The western Oregon coast range, a temperate rainforest that gets about 100 inches of rainfall a year here. And I thought it was a very good setting to begin our today's lecture on the role of disturbances on landscape structure and function. I'm standing right in the middle of a small creek and while it's a nice summer base flow right here, in the winter the flows may be well over our heads, scouring out the rocks and all of the vegetation and animals and insects and even fish in the creek would have to be evolved and certainly adapted to these disturbances. But what about the forest? Many of you look at this and see that, well gosh, this is a forest primeval, what's the disturbances here? Yet if you look very closely you begin to let the landscape tell you its story. This is what we call a high severity fire regime, long return intervals. It's so wet here we rarely see fires, yet when they do come through they come through with great severity and again virtually all the plants and animals are adapted to this sort of disturbance. The great historian Steve Pine once stated that the earth is not only a great water planet but it is also a great fire planet because virtually all of the terrestrial vegetation on this earth has burned and does burn at one time or another. And that's no exception to this forest today and a great deal of what I'd like to talk to you about today in today's lecture will be the role of disturbances, particularly disturbances like wildfires and floods in this ecosystem. Let's talk a little bit more in depth about disturbances and disturbance ecology and what that means for resource management. Like I said in the field, virtually every ecosystem on this earth, whether it be aquatic or terrestrial, have some sort of disturbance that greatly influences their composition, structure and productivity. And so we say that these disturbances, whether it be in a forest, a shrubland, a grassland or even a wetland, it's a natural part of the environment, it's a natural part of the ecosystem, every bit as much of a factor as say snow, wind or rain or temperature, relative humidity that would influence that ecosystem. What's the definition of disturbance basically? We might call a disturbance as any discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or population structure and therefore changes resources, substrates or the physical environment. There are just some examples of disturbances that we might all experience one or two of these in whatever ecosystem you're working in. It might be things such as floods if you're down on the river or the creek, wildfires in virtually all of the terrestrial ecosystems, ice flows again are very common in some of the northern latitudes, hurricanes for those of you on coastal areas and wind and ice storms whether it's wind throw or very, very severe ice storms say again in the northern part of the country. Just some examples, this is a flood, a flood that you can see here has eliminated a small stand of alders in a mountain stream in northeastern Oregon but at the same time while it's destroying this stand it's creating and depositing substrates for new stands to establish. Another example such as a wildfire here in a sagebrush community again performing a myriad of functions. Here's a picture of an ice flow, a very ice storm event on the Malhear River again in eastern Oregon near the Idaho border and what you see here is not only are we eliminating plant communities but if you'll notice the willows and the stems being picked up by the ice and this example many of these willow stems will actually be deposited into gravel bars and flow so it is a way that many plant communities renew themselves and that these stems are the next generation for the next plant community. When we talk about disturbance though it's very difficult quite often to just talk about one area or one event in time we need to look at them and view them as you look at your landscape on a wide scale of both time and space. If you were to think of an example here on this graph of time being on the y-axis and spatial scale on the x-axis both of them increasing typically a small point might be a small pebble in a creek where it is getting turned over perhaps on a daily basis. Stands may be influenced every two to ten years by a fire by a flood. Entire watersheds may be affected on very large disturbances perhaps again landscape scale disturbance events. Regions may be influenced by huge but very very long return on events say perhaps a volcano or something that would influence a large area of the world and then we might even see it continental scales severe ice age events very long time scale events that would have large influences at this scale so again depending upon your scale of things is the time and the space have strong interactions. If we look at though when we start to examine and view natural disturbances we can see that and how we perhaps do research how you may monitor or look at the response of a natural disturbance depends upon your objectives. You might want to look at the sub-organism level which would be perhaps how does a disturbance influence plant growth or rate of growth or productivity. The organismal level or the individual level might be does this disturbance event increase reproductive output does it increase the personal fitness or decrease the personal fitness of a particular individual. We might want to look at the whole population response how do populations respond a population of a single species respond to are they favored by disturbance events or perhaps are their numbers and or perhaps even to put completely extirpated by some disturbance event. And then finally we might want to look at the ecosystem or landscape level how does disturbance influence productivity influence biological diversity at various many spatial scales of all the species taking all the species all the structures all the stands that we might see at that landscape level. I just want to give you an example here that would be very similar to what we saw in the old growth forest. Here's an example of sort of the cycle and how a single disturbance event this very discrete event in time may influence the composition and structure for hundreds of years. And again this is what we saw in that example from the forest and the coast range. We might start off with a fire being the disturbance event and we are looking at the size of the fire the frequency or how often the fires occur and then the behavior of the fire. This is sort of the fire regime that I'll get to and describe a little bit more in detail in a few minutes.     Which ones are we creating habitat conditions via creating new seed beds by the disturbance event. Are there seeds in the environment that are scarified or stimulated to germinate by the fire. All of these are created immediately after the fire. These two things these physical and biotic aspects interact to create the long term impacts on the environment. And these are the long term fire effects the biotic and abiotic processes over a scale of many many years think back on that old growth forest. After a hundred years you still see the composition of where the fire was severe. We have the western hemlock in the low intensity areas. We have the big old growth Douglas fir. Here's what we see here on this graph. The ecosystem composition, productivity, nutrient cycling etcetera is still being influenced. Now if a fire were to occur this summer on that site and we would follow this graph around these sorts of attributes that were created and by the last fire are now going to play in and influence the fuel loads again on this site that if a fire were to occur today much of its behavior size and frequency would be a direct result of the fuels and the composition which were set up again by the last fire. So again it gives you a good idea of how cyclical and how disturbances may play on each other over very very long time periods. Let's move on to elaborate on that ecosystem landscape level. We can see again that disturbances may influence successional pathways. The severity of the disturbance may influence or will influence the succession of any given site through time. It's going to influence the age and structure and composition particularly depending upon the frequency of the disturbance event. It's going to influence the mosaic of vegetation landscape so that spatial scale of biological diversity in your ecosystem. Insects and pathogens, many insects and pathogens as are all components of the biota are either favored or hurt or harmed by the presence of a disturbance whether it be fire floods or ice flows. It's going to influence habitats available for fish and wildlife. Many species again of vertebrates are adapted to the early serral post disturbance environments and others are adapted to say late serral environments that may not become suitable for many many years decades to centuries after the disturbance event. A biotic productivity can be influenced again you may enhance nutrients or at the same token nutrients and substrates may be lost by the disturbance event. And finally it has tremendous impacts on nutrient cycling and energy flows which of course is going to influence the composition, the structure, the productivity but particularly examples such as fire which may increase nutrients to a degree available to plant growth but at the same time, volatilize nutrients or we may lose nutrients by erosional processes. So a couple of other very important related concepts