The next item of business is a statement by Shirley-Anne Somerville on reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete. The cabinet secretary will take questions at the end of her statement and hence there should be no interventions or interruptions, I call on cabinet secretary Shirley-Anne Somerville up to 10 minutes please. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. The Scottish Government and the wider public sector has already done much to understand the extent of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete rach issues in Scotland, and we recognise that there is more to do. Everyone with the responsibility for building safety takes this matter very seriously, and I want to assure the public that the Scottish Government is working at pace with partner organisations across the public sector on this challenge and has been for some time. Risks associated with the presence of rach in buildings is not a new issue in the construction sector. In order to fully understand the scope of rach, including in the school estate, we have been working with local authorities, NHS Scotland and other public sector organisations in Scotland as they have conducted reviews of rach in their properties. That allows us to better understand the extent of the issue, ensure that risks are managed and where required to be reassured that remedial work and mitigations have been put in place where necessary. The Division of Structural Engineers' first published guidance on rach to raise awareness among the structural engineering community in March 2022. My officials were made aware of this publication through engagement and professional channels at that time and have throughout supported reasonable building safety. For example, in July 2022, learning directorate officials made contact with Scottish Heads of Property Services and Association of Directors of Education in Scotland to discuss rach. In December 2022, NHS Scotland Shure commissioned a survey team to establish the extent and condition of rach across the NHS's state. In early in the summer this year, my officials had met with HSE to discuss school estate matters, including rach, and met with several local authorities individually to discuss their specific issues. In July this year, my officials issued rach survey to all local authorities via the shops network. Further more, the ministerial working group on building and fire safety discussed rach pressing for and tracking progress on this issue since December 2022. The cross sector working group on rach now supports our work as my officials join up with their sector counterparts and key public sector partners and representatives of the private sector. That has been established as a more formal forum to share good practice and recent discussion professional advice buildings on the work that is on-going, which is already under way. More recently, my officials have been invited to join the cross-UK Government working group on rach. In various recent meetings, we have once again been assured that the current institution of structural engineers guidance and the risk-based approach remains appropriate for the assessment and management of rach in schools and other buildings. The most recent discussion with the institution of structural engineers was on 5 September, when my officials met with the director who confirmed that their rach guidance has not changed and remains a good, valid practice measure in this area. We have issued it to local authorities for their information. The institution of structural engineers remains of the view that their guidance is in keeping with the health and safety executives approach to managing risk in a proportionate manner and considers all relevant factors. Although the issue of rach has been in discussion for some time and action has been taken, the UK Government Department of Education changed its approach for rach specifically in schools on 31 August, a change in approach that Scottish ministers learned through the media. Events of recent weeks have highlighted a deeply concerning level of chaos in the UK Government, overseen by the Secretary of State for Education. It is totally unacceptable that UK ministers prioritised briefing the media before alerting or sharing crucial information with devolved Governments. What can only be described as a complete dereliction of duty was not until 1856 on Sunday 3 September that the UK Government shared four pictures of rach photographs dating as far back as 2018. Photographs, not detailed or comprehensive structural reports, just photographs with the bare minimum of supporting context. To be frank, the engagement has been insulting. I can confirm to the chamber that, following receipt of the photographs, we are still waiting detailed and comprehensive structural reports that we requested on Sunday 3 September and again on Tuesday 5 September. The withholding of that information was completely reckless and irresponsible. The Secretary of State's disregard of the work of devolved Governments could not be clearer, but more importantly it has spread unnecessary alarm among parents, staff and children. As I stated earlier, work has already been under way to deal with rach in the school estate. Today, rach has been identified in 40 school buildings across Scotland, albeit in some of those it is in parts of the building, which have not been in use for some time. Wherever rach has been found, mitigations have been put in place. For example, St Kertigan's academy in West Lothian has closed parts of its estate, including dining and kitchen areas, and Preston Lodge School in East Lothian has taken action to close off impacted classrooms and other areas. Riverside primary school has fully closed its building over the summer holidays and moved pupils into alternative provision. COSLA has confirmed that safety is the central consideration, and there is robust guidance that is followed by every local authority to ensure that those buildings are safe for the pupils, staff and the public to be in. Local authorities have a clear responsibility to ensure that their schools are safe for pupils, staff and their users, and I know that they take that responsibility very seriously. They are carrying out assessments of their school buildings, and we are aware that some parts of the school estate and some councils still need to complete full surveys. Ministers have been clear to authorities that those must be carried out as a matter of the highest priority, and have offered assistance to councils in this matter where appropriate. However, it is imperative that it is transparency around the schools where RAC has been identified and the mitigations in place, and we are working with COSLA to ensure that all local authorities will have published the information about the schools affected by the end of this week. The cross-government working group that we established is enabling a centralised understanding of how RAC is affecting other sectors of the public estate. Work is on going to assess properties across the public sector. It is important to state again that the assessment process is proportionate and based on the institution of structural engineers guidance. I want to once again reassure the chamber that where RAC has been identified mitigations are in place in accordance with that guidance. What is clear is that significant work will be needed. It will need to be undertaken across the public sector estate in Scotland and, indeed, across the UK in dealing with RAC over the longer term. The First Minister has been clear that, although we do not have contingencies within Government to spend on RAC, we will, of course, spend what we need to spend in order to ensure that our buildings are safe for those who use them. I was pleased to see the Chancellor seeming to commit over the weekend that the UK Government will spend what is needed on this, but the more recent briefings coming out of the UK Government that there will be no new money are deeply worrying. Let me be clear that, after a decade of Tory austerity and cuts to capital budgets, it is simply not sustainable for the UK Government to say that no new money will be made available. This is an issue that we have been alive to for some time. Long before the change in the report and approach by the DFE, on 16 August, the Deputy First Minister wrote to the Treasury seeking clarity on new capital funding to deal with RAC. Then, on 3 September, our education secretary wrote to the Secretary of State for Education seeking clarity on funding. Thus far neither have received a response. Again, ignorance is simply astounding in such a serious situation. The UK Government cannot put their head in the sand. New capital money has to be made available, including to the devolved Governments, to allow us to take any action that may be required. Anything else would be a dereliction of duty from the Prime Minister and the Chancellor, and I would hope that I can count on the support of all members in this chamber in making this case to the UK Government. I will close as I started. The safety of occupants in buildings and the buildings themselves is of utmost importance. The actions that this Government is taking along with public sector and industry partners are designed to ensure that appropriate measures are in place, provided for the short term and also the long term to ensure the safety of our buildings for their occupants. The cabinet secretary will now take questions on the issues raised in her statement. I intend to allow around 20 minutes for that, after which time we will move on to the next item of business. It would be helpful if those members who would wish to seek to ask a question could press the speaker button now, and I call Miles Pricks. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, and I thank the cabinet secretary for advance sight of her statement. It is clear that, for over 40 years, the use of RAC will have been widespread in construction projects not only in the school estate but potentially across all buildings constructed during that era. We do need to see full transparency. I welcome the publication of the information that the First Minister signalled at First Minister's questions. It is clear that the impact will stretch well beyond the school estate and include the NHS estate, GP surgeries, colleges and potentially council housing built during that period. What is not clear from the statement today is the position that the Scottish Government is taking and what policy and guidance will be issued to both councils, health boards and the further education sector when buildings are assessed as red at critical risk or high risk. Has the cabinet secretary touched on the institution of structural engineers' guidance that, if all public buildings that are assessed in category red, will the expectation be that those buildings will be closed to members of public? I thank Miles Pricks for that question. I thought that I had been very clear that our approach remains the absolute reliance on expert advice. That is from the Institute of Structural Engineers. That is very important. For the sake of timings, I will not go through how they suggest that we approach things either in the red, amber or green, but that is publicly available. I am happy to provide that to the member should he wishes to do so. That is what is being followed at the moment, and that is what we are strongly encouraging councils and other public bodies to follow in the future as well. I thank the cabinet secretary for her advance statement. This morning, the First Minister said that the Government has known about this issue for years. Why, I asked, did it not ask councils to investigate until the 17th of July? The minister has complained about the lack of communication and transparency from the UK Government, and she is right to do so, but the Scottish Government itself has failed on communication, too. Does the cabinet secretary accept that this failure has put Scottish local authorities on the back foot and has put pupils and staff in schools at risk? Will she confirm that the Scottish Government will do all that it can to equip local authorities with the resources, including the skills and expertise that they need to fix this issue urgently? I am not quite sure that Pam Duncan Glancy was listening particularly to the first couple of pages in the statement, where we did go through the work that has been on-going both with the national government and local government. I do not have time to go into the details of the Welsh Education Minister's recent statement, but he will find exactly the same points being made that we are making because he shares the same frustration, and they are going through exactly the same process as we are. We are staying very close, as I hope you would expect, to the Welsh Government on its approach. We will, of course, ensure that we continue to work very closely with councils. We have kept nothing from councils at all. Indeed, we have made requests from the UK Government that everything that we get we are able to share with local government. We had to make that request specifically to them, and that delayed us being able to give even the small piece of information that we have to councils. That was a disappointment, but I hope that the fact that we have tried to do that is an example of the principle that we are using with local government to ensure that we are working hand-in-hand with them on that issue. I thank the cabinet secretary for the update on measures that the Scottish Government has taken since first getting the guidance from the institution of structural engineers. I find the cabinet secretary's comments extremely worrying and to also see what the Welsh education minister has said about timing when we were made aware. Can the cabinet secretary please reaffirm when the Scottish Government was first informed by the UK Government and how we can take that matter forward? It is disappointing that we did learn about that only on 31 October and initially just through the media. It is important that we have that very frank conversation about how we found out about things, because we need to make sure that that approach stops. We have, as I said in my statement, asked the UK Government for further technical information, which we still do not have. That is the Welsh Government. I am sure that we all are genuinely concerned and wishing to reassure members of the public. We surely, of all issues, want to be working together on that, with no surprises and full transparency within the Governments. That is why it is very important that, despite the disappointing change and the way in which that change was articulated to the Scottish Government, we see a new approach so that the Administrations can genuinely be able to work together, share experience, share good practice and work out a way forward, although we will continue to follow the institution of structural engineers advice, which is different to the plans taken forward by the Department for Education. In March 2022, ministers were made aware of rack guidance from the institution of structural engineers. As the minister said, in July 2022, learning directorate heads first flagged the risks from rack. In May 2023, East Lothian Council took action to close parts of local school, yet it took until 14 August for the Scottish Government to convene a cross-public sector working group on rack. If the safety of occupants of buildings, including children, is of utmost importance to this Government, why the 18-month delay on taking action here in Scotland? There was not any 18-month delay on taking action. Can I say again that there has been no delay on that? I said in my statement about some of the examples of the work that has been on-going on this, both at an official level and a ministerial level. We are very keen to ensure, as a Government, that although we are not responsible for the local authority estate, we work closely with our colleagues in local government to be able to share advice and good practice where appropriate. That is why we continue to ensure that we have the right structures in place to ensure that we are receiving the reassurance that we have. To say that no work has been undertaken by local government or national government is not the case. It does a disservice to the people in many local councils who have been working exceptionally hard on the issue for some time and reassuring parents, staff and pupils in the process. I have one school in my constituency, which is affected by RAC, and it long predates devolution. Can I ask the cabinet secretary to highlight this point in her discussions with the UK Government and that it should fall upon the UK Government to fund any repairs that are required? As I said in my statement, there are a number of letters that remain outstanding and awaiting reply, both sent by various members of the cabinet to the UK Government on the issue. It is very important that those letters are replied at speed. Again, I would say that this is a concern that is also shared not just with us but with the Welsh Government as well. Can the cabinet secretary confirm that there are, in fact, 254 buildings across NHS Scotland that are being surveyed? When was the survey that was commissioned by NHS Scotland ashore in December 2022 escalated beyond a desk review? When will we know the results of the survey and will this be published? Can she confirm that there will be money urgently made available to remove RAC and make all NHS buildings safe for patients and safe for staff? I mentioned the funding points in some previous answers and also on my statements, but in reference to the number that Jackie Baillie referenced, the desktop review identified 254 buildings that have two or more characteristics consistent with the presence of RAC. That does of course not mean that they have RAC, and that is why it is important that further work is on going on that. The surveys have now begun. In fact, the next phase of the surveys have commenced with more work that is going on site, not just a desktop review. This is clearly something that will take some more time. This will be around six to eight months to complete the full survey programme within the NHS, but we are looking at opportunities to expedite that process, if at all possible. The cabinet secretary was aware that North Lanarkshire Council just revealed that the pivot centre in Moody's Burn, which is in my constituency, is one of two buildings in the authority identified to have RAC. North Lanarkshire Council has been in touch with me and I am grateful for the quick action that it has taken and the future plans to carry out work at the site. The council has also noted that up to 400 houses in the local authority area may be affected by RAC. Can I therefore ask what support is the Scottish Government giving to NLC and other councils to identify such properties? It is very important that the