I'm a Ph.D. student at the University of Canterbury, and I research the Black Stilt, or Kaki. So Kaki used to be found on the North Island and the South Island. They're braided river specialists, so it's not a species you can put on an island in New Zealand, a small offshore island. It has to be in the mainland braided rivers. And their decline was mostly due to habitat loss and the introduction of mammalian predators, so stoats, cats, hedgehogs. There are less than 100 left, and they're dependent on a captive breeding program, where you have individuals brought into captivity, raised in captivity, and released back into the wild. And an important component of that is looking at the relatedness of individuals when you pair them up. This is very similar to matchmaking, kind of like the show Married at First Sight. Instead of looking at personality types of the birds, we look at how related they are to one another, the end goal being to choose distantly related birds to pair so that we reduce in breeding, and we also maximize diversity in the population so they can adapt down the road. So I'm trying to find the best way, most effective and efficient way, to pair up Kaki. And we're looking at the pedigree, or a family tree, to estimate relatedness. We're looking at DNA markers, either genetic tools or genomic tools, which look at thousands of markers, to find the best way to pair up our Kaki. And the end goal is to apply this information to the Kaki Recovery Program to help recover the species, but it's also applicable to over 20 captive breeding programs in New Zealand and over 400 around the world.


on data hazards. We have started our discussion on various types of hazards that arise in pipeline implementation of processors. And you may recall that the data hazards is one of the three types of hazards and in the last lecture we have discussed about the structural hazard and we have seen how structural hazards can be overcome with the help of additional hardware. Now, coming to the data hazards as we have seen the data hazards can be classified into three types. First one is read after write in where j tries to write a letter instruction and j tries to read a value before i writes into it and the other two are write after write w a w type and w a r write after read type. However, as you have seen for the pipeline that we have been discussing the simple five stage risk pipeline they are only read after write type of hazards may result in a pipeline stall. On the other hand write after read and write after write hazards cannot occur because of different reasons that we have discussed in the last lecture. Now, before I mention about this let us consider what is the outcome of this data hazard.  So, you find here you have got five instructions and data hazard is arising because the instruction the second instruction is trying to read a data which has not yet been written into the register and this is leading to a hazard. Similarly, the third instruction is also facing hazard because it is trying to read data before the writing has taken place into the register. However, the subsequent instructions will not face any hazard because they are reading the data from the register after writing has taken place. Now, this is the how can we overcome this hazards. There are several techniques by which these data hazards can be overcome. The first technique is known as forwarding and bypassing. Forwarding and bypassing technique is based on hardware approach. That means, you have to add some additional hardware to overcome data hazards and we shall see how it can be implemented. The other techniques are essentially software based. First one is basic compiler 5 line scheduling and we shall see how compiler can help in scheduling instructions such that the data hazard is eliminated or its impact is reduced. Then the scheduling that is being done by compiler is known as static scheduling. On the other hand, the scheduling can be done with the help of hardware which is known as dynamic scheduling which I shall also discuss and this dynamic scheduling can be done without renaming and with renaming. Finally, we shall discuss how hardware speculation can also help in reducing data hazards. So, first let us focus on forwarding and bypassing which is a hardware based approach. If we look at this particular pipeline execution of these instructions, we find that data hazard is arising in spite of the fact that results are already available in the pipeline registers. Although it has not yet been data has not yet been written into the register that register where it has to be written that is R 1, but those values which was computed here in the third clock cycle are already available in different pipeline registers. So, as you can see the difference in the pipeline registers which are holding different values after the execution in different stages. For example, after instruction fetch the instruction is stored in this instruction register, after the instruction decode fetch the data which is being read from the registers are again stored in the pipeline registers. So, various values which are generated in a particular stage are stored in those registers in these pipeline registers. Similarly, after execution the results are available in these pipeline registers. So, similarly after whenever memory access is being done the result is again stored in the pipeline registers and finally, when write back is taking place data is taken from the pipeline register and which is being written to the proper register. So, we find that the key idea of forwarding comes from the fact that data which is already available in pipeline registers we are not utilizing it. We are trying to read it from the final register where it is stored at the end of fifth cycle. So, can we not read the operands from pipeline registers instead of the I mean before it is written into the register of the ALU that is your in our case the register R 1. So, how this can be done is shown here we shall require several multiplexers as you can see ALU inputs are coming from two multiplexer earlier they were coming only from the this particular stage that means the pipeline stage that means the first pipeline register. So, inputs were taken from there or from the immediate data that was taken. Now, from different pipeline registers the outputs are applied here to the input of the marks and for you can see from this the ALU output is applied to the marks. Similarly, this ALU output is also applied to the other marks and similarly from the data which is being read from the memory though