Well, hello everyone. Thank you for joining us for the next installment of Cube, by example, Insider. The point of the show is that we interview people who are actually kind of doing the work in Kubernetes with the hope of finding out what's really going to land over the next, say, six months, rather than talking to necessarily product management, because the challenge with open source, of course, is that people always have the option to work on a night or a weekend to get the feature they really want in, even if a product manager doesn't really want it. So as a result, we find it's more interesting if we talk to the people who are actually kind of, like I said, doing the work. I'm Langdon White. I am a clinical professor at Boston University, and I teach data science at some level of computer science, as well as an experiential learning program called Spark. So if you see my water bottle, you'll see the logo, name, collision on a patchy, notwithstanding. It's been around since about 2017. So that's me, and I'm joined by my co-host who is Josh Berkus, and he's going to introduce himself. Hi, I'm Josh Berkus. I've been involved with Kubernetes and the CNCF for as long as both have been around. I work for Red Hat, and I am delighted today to be interviewing, start with Karadelia, who is a tech lead of tag environmental strategy in the CNCF. I forgot to mention that. What we're doing here today, we're talking about environment and sustainability, what it talks about. One of the big problems with big data centers is that we have all this hardware running. So what can we do about that? So sorry to interrupt there, but Karadelia, please go ahead. Yeah, no worries. Thanks for having me. Karadelia, I'm a part of Red Hat's OSPO. I work in the upstream in one of the communities in the CNCF, focused on environmental sustainability. I'm the technical lead for the tag and our technical advisory group. And I'm also the working group comms chair, co-chair. Waman, over to you. Thank you, Kara. Also, nice to meet you all. My name is Huamin Chen. I also work as Red Hat. I joined Red Hat about 10 years ago. Actually, this is coming my 10th year anniversary. So I also started working on the Kubernetes ever since this was started and also joined the CNCF ever since then. So I participated in a number of CNCF-hosted projects. And most recently, we created a Kepler, which is for the sake of environmental sustainability to provide to tour chair for people to understand what their energy consumption is. And that project is developed by major contributors, including Marcelo, who is sitting next to me this morning. My time? Probably yes. So, hello, I'm Marcelo Maral. I'm from IBM Research in Tokyo. I'm located in Tokyo. I've been working with Kubernetes maybe almost since the beginning too, you know, for different projects, doing different things. And most recently, actually for the last couple of years, I've been joining efforts with Huamin and with Red Hat to develop the Kepler project to improve the, you know, the power models and the performance and scalability of the Kepler itself and try also to investigate and publish papers and blog posts about the Kepler. Cool.  And why is it, you know, considered a problem? I can hop in. So the tag is obviously leveraging open source community to define the environmental sustainability factors. So through the UN, there are 17 sustainable development goals or SDGs. And the tag is focused on a cloud native landscape to incubate and advocate for open source projects to observe and measure the cloud native infrastructure and to combat environmental challenges. And so it really is around raising awareness on environmental sustainability. And the key element of that is through open source. Okay. And what about open source? Like, why? Like, what, you know, what about open source makes that more achievable or, you know, a better goal? Well, their goals that everyone needs to comply to, whether regardless of industry and every industry has a data center. And so it's leveraging the instead of recreating the wheel, it's being able to use the principles of transparency and obviously collaboration to create those standards because really to the SDGs came about through the Paris climate accords in 2015. And even farther back than that, but reaching the net zero or net zero and goals for 2030 and for 2050 came about. And so by collaborating, you're not reinventing the wheel, you're all on the same page and you're able to integrate environmental sustainability reviews into your release cycles. And ideally, those are going to help impact your carbon footprint in a positive way. So what does this have to do with Kubernetes? Well, this has to, well, and I don't want to be taken over. You jump in here. Yeah, I think Kubernetes, you know, status quo in a data center, a cloud native data center is becoming the infrastructure for people of choice, you know, people are using them modern technologies and microservices in particular. So this becomes one of the biggest infrastructures in the world. Anything that can help the Kubernetes cloud native environments to achieve this sustainability goal will be very beneficial to the whole computation environments and the whole industry. So we believe this is the great open source environments, which will be our place on and also one of this most impactful projects we can help. So that's why we started in Kubernetes cloud native ecosystem. Gotcha. I would kind of ask too, like, you know, Kara, I think you kind of explain why kind of open source feels like the right answer for you. Hwamin, can you tell us kind of what brought you to open source in the first place or what brought you to Kubernetes? Yeah, you know, kind of beyond this, this particular scenario. So I mean, open source actually provides different perspectives, you know, when the software engineers developing software, they have the choice of whether that's capable of privacy or open. Being open, give you an advantage, such as, you know, people can jump into your projects without having to be pre-assigned and anybody who has particular interests can look at your projects and give you advice and even make a contribution. That's opened up a whole host of opportunities over there. Second of all, especially in the environmental sustainability, we need to have transparency, open standards, and open technology. Without this, any of the closed source technologies and the methodologies will be received with those four slots. So we believe open source, especially in sustainability, makes a lot of sense. And we are accelerating the innovation in this space. So we believe this is the way we are doing the right thing. And also, Marcelo, as a research perspective, you probably can see open source as a difference, bring different values. Would you mind, as I explained, from your perspective? Yeah, well, maybe I'll start with why Kubernetes, you know, so I think, you know, Kubernetes won the battle for the resource manager, the class resource manager that we have seen the past, you know, there was like, you know, open stack, measles, Kubernetes, a lot of things. And Kubernetes become like the most, you know, use a class resource manager framework that has been deployed. And right now, everyone is using that. So all the public clouds and private clouds, people are using Kubernetes. Unless they are, they have like something very, very, very specific. I think people are based on the cloud-based workloads are totally deployed in Kubernetes, the majority of them, I would say. And given that, you know, the Kubernetes community, Kubernetes is also open source, so it's also drives, you know, all the directions for in powers, all their open source projects. So, and then we are, we have also, you know, the CNCF effort to, you know, consolidate all the open source communities together and inside the Kubernetes ecosystem, which makes it easier for people to find projects and also contribute to them. And I would say that all of these projects, all the Kubernetes community can benefit from Stannability. So Stannability can bring benefits for reduce the energy costs, for example, you know, in this perspective, and also for, you know, minimize the climate impact. So, you know, for sense of awareness for the environment, things like that. And all the benefit for open source, I also see the other benefit is the collaboration between the community. I know that big companies can develop very good softwares, of course, but there is no way to compete when a lot of big companies are put effort to develop the softwares, isn't it? So we have collaborations, for example, the project that we are being working right now, isn't it, the Capper? Or we are going to talk later more about that, but just to say, we have a lot of companies involved in that, Red Hat, IBM, Intel, you know, and other partners, which makes the discussion more broader. We have received more feedbacks and have more people to work on specific features that we can improve on the project. Right, so environmental sustainability goals led to the development of the Kepler project. Can you give us a little history for the Kepler project? Yeah, so the project, when we conceived the project, so we have actually a number of discussions, meetings, surveys, so we identified opportunities and gaps in the current status and then developed the projects from that basis. And so in about early, I think that's probably end of 2021, we surveyed a number of existing projects and we are looking at the cognitive infrastructure space and we believe there's opportunities and urgency for us to get a new technology that's applicable to a lot of use cases. Just for your reference, the existing, you know, about how we are looking at the space, there are existing practices that are either estimates by a number of data sets or by some of the measurements on biomedical environments. None of these master's can reconcile with