it. 只有这些槽全都对位了,到对的角度,这些弹珠才可以错开,让它错开. Only when the pins are aligned and they're rotated to the correct position, are these pins is the lock allowed to open. What can we learn? 我们可以从中国的锁学到什么东西? What can we learn? 一, think outside the box. 打开晃晃的想法,这个,就说,别按照别人做的方式做,按照你自己的方式做, 想得开一点,想得不同的方式,想到没人想得到的东西. When you're designing a lock, think of ways that people have never thought of before. Think of design new ways, design better ways, design, think outside the box. 二, sometimes the simplest solutions are best. 有的时候最简单的,当然是最好的,你做复杂了,有的时候就会出问题, sometimes when you make it too complicated, there will be problems. 但是最简单的,是最好的. If one thing doesn't work, add more of it and it might work. 如果一样东西不好用,那多加一点,很可能就可以好用了. 感谢我的妈妈和爸爸帮我翻译我这个讲过. 这几个人,too. 好,谢谢. 因为我没有讲这个古董的锁, 可能有人在这觉得我会讲古董的锁,我给大家带了一个超大的一个古董锁. 要是你想要去见我,我会在那个开锁village. 好,谢谢.


Hello, glad you could job me once again on the shelves since I appreciate your time. I know all of you are doing very fine today. I would love to share with you a very important video a video I saw and it touched my heart. I really haven't watched it but the title of the video is quite instructive. Dog proves the Quran. How true is it? Dog proves the Quran. It varies my dog. I really want to know what really happened in the video and how come how was the connection? All right, thank you so much once again for joining. We are on a campaign to let everybody know that 69% of those that watch us are not subscribed. I encourage you, if you really love what we're doing, the truth we're sharing here, please subscribe. Thank you, if you do so, let's jump right into it. How to do what? Holy Bible. All right. Is that freedom of speech or what? Really? What? Well, I disagree with them that the Holy Bible is from the Satan. Yeah, there might be interpolations. There might be contradictions in the Bible, but the Bible also contains some elements of truth. Even the angel that was instructed by Allah and the Bible indeed Quran to be obeyed. It's also part of the Bible. So I disagree with that. Let's see what really is going on. What's going on? Is this an experiment? Let's see. Well, we have to know how is it from the Satan, how so because the dog is run away from it. Yes, I really know dogs are very intuitive animals. You know, the friend of man, very intelligent as well, man's best companion. But the question is, how is what he's doing approved that all those are from the devil bicycle pump. I think it's a technology invented by man to help man move from one place to another. It helps man pump his bicycle and move. So I think it's a technology. It's not from the devil. It's the innovation of man. Is from God. Peace and blessings. Well, I really don't understand this video. I shared it with you guys to really know what you think about it. What was all this like? I don't understand it. He didn't show us the Quran and how the dog itself, you know, defended the Quran. I don't really understand this video guys.  I really don't understand this video and I think you don't understand it as well. Well, I don't know. Scary. All right, until next time.


Welcome everybody to day three of our CCDMS natural hazards meeting. We still have bunches of keynotes, clinics today and so it's like a full day and we'll end the day with panel discussion which is sort of a new item that we'll be doing. I've been looking around and seeing people being very engaged and enthusiastic at the posters etc. Thank you for that. We do have a request to do a little bit of homework in the sense that nobody, maybe this is the fault of the clinic leaders who were supposed to give out links to surveys at the end of the clinic and have people fill in like what they felt was the good parts and bad parts of these clinics and sort of get some data on how those are done. Lynn has not received very many responses and she sent out to everybody those links and so we highly encourage people to fill those in even now and then today at the clinics the clinic leaders will like prompt you again for their own clinics. So it's my pleasure to introduce now to you our first keynote speaker of the morning, Jenny Zuckbill. The real pronunciation is to call it but it's fine. When you like look up her profile and try to find what her science is all about you'll find that it's about the Navier Stokes equation in general and that she works on many topics and it goes from hazards like volcanoes and the Antarctic ice sheet and that's I think how we have met before. But what I loved was that it had like this little article that said it's the equation that keeps on giving and that's how she frames her work. Right thank you so much for this introduction so maybe the background story to that quote is that when I started studying physics the department had wrote down four equations and you said you have five years to learn those once you can explain those to me. You're good and as I was at the time I thought oh that can't be this difficult. Turns out I'm still working on the first one which is the Navier Stokes equation. So the work of our group has a slightly different twist than some other research groups you might have seen. We're interested in understanding the fundamental physics that connects a lot of different natural systems. So we're interested in understanding multiphase instabilities and how these can lead to really dramatic changes in the system scale behavior. And we apply this to mainly four different systems. So we have four projects in ice, fire, water, and rock. What you're seeing here is the shear margin of an Antarctic ice sheet. So that's the ice picture and that's the one I will mostly talk about. But we're also interested in understanding volcanic eruptions. That's the picture on the right where you see Stromboli erupting. And then we're interested in understanding induced seismicity for example in Oklahoma has a lot of earthquakes that come from dumping a lot of wastewater into the subsurface.  So at first sight these systems might be might look completely different and obviously they are but they share a lot of similarities and I think it is useful to study them jointly and try to understand why all of these systems have the common behavior of basically completely changing their dynamics over a very short amount of time. So we are not interested in understanding everything about these systems. We're specifically interested in understanding the extreme shift that all of these systems exhibit. So for example if you think of a volcano it just sits there happily for thousands and thousands of years. And then within a few seconds it creates this massive eruptions. Gas emission rates change by five six orders of magnitude. So why does that happen? And that happens in not just volcanoes but it actually happens in most natural systems. So I can think of these as four different systems or I can think of these as different realization of multiphase instability. So how do I think of an extreme event? I think of it as a system behavior that changes abruptly over multiple orders of magnitude. And the fact that it changes over multiple orders of magnitude I think has a lot of information in it. It basically means that we're switching the physics behind it. We're switching the governing process from say a flow behavior to a slipping behavior or something like that. And I think studying them jointly can help us understand, can help us create new constraints because they're all different realizations on honest diagram, the regime diagram of less to more solid and lamina to turbulent flow. In addition they also have thermal processes being very important. So you can see on this diagram that volcanoes probably exhibit the largest range here. They're also the most difficult to observe. So it's almost impossible to observe the interior workings of a volcano. So I think there is a value in studying systems that are similar but not identical that I can observe better. So for example you can think about degassing from sedimentary stack in a marine basin. I get very similar degassing channels that actually look quite similar. They're much much easier to observe. They're also a little simpler in terms of the physics. There's less sort of thermodynamic coupling to the fluid dynamics behind it. That being said today I want to present a specific project that I thought was of the most interest to this community and that's our project in ice dynamics. And ice dynamics I think is a really exciting field right now partly because I think we're really at the forefront of revising our fundamental understanding of ice sheets. And I think that process was started by satellite data like this one. So what you see here is insidata of the speed with which the ice is moving towards the coast. And right away you notice that this speed distribution looks very counterintuitive. So if I thought of Antarctica as just a huge ice cube sitting in a warming ocean I would expect that most of the melting happens around the edges. When you look at this map you see that that's not