those they are also written into the they are applied to the input of the marks because we shall read from the pipeline register instead of reading from the register. Similarly, finally whenever it comes of course it will go to the register. So, the basic idea is that with the help of multiplexers having more than two inputs say five inputs to each of these multiplexers the inputs can be taken not only from the final register, but also from different pipeline stages because the intermediate results which are hold in the pipeline registers are available in them and they can be taken from there and applied to the ALU and that is how this this hazard is overcome. So, to support data forwarding additional hardware is required first hardware is multiplexers to allow data to be transferred back and second is the control logic. We know that the control logic is performing the control of different data path hardware that is present in the processor that means it is controlling the different registers it is controlling the ALU the operation to be performed and so on. So, here whenever we add multiplexers with multiple inputs for example, this multiplexer is having five inputs. So, you will require three control signals which will select one of the five inputs and that will be applied to the ALU. Similarly, here also you have got another multiplexers five inputs are coming from five different sources and you have to select one of the five depending on the instruction that is being executed. That means the depending on the off code the controller will decide which inputs will be selected and that the data will go to the ALU. So, the controller control logic of the multiplexer will also be has to be implemented. In other words I am trying to tell that the controller without pipelining will be simpler than controller with sorry controller with forwarding. That means if forwarding is not done then the controller will be simpler, but whenever forwarding is implemented then the controller will be complex because it has to generate additional control signals and not those control signals can be generated by analyzing different values different I mean instructions. That means you have to see in what situations the operands will come from different and those pipeline registers and accordingly by that accordingly the logic has to be implemented in controller. So, this implementation will be little more complex. So, this is how forwarding is done. This is also called bypassing because we are bypassing reading from the final register by reading it from different pipeline registers which are present where the intermediate values are temporarily stored. This is forwarding. Now, whenever we do forwarding this particular diagram shows how forwarding is helping in overcoming hazards data hazards. As you can see earlier we were trying to read this value from this register. Instead of reading from this register now for the second instruction that value will be coming from this particular pipeline register instead of the register bank that is present in the ALU. So, it is reading from there. So, since it is in the forward direction there is no hazard. Similarly, we can see here also that the third instruction is also getting the operand from the pipeline register. That means this R1 is also read from the pipeline register and that is being applied to the one arm of the ALU. Similarly, of course the third instruction that operand is being read from the register itself and of course this is possible because we are using what is known as split phase axis. So, you have a register and that register what is being done it is controlled by a clock. There is a clock which is applied and the clock is being applied to control the operation of the register. Now, what is being done writing into the right operation is being performed in this the first cycle first part of the cycle. So, and then read operation is done in the second phase as a consequence after the writing is writing takes place in the same phase same clock during the same clock you can read it. So, that is what is happening in this particular case that means writing of the data is taking place into the register in the first part of the clock cycle and in the second part of the clock cycle which is shown by Green said the reading operation is taking place from the same register. So, from the same register in two phases you are able to do two operations writing as well as reading that is why it is called split phase axis and by if the split phase axis is not allowed that means if the only reading or writing can be taken place in a single clock cycle in such a case of course again there will be a data hazard in this case and in such a case you have to read it not from the register, but again you have to read it from the pipeline register. So, now the question arises this type of data hazard can be overcome by forwarding or bypassing can all possible data hazards be overcome by bypassing or forwarding the answer is no there are situations where I will see if and by using that complicated bypassing hardware the hazard cannot be overcome. So, in this particular case it involves a load operation. So, you will be loading some value into a register R 1 and so you will require a memory access. So, as we have seen the in the fourth clock cycles the memory access is being done. So, that means the value that is being read from the memory will be available only at the end of clock cycle 4. On the other hand the next instruction that sub R 4 comma R 1 comma R 6 is reading the value in the third in the fourth clock I mean in the beginning of the fourth clock cycle. So, in the beginning of the fourth clock cycle it is trying to read the value and at the end of the fourth clock cycle data is available. So, in this particular in this particular situation there will be hazard and so this hazard cannot be overcome by bypassing. So, we have to introduce a stall to overcome the situation. However, the subsequent reading of operands will take place from the register. So, this will lead to a stall which we call unavoidable stall. So, this type of stalls will be present whenever you are reading an operand from a memory and that is being used in the next cycle. However, whenever it involves ALU operations then this problem will not arise. So, this is all about the data hazards. Now, we shall discuss about the use of compiler for overcoming data hazards and basic idea is find sequences of unrelated instructions that can be overlapped in the pipeline to exploit ILP. That means, in our in our in case of our ideal