to disturbance is two that I'd like to cover now. One is environmental stress and the other one would be perturbations or human disturbances or what we call here anthropogenic disturbances. Let me define these and give you some of what I mean by this. The first one I'd like to talk about is stress is not like disturbance. I said disturbance is any discrete event in time which alters the ecosystem. A stress is those factors which are going to decrease net primary productivity of the plants or the animal and it may influence their productivity, their growth rate, their fecundity if again if it was a wildlife species. And here we're talking about things like water deficits, maybe forage deficits again if it was a wildlife species, nutrient deficits, flooding, salinization, any of those that may not kill the plants may not change substrate or resource availability but does cause a stress on the individuals. So you can see that's quite different than a disturbance. Just some examples of a stressful environment here is a mangrove swamp that you might see in South Florida. This particular one is actually from Mexico but here we have the stresses might be salinization extremely anoxic or waterlogged soils, nutrient or oxygen deficient soils where these plants must be adapted and of course we have the tides and the floods being another stress on this ecosystem and of course hurricanes might be the dominant disturbance that we would see in this particular landscape. And now let's move on to perturbations. These are human activities as we defined. A very esoteric, say, definition might be a departure from the normal state or structure of composition, behavior or trajectory of ecological systems and basically another simpler definition would be just alteration of ecological systems by human land uses and this may take on the form of either a new type of disturbance or it might be the elimination of a disturbance by human land uses, fire exclusion and flood control are two good examples of this or again it might be a stress, pollution might be a good example of an anthropogenic stress. Just some of the perturbations that we might talk about, I just mentioned fire exclusion, removing fire, natural fires from an ecosystem, exotic vasons and competition might be a stress on many of the native species. Deforestation can be a tremendous perturbation, changing the overstory structure and carbon pools of a site and then land cover, land use change. Conversion, say a forest or of native prairies to agricultural or tamed pastures is an example of a land cover, land use change. A couple of other ones would be the introduction of non-native herbivores. This may take on the both, the certainly causing stress by herbivory is another example of an ecological stress or it could be a disturbance if it is a severe enough herbivory event or degree or intensity of livestock or bivory. Other diversions again dams alter anything that would alter the hydro dynamics or the natural flow regime that we would see in a creek. Finally channelization which would be severing that linkage between the stream and its flood plain and again pollution whether it's nitrogen deposition, acid rain, environmental estrogens, a whole variety of man-made chemicals that effect structure, function and composition of the environment. Just some examples, some photos that I would show you of the areas. If you actually were to look up in the top right corner you'll see the high mountain that's just barely cut off is where we were yesterday in that old growth forest. Unfortunately the vast majority of the coast range looks like this with these clear cuts and you can see the difference here. We lost the coarse woody debris, we have changes in relative humidity and soils. We can see there's very few buffer zones here in these riparian zones and so we have severe changes in the landscape structure composition productivity when landscapes are altered to this degree. Another example would be just the role of pesticides and herbicides. Here's a historical photo of spraying sagebrush. We would lose a number of species perhaps particularly those large seeded species or species that may have deep branches, large roots that would be slow to reinvade sites, maybe lost from sites for many, many years from these sorts of environments. We see livestock particularly where in environments like the inner mountain west, the pacific northwest, interior Columbia basin where larger beavers did not co-evolve with the landscapes they can be pretty severe stresses and changes to the environment structure and function. What are the direct effects of livestock? These are almost like the principles of range of management. Livestock or any other larger beaver for that matter is going to eat grass, remove verbiage or not only grass but shrubs and forbs and even maybe young tree seedlings. We're going to see trailing and trampling damage and influencing the soil water holding capacity perhaps infiltration rates. We're going to see nutrient inputs and redistribution say via defecation of the animals via urine and finally they may disperse exotic species through either their coats or through disease transmission or through transporting seeds via their gut. All of these then will interact to create what we call the secondary influences. If the livestock for example are eating up all of the grasses and forages you may see altered fire cycles as we've seen throughout much of the western United States. You may see through increased trailing and trampling increased rates of erosion if we lose the ground cover. Altering the hydrology if we start to see species composition changes certainly competition interactions the more palatable species are undergoing a greater stress than the ones that perhaps the animals would not be utilizing. And finally we might see decreases and diminished reproductive success particularly if the through the stress the plants are not producing as many seeds or flowers as they were in the absence of livestock. And then finally we see the interaction of all of these responses creating what we took to call the tertiary influences where we see a long-term change in vegetation structure productivity and composition changes in the wildlife the final structures in composition we might see changes in streams and soils as I'll show you some examples here in a minute and even influences on water quality whether it be temperature nutrients chemistry or or biotic okay let's then change the subjects a little bit and talk about what we term as disturbance regimes in every aquatic or terrestrial system the general pattern of disturbances occur where there will be a frequency a size a magnitude of that disturbance type and we call this the disturbance regime we define that then as just the general pattern or occurrence of disturbances in any given ecosystem what might then we use to define disturbance regimes is the frequency of the disturbance event like how many like what's the time or the return interval what's the size of that disturbance event is in a very large say landscape level fire that you might see in the boreal forest of Alaska or northern Canada or is it a small fire event that may occur say only in very patchy areas of either very wet environments or maybe subalpine environments what's the magnitude of that event which it would be the severity and the intensity how severe how much does it change substrate soil species composition etc and that again the intensity would be what is the the the energy release rate is it a very severe stand replacing fire or very low intensity surface fire let's use some examples to start off with of just fire regimes we've done a lot of work a lot of research in fire regimes in the western United States as well as the world and in Canada on fire regimes and basically we can break down how fires occur into three very general regimes the low severity regimes are frequent low intensity surface fires again maybe occurring as say in a ponderosa pine site every eight to ten years and then we get to the very complex moderate severity regimes which are these frequent perhaps low intensity surface fires but every now and then we have very large infrequent stand replacing fires this is what we might see on the western cascade range in the Douglas fir forest and then finally we see in the wetter forest and in some of the boreal forest regions the high severity regimes these are termed the infrequent maybe a long return of all of 100 to 350 years severe stand replacing fires very large fires on the environment just to give you some examples again let's start by looking at the high severity regime again this is the sort of environment this is Tanner Gulch fire up in the Elkhorn Mountains of northeastern Oregon here we see the fire came through and virtually killed all of the standing trees in this environment so long return intervals usually stand replacing fires meaning that all above ground vegetation typically killed and usually large in area particularly areas like the boreal forest areas where you have large continuous fuels or structures of forest just another example here this would be a severe stand replacing fire while it's actually occurring you see the fire moving through the crowns here in this particular example and then we see the long-term impacts here we are in Idaho south fork of the salmon and notice the structure of the forest this is where you get to read the landscape look at the age class of that forest what does it tell you all of