each other and none of these methods can be used at university in all the cloud-native space, meaning that's a biomedical as we are virtualizing environments in public clouds. And there's a number of other things architecturally, including how we are going to get the information that we need to estimate the energy without using a lot of resources or how to use the latest Linux technologies like EPP to minimize our footprint, since that can go a long way. So we come up with the idea of creating the capital projects based on these surveys and learnings and new technologies and that becomes successful. Sorry, go ahead. Just add some more motivation here. Maybe someone can ask, say, there are some, you know, tools in the public cloud that reports carbon footprint, so like the cloud watching the AWS, IBM also has some its own tool. However, it's changed the granularity. For example, the AWS and IBM, the public cloud, I'm not sure about the other ones. I need to check better. But I mean, the name of the tools that are doing that. But what is similar to all of them is the granularity, it's per month. So it's report the carbon footprint monthly. And this is hard to do optimizations. And although it's bringing some awareness for the user, it's hard to do optimization and understand what's the exactly part of the workload, its consumer power, things like that also do some scheduling decisions where we are going to run things in a monthly granularity. And I would say that Kepler brings here some different perspective that we show we can show the energy consumption in per seconds or per minute. So it depends on the granularity that kind of it's configurable. And this brings more opportunities for optimization. So in other words, kind of like the kind of existing tools are almost like too broad, or they're not they're kind of too far away from the application itself to kind of know entirely what's going on. It's not kind of what you're getting. It's like, you can give kind of finer greened information that can be a little bit more like application aware, so that you can affect those workloads. So what is Kepler reporting exactly? So we have a high level, we can report the server level, so the Kubernetes node level information about energy consumption, including CPU, DRAM, GPU, and we are going to support other data hardware types as well. And we also support the container level. So if you are running a container in Kubernetes, we're going to help you to understand how much energy used by the containers as CPU, GPU, and DRAM, things like that. And if you are running on a virtualized environments, we can also report how much energy used by the VMs. And if you also run this as a traditional OS environments using the database or some other specialized software, we can also report energy as a processing level. So this will help you understand workload energy consumption at different granularities. And tools based on Kepler to aggregate this information to a different level across different nodes by namespace, labeling, or something like that can help you understand the energy consumption in a distributed environments that can open up even more opportunities. Because we are using models, actually Marcelo is also a scientist, adding lots of model supports, because the models itself can be decoupled. You know, we are using the models to predict or to estimate how much energy used. These models can also be used for other purposes as well. For example, if you are using models in scheduling, you're probably kind of using energy efficiency, bring energy efficiency into consideration when you're making the scheduling decisions. Similar things can go a long way. So scaling and tuning can also borrow a page from the tuning, borrow a page from the modeling that will help them to understand if you are turning the knob in this way, what's the energy consumption will look like. And that's where I opened up opportunities for innovations in optimization of energy consumption. So you kind of alluded to it just now with the question I was kind of thinking about, which is you were kind of saying that, you know, you're using model three with everything in the environment being virtualized. How do you know what the actual energy consumption is? Or is it that you're making, you know, an estimate based on, you know, a guess about what kind of the hardware is underneath?  Like, what is it you're basing it on? Or is it kind of the other end of the spectrum where it's kind of like, you know, you're using more than you were before, rather than necessarily kind of like a hard number. Yeah, so you actually, Masar, I go ahead first. Yeah, so there is no simple answer for that, you know. Maybe we can need you to do some background introduction for what's the, what's the, why do you need a power model, isn't it? So let's, we have two contexts that we were saying. So the bare metal that we have extra the hardware and the virtualization where typically the hardware is not exposed inside the VM. So especially in the public cloud for security reasons. So let's focus the first example in the bare metal. There is no hardware counters to count the energy consumption of application. So then we need to, we still need to use power models right here. So we have the energy consumption of the CPU or the entire node energy consumption. And then we need to split this energy consumption to the process that are running on the node. And the basic assumption is, for example, let's think about the CPU. If a process using 10% of the CPU, 10% of the energy consumption of the CPU, it's related to this process. So defining the CPU utilizations can be more tricky, because CPU can also have instructions, cache, a lot of things. So maybe we might need more, you know, metrics to define utilization. If we want to more finer, more occurrence for the to the to display the energy consumption. But basically, in a broader view, we can use, for example, CPU time and get those ratio and divide the power. This is when we have access to the, to the directly power, the power, the power consumption from the hardware. So for example, then we, we know that 10% we just take 10% of the CPU utilization. The, however, on virtual machines, we need to, yeah, we don't have access to the energy, right now we don't have access to the energy consumption of the node. We envision maybe in the future, you know, cloud providers maybe provide some API or things for that, that will be perfect. And Kepper can access that the energy consumption of the VM and split this internally. But right now we need to do predictions. So prediction is basically a regression. We collect, we, on a bare metal node, we run a set of experiments with many different workloads in different change, the CPU frequency change, the, how the workload will behave in the bare metal, collect all this metric and just plot some regression model based on this matter. This is the power model, basically simple as that. So then the power model, of course, it has limitations. We can maybe discuss in the future, you know, later, what's the limitation for that? But this is where we have the power model. And the power model, based on the regressions, based on some specific metrics, for example, CPU time, we can use this power model on virtual environments to estimate the energy consumption for a given CPU utilization that it's inside the virtual machine. Gotcha. So, yeah, so basically you're making kind of projections about what's going on based on the kind of the information you have, right, which, you know, and it's interesting, I would imagine that there is, you know, kind of like a relatively high topic, like issue with, you know, kind of where it's running, right? I mean, you know, you probably have a pretty good advantage when you're running in a, like a well known data center, right? So if it's, if it's my data center, right, I can probably kind of inform, you know, hey, these are the types of CPUs we're running, you know, that kind of thing, and I can probably give better data. But that's what I was kind of wondering is like, you know, it's a, it's a difficult thing to, to monitor because it's, you know, it's not a, it's not a normal API that we normally do. Yeah. I mean, I guess my big question is what about public cloud, the public, do the public cloud providers actually provide accurate energy data? Yeah, I think we have to, it's a request. So I think we all have an answer for that. I think the end users, sorry, yeah, go on. No, go ahead.  