implementation of pipeline we assume that all the instructions are independent originally, but subsequently we discovered that there is data dependency and because of data dependence there is some kind of I mean the instructions are not really independent. So, you have to maintain a sequence and you cannot arbitrarily change their position. However, there are instructions which are independent and which can be identified by the compiler and then they can be scheduled that means the original sequence can be modified by the compiler and change their sequence in such a way that the data hazard will be overcome. That is the basic idea and so a dependent instruction must be separated from the source instruction by a distance in clock cycles equal to the latency of the source instruction to avoid stall. So, this is the key idea behind this compiler based scheduling of instructions. That means, an instruction which is dependent on a previous instruction has to be separated from the source instruction. How much separation has to be done to avoid data hazard which is the latency of the pipeline that is being implemented that is dependent on the pipeline depending on the pipeline that we have implemented. So, this is how we can avoid stall. Let me illustrate this with the help of a simple example. So, a clever compiler can often residual instructions to avoid a stall. So, here we have got an instruction. I have already mentioned about this whenever it involves reading data from a memory that means the sequence of instruction is load word R 2 comma O R 4 then you are performing addition operation involving the same register R 2 and R 3. So, you are adding the content of R 2 with the content of R 3 and storing the result in R 1 and then another instruction is there load word R 5 comma 4 R 4. So, here we can see that this particular reading of data will take place at the end of fourth clock cycle. On the other hand here the reading will take place at the beginning of the fourth clock cycle. So, what we find that here there is a latency of only one clock cycle. If this instruction can be separated from this by one instruction our job will be done. That means the data hazard will be overcome. So, this particular instruction is independent if we consider the three instructions we find that this instruction has no dependency on the previous two instructions. So, these two instructions can be interchanged.  So, we find that in this particular case by the time this instruction will read the data from the register R 2 writing has been already completed because at the end of fourth clock cycle rather in the first phase of the first half of the fifth clock cycle writing will take place into the register by this instruction. And reading here is taking place in the fifth clock cycle and the second phase. So, here the reading will take place here the writing will take place and as a consequence the hazard will not arise and you will be able to read from the register. So, this is how the hazard is being overcome in this particular case. So, by reordering the instruction this is the transformed code there is no stall needed. So, earlier there was a stall needed here at the I mean after load word you have to introduce a stall if you have to read correct data and this is not required in the transformed code. So, this type of compiler scheduling can be done with the help of a optimizing compiler we call it optimizing compiler. Now, this type of situations of identifying independent instructions is very difficult in a small straight line code usually the number of instructions present in a straight line code is very few and since the number is very few finding independent instructions among them is difficult. So, how can we improve the instruction level parallelism? One very important technique which has been exploited that is known as unrolling loop unrolling and that involved that is actually related to loops. So, let us consider an example you have got this original code i is equal to 4 i is equal to 1000 i greater than 1 i is equal to i minus 1. So, it is reading data from an array and then performing the operation x i is equal to x i plus s. So, s is a constant scalar value which is available in a particular register. So, this is the high level language code the corresponding mix code is given here. So, first of all you are loading the value you are loading it into the register in a register f 0 f 0 is the first array element you are loading then you are performing the addition operation assuming that the second that the constant scalar value is present in register f 2. So, this is a and then the content of f 0 and content of f 2 are added and that is being stored in f 4 and then you are storing the data in the register f 4 using register r 1 as the pointer and result is being stored. And the next two instructions are essentially loop manipulation instructions which are used for housekeeping the loop. So, the r 1 is decremented by. So, these are double words. So, you require 8 bytes 64 bits. So, 8 bytes are required. So, r 1 is decremented by 8 and then it goes back 8 also checks whether that you know that 1000 is being stored in r 2 that is why it compares and branch not equal that means, if they are not equal then it goes back to the first one. So, in this way it keeps on doing the looping 1000 times looping will take place. So, these are the first these are the three instructions as you can we have already seen there is data dependency and because of the dependency among these instructions in the if the instructions are present in this order you have to introduce stalls. So, executing the loop on MIPS pipeline without scheduling we will require how many stalls as you can see after load you will require one stall this is based on this table. So, this is the source instruction and this is the user instruction or dependent instruction you can say and if it is a floating point ALU operation and next instruction is also a floating point ALU operation. And then if the dependent instruction is I mean there is a latency of 3 that means, this from the source instruction to dependent instruction you have to separate them by three instruction you have to if you want to avoid stall. And the second one is floating point ALU operation and the next one is stored double in such a case it will involve this the latency is 2 that means, you have to introduce two stalls to overcome data hazard in such a situation. The third one is load double followed by floating point ALU operation in such a case latency is 1. So, one stall has to be introduced. So, in the