and you have too much co-creation. That was a question that I got from Katrina some time ago and I think the answer, the short answer is definitely. Absolutely, you can have too much co-creation but it's all about how and when you use co-creation. So I think there is a big misconception that in a lot of service design, design thinking, projects, co-creation or involving users, employees, customers in the process is always a good thing. The more co-creation the better. The truth is co-creation can ruin your project. It can lead to disaster when you involve people at the wrong time in your process and for the wrong reasons. Now I think the best application of co-creation is where you invite people to, where you use co-creation as a research tool. So let me give you an example. For instance, you're redesigning a hospital. Well, it would be smart to involve staff and patients in the design process but not to let them pick out a new floor plan or let them decide which floor plan is the best. Like you would use Lego to design some floor plans and then you would say, well, which one works the best and then we're going to use that. That's terrible. That's a recipe for disaster. What you need to do instead is use Lego. For instance, use drawings, involve staff and patients to imagine their ideal hospital experience. And then you, as an expert, as a designer, should be able to digest insights out of that, patterns. So what are the underlying things people are saying? What are the needs and desires that they are expressing? And then you take those needs and desires and make them into a good plan, make them into a good floor plan because that's your job or it's the job of an architect maybe to actually use those insights and translate them in a floor plan. But don't ask customers, users, employees in your co-creation process to come up with answers. Don't ask for opinions. That's, again, a recipe for disaster use, co-creation for research. Also, in prototyping, co-creation is great. In prototyping, of course, you're going to prototype with the people who will be using your service. But don't ask them to say if this is right or wrong. Ask them, what do you like about this? How does it make you feel, stuff like that? And then take the insights out of that. Look for patterns. So getting back to the question of Katrina, can you have too much co-creation? You can have too much of anything if you use it the wrong way. And I'm a big fan of co-creation if used correctly.  So be careful, it's a powerful tool, but know how to use it. What's your take on co-creation? When should you use it? When shouldn't you use it? What are the limits? What are some of the best practices? Leave a comment down below and I'll see you in the next video. Bye-bye.


Good morning, I'm Peter, I'm from Namibia, I'm a by now relatively frequent guest at Wikimedia, I'm stationed at the University of Science and Technology in Wintourk in Namibia, that's the country to the north of South Africa. What I'm talking about today is Wikipedia for indigenous communities, you've seen that in the program, I guess that's why you're here. What I'll be talking about is the following, I want to go through a bit of the terminology, I want to say what's indigenous, what's knowledge, what's indigenous knowledge, and I'll also talk a little bit about Ubuntu, the words that is on the back of your conference t-shirt, and that has been thrown around quite a bit, and then you see I have some slides on indigenous editing, and then I have a chapter that's called Hostile Environment, I did put a question mark there, but we need to talk about that, and then as we don't want to end on a negative note, right, then I'm pointing out a few things that that could be done to improve the situation. Whenever you have a question I cannot easily see you, so because of the light of the camera there, would be nice if you not just raise your hand, but maybe make a noise of some sort, you're welcome to interrupt me, I don't want to go ahead and lose some of you along the way. Okay, so for the people that are guests at Wikindaba too, I have to apologize, you will see one or two things that have been there before, but yes I will be going beyond that, but it is what I'm presenting is a continuation of work that I've been doing before. If you look at the slides you will find everything that's blue is linked to some to some previous work which is likewise available under an open license. So indigenous, I want to keep it as general as possible, I'm using a rather common academic definition of saying well that's for now just something that's characteristic of a certain group in a certain environment, so it is definitely not, it's not connected to how much light your skin reflects, right? It's also not restricted to Africa, South America, I want to have it something in some general way. Knowledge, as some of you might know, is justified through belief. If I believe something, if it's true, and if I have a justification, that makes it knowledge, that definition is over 2000 years old, it comes from Plotter. Now what is indigenous knowledge? Obviously the combination of the two, I gave an extensive talk about that couple of years ago in Hong Kong with Timania, I will not go into that much detail here, just for now that it's important to know that a lot of that is not written. We are talking about oral knowledge repositories, oral communities, and the knowledge is being transformed in forms of narratives and dances, songs, practices, artifacts, things that have been created, that is the place where the knowledge is stored, not on paper or not in terms of a text file on a hard disk. It is very often practical, not very abstract, but it could be abstract, and you will find a lot of influence from the spiritual sphere, not just logical and deductive, so that makes it a bit different. It is of course transferred in an oral way, it's hard to capture for the rest of the world, but that is the core of my Hong Kong talk, and I'm going to repeat that here, to have you all on board if you haven't been there at that time. Indigenous knowledge is verifiable, it's not the chit chat on the street, it's not the singing in the bathroom, it is, it is a, it has a connection, or it adheres to a custom, right, that at certain places, by certain people, this knowledge is being offered to a general audience. So for instance, if there's the festival of the, of a bandero, then they congregate at Ocahanya in central Namibia, and you can be sure that a few minutes after the proceedings begin, somebody will stand up and declare something, right? For instance, they would give the biography of their first leader, or every group that's congregating would describe the place where they are coming from. That is not just, as I said, not just chit chat, that is happening at every one of those festivals, that's happening in a certain order, that has to be performed by certain people. In this way, Indigenous knowledge is verifiable knowledge, because if you come next year to the same festival, the same things will be said by the same role players, maybe the chief is now somebody else, but what's being said is, well, the skeleton of what's being said is the same thing. Now, you might say, if you look at this list now, one, two, three, four, five, what do you have to do to verify Indigenous knowledge? Well, it's not easy, right? That's not something you want to be doing every day, but if you look at it the other way around, we have all heard about Wikipedia being for everyone, and now that Wikimanias in Africa, we are even putting more focus on this statement. Now, imagine an Indigenous messiah who wants to verify Western knowledge, which is cited to a book in the Library of Congress. What would they have to do? They would have to travel to that location, right? They would have to learn the language. They would have to understand how Western knowledge is organized. Think back of your first time when you were searching something in a public library. It's not easy to find that, right? For somebody who's not part of that cultural circle, this might be a challenge. Then you have to gain the trust of the community. Of course you do, right? If you're coming into your traditional attire with a sprayer and leather clothing, would they hand you a book without discussing with you? Or would they think, oh, security guard, can you please make a turn, right? And, well, the publishing, of course, if we want to witness that, then it has to be republished because it's already disappears into the sky, right? But this republication will be granted, particularly if it is indigenous knowledge of that group because the people have the knowledge birers are expected to share that knowledge. And they will share it with outsiders as well. That's their role. They will do that. So it's not much easier for a person from an indigenous community to verify what we would call our traditional knowledge. And yes, Wikipedia is for everyone, right? Why should it be easy? It just needs to be verifiable. And my favorite quote with my favorite emphasis, you all know this quote, right? The emphasis, all human knowledge. All human knowledge. Not Western human knowledge, not printed human knowledge, not logically deduced human knowledge, but all of it, right? And going back to the knowledge definition, if it's true, if I believe it, then if I have a justification, not necessarily, not necessarily a Western justification. A justification is if it works, for instance. That is a good justification that makes a belief knowledge. And we want to collect all of it. So I think we need to make further steps towards those communities. Now I want to say something about Ubuntu. You probably have all heard I am because you are, right? I am through the group. However, with group, we do not mean society. With group, we do not mean a country. It is a community. And what a community is can change. That can be the people speaking your language. Those groups can be pretty small in Africa, right? That can be the inhabitants of your village. That can be people that are working on the same thing. So in a way, we are a community of Wikipedia. Those roles can change, but it almost exclusively never means society. So that Ubuntu is not the same as humanity either. It is a clearly defined group within which the principle of Ubuntu is working. And that group is rather small. We are talking dozens of people or hundreds of people. So certainly to a degree where you know every member of that community. That is why it is very often misunderstood. You can check it out on English