local authorities are able to talk not just about what is happening within the school estate but in the wider public sector estate as well. As I said in my statement, we are keen to ensure that all councils have published information about their school estate by the end of this week. There is clearly more work to be done to ensure that there is transparency around what is happening within the wider council estate, which includes housing. We are still in the discovery stage of finding about that awareness within the housing sector, but that is exactly why representatives from the Scottish Housing Register and the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations and the Chartered Institute of Housing have all been invited to participate in the cross-sector working group to ensure that this sector, both the public and private sector housing, is involved in the work on-going. I call Alex Cole-Hamilton to be followed by Keith Brown. If ministers were really across this problem, don't you think that Parliament and the public would have been told sooner that at least 40 schools and an untold number of hospitals contained this potentially lethal concrete? Ministers were nowhere near even understanding this. No money was put aside. Instead, Liberal Democrats, not the Government, were the first to lay bare the scale of the problem. Indeed, the trigger for schools closing in England was a concrete beam failing at a school in Dunblane, a beam that was rated as safe, but it failed. The Scottish Education Secretary said on channel 4 news last night, and I quote that this was an isolated incident. Does the cabinet secretary agree with her colleague? If so, how can she be sure that this will not happen again, especially when we still do not know where this stuff is or how it has been used? I call Alex Cole-Hamilton again with the great of respect. One of the reasons why this has not raised to the same public alarm as has been caused since the Department for Education has changed an approach last week is because the national government and local government have been quietly getting on with the job of ensuring that the work is being done. That is exactly why some of the examples that I gave him a statement in East Lothian and West Lothian predated the rigmarole that we have had over the past week or so. Parents have been informed of the staff and of the children, and that is quite rightly done by those responsible for the building, responsible through the local authority, who have been working with the local community about exactly what to do in it. To say that nothing has been done, I am afraid, is again disingenuous. I would point to some of the projects that have already been undertaken through week phases 1 and 2 that have dealt with some of those issues already. In the example of Dunblane, the Dunblane school, which is an MOD school, this was not reported to the Scottish Government. It was not reported to any education authority in Scotland after that incident happened, either by the school or the Ministry of Defence or the Department for Education. The first time we found out about it as Scottish Government ministers was on 31 August. That is a very clear example once again of a disappointing lack of sharing of information for that exact school. I should say that my question was about the constituency interest that I have, which is the school that has just been mentioned by Alex Cole-Hamilton, who does not represent Dunblane. However, can I ask in relation to that school? RAC issues were identified at Queen Victoria school in Dunblane, as well as at Stirling University, which will take up separate with the relevant minister. Both are very important intuitions of my constituency. My understanding is, of course, that QVS is an MOD school. The responsibility for its upkeep lies with the UK Department of Education. In addition to what she just said, confirm that any issues that have been identified have been dealt with, and that there is no on-going risk to students and staff in either of those buildings. As a QVS as an MOD school, if the Scottish Government was made aware of the RAC issues at QVS when they were first identified by the Department of Education. We understand that there was an issue at that MOD run school in March 2023. It was investigated by the MOD in April that year and reported to the Department of Education for the UK in May 2020. As I said in my previous answer, the Scottish Government was informally told of this incident during a phone call that the Cabinet Secretary for Education had with Baroness Barren last Thursday. We have expressed our concerns about the way that this whole school incident was approached. In relation to Stirling University, I understand that mitigation measures have been taken within the students union, where the issue has been identified. As we are hearing many of the buildings affected by RAC, they are owned by local authorities from schools such as Charleston Academy and Forrest academy to libraries and community centres. The Verity House agreement sets out a new partnership approach with local authorities with added emphasis on working together on areas of shared responsibility. What more can the Scottish Government do to work in tandem with local authorities to give reassurance to members of the public that all arms of government are working together? That is a very important point about working together on the issue. That is why the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills and myself met COSLA officials and some of the councillors at the start of this week, and we will again do so next week, too. It is important that we not only publish information about the schools but that local authorities ensure that they provide context to that. For example, we have schools where RAC has been identified, but it has been an apart of a building that has not been in use for many years. The context is important to ensure that we are reassuring the pupils, staff and parents. We will continue to work together. As I said in my statement, those meetings will continue not just about the school estate but also on the wider council estate, too. I call Liam Kerr to be followed by Bill Kidd. In the north-east, several schools, including Mackey, Westhill and Northfield academies, and Abbotswell, Cornhill and Quarry Hill primaries, have now been confirmed to contain RAC. Cabinet Secretary Neil Gray said last weekend that there is no immediate risk to people using those buildings, yet the First Minister said on Monday that a review, whilst councils check buildings, will take some months. On what basis did Neil Gray assert that there should be no immediate risk? What extra funding and assistance are being provided to Aberdeenishire councils to perform the checks? The reassurance that people can be given, and I mean this with the greatest respect to my colleague Neil Gray or others, is because structural engineers experts have been working with a local authority responsible for that school to be able to ensure that every RAC is there, to what extent and what mitigation measures need to be put in place. The Government has had reassurances that those mitigation measures were required because of that expert advice are in place. Clearly, we will continue our discussions with all councils to ensure that we are keeping up-to-date on the mitigation measures and any long-term work that is required. I hope that Liam Kerr will join me in the calls that we are making to the UK Government to assist all devolved administrations with the capital expenditure that will be required in the longer term. Once mitigations are required to be moved on to refurbishment or changes to those buildings, we will get that extra funding from the UK Government as requested. There has been much discussion in the chamber this afternoon about who should be doing what and when. The reality is that, without the borrowing powers of the Scottish Government, the Government cannot act by itself to fund wide-scale repairs should that be found necessary. In response to my question on Tuesday, the cabinet secretary stated that the finance secretary was still to receive a response from the Treasury regarding further financial support to help to deal with the consequences of RAC. Has the reply been received? I don't think so, but it would be nice to hear for sure again. Do we know how much we will be due? As to how much any final bill will be, that will obviously not be able to be determined until all the structural surveys have been undertaken right across the estate. However, with reference to Bill Kidd's earlier questions, I can confirm once again that we have not received replies to the Deputy First Minister's letter on 16 August. It is very important that we receive that reply, because if the Chancellor is willing to go on television and talk about spending what it takes, then it is important that he then works with the devolved Administrations to ensure that we have a plan in place to be able to take that forward. I call Fosal Churching. West Lothian Council has been working for several years to identify and address the problem of RAC in schools in the area. It has now been waiting nine months for an announcement on the learning investment state programme funding to see if the bid for a new school in Livingstone was successful. Can the cabinet secretary advise when an announcement will be made on this funding so that council can actually begin to address the problem with RAC in school? I thank Fosal Churching for that question. It is a very important one, because I appreciate that there are councils across the country that are waiting for announcements on leap phase 3. On an earlier answer, the leap phase 1 and 2 has already dealt with some of the projects that councils came to us with for 1 and 2 that involved RAC were funded. Of course, Scottish ministers are now looking at the projects from local authorities where RAC has been identified. That will be part of the decision-making process for phase 3. We are having to look very carefully at leap phase 3, as I hope the member will understand because of the increase in construction close gobly. That presents a major capital challenge for us, not just in the school estate, but I hope that he can be reassured and, indeed, with Lothian Council, can be that those matters are being taken into consideration when we look at leap phase 3. That concludes the statement, and there will be a short pause before we move on to the next item of business, to allow front bench teams to change positions should they wish.