first case that first stall is coming out of this that means, you have got a load double and it is followed by an ALU operation floating point ALU operation. So, the latency is 1. So, you have to introduce one stall then coming to the second instruction add double f 4 comma f 0 comma f 2 here you have to you are using the f 2 read the value from the register in this third instruction and this belongs to the first type of problem that is a floating point ALU operation followed by floating point ALU operation. So, dependent instruction has to be separated by you know there is a sorry stored double. So, this is stored double sorry this is the second category floating point ALU operation followed by stored double. So, you will require two stalls because latency here is two if you want to avoid stall then here again you are decrementing a register. So, it is an ALU operation and here this is a branch operation. So, in this case also you will it will involve one stall because you are performing not equal you are performing ALU operation. So, loads double I mean it will require one stall here it will belong to this type of problem and one stall has to be introduced here because you will not get the proper value in R 1 and unless one stall is introduced you will not get correct value it will not jump to the proper value. So, we find that 8 stalls I mean 1, 2, 3, 4, 4 stalls are required and total number of clock cycles that is required to execute each pass of the loop is 9 clock cycles. So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 clock cycles. Now, let us see how by reseduling the instructions the number of hazards can be reduced. What has been done here the that loop manipulation housekeeping instruction has been shifted moved earlier earlier it was present here somewhere here from at the after stored data it was present here. Now, it has been shifted earlier and since these two instructions are not dependent not dependent. So, there is no need for introducing stall here and these two load and add data has been separated by one instruction and as a consequence no stall is required since they have been there was a latency of one clock cycle. So, there will be no need for introducing stall here. However, these two stalls will be present because add data it is followed by stored data as per this you will require two stalls to be introduced. However, whenever this type of reseduling is done you have to change the instruction you may see that in the previous case this was you are you are you are you are decrementing by 8 the value of R 1 was decremented by 8 to point to the next element of the array. So, but in the in this reseduled code we are we are performing decrement earlier than storing the value. So, that is why to store the result in the same memory location instead of decrementing we are adding 8 because already decrement operation was done. So, addition of 8 is being performed. So, this instruction is modified so that the array element that means result is stored in proper locations from the proper memory location. So, it was present that means this will point to the same memory as it was done by this instruction. That means although the instruction has changed, but the value that will be that effective at this that will be generated by this instruction and this instruction will be same. So, as a result it will store the value in the same memory location because effective at this is same. So, in this situation we find that two stalls are still present is there any way by which these two stalls can be overcome. So, to avoid a pipeline stall a dependent instruction must be separated from the source instruction by a distance equal to the pipeline latency of the source instruction. So, in this situation whenever you have got very few instructions in your state line code you cannot really overcome these stalls. However, this can be overcome if you do loop unrolling. So, the loop will be unrolled by several times may be twice or thrice or four times and then you have enough number of instructions in your state line code there they can be residual and over it will be able to overcome the stalls. Let us see how the loop unrolling is being done. So, here the loop unrolling has been done and you have got four copies. So, the same three instructions load add double load double add double and store double these three instructions which are repeated four times you can see this is one copy this is second copy this is third copy this is fourth copy. And after unrolling is being done obviously, these two instructions are to be appropriately modified that means this is a unrolled code where unrolling has been done four times. So, in this case how many times this loop has to execute earlier the loop was executing thousand times, but now since each loop is performing four operations of a single loop earlier loop you have to loop only two fifty times because the number of I mean operations that is being performed is four in this case in a single loop. So, by this unrolling number of loops iterations will be reduced however, the size of the code is increasing the source side of the code is increasing. Now, if it is present in this form obviously, those stalls will be present one stall at the end of after load double and two stalls after add double and again for the next code again one and two stalls in this way we find total of three plus three plus three plus three plus three that means, four twelve plus one thirteen stalls will be required and only again of nine cycles I mean without doing unrolling earlier what was happening. So, two cycles were saved, but in this particular case how you are saving we are saving because this these two instructions is repeated only once instead of four times because you know since the unrolling has been done the number of iterations will be reduced from one thousand to two fifty six and as a consequence the number of instructions that will be executed will be reduced. These two instructions number of such instructions will be reduced and leading to a gain of three cycles because here you know it is executed only once instead of four times. So, one stall plus this one so, three cycles were required I mean for each loop earlier now you will require only one and of course, the number of loops is reducing that is why gain of nine cycles just for this computation. So, four computations are being performed and you are saving nine cycles. Now, you see the size of the straight line code is quite big. So, we have a long straight line code earlier you are having only four or five instructions