those trees are very even aged in a in size telling us that perhaps a fire swept through here 100 150 years ago and these forest regenerated following that fire we can use that by stark contrast to the low severity fire regimes here we have what many people have turned the friendly fire fires creeping through burning just the surface fuels in this case a pond rosa pine mixed conifer down in the Sierra Nevada of California where we're just burning the understory vegetation the trees are adapted to this sort of disturbance through thick bark deep root systems many of these trees depend upon fire for reproduction creating seed beds that are suitable for reproduction like sugar pine pond rosa pine and again these would occur very frequently every eight to ten years when we see then the fire regime is the complex results of virtually all of the components in the ecosystem how the are the anthropogenic roles are the humans ignition sources say as many Native Americans were for manipulating the ecosystem arsonist and accidents today the biota particularly the productivity of the plants which are the fuels that will carry the fire the climate what time of year do we see dry conditions for the fires to carry and then again the climate might be the source of the ignition again if it's lightning and then finally the physical attributes is it a very continuous environment where the fires may carry for years or for a very very long period of time or long large area or is it a very steep broken up environment where you might see natural breaks like large rivers or wetlands or or rocky ridges that would would limit the size of the fire so all of these are going to influence the fire regime well let's then move down into the riparian zone the riverine ecosystems and talk about another type of of regime that might be flood regimes here we can define floods as occurring when the flows fill the alluvial channel at bank full discharge and at this point in time we're starting to see significant changes in substrate availability we're seeing suspended sediments moving downstream as well as bed load transport this is where we might see gravel bars and stream side communities inundated or scoured out and at the same time creating gravel bars and new areas for plant communities repairing communities to establish we break out and we can use flood regimes like any other disturbance we look at the frequency of the floods how often do we see them what's the magnitude of the floods is a two-year flood a five-year a 10-year 100-year flood event what is the season of flooding that is very important and we see that the plant communities quite often particularly the riparian zones as well as the fishes are adapted to seasonal predictable levels of seasonal floods in many ecosystems and finally what's the duration of flooding is it a very spike event as you might see in a flashy rainfall event or systems say the southwestern deserts where where the floods are associated with flash floods or monsoonal rains or they very long events as we might see where we would have in monsoonal environments where you might have a wet season where the the river levels would maintain a very high level for a long period of time just some examples of different floods different flooding regimes here's a small creek that we've worked on a lot west chicken creek in the blue mountains of northeastern Oregon this is during summer base flow this is a very intact small ecosystem wet meadow and if you could look right through the middle of that picture is the channel but we can't see it because of the riparian wetland vegetation is completely overhanging the bank at this time of the year but keep your attention to the large conifer right in the middle of the landscape we come back in about seven or eight months and this is that same site during peak flows here we see water spread out along throughout the environment again depositing sediments at the same time picking up alachnus and vegetation materials creating channels enhancing diversity but also recharging much of the water table here as well so again just a very nice example of a snowmelt hydrograph coming back to the western Oregon this is the Willamette Valley again a winter rain type flood cycle here's a very large flood flooding an ash forest an ash floodland floodplain here very close to my town in Corvallis Oregon and then we come back to the southeast United States and we see here again a more of a rainfall driven system and again the Cyprus Tupelo and all of the vegetation plants and animals as well are going to be adapted to the flooding regime of this system and then finally we can look at the Amazon and many of the tropical rivers of the world where we have long periods of a rainy season where the floodplain or Varzia forest may be inundated from long periods of time and then dry season such as you see here where the floodplain forest are exposed what we see here and then one other example again back up into the Cascades where we might have a here's one would be a combination of both snowmelt hydrograph as well as rainfall events but all of these we this is a good example again of looking at the interaction between floods and the environment perhaps fires is another disturbance again creating the large woody debris that is so important in influencing the structure of this aquatic system here again in in the Cascades of Oregon let's move on then and talk a little bit about how disturbance processes are so important in land management and how we need to gear land management or consider these disturbance histories in our land management activities there's three important points that I want you to think about today one is that disturbances these natural disturbances are very important in maintaining productivity biological diversity the biota out there evolved with these disturbances and if we once we remove these disturbances or change these disturbances either by increasing their severity or perhaps excluding them then a whole new biota may result what are the negative consequences from altering disturbances we may see declines in productivity we may see declines in biological diversity accelerated levels of erosion and perhaps in the cases of wildfires with fuel build-ups in the low severity regimes we may see greater hazards to both human health and losses of property and natural resource values and finally it's very important to remember that when you're restoring ecosystems as a part of ecological restoration restoring the disturbances are very very important consideration as well let's give a few examples then of these it's important to remember that many species are disturbance dependent they evolved these disturbances and particularly when you get down to the riparian zone where we have these frequent flooding events and many of the early serral plants and animals that exist and that thrive in the post-fire environments very much are are stimulated their populations are stimulated or enhanced by these disturbance events many require disturbances either flooding or or scarification by heat for germination others we see enhanced reproduction because perhaps nutrients are more available in time period for the survivors after the fire in increasing the flowering output we see this for grasses as well as many orchids and lilies following fires in many parts of the world we see substrates are created for successful establishment many willows many cottonwoods many of these plants that are keystone features on the landscape in terms of biological diversity depend upon floods for their establishment and again cottonwood communities are perhaps about the best examples and then finally we see many habitats are created by disturbances we can go to the aquatic system and think about how the floods are scouring pools undercuts all are which are very important salmonid habitats we may also think about how habitats in a stand replacing fire would be created for cavity nesting species for many of the species like woodpeckers that depend upon dead trees say as foraging sources just some examples again here is a young gravel bar on rush creek in california following a disturbance event we see how the vegetation here has co-evolved with flooding events the floods occur about the same time that willows and cottonwoods are disseminating and dispersing seeds and then suitable to establish on this gravel bar we see two or three generations notice in the foreground where the red hat is seedlings that were deposited this year notice this ecotone right here here's some willows that are two years old that were established perhaps in the last flood event and then again we see those that are maybe three or four years old here in the background a little bit larger species that established with a previous flood so again we see this sort of banding and this this this very sharp and close association of willows and cottonwoods establishing with flooding events the floods that occur at the same time a seed dispersal creating these substrates these gravel bars that are so important for establishment of these species we can come up into fire areas and we see another example of here's in the foreground you see the flowers our snowbrush see an oathus that's a species that may persist as a seed in the soil for 250 300 years yet when a fire comes along it stimulates the seeds to germinate the heat will break the dormancy of the seed and again that seed will then germinate one of the beautiful things about this as the wildfire