I think if the end users, you know, start, you start to ask more about that, the cloud providers, it's changed, you know, the priorities. Of course, I have the opinion that the cloud provider, they can provide that, you know, we have this data. So, and it's just a matter of people are solving different problems, you know, putting all the workforce to different things. So, however, if there is a big requirement from some, many clients, the cloud providers will provide that as they provide the, you know, the, the carbon footprint monthly, so they can just lower the ground latitude and provide this information, maybe per minute or per hour. Per hour would be very, already very good for us, you know. Cara, what do you gotta do next? Because you haven't had a lot. Yeah, well, so I think the key question is accurate, Josh, and that is, so AWS and Azure and GCP or Google Cloud provider, they have CO2 dashboards, but they're at the cloud service level, and they're not having that granularity at that pod level, which Kepler provides, but also the other piece is that there really is not, or there isn't a industry standard. And so that's another reason why it's important for open source. So there's not an industry standard around energy consumption and how to report it or carbon footprint for containers. And so the real opportunity is, you know, open source, open standards for hybrid cloud, and how you report that as far as the E and ESG. So I also imagine there's, the models are particularly standard, right? So, you know, so it's, you know, you kind of have both sides of the problem. It's not only like, how do I, how do I go get the information? But then, you know, what's a legitimate projection about the, that information as well? Huamin, did you want to add something? Yeah, so as Kara just said, the standard is not there. And so each of the clouds can do its own thing and in its own way. So if you operate between multiple clouds, you get confusion. So that's the thing number one. As we are providing this open source architectures, as Marcelo just discussed, it does nothing significantly harder for the cloud providers to opt to adopt, train the models, get the environments and set it up, provide the models to end users. This can be done by everybody who are using the similar, similar methodology, and then that will be transparent and also adopted by all the end users. So they will understand what the metrics means by the cloud providers. So by providing fine granularity and also high resolution data will help us to do a lot of good things. You know, not like monthly, we receive a bill and then we decide what's to be done in the next month. We can actually do the real time tunings of scalings because that's the promise of the microservices. You can be very agile, you can be adaptive, and you can use the adaptation to save energy. So the tooling will create the tuning and the methodology and also the open source models. This can be adopted by the cloud public clouds and they can use the similar methodologies to help us to achieve better goals. And also cloud can do our public clouds can also help us to open up more APIs and insights into how they are measuring their sustainability. So for example, I, you know, as Amazon, this year, Amazon will announce a new generation of their own private arms architectures. They will also provide this generation over generation sustainability improvements. 30%, 60% depends on how you see rich generation. But we never have a chance outside of Amazon to measure their, you know, the power consumption. So it's really hard to end users to get any sense how can I optimize my workloads or using different architectures. That's where I saved, you know, save the energy consumption. So not disclosing this information or not disclosing this API will make it harder for any users to consume the products as well. So I advocate the open source way. And that's where we open up opportunities for not only for the end users, and also be beneficial for the cloud providers themselves. Well, it's actually going to ask kind of the wider question there, which, you know, you brought up the Paris Accord earlier, you know, are there organizations within like the UN or other NGOs or whatever who can kind of give, give some of your kind of requests some more weight?  Do you see some of those organizations showing up? Is that something that we can, you know, encourage or get more involved? Yeah, so, I mean, the sustainable development goals are created by the UN. And right now, I would say that they are looking at this, but they are not giving recommendations. And primarily the focus has been around sustainable finance. And so how the portfolios around or financial portfolios are with transitioning risk from kind of present day to their net zero goals and or physical risk, whether, you know, if you're an insurance provider and you are going to provide coverage to, you know, a large corporation in Miami, Florida. But as far as actual creating the bodies, the standards for data centers, that's really the other opportunity of, you know, there are other things that are happening in the LF, LF energy, OS climate, the CNCF, environmental sustainability tag, you know, not just within the Kubernetes space. Just clarification, LF is Linux formation. Josh, did you have another question? Well, yeah, so I mean, it sounds like right now the public clouds are not providing any disinformation. Or not in a way that is consumable by not their dashboard, right? Yeah, because, you know, when human was talking about moving workloads and stuff, I was of course thinking about public cloud, particularly because energy sources can differ a lot. You know, where, you know, for example, on AWS, US East 1 is mostly powered by fossil fuel power plants, whereas US West 2 is mostly powered by hydroelectric power, which if you're looking for an environmental perspective would actually matter. Without that information coming from the public cloud provider and how to make use of it. Yeah, that makes a perfect sense. So we have lots of thinking about these distributed environments, how workloads can be relocated based on these data differential on the carbon intensity. That's something public clouds can help us to make such intelligent decisions by providing real-time, close to real-time metrics that we can use. So that's what will be very beneficial. But in addition to the carbon intensity, there are also water consumptions. Data center needs cooling and cooling needs water. So water is not a free resource. It has a lot of environmental impact. So that's also related to the energy they consume. So using energy as one of the major sources making decisions on how to schedule workloads, how to use which data center you use. And that's where there are lots of savings for everyone of us. And it's provably possible. Sorry, I was just going to say because we already are allowed to select data centers based on data, right? So because basically the EU requires certain data to stay within the EU, et cetera. So they have the capability to give us some selection over that. Sorry, Kara, did you get to add? Yeah, I was going to add to that is that so there are the tools for measuring carbon footprint that are associated with the cloud usage. But really it's going back to the G part of ES and G is that that methodology, everyone's using different methodologies and how they are measuring that. And so the scope is going to look different. And so again, going back to a couple of questions, the accuracy is not there. And so there are tools and there's ways to get disparate information, but not a holistic view. Right, right. So to change the conversation a little bit, so Kepler is mostly about sharing the information of what's going on. But I think for Marcelo, I think you alluded to making choices based on what you see in that dashboard for lack of a better term. What in the infrastructure layer is being done? Because obviously there's my app, which I can kind of control and try to choose better consumption mechanisms for or whatever. But I can't really control how my overall infrastructure component runs. So like Kubernetes itself or all of its little friends that I plug in, are there efforts involved in trying to make those things consume less energy in and of themselves? Yeah, so I think Marcelo has participated in a number of projects using virtualization, like Kubeverse. So Kubeverse, you think about the way that's how the infrastructure is organized. So you have a better machine and you send out a number of parts and then each of the parts will be solely responsible for its own clusters. And in Kubeverse, this is just one of the examples, that you can virtualize the environments. So each of the virtual servers could be responsible for its own clusters and all infrastructures. And you can fine tune the sizing of the virtual cluster to be more resource efficient and results to be more energy efficient. So that's one of those ways. The other ways is try to minimize the footprints of lots of other things in the infrastructure. For example, the control planes. I previously, we work on a project called microchips. Microchips is basically a minimized control plane of open ships. That's where I combine all the binaries, all the containers inside of the single binary. So you have the Kubernetes controller, this is the API server, and things like that. And Kubeverse, let's do certain ways. You can coalesce them into a single binary. And that single binary will be requiring much less footprints than all of them running separately. And that's, yes, a lot of projects and technologies, so to speak. You can virtualize the control plane itself by running them inside of containers. So that's its hosted control plane, as there are lots of companies doing this, including Red Hat. So you can scale it in and out of your control planes and you can even hybridize them if you don't use across those at all. So that's where we do significantly. There are lots of dedicated resources in order to run your Kubernetes infrastructure. That makes a lot of sense. Are you seeing a lot of take-up? Is there a lot of people who find this to be a concern? Or is that something that, it's like the awareness, you're still trying to spread the awareness of tools like Kepler and the fact that this matters? Or do you think that everyone who hears about it is kind of instantly like, oh, yeah, no, that makes a lot of sense? Yeah, definitely. And getting more of these abilities will help us to accelerate adoption. And also, we want to get people's awareness in both the usability of Kepler and the scientific methodologies that we are using. That's why this is a combination of development and a research community with the end user together to co-engineer everything that's in this technology space. We will let people know how to use Kepler by providing the best usability possible and optimize the installation process, the observability usability. And that's one of these things. We can improve how the Kepler can be adopted. And also, you know, Marcelo is the leading researchers in the community. And he has published research papers explaining how Kepler is working and what's the scientific methods used by Kepler itself. And then finally, we are coming to programs like KBE, okay, to raise the visibility. So hopefully, people can