we have seen here very few instructions were present and now you have got large number of instructions. So, the compiler has much more opportunity for residualing the instructions. So, scope for instruction level parallelism is increasing here. So, you can exploit instruction level parallelism more whenever this unrolling is being done and you can see the how it is being done in this particular case this is the loop unrolling with scheduling. You can see all the load operations are being performed because they are independent and all the load after performing all the load operations and obviously, the instructions will change because you have to read the array element properly that is why the first you can see after the first loading is done here it is minus eight that means, next array element is R 1 minus 8 and next one is minus 16 and hard one is minus 24 because each element requires eight bytes and that is why this adjustment of the address is required to generate effective address for proper elements of the I mean so that it points to the proper array elements. So, after loading is done you will be able to perform the add operations.  So, latency is one and it is separated by three instructions. So, there is no question of any hazard whenever you execute this instruction at double F 4 comma F 0 comma F 2. Similarly, this instruction this load and this instruction where F 6 is being read is separated by again by one two three instructions. So, latency is one and separation is by three instructions that hazard is being overcome. So, in this way there is no hazard present here. Similarly, whenever you store the data the stored data here you are performing and that F 4 was loading was done here and it is separated by several instructions one two three three instructions and second load is also being performed. Now, after this load second data loading is done here again one this subtraction operation which is loop manipulation operation has been shifted. The reason is in this add double is being performed here where you are writing in the register F 16 and that value sorry F 12 and that value is being read here. So, this separation is being again increased so that there is no hazard. So, in this way by scheduling the instructions in this manner you are able to overcome all the hazards. So, no hazard present here. So, gain of twenty two cycles you are able to achieve a gain of twenty two cycles whenever you perform this type of unrolling and scheduling of instructions. So, loop unrolling with scheduling we find we have been able to overcome all the hazards that was present in the execution. Now, the question arises what kind of problem is the problem we may face whenever we do this kind of loop unrolling and scheduling. It is definitely overcoming all the hazards, but will it introduce any new problem which may degrade the performance by overcoming hazards stalls are removed. Obviously, it will improve the performance we have seen here you are gaining twenty two cycles, but is there any possibility of any reduction in performance because of this loop unrolling and scheduling. We can see here before I come to the disadvantages what kind of decisions and transformations are taken for loop unrolling and scheduling is explained here. What are the things you have to do? Rather not you have to do rather the compiler has to do is being explained. First of all identify the loop iterations independent. It may so happen that different iterations may not be independent which is being performed in iteration i and in iteration i plus one they may not be independent. So, loop unrolling is profitable only when the loop iterations are independent. In our example we have seen the operations that is being performed in two different iterations are completely independent because operations were being performed on different elements of the array. Since they are performed on different elements of the array they are independent, but it may not happen for all kinds of loops. So, first thing that you have to see is identify the loop iterations are independent. Second is use different resistors to avoid unnecessary constants. We have seen in our original program we had used very few resistors R 1, R 4 and R 2. Only these three resistors were being used in our original program, but whenever we did loop unrolling we have seen we have used a large number of resistors. We have used not only those floating point resistors R 1, R 2 and R 4. We have also used a number of other resistors F 4, F 6. You know F 6 were not used earlier, F 8 were not used earlier, F 10 were not used earlier, F 12 were not used earlier, F 14 were not used earlier, F 16 were not used earlier. These all these resistors were not used earlier. That means whenever we perform loop unrolling it is essential to use to have large number of resistors to avoid name dependencies. Because you know if you use the same resistors again this will lead to some kind of dependency and this dependency although not real dependency, but it will lead to hazard in some kind of pipelines. So, that is the reason why we have made use, we have used a large number of resistors and that resistor use of different resistors to avoid unnecessary constants that is important whenever you do loop unrolling. Eliminate the extra test and branch instruction and adjust the loop termination and iteration code. We have seen we have to we have removed a large number of these two instructions this one. This instruction and branch not equal and we have modified them accordingly such that it goes to the next iteration. We have determined the loads and stores that can be interchanged in the unrolled loop. So, we have this was our original code that was present immediately after unrolling. Now, this has been done by scheduling after unrolling and we had to identify independent instructions which can be placed one after the other. So, determine the load and stores that can be interchanged in the unrolled loop. Schedule the code preserving any data dependencies needed to yield the same result as the original code. So, this is the this is the this is very important ultimately you have your result should be same. So, maintaining the same result you are able to avoid dependencies by scheduling the instructions. So, basic idea is key requirement is to understand how instructions depend on one another and how they can be changed and reordered. So, this is dependent on the processor architecture. So, what I am what we are trying to tell that compiler must understand the processor architecture because in the processor how