Wikipedia. It is actually completely wrong. Maybe somebody wants to change it. That has a few interesting consequences. Also consequences for scientific work. For instance, we love polls. We like to go around and say, please fill in this questionnaire. I had to fill in quite a number of questionnaires before even coming to Wikipedia. For indigenous people, that makes sense for as long as it is not a community matter. Otherwise, it doesn't make sense at all because that opinion doesn't exist. They do not have an opinion. And if you give them a form, you force them to form an opinion at that very moment. And there are also cultural influences. For instance, the majority of people that I have been working with, when they see the questionnaire, they will look at it and they will think, like what does he want me to answer? They want to be nice. Which means they will fill in what they believe I want to hear. Because this concept of having an opinion about everything is not so much in them. So he can't relate to what my opinion about Trump or about the president of Namibia or about this or that. They do not have an opinion. If they need an opinion, they should together inform one. Which means certain scientific methods are not applicable among them a questionnaire. Now, my talk in London, I don't know how many people were there. But if we're writing Wikipedia we are expressing our opinion. All of Wikipedia writing is original research except when we are creating a little stop and saying something happened at this day in this year at that place. That's not opinion. Everything else the sources we pick, the words in which we put it, the evaluation, the linking to other articles, what is related to this is all opinion. Our opinion. If you don't believe me, just look at the talk again. There's a video. I think I was quite convincing at that time. So we are not typing slaves. Right? And many of us have developed into experts on the topics they are writing. I'm sure you know what I'm talking about. So to go to an indigenous community and to make opinions out of that, it's not going to work. I learned it the hard way. It's not going to work. Maybe some syntactic improvement, closing a bracket here and putting a headline in somewhere. That would be working maybe. But writing something from scratch means you have to form your own opinion about it and for that they need a group. They can't do it on their own. Which means the way we are currently writing Wikipedia is not the way. Because we are sitting alone and this bird is a bird in South Africa and that one is a bird in South Africa and that one is a bird in South Africa. Save, save, save. It's individual work. It's not the work of an indigenous community. And I'll obviously tell you how the work of an indigenous community would look like. So if we do it culturally aware according to according to the principles of the community. I took an example community because that's the one that we are working with in Namibia. We have several communities of Ochie Herrero speaker. The people are called Over Herrero. Ochie Herrero is their language. And we are working with them for over a decade now. And among the things that we did was we, I had a student who had a, I'm IT remember, I had a student who did persuasion you know via cell phones and messages and all that. So we created a framework where a group of Ochie Herrero speakers was, well I put it like gently forced to write an article. So we were reasonably sure that this would work. And then we observed how they would go about it. And this is how it happened. At first they agreed to meet. Nobody brought a computer actually. They all have a computer, but nobody brought it along. And then they met and discussed. Right? And then they tried to reach consensus on everything, on the content, on the wording, on the length. And once they had done that, they elected a representative who was typing the result of the consensus and uploading it via cell phone. So that's not really how we are used to work, right? That's quite different. And it is painfully slow. So the result of several weeks of meetings, so like one hour, two hour each, was an article with ten lines of text. So that is something where it will take a long time before we have a Wikipedia in Ochie Herrero which is reasonably complete. Sorry. Now it's maybe coming back. So ten, fifteen minutes are probably the average attention span, so I'm starting to lose some of you.  I want you to imagine we have a group, in this case it's a subgroup of the Ova Herrero, it's the Ovan Banderu. This subgroup is not represented anywhere. The name of that tribe is a red link on Wikipedia. Their culture is not there, Wikipedia in all languages, never mind which one it is. There's not a single item of their culture on, there are no articles about their traditional leaders, about their history, about their aspirations and so on. So this group of people, Ovan Banderu, they met for six consecutive weeks and for one, one and a half, two hours and through the persuasion they had to submit something. They can't come up with empty hands, but it's like a blank sheet, you know, they can write about anything. Try to imagine, what would they be writing about? Try to imagine it's day one of Wikipedia, nothing is there. Wherever your heart is, you could start writing what would you be doing? Or try to imagine what would an indigenous group be writing about? I was actually hoping that this comes back at some point in time but I guess they ran out not to leave me stranded here but to solve the problem. At least that's what I hope. So in the meantime, try to imagine, what would you do? What would be your very, very first article if you bring a Wikipedia from zero articles to one article, what would it be? Well I can collect a few opinions and I'll show you what they came up with, that's of course the point. Who are we? So you would start with human or you would start with your user page. Okay, alright, so we would have something like Ova Madero, the name of the group. Aha, the home village. And the second article will be about their native language or dialect. Okay, or the dialect.  Okay, so something that happened yesterday fresh in your mind so that you have a good start, that's all a good idea. So far, what has actually been created is still very far from the suggestions. Do we have indigenous people here? That's true, he's indigenous, he was born here, yeah? I was suggesting maybe something very general, like rivers or land. Okay, rivers, natural features. This is not just a slide that I've been telling you about without the projection, what will they be writing about? You all have been thinking for now, and what they wrote about is this. Those are, the five sacred trees of the Ova Madero of Epochiro, Epochiro is the name of the village and they didn't write about the village and they didn't write about themselves and they didn't write about anything else they wrote about, well, a natural feature. Actually I can tell you, you can see it in the background, it's not even like remarkable trees in the term or in the meaning that they are particularly large or particularly old, but you see the fence around it, that's quite uncommon for Namibia because it is a communal area you're actually not supposed to fence it in, so this is the meeting place of the chiefs and at the same time there's a belief that it is the underground meeting place of two or three rivers. Now a river in Namibia, I have to explain that probably but there's a lot of international folks here, if you fall off a bridge in Namibia, what do you do? You should know or so. What do you do if you fall off a bridge in Namibia? There's no water in the rivers, it's sand or dust so when I say this is the confluence of two or three rivers, then it means that there's, well, one and a half weeks where those riverbeds actually have water and I didn't take the picture in those one and a half weeks. So there is an article on Imbonde Vittano and that was the only thing they produced and that was the first thing they produced. So we have to think of maybe notability, right? And we have to, well it made us think like do we really understand what's important to them, right? And I know I shouldn't be using this us and them vocabulary but at this place I'm like really scratching my head. I say okay, this is worth their time, it's all people with a job, right? So it's all people that have restricted spare time and they met for six to ten hours to produce a documentation of this place. So in the effort of explaining that what we know for sure is that the values are vastly different. The values in that group differ a lot. For instance, that something is effective or that it doesn't take a lot of time. This is not meant in a demeaning manner but it's not a value at all to teach someone from that group how to do something faster. They will look at you and say why? What's the value in that? Or why should we do that? If we can do it slow why should we do it fast? Or why does that even matter, right? But also on the Ubuntu side of explanation, self-fulfillment, right? Individualism, those are not values of the group that we are working with. Instead they have something like pride and stability, don't change something which has been working yesterday, don't scratch where it doesn't itch. Those are values and knowledge sharing is a value. It's an expressed value of the Ovoherero and that sounds good for Wikipedia purposes. But there is a very strong result from research in human-computer interaction that our software enshrines our values. I will give you an example right away because you might say well, to congregate as a group online on Wikipedia is actually not easy. Yes, I know there are Wiki projects and you can drop your name there and so on but to really be together at one place virtually is not very easy with our software. To see what your fellow group members are doing, now we are getting into at once territory. Remember that they are not yet editing Wikipedia. They are beginners. But that would be the first thing they want to know. How do I see what the other one is working at? Well, you can't. For as long as I haven't saved anything, for as long as I'm still in preview mode, you cannot see on a remote place what I'm working on. Right? And then we come to the absolutely impossible thing to check what people did last week. I can't. I would have to be check user and misusing my privilege. Right? And then I could geolocate the IP address but I mean don't expect to teach that to a beginner. That's not happening. Right? So all those