necessarily true. So look at these red zones these artery like flow routes. Those transport ice from the center of Antarctica right to the coast. And those are the ones that we're particularly concerned about when it comes to ice loss because these so-called ice streams and also the outlet glaciers we've had contribute 90% of the mass we lose from one of these. So I would argue that this is a process we really need to understand. When you show a map it's always really difficult to get a sense of scale here and one thing that's always mind-blowing to me when I think about ice specifically in Antarctica is the scale. So here is a zoom into the cycle coast which is one of the fast moving zones and that's a map of New Hampshire. So these are not small rivers these are not minor trickles these are massive state size chunks of ice that are moving extremely fast. What is so puzzling about these ice streams? The first one is that contrary to glaciers ice streams are not controlled by bottom topography. So let me remove the data layer that shows the speed and let's look at the subsurface. This is bad elevation from radar for the same zone I just showed you. I bet had I shown you this image before you wouldn't have guessed where those fast flow routes are because it's just not controlled by topography. That is very puzzling I have ice moving down a plane and for some reason it channelizes in these very rapidly moving zones that neighbor ridges that are basically stagnant. And take a look at the speed scale here at the color scale this is not a minor change in speed. The blue zone is about a meter per year the red zone is a thousand meters per year so I'm changing by three orders of magnitude which is completely puzzling. The number itself is also puzzling when you think of ice as a fluid because ice of course is very viscous and moves slowly and you can see this here in a photo that a friend of mine took off an outlet glacier and he hammered nails into this poor ice sheet here or this poor ice zone and came back a year later and it moved but it moved basically by a bunch of centimeters right. So ice is moving generally as a fluid is moving extremely slow so a meter per year is reasonable but how would I get to a thousand meters per year with a fluid this viscous and of course the answer to that is it's not the ice right it is the subsurface that is creating this movement. So when you look into the subsurface again here's a field photo you can see that there's really extreme deformation happening at the base of these fast moving zones of ice so you can see this very intense sheer deformation here in the sedimentary layers and that is really interesting when you think of it from a modeling point of view because it basically tells us that if we just quote unquote look at mass momentum for ice we're solving the wrong equations right so in a way these very fast moving ice zones are a reflection of basal processes right so if I want to model these accurately in a in a model that I have I need to think about the subsurface I need to think about the sedimentary dynamics and I need to think about meltwater so that's adding a lot of complexity to our models right there now complex models are great but it's always really helpful I think when you have a new puzzling phenomenon to start simple so let's start simple on the simplest thing I could come up with this force balance so here are our streams the dark gray zone is the slipping portion so it's not flowing it's slipping right that gives you this enormous speed increase and it's slipping because the sediments underneath are failing so sediments are have such an interesting material property right that in if I change the water content of sediments it can get them from being solid to fluid and that transition happens pretty abruptly which is really quite unique so it's a very novel in your material and that non-linearity is really I think at the heart of the dynamics that we're observing here so if I just do a simple force balance of gravity driving the stream and basal resistance acting against it you will notice that these are not balanced by any stretch so that could suggest that we're simply in an unstable regime or could suggest that we've missed part of the picture I would argue we've missed part of the picture here and the picture we've missed is the margins what if label tears margins which are basically the zone we get transition from the slipping to the slow moving ice so let's add this in so I have a lateral stress that happens throughout the ice column and this lateral stress for a steady state would need to balance the difference between the other two integrated over the half width of the stream you're already noticing that when I think about this lateral stress it depends on the width and the height because I'm integrating these stresses over those length scales and that means that this lateral stress will actually depend on what the width and the height are so let's think about this a little more carefully because if this margin really plays a critical role in the force dynamics I will create a lot of shear and with that I will create a lot of shear heating that is important because as ice gets warmer we all know that it gets much weaker right that's why ice cream is delicious it's the perfect mixture between the solid and the fluid it's not an ice cube right it's still frozen but it's sort of this mushy delicious texture so what's the simplest thing we could come up with to estimate shear heating the simplest thing we could do is think of this simply as a crack the sliding portion would be the crack and if I do that I can leverage the classical techniques of vector mechanics to estimate shear heating analytically that was our starting point here and you see that this is the domain we're considering we're neglecting downstream variability for now which means we can reduce this basically to a 2d cross section because of symmetry I can cut it in half in the lower domain the dots indicate that the ice is now moving towards you and I have a slipping portion I have a non-slipping portion and between that I have a singularity now the fact that I have a singularity is interesting because singularities are giving basically extreme stress concentrations now I can end as I can estimate the shear heating if I do a J integral approach which is well established in in earthquake mechanics we do it a little less I think in fluid mechanics but the basic idea is that you try to integrate how much heating you experience around the singularity so you assume that out of the heating is due to the singularity I won't go into the details of this the bottom line is that this factor J tip which basically multiplies how much shear heating I have so that's the key factor here it captures how much I'm forcing the system depends on the lateral stress so I can use this to estimate how much lateral stress I get and how much lateral strain I get and if I then appreciate the fact that ice rheology is very non-linear so I can relate the strain rate to the stress itself but that's not a linear relationship that's a relationship to third order what I'll basically find is that the shear heating which is the tau epsilon dot term scales as width over the height to the fourth power so you just kind of might be wondering like why the heck am I going into this much detail about it well the answer is very simple shear heating scales with width to the fourth power that means if I disturb the width of the stream a tiny little bit my shear heating in the margin will basically go through the roof right away and that means my lateral stress will drop significantly but this lateral stress would now have to take up more of the force balance because I've widened the stream so I'm actually weakening the term that could give me balance here right so this weakening due to the shear heating basically means that I have a positive feedback you appear if I disturb the width of these streams a teeny tiny bit I would get a dramatic increase in shear heating which means I get further weakening of the ison of the stream which means I would keep widening and widening and widening and all of these ice streams should basically eat up all of them well that's kind of exciting but it's not what we see right so the data doesn't suggest this yes ice streams are variable in width and they're very dynamic but they don't widen without control right so I think the power of a simple analysis like this is you can see that the system could be prone to instability you also see that this instability is not the full story we've clearly neglected an important process here so let's do this numerically because it gives us the flexibility to relax some of our assumptions I think we've appreciated by now that we need both the mechanics and the thermal problem so we're doing an america model here that is simple and just a simple 1d stoke solve we're going to compare it to field data here for one of these ice streams I