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discuss the following question which says prove that square root of 5 is an irrational number. Before we move on to the solution let's recall one theorem which says let p be a prime number a square then p divides a positive integer. This is the key idea that we use for this session. Let's proceed with the solution now. Since we need to show that root 5 is an irrational number so we assume let root 5 be a rational number then we say there exists coplying positive integers and b such that root 5 is equal to a upon b where we have b is not equal to 0 then this means we have root 5 into b is equal to a. Now squaring both sides we get 5 b square is equal to a square. This means that 5 divides a square and this 5 is a prime number and according to the theorem stated in the key idea we have that is the prime number p divides a square then p divides a so this means that if 5 divides a square 5 also divides a. Since 5 divides a this means we have a is equal to 5 c for some positive integer c. Now squaring both sides we get a square is equal to 25 c square. Now from here we have a square equal to 5 b square so in place of a square we put 5 b square so we have 5 b square is equal to 25 c square. Since we have a square equal to 5 b square this means we have b square equal to 5 c square or you can say this means that 5 divides b square and here 5 is the prime number so according to the theorem stated in the key idea since 5 divides b square so we get 5 also divides b. So now we have 5 divides a and 5 divides b that is we say since 5 divides a and 5 divides b we find that a and b have at least 5 as a common factor we had assumed a and b to be the co-prime positive integers so we have but a and b this is a contradiction our assumption is wrong that we have that root 5 is an irrational number. Now since we had assumed root 5 to be a rational number and we have proved that our assumption is wrong that we get that root 5 is an irrational number. So this completes the session hope you have understood the solution of this question.


Look, Dwayne waves a part of the Cleveland Cavaliers, he's teamed up with LeBron James and the rest of the crew, but the ultimate goal is to win a championship, and are they good enough to win a championship?  Now, Isaiah Thomas, he's injured at the moment, so Derek Rose will be the starting point guard, which leads a few questions there, because neither Rose or Wade are good, you know, shooters, but does that mean much when you can consider J.R. Smith and Karl Korva coming off the bench if they need some shooters? I don't think it really makes a difference, so if that's your reason for why Cleveland will not be a championship contending team, then that's pointless. Yes, Wade and Rose aren't incredible shooters, but I don't know how much of a difference that really makes when you can just bring Karl Korva or J.R. Smith on, I just don't see that being a huge problem. And then when Isaiah Thomas comes back, you've got a different story. So the team pretty much follows this. You've got Isaiah Thomas, Dwayne Wade, LeBron James, Kevin Love, and Tristan Thompson. Off the bench though, is where it gets interesting. Derek Rose, J.R. Smith, Karl Korva, Jake Crowder, Jeff Green, Fry, I mean that team is honestly stacked. That's good enough to compete up against the Golden State Warriors, and seriously compete for a championship this season. Now, it's pretty funny because eight months ago I made a video on my channel saying what if Dwayne Wade and LeBron James went to Chicago and played with the prime Derek Rose, which could have actually happened in the summer of 2010. Now we are seeing these guys play together, and obviously they're not in their prime, but Dwayne Wade is still a really good player. I felt like Derek Rose was still very underrated last season and he wasn't enjoying his basketball in New York. I just think New York as a whole was just not a great place for Mellow or Derek Rose to play last season, so I think you'll actually see an improvement in both those guys. Dwayne Wade, he knows how to play. Obviously his prime is in the past, he's definitely not in his prime, but he's a Hall of Fame player. He's been to the finals before, he's a three-time NBA champion, 12-time All-Star, eight member of the All-MBA team, but Derek Rose was fourth in the league for driving inside and finishing last season in New York. So I do think that both of those guys, there are questions about their jump shot, but I think that they can honestly make it work, and especially when Isaiah Thomas comes back, then you just got a stacked team. You've got Isaiah Thomas and All-Star. Dwayne Wade passed his prime, but as I mentioned, he's still a very, very good player. Then you've got LeBron James, arguably the best play of all time. At the four, you've got Kevin Love and All-Star again. Tristan Thompson, I mean, that's where it gets interesting. But you know what else makes this Cleveland Cavaliers team scary? And no one's talking about this. They still have a 2018 first-round pick from the Brooklyn Nets. They can trade that pick and get another All-Star caliber player for that pick alone. Now, that may be during the trade deadline. If the Cleveland Cavaliers aren't performing, you may see a J. Crowder, Kevin Love, 2018 pick for a star player or something like that. It could be really interesting because not only do they have the depth, but that first-round pick is something else. And you may never know. If the Pelicans don't produce, DeMarcus Carthens may be on the trade block. Anthony Davis may be on the trade block. You may see that pick be really, really valuable in the next coming months. Another thing is, don't be surprised that the Cleveland Cavaliers limit Dwayne Wade's minutes. Maybe some games had come off the bench because just like LeBron James last year, they want to keep players like Dwayne Wade. And because they do have a veteran team, they want to keep him fresh for the playoffs. Because let's be honest here, in the terrible Eastern Conference that they're in, they can literally run their bench and possibly still beat some of the starters in the Eastern Conference that they're going to match up against. Chicago, Brooklyn. Like, don't be surprised if Cleveland just runs out with their bench and still beats them because their bench is stacked. But not only that, they do just want to rest their players because they're in a wind-down mentality. And that's quite obvious. I don't think they have a very young player on the team, apart from maybe Kay Felder, who may never even get a minute. So their team is just seriously there to win. And so don't be surprised if you'll see Dwayne Wade on the bench for some games. Derek Rose on the bench for some games. Kevin Lovehill. He may be the one guy that just plays the whole season. Just maybe some games he gets a few less minutes. But the majority of the games he does just play normally. Because when you think about it, this team is just here to win and just wait until the playoffs. If they could choose to go to the playoffs right now, I think they would do it because they're in the Eastern Conference. There's no way I don't think that they're not making the playoffs. And then once they're just facing up against the Golden State Warriors, they need to be fresh because that's something that the Warriors don't have. Because the Warriors being in the Western Conference, they don't have that ability to just sit out their start as a few games. I think we can all agree on that. Because their bench, number one, isn't as good. Second of all, they're just in a way better conference with now Oklahoma with Paul George, Russell Westbrook, Carmella Anthony, the Houston Rockets, James Harden and Chris Paul.  We've seen Jimmy Butler head to the Timbles as well. So all I'm saying is life has not been made easy for the Golden State Warriors this season. And as for Cleveland, they in a very, very, very strong chance to push the Golden State Warriors and actually win an NBA championship this season. But I do want to say this. I have heard a lot of people not criticise the move of the Cleveland Cavaliers getting Dwayne Wade because there's no criticism to get a good player like Wade. But there have been some questions surrounding Dwayne Wade and his productivity. And I do want to say, in Chicago last season, there was a lot of dysfunction. And Wade still played 60 games.  