many registers are available fortunately for risk processor large number of registers are available. For example, we have got 32 registers. So, availability of large number of registers is available. Secondly, the dependency that latency between instructions that is also dependent on the pipeline implementation of the architecture implementation and those latencies are to be understood by the compiler and accordingly scheduling of instructions are to be done. And this is how a compiler can do the job. Now, this loop unrolling has got three different types of limits. Number one is decrease in the amount of overhead amortized with each unrolled. So, the decrease in the amount of overhead as you are doing the unrolling with each unrolled you are able to reduce the I mean amount of overhead and we have seen that for each unrolled we are able to reduce two instructions. And as you do so that decrease in amount of overhead amortized with each unrolled. So, this is happening second is the growth in the code size due to loop unrolling. So, we have already seen that size of the code is increasing that means this has to be stored in the cache memory before the program can be executed as you know. Nowadays all processors are provided with cache memories and those if the code size is small a small number of instructions are to be stored in the cache memory. But if the size of the code is big then you know this will lead to what is known as cache misses. So, this will lead to cache misses. So, that means the growth in the code size due to loop unrolling may increase the cache miss rates. So, this will degrade the performance later on I shall discuss about these cache miss occurs whenever you have got cache memory. So, program that is transferred to the cache memory their cache miss may occur if the size of the code is big. So, this problem will also limit on the loop unrolling. Third is shortfall of registers created by aggressive unrolling and scheduling. We have seen we are using registers additional registers for each unrolled code to avoid various types of constants. And whenever we are doing so you know that a point will reach whenever we may not have any further register available. So, this is known as register pressure. So, within the you have to exploit the registers which are available and as the unrolling is done there will be a shortfall of registers. So, this is known as register pressure. So, this will again limit on the put a limit on the loop unrolling. So, loop unrolling improves the performance by eliminating overhead instructions that we have already seen. And loop unrolling is a simple, but useful method to increase the size of the straight line code fragments that we have already mentioned and sophisticated high level transformation led to significant increase in complexity of the compilers. So, these three statements are very important because how loop unrolling is improving performance at the same time it is also telling in what way the complexity of the compiler is increasing. That means the compiler writer has to be knowledgeable about the processor architecture and then only the unrolling can be done in effective way to overcome the stalls. Let us stop here. We have discussed about the static scheduling of instructions with the help of compiler. Later on in the next class we shall discuss about another technique which is known as software pipelining. The hardware pipelining we have seen in detail where the instructions are executed in an overlap manner different instructions. Now we shall see software pipelining where we will see instructions from different loops, different iterations will be executed in an overlap manner. This is also a compiler based approach by which the instruction level parallelism is improved and the stalls are avoided. So, that I shall discuss in the next lecture. Thank you.


TLO what's happening? We are on twitch. We are not But you can leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells and then let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK By me, this is the lit one live YouTube channel anything when I do go live anything that you miss Funny moments blah blah blah etc. They'll be here linked down in the description We do got the discord The link to this is down in the description as well y'all know what the discord is you drop your request in there We get some eventually Patreon Everything that's on patreon is in this little box link down in the description And this is the Facebook man. This is where all my old videos are at man, which will be uploaded soon now British Boxer on drug deals fighting and murders In the prison in the Thai prison This is my lad Bible TV, you know, they get into it The early childhood regime one of violence and being subjected to Beatings and he's a lad All right, I was just sitting in the house getting Bevied all the time. He was on the Yale, you know and He was a bit of a he was a bit of a boxer back in his day So for me, I wanted to impress him and I wanted to be acknowledged and loved by him and I joined the boxing club It was more of a family than the one at home And I remember on the wrong excited to tell him he died. I was having a fight. It was my first fight. It was in Waterloo And he was shitting in the front room smoking a cigarette There's kind of like a by the side of the chair I was about 13 years old seven fighting dad And he just he didn't even look at me. He just said if you don't knock him out in the first round, I'm gonna knock you out That's what he said to me What did boxing mean for you at this time?  I wanted to to join the army. I wanted to box for England kind of like Farmed as myself moving away from it because you start a far then, you know friends outside of the gym The training and the photo saying and became a little bit Getting up in the morning doing that one going to gym, you know, I felt like I was missing out all the time. Yeah, but I'm cold probably wasn't Probably wasn't People a lot of people have a fear of missing out like I ain't missing nothing My dreams are way more bigger than bigger than going out and party and so be in the crib put up If we go to gym, I'm gonna miss out on this I'm getting off of joints and drinks and I don't want it. Well, I feel a need to to fit in you picked us You picked up a substance now you're You know, you need to go and fund the habit that you've developed And that's what happened for me, you know, and it started small cast areas wheels rims You know doing what you do as kids to fund these Little drug added habits that you've got cause we're all skins. There's