talked about bin chadler and the great thing about this ice stream is we have very detailed speed data across the shear margin and when you look at the plot here in the center you see that the speed localizes significantly as you go downstream right which is indicative of physical processes changing on the right hand side you can see our numerical solutions for temperature and I want to draw your attention to this brownish orangey zone which is the zone in which ice achieves temperate status which basically means it's at melting point right so that's very interesting because it basically means that in these shear margins actually start melting the margin at some point right so actually start melting the ice let me emphasize that this is not fluid this is just 1% water in the ice right but that weakens the ice dramatically and that's an important insight because it means water clearly is an important player here and that water will be generated in the margin so it's not the same as the water that's generated under from the frictional heating it's a marginal water that we care about so let's integrate that into our model so now we have a hydrology layer here between the ice and the tail why is that consequential you see that on the right hand side here the reason it's consequential is if this water channelizes and it likely would because I'm inputting a lot of water in a very localized position namely the margin the consequence of that is that the yield stress of these sediments will change dramatically because the water changes the pore pressure and the yield stress depends very sensitively on pore pressure which basically means if I have a channel I get an increase in the yield stress which is related to the fact that I'm excavating the water very efficiently in the channel so the water basically the sediment right next to the channel is very water-poor and that's really interesting because that gives me the opposite effect of what I've noticed before which is that if my width change creates enough water in the margin alter the hydrology then I can actually locally increase that strength and that can stabilize my margin so what's interesting about the water here is it has this dual effect right so it destabilizes the stream when you start melting because you get the slippage because you're weakening the tail and the ice stream starts sliding but it also later stabilizes the ice motion when it collapses in terms of the hydrological systemic forms and I think that's a really important insight for this system but maybe more generally you said when we think about feedbacks I think it's important to think both about the positive and about the negative feedbacks and that helps us to identify fundamental tipping points in our systems so what I just said is summarized here in this picture so we're worried about these ice streams basically widening if they were to widen we would just dramatically increase the amount of ice we're transporting to the ocean in the regime where I have a thin water film I could get slow gradual widening if I have channels forming in the margin I would stabilize the margin so I would have a typical width and that's actually what we see in Antarctica most ice streams have a pretty typical width that correlates nicely with where I would start to see melting in the margin however if I go to a lot of water at the subsurface and I get these distributed cavities in the ice planes things again start changing very significantly because now the ice stream can basically jump from one location to the other and that is something we actually do see in the data so here's a very interesting case of an ice stream which is KMI stream and it suddenly died for some reason that we haven't quite figured out and we're thinking the water was critical to it but we're not quite certain and during the shutdown sequence the margin jumped and that's what you see here in the picture you have margin one and then you have margin two and these margins are separated by a few kilometers but in the ice record so in the radar data that you see at the bottom here which has been used to identify these margin locations there's no transition between those you kind of go from one location to the other so think about that you have a new hamster sized ice stream that just suddenly shifts location just continuously which is just mind blowing to me that that's even possible however if you think of it from a water percolation point of view it's not that surprising because water can definitely reroute on the order of a year and if the ice just mirrors the position of the water and the yield stress pattern that the water creates and I can discontinuously shift from one location to the other and that's something that we see in our model and we can reproduce this behavior in a forward way so we're not trying to match data we're trying to identify we're trying to use the data to identify fundamental physical feedback loops and I think that's an interesting lesson both for this case but also generally that I think we can use data more creatively than just validating our model I think sometimes it's really interesting to look at outlier information like this one because it helps you understand something some of the more maybe extreme dynamic potential in a system so what does this mean from a modeling point of view and sort of from a more fundamental point of view in terms of extreme processes what I'm basically arguing here is that meltwater percolation at the scale of individual sediment grains governs ice stream dynamics which in turn governs ice mass loss from Antarctica so we've made a link between grains that are 10 to the minus 4 meters to an ice mass that is thousands of kilometers large which I think is just a really mind-blowing insight to me just how profoundly profoundly non-linear these systems are so from a modeling point of view I think what we need we have a really dramatic multi-scale challenge here and the way we're approaching that is we have a granular scale model what you see here is a 3d GPU based computation that couples the ice motion on top so the blue zone is where the ice is moving slow the red zone is where the ice is moving fast but only visualizing the sediment grains here and it has water percolating into this and then you see this coupling between deformation and poor pressure dynamically emerging from the model we use that to develop a contained set of equations for the subglacial hydrology so we just take that physical insight and plug it into our ice stream models those ice stream models are free boundary problems so we're trying to solve for the position of these margins rather than imposing them and we do it based on a hydrological model we have developed at the granular scale and then we plug those into ice sheet models and that's something that we started very recently and we're thinking about these margins basically as boundary layers we have a boundary layer approach to this where we're just kind of using a different approximation in these very thin shear margins and to understand how they couple back to the large ice sheet dynamics and one of the interesting things for example here is in this granular scale model you can actually see the mechanism through which you form these channels which is basically that the input of meltwater locally increases my porosity because of shear dilation so I have a lot of shear so the sediments will tend to dilate at the same time I have a lot of meltwater influx in that precise location and that gives me the feedback I need to create these subglacial channels that we also see at the surface so there is a lot of evidence at least significant evidence that those are real so let me quickly summarize conclusions from our modeling point of view that I think go beyond this specific project is multi-phase interactions at the granular scale can really trigger system scale dynamics right so we often parametrize these small scale interactions and that's obviously the only thing you can do if you work with the larger model but I think it is valuable to think more deeply about what are the dynamic regimes right so what are the fundamental different types of behavior I can get out of the granular scale and how would that translate to a fundamental shift in the large scale dynamics the second insight that we get seeing over and over again in our projects is multi-phase flows is just profoundly non-linear so when you take a course in non-linear systems you sometimes get introduced to this butterfly effect where you have like you know a butterfly changing climate and I have to admit as a student I always thought that was kind of surreal because through this I guess it's possible but most butterflies don't alter climate right so it always seemed a little bit abstract this project was the first one where I thought like wow you know there is like a bunch of sediment grains in the sheer margins of Antarctica that actually could have a dramatic effect on the