things incorporate one value. The values in individualism individuality is not a value of the indigenous group that we looked at and not a value of many other indigenous groups from what we read in the literature. Of course, we're not on an island. We work on one group of indigenous people but we also check out what other people are doing. So software insurance values, western software insurance, western values, media wiki is western software. It makes certain things easier that now again the wordings, certain things easier that we are used to. And other things that we are not used to are terribly difficult actually. Now I come to, this is also a favorite thing of mine. Those who have seen me before have probably seen this graphic before. We have a language which is an incubator. In incubator you have restrictions. So Ache Harero currently has 105 articles or something. So we are nowhere near getting it out of there. In the incubator we have restrictions. Due to the restrictions, partly due to the restrictions, I will explain that in a moment, we have reduced editing activity. And because we have no editing activity we remain an incubator. So I have to say I can't think of some advantages of having an incubator for our work but it's not good. Not good at all. So what are all those restrictions? At first, okay, that is a general restriction of being a small Wikipedia. It's not useful. You can look up whatever you want. You won't find it. You want to look up the moon? This page doesn't exist. You want to look up Washington DC? The page doesn't exist. You want to look up Hartman's Mountain Zebra? Sorry if this page doesn't exist you want to write it. So it's not an encyclopedia because you can't look anything up. It's also not indexed by search engines. So even if you happen by accident to get the one article name that does exist, it's not popping up in Google. You have to browse to page 10 of the results to get anything there. And I think this is also quite an established result. If you have no readers, you have no writers. Many Wikipedia editors actually started spotting a mistake thinking where does that mistake come from realizing oh I could repair it doing that and becoming hooked. It's not the only way to get into Wikipedia but it's certainly a very common way. But if you have no readers, nobody is spotting the closing bracket that's missing, then you're losing that one person that would maybe be hooked by that. Then we have rule restrictions. For instance we don't have file uploads. Remember that I mentioned that the Ocearero speaking people have an oral tradition. Which means they put a lot more focus on spoken things, on dances, on performances, on artifacts. All of that you wouldn't describe with text but you would take a picture or a video or you would make a drawing. None of that can be locally uploaded to the incubator because the file uploads are switched off. And generally many of the features that differ between one Wikipedia and the other incubators having a few thousand languages but the rules are the same for everyone because it's only one wiki.  For instance and the incubator has inherited certain assumptions from the larger languages because also the incubator was of course created by somebody with a western background and not somebody with an indigenous background. So for instance group accounts are not allowed. It's not against the terms of use, it's just a habit. It's not allowed in English, it's not allowed in German or in Portuguese, so it's not allowed an incubator without further thinking about it. So what's the damage? Why not? But those rules are still the same and I've known yesterday about this focus on translation. That's not the idea. You don't want to translate something that somebody else has written about you. You want to write about your tradition. That's the value. Otherwise that's not the first thing that I would encourage them to do to translate other stuff into their language to fill up their wiki. That's also nice to have two articles on general knowledge but to preserve the traditional knowledge that doesn't do much good. And then we have usability restrictions. I mean wiki syntax is already difficult enough. Now imagine you have to prepend before every internal link you have to prepend slash WP slash HZ. HZ is the language code for OJ Rero. Then you even have to use piped links everywhere because the language rules are in a way that different letters can be capitalized depending on which case, which flexion the word is in. So this is a possession mode where from the normal word epokiro, the name of the place, that word becomes wapokiro because you write about something that is in epokiro. So I'm sure there's a technical solution for that but that is one further problem. But even categories, you know, even the category has a WP slash HZ in front of it. The URL is impossible to remember. So teaching beginners on the incubator has disadvantages. I taught them before when I do Wikipedia outreach, I taught them before in English Wikipedia that has disadvantages as well because before I can even go into making something bold and italics and putting a headline, I have to explain the thousand rules of English Wikipedia. You may not do this and you may not do that and always put this and never without a reference and this and that and manual of style and kind of story. So that wasn't good either. Then I moved over to the incubator, then I realized oops this is actually technically for somebody who handles more a cell phone than a computer and who's not having a degree in computer science, it's actually not easy at all. But we can do a few things. So it's not entirely negative. I'm not coming here to just tell you it's not possible. At first what we still want to do is we want to have an exciting and rich media example of how such a Wikipedia would look like. I can tell you that a Wikipedia for an overly dominated knowledge base will be dominated by video and audio. In fact it will actually not start with a text but it will probably start with a map or with a picture. I'm writing about Vintuch Town Council. I start with a Vintuch Town Council building. If you click on it you see a table the table has seven chairs and the seven chairs sit the seven councilors and the pictures of them. If you click on one of those somebody will be telling the biography of that particular person by means of a video. This is how it should look like. And maybe the very last link can be, oh yeah actually if you want to see the text click here. But that's an afterthought. Just like the picture and the video is an afterthought in English or German Wikipedia. If you have a picture it's good, you can illustrate it. But mainly we want to have the text so now it will be the opposite in an Orchera Wikipedia. I do have an example, you see whatever is blue you can obviously click on if you download the slides. So there is one example of an image map where we start the coverage of a town with a map imported from open street map and then you have map regions. When you hover over the mouse over it you can click on it on the different things and you will get to another picture and at some point in time you will get to some text. But it's not yet exciting because we started with Opuvo and Opuvo is terribly far away and Internet access is very slow and so it's not yet exciting. It is an example how it could look like but it's not really beautiful yet. Because also of course I don't want to go and write Orchera Wikipedia, at least not the interesting content. I can do something like the lion is an animal in Africa safe the giraffe is an animal in Africa safe. Even that is difficult as you have seen the language is not easy but I'm not going to write about the history of their culture and tradition. If we do that then we are importing colonial thoughts again. Even though I'm aware of it I cannot help the way I was socialized. The other thing we need, we should have it by now unfortunately my student jump chip we should have an app to really easily upload material because you see we have another stream of things happening and that is that almost nobody in Namibia owns a computer, a classic computer. But almost everybody owns a cell phone and many of the cell phones are actually cell phones. Now I'm sure you are aware that if you have tried that before that it is much much easier to handle audio files and videos than it is to enter text, wiki code curly brackets, square brackets, round brackets, pipes asterisks. I mean you always have to go to the third layer of your keyboard to even find that kind of thing. But to take a picture to read out the GPS coordinates to say yes I release it under the license that I always release it you know with a setup like the Wikipedia app is doing where you just once give all your details and then it's using all those as assumptions and default values, that's a lot easier. So why are we not using that? So we want to be using that. We can't upload it to comments because of many things that I'm not going into but you can contact me if you need to know. But an Oche Herrero Wikipedia would be an image repository with links. It wouldn't be text. So we wouldn't want to write it directly on comments, right? And cell phones are everywhere and I was at that festival now in Okohania quite a number of insiders were actually taking videos pictures. We just need to convince them to make them available and to somehow link them to where they belong. And yes, we need a live Oche Herrero Wikipedia, not an incubator. We have, while the first consultations with the participatory design, the first thing they requested was, but if everybody can edit that what will happen? And we need to forbid that and that cannot be the idea. But in fact I guess most people in this room would not edit Oche Herrero Wikipedia because you don't speak the language. And the language is also very local. It's not like English where you have to share it with 100 countries. Secondly, within the Oche Herrero speakers, there would be a significant self-regulation. Nobody would stand up from a grade 10 class and start writing the biography of their chief. They just wouldn't do that. They would leave that to the people that they believe should do that. So it wouldn't be much of a problem. We still might have quite unusual Wikipedia allowing oral citations, possibly forbidding written citations for certain things. I can't see the number but I'm running out of time, I understand. But you see it's like when I'm 13, so I'm basically through. There's also theory discussions that still need to be done