comes across the landscape you may see lots of nitrogen being volatilized yet that same fire that volatiles the nitrogen then stimulates the snowbrush see an oathus to germinate and the snowbrush see an oathus are nitrogen fixing species they're replenishing the nitrogen on that site in the early serral stages that perhaps was lost by the volatilization again it's another good example of the cycle of nature and how disturbances and plants are well adapted to maintain an equilibrium a dynamic equilibrium on the landscape again just one other example this is a a stand in the hell's canyon of Idaho following a very large fire the eagle bar fire and here we see very severe stand replacing fire virtually all the above ground vegetation was killed but notice all the greenery in the bottom those are all scalars willow or another name for this is fire willow here we have over 400 000 fire willows per hectare on this site all of them were were brought in by windborn seeds the first few weeks after this fire or the first spring after this fire occurred the seeds will only live for six to twelve days and there before the fire there's only one or two willows per hectare so you can see the millions of seeds that must blow on to this site and find the suitable substrate for germination in the stand replacing fire virtually no other place on the landscape where you see fire willow or scalars willow certainly in these densities except in the areas where the fire burned most severely okay let's talk a little then about what happens when your americans are when humans come in and alter disturbance regimes the first example i'd like to talk to is altering the flood regimes how might we alter peak flows base flows the the falling limb after the peak flow how would these influence the landscape when we might see flood regimes being altered then via flow regulations this might be dams upstream for power generation or for recreation or for irrigation holding back the flows for these or flood control we might see water diversions upstream actual water taking out for irrigation purposes upstream which may influence base flows as well as perhaps rates of the falling limb and then channel incision through other activities but any sort of activity either purposeful channelization or incision by poor land management practices that sever that link between the flood plain and its associated stream just some examples here of course when we put in large dams and change the flows we're going to see huge impacts both downstream as well as upstream as well as influencing the exchange the biotic exchange of anadromous fish as well as the perhaps vegetation and plants and seed materials as well as nutrients and sediments moving downstream we see here's another example trout creek in eastern Oregon an area where that is diverted for the most part by agricultural activities here we see daring base flow the stream completely going dry again because of upstream diversions and then another example the green river in utah here we have because of the flow management we don't have the peak flows and the falling limb that are suitable for cottonwood germination now with the much more regulated flows we see the exotic tamarisk or salt cedar establishing on many of the flood plains that are again once dominated largely by native cottonwood willow populations again an example here of channel incision by land use activities in this case overgrazing we can look at the soils of these riparian zones and see that at one time this dry meadow was a wetland we can see it by the rhodoxymorphic or soil characteristics in the the surface soils we also see that we're losing the species composition we're losing the willows as you can see in the background as well as the aspen communities are starting to break apart and die as well so here's an example of incision severing that hydrologic link of the stream and its associated flood plain just another example stinking water creek so named because of the numbers of salmon carcasses of course with dams downstream severing that linkage that this stream had with the ocean and therefore the influences on nutrients as well as channel incision again you see here the former flood plain now occupied by sagebrush yet if you look at the soils you get good evidence of this site one time had wetland very wet riparian reduced soil conditions that dominated this flood plain so tremendous changes in the landscape associated with changes in hydrology so look at another example then is what happens when we alter fire regime and and two general ways in which we alter fire regimes are going to be either through fire exclusion removing fire through active fire suppression or changing fuel loads on the ecosystem via land management or we can see we might see increases in fire occurrences just some examples of where we have eliminated fire the probably the classic examples are the ponderosa pine forest of the western united states here we see an example from the Klamath basin in oregon the area on the left is a historical photo of a ponderosa pine forest notice that the there's a huge vertical separation between the overstory canopy of these trees as well and then with an understory of snowbrush cianthus again species that are encouraged to germinate but if a fire were to come through here at this point in time we would see a fire not making it up into the canopy but remaining a low intensity surface fire in fact you can even see where the Klamath man is standing that there are a cat face or a series of fire scars on that tree he's leaning up against we can go to that same area today and we see a dramatic difference in the composition and structure of the ecosystem we see what we have now with removing anywhere between six and ten fire cycles through purposeful fire exclusion in this environment we now see increases in what we term as shade tolerant fire intolerant species we have a very dense conifer layer in the understory now years of fuel buildup of litter and dead materials and now if a fire comes through here it's not just going to burn through the low intensity surface areas but it's going to carry up through that conifer layer and into the canopy of the tree so instead of having this low intensity surface fire we're going to see a very severe stand replacing fires and this is a very severe problem that we have in terms of land management today just another example of a fire exclusion this is an old growth large that we see there's numerous fire scars on this big large in the middle but through fire exclusion now we have a very dense stand of lodgepole pine in the understory if a fire were to come through today it would not only destroy the lodgepole but would also kill this 250 300 year old large that has perhaps survived 30 or 40 fires before fire exclusion here it would take active restoration to restore this community back to a native open large forest again some of the other impacts of long-term effects of fire exclusion with this increase in the understory conifers increases in the density of the conifers we see greater stresses on the conifer and with greater stresses on the conifers we see scenarios such as we see here in the blue mountains as well as many parts throughout the west large bug die-offs by pine bark beetle by tussock moths a number of species a number of insects and pathogens that are giving us very large a wide-scale forest die-offs again largely associated with fire exclusion and this increased stand density so what we see then through this long this accumulation of fuels increases in stand densities is a conversion from the frequent low-intensity surface fires to now infrequent severe stand replacing fires changing the landscape and giving us a character of the landscape following the fires that really these landscapes have never seen before just an example this is not only prevalent in the forest but also is quite obviously in much of our range lands of the of the western united states here's an example from steens mountain oregon we see that this is a great picture i'm standing right in the riparian zone looking towards the uplands on the canyon this is the little blitz in canyon notice here's one aspen stand here one even age notice that there was a fire that probably created this aspen stand and notice boom right here you have another age class of aspen probably created from a different fire but with the combination of purposeful fire exclusion and livestock grazing which literally eats the fuels so we don't see fires on these sites anymore we see now junipers invading and increasing in this site we start to see notice in the understory of the aspen we're losing our aspen stands to juniper invasion and therefore the diversity the species diversity and value of avian habitats as we start to lose these stands notice in front of the juniper and the aspen in the riparian zone the sagebrush starting to increase we're drying out this riparian zone largely because of a small degree of channel incision in the riparian zone so we do see a whole series of anthropogenic perturbations which in this case are changing disturbance regimes flooding because of incision in the riparian zone and fire exclusion in the uplands changing this landscape structure over the long term here again through restoration through reintroduction of fire into this landscape we could restore the aspen quite easily so finally then we want to look at how do we use or consider disturbances natural disturbances in ecological restoration what