continental scale which is just surprising that was the first time I noticed something like this but it's just interesting just how non-linear these systems are and one thing I would encourage you to think about maybe also in your research is what are the positive and the negative I think sometimes we get carried away thinking about instability and yes that's super interesting of course but the question is sort of started once I started instability will it really propagate forever will it really just kind of grow out of bounds or is there something at some point that will actually stabilize it and I think that's something that certainly for Antarctica I think we need to think more carefully about and finally I think data plays multiple different roles and our challenge here is I think we don't have necessarily enough data I would love to get more data from Antarctica and we're actually going and getting some but still like you know I feel like we're really limited by data but I think also that means that data should go beyond validation I think it should should be we should maybe think a little bit more about outliers or unusual data sets or things that don't fit the normal picture and maybe there's an information in that that we've missed so that was obviously the main thing I wanted to talk about but I just quickly wanted to mention a few ramifications of our work on Antarctica that are not purely on the physical side and I'll just give a very quick teaser on this because we've worked over the last year very intensely together with stakeholders in debate to think about what are the ramifications ramifications of these insights or sea liberalized adaptation planning and this is the Bay Area it's beautiful I love it sure what's not to love but this is also the Bay Area so here you see flooding last year in San Jose you see flooding of the Imbacadero that's 2013 and school closures because of flooding in 2014 so we see flooding events routinely now in the Bay Area but I don't think we've thought enough about what the consequence of these flood events are and one of the key insights I think from an Arctic ice sheet progress we've made or progress we've made in understanding ice sheets is these ice sheets are very non-linear right which means that the uncertainty goes through the roof and there's been an attempt to quantify that so this is work from the rising seas report in California and you notice that these are the RCP are the usual climate models that I guess most of you have seen and then there's this H++ scenario which takes into account the some of the instabilities or profound linearities that we're worried about I should say that this is not the exact same instability that we've worked on there are a bunch of instabilities that could be important for Antarctica that's a different one but it's also a very important one and of course really what this plot wants to say is that we have this enormous spread of possible flooding notice that say in 2050 this uncertainty goes from basically a meter of sea level rise which I think would change the Bay Area as we know it very profound way to zero the uncertainty is mind-blowing here what do we do with that I would argue we can't wait until we know better because I'm not sure we ever will there is always this possibility for dramatic instabilities I think we need to start thinking a little bit more creatively about how we deal with this so we did a quick analysis of what the risk is and you will notice if you see so we're meant we're overlapping hazard exposure vulnerability to get to risk and you notice on the lower left plot that the difference between these two scenario RCP versus the H++ scenario are dramatic and that's only for the next 20 years right so we're not projecting far into the future at all and the costs of this will be burdened to the commercial and the residential sector obviously some costs will eventually be publicized but I think that's interesting and when you look a little bit more into in the residential sector who will be affected you will notice here so this is a key means clustering analysis that we did to get a better sense of who will be affected if you look at the fourth category of rent burdened families so the label renters isn't a great one it should really be rent burdened which means that you spend more than 30% of your income on rent the renters will be dramatically affected by this right so one of the lessons here is I think we could it might be time to think a little bit beyond just limiting physical effects like blood walls because if you have this much uncertainty it's difficult to plan a flood wall well to think maybe about interventions that would limit the vulnerability of groups that we now can already anticipate will be heavily affected by this that's something very much work in progress but I just wanted to start the discussion about what do we actually do with this kind of information well how does it actually translate to the ground and I think it can translate to immediate action but not in terms of providing a specific number but instead of providing more thinking on adaptive solutions on creating a portfolio of solutions rather than focusing on just a single one with that I'd like to thank you and finish on one of my favorite quotes which says uncertainty is an uncomfortable position but certainty is an absurd one thank you thank you Jenny for a great talk are there questions I'm closer with my microphone here in the front so I'll give it to Brad first thank you wondering about the the channelization is there a component of ice melt involved there is it purely channels getting created in the sediment an excellent question that's what we're working on right now so the classical so the existing hydrological models we have assume hard rock at the base so they assume that out of the carving will carve into the ice if you apply those models to the cycle coast which was the region I showed a couple of times they actually don't work because the creep closure would dominate over the melting that you create so you basically you wouldn't create enough melt necessarily to see for the relatively small slopes that we have in this region right so those if you carve into the ice there's good reason to think that those channels were close so if I think about this as a worthless burger night channel it's a stretch so I would argue that most of those channels start carving into the sediments and that's what we are trying to explore in our granular scan models right because I expect to see so there are two mechanisms that could give you that one is the pore pressure related failure of sediments which basically excavate a channel rapidly right away could also do a sheer erosion and that would likely be more important in the actual stream but I think there is a lot of opportunity to come up with a better subglacial model that really takes into account the fact that we have hill which basically means we have very fine grain sediments there so that's like two of my students are working on that right now because I feel like that's a critical piece so the original model I showed that assumed carving into the ice but it's just because that was the only model we had at the time I don't think that's the right thing to do necessarily that was a fantastic talk thank you so my question is in regard to the application of this to warm water ice shelves can you switch the mic a little bit is that better yeah that's great excellent all right so my question is how your results relate to warm water ice shelves because we know from the larson b collapse that the back stress from Antarctic ice shelves is significant for velocities and removal of an ice shelf can increase velocities by around 200 percent and we're seeing those velocity increases in warm water ice shelves in the months and see so I'm curious how how these if these results are specific to cold water ice shelves or if there's also an application that applies to the warmer excellent question so right now our models don't take into account the grounding line dynamics right so the grounding line is basically the piece where the ice becomes floating so it's the transition from land-borne ice to floating ice right now our models just assume you have an infinitely extended ice stream and we're just kind of looking at you know how would that vary in width and speed right now one of my students is working on coupling the two right because I entirely agree with you if you have the collapse of a shelf you could get a dramatic speed up of the stream behind it right and I think one important thing that we're worried about is how would that affect the sheer margin because you change basically the the the buffering completely right so you change the stresses that the shelf provides which means that you will certainly speed up the flow the question is will you also why it's not dramatically right so that's something that we're currently working on specifically in the context of swathes and pine island so we actually have a field campaign going out to swathes to measure the to assess the fragility of the margin that separates pine island and to those of you maybe just a quick primer the amundsen sea which is basically swathes and pine island or the piece of an arctic where we're losing the most ice mass right now and it's also thinning very rapidly so it seems to suggest that that could be in an unstable state right now and what we see in paleo data is that these two glaciers were merged once far in the past so the question is for example if you have a system like that where you take out the shelf would you see like a more dramatic collapse event that actually merges these two for example right so what we're working on right now is a linked free boundary model where you couple the grounding line dynamics to the sheer margin and to the ice in between but yeah I think that's definitely going to amplify this kind of behavior in a potentially very significant way right so I think we're just at the starting point of really understanding how dramatic some of those nonlinearities are and how those instabilities from the different components of the system can build up to a very dramatic potentially very dramatic disintegration event thank you Jenny thank you Jenny