or to be intensified. A lot of innovations from the West have done devastation among the culture and tradition of the indigenous population. For instance, formal schooling. We interviewed someone and we said, but why do you think your traditional knowledge is disappearing? And then the old man says, but you know these days the kids are at school. They come home at two or half past two. Then they have school work that they have household chores and then they're tired. Nobody's sitting at my fire and listening to my stories anymore because the kids are at school. Right? So while they didn't see that negatively, they said, no, no, the kids need an education. They understand that. And they said, well, it's actually destroying our village life. That's the situation. And there's many other examples. If you're interested, we can meet outside. But also the ethical discussion needs to go about if we collect all that knowledge. Currently for this knowledge you need to visit a knowledge bearer. You need to go to a festival or you need to approach this person. If we simply collected all in form of videos and you can just, you know like with watch this video, watch that video, watch that video, then if it leads to a situation where you have no need anymore to go to the community gatherings then we might be destroying more than we are improving. So we need to talk about that. So what we don't want is to create a cultural second life where you're not participating in the real cultural events anymore or you have a digital somewhere and it's on your USB stick and some point in time I'll check that out. And we need to talk about legal considerations because there has also been a lot of damage done in Namibia and I'm sure in other countries as well of somebody revealing a certain technique on video somebody else releasing the video under CC by SA and somebody else taking it as if what was released was the description of what the person said. To an extent that indigenous Damara may no longer harvest certain plants because a pharmaceutical company came along got the patent for that, lobbied government so that the plant is under 100% protection now and now it can't be used for its traditional purposes anymore because it's been sold in little pills to indigenous in Europe. So this must not happen and it has happened before and I think it's well I wanted to put that acronym in that I am not a lawyer but I thought well from my understanding this is a misunderstanding because if I take a picture of a building and I release the picture I'm saying nothing about the architectural rights, the architectural idea of that building all I'm releasing is a photograph from this angle under these conditions so the content of my work is not the building or the dress the content is simply how I took the picture analogous if I take a video of an elder describing a certain technique and I release the video according to my understanding it can't be that I'm releasing his description under an open license but it should be that I'm releasing my way of capturing an audio signal but we need to have that dialogue because even the elders are sensitized to that and they are asking and it's good that they are asking. Alright that was a lot 13 slides and I still run out of time I'm not quite sure whether we can his shaking his head really not even one question Thank you very much for this sort of critical thinking I want to add one more sort of critical remark there was some discussion elsewhere about this offline editing systems this person was questioning offline editing and well I don't want to go down to the discussion but we have to remember that offline editing is one way it's not the network it's a system it's one way I understand it's trying to avoid accessibility a question which is a big deal there but still it's one way communication Thank you very much offline editing if it's being used as a vehicle as a vehicle to improve access like as to if I don't have internet access then I can do offline editing I think that's coming too late there is even in the remotest area there is network these days in Namibia it's actually very very cheap we pay for a week of connectivity we pay less than 3 US dollars probably $2.30 which is within the reach of even the poorest parts of the population at least in Namibia it's a middle income country on average but yes if we are using it in a form of forming this group and consulting about what we are doing before putting it live then that makes a lot of sense I would guess I don't see those numbers I see you lifting up something so one one one I got a one who wants to take okay alright then you should have kicked me earlier okay thank you very much


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the pineal gland. This gland is a small reddish-gray gland which is found on the dorsal surface of forebrain of vertebrates. Its shape resembles that of a pine cone, so it is named as pineal gland. Dear students, the pineal gland is actually a modified photoreceptor. In some amphibians and reptiles, it is associated with their third eye or parietal eye, so it is linked to the light-sensing organs and has photoreceptors in it. In birds and mammals, it contains light-sensitive cells and has connections with the eyes. So, because of presence of light-sensitive cells in it, light controls its secretory activity. Dear students, the pineal gland produces a hormone which is called melatonin. This melatonin is synthesized from serotonin. Serotonin itself is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. This amino acid tryptophan is made from serotonin or serotonin. The hormone melatonin is involved in regulating the biorhythms in vertebrates. This hormone is produced due to light sense of light, light effects on the pineal gland as a result melatonin is produced. So the production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness while it is inhibited by light. So it is secreted at night and its amount released depends on the length of the night. During winter when days are short and nights are long, more melatonin is secreted. Melatonin is involved in the regulation of many rhythmic activities related to light and dark periods and the seasons involving the length of day and night periods. Dear students, the main target of melatonin is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. This suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus, it actually functions as a biological clock. The timing of all this is the result of this hypothalamus. Melatonin actually decreases the activity of this part or as a result this is related, this basic fact is related to the effect of melatonin in mediating biorhythms. Dear students, now we shall discuss the role of melatonin in sleep wake up cycles. Birds or mammals have very characteristic sleep or wake cycles. In these cycles melatonin plays an important role. It modulates the brain stem structures which govern the sleep wake up cycles. Melatonin's synthesis increases when light decreases and in the previous night it is at its peak. In childhood it is more produced. In elder age its production decreases. This is the reason that in elderly people who get disturbances in sleep cycles and their sleep decreases, that is why less production of melatonin occurs. Dear students, melatonin also regulates the seasonal fertility in many animals. Melatonin also causes a decrease in the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary. As a result, gonad-activity of the gonads is inhibited. In many animals, gonads become involuted or shrink during certain seasons of the year. It commonly happens during the early winters when nights are longer. When winter ends and spring season is about to come, at that time the secretion of gonadotropin resumes and increases. As a result, animals and their gonads become prepared for springtime reproductive activity. Dear students, melatonin is also related to the sexual development in humans. In children, melatonin is produced in much larger quantities. This is considered as the reason that gonads do not develop in children and sexual development does not happen. When puberty comes, melatonin production reduces. In adults, melatonin is also involved in controlling sex drive and reproduction in humans.


Welcome to the Visual Studio 2019 launch. I'm going to be talking to you about machine learning and artificial intelligence for every developer with ML.NET and Visual Studio 2019. My name is Pranav Rastogi, and I'm a program manager on the.NET team, and I'm specifically working on enabling machine learning for developers through our tools and frameworks. .NET has been a great platform for building any kind of application ranging from desktop, web, cloud, mobile, gaming, IoT, and now I'll show you how easy it is to build machine learning applications with.NET. ML.NET is a machine learning framework for.NET developers. You can build your own models. It's proven and extensible. It's been used heavily inside of Microsoft across all groups. It's open source and cross-platform, so it works on Windows, Mac, and Linux, and it's highly developer focused in terms of the scenarios that we are enabling and how you can build with ML.NET. ML.NET is available at .NET slash ML. Here are some of the machine learning scenarios we are targeting with ML.NET. You can do sentiment analysis, issue classification, ranking, image classification, forecasting, predictive maintenance, recommendation, and the idea behind this is all of the developers know scenarios versus knowing ML tasks, so we are making ML.NET very approachable for .NET developers. ML.NET is proven at scale. It's enterprise ready. Microsoft has been using internally ML.NET for the last 10 years across various products. If you've seen Bing ads or you've done chart recommendations, design ideas in PowerPoint, Windows Defender, anomaly detection in Azure Stream Analytics, key influencers in Power BI, and a lot more product groups using ML.NET at scale that we have sort of over years, we've made the machine learning tech behind it perform much better by dock voting this ourselves. Beyond our internal customers, we have lots of external customers using ML.NET at scale in production as well. SIG parser is an example of a customer using ML.NET. SIG parser is trying to make the CRM management much more easier by automating various tasks around email parsing, email classification, entity extraction. Here's an example use case of SIG parser using ML.NET. With ML.NET, they were able to train the model and immediately test inside of the code. This makes shipping new