do we mean by ecological restoration basically we can define ecological restoration as the return of ecosystem structure and function that have been altered or degraded by human activities in other words we want to reverse the effects of the perturbations on the environment basically another definition is reestablishing ecosystem features to the bounds of their range of natural variability so when we talk about trying to restore features to the bounds of the natural range of variability then that would also by definition mean that we want to try to restore many of the disturbances whether they're fires floods ones that we might have affected within their natural regime their natural periodicity magnitude as well as as as is possibly as is feasibly possible let me just give you an example here from this conceptual diagram of our suggested approaches to ecological restoration we'll start off with perhaps our goals of restoration would be some sort of dynamic or potential natural ecosystem now we can look at is over the last say maybe 100 150 years here in the united states through a series of degrading land use activities we're right here in some degraded ecosystem state our goals again are to restore it to some potential natural ecosystem we we separate out i have two boxes here dynamic natural ecosystems and potential natural ecosystems recognizing that humans are part of the landscape that we have exotics that people are living and depending upon the landscape it may not be possible to go back to the exact dynamic natural ecosystem but the potential natural ecosystem is operating within the bounds of the historical range and variability with the caveats of what's out there today so we're here in the degraded ecosystem state and our goals are to go back to potential natural ecosystem so our first step then in any sort of ecological restoration is what we define as passive restoration and basically passive restoration is just halting those activities that are causing degradation and or preventing recovery and because in many environments particularly in the riparian zone because these are so disturbance dependent and have evolved with frequent disturbances quite often just eliminating those anthropogenic perturbations is all that's going to be required to restore the ecosystem this are because again the biota is very very resilient and then we have found in numerous examples particularly in the riparian zones that passive restoration is all that's required for restoration again returning water returning the peak flows eliminating overgrazing by livestock have all been very successful means of restoring riparian zones reintroducing fire into ecosystems has been very good means of passive restoration but what happens is that we have passive restoration quite often it may be successful and the ecosystem would follow this pathway but what happens when we move to a new ecosystem trajectory an example might be that that i just showed you in the steens mountain if we eliminated livestock grazing today or or just quit suppressing fires in that site you know we still have the juniper on the site that juniper is not just going to disappear here it's going to take some sort of active restoration and no matter where you are wherever you're working when you try to make when you make the decision to implement active restoration three things can happen one you can be successful and you have effectively returned your ecosystem back to the potential natural ecosystem you get a raise you get a promotion and everybody likes you the second aspect though is you might fail you might have done a seedling it just fails there's no real harm you're back to ground one or ground zero and this is very often the case as well the third one that is most important and what you most want to be careful of is a misinterpretation of ecosystem needs and this is where you have misapplied the restoration or the treatment that your goals are for restoration yet it backfires on you and you actually might end up in a further degraded states you have either applied some sort of treatment that gives you an unnatural plant community or it actually degrades the ecosystem to a greater extent and there are another number of examples where this have occurred throughout the west and united states as well so just some quick examples in this is a young gravel bar again re-establishing on rush creek in california here the the restoration was to an area that had had water diverted for about 40 or 50 years again reinstituting flows into the creek as well as as eliminating livestock resulted in dramatic and rapid rates of increase in recovery of the riparian zone again in many areas reintroducing fire it may not be feasible close to the urban interface in areas of commercial timber stands areas of private lands of grazing it might not be feasible to have just to allow natural fires to occur here what we can use is prescribed fire as a surrogate or as a tool to start to restore the ecosystems again what we see as because of the complex nature of fire we know that from a biological and ecological perspective the only substitute for natural fire in these infinite and complex processes would be prescribed burning again fire creating having those impacts on the biota impacts on nutrient cycling there's really no other substitute other than prescribed fire just some very successful examples of fire and restoration fossil beds national monument restoring native bunch grass prairies areas that were where juniper and sagebrush were invading increasing in density here we see a very marvelous bunch grass stand the second post fire year and what what's important then is to try to come back to the landscape level what are the disturbances what are the linkages say between the riparian zone and the uplands how to disturb how have disturbances interacted in these areas to create the landscape that we've seen today that we can utilize the resources in a productive and sustainable manner and again it's important to remember the disturbances and how the disturbances influence these landscapes the great fire colleges jim lotan once stated that the closer an ecosystem is managed in harmony with those processes in which evolved the more successful that management strategy will be and i think this is very important quote again when we incorporate disturbances into the ecosystem so as land managers it's very important to learn to read the landscape this will be helpful for you to understand the disturbance history how your landscape perhaps evolved what disturbances are important and how maybe you can use disturbance or reincorporate disturbances to maintain biological diversity and productivity within your landscape


you are more vulnerable to COVID-19 if you are old or if you have an underlying condition. So, for example, diabetes or severe asthma or cancer or numerous things. And that on a practical level is important to know because we know who we need to cocoon, who we need to sort of have, take extra measures so that they don't catch the illness. But there are certain elements of the media who now think that this should be something we take on board as a moral question to suggest that these people's lives aren't quite as valuable because they would have died anyway.  It was then taken on by Sky and most recently by the BBC.  So, the first is from Sky News last weekend. They're talking about how we should interpret the death toll from COVID-19. So, let's take those 20,000 predicted deaths from coronavirus. Now, one of the government's key advisors hazarded a guess this week that between half and two-thirds of those dying would probably have done so soon anyway. So, do the maths and deduct those from the predicted deaths and you're left with somewhere between 6,667 and 10,000 deaths that can be attributed directly to the virus. Deduct those from the total deaths, I think is quite a sinister phrase. I want to go now to a BBC, Fred, from yesterday. They are, of course, the organisation where most people get their news. They lead on how we should talk about national crises as we'll get up this, Fred. Now, news of more and more deaths is worrying for people across the UK. It's also tragic for the families of those involved. But what do the figures really tell us? This is from BBC News. Deaths being reported daily are hospital cases where a person dies with a coronavirus infection in their body. But is the virus causing the death? It could be a major cause, a contributory factor, or simply present when they die of something else. Most people who die with coronavirus have underlying health conditions, which can be more of a factor. There are, however, cases including health workers and a 13-year-old boy from London who died with no known underlying conditions. Half a million people could have died by August in the UK if no action was taken. Now it's hoped social distancing will limit deaths to 20,000. But that doesn't mean 480,000 lives are being saved. Many people who die from COVID-19 would have died anyway. In the UK, nearly 10% of people aged 80 or over will die in the next year. The risk of them dying if infected from coronavirus is almost exactly the same. That does not mean there will be no deaths, but there will be a substantial overlap. Why do I think this is a real problem is one, just because someone has underlying conditions doesn't mean we shouldn't value their life. I mean, this is really, this is really new. This is a new entry to political discourse in this country, which I really think takes us back a few steps in terms of compassion and humanity for us to say, well, I mean, you know, they had an underlying condition anyway. Is it really worth us taking a hit of a couple percentage points to GDP to save these people who are sick anyway? I mean, I think that's not a particularly healthy way for us to think about the consequences of policy decisions. But at the same time, what they're not saying is that even if you were, and there will be some cases, especially with people who are very old, where the chances of them dying later in the year were quite high anyway. Now, the difference is, if they died from a natural cause, maybe they got late stage cancer or whatever, then they would have died in hospital potentially, but their family would have been able to be there, sit with them. They'd have been able to have a funeral where anyone who was close to them would be able to attend, that'd be able to have a proper send off. If they die from COVID-19, one, if they've got pre-existing conditions, that means they're less likely to get the ventilator anyway, so they could die in severe pain, struggling for breath. If they die or wherever they die, be it hospital or in a care home, their family is not going to be able to visit them.  