Before we begin today's lesson, it is worth noting some of the topics here do require a basic understanding of quantum theory and computing. So if you aren't too familiar with either one of those concepts, it's recommended you check out some of our other videos explaining those topics, as well as any reference material to help you out. And while we will discuss some topics in higher level math, we will not be going too in depth, as not all of you watching this may have a strong math background. With that being said, let's get right into it. Quantum Mechanics was pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascal Jordan in 1925, with their development of matrix mechanics, the first cohesive explanation of quantum mechanics. In the same year, Erwin Schrödinger published an equation which is used to describe the change over time of the state of a quantum mechanical system. In the 1980s, Richard Feynman began to consider the possibility of using quantum mechanics in computers. However, quantum computers remained purely theoretical for a long time. Peter Schor developed an algorithm to run on a quantum computer, which would break modern cryptographic techniques with ease. Since then, there has been a large amount of investment and research into quantum computing, in hopes that it can revolutionize fields like cryptography, artificial intelligence, computational chemistry, and finance. The simplest form of a quantum system is a single electron. Based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, we can never know the exact position or movement of an electron. We can only make probabilistic guesses. All future outcomes of some system are based on the amplitudes associated with that future state. Amplitudes are similar to probability, but they can also have negative or complex values. The power of amplitudes is that they can interfere with each other. Since normal probabilities can only be positive, there is no sense of cancelling out possibilities that we don't want. Based on the initial conditions of a quantum state, the amplitudes can act in such a way that certain amplitudes can interfere and completely cancel out. Superposition means that any two quantum states can be added together and will result in another valid quantum state. Equations for quantum computers, such as the one sure developed, exploit the phenomena of amplitudes, superposition, and interference. The quantum counterpart to a regular bit is the qubit. Whereas the classical bit can be either zero or one, qubits have a certain amplitude for being zero and a certain amplitude for being one. Of course, one bit or qubit doesn't mean much to us. If instead we have ten qubits, then we have to start accounting for different amplitudes for each of the qubits and then look at the combination of each of them. The algorithms specifically are used to manipulate amplitudes, such that through the summation of these amplitudes, some of the paths of the evolution of the qubits known to be wrong are not taken. It should be noted that any problem that can be solved with a quantum computer can be solved by a classical computer, given enough time and computing power. However, a problem that would take an infinite amount of time and power on a classical computer would have to take a reasonable amount of time on a quantum computer before the goal of quantum supremacy is achieved. Quantum supremacy is the point where a quantum computer can solve a problem many orders of magnitude faster than a classical computer, or maybe the classical computer cannot solve at all. For example, the vast majority of internet security is based on very large prime numbers which we assume are hard to find. However, with a quantum computer it will be exponentially easier to factor large numbers, and as a result find those very large prime numbers, rendering most of modern cryptography obsolete. The biggest problem with quantum computing is the idea of decoherence. A quantum state exists in the realm of amplitudes and possibilities, so as long as it's not measured. Schrodinger's Cat is a thought experiment which provides a visualization for this. If a cat is placed in a box with a 50% chance of dying, until the box is open, the cat is both alive and dead. The quantum state of the cat is isolated, so it does not have to localize into being either alive or dead. In terms of actual quantum computers, interference from the outside world, what quantum computer scientists call noise, can cause quantum states to localize before the algorithm is done running. This premature localization is called decoherence. While decoherence seems to be a fundamentally crippling problem, it was found that in order for a quantum computer to give back useful results, all the qubits did not have to be perfectly isolated from their surroundings. They simply had to be isolated well enough. Obviously, this is not a rigorous definition, but the idea of information entropy is similar to that which we deal with in regular systems of virtual networks, such as Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and Bluetooth. The quantum computing solution is the idea of self-correcting qubits. While continuously losing tiny amounts of information, all the qubits working in tandem are able to manipulate and transmit the data they need, nullifying the information loss of decoherence. Now the big question you probably have is, will you see people using quantum computers within the next few years? Most likely not, but there are great steps being taken towards the large scale implementation of quantum systems. The widespread use of these systems will usher in a new level of research into quantum mechanics, computational chemistry, and material science, among other fields. This video was just an intro to the subject for those who have had some basic background knowledge and we are definitely going to be diving into specific applications and challenges of quantum computing. Until then, stay tuned for more science videos.


ಟಿತುಂಗ್, keep北 of a rural hospital refer to him like secondary hospital or tertiary hospital secondary hospital doctor or tertiary hospital doctor will see that document whether the child got immunized whether the child got any infection in the last 6 months or 1 year then accordingly that that secondary doctor or specialist doctor will treat again that doctor will write a feedback to that ground level doctor so that there will be feedback clue between the town doctor and village doctor and referral will be less in that scenario even if some adverse reaction occurs they immediately refer to the either to the buvineswar or katak you know in covid most of the patients they prefer to come to the buvineswar or katak because everybody has has faith that no we will go to the buvineswar and katak because that believe we have to change and the training of the quality of the doctors in the rural that we have to equip and telemedicine definitely will help telemedicine means you have to consult a doctor in the tertiary hospital and like secondary hospital over the telemedicine like we do in rheumatology like tertiary the arthritis patient most of the time we do not not not required to see that patient physically so you just send the reports just see over the video call and you can treat so by that time you are saving lot of money of the transportation of the patients in that way we can referral can be easier and as you are mentioned like in NHS UK so because of the like you mentioned about the replacement they taking so much of delay but in India this now the doctors medical colleges are increasing 7 years back we have only 3 medical government medical college now we are increasing up to 14 