understand what's the project in SPOS and how can they use these projects for helping. Just to add something, you know, I think like, you know, increasing the visibility, showing developers, you know, to increase the awareness of sustainability, energy consumption is something very important. But in the end of the day, things that makes more impact, it's like a government request, you know. So, for example, it's been, I think, less last year, the European Union requests companies report the energy consumption of AI workloads in Europe. So, and this changed the market a lot. You know, even the Kepler become much more important, you know, in the community because it is not a hard request, but it's just a soft request. As far as I know, we should double check that. But with the movement of, you know, governments request that it's may make the companies, you know, to move towards the awareness of the energy consumption and the carbon footprint. So, and I envision that in the future, those kinds of requests will be much more often. So, and it will become much more important, you know, standardize everything as Carol was saying. Standardize between companies is something that it's challenging right now. For the audience that doesn't know what does it mean. It means, for example, maybe, you know, AWS is reporting the network energy consumption, but the other kind provides are not reporting that then it's hard to compare things. What's being put in the equation. So, companies are using different equations, and it's hard to compare things. Data centers also the carbon footprint. There are some data centers of solar panels, and this is not easy to know. It's internal. So, and we have no actually, there are some tools that shows some carbon emissions of data centers. But we don't know how much solar panels they are using. The only the cloud providers know that. So, there are some gaps that it's is still there. But again, when governments start to push more to the direction, I think things are going to move faster. Yeah, and dovetailing on to that. That's a perfect segue. So what I was going to share is that from that macro level, the from an industry perspective, telecommunications or telco uses two to 3% of the world's energy from their data centers. And so, as far as standards that are coming forth, primarily from the EU, as Marcelo had mentioned, so Europe, some in North America and in APAC, or in Asia, there are, there is more interest, but it does have to come kind of from the trickle down like from the top down. Certainly, we want to make sure that developers can feel empowered and that they are partaking and contributing to, you know, Kepler, the other projects within the tag or the CNCF tag, and then, you know, LF Linux Foundation Energy, and just other sustainability projects. So, you know, I don't think it has to all be top down, but where the real impact is going to be seen is, like Marcelo was saying, is in government and is going to be through regulation and then the big industries. And from the Kepler community, we want to be prepared for this time, you know, to have the perfect tool for that. Exactly. So to veer off into the technical here a little bit, how does Kepler collect its data? I mean, where is the data actually coming from and how does it, how does it get analyzed? Yeah, so we collect data as different layers. As the OS layer, you know, we collect data from CPU instruction cycles. These are for performance counters, usually available on all of CPUs. And these are generic hardware counters and, you know, associated with the software counters from the contact switch. And most recently, Marcelo added something about the page cache and things like that. This information we collected from OS layer, we are bubble docked to the user space layer, where we collect the energy data from different counters. The Intel has its RAPO runtime average power level counters, we can read from CPU arm has its own depends on the vendors has its own methods of reporting it. And also, you know, certain things like power meters, and that's come from ACPI also reports power consumption at the whole system, including the also technology like run a fish and reverse power is consumed by the server at the control board level. So this power information, this utilization by process level is information will be filling to the power models. I just we just discussed your the attributes, the energy as different aggregation levels process container VM on part to actually part. And then this information is exported to Prometheus, so people can view on their dashboards, once they collect the promises metrics, and that's where I'll help them to understand how power is being used at different levels. Okay, of course, I have to ask, how much overhead do the collectors introduce themselves? We're trying very hard on it. So we started off as like, let's just say, a couple of years ago, where we mentioned how much energy how much CPU utilization first prince capital uses in both the EVP level and user space level. At the time, we found out it's about it's about 2%. We thought that was the state of us. But we turned out on certain environments like the real time kernels, capital actually using much more. So we take a lot of optimizations, reduce a lot of things. Marcelo also made a big contributions, we're moving on lots of redundant code and provided the profiling mechanisms that we can pinpoint exactly where optimization can be done to reduce the footprint. So we are very proud to announce that capital is using a very low overhead. In terms of the secretization, sometimes below 1%, sometimes below 2% depend on the environment and our different configurations. We believe this further improvements can be done by using even more optimizations. But we are, you know, this is no ending. Well, that's no ending. We are trying very hard to make sure that capital is very friendly and consuming very low footprint in order to give you the numbers you need. It's always the trade-off, right? I was going to ask kind of now go kind of opposite in the spectrum. It's like going back to the tag itself, what is the goal? Like what is it that you're hoping that you're going to really be able to accomplish? Or how do we invite more people to that conversation? And how do we, you know, how can people get involved? I was going to share the link to the site in a second, but you know, like that's just a webpage, you know? Like what is it you're hoping to get people to do? Well, the biggest thing is come to meetings. But the biggest thing within the tag, so we formed about a year and a half ago, and we're accepted. Our charter was accepted into the CNCF. And we have been a small grassroots team. And as time has gone on, and especially with all the work that's being done within Cloud Native Sustainability, we have a Cloud Native Sustainability week event every, or we just started our first last year. So I shouldn't say every year. And we just need all hands on deck in any region. We just open up the tag to Asia Pak. And we want to make sure that everyone feels like that they can contribute. And contributing can happen through non-coding and coding ways. So we have a green reviews working group that is focused on developing green best practices into your review software review cycles. But then there's also an extremely large arm, which is the working group comms. So that's, you know, managing our website, getting the word out in region, social media. I mean, just so much. And the other pieces is connecting to other sustainability-focused organizations. So one of them being the Green Software Foundation, also within the Linux Foundation purview. And then making sure that there's cross-collaboration. Because again, we really do not have time on our side. And that's why all hands on deck. But truly just first coming to a meeting and seeing where you're interested in. And there is no short of work to be done. So I was going to, and I should have asked this while we were still talking about the kind of more technical questions. But one of the things we do like to ask, right, is like you know, in the next, you know, three months, six months, you know, some reasonable timeframe, what are each of you most excited about for what's going to shift in Kepler or the tag itself? You know, that you're, looks like we just lost Kara. But that you're most excited about showing up. And when we start with you. And I repeat the question for you when we get to you, Kara. So we are going to be very excited for the new offerings from Kepler, obviously, the better accuracy, better support, support abilities and better usability. Specifically, you know, we come from a traditional data centers view and how we can measure the cloud usage in the data center can cloud environments and the micro generic microservice type of view. And we also expand that into different environments, including the, you know, environmental, you know, open stack kind of environments, and also the traditional OS environments. And we also plan to support the more diversified GPU environments. So if you are using GPU in certain other ways, we are most likely in the language model, this GPT era. So you're going to have a lot of optimizations in GPU, and we're going to support the different GPU configurations. Right. Yeah, I want to add about the GPU part. So we support GPU power consumption. However, there is a new trend for virtualized GPUs that it's, it's called like MIT feature. So we can, it's hard to call that partitions that, for example, any video GPUs, I'm just saying the example for that. It can partition the GPUs with predefined size. It's not flexible, but it's possible to partition the GPU. I think this might be more common in the public cloud in the future, you know, to have like some actually have a slice of GPUs instead of the whole GPU and just change the power model. Okay, because right now we need to also have the