They're going to die alone. They're going to die in pain. And then when their funeral happens, the only people who are going to be able to attend are the closest members of their family because of infection control. So this isn't just a case of like, oh, they would have died anyway. Does it really matter? What's the difference if they die from COVID-19 or they die from cancer? Well, the difference is it's someone dying alone and in a great degree of pain or someone dying when they naturally should do with their family around them. I'm going to go to Ash and Aaron in one moment. First of all, I just want to show how ingrained this has become in the BBC's coverage of COVID-19. And it's clearly gone into their style guide about how to report all deaths when it comes to coronavirus. I want to go to a headline, which is how the BBC reported the death of Arima Nazreen. So she was one of the nurses we talked about earlier.  So they've written that a nurse dies with COVID-19. So she just happened to have COVID-19. She kind of had it in her pocket. She died of something else. Let's go to a couple more. So this was the day before comedian Eddie Large dies with coronavirus. Stacey's mum's songwriter dies at 52 with coronavirus. Like, who could say whether that caused their death? Who could say? I mean, what I'd say to that is unless it was the case that Arima Nazreen, a 36-year-old nurse and mother of two, would have died today in an ICU wing if she hadn't caught coronavirus.  Then you can at least pay her the respect of saying died after catching COVID-19, died after becoming infected of COVID-19, or even died from COVID-19, because I'm pretty sure she wouldn't have died from pneumonia if she didn't catch this disease. And I mean, for one, I'll hazard a guess that when we see nurses falling dead from COVID-19, one of the reasons that has happened is because they weren't provided with adequate PPE, they weren't provided with adequate masks, and they weren't able to take the precautions to keep them alive. So then to say it's just this passive voice, it was accidental. They died with COVID-19. I really don't think that is doing justice to the sacrifice that that brave woman has made. I mean, you're completely and 100% right. And what's most disingenuous about this is that we already have a model of talking about the role of comorbidities, secondary infections, when it comes to other forms of pandemic illness. And I'm of course talking here about AIDS is that it's very common to talk about AIDS related illnesses, because it's very rare that it's the AIDS virus itself that it kills you. It's the effect that AIDS has on your immune system and secondary infections, for example, like pneumonia, which is most common, would be most commonly the cause of death in cases where AIDS is unable to be controlled by things like antiretrovirals and so on and so forth. So we already have a model of talking about the way in which there are opportunistic infections and secondary infections and comorbidities, which affect the lethality of a particular virus. And so the fact that that same set of language isn't being used here in relation to COVID-19, I think tells you that it is indeed an ideological and deliberate decision being made. And I also want to talk a little bit about how absurd this matter of the interchangeability of numbers is, because it really is something which falls apart at the faintest interrogation. So let's say that last winter, we actually had a fairly mild flu season. So fewer people died of the flu than you would normally expect during the winter season. It wouldn't mean that if I were then subsequently to go up to Michael Walker and stab him in the head, that I wouldn't be done for murder, right? Simply because, well, we will lighten the numbers in this regard. Therefore, one more death in the government's books won't really make that much of a difference. Therefore, this death doesn't matter. That's not how it works. Can you imagine standing up in court and say, yeah, I stabbed him, but he had diabetes. So is it really that bad? That's essentially what they're arguing is that the presence of either comorbidities or being older makes your life of lesser value. Now, we don't even have voluntary euthanasia in this country because we do think that there is a principle in the law of the sanctity of life and that there is an overriding imperative to preserve it no matter what the circumstances in cases of old age or illness. We don't even have consensual voluntary euthanasia. So this idea that suddenly, well, death was coming anyway, it was kind of inevitable. Therefore, the under-equipped hospital won't be seen as a causal factor. The fact that we didn't go on a lockdown when many other European countries and our neighbors were on lockdown, that won't be considered a factor. The fact that there wasn't testing. So I didn't know whether or not my grandmother's carer had COVID-19 and therefore could have passed it on to her when helping her do her shopping or helping her in the bath. No, that won't be considered a factor because numbers are interchangeable. It's completely insane. And what's most disgusting about this is that in legacy media outlets, they really are constantly just in love with their own sense of mystique, in love with their own status, in love with their own titles. I've never met a group of people who were more addicted to getting high off the smell of their own farts. They really have a hugely inflated sense of self. And one of those things that they talk about is the grandeur and the calling of journalism to tell stories that need to be told, to tell hard truths and hold the powerful to account. In this case, the faintest drop of a hat, they're going around spinning lines which are considered to be too distasteful for the government to utter and say, no, well, actually, these lives of disabled people, people with underlying illnesses in the elderly are worthless. How disgusting is that? Yeah, there's a few things I want to sort of pick up here. So the first is imagine if there was a terrorist attack, an elderly nursing home, a care home for the elderly, or hospice, people who may be in the final months of their lives and a terrorist attack happened there, hundreds of people died. Would the media go, well, they were going to die anyway? Well, the median age was 80. On average, they were going to last eight months, 10 months. Of course they wouldn't. Or can you imagine if in Iran, or China, or Russia, countries that generally speaking are political class, for better or worse, you might agree, disagree, don't like, can you imagine if they were reporting in Iran? Well, lots of people are dying in Iran, but most of them were over 80. So that means that actually that it's not as many years as one might think. These aren't really people. I mean, it's obviously nonsensical. And when I look at that video, that excerpt we had from Sky News, first of all, 20,000 deaths was presented as a best case scenario. That's the first thing. They were very clear. If we get 20,000 dead people, by the way, in early February, Public Health England, Matt Hancock, the Chief Medical Officer, all said this was a low risk to Britain. Now apparently 20,000 deaths is a sensational story. We've gotten away with it. Wow. Great achievement. 20,000 deaths is not what's going to be expected or predicted or even likely to happen. 20,000 is best case scenario. And then he's dividing the 20,000 saying, well, this as if it's already happened. Okay, what if it's 100,000? What if it's 200? So repeating lines from state agencies, actually misreporting them and then putting them and casting them is such a favorable light for the government.  It's not the kind of thing you would associate with... I'm being serious. It's not the kind of thing you would associate with the free media. It's just not. And the thing is, this wasn't the BBC. This was Sky. This is Sky News. The government can't turn to them and say, well, if you report this in an unfavorable light, we're going to review the terms under which you operate, which they can do with the BBC. It's why the BBC is so defanged often. It's current affairs and political reporting. I mean, it was unbelievable to watch that.