government medical college and lot of private medical colleges too so many doctors are increasing also number of doctors also increasing number of staff nurse they are also including recruiting so my point is scope of development I will suggest is that you develop a unit health ID system for a patient whenever the bond child bonds then there should be referral system from the ground level doctor to the secondary tertiary level wherever that patient goes even it goes to out of the state that document will go so that all the record we do not know what the patient has gone treated in the village hospitals so what is the drug allergy whether the child got any vaccination we do not know anything about that but if you see the NHS UK they have strong ground level recording they have all they have more of paper working we have main power if you start now onwards because all the family members now the initially in BS square they have included only ration card holders now they are including all the rural rural health so they are now also increasing that we incorporate lot of public to includes more of later on they might include like middle income persons also we do not know but NHS UK system is a very good very standard they have fallacy in because of time of delay of surgery or referral if you want to refer to a any specialist doctor you have to wait wait a long so I think this system health system needs to be more upgraded more referral and preventive health also we should focus how to prevent this non-communicable diseases on communicable diseases how to like yoga as you mentioned about the integrative health system so this is all my input thank you


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's CaseBreaks.com coming at you with a two box break of 2023 Hit Parade Baseball Mixer Edition, series one. There it is right here. Pretty interesting concept. Hit Parade built a mixer for us. So there's a hobby box in here and you can see from the picture it could be a dynasty, could be top scoam sapphire, pristine, cosmic, whatever. One hobby box and then two sealed Hit Parade boxes in there which each Hit Parade box contains two cards. So pretty interesting stuff. Brand new release. Let's see how it goes. Big thanks to this group for getting their spots straight up. I appreciate you and congrats to the people who won their spots in the two fillers that we did, the BC47, BC48, Bowman Chrome Baseball Hobby Packs. Big thanks to the teams for existing. All 30 teams are in no combos. Let's roll at randomized names and teams two and a five, seven times each. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seven. All right, so after seven times we got Logan down to Chris. Two and a five, seven times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. Good luck everybody. We got my Dodgers down in the Marlins. All right, so Logan, you got my Dodgers. Eugene with the Braves. John with the Red Sox. Dennis with the Astros. Allen with the Rays. Carlos with the Cubs. Ryan with the Pirates. Carlos with the Dimebacks. Last bot Mojo. Zach Gallin doing something kind of special. Nadia Valde. Only four hits given up too. Pitchers role tonight. Joe Andreessen with the Giants. Simon with the Mets. Ryan with the Nationals. Zach with the Mariners. Carlos with the Royals. Chris with the Angels. Jared with the Phillies. Acorum with the A's. John with the Orioles. Ryan with the Rangers. David O with the Blue Jays. Dennis with the Tigers. Matt with the White Sox. Acorum with the Padres. Carlos with the Twins. Eugene with the Cardinals. Logan with the Brewers. Dennis with the Reds. Eric with the Rockies. David with the Guardians. Carlos with the Yankees. And Chris Parent with the Miami Marlins. Let's sort by column A, alphabetically by team. And we are going to pause the video for a little bit. When we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades and then we'll have this two box break. So stick around. We'll see you on the other side. All right, welcome back everybody. No deals were done. So the list that you saw on your screen remains saying now it's officially printed out. Thanks everybody for getting in on it. So Zach Gallin who had a no-hitter going has allowed three hits in a row and now runs scores. I'm going to keep one of these cases just off to the side right here. We're going to pop this one open first. And now the Rangers are up 1-0 with runners at the corners in the top of the seventh. Game five. Rangers are up 3-1. And the hobby box is going to be a box with 2022 Bowman Draft's first edition. I like this concept here. And here are the two hit parade boxes that they're giving us. So especially packed for mixer edition. Any other surprises here? No, that's it. All right. So of course we'll do this first. Yeah, Eric, for whatever reason YouTube is acting a little weird tonight and they're not uploading our videos. They're all in pending mode. I actually don't remember if you were in that or not. All card ships. Just one box. I don't think it's... Did we say one way or the other? We did not say one way or the other, but I make an executive decision. All card ships. Did it say NoVet Commons? No, I'm looking at the... I'm looking at our list, our description. It doesn't say NoVet Commons. So all card ships. Just says 30 spots. I haven't got to see it. Ranity and the MLB. Blah, blah, blah. And then it just scribes the... The boxes included in the mixer. No statement about NoVet Commons shipping. That means all cards do ship. This hit parade of description is giving you all sorts of trouble today, Duncan. You're like, you didn't know how many cards were in here. NoVet Commons in ship. What's Zach Levine doing? We don't expect Zach Levine to grab boards though, right? I think so. I don't see you on this list. I think even if you were in the break, you can always double check your order confirmations. Oh, I see. You need at least four for him. What stage of the game are we at? Good luck, everybody. We've got Jose Salas. Sky Blue. Here's a dominant Keegan. 76 out of 150 for Tampa Bay. That'll be for Allen. Forget who the key guys were here. Maybe Elijah Green, I think. Jordan Walker. Nationals will get the Elijah Green. That'll be for Ryan. Wait, so how many... How many rebounds does he have now? Zero? Nice. I remember this guy, Jackson Holiday. First edition first. That's going to be for John and the Orioles. And we've got a Daniel Vasquez. Two out of 50, gold. He's got one already. He should be able to get three more by the... by the end of the game. It's not too late yet. There's Alex de Jesus. Seven out of 150 for the Blue Jays. Nice little color match going to David O. in Toronto. And there's Jay's young. He might be in the stands watching his brother and the Rangers in the World Series. Up by one in the top of the seventh and they're still at bat. Running at the corners and eight low. And that's a double play. Now he's got him in a rundown. There's a rundown and now he's seen down. And Wreckley, 58 out of 150. Going to the Giants. That'll be for Joe. Zach Neato for the Angels. For Chris M. And we've got Dalton Rushing. He's one of the top prospects for the Dodgers in the Dodgers organization. That's his bowman first-first. Bowman first-first edition. They're very first-first. And Adilin, let's go! To 75. Padres, a quorum. Got a Blue Matt McClain to 150. He had a nice season this year. Reds, that'll be for Dennis. And we've got a Ben Joyce. Bowman first-first edition. 56 out of 75 for the Angels. That'll be for Chris. Kumar Rocker first-first edition. For the Rangers, that'll be for Ryan. And Jonah Hyde pops it up for the third out. But the Rangers are on the board. All right, now, let's see what they have for us in here. They said two cards a box. At least one of them should be graded. No, it's not graded here. Maybe one of them is at least Otto'd. Whatever the description says. First one is Adrian Beltre. Nice. 5 out of 25. Dual Relic and Autograph. That's for the Rangers. That'll be for Ryan. Ryan Heinz. And we've got another nice one from Tier 1. Jeff Bagwell to 99. That's from last year's Tier 1 Baseball. We have this year's Tier 1 Baseball. The final case of 2023 in the store right now. jaskyscasebreaks.com. It's down to a handful of spots left in the number block. Oh, here's the graded card. Adley Rushman. Nice. Baseball All-Stars Autograph Black. PSA 9. 