Keep that in mind. He averaged 18.3 points per game, four and a half rebounds, four assists, 1.5 steals, 0.7 blocks on 43% shooting. And obviously he doesn't have the athleticism that made him a superstar. But he is still really, really good. And obviously that mindset to still play is there. And the basketball IQ is just something that he'll always have. So when you actually think about what he did last season and now you in turn just replace a couple of his teammates with LeBron, James, Kevin, Lav, Isaiah, Thomas, I think you're going to do a lot better out of Dwayne Wade. I don't mean his stats will be a lot better, but I think efficiency wise, he'll be a lot better. And I think overall he'll just be in a happier place competing for a championship because ultimately that's what most players in the NBA are here to do. He's definitely not in it for the money at this point. We saw the buyout contract with Cleveland. He still gets paid from Chicago, but he's trying to get that chip and we all know that. Lastly, what intrigues me about the move to get Dwayne Wade is simply the fact that this team can run so many different types of lineups. If they need a shooting lineup, they can put Fry, Corva, J.R. Smith in that lineup. If they need a driving lineup, they got Rose, Wade, LeBron, still an insane lineup. If they want to go small, they can have LeBron, James at the four, or even J. Crowder at the four, Carl Corva at the three, Wade at the two, whoever at the one. Like this team can go small at any point. They can go tall. You've still got Tristan Thompson, Kevin Love, LeBron, James, who's six foot eight monster. Then you can run Carl Corva at the two and have Dwayne Wade at the one. Like any lineup you want, this team has it, which is insane, and that's why their depth is just ridiculous. Like they can literally run any type of lineup with who they have, and they're still always gonna be in that ring for a championship. Now, obviously there is some risk for the Cleveland Cavaliers signing Dwayne Wade, but that risk is like a 0-0-0.1% for Dwayne Wade. I mean, when you think about it, the worst case for Dwayne Wade is that he looks like Darren Williams did for Cleveland last season. And we know how bad Darren Williams was for Cleveland. So I don't think any player could be as that bad. But in saying that, Darren Williams was a former All-Star before he was actually traded to Cleveland. But the thing is though, even if he somehow does turn out like Darren Williams, which I definitely don't think he will, Cleveland has that great depth that it wouldn't even matter because they know that they've made the mistake of keeping Darren Williams on the court before. And for Dwayne Wade, he will be the one that he just knows. He can go off the bench, he can start. Dwayne Wade is that good that there's just no way he's going to turn out like Darren Williams, but if there is, don't be surprised if he just knows that time's up. And the thing is, I want to say as well, don't be surprised if once the playoff starts, Dwayne Wade turns into some games of his former self. We've seen it with veterans in the past. Gary Payton, when he went back to Miami and won a ring, he turned into old Gary Payton as he was in Seattle. It just happens sometimes. Players in their playoff mode, they go insane and they turn into their former selves for one or two games. We've seen it with Alonso Mourning. I know most of the Miami heat, old guys just because I watched Miami, but it happens to every single team. Eventually, some of the veteran guys, even if they pass their prime, they step up during the playoff. So I can just definitely see that happening with Dwayne Wade. Don't be surprised if there's some magic still left in those knees. And I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Let me know how you think that Dwayne Wade to Cleveland Cavaliers situation will work out. If you guys enjoyed this video, definitely hit that subscribe button for more NBA content every few days. If you guys could leave a like as well, I'd really, really, really appreciate it. If you guys could drop a like and go check out the new website, nixsmithmerch.com. Get your Nixsmith merch, NBA merch, whatever you guys want, it's on the store. And I'll catch you guys in my next video. I'm out. Peace.


Good afternoon. I am going to talk about some research issues that we face in a massive IT literacy campaign project that we started a few years ago. My name is Karnan Mughalya. I am from IIT Bombay. The outline of the talk is very simple. The objective of this work is IT literacy training for employment. It is an interesting research problem. I am going to discuss some of the issues in this. What are the problems that we questions that we came up with? First of all, is it possible to come up with a massive IT training methodology? Is it possible to do this with most learners being weak in English? Is it possible to do this with poor internet infrastructure? Is it possible to make it effective? That is massive, simultaneously effective. Is it possible to offer this training with only a handful of experts? And finally, is it possible to do this at a low cost? So, I am going to explain to you the way we solve these questions. And hopefully, that will give an idea of some of the research issues. Of course, this problem is quite different from some of the problems that you may come across in engineering or science. Possibly, this is more of management and education technology. But, I believe this is something very important. And it is a very important problem that we are trying to solve, because if you find solutions to this problem, our children will get better jobs. So, let us get on with it. We proposed to, we came up with this method of Spurken tutorial to address this issue, address the research problems mentioned in the previous slide. I will quickly go through this. I plan to give a lot of demonstrations to answer the questions. Spurken tutorials are suitable for skills training. These are 10 minute audio-video tutorial. It is created for self-learning. And hence, through novice check of the script, audio alone is dubbed into 20 languages. One can self-learn. And the website is Spurken-tutorial.org. As we go along, I will give you demonstrations. So, let me first start off with the research questions. Is our methodology effective? For example, the questions to be answered are, is it possible to make our methodology effective? Let us say Spurken-tutorial. The second one, is it possible to offer this training at different places in the country with only a handful of experts? So, we will see how we went about doing it. So, let me go to the next one. The answer to this, the questions, the two questions in the previous slide are through a facility called novice check. So, how do we do this? So, let us go to our website. This is our website, Spurken-tutorial.org. And then, if you click this arrow, it goes to a search page. So, let me take, you can see a lot of topics. Remember, we are working on IT training and improving the employment for our students, for our children. So, let me start with, let me see if I can choose any of these. Let me choose Linux. And let me choose, in Linux, we have all these different languages. So, I wanted to choose Malayalam. Let me see if I can play one of these. So, let me pass it here. What I also want to show you is, let me choose English. And now, this is in English. Let me play this English. Welcome to this Spurken-tutorial on how to use Synaptic Package Manager. In this tutorial, we are going to learn how to install applications in Ubuntu using Synaptic Package Manager. I am using Ubuntu 10.04 with genome environment desktop to explain this tutorial. You can see that he is actually reading the script. You need to have the administrative right to use Synaptic Package Manager. The internet connection should be working fine. So, let me pass it. So, what we do is, remember we are talking about providing effective training. We want to provide this even with a small number of experts, very few teachers. So, what we thought we could do was to come up with a script. This is the script. And ask a beginner to go through this script and ensure that they can reproduce every step that is being explained here. So, that is what is being done. So, we do the novice check. Supposing a novice says, look, I do not understand this particular step, then we do not accept this script for recording. So, in other words, a novice has to clear a script. Once the script is accepted, only then it is recorded. So, the recording was done after this. So, this is how we, of course, we do pilot workshops. We conduct a lot of reviews by experts, by beginners and so on, and finally, come up with this video. So, typically on an average, I would say each video would have been made at least 5 times on an average. Initially, we had, we made tutorials many times, but now we do not take many takes. In 2 or 3 takes at most, we are able to create the videos. So, let me come back to, so this is the novice check that I talked about, and that is what is required to make it effective. The next question is, given that this is available, is it possible to come up with a massive IT training methodology? How do we do this? So, let us go to the next one. We do this through self-learning organized workshops, which are called self-workshops. These are 2 hour workshops. These can be organized by