This is Jory from counselingcheater.com and today I'm with Bob Cook at Manchester Institute for Psychotherapy and we're going to do a video called Transference Revisited High We did one a couple of years ago upstairs It's very popular We've got some comments about the quality of the sound so I want no comments on the quality of the sound this is a very expensive video camera It's got 11,000 hits So, it's all of those kind of misty little things, transference, isn't it? It's talked about a lot of the therapy Yeah, it's really, really important, isn't it? Because if we don't understand what transference is and counter-transference we can get into all sorts of difficulties Yeah, so what do you understand by the term transference?  Yeah, I think it's definition is a fright I mean, Freud gave that definition of transference over a hundred years ago I mean, 2014, yeah He came out in his first book in his in 1896 or something I'm quite sure of the actual date but that's his definition of Freud and it's the one that stood for time and of course, Freud saw transference as one way In other words, it was always the client being in transference with the therapist Yeah, but of course from about 1940s, 50s we started to split transference up the world of transference into counter-transference and transference so those two names started to be used counter-transference and transference and the counter-transference is when the therapist transfers thoughts, feelings and beliefs onto the client so it's the reverse of what you just said and that makes up a lot of transference and the example that you gave when the person was out of the party did you say, somewhere, in a social event and they bolted on the clinical word for that is projection so we project out onto the other our historical object so that's transference and many therapists believe that change can happen without transference and if we don't have the mechanism of transference then we simply have past timing Yes, so transference is fundamentally important when we talk about the world of psychotherapy and cancer Absolutely So let's just have a look at those two words and a detailed transference is where you're sitting in front of someone and they remind you of somebody from your past so I might be silent to the client and they remind me, for the sake of this video of an old girlfriend Okay, counter transference is where I'm bringing the emotions from that past relationship with the old girlfriend into the therapy room and then projecting them onto the client so feeling as if I'm actually sat at some level with that old girlfriend That is transference and counter transference I'm seeing something of my past in the client and I'm acting out that past with my client Yeah, and the old girlfriend will probably have a flavour of your mother Right So those things that I just said and this is where we get the whole coil-in-the-face object relations goes back to the significant love objects which of course will be the major caretakers and traditionally the mother and father but of course it's significant caretakers I prefer to the name mother and father So transference goes back and back and back usually and we trace it back as well So it goes back to sometimes the roots of our upbringing and those significant people cares in our lives Now one of the things that really can be confusing when understanding transference and counter transference is the difference between that and parallel process How do you see that then? Well, I think the parallel process is where yourself and the client have been or are going through a similar stage of events So maybe say for instance I can remember moving house when I was in practice which a lot of people move house and it isn't sometimes not the easiest of things it wasn't traumatic but there was lots of things to consider and my client was moving house at the same time and it became apparent that when I was listening to my clients trying to get into my client's frame of reference trying to be empathic and form that as Bob would say, attunement I had to wonder was this my view of the trauma of moving house or was it hers? and with supervision and awareness of that and also I actually disclosed it so I'm moving house at the same time so being open about that what was your take on it Bob? Very similar, I was just thinking as you were talking about this and I'll take your viewpoint I was thinking of the back of this though why transference is useful and why we need an understanding of it and what do we do with that understanding of transference and I think two common terms I'd like to talk about which is working with the transference and stepping outside the transference and there are two different processes so working with the transference and working outside the transference let's take our idea first working with the transference so working with the transference means let me give you an example Kyle walks in and you're talking about something in the third reading process and you raise your eyebrows I'll just raise mine and the client says Bob, you know when you raise your eyebrows like that I just felt like a three-year-old in my father's study when he raised his eyebrows before he told me off So that's a really good example of transference what has happened is that the client regressed to a younger age and got in touch with the feelings, the thoughts of what it was like in that earlier replay but with the father instead and projected that onto the therapist and projected onto the therapist the therapist thought felt and paid just like the father did So that's the counter transference So you evoked an earlier scene So if you go back to the earlier scene when the father rolled his eyebrows and said, John, that is so stupid of you I am going to do this and produced a slip and starts to beat him The child then decides something about himself life in the world and usually moves into a survival mechanism survival system and may replay that with people that reminded his father in exactly the same way of raising the eyebrows and lives in fear then of that type of person and starts to withdraw starts to defend and moving away from a relationship with that type of person So his options, his flexibility his way of living becomes limited So working with the therapist sorry, my positive working with the transference would mean that you might move into the skin of that father but you play a different type of father So the transference evokes the original reaction You step into the transference and play that father figure but you play the good object instead of the bad object and give what I would call a re-corrective permitting That's interesting but in T.A. therapy terms kind of going back to the child and reconstituting the child so they can move into it Looking for the relational needs that were met not being accounted for not being seen not being validated all the really fundamental relational needs So if you step into that transference play that good object and account for the relational needs that were met so in account for the child needs their values then you are providing a different experience a different transformational experience Yeah, you're with me So that the client will get different awareness and hopefully make different decisions I think so much more just to the word of transference I'll give you an instance from my teaching practice a good few years ago now I had someone I was teaching and I was going to ask a question and they'd be quite curt with the answer and I went away and I thought I wonder if I'm just kind of being a bit rude or not doing the right thing so I thought I'd have to speak without this and I said I've noticed that every time I speak with you you're kind of quite defensive and I wonder if it's something I'm doing and she said no you remind me of my first husband which might be the father Yes, yes and I said okay and she said you just look just like him so my reaction is as I do I've got two good looking guys in the world that didn't go down too well I'll remember that for next time and it was interesting we had to work really hard at being aware of what was going on in that kind of teaching relationship and actually it worked out well because it was out in the open we knew what was going on You see that is an example of the other way of working which is the second one which is the second one which is analysing the transfers basically so instead of working with the transfers which is one I've talked about which is moving that you need to know yourself well and you need to understand yourself well otherwise you could get into a process of being merged with the client so you need to be able to know yourself well you need to be able to reflect on yourself well and you need to be able to have done this type of thing before the other type of transference is to move to an analysing transference which is keeping out of the transference so you analyse it and you look at the transference and you talk about different awareness and from that place the person may or may not get different experiences, different awareness to make different decisions so one is working with the transference and one is analysing the transference and they are different processes they may both be just as successful by the way Yes For example, the old psychoanalyst the person went on the couch the major reason why a person went on the couch was that the analyst, interestingly enough would keep out of the relationship as much as possible and make very precise, specific interpretations aimed at the right time to enable the client to have new awareness so the other thinking then was that through the new awareness someone would change Now we know that's not necessarily the case now but that was the thinking then Now by making the interpretations you're staying out of the transference was the argument I would argue that might be the case however I think that the person probably projected transference very very quickly onto the therapist, analyst who didn't work with the transference but it was seen as keeping out of the transference So they may have got the transference by default even though they were trying to step away from it it still made the crossover So one is analysing the transference the other one is stepping into the transference Sure And they're both powerful ways of doing that Sure What are the indications Bob that we're in a transferential maya sometimes I think transference can creep up on people it's not a sometimes we get mired down What do you mean by mired down? Well I think certainly when I'm working with students certainly discussion groups they might say I really dread this client coming in and I'll say ok that's ok for you to voice that let's see why that is what is it that's generating Good question That is very very simple You say to the trainee I would like you to internally ask yourself two questions when that client comes in Who is the client for you? Absolutely And the reverse question Is Who are you for the client? By asking those two questions you will grant yourself automatically and you move out of any mind If you don't do that the process of being fused what you might do out of awareness So I understand where you're coming from because without asking those questions without grounding yourself without reflecting you could end up in a transferential process unconsciously out of awareness and feel it's just stuck both of you Now I happen to believe that transference happens all the time In or out of therapy rooms So we all live with rejection and transference So why not use it? Yes, as a way of making a connection with your client As a way of making a connection and more than that make a connection and use that connection to facilitate change Yes So give me a concrete example of I know you talked a little bit about it earlier but just a concrete example of using the power of transference to facilitate a change in a client