005 out of 199. Orioles. That's going to be for John. With a spot that he won in the filler too. Nice one, John. And the last one here is Signature Series Fernando Tatis Jr. 26 out of 99. From 2019 to 2019. John's Baseball Padres. A Corum. And the spot he got straight up. But wait. There's more. It's a two-box break. Get that bug out of here. Get out of here, bug. But wait. There's more. And that's Rookier Tatis, right, Logan? What's the box going to be? Nice. 2022 Bowman Chrome Baseball. That's a nice box. There's the two hit parade boxes. Nice. And we're looking for two autographs for Master Box. Remember, we got another two-box break of this hit parade in the store right now. Check it out. Alright, so the Rangers are cleaning to a 1-0 lead. Bottom of the 7th, and the oldest Chapman gets Carol to fly out. We've got to get some batters on it. The Dimebacks have to get some batters on it if they want to try to turn over the lineup. Maybe get some runs on the board if they want to stay in this. Otherwise this is it. This could be curtains for the Dimebacks. I'd like to see a game 6 or 7, but we're running out of baseball games. Came to the league Francisco Alvarez and we've got a Magenta Joey Bart 29 out of 2.99 Giants, that'll be for Joe. There's a Rookie Royce Lewis and a Yendri Rojas Padres autograph that's going to go to a Corum. And we got Jazz Chisholm Green 42 out of 99. That would have been nice earlier this year. I'll still go to Allen and the Reyes. We've got Aliella Cruz Green Shimmer. Nice, 92 out of 99. Reds, that'll be for Dennis. And a Bobby with Junior Rookie Car. There we go. That'll be for Carlos and the Royals. And the autograph is Purple Crom for the Rangers. They're 23 out of 250. Cameron Colley. Ryan Hynes and the Rangers. And we got a rain done cone. That'll be for the Dodgers for Logan. All right. Good luck everybody. Here are the Hit Parade Boxes. And we got another 2 case break in the store right now. So check it out. A Marcus Simeon from Topscrone Black. World Champion Marcus Simeon maybe. Diamondbacks running out of outs here. That's going to go to Ryan Hynes and the Rangers. Next up is Holiday. Jackson Holiday. 28 out of 75. If we took a holiday it's going to go to the O's. That's going to go to John who won the Orioles in that filler. All right. So this one should have the graded card. Yeah. I got a graded card down here. We're going to flip that around. Put it back there. We'll do the other card first. And it's going to be Wow. Triple Relic Triple Auto for the Dodgers. Corey Seeger, Gavin Lux, Max Muncie. Woo. From 2020 Triple Threads Baseball. The Dodgers World Series year. Nice. 14 out of 36. From Triple Threads Baseball Logan who won a spot in the filler got randomized. My Dodgers gets the Triple Relic Triple Auto. Congrats. The Dodgers still had Corey Seeger in retrospect. All right. And your graded card is going to be Bopnia Jr. From 2021 Spectre Baseball PSA 9. That splatter pattern right there. 8 out of 8. Real nice low number too. That's going to go to Eugene and the Braves. Won that team in the filler as well. There you go ladies and gentlemen. A two box break of Hit Parade Baseball Mixer Edition. Series one in the books. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye bye.


Have you ever wondered how you can make money online using AI robots? Welcome to the cutting-edge world of AI-powered income strategies. A realm where technology meets opportunity and where your financial dreams are no longer just dreams. We're living in a digital age of boundless possibilities with AI robots playing an increasingly crucial role in income generation. No, we're not talking about quick gimmicks or fleeting trends here. We're talking about sustainable growth, ethical practices, and diverse income streams. Now imagine this. What if you could have a team of intelligent robots doing the heavy lifting for you? A wordsmith robot writing blog posts and scripts while you sleep? A video avatar selling your products without a face reveal? Or an AI transforming text into stunning explainer videos in just minutes? What about a robot generating catchy ad copy and social media posts? Or turning any text into a professional looking audio clip with human quality narration? Sounds like science fiction, right? Well, it's not. It's here, and it's happening right now. In this video, we're going to explore five AI robots that are revolutionizing the way we generate income online, each with its unique capabilities and advantages. We'll start with virtual assistants, intelligent tools that can automate administrative tasks for online businesses. Then we'll delve into chatbots for marketing, AI-powered robots that can engage with users and drive sales. Next, we'll look at content creation AI, the innovative tools that can generate written or visual content. Following that, we'll discuss stock trading bots, AI driven robots with the potential to make profitable trades. And finally, we'll explore AI tools for automating social media tasks, enhancing your online presence and engagement. But remember, the key to success isn't just about having these tools at your disposal. It's about understanding how to use them effectively, adapting strategies and making your unique robot army unstoppable.  Stay tuned as we delve deeper into each of these AI robots and how they can help you generate income online. Say hello to the first AI robot on our list, the virtual assistants. These intelligent helpers are the secret weapon of many successful online businesses, taking on tedious administrative tasks with ease and precision. They can schedule appointments, manage emails, organize documents, and even handle customer service inquiries. And the best part?  One shining example is Jasper, a virtual assistant that's all about content creation. If you're an online entrepreneur, you know how crucial content is. Jasper can write blog posts, scripts, and even sprinkle in some SEO magic while you catch some z's. It's like having your personal wordsmith, working tirelessly to fuel your online presence with fresh, engaging content. Imagine the time you can save and the efficiency you can achieve with these AI-powered virtual assistants. Moving on to the second AI robot chatbots for marketing. Imagine having a digital assistant tirelessly working around the clock, engaging users, answering queries, and even driving sales. Well, you don't have to imagine any more meet the AI-powered chatbots. These bots are the New Age salespeople. And one such impressive tool is Hagan. It's not just a bot, it's your personal marketing assistant. It's designed to enhance your marketing efforts by engaging with users, providing immediate answers, and guiding them through the sales process. In the world of instant gratification, these chatbots provide real-time interaction, nurturing potential leads, and converting them into customers. And the best part? They work 24 sevenths, meaning your business is always open, always ready to engage. No more missed opportunities due to time zones or off hours. Chatbots are revolutionizing marketing, making it more interactive and personalized. Next up is the content creation AI robot. In this digital age, content is king, and creating quality content is the cornerstone of any successful online venture. But what if you could generate captivating content without spending hours at your desk or outsourcing to expensive freelancers? Enter AI-powered tools like Flicky and Right Sonic. Imagine having your own personal wordsmith tirelessly crafting blog posts, scripts, and SEO gold while you focus on other aspects of your business. Meet Right Sonic. This AI-powered tool uses advanced algorithms and machine learning to generate catchy ad copy, product descriptions, and even social media posts. It's like having a marketing magician at your fingertips, ready to conjure up compelling content at a moment's notice. Now let's talk about Flicky. This AI tool is your one-stop shop for creating stunning explainer videos in minutes. Forget about hiring expensive video editors or fiddling with complex software. With Flicky, you simply feed in your text and the AI transforms it into a visually appealing video complete with animations and music. It's the ultimate tool for creating engaging content that resonates with your audience. But the magic of these AI tools doesn't stop there. You can use them to create diverse forms of content, from blog posts and social media updates to explainer videos and podcasts. The best part? These tools are continually learning and improving, meaning your content will only get better and more tailored to your audience over time. And what about real-life applicability? Take a look at successful online entrepreneurs who leverage these tools to their advantage. They utilize AI to create a constant stream of high-quality content, freeing up their time to focus on strategy, growth, and innovation. With AI, content creation is no longer a tedious task, but an exciting and creative process. So why not harness the power of AI and let it revolutionize the way you create content? After all, the future of content creation is here, and it's AI-powered. For our fourth AI robot, we have the stock trading bots. The financial world has always been a playground for the astute and the ambitious. But what if you could level up your game with an AI-powered sidekick? Enter the realm of AI-driven stock trading bots. Imagine having a dedicated team of Wall Street's finest working around the clock, just for you. That's what stock trading bots bring to your table. Only they're powered by complex algorithms and machine learning, not