same problem, like, you know, to try to associate the power consumption to partitions and then to processes. So it's, you still need some investigation. So I think for the next months, it's something that will be the future of capital to we're investigating that. I would say, as we were saying, we are always trying to minimize the overhead, it's relatively low, but we are always trying to minimize that. So optimizations, always, we are always doing that in the capital. And, and the last thing is, we want to, something that we, I think, I don't know if we mentioned very, very well that, but the power models are specific to the hardware. So different hardware consumes different weight, the energy consumption, the energy consumption is different. So we have power models for different CPU models. And they're in the public cloud, there are a lot of kinds of CPU. So we need to train power models for that. And we also envision for the future to, you know, train more power models as the community to contribute also if someone has a different CPU. So training the power model contributes for, you know, making the power model public and help people to, you know, to have access to different power models. And we also envision for that, you know, creating more power models and have a bigger community also to contribute for that. So Kara, just to reiterate the question for you in case you missed it, but the question was basically, what are you most excited to see in the next, you know, six months or so that's going to come out of the tag or come out of Kepler or, but we are almost out of time. So, so one, one really strong answer. Refinement. So I would say refinement around the work that we're already doing and having a clearer direction from the tag's perspective as to what we want to focus on as far as achieving those standards for reporting. Gotcha. That was, that was a very tight answer. I appreciate it. So, Can I ask a technical question here because, because there's like development going on elsewhere, which is one of the things I've been wondering is, is, so Kubernetes has been really expanding the capabilities of the pluggable scheduler. So is anybody actually working on tying scheduler modules in with the Kepler data so that I can actually say, Hey, you know, I want to schedule pods based on, you know, 60% minimizing power consumption, 40% performance. Yeah, I think that is the use case. It's been developed and the technology is coming along. So we have a separate projects in the Kepler community called PIX, Power Efficiency Well Scheduler, Kubernetes Scheduler. That is towards that direction. So we are considering that the power models are using about the predictions, how much energy is going to be used if you are scheduling workloads in this way on different nodes, but they are characteristics. So this is something we feel can generate a lot of optimization potentials from the community. So we hopefully can get more contributors and evaluators to help us to improve this project and make our environments more sustainable. Well, on that note, that was a great tie off, I thought. But thank you so much for coming. We really appreciate your time. We really appreciate your work. And I really hope that, you know, this show and all the other, you know, marketing efforts that you might be making are going to bring, you know, more people to the party and really help the community grow. But I'm really excited to see it. So thank you, Josh. What's the best place for people to show up if they're showing up for the first time? I sent a link to the sustainability tag and which has data about how to go to the meetings. So I think Cara was saying earlier, the best way to start is, you know, come to a meeting and the work will fall out of the meeting and be very obvious as you get involved in the community. So you can see the CNCF calendar. We actually have a meeting tomorrow, the 31st of January. Cool. Or so. We also have community meetings for Kepler. So if someone is interested specifically in Kepler, also please join. We also have Slack channels. So ping us and we can discuss things. Gotcha. Cool. And on that note, let's conclude the episode. And again, thank you for coming. Really appreciate your time. It's a pleasure. Thanks, everyone. Thank you very much. Bye-bye.


Good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, as the case may be. I'm James Randi. When I get into discussions about whether or not there's any real science being used in the art known as parapsychology, and it is an art involving a lot of slight of mind, I often provide this parallel. Don't ever think that just because a specialized vocabulary has been developed for a variety of ology, such as parapsychology, that it necessarily has a factual basis just for that reason. Here's another example. Take the medieval notion known as transubstantiation. For those of you who are not up on religious mythology, I'll explain what that's supposed to be. When the ceremony slash ritual slash performance known as communion is conducted in some churches, two props are in evidence, bread and wine. Now what's supposed to be bread is hardly what we'd recognize as that commodity. It consists of a small, thin wafer of some sort, but the wine used is the real thing, though usually with just a soup sown that it may become vinegar at any moment. I tell you this because many, many years ago, I served as an altar boy at St. Cuthbridge Church in Leesai, just north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Yes, I sampled this van rouge for research purposes only, of course, and I found the product questionable. But here's the truth of the matter. The devote parishioners who partake of the communion ceremony are asked to believe and probably do believe that a magical transubstantiation has occurred, transforming the wine into blood and the bread into flesh. No, I'm serious. They're taught that this rather inferior bread and wine material has been miraculously transformed into the actual flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Now, I apologize if this is a rude surprise to you. It certainly was to me, and I need hardly tell you that I rejected the notion immediately. And getting back to what's supposed to be science, here's the parallel I'm trying to make. Take the word psychokinesis, meaning movement by psychological means as a good example. That's a commonly used expression in the woo-woo world of parapsychology, which word by itself means parallel with psychology. It's a widely held delusion by some people that they or other gifted persons can cause small objects to move or even change in substance. Folks, the fact that a name has been invented to describe this, even though it's formed from real Latin derivatives, doesn't make it any more real than transubstantiation or the tooth fairy or Sylvia Brown's year-end predictions. Much the same sort of reasoning can be applied to the parapsychologists themselves. Now, there are two different sorts of parapsychologists. One kind goes through life constantly deceiving themselves, making excuses and rationalizations for failures, and yet turning out many books and papers on their work, always promising further progress if only sufficient funding were to be provided. And that usually follows because there are lots of visual thinkers out there with money. The other kind of parapsychologist spends some time at it, then looks at the evidence more closely and opts to take up another profession. Sterling examples of this reversal can be found in Dr. Susan Blackmore and Dr. Chris French, UK scientists, who saw the train wreck they could have become part of, but left the track in time to avoid the inevitable collision with the real world. In fact, both Duke University and Stanford in the USA gave up their many years of involvement in parapsychology simply because they had no positive results to support their continued involvement. And the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab, known as PEAR, the Paralab, closed down operation just recently after almost 30 years in business, and for the same reason. In many cases, parapsychologists will be PhDs, a most exalted academic position. But many such folks make the presumption that once they've earned that distinction, they can't be fooled. Because they think logically, and in a straightforward, linear matter, they're much easier to deceive than they think they are, you see an electron, a cell, a crystal, will always do the same thing when subjected to the same forces, within limitations of course. But when the human element enters the equation, the possibility of purposeful deception or self-deception is present. And any magician will tell you that he or she would much rather take on the task of fooling for entertainment purposes, of course, a learned adult rather than a child. The reason for that is not intuitive at all. The fact is that a child is not smart enough, not sufficiently experienced with the real world to be easily deceived. Let me demonstrate that point for you. For example, here we have a common facial tissue.  Now you were probably deceived by that simple bit of sleight of hand, because you, as an adult, have learned over the years to accept the basic movements whereby an object is transferred from one hand to the other. And you made the expected assumption that that's what I was doing and that was wrong. You see, a child tends not to be sophisticated enough to make that assumption, since he or she did not actually see the object displayed in the second hand, and tends not to make the assumption that it went there. So we have a situation where the smarter, more sophisticated observer is actually less able to solve the simple trick. Of course, now that I've informed you about this, you'll be much better able to solve the tricks, right? Wrong. Never make that assumption. I'm James Randi and I thank you for the use of your monitor screen and your time.