no there's no money. There's no jobs How old were you the first time you went to jail and what was it for? I was a Think it was about 17. I was an attempted robbery. I was a hooked. So you went from You know, I'm saying now now granted, you know, this is one of the stories started. They have a terrible childhood terrible one of the parents is terrible or something Was going to boxing Wasn't really doing it for itself when it impresses dad fell into the wrong crowd Got addicted to whatever he was doing Feed the habit. Okay By this time on head of it. Oh, hey, you was class a What I tried to And I get arrested by the police and you remind me and HM why oh why Hinley in Wigan That's a new prison. I ain't ever heard of that. HM. Why oh why Hinley HM Y. Oh, I Hindley a prison grayer Manchester England in Wigan And I remember shooting Michelle one one one morning and the weather was booming outside. It was desert I thought I've had enough of this I can't cope. I can't carry on like this no more. I Want to follow me mum. I haven't spoken to my mum for about a year. She doesn't know where he am. I Don't think me my case. I don't think anyone cares and I'll get no letters and I'll get no visits You know, I feel really lonely That was my mum's number She answers after a few a few rings and it's a mum. It's me Billy and as soon as she heard my voice I could I could hear the love and then It just it just hit me like that son of bricks like solid in the chest and I had this This this move will welcome a feeling of like Like a motion and my eyes were well enough. That's what the pressure. That's what low-key depression do to you It make you feel like nobody is on your side Hit that phone card. I love it. Mama screws were standing next to me. I thought I cannot blink here I couldn't even speak to me mum because I knew me voice would tremble and the tears it just falls on me face And she knew it was like a mother's instinct. She's just said son. I know you're in Just that's for love. I'm okay This is me teeth. I was okay. I just went back to shell sat in that shell and I shopped Once that's all we should I love to let it to application officer. They came to see me She walking me there. I said look I'm on drugs I want to get off them. I don't want to get out. I don't want to live the life I'm living. What can you do for me? You said we can name You can put you up in a rehabilitation of only leash I'd be located to Bristol You know, I thought like geographically Liverpool was the problem and I never understood that the problem lies with them It always has done. Hey, hey, wait a minute now. Yeah, I agree with that But your environment do be a part of it though. It'd be it'd be it play its part What this other this this kid from the pool called Ben and he that five years clean. I had about Three months under me belt. So when he was a god, I put him on a pedestal five years How have you stayed clean off heroin and crack cocaine lad for five years? and he was just showing me a This new way of life. He was a little full of adventure. He'd been a brother. I thought I haven't left Liverpool He's telling me he's going to Thailand. He'd been the year before Would I like to come? Show me this idea. It's only what a great place. It was to be the food You know the culture everything about it was incredible And I fell in love with the fours of it. I like Typhoon.  She's you know, I just want to you know Experience fun and joy in every other way but taking drugs So I want to relive like lost dreams and I want them to awaken and I love boxing as a kid And you know, I love Thai Mu Thai boxing. I love watching it. I love watching the sport Muay Thai, Thai martial arts and country's national sport You know, remember me mate saying to me don't get in the ring with these guys like they'll break your hips So go on in the ring And I swear I got my ribs broken within the first two rounds And I learned the lesson and I was resenting the kid who did it and I said I'll come back in six weeks later I got back in on the beat them, you know, I fell in love with it Boxing did that become your kind of predominant thing that you ended up doing in Thailand? Was that your main focus? Yeah, boxing was definitely my main focus in Thailand He kept me there. He gave me papers I was disciplined You know, I was maintaining your recovery and what it did do was yeah, because I was you know, because I was speaking English obviously We'd walk around with the box and I'd speak to the others and say you know Support these boxes because they're putting on a show and they'd give me a little bit of a money at the end of the night And I became a regular thing every single night. I was fighting three four times a night I always fought even though they were Like it was show fights today. My they were to me. It was a real fight, you know, I was moving away from like The meetings and recovery spending more time You know with these tires and in the ring and meeting Girls I met this girl and I fell in love with it She couldn't speak a word of English. The relationship was based on a dictionary, you know, I found out that she had another fella another partner I was just so broken and so weird and so deluded and I know all my feelings were all over the place and and getting in the ring Was not the answer. It didn't solve Every every issue is Always brought back to the front by a female It'd be feeling like all of these stories were the common denominator be a few common denominator be a female The problem we didn't take away the pain And I remember sitting in a bar on my own staring at this drink And I said come here the double whiskey Pody it's in front of me You know, you gotta remember I'm three years after this this time shit in there staring at it.  I smoke starts to come up It's past to me Just just an air bill my dish Feeling that just just feeling of crack head Feeling the crack in your body Over it was just Exhilarating, you know, I wanted more and here we go you got to chasing that first high again That you can never achieve twice Are you aware of the the potential consequences of being caught with drugs in Thailand because it's quite severe penalties Do you know what to be honest that I remember It didn't really it's all women when I was buying these drugs and taking them You know, I felt it was untouchable.  