a volunteer, an expert is not required. The reason is, these are already created for self-learning. One volunteer can run different workshops. The method is the same. For example, the same volunteer can run a workshop on C, as well as on LibreOffice and also Linux. These can be offered through educational institutions through their computer center, for example. As a result, the students can benefit by these, even if they do not have individual computers. And from the administration's point of view, no policy decision is required to use. They do not have to pay anything, no financial implication. It is a major issue. Even if a college has to spend 1 rupee, they have to go through a formal procedure, advertisement and all kinds of things. Whereas, in this, we say that there is absolutely no payment required. So, these are done through self-learning organized workshops called self-workshops that we offer in a big way. Let me come back to this. I want to give some numbers. I said that through this, we are able to offer massive workshops. Let me just come to this website. I have already opened it here. I think it is here. You can see in this web page I have already opened. You can see over here. See this. It says through our methodology, we have trained a total of about 4.5 lakh students. And you can see some of the workshops that are happening today, 19 September in Tamil Nadu. You can see in Junagadh, in Coimbatore, Vellore and so on. Some of the cities are still not written out. So, that is the reason why this is coming as uncategorized. Sometimes we found mistakes in some of the city names. So, that is the reason. But you can see that quite a few names are coming. But the important thing is to note that we have trained a total of 4.5 lakh students through these workshops. So, these are the self-learning organized workshops conducted in their colleges through one of their own volunteers. The next question, what if the student is weak in English? All our children want jobs, IT jobs. They want to work in good companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro and so on. But they may be weak in English. Of course, we know that IT is not rocket science. It just requires logical thinking and many of our children can do that. Most of our children can do that. So, we thought why do not we provide this training without losing employment opportunities? As a result, we kept the video in English, the screen in English, so that the children can use normal computers, normal keyboards, so they can get the job. Only thing is at the beginning, when they start their job, they may think in their mother tongue. We saw this in Malayalam. But let me just show you the method that we follow to achieve this. I showed you Synaptic Package Manager. This was in English. I told you that we create the script first, subject it to novice check. Once it is acceptable, we freeze the script and make the video. Once we make the video, what we do is we have another thing called timed script. So, let me click this. This is the script we made before creating the tutorial. But this is the script to be used after the video is made. Note that there is no visual cue here. There is a visual cue here because this says how the video has to be made. When this narration is to be made, what is to be seen on the screen? But once the video is made, you no longer need this visual cue. You only need what is spoken at what time. So, at time 0, we have to say welcome to this spoken tutorial at 6 seconds. We need to say in this tutorial and so on. Now, let me go to this is Malayalam. Let us say it is Malayalam, but let us see whether we can the script. You can see the script in Malayalam. So, this is what we do. We have the thing in English. It says at what time, what is to be spoken and then we replace those English sentences in with the target language and then we are in. A person comes, whoever has to create the video, who has to do the dubbing, they just have to speak all the sentences one after another without worrying about the time and then once the recording is finished, they can cut and slide each sentence to the appropriate time. They save it, export it and attach it with the original video. So, this can be done in every language. In fact, we dub this in all 22 languages. Let me see if I can. So, this is in English. Let me see if I can play Hindi. So, Hindi has come. So, let me say, Synaptic Package Manager. Let me play Hindi. So, you can see that once again, now we have the script in Hindi. So, we do this in all our languages. The objective is that we will do this in all 22 languages. In some languages, we have made lot of progress. At this point, we have a total of close to 600 tutorials in English and these are dubbed into various languages. In some languages, we have made lot of progress. For example, in Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Punjabi, even Nepali, Marathi, Gujarati, we have dubbed a lot of them. Slightly lesser number in Punjabi, Malayalam, Telugu, Canada and so on. Urdu, we have made dubbing also in Sanskrit. For example, we have made about 45. We have dubbed 45 tutorials into Sanskrit. There are some languages in English which we have not been so successful, especially languages from northeast. Assamese, we are reasonably successful. I think we have dubbed more than 100 tutorials, but some of the other northeastern languages, we are doing quite badly. We are looking for people who will do the dubbing and if you can get, of course, we pay a honorarium to all of them. Then, if you find good people, we would be glad to extend this in all those languages. Remember, we want to make this available for all 22 languages. Let me minimize this. The question is, is it possible to do this with most learners being weak in English? I think the answer is yes. Because of this, we are actually now in a position to go to polytechnic colleges. We are in a position to go to municipal schools where the mother tongue is not English. Most of course, you all know that not more than about 10 percent of the people in India are fluent in English. Let our children think in whatever language they are comfortable in. After all, as I mentioned earlier, IT training, IT is not rocket science. It is mainly logical and we can do the logic in our mother tongue and then come up with outstanding programs. All our children know a little bit of English. They all play jack and jill when they are in nursery, first standard and so on. They know enough English. They can pick it up and it is possible for us to train all our children to be suitable for our IT companies even though they may be weak in English. But of course, I always say that they can listen to the English version of the spoken tutorial afterwards after they become comfortable in the, let us say they are learning labor office. Once they are comfortable by learning through their mother tongue, they can always listen to the English version that will improve their English also. So, let me go on to the next topic. So, this you have already seen. I am going to skip this. The next one is, is it possible for us to offer this given that our children do not have access to good internet? So, this is something we took up very seriously and we found a solution. I am going to show you. So, let me come back somewhere here. If you see here at the top of this page, we have something called software training. Let me click this. So, here you have something called create your own disk image. So, let me click this. By the way before that, let me stay here. It is possible to right click this. It will come and say, save video as, if I say video as, it is probably, it will come and ask where do I save it and so on. You can save it. It is possible to save any of the videos. It is quite unlike YouTube. It is little difficult to download and save from YouTube. It is not impossible, but you have to do some extra work. Here it is straight forward. You just have to click the right key, right mouse. But we do more than that. It is possible for example, a college or a school to download all the videos required for a particular workshop. For example, if you see here, if I go back, remember, this is the page that I got. Here you see all the videos in the sequence that they have to follow. The first one, Ubuntu desktop, then synoptic package manager, then basic commands and so on. We already have this in a particular order. So, what if somebody says, why do not I get all of them in one go? I also want it in three languages. For example, I want it in Tamil. I want it in Telugu. I want it in Kannada and Malayalam. And of course, English for a workshop that is going to happen in Chennai. Then I can just say, I am going to give an example. Let me take, say, labour office writer and the select level, let us say, basic. And then all these languages are available. Let me say, I want Bengali and let me say, what does it say? For selecting multiple, click, control click. So, let me do control click. That is the next one, say, next one Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, let us say Malayalam. I click all of this, I had selected. It says that all these languages are going to come and the total size is going to be 308 MB. Then I can say, hey, I have a CD. I can go up to 700 MB. Let me download something else. So, let me go to, let us say, C language and I say all levels. I want English. I want, let us say, Tamil. Only these two. I just want to illustrate that it is possible