Russia said on July 17 that it had launched an investigation over an apparent attack on the Crimean Bridge, a key artery for Russian troops fighting in Ukraine. Video released by Russia's investigative committee on Monday showed its investigators collecting debris on the damaged section of the bridge. Russia said two people had been killed and one person wounded in the attack, which had blamed on Ukrainian special services. Three Ukrainian media outlets quoted unnamed sources as saying Ukraine's domestic security agency and Navy were behind Monday's incident on the Crimean Bridge and that they had used seaborne drones to attack it.


I read a story in Jack Canfield's book, The Success Principle about a man named Dave Beers. He was a 40-year-old who has a music business that was doing well financially. However, he got a job working in a mailroom of a TV station to augment his income. He had a wife who was expecting a baby at this time. Whilst Dave Beers worked in his mailroom, there were a few other talented kids who worked with him in the mailroom. The kids complained and grumbled about every tax they were told to do. Contrarily, Steve Beers worked harder. He did more than he was told. When an employee needed help in the company, Steve Beers was always there to help. Soon, the company staff were talking about him. Have you heard about the new guy? They said, he works pretty hard. The boss heard it but said nothing. If anyone needed anything and Steve Beers heard, he would go out of his ways to get that thing done. Once, he was in the car with his boss. He heard his boss mention he needed his suit cleaned for a function he would be attending soon. The next day, Steve Beers delivered that suit to his boss, cleaned. Asked how he got it. Steve said, I went to your house, got it from your wife, and got it cleaned. The boss was odd. When two of the company's producers suggested that Steve Beers be made an associate producer for two new shows. The boss, of course, gladly agreed to it. Steve was never a writer. He was never skilled in TV shows production, but he went on to build even more shows and became great. He walked in the mailroom doing much more than the average person does, never demanding compensation for his efforts. Because he learned to do more, never settling for average, he was made more. Determined to never settle for mediocrity. The average youngster settles for average. Don't you believe me? When was the last time you did something you were too afraid to do? When was the last time you challenged yourself to read more books, go somewhere you haven't visited before, or do something beyond what you've always done? When was the last time you challenged yourself to do better than you did yesterday, last week, last month, or last year? Mediocrity is an attitude. And as attitude is a choice, mediocrity is a choice. A mediocre blame people and circumstances, but never himself. He has 100 megawatt capacity but gives out only 10 watts. The average under 30 grumbles and complains when he is told to dream and do more. But you see, my business isn't with the average under 30. My business is with you. Every time you settle for less, you get less than you settled for. Every time you go beyond average, you get much more than you do. Doing more pays as much also as average pays. Being sleep short in your commitment to work will eventually put you in a place where average people go, nowhere. Becoming the best you could ever be will demand that you do more than the average does. It doesn't necessarily mean that you pack in more responsibilities into your to-do list every day. But it does mean that whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might, as King Solomon said in the Bible. Be the best at what you do. Michael Dell of Dell Computers admits he would travel the world until he finds the best person for the job. If what you do is what orders can do, then you are not doing things differently. If you aren't going the extra mile in all you do, you aren't going to lead the park. Are you a high school student? Build the determination to be the best student ever? Do you live with your guardian? Desire to be the best kid? No. I'm not telling you to compete with anyone to live your life trying to be better than everyone else. That's a ticket to a frustrating life. Instead, I'm asking you to stretch yourself beyond the shores of mediocrity, because we are all as limited as we think. We can do more than we think we can. As Jesus said, all things are possible to him who believes. We can so often outstand ourselves if we would but choose to do more than we can. If you did all the things that you could, you would outstand yourself by the things you would do. A blogger, Russell Blake wrote 22 books in 18 months. John C. Maxwell wrote that, when we settle for average, we may be tempted to blame it on orders, on our circumstances, on the system. But the truth is that mediocrity is a choice. You are mediocre because you chose to.  You must win the battle over the enemy called average. The awful life of average. Average is doing less than you could have done. Average is shooting for the sky when you could have shot for the moon. Average is writing a paragraph when you could have written a book. Average is refusing to rewrite an examination because you failed the first or the second time. Average is settling for a C when you could have made an A. Average is being content to remain at a point instead of choosing to make progress daily. Average is closing each day, each month, each year without becoming a better person. Average is believing I'm still a kid, I have all the time in the world so let's waste it. Average people always end up being less than average. When you settle for average, you don't just become average, you become less than average. Columnist Maureen Dowd said the minute you settle for less than you deserve, you get even less than you settle for. Contentment is a great virtue God wants you to have but contentment is being satisfied to call yourself who and what God says you are striving to become that.  If God calls you the light of the world, you shouldn't settle for being a boning lamp. Light is light, I know. But a boning lamp and the light of the world, what's the comparison? When the children of Israel stay too long around the mountain, God told them you have dwelt too long around the mountain, it is time to move forward.  Thomas Edison was noted to have said, if we did all those things we are capable of doing, we would literally outstand ourselves. You don't settle for less when you were made for more. You can either become more or you become less but never expect God to receive an average from you. Don't condemn yourself for the things you've done averagely in the past. You've learned this lesson now. It's time to move on. Next time you have something to do, give it your best. Start small. Start with doing the dishes well. Do some plates still have oil in them? Rewash them until they are sparkling clean. Nobody needs to know. Upper Winfrey said, integrity is doing what is right even when you know no one is watching. You aren't doing the right thing for anyone. You are doing it for yourself. Always ask, is there a way I could do this better? Then create ways. Don't go overboard. Just do enough to make you stretch. Teach yourself to over deliver and under promise. It's not a trait that's common anymore. Soon you would realize that you just can't settle for average. It's your choice to choose to rise above average and there's an interesting truth to this. You can do it. If this video inspired you, like this video and subscribe to our channel. We love you.