changes faster because all of the tooling was in one place. The great benefit of ML.NET is a developer focus framework. So it integrates to your existing tool sets across CLI, across Visual Studio, across DevOps, across CI CD. So it is just another.NET library that you would use in your application. SIG parser was able to take these advantages of ML.NET and improve their productivity for their own business. So I'm going to show you ML.NET in action right now. We'll look an example of how can we do sentiment analysis using ML.NET. Let me explain you a few concepts before we see the demo. This is an example dataset for doing sentiment analysis. It is the Wikipedia detox data and it has two columns. One is the common column and the other is the toxic column whether this piece of comment is toxic or not. We'll split this column with data into two categories. One column becomes the features, which is the data that we'll use to train the model, and the second column is going to become the label or the output or the column that we're going to predict. So simply put sentiment analysis is a problem where we're trying to classify a text into two categories A or B. In this case, is the comment toxic or not. So we'll get a yes and no answer. At a very core, here is an example of a typical machine learning workflow process. The first step in this process is to prepare your data where you load this data. In our case, the sentiment, the Wikipedia detox dataset, we'll extract the features. In our case, we'll extract the comments as a feature. Then we'll train the model and we'll evaluate the model. Eventually, we'll test the model in production. So let us see how this sentiment analysis looks like in practice inside Visual Studio 2019. Here is a sample application showing you how we can do sentiment analysis using ML.NET. This is a console application, and the dataset is the same dataset I showed you where I have two columns, sentiment and sentiment text, and I'm going to debug through this application to show you how easy it is to build a sentiment analysis model in ML.NET. The first step in this process is to new up a context, and then we load our training data. In our case, we are loading the Wikipedia detox dataset that we just saw. In the third step, we are building the pipeline. This is where we'll extract the data, we can extract our features. In this case, we have the features column as a comment, and we're going to predict the output which is going to be our sentiment. Since it's a type of binary classification problem, I've added this SDCL learner to my pipeline. After building this pipeline, I'm going to call training on this dataset. So I'm going to call pipeline.fit, which is going to take the pipeline that we built earlier. It's going to train and build a model against my training dataset, and then I'm going to test my data against my test data to see how the model performed. So if I go back to my console, we see that we got the model of accuracy 70 percent, which is not bad for this dataset. Then after I've built the model, I'm going to try out this model with my own data. So in this case, I'm creating a new type called sentiment data. I'm giving this input to the model that I just built. So if I step over this, we'll see what was the predicted sentiment for this text. ML.NET is fun, the sentiment was positive. The last step in our process is to save the model. So I can save the model as a binary artifact as a zip file. So I can take it and load it from any other application that.NET is running on. So it could be web app, mobile app, it could be running on the Edge, it could be running on the Cloud. It's just an artifact of your.NET project that you can run. So let me run through this application. You'll see I loaded my data in this application, I extracted the features, I built the model, then I trained the model, then I evaluated the model, and then I use the model on my own dataset. So this was very easy for me to get started with ML.NET and build a sentiment analysis model. Let's switch to image classification. ML.NET not only supports classical machine learning scenarios like text classification or price prediction or recommendation, it also supports deep learning scenarios. I'm going to show you how you can do image classification with a model built using TensorFlow. Deep learning is a revolutionizing space which includes vision and speech recognition. It's very useful when you have lots of data to train your neural network. In our example, I'll show you how to classify an image whether it's a dog or not a dog. In this case, we'll use a pre-trained TensorFlow model called inception to classify these images. So let's go ahead and see this application in practice. This is my dataset that I'm going to use to predict whether an image is a broccoli or not or a canoe or not or a teddy or not. So I have these different images that I've captured. I've built this console application where I'm going to build an ML.NET pipeline to load a pre-trained TensorFlow model and then use it inside a.NET application to classify these images. So let's go ahead and run this application. The first step in our application is to load the model. In this case, we are loading a model into the ML context pipeline. This is the path to where all the images are stored. I'm doing some basic transformations on the images in terms of resizing and extracting pixel, and I'm then using the pre-trained TensorFlow model to train this ML.NET pipeline. So let's go ahead and run this function. So far, we have loaded the model, and in this section, we will use the loaded model to take each image and classify the type of this image. So in this code over here, I'm reading all the images and I'm predicting what's the output classification for this image. So let's go ahead and run this program. It'll iterate over all the images and it'll give me what was the output prediction with the probability score. So you can see it predicted some of these images correctly, like the coffee pot was predicted incorrectly and the probability was 60 percent. So you get this metrics to figure out whether the predictions are happening correctly or not. So this was a quick and easy way to use pre-trained TensorFlow models in ML.NET for image classification. So I hope you enjoyed this short video about ML.NET in Visual Studio 2019. ML.NET is a framework for .NET developers to use machine learning. It's open source and it's proven on scale since it's being used internally at Microsoft. I showed you an example of how to do sentiment analysis and image classification. If you're interested in trying out ML.NET, here are some links to getting started. We have lots of samples which you can follow for your use case. You can read the getting started tutorials. If you have a feature or a request for a new area to add to ML.NET, you can follow this link. If you're looking to use ML.NET in production, you can use this link to reach out to an ML.NET engineer who can help you get to production as well.


Too busy bickering on TV to run the country. There's got to be more to the House of Commons than that, right? Before the House of Commons, all the House of Lords, there was just the King and his Barons. The King could call them whenever he wanted, but he didn't count on them becoming powerful. And in 1215, they made King John Seale Magna Carta, which forced him to obey the law, and set up an advisory council of 25 men. 50 years later, Simon de Montfort rebelled against Henry III, and for the first time invited representatives of the towns together with the Knights of the Shires to his 1265 parliament. These citizens met separately from the nobility and evolved to form the House of Commons in 1332. So, now there are two houses, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. As the rights of the people increased, the King and nobility became less powerful, and the balance of power eventually swung to the Commons. In 1512, a huge fire consumed Westminster Palace. Henry VIII moved out, and once rebuilt, it became Parliament's home. Parliament still works from Westminster today and has three parts, the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarchy. Members of the House of Commons are elected by you and me. Every five years, we elect representatives to run the country on our behalf, which means we run the country, kind of. It's easy to run as a candidate, you just have to be 18, not in prison and not a lord. Oh, and also, you can't be the monarch. Ever since Charles I burst in on the chamber and invited, no king or queen has been allowed in. So, what does the House actually do all day? It debates important issues, makes and reviews our laws, represents the public and holds the government to account. Inside the House of Commons, there are two sides, on one side the government who run the country and on the other side the opposition who keep an eye on what the government are doing. The chamber only has 437 seats for over 600 members, so MPs have to pack in for big debates. The common speaker sits at the head of the room to maintain order. The Prime Minister leads the government and appoints ministers to form a cabinet. You'll see them on the front bench. It's the government that introduces most of the ideas for new laws and changes to old ones. The opposition questions and challenges the government. All MPs split their time between the House of Commons and their constituency. Often MPs have to figure out what's best for their party or what's best for the local people they represent, even the ones who didn't vote for them. There are lots of ways the government is held to account. Every week, for half an hour, the Prime Minister comes to the House of Commons to answer questions from MPs. It's dramatic, it's heated, and it's this that gets the most viewers tuning in. But it's not just the PM in the hot seat. MPs get to question ministers from all government departments. And then, there are select committees where MPs spend a lot of time reviewing the policies and spending of government. This is called scrutiny. They speak to experts and the public to understand how laws affect our everyday lives. This work helps the government shape their policies. Also, whenever the government wants to raise taxes, the House of Commons has to agree. They review any proposed bill before they vote. So it's not just a lot of rowdy bickering. They do more than what's shown on TV. Debating important issues, making laws, holding the government to account, and allowing MPs to represent the public. That's you. So what do you think of the House of Commons now?