to mix and match and the total comes to 645. Then I just have to say, create zip file. What it might do is, of course, it is going to create a web page. It is going to create a zip file and it will say, should I save it? If I want to save it, it will take some time and then it will download. We can open it and we can see. By now, the zip file that we were trying to download should have come. Let us go and see. So, it is already here. So, let me double click. I have double clicked and I see the extracted files here. Let me go there. Let me click this. I go to this directory. It has a file called index.html. Let me right click and let me right click. Let me open it with Firefox. You can see that in the FOSS categories, there are only two. Remember, initially, we started with the LibreOffice writer and you look at the languages. These are only the languages that we selected. So, you could select one of these and inserting pictures. Let me play this. So, let me go back. Now, if you see the other one, c and c plus plus, remember, we called only two languages. So, those are there. Let me play this. Interestingly, notice this. This has come from file. It does not require internet. The moment you download it, the look and feel of this is identical to what you see on the website. So, you see that once you download the zip file, you no longer need internet. If you unzip it, it opens in browser. You could open it in Firefox, for example. And the look and feel is identical to what you get on our website if you had had internet. This gives many benefits. For example, we do not have to maintain a separate version, one for offline use and another one for online use. Whenever you have two versions, there is a lot of problem in maintaining the versions. People may end up using the wrong versions, bold versions and so on. Here what happens is the same version is used. So, that makes it easy from our side. From the end user point of view, they do not have to depend on this. They just need one internet connection. They can create the image file and download whatever they want. And then they can use it repeatedly. So, we are answering this question. Is it possible to do this with poor internet infrastructure? The answer is yes. And many colleges are now downloading this image. After they do it, they get a zip file. They unzip it. You have a file called index.html. You double click that index.html and what you have is the things that you downloaded. Now, I want to see the effect of this. Here is a set of statistics that I collected sometime ago. And you can see that we had trained about, I told you about foreign tax. And this statistics were collected about, may be about 6 months ago when the total number of students trained was close to 4 lakh. You can see out of 4 lakh. In C and C plus alone, C plus plus alone, we 85000 students took the workshop. They do that because they get jobs. Most IT, choose me, most IT companies when they come for, choose me, campus training, they seem to conduct a test in C and C plus plus. So, very large number of students went through C C plus plus training. This is an interesting piece of statistics. I want you to remember this when we go to the next slide. 85000 students trained on C. But interestingly, there are only 4500 views on our web page. What this says is, many of the students accessed C C plus plus videos in their college through the zip file that we created, which I showed you just a little while ago. The volunteer or the workshop organizer in every college downloads, creates a zip file, downloads it and copies the zip file into every machine. And the student unzips open set and the file opens video place from the local machine. So, internet is not at all required. So, that is the reason why I am saying that there is at least a multiplication factor of about 10. So, you have to remember this when we go to our web page, which I am going to show shortly. Let me now show you some statistics that we actually make available on our web page. Let us just go down. See the link for this. Click here to view statistics. It takes a little bit of time to load. And then you have, for example, daily statistics. Today, for example, 32000 page views have already happened and weekly, monthly, quarterly. It is interesting that in this quarter that is months of July, August, September. In fact, the quarter is not even over. There are already 1 million page views on our website. If you look at this, you see that we started in 2010, when there were 100000 page views, 1 lakh. Then it became 2.5, 5 lakh. Last year it was 11 lakh. This year already, September is not even over. We are already 20 lakh, 2 million. So, I believe that we will probably do about 3 million page views in this year. So, this shows the increasing number of usage of our web site by people around the world. Let me go to the next page. Image creation facility I already showed you. The next one, is it possible to come up with a massive IT training methodology? Is it possible to do this at a low cost? These are the other questions, remaining questions I will take up. I have already shown you that we have, we train a large number of people. So, here I showed you that we have trained 452,000 people or 4.52. If I now select C and C plus plus alone, and you will see that it is at this point, it is more than 1 lakh. Previously, I showed 85000 that was some time ago. I can also say that, let me choose this from 1st of January to today, and let me choose C plus plus alone. All of them, if I filter this, you see that in this year alone, we have trained 2.38 lakh students all over the country, and in all families. Of course, if I select only C C plus plus, if I filter, you see that we have trained 65000 students in C C plus plus alone all over the country. Next, I want to show you, is it possible to do this at a low cost? I want to do some cost estimates. It is actually a difficult problem. Most people find it difficult, but we thought that, you know, let us see if we can come up with some statistics. Students train now till now 4.52 lakh, I showed you in the previous, in the web page. So, question is, can we train the students at less than 1000 rupees per student? Supposing, you have to organize a workshop, you have to create this material, conduct it, and then ask the students, if they have not studied, if they have not learnt all of them, copy, download all the videos, take them home, learn on their own. Is it possible for us, supposing I do a workshop for 30 people, can I do it at a cost of less than 30000 rupees? Even if you… So, I believe it is a realistic number. Even if you say that, look, 1000 seems to be too high. If it is 1000, the cost works out to 45.2 crore. So, supposing you say that, look, it is not 1000, let me, you know, maybe I can do it at 100 rupees. For 30 people, I can do it in 3000. Even then, it comes to 4.52 crore. But interestingly, the method is already available. All the videos are available. We can easily make it available to 10 times the number of students, 45.2 lakh students. For example, it can also be trained with no additional cost. In addition, even at 100 rupees per person, you can see that it is enormous benefit. The online test and certificate also, we have done for 1 student. Of course, for this, we need internet. That is one of the reasons why not every student has gone through this test, online test. But just look at the value of this. Look at the cost of organizing this. Even if you charge, let us say, 200 rupees or 500 rupees, this will become very expensive. Value of spoken tutorials, we have 600 original tutorials at a cost of 100 rupees per tutorial. It comes to 60 lakh and then, 2400 dub tutorials. I have taken about 2000 rupees per dub tutorial. It comes to 50 lakh. So, the value of spoken tutorials on the website alone is about 1.1 crore. More importantly, what about the training that we have imported to our staff members, many of whom can start their own project. They can spawn many multiple numbers of these projects all over the country. We also have developed well oiled processes. These are also available and extendability to skill training. So, if you look at all of this, the value that this project has given already to our country is many crores. What is the amount spent on our project? It is about 6 crore. Mainly on salaries and 100 rupees. We have a total of about 60 people who are working on our project now and mainly salaries and 100 rupees. So, I would say that, going back to the question of, has it been effective? Has it been low cost? I would certainly say at any place that by all metric, any metric one can use, I would say that we have produced really effective mechanism. And of course, we also took feedback from students. I have the feedback of 25000 participants. Let me present some of them. These are the 25000 students who attended our online test gave feedback. So, that means about a fourth of the people who underwent online test gave feedback. So, here is a question on quality of instructional material. If you have towers on the right hand side, that means they are like it. You can see that most of them like, say it is good or very good. And then quality of infrastructure at their colleges. If you see, quite a few students also say it is only fair. Large numbers say good and very good, but substantial numbers of students also say it is only fair. Remember, these are the computer systems at their colleges. Whereas, quality of college