Dyna maen nhw yw ardurog, neu rai unwar i hefyd. Mae'r dyn pleased a dynu hefyd ar hyn. A él ac yn ddifrif, mae hefyd yn gennym ni. Mae'r ddusio os honi chi wedi'i ei ddysgu a dynnu eu ddysgu. On i'n ddysgu i'r d comfortablyawd a yn ystod i'r Ddiwrnod a dylw i'r ddefnyddio i'r ddalfnwch yn ymwyaf atio'r ddusio. A'r rai'n ddysgu i ddysgu iawn. I echo Caroline's congratulations. It's quite a tough year, but well done. You got through and here you are ready to go. What we're going to talk about today or what I'm going to talk about is who we are at the Institute, some things about what we think, then what we do, how we can support you, why we do it and then what happens next. The Institute itself is a membership charity. We have an education arm, but basically we are a membership professional body for 50,000 professional physicists. We provide professional recognition for physicists, but also for teachers, and we're very keen that teachers become part of that community of physics, as I will say later. Within the Institute we have a council who decides what we do, and over the years, as there have been increasing difficulties with physics education, a shortage of physics teachers and so on, they have put more and more money into projects we do, and then we've had government funding. We're now quite a sizeable group team at the Institute. There we are standing outside our old building actually, last summer. There are about 20 of us in the office in London, and then we have a network of people around the country. In the office is part of the team, but also Joe and Joe who weren't available for the photograph last year, and you'll see them. One Joe is at the back, and the other Joe is at the back. In Lawrence, who works remotely, who thinks about curriculum and supporting physics teachers through the web, has produced our SPT resources. Gary, who looks after our physics network coordinators, of which there are 50, and they look a bit like Ruth, who is there. We have 50 people looking a bit like Ruth, we have another one here that looks very similar actually. Jerry in the middle, any other physics network, Alessio's here, I saw, and Sue. We've got 50 people around the country who you can contact and who can support you directly in your schools. We also have a network of 35 teaching and learning coaches who do more intensive work in schools. You may find yourself in a school that's supported by a teaching and learning coach, but they're not so freely available as the physics network coordinators. About five years ago, we got together as a group and wanted to come up with an inspirational phrase for ourselves really, but also for the wider community. So what is it that we think we're doing? We came up with this phrase, which I won't read to you, but I'll take out bits of it, cultural entitlement. So it sounds a bit high for Luton, but we believe it. So in the same way that children should be exposed to some history, some of their history, they should know about geography. They should probably read some poetry, maybe have access to learning a musical instrument, at least do music in a group. These are bits of their culture. They should know about, have exposure to and have an opportunity to participate in those activities. In the same way, physics is a cultural entitlement. There are aspects of physics and the way of thinking like a physicist that are unique, and if children don't get access to those, then they are being denied something that could or would very likely enrich their lives. That doesn't mean to say that they have to follow physics beyond at the moment the age of 16, but they should get exposure to an authentic version of physics, thinking like a physicist, before that point so that they can make an informed choice. So it is more than just a subject in the curriculum. It is their entitlement to see what it's like to think like a physicist, an intellectual and cultural entitlement. The single biggest factor that will enable them to do that and will determine their progress in physics, their enjoyment of it, their engagement with it, is the teacher in front of them. All the evidence continually points to the teacher in front of a group of children being the biggest influence on their engagement with that subject. You can muck about with the curriculum, you can build new schools, you can change the exam system, but if you don't put the right people in front of kids, they won't be engaged, they won't learn well. And that, of course, is something I hope you all believe. In fact, even from your experience, I'm sure you know that it is the case. But the reason that you're going into teaching is you believe you can make a difference by standing in front of those children and talking to them about, in this case, physics. So we need a complete workforce, it needs to be engaged itself, it needs to be professional, and the teachers within it need to be accomplished. And they need to continually develop. So part of the reason for today, I think, is to begin a relationship with you. We are deeply committed to a community of people teaching physics. We are then against the idea of isolated people re-learning constantly what it is to be a physics teacher. So please do see today as the first step in that relationship with us. Or it might be the second. You may have built a relationship with the Institute already through your training. I mentioned our membership before, and this is something, of course, that we can say as a membership organisation is that teaching physics is doing physics. So in the same way as the team at CERN identified the Higgs particle, or a particle that shows Higgs-like properties, we can say to you you are doing physics just as much as that team. So partly it's doing the job of physics, it's keeping physics as a discipline alive in schools, but also you will find increasingly that you are pushing forward the frontiers of understanding of physics. And this is something that I think when I was teaching came as a bit of a surprise to me, that you can think about the subject at a very deep level because you go back to some things that you haven't thought about for some time. You rethink about them and it will develop not just your understanding but the whole community's understanding of physics, physics itself. What we can offer is routes to development, professional development through our network coordinators, and also support. So we've got various mechanisms for support. I'll say more about those in a moment. What we think about physics itself, well, you won't be surprised to know that we like it. We think that it's deeply rewarding.  It's not stuff that you have to learn, which is perhaps society's view of physics. It's a set of ways of thinking. It's looking at things in a reductionist way, making sure that things are deeply consistent, that you can't have one bit of physics contradicting another. It's often mathematical. We use models. We use empirical evidence. So we bring all of that together. That is, if you like, the method of physics and it leads to the content. We know a lot about the world because people have used those ideas, those ways of thinking before. But physics goes beyond what has been discovered. It is those ways of thinking and that's why I think it's a cultural entitlement because if you teach children to think like that, it is a richly and continually rewarding experience for them. Although I don't particularly practice physics anymore, I'm glad that I have all the tools that I came away with. I look at the world in a different way. It is an intellectual reward. So I'm sure that you'll all agree that there's nothing as satisfying as a physics explanation. Mainly agree. Okay. So in the education department, the work we do, we work in policy. So a lot of it in recruitment. We've had some successes working with the government on changing the way that physics teachers are recruited, including the scholarships that were introduced about four years ago. Some of you may have benefited from them. We work on the curriculum, trying to bring in those ideas I just mentioned. We look at the assessment schemes and we, I think, try to keep the awarding organisations honest a little bit if we can. We also do projects and produce resources and then we have support networks. I'll say more about each of those aspects now. So our particular concerns I mentioned before is the lack of specialist teachers. That's one big problem. So there are about 30,000 science teachers in the country. You'd expect about 10,000 to be physics specialists. It's at the order of 6,000. So it's quite a long way short. So therefore recruitment and retention is a problem for us. Incidentally, we have a much broader view of physics specialists than just a physics graduate. As long as someone has trained to be a physics teacher in some way, that makes them a physics specialist. But just sticking them in front of a class and telling them to teach physics and giving them a book is not a physics specialist. So we worry about recruitment and retention. We worry about the curriculum I mentioned. At the moment it's a bit uncultured. It's a bit a set of ideas, a set of facts that you reproduce. We would like to see a sort of thematic approach to the curriculum and assessment. And some useful drivers in accountability. If you've been in schools, you may notice, for example, at the moment there's a focus and obsession almost with C grades, D to C grade. So that driver came out of an accountability measure and that's a shame. It's a perverse driver and I guess at the time it was an unforeseen consequence of the A star to C measures. And we're particularly interested in underrepresented groups. Some socioeconomic groups and of course girls don't tend to do physics. We produce resources. So there's a list of some of the resources we do. We've just launched a physics and football resource with Arsenal Football Club. So it's an after school activity. We've got the reward cards in the bottom right there with every pun we could think of for physics. And the physics and concert resource. Exoplanets that there's a workshop on today. I should say incidentally on the reward card, just a slight aside, what we found was there was science reward. There are companies that produce these and there are science ones that exist but there weren't any physics ones. And this is one of our continual battles, I think, is to get the identity of physics into schools, to get past the subject called science, the invented subject