Hey guys, welcome to another month of my creative year. So this month for July we are Working with pick your own palette. So I Want you this month to start the month With I want you to find a palette of colors that interests you and excites you and I want you to share said palette in the Facebook group we are going to create a photo album for you to do that in and I want everybody to post their pictures in that photo album and create sort of each of you create sort of a mood board or go find a Paint palette inspiration photo on Pinterest or something and I want you to post it in the photo album. I created these last year and I think I posted some of them on Facebook, but I don't I mean on YouTube, but I don't remember I know I posted them on social media. So for years. I've been collecting different photos For inspiration and I used to keep them in well, hang on. I can show you what I Because I still have one because it was just easier to keep this one in here than to create the new book with it So this is my people book and I say photos from Can you see that I say photos from magazines and my family? these two people right here, these are my parents and I use them as inspiration. That's my dad from high school I use them as inspiration for face shapes and features and shading and lighting and contour and When I'm painting and so I have a whole book of those So I had like one for people one for landscape one for animals And so the people one is really the only one I need like that and again This is just a simple notebook from the the You know office supply store and they're just taped in with scotch tape But I wanted to go a little further with some of the pictures and creates sort of custom color palettes so I took photos and I Took them out of the book they weren't in and then I took the photo and taped it in and then Colors inspired by that photo and created a palette and I wrote down what the colors of paint were that I used exactly and then put a swatch and Sometimes like in this page. There's three photos. I thought worked well together Not only composition only this is a word composition only But with the colors and I also blended the colors on a piece of spare packaging material and made a You know a stamp with it to see what the colors would look like sort of next to each other and blend semi-blended and I have Let's see. This is animals and insects and I have This is just color inspiration. So photos here like this one and I But single photos or groups of photos. I thought the colors were just very inspirational So I want you to find something like this. I want you to take a picture of it And I want you to share it in the Facebook group if you have books like this I want you to flip through them and I want you to pick a photo That you're gonna be inspired by the colors in it this month And I want you to share that picture And let's see where we go from there initially. I want you to just figure out. I want you to select some colors I don't want you to feel like you're limiting yourself But I want you to select some colors to be inspired by maybe you're going to like last time Last month select a muted palette or a neutral palette like maybe some just basic like grays whites maybe a little bit of muted purple and You're going to use that as a base for colors during the month But you can add other colors to it You can just use it as something to be inspired by but whatever it is I want you to paste something and it can be more than one. It doesn't have to be one. I want you to create a album or add photos to the album we're going to create and I want you to Inspire yourselves and other people maybe you're going to post a photo And that you think you're going to be inspired by it, but then you see somebody else's maybe it works Is what you originally posted maybe it doesn't and you're just going to completely go off and use theirs That's okay And I want you to share in the group what you're creating with this inspiration and what kind of materials you're pulling together from this inspiration, whether it's paint or collage or fabric or Um anything it could be anything. Let's not limit ourselves to paint and drawing Um, as you all know, I've been hold on and it's up close up my eye my gray heros Um, I've been working on slow stitching. This is the fabric book. I am still working on That I started with and Brooke from and Brooke textile artist youtube channel And um, this was um initially inspired the colors by our muted palette from last month But you can see i'm adding pops of you know, uh pretty teally turquoisey blue colors in there. So While you're inspired by the muted palette, you know, that doesn't mean you can't add other things in So I want to see where you go with this this month. Of course like last month. I'll bring one or two more videos to you Um sometime during the month, but I want to see what you're doing and don't be afraid to ask questions in the group We would love to see what you're thinking and start a conversation. That's it for right now If you're finding this on youtube and you don't know what the heck i'm talking about my creative years facebook group um for artists and creatives and we encourage daily um practice and creativity and encourage asking questions and learning It's a safe place to create art and learn more about the practice of art and um if you'd like to join the Link is in the video description Um, I would I and the other teachers in the group would appreciate supporting the free content We provide not only on youtube but in the facebook group For me, I have an etsy shop and an amazon affiliate link and a paypal tip jar and patreon and all that stuff So pick one um and the other teachers have like um things so they're um if you can't figure out how to support them ask We're happy to answer your questions and most of your favorite creatives on youtube and in the facebook art groups I'll have ways to support so I know they'd appreciate it especially right now Um, so don't forget the most important thing stay safe. Stay healthy. Stay creative Go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye guys


What's happening guys eyes like here?  So let's get into it. Let's jump her into it first book I want to start with is rich dad Poor dad now you if you listen to any personal development channels and he's self-improvement You'll see that this book is referred Quite a lot.  It's a really good book It's very simple very straightforward and easy to read that anyone can understand you pick it up. It's relatively entertaining and not very dry Now the reason I recommend this book is because it's a gateway book. It's a book that really gets you thinking about Your life about how to make money now it's not gonna give you some elaborate strategies of Gathering up a hundred thousand dollars from investors for your new startup But it is going to give you the basic and fundamentals that are gonna lead you down the pathway of Searching for more information. So it's a very very good books a very good gateway book Now, why do I recommend this book? Well, a lot of people that are into person development self-improvement They want to make money. They want to enjoy themselves. They want to retire young They don't want to retire when they're 60 or travel Asia go around go to Rome and do all that stuff Wow pursuing your highest ideals and you can't do that if you're working the nine of five every day now There's a very big problem with society society Trains you to become an employee, right? So when you go to school the person who Falls instructions the person who remembers everything they're told and regurgitates it is the person who gets the a plus The person who should be rebellious be creative thinking outside the box is punished you there is no value in that It's because society is trying to develop employees the employee might say The vast majority of people need to be employees for society to run So you can't have everyone running around being entrepreneurs being creative taking risks and all this stuff That's why society is like that. So because they're shaping people up suiting you up and beating you up becoming a Employee a lot of information is skipped in information such as liabilities and assets Investing real estate the stock market index funds your Roth IRA your Superannuation how the market human psychology a lot of stuff is missed out because it's not needed when you are an employee But it but this stuff is very Important when you're trying to make money down the line for yourself when you're trying to gain some freedom You really got to dig deep in this stuff. So the basic premise of this book is giving you the fundamentals It's laying out the basis and the very basic of basics in terms of making money is different to liabilities and assets We are Torts in life in general just to gather up a bunch of liabilities a lot of people don't know what asset is So liability is pretty much something that takes your money It's when you go to the shop and you buy the new Gucci handbag It's a liability when you buy the new car and you upgrade to a new model. That's a liability When you pain your holiday via credit card, that's a liability liabilities and it takes away money Assets are things that give you money assets could be stuff such as a real estate. Maybe some investments you have in the stock market certain things that have a return to have a similar those are assets and In layman's terms in the very simple Terms if you want to make money, you need to have a lot more assets than liabilities You can't run around all day just spending your money on Gucci flip-flops and Versace and all that bullshit now there's different types of assets assets could be like Assets that actually give you money or assets Has an assets to your life like books. That's an asset. This book Maya cost me $27 But the value in this is worth more than $27 if I read this and I apply it and I get a return on my life Maybe perhaps in a few years. I'll be Making $200,000 a year because of this book. That's an asset. It's a different type of asset So basically the book tells you to identify assets and liabilities and go for the assets That's the basic premise of the book. You know if you want to know more about the book You see if I can read the book. It's a good book. It's very short.  I think we'll get way more than a thousand subscribers Before the end of the month, I'm gonna do a video every day for this month We're gonna easily smash a thousand subscribers and that's just one milestone.  Make sure you leave in the comment section I'm gonna need all of these ideas and I'm gonna get to work guys because this is what I do This is what we're gonna do. We're gonna get to a hundred thousand We're gonna get to one thousand first and maybe we're gonna have a giveaway. So yeah Hope you guys enjoy that