organizer, they say they are good or very good. Remember, the organizer does not have to do much. They do not have to teach anything. They just have to create the ecosystem, enforce discipline, make sure all the infrastructure is in place and the students learn on their own using the videos, self-learning videos. Quality of IIT Bombay Mentor, once again it is good or very good. Overall quality, it is good or very good. Usefulness, you see that once again quite a few students think that it is only somewhat useful. Why do they say that? So, it is not really clear to the students whether what they studied is really useful to them. Look, IIT Bombay is offering these workshops free of cost. They are also going to give certificates. Possibly it is useful to get a job. So, let us try it. So, there are quite a few students who seem to have done this. Of course, quite a few people say that it is very useful, quite a bit, a lot and so on. Will they recommend this to others? They all say likely, quite likely and definitely. So, now I want to move on to the next topic. I want to tell you how this methodology can lend itself to lot of other methods as well. So, efficacy of this method is established for IIT skills and hence, we believe that it is applicable to all demonstration-based subjects. I have a research scholar Kiran Irunki who is doing Ph.D. in education technology in this area. For example, he compared the effectiveness of self-workshop with classroom training for Java. He had about 200 students who went through the self-workshop and then about another 200 students who learnt Java through typical classroom in Hyderabad and then he conducted questionnaire. He got the, he got the, he got the perception of the students before the workshop. After the workshop was done, he even conducted a post-workshop test and he found it to be comparable. The students, the average score in the, in fact, we, he found the self-workshop students to have found slightly better than the classroom students. And by the way, these students randomly were selected. In fact, it was given to the students, the students selected on their own. And then, we also found that the self-learning skills of the workshop students actually improved the students who conduct, who attended the self-workshops, their, their perception on self-learning was noted at the beginning of the workshop. And then, we saw it afterwards and then the performance, we found that the, the self, the self-learning skills actually improved as a result. We believe that this is a very big benefit and we also understood that the women were more interested in self-learning. So, he studied gender performance, gender comparison. He founded the effectiveness. He also founded what makes people suitable, what makes it suitable for self-learning. What characteristics make them suitable for self-learning? Alright. Now, I told you general skills training. I believe that this method is suitable for corpantry, plumbing, circuit layout, etcetera. It is possible to teach things like etiquette skills. How many of you, when you stand in the queue, leave a gap between the person in front of you? How many of you go and touch that person? Why do not we leave a gap?  How to climb the stairs? How to open a door? How to enter when a door is opened? How to use the washroom in an airplane? We all complain, especially if you see people who are going to Middle East first time, the bathrooms in the airplane are terrible. We all complain. But have we ever asked, did anybody teach these children how to use this washrooms? So, whose responsibility is it? Isn't it our responsibility? So, if we want to develop, if we want to become a developed country, unless we take these children with us, we will never become a developed country. Jobs, teaching children what career options are available. What is meant by a pilot? What is meant by an architect? What is meant by an engineer? Do they like it? What is meant by an animation? Can they make a movie? And so on and so forth. How to locate job openings through internet? How to participate in an interview? Our students are very smart. Only thing is they need a little bit of help. It is possible to make available all of these through super country. How to buy train tickets through IRCTC? How to locate low cost agricultural loans? Why do not we make available this technology to our housewives also, to our mothers also? Let them also buy TVs at the lowest price. It is also possible, it is possible to make available all of these through spoken tutorial. More importantly, health related skills. Boiling water. Why should we boil water? What to do when a dog bites? What to do in the case of a hot attack? First aid for fracture. This is very interesting. A professor of Indian Institute of Primary Health Care in Hyderabad told me this. Children from villages, especially boys, they climb up the stairs, climb up trees, climb down, fall down. Sometimes they fracture their hand and then sometimes they may have to be taken to the nearby town and wait for 2 hours, 3 hours because you have to wait for the doctor. If they are not well informed, they may actually, for example, if they leave their hand hanging loose, there will be a problem. There could be permanent damage. This doctor said all that they have to do is, for example, open the shirt button and keep it here and create a spoken tutorial dubbed it to all Indian languages, make it available to every primary health care center in the country and no child will ever permanently damage his hand. Then, how to prevent cancer? It is interesting. During childbirth, every woman spends about 1 or 2 months at home. They have enough time to learn. They can actually make available all these videos in their mother tongue and we will have a developed country. Another specific example, we have a project that is happening at IIT Bombay, cervical cancer screening through pap smear. If a technician can screen this, by the way, cervical cancer is a serious problem. It is the second largest killer of women in India. It is a cancer caused by virus with a long gestation period. As a matter of fact, as a result, it is a curable cancer. Only thing is, we need to be able to do this. Some of the issues in screening. If a technician screens, the cost works out to 60 rupees. I have said US dollar 1 or 360 rupees. Whereas, if the technician can resolve it at their level, the cost is only 60 rupees. Whereas, if it has to be escalated to a doctor, it costs 300 rupees, 5 times. It is important that we need to train the technician well. But the problem is the training of these technicians is the biggest bottleneck because the moment they are trained, they come, they join. There are a lot of people who want jobs. Maybe people who have done BSE, biology, botany, whatever. Some of them, they might have just done 12th and then they might have done some diploma one year, diploma in analyzing these samples. But they need training. They join. They get about two or three months training and then the moment they are trained, they could leave for better job.  But what you could do is, if you have sparking tutorials on this, you make this available to all of them and say, you come trained. I am going to conduct a test. Only if you pass the test, I am going to select you. I do not mind giving a higher salary, but then you will start doing the screening from day one. Now, if you get picked up by somebody else, I have no problem. I have 100 other people waiting for this job. So, we are attempting a supercontritorial methodology for this. This is just to give a flavor of how our methodology is now extended to a lot of other things as well. We have got many research publications mainly in the education technology. And I believe it is a very open field. You can try various things. What is the pedagogy for pap smear based screening? The same methodology that work for Java may not work. Similarly, for skills training, it may be something else. For I told you, internet search may be something else. For telecom sector, it may be something else. For rural area, it may be one. For what may work in Tamil Nadu, may not work in Jammu, Kashmir, something else may work. So, for Burudu, it may be different because you may have to read from right to left. There are many issues. There are many research issues. And interestingly, all this will help our children become better citizens. So, with this, I would like to conclude my talk. I have been asked to talk for about 45 minutes. The real life problems are challenging. They give rise to challenging research problems, but benefits are enormous. So, with this, I would like to conclude my talk. I will be glad to answer questions if there are any. Puneema University, Jaipur. Good afternoon, sir. Good afternoon. So, my question is all the tools which are available in spoken tutorial, especially for BTEC students. So, is there any tool for MTG and PhD statistical analysis? Good question. Statistical analysis, I made, let me just open it and show you. So, what we have is R. Unfortunately, I have made only two tutorials. And I am looking for R experts to create these. As a matter of fact, only these two are, in fact, good enough for most people. If only you go through these, then with the help facility, you will be able to do, you know, you can learn R yourself. Of course, we are looking for experts in R to create more tutorials. We will be delighted to work with them. So, thank you very much. Goodbye and Jai Hind.