coffee and sleep deprivation. These bots are capable of analyzing market trends, predicting stock movements and executing trades, all at a speed and accuracy that would leave even the savviest of human traders in the dust. They work tirelessly, monitoring multiple markets simultaneously, and make split-second decisions based on a multitude of factors. But before you get too excited and decide to put all your eggs in the AI basket, it's important to remember that stock trading, even when assisted by AI, requires careful research and risk management. Yes, AI bots can process and analyze more data than a human ever could. But remember, they're only as good as the algorithms they're built on and the data they're fed, they can't account for unpredictable events or sudden market shifts caused by real-world happenings, they're not infallible, and they're certainly not a guarantee of riches. So, how do you leverage these robots effectively? First, you need to understand your risk tolerance and investment goals. Next, you need to do your homework, research different bots, their strategies, their success rates. Use this information to choose a bot that aligns with your investing style and goals, and always, always diversify your investments. Don't rely solely on AI bots for all your trading needs. In a nutshell, AI is revolutionizing stock trading, making it accessible and manageable even for beginners. But like any tool, its effectiveness depends on how wisely you use it. With careful planning, research, and risk management, you can make these bots work for you, not against you. AI is revolutionizing stock trading, making it accessible and manageable even for beginners. Last but not least, we have the social media management AI robots. In this hyper-connected digital world, maintaining and engaging online presence is key. However, managing multiple social media platforms can be a daunting task. That's where AI steps in, automating and optimizing your social media tasks to keep your online presence at its peak. Imagine a tool that not only schedules your posts, but also suggests the best times to post for maximum engagement. Think of a bot that can analyze your follower's behavior, helping you understand their needs and preferences. Picture an AI that can generate responses to comments, keeping your engagement high even when you're busy. A prime example of such a tool is OpusClip. It turns any text into engaging audio clips, perfect for sharing on social media platforms. It's like having your own social media manager minus the hefty salary. In essence, these AI robots streamline your social media tasks, freeing you to focus on creating quality content. Social media management has never been easier with the help of AI. There you have it, the top five AI robots you can use to make money online. From virtual assistants taking care of administrative tasks, and chat bots driving your marketing efforts to content creation AI that generates engaging written or visual content, not to mention AI-driven stock trading bots that could potentially maximize your profits with careful research and risk management. And let's not forget the social media management AI tools that can automate tasks and enhance your online presence and engagement. These are not just tools, they are your allies in creating diverse income streams, ethical practices, and sustainable growth. They're here to help you seize the opportunities of the digital age. So don't just stand on the sidelines, start exploring these AI robots today, and unlock your potential for online income generation.


So it was just requested that we spend maybe a couple of minutes just reflecting on what's going on in Palestine and across the world Just a few kind of thoughts that have been going through my mind On how we're responding to the situation that's going on the first is what we see is The enemies of Islam are taking our narrative away from us and So we know that there is truth and we know what is reality But the way that the enemies have taken this narrative away from us this narrative of truth and twisted it completely Has left us Across the world from where this is happening. It's left us scared and It's left us sad and feeling helpless But we need to start by reframing this idea within our own minds That the help of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is close to us no matter where we are It's close to the people who are being oppressed and who are being slaughtered and it is close to us here as We live thousands and thousands of miles away So within our minds, we need to reframe a lot of the narratives Things that might seem so scary to us that we're afraid to speak about them But we need to speak about them so that we can correct how we are supposed to approach situations like this The most contentious of all of these is of course the idea of jihad Jihad is something that if you speak about it automatically, you're just people are gonna start running away But as a concept It's something that we have to believe in it's something that we can't be afraid to talk about Whether or not we implement it how we respond to it how it is enacted. Those are different questions That's not what we're talking about the implementation of it, but as a concept within our religion It's not something that we should shy away from That's one point The other is the emotions that come about during a time like this That we might feel helpless. We might feel sad. We might feel angry. We might feel frustrated We need to know that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has created these emotions within us and those emotions serve a purpose and So when those emotions are directed for the sake of Allah who subhanahu wa ta'ala those emotions carry reward and when those Emotions are used against Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and against the religion then they carry sin and so sadness That we might be feeling if it is for the sake of Allah and for the sake of his people It is something that we are rewarded with similarly anger When it is for the sake of Allah and for the sake of his people Then that anger is rewarded And so these emotions are not something that we should that we shouldn't allow them to overtake us, but we should Utilize these emotions so that it puts us forth to do action for the sake of Allah and his messenger and his religion and then Maybe just the last point that I'll touch on is this idea that we have adopted within our communities that our success is in material success our Success is in material power our success is in material means We've hear this over and over and over again that we have also spiritual success and spiritual power and spiritual means But we also need to understand At a very personal and individual level that there are also Ways of personal oppression that are based in the spiritual There are ways of personal spiritual diseases that have consequences to other people and So if we are sitting here and we are not taking into account our spiritual losses our sins that we are committing in The privacy of our homes in the privacy of the nights when we think that no one is being affected by them We have lost What it means to understand the spiritual world and what Islam teaches So our sins we need to view them as being the direct cause of the suffering of people other than us So the children and the woman and the elderly That are being oppressed and killed and tortured Do not blame some external power Do not blame some politics or some government look within Your own soul and see What sin am I committing that is causing the oppression that is taking place over there and The way to overcome this is to truly dedicate ourselves Truly and sincerely dedicate ourselves that if we want to see change within ourselves If we want to see change across the globe if we want to see Muslims begin to rise again We need to be the ones who rise in the middle of the nights praying to Allah One of our teachers said if a billion Muslims are standing up every single night in Prayer there is no chance that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala will turn that dua away You are one in that billion If you are not doing that every single night not just once not just on a Thursday night Not just on a Friday not just when you feel good not just when you hear a talk not just when you see a video Every single night and you stick with it Without giving up hope on it You and the other 999,999,999,999 people Along with you that is what is going to change the suffering and the oppression of the Muslims So we ask Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala for Taufiq.


We're one and two, and we haven't played in division games just yet, so we have to keep fighting. Y'all know what time it is, huh? We back at home. Protect this house, man. Play for your brothers. I'm tired of all that outside noise, bro. We know who we are. Guess what? We ain't walking this old hill. And we like them ganks.