Client walks in five years of age sits over there and says what I would like to do is to be closer to people So I say Yes and he talks a story about the fact that he's never been close to people and he talks about his history and he had parents who were very distant and he never learned the ability to or didn't have a model for closeness So I take him on a therapy and as we work we start to explore that model of distance and withdrawal which was modeled on how he felt Now this is a process not an event so this won't happen in the first few sessions But as I model closeness not only by offering him a cup of tea or maybe I would say close to him but I am expressive in my nature without being withdrawn he has a different style a different model start taking on board by definition Now if I step into that transference and start acting something different from withdrawn and distant in other words giving permissions It's okay for you to be it's okay for you to feel it's okay for you to be expressive with your feelings and there's also a model for him he may start doing something different Yes Yes So acknowledging that transference but using yourself as a model for him to see something different and experience a different relationship It's kind of interesting we come from two different therapeutic models which is always an interesting topic of debate on and off camera but one of the things that Roger said was providing the soil of a different kind and I think that bridges the gap between what we do that is the common ground whether you're a person, a therapist or an analyst you're providing a different soil for growth a richer soil a soil that's embedded in That's right, so that's it a richer soil than was before Now, within all that when you go in that path you also need to go to the pain of the desolation what wasn't So in other words young man needs as he starts to experience a different soil a different model what will happen is what Richard Erskine called who's my mentor and trainer adjust the position in other words he will start or she will start getting in touch with that unmet needs the juxtaposition means the opposite so by being close by doing the very opposite things of his script he will start getting in touch with what he didn't have as he or she starts to get down that road then you can start moving towards integration we're talking about integration talking about being the whole self being the house taking ownership of the discerned part of the self so transference is a mechanism for change I hope that's useful I'll put a link to the original one the initial discussion on transference just to finish off we did have a couple of comments on the original transference video but someone commented that the idea of thinking about any kind of transference was a bit self serving and making clients in the stasis of dependency on the relationship what's your view on that my view on this I've heard this comment so often let's change the word of dependence to dependability I would want to be with a therapist that had a sense of dependability that I could depend that was consistent had a sense of predictability I would want to depend on my client I'd want my client to be consistent I sort of want my therapist to be consistent I want my therapist to have a sense of predictability so to me those are positive things as a person works through their own needs they will move on it's a bit like stages of adolescence as your needs are being met you'll move on to the next developmental stage now the whole other side of that a person gets stuck in some sort of child infantilized stage I understand that thinking but if you do a correct to tune psychotherapy where a person is attending unmet relational needs and they get met within a therapeutic process they will move on but if you need a therapist it's dependable so it's a natural process in my experience it's usually the therapist as far as dependency they are the people that are usually afraid of being overwhelmed being having their clients dependent on them and they haven't dealt with those issues so there's another topic that's probably another topic so I'm getting some transference but I can see a mug over there I'm being taken back into the early on today where I was drinking tea so on that kind of transferential bombshell thank you so much for explaining what can be a tricky concept there's always people watching


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32WB USB 2.0 full-speed interface. It covers the features of this interface, which is widely used to interface with a PC. This figure shows the connections between an STM32WB microcontroller and a USB connector. The STM32WB features a USB 2.0 full-speed communication interface. Allowing the microcontroller to communicate typically with a PC. The simplest implementation is a USB peripheral device. It provides a 16-end point capability, which can be configured, for example, as 8 bi-directional endpoints. It also supports the battery charging detection specification, version 1.2. Application benefits include crystal-less operation, a low power implementation, and faster charging, thanks to the charger detection function. Let's look at some of the key features of this USB full-speed interface, which is a USB 2.0 compliant interface that operates at a 12 megabit per second bit rate. A USB FS device can be implemented. Crystal-less operation is supported. A total of 16 endpoints, 8 bi-directional, can be supported. Full support for isochronous endpoints. Bulk endpoints are able to use a double-buffering mode offering higher performance. Inbuilt support for link power management adds enhanced power modes on top of the USB 2.0 specification. Battery charger detection allows for increased current to be drawn from BCI 1.2 compliant chargers, allowing up to 1.5 amp charging. The block diagram of the USB full-speed device controller shows the various building blocks inside, along with its analog transceiver, which manages the physical layer shown above. The physical layer, or FI, handles the analog signal levels, including specific level detections, as well as battery charger detection functions. The USB interrupt goes to the Cortex processor to signal various USB events. The AHB peripheral bus, or APB, enables read-write access of the controller. Other key elements are the packet buffer memory and the suspend timer, allowing low power operation. Several related peripherals work in conjunction with the USB device controller to link the USB activity to the system power mode and the requirements of the software. The clock recovery system allows operation without an external crystal, using the integrated HSI oscillator as the main clock source. The interrupt events are sent to the non-vector interrupt controller via a single line. The system events can cause the system to wake up from stop mode, for example, at the moment we resume from USB suspend mode. The USB device controller generates interrupts in different circumstances, which generally require handling by software. The first two listed interrupts cover various error and warning conditions. The remaining interrupts correspond to normal USB protocol events. The USB peripheral is fully active in run mode. After a suspend event, sleep mode and also stop zero and one modes are available. Stop two and standby mode should not be used. Some debug help is available using a single status bit which corresponds to an interrupt event. Within the USB device controller, the dedicated ERR status bit provides some debug functionality in a USB application in relation to various events. The events that can trigger this debug bit are listed in this table. There is also a way to directly read the states of the D plus and D minus lines. Here is an application example of a low-power peripheral device. Power is drawn directly from the USB VBUS signal. No crystal is required. For complete USB specification documents, please refer to usb.org. The USB 2.0 document home page has a zip file containing the USB 2.0 and OTG 2.0 specifications and an engineering change notice or ECN for link power management or LPM. The USB device class documents page has the battery charger specification. Additional information can be found in these application notes.


The national eligibility come entrance test for medical admissions have been opposed by Tamil Nadu since its introduction. A total of 21 students have committed suicide fearing the outcome of the exams. The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution seeking exemption for the students from need which is still pending with the government. The Students Federation of India picketed the Raj Govan in Chennai, demanding the government to forward the bill for presidents not without any delay. How will the student who have studied in the state board for the past 12 years and getting the question paper in the CBC board, how will they be able to answer the questions within the 40 or 50 seconds? They have to mug up the question, they have to mug up the key points. So the exam which is enhancing the mug up, which is enhancing, which is destroying the understanding, the capacity of understanding and all, how it will give the best doctors to the nation. As usual, if we are failing in some exam, if we are not getting the question paper, if we have scored low in the exam, we will get some stress or depression because of that exam, right? So how will these people who have studied in the state board and seeing the new pattern out of the blue, and how will they react? How will they handle such pressures? They are in 17 or 18 age, they are in late teens. So how will they handle these things? They are getting into depression. Especially this exam is making the students a lot more stressful, depressed, and this is causing suicidal attempts and suicidal rates in the Tamil Nadu. Nearly from 2017 to 2021, nearly 23 children were committed suicide. They are not even able to think what have they thought when they committed suicide. What are they thinking when they thought about this? Their ambition, their dream is to become a doctor. This exam is indirectly implementing that whoever has money, whoever has higher social status, can only access the seat of doctor. So what about the children who are living in the village? The governor is a Hindutva person, he is a puppet of BJP. I can understand that he won't even think about the poor children, the backward class children, whoever is apart from their community and their social status. But we can't let this happen. We are getting so irritated, angry because of this action, because we are losing each child every day, every after the result of need. And before the need also, they are dying through anxiety and depression, fear and all. So we can't let this happen. This is a perfect exclusion policy. They just want to destroy the future of the marginalized students. Students who have a future, who have a dream to be a doctor or to make a good career, their future is completely shattered through this education policy of the BJP government. And now, when this bill is passed in the Tamil Nadu Vidhansava, now this governor is not going to go through. He is actually acting as a puppet of BJP and RSS government and the corporate nexus. And you see this corporate nexus, they have completely commercialized this whole education sector. This huge boom of this coaching center and this private center, actually it will favor and this private institution, medical institution, it will only favor those students who are coming from the affluent background, who are coming from the rich family, not the students who are coming from the marginalized section. And we have already observed in Tamil Nadu, 21 students compelled to suicide and we can't wait for another suicide. And that is why we are here. That is why we are protesting. And that is why we are here. We are going to the governor's house also. Student unity long live!