وكيف يعمل الشهر على أهل سنة والجماعة في نهاية أخرى نتحدث عن المشاكل وقواعد المشاكل بشكل كافر إذا يتركه نتحدث عن ذلك ومن ذلك كيف يعمل الشهر؟ كيف يعمل الشهر؟ يجب أن يساعد ما يعمل الشهر هذا ما يحدث إذا كيف يعمل الشهر؟ زيد عمر بقى يأتي مع أشياء هذه الأشياء now is an action which is a kafir يأتي مع أشياء which is a kafir لا تحتاج أن أشياء بشكل كافر هذا شيء يجب أن تتذكر يأتي مع أشياء هذه الأشياء is a kafir لكن لا تحتاج أن هذا المشاكل يكون كافر كيف يعمل الشهر؟ كيف يعمل الشهر؟ كيف يعمل الشهر؟ كيف يعمل الشهر؟ كيف يعمل الشهر؟ الله يقول في القرآن وما كنا معذبينة لن نكون أحد who punish حتى نبعث رسولة until we sent out a messenger meaning and still a prophet comes to them and he conveys the message to them we don't punish any people قتاده he said in the تفسير of this ayah قتاده as you know من جليل الطبري brings from him قتاده he said إن الله هتبارك واتعالى ليس يعذب أحد حتى يسبق إليه من الله خبر أو يأتيه من الله بيينة وليس معذب أحد إلا بدبه الله هتبارك واتعالى ليس one who punishes any individual until there comes to him a prior news a prior information or it comes to him a clear co-evidence before that وليس الله is not معذب one who punishes حتى أحد and any individual إلا بدبه except his sin that he has done in another ayah الله سبحانه وتعالى he says رسولة مبشرينة ومنذرينة لأن لا يكون للناس على الله حجة بعد الرسول الله says in this ayah messengers who give glad tidings and messengers that will why لأن لا يكون لأن لا يكون للناس so they can't be الله says messengers we sent who give warnings and they give glad tidings why لأن لا يكون للناس so it can't be for the people على الله حجة there can't be no proof for these people against الله the day of judgment after the messengers have been sent meaning these messengers are here so that you don't come the day of judgment and say oh Allah you didn't send a prophet to me the people claim they will try to bring a proof an argument for themselves so Allah said I sent messengers who warn messengers who give glad tidings so there is no excuse for the people the day of judgment after the messengers have been sent and Imam Al-Baghawi said in the commentary of this verse وفيه دليل in this ayah is an evidence على أن الله لا يعذب أن الله لا يعذب الخلق قبل قبل بع فيه الرسول كما قبل بعثة الرسول أن الله لا يعذب الخلق قبل بعثة الرسول الله is not one he's in this ayah is an evidence that Allah does not punish the creation before he sent a messenger out to them محمد الأمين الشانقيطي يساننز كتاب أضاء البيان يصرح في هذه الآية الكريمة بأنه لا بد أن يقطع حجة كل أحد بإرسال الرسول مباشرين من أطاعهم بالجنة والمندرين من أعصاهم بالناري الشيخ العلم محمد الأمين الشانقيطي يساننز this ayah الله تبارك وتعالى clearly says that it's necessary for every individual's proof to be disconnected meaning every person's argument against Allah is going to be disconnected it means it's going to be stopped they won't exist by what? by sending messengers to them you won't have an argument anymore these messengers will give glad tidings to the ones who obey them by saying to them that they're going to enter paradise and those messengers are also going to warn those who disobey them by telling them that they're going to go to the hellfire so those two ayahs are a proof that if a person comes with an action or something that is kufr it doesn't necessarily mean that they become a kafir unless the proof is established against them as for the sunnah as for the sunnah it also indicated the same ألمام المسلم narrated in his Sahih من حديث أبي غوريرة رضي الله تعالى عنه that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم has said والذي نفسه محمد بيده I swear by the Lord محمد's soul is in his hand لا يسمع بأحد من هذه الأمة يهودي you ولا نصراني you no Christian or Jew he is about me ثم يموته and then he dies ولم يؤمن بالذي أرسلت به and then he does not believe in that which I have been sent with إلا كان من أصحاب الله except he's from the people of the hellfire so what does the hadith say he hears of me okay the hadith says that I swear by the Lord in which my soul is in his hand I swear by Allah that no Christian or Jew he is about me the Christian in Jew has to hear about the prophet and then he died and he doesn't believe in me so when he's dying and when he's after he's heard about the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام then the prophet عليه الصلاة والسلام he said if he doesn't believe in me and that which I have been sent with he's going to be from the people of the hellfire so this hadith clearly shows what that the prophet has to be heard about ألمام النور رحمه الله يسد الشرح of this hadith صحيه مسلم ففيه نسخ الملة نبينا صلى الله عليه وسلم he said this hadith is an evidence that all of the previous legislations and all of the previous religions before the prophet نبي الله محمد are all abrogated they all gone they don't exist وفي مفهومه دلالة على أن من لم تبلغ دعوة الاسلامي فهو معظور and also the understanding in this hadith is that anybody who it does not reach him the message of an Islam is excused وهذا جال على ما تقدم في الأصولي أنه لا حكم قبل ورود الشرق على الصحيح ومسأل أصولية كولت العلماء أصول الفق that there is no ruling before a legislation comes there is no ruling meaning he can't be given a ruling of being called a what a person of the because no شرع has actually come this is what he said it's a so what do we learn from this now what we learn from this is not every individual who comes with an action of kufr in which we would say that is kufr anyone who leaves the prayer is kufr are you with me sisters and brothers so we now might say for instance anybody who leaves the prayer is a kufr we may take that opinion but then we might know a cousin we might know an individual who doesn't pray we stated a kufr that does not mean that individual straight away becomes a kufr based on it because the the first one is what a kufr المطلق and the second one is a kufr المعين a kufr المطلق means what the general ruling which is anybody who leaves the prayer is a kufr this is kufr مطلق it's called what kufr مطلق you now saying that I'm going to take that kufr I mentioned there and I'm going to place on this particular individual now it's called المعيني معين معين means what specifying you're specifying a general ruling on a particular individual that is incorrect there has to be conditions in place first there has to be what there has to be conditions in place first does that make sense now there are examples that I want to show you prime examples okay actions that took place based on this particular action and that is from the Sunnah in which the Prophet ﷺ so a group of companions do things which they were then excused for which were wrong okay things that had come from them and these things came from him in his presence ﷺ and the Prophet ﷺ didn't label any one of them a kufr rather he gave them what he excused them ﷺ either due to the ignorance or due to the interpretation an example of that is what عبد الله أبي أوفا narrated okay لما قديما معاد when معاد came from Sham معاد came from where Sham and when معاد came from Sham رضي الله تعالى عنه he prostrated to the Prophet ﷺ معاد prostrated to the Prophet and then the Prophet ﷺ ما هذا يا معاد معاد what is this معاد then said أتيتوا الشامع و أتيتوا يسجدون لأس لأساء قفا تهم وبطارقة وبطارقة تهم معاد رضي الله تعالى عنه he said I came from Sham okay sorry when did I say he came from Sham he said I came from Sham and I saw them prostrate to their leaders and those in charge of them فوديتوا في نفسي I wished in my heart and نفع على ذلك that we do this for you or message of Allah فقال رسول الله the messenger said فلا تفعل don't do this فإني لو كنت أمر أحد for verily if I was to come on anyone to prostrate for anyone لغير الله besides Allah لأمرت المرأة I would have come on in the woman and test Judah لزوجها for her to prostrate for her husband العظم الحق عليها because of the great in rights he has on her so the Prophet ﷺ didn't make it clear on who معاد in any way form or shape and he didn't say to Mu'ad that what you did you are a coward for it so this hadith and what Mu'ad did was wrong and prostrating for other than Allah is what it's kufr also Bukhari narrated from the narration of Khalid عن الربيع بنت معود قال جاء النبي ﷺ the Prophet came فدخل حين بني عليها فجلس على فراش مجلسك مني ربيع ربيع ربيع بنت معود then the Prophet entered on to me he entered in when I was basically the day of my wedding the day of my wedding he entered فجلس على فراش and he sat on my bed he sat on it and ربيع بنت معود قال he sat where you are sitting for me right now the Prophet ﷺ and then the Prophet ﷺ she said عن لنة women young women who were dancing and they were singing for us and they were praising من قتل من عبائي يومد بدن though my fathers were killed in the battle of bedan this is a common thing that they do which is at the wedding day they praise who they praise your parents okay everybody praises their people and death is used and women are allowed to that day to use the death for their wedding and they also allowed what they are allowed to sing the women are allowed as long as what they say is not foul so she said she was they were praising that what my forefathers were killed and my fathers were killed in the battle of bedan ادقار احدة one of them went as extreme as saying يعلم لما في غدلي أحنا محدث هل الحديثlike this المعادة والأسلاحة والتكلمين والأشياء التي تأتي من هؤلاءهم المعادة تبقى للأسلاء الله عليه وسلم و كما نعرف تبقى أخر than الله سبحانه وتعالى هو شرق أكبر مخرج من الملاح you'll take it out of the fold of the Islam ولكن عندما هذا حدث من المعادة و لأن المعادة يأتي مع ماذا؟ يأتي مع عدر شرعي يأتي مع مجرد مدرس هل معي؟ لذا نحن سنقول أن من يفعل أخر than الله هو شرق أكبر ولكن بحيث أن أحد يكون معظور ولكن بحيث أن أحد يكون معظور بحيث أن أحد يكون معظور هل معي أخي؟ now I want you to all understand is the حاليث of معادي من الجبلين and also the حاليث of this جارية okay pay attention to this بوث of these it needs more explanation and it needs more observation regarding it whether a person can be excused from major shirk can a person be excused due to ignorance on something that is أصل من أصول الدين this is a حاليث معادي and the حاليث of جارية needs more explanation okay and should we distinguish between the ruining of this world and the ruining of the hereafter this مسألة يحتاج إلى التفصيل والبصد it needs more explanation so we find from these حاليث that a مسألة which is ألعذر بالجهلي excusing a person based on ignorance is the مسألة that the علمان know as what ألعذر بالجهلي can can you be excused for ignorance are you with me and the mercy of Allah لله تعالى أسماء وصفات جاء بها كتابه وأخبر بها نبيه الله سبحانه وتعالى يأتي with names من الله has names and Allah has characteristics the Quran has come to inform us of those names of Allah and his characteristics the messengers صلى الله عليه وسلم he came and told us about it ولا يسعوا أحدا من خلق الله it is not befitting nor is it permissible for anybody from the creation of Allah قامة علي الحجة that the proof has been established onto him regarding Allah's names and attributes ردوها to reject it it's not permissible for anybody after Allah has mentioned his names and attributes the prophet has told Allah's names and attributes it is not permissible for anybody to reject it لأن القرآن نزل بها because the Quran came down to tell us about Allah's names it came to tell us about Allah's characteristics وصحة عرض صلى الله عليه وسلم قولوا بها فيما روا عنه العدول and it is also authentically transmitted from the prophet of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم through authentic chain of narration reliable individuals have transmitted it from the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم فمن خالف ذلك كأني who opposes the Kitab and the Sunnah in this regard now بعداته أبوه تلحجاتي when the proof has been established on this person فهو كافيرون he is a disbeliever now so the proof has been established against him see what he conditioned ابنه ابنه ادرس الشافري محمد ادرس الشافري you with me what did he condition بعداته أبوه تلحجاتي the proof has been established against this person فهو كافيرون he is a disbeliever أما قبل ثوبوتي الحجة عليه فما عظور بالجهة لي كما قد يكون استابلشت فيه لأن علم ذلك لا يقدر بالعقلي لأن هذا ليست مباشرة لأحد يمكن أن يتعرف about it based on their intellects or rationality و لا بالراوية والقلبي والفكري و لأحد يمكن أن يأتي to this based on being a person who is diligent a person who thinks, a person who ponders they can't come to this conclusion و لا نكفر بالجهة لأحدا و لا نكفر بالجهة لأحد يمكن أن يتعرف about it until the narration and the information reaches him هل أنت معني أخياء أخياء أخياء؟ لذا أشعر بالأخياء أخياء is an excuse but pay attention as again as I said ماتز of أصول الدين ماتز بتتوحيل لا إله إلا الله and it's meaning و أصل أصول الدين لا إله إلا الله and it's meanings a person can't be excused for its ignorance this is an exception here and as I said to you حديث of معادل و جبنين and حديث of دجارية they need more explanation and I've tried to slightly touch on this issue of whether a person is excused for ignorance when it comes to أصل أصول الدين لا إله إلا الله because شافعه is talking about a matter which is what دقيق he's talking about Allah's name that actually it's what we're talking about أولوهية و قال ابن العربي ابن العربي said فالجايل والمخطئ من هذه الأمة ولو عامل من الكفر والشرك ما يكون صحبه مشركة أو كافرة فإنه يُعظر بالجايل والخطئ حتى يتبين له الحجة التي يكفر تاريكها بيانا واضحا ما يلتبسوا على مثله ابن العربي the great maliki scholar the great this is ابن العربي the great maliki scholar and جمال الدين القاسم is the one who transmitted this statement from him okay that ابن العربي said فالجايل والمخطئ والمخطئ the one who has done a mistake من هذه الأمة okay the one who is ignorant and the one who is coming with mistakes okay from this ummah if he does a thing that is kufr and he does something which is shirk فإنه يُعظر بالجايل والخطئ he is excused for his ignorance and he is also excused for his mistake حتى يتبين له الحجة until the proof becomes clear to him التي يكفر تاريكها in which the person who leaves it will become a disbeliever based on it شيخ الاسلام ابن تيميس said in his مجموعة الفتاة the tenth volume page 372 ابن تيميس said فإنه سو سل وعيد التي في الكتاب والسرنة the verses that you come across in the Quran the warnings in the Quran the verses where الله تبارك وتعالى is a warning ونصوص أئمة بالتكفير والتفسيق and also the statements of the scholars who label a person a kafir statements of the scholars where they are using تكفير on people they are saying anyone who does this is a kafir anyone who does this is a faser these statements as well he said ونحل ذلك لا يُستلز مثبوت ومُجيبها في حق المعيني you can't take them and straight away place it on a specific individual إلا إذا وجدت شروط وانتفت الموانع until until are you with me until the conditions are present are you with me brothers and sisters وانتفت الموانع and the excuses are what or sorry all the preventing factors are also absent all the conditions are there and all the preventing factors are absent are you with me brothers and sisters شيخ ألسلام تيمي he said something here right now he says لا فرقة في ذلك بين الأصول والفرود wow إبنو تيمي says there's no difference between whether it's a fundamental matter pertaining to the religion or whether it's a sub-branch meaning even if it's in شرك أكبر are you there brothers and sisters yeah إبنو تيمي here now it's saying there's no difference whether it's in فرور and أصول صح and in other place in his مجموعة الفتاة he says there's no excuse in أصول in the religion are you there brothers yeah does that make sense brothers here he says there's no difference between whether the person is coming with كفر أكبر in matters which are أصول what's a soul شرك أكبر if he's coming with it he can also still be excused based on ignorance and we just said no he can't صح a person is coming with his prostration to an idol okay شرك أسام تيمي says لا فرقة في ذلك بين الأصول والفرود in other place in his مجموعة الفتاة he says there's a difference are you there brothers how do you reconcile between these statements إن شاء الله إتعالى ذلك itself is another discussion that's itself is a another discussion والذلك إبنو عبد الوهب is the same if you read his statements they're the same there are times he's he's given excuses to كفر أكبر شرك أكبر he's saying they're معظور بالجهلي and in other places he's saying they're not معظور ولا يُرضر are you there brothers how do we understand the كلام of محمد عبد الهب here also it's another discussion as well because these علمات the كلام needs to be understood and as we said unequivocally and we repeat that أصول of the religion there's no عدر بالجهلي Ignorance card because what is it that you came into Islam with what brought you into Islam when you were saying لا إله إلا الله what brought you into Islam لا إله إلا الله brought you into Islam so what was it that you were believing that Allah is the only one who deserves to be worshipped so why are you worshipping inside I mean why are you worshipping besides Allah are you there brothers why isn't that what you said when you came into Islam or isn't that what لا إله إلا الله in tales what does لا إله إلا الله mean to you فعلم أنه لا إله إلا الله does it make sense so if you come with شرك أكبر you may be معظور the day of judgment that's something else the day of judgment Allah may forgive you that's between you and Allah أما في دار الدنيا as in this world we will lead we will consider you a kafر you're not a Muslim in the eyes we will not pray on you we will not say السلام عليكم to you are you there brothers so these people who call on to other than Allah the Awliya other than Allah they call on to the Awliya they call on to the Prophet they believe the Prophet the Nur sent from Allah they are not Muslims they are not Muslims are you with me brothers they are not Muslims if they die لا يُصَلَّى عليهم if they die they are not prayed on لا يُسَلَّموا they are not greeted السلام عليكم وعليكم السلام none of that they are not married off to the Muslim women are you with me if a woman is married to them then she just she has to go leave them she's married to a non-believer are you with me brothers this is very important that one understands this now insha'Allah تعالى we mentioned in many places there are conditions that have to be there شروط موانع صح we're now going to have to go into what are the conditions that we're talking about what are these شروط and what are these موانع so we are upon clarity when it comes to so pay attention anything other than شرك أكبر okay brothers a person is معبور are you with me brothers ignorance we're talking about where is it المعبور here pay attention here but anything other than that if a person does it can he be excuse for ignorance نعم ignorance can be excuse are you with me brothers that's no معبور حديث معاد need تفصيل and discussion are you with me brothers what does it need it needs تفصيل it needs discussion I promise to make it a whole discussion itself إن شاء الله تعالى and if I didn't know today that this issue will have popped up like this right now I will have put a research I have on it like in the discussion of معاد this حديث and the Hadith of the Jaria it needs تفصيل it needs تفصيل and this مسأل يا إخوة is it العدر بالجهة يا إخوة is not إرجاء nor is it خوالج it's like are you with me brothers it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like it's like