called science. There are the sciences of which physics is one, but the idea that science as a whole is one subject has probably been, hasn't served the A levels terribly well, or the country. And we have made some posters actually, the best physics education posters ever made in the world. And you may think that I'm overstating it there but I'm going to take a vote on that in a minute. So I mentioned earlier about the bigger picture, the experience of having been a physicist. We wanted something that wasn't about careers, that wasn't about stuff or engineering or what physicists do. And we came up with this phrase of physics, see the world differently. So if you've studied physics to any level, your outlook will always be slightly different. And then we wanted to represent that on some posters. So this one, we've got a character in the bottom left who's using a telescope. We could say that that's an artifact from physics but it does let you see the world differently. You look through a telescope, it looks different. And this character is looking through it at the moon so he's seeing a world differently in a sense there. He's looking at the moon, so we've got two so far. And then the bit that will blow your mind is that this poster glows in the dark. So in the dark it looks like that. So you turn the lights out and it changes like that and you are seeing the poster, the world, the poster differently. Now the character is on the moon so it's a different outlook and what's he looking at? It's the blooming world. So he is seeing the world differently. Five takes on seeing the world differently. I want to show of hands, best physics education poster ever made in the history of the universe. There we go, the unanimous. Excellent. And you've all got it even more. There you are. Are they excited?  A little hint with it is if you've got a UV torch at school it's worth charging it up. If you're going to demonstrate it by turning the lights out it's worth just giving it a charge before the lesson with the UV torch and just kind of stimulates the ink so it will glow better. Okay, other things we do, we support teachers so I mentioned the teacher network. The 50 physics network co-ordinators around the country. If you go to the website, ip.org, you will be taken to a map and you can find your nearest one. We have the stimulating physics network I mentioned. We've got mentoring so I'm hoping that quite a lot of you are going to be mentored. You will have a connection with one of our field workers. It might be a PNC or a TLC, that's a physics network co-ordinator on the top or a teaching and learning coach. Please do use them. Use them for subject stuff. If you're worried about how to teach something or you need some ideas, do contact your mentor. They will be able to help you. We have affiliated schools so when you move into a school you can find out if it's affiliated. You will be getting resources and discounts from us and a termally magazine, Classroom Physics. We have a forum where we bring people together. Actually we've got a meeting a week on Saturday to talk about policy so we need to connect with teachers. Probably not initially, but when you get a bit further into your career if you want to join with us more closely then please do join the Education Forum and you can come and have an influence on the way we work and the way we work with outside agencies. Talk Physics is our community forum online. You may, I hope, have seen it already. If you haven't, it's talkphysics.org. You can have discussions, watch other people having discussions. Good way to pick up hints and tips. We've also got the SBT resources for Key Stage 3 so deep narrative resource for talking through how and why and what you might say to children about physics. Teaching Advanced Physics, TAP resources is also on our website. These are all linked at the end as well and Practical Physics with, as you might expect, lots of ideas for practicals. We've run some pilot projects. We're currently doing some pilot projects on improving gender balance, so we've got 20 schools we're working with and then a project looking at the whole school issue of gender balance. So not a physics project, but it is our conviction now that children are stereotyped by gender by the age of 11 and then even secondary schools don't tend to counter that. So that plays into physics, but it's a broader problem. The roles that boys and girls are given are male and female and we're deeply concerned about that. We're trying to address it. And then also socio-economic background I mentioned earlier. We did a pilot project on ethnicity. This is a harder problem to work with because it isn't a straightforward in and out. There are many different influences and issues with people from different ethnic backgrounds taking physics. So there isn't a single thing we can address. Why we're doing it, so I mentioned earlier about it being the cultural entitlement. We don't obsess about numbers of children doing A-level physics but it is a useful thermometer. It gives it a sort of measure of the state of the system. So you can see in the mid-80s about 45,000 students did A-level physics. And that crashed down to a low in 2006 of about 28,000. It's a massive drop-off. You can see the other scientists incidentally were benefitting. This correlates almost exactly to the invention of a subject called science that I mentioned before and the ability therefore of schools to recruit science teachers rather than physics, chemistry and biology teachers. So when we look at the same data for individual schools we can identify schools again as a thermometer where not many children are going on to take A-level physics so we would reckon there's some issue there. And remember it's not just the five or six who might have done A-level, it's the whole 200 in a year group have had such a bad experience of physics that none of them have wanted to do it at A-level. So it's a whole year group, a whole school that isn't getting that cultural entitlement. And what we tend to find is they will have a shortage of physics specialists in those schools and the culture of physics has died in that school. There are about 500 schools that fall into that category, out of three and a half thousand so it's about a sixth. So you can see it's a real problem. This is a sixth of the population and not getting the cultural entitlement that we talked about before or I talked about before. And therefore children aren't getting an identification with the subject, they're not seeing the subject in its full glory. The other things that we worry about I mentioned diversity so 49% of mixed maintained schools nearly half but for 1% of mixed maintained schools send no girls on to take A-level physics. So that is a scandal. Whatever is happening in those schools girls are getting a message that physics is not for them. And of course we know that to be not the case. So much of what we do is driven by ensuring this cultural entitlement. There we are. So please do enjoy today. Go into teaching. I mentioned earlier incidentally that there was nothing as satisfying as a physics explanation. I didn't do a hands up on that one just in case. Just in case everyone put their hand up. But what you were thinking at the time was do you know there is something more satisfying than physics explanation and that's giving a physics explanation. That is the most satisfying thing in the world. So I hope you have many years of that satisfaction. Keep in touch with us. Locate your nearest physics network coordinator and have a good time today. I've got some links at the end. Joe is raring to go. There we are. Thank you very much.


Water. It's all around us. Makes up 70% of the Earth's surface and about 60% of your body. Let's start with the basics. Water is a colourless and transparent substance. When it is pure, it has no smell and no taste. If you've ever thought that one type of tap water tastes different to another, you're not wrong. Tap water in different areas may have slight impurities from various metal ions. Water is a liquid at room temperature. It freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees at standard pressure. But have you ever wondered why the boiling point of water is higher than, for example, methanol? Well, you might know from this video that water is a polar molecule with slightly positively charged hydrogens and slightly negative oxygens.  They are in liquid form, so can move around each other. But the delta-positive hydrogens from one molecule are weakly attracted to the delta-negative oxygen of another. This is a type of intermolecular force and it has a special name, hydrogen bonding. Because of this, the water molecules need quite a bit of energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds and escape from the beaker as a gas. Water is a very good polar solvent, so good it's often called the universal solvent. That's a bit of an exaggeration, but it's certainly true that many common chemical compounds will dissolve in water. Here's just a few. Hydrochloric acid and many other acids. Sodium hydroxide along with other bases. Soluble salts such as table salt, sodium chloride and sugars. Here's a challenge though. Can you think of a large and important type of compound that won't dissolve in water and instead floats on its surface? More importantly, can you think why they do this? Pause the video, think carefully and resume when you've got the answer. Well, the answer is lipids or in plain English, oils or fats. They don't dissolve in water because they're non-polar and therefore hydrophobic, meaning they don't like mixing with water. One of the most unusual qualities of water is that it can act as either an acid or a base.  This is one of the reasons why water is so useful in all sorts of organic chemistry reactions. We already use water for bathing, laundry, many industrial processes and of course drinking. But perhaps even bigger things lie ahead. You see, many scientists all over the world are working on developing hydrogen as an alternative fuel source. We know it works for this purpose, but there are problems with storage, transportation and refuelling that are holding us back. Nonetheless, a lot of people believe that in the not too distant future, many of our machines and industries will be powered not by hydrocarbons, but hydrogen gas. And where are we going to find an almost limitless potential source of hydrogen to use for these purposes? You guessed it, the humble water molecule.