There's you know as as a police force over there is And that's what I thought it happened, you know, I've always get away with it That's to be fair. I started I developed a habit with the other right. That's it As soon as I pick up I'm using I'm in the grip of addiction. I need to fund it Fighting wasn't enough. I wasn't earning enough money Someone offered me a way out is a pack of pills shall lend to the tourists in the clubs You know, you can use you can you can pay us what you need to and and life can be a little bit better for you So that's what it did. Got you locked in forever with that with that type of Offer, oh, you can use you can do whatever it just pays but like you locked in forever. You're an addicted user You don't use all of that stuff. I'm a big mistake. I'm in a raid in my room. The police don't look on land. I've Movie what's going on here? There was no windows in this apartment.  I think oh, you're messing Just getting banged banged on it's just a bang bang bang bang Open the door police No, don't believe you flows right in I'm stalling a new straight away. The police know the mean and ID cards come under the door I didn't even look at it. Just seen a face But back open the door They've rushed in at me on the floor feast and I was behind me back a little clip clip around the back of the head And that was you I was arrested You know, I just thought that's it. I'm going down How was that first night in prison and then how did you feel? And I remember going into the shell and it was just shocker So when they bang bang bang knock on the door you had no time to flush They patiently wait for you to view the ID It's how you meet there was about 80 inmates in the show I was like a tenor size inch There was no space whatsoever and I looked around at all the eyes looking up at me I had to put that mask on again. I was terrified You know, but I was acting brave at the same time like that a little bit of a swagger And I went and I got ordered to sleep in the corner next to this guy who passed away. They've got strobe lights on 24 hours a day You go out in the morning. I wanted to sleep next to a an unalive to body Why was it still in there? Well, this is the Thai prison. Okay, you know the Sean's hitting you At 6 7 in the morning when you get opened up you're out until about 5 in the evening It's the light you put in your shell the lights are on in your shell. You've got a hard concrete floor. There's no mattresses You know, I'm sleeping next to a toilet. No people are in and out There's no privacy You know, you know, and I'm eating food and it's causing problems in my stomach and I've got diarrhea and I'm sick all the time I'm still suffering with sorrows with these drugs You know, I'm using on the slide and you can't really use anything anywhere You're not to go to really like the toilets put a blanket over here I mean the toilets outside in the compound where people were shelling the bodies did that they have makeshift tents and They be shelling the bodies for cigarettes and You know, just to hear ice.  Well, I was I was very volatile and reactive, and I couldn't communicate with them, and that was a struggle. I kind of explained to them how I felt, and, you know, telling them what I was feeling saddened. I felt lonely and hurt, and, you know, not being able to convey that to them, to the ties was really difficult. And if they speak to me, and I could sense they were speaking to me with a bit of venom, then I'd react and I'd be fighting with them. Now, the ties, they don't fight on their own. There's never a one-to-one. They call it mamoo, which is like... They were jubbling you. They was all gang business is what they call letting Chicago, or... They was all... Packers, logs. You didn't want the old jump on you, and I had that a few times. They were coming out of the face the morning and getting involved in a fight with these three foreigners. These two Australians and an Iranian.  I'm biting this other one, and I'm starting to not go... I don't want to go down because I don't want to go down. I'm not getting up. The whistle blows, guards come running, they break it up. I've got blood all over me. This kid's got blood all over him. I get taken to the hospital. I'm shitting in this chair. These ties are looking at me and they're laughing at me. And I'm already feeling lousy about what's happened. And I've reacted and I've threw a punch at this kid. This tie, medic. And then I'm being hit over the head with a bat. Knocked me out. And then I'm waking up to this... I thought it was a girl. It's happened. Says everybody in Thailand. Waking up to this... I thought it was a girl. Says everybody in Thailand. It's happened. I caught them all over these cuts. In this year. Gotcha. I was a ladyboy, you know. And they showed me some compassion and understanding. The term used in Thailand for a transgender woman. The term is often seen as offensive. And empathy. You know, it was... It was nice to feel... That kind of intimacy. Where is this going? You can understand me. I was transferred to Clung Prem Bangkok Prison. After about a year of being in Chiang Mai. In Chiang Mai there was over 4,000 inmates. And that was a small prison. When I went to Bangkok, I had 20,000 inmates. So it was a different kind of a deal there. And it was a different kind of a deal there. And I was warned that Bangkok was a lot more dangerous than Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai was more forgiving. Make sense, Bangkok. Big city. I remember sitting by this library one afternoon. And this young Thai has ran past me. And I've seen another Thai running behind him. And he had a knife in his hand. The guy with the knife getting closer. Then suddenly a Thai next to me has come running out with... You know, just a metal chair. I just stopped this kid in his tracks and whacked him. Right across the face, he's at the floor. This guy's on him and he's stabbing him. And it's a knife. It's not a homemade knife, it's a proper knife. And he's stabbing him. And the death shots, they're going in the neck. They're going in the lungs. They're just cold, calculating. Not in the friends, he's just stabbing them. In the back, in the legs. And the screams were absolutely in your mind. So was it like a setup? The very depth of his bowel, it was horrible. And I just stood there. You minding your business as you should have. Transfixed, I couldn't. It was a vein. It was like it was happening in slow motion. I looked around, the crowd started to gather. There was about 50 people. And they were screaming, calm on, calm on, calm on. And I didn't know what that meant at the time. But I do know what it means, kill them. And that's what they were all chanting.  And the prison is this. And these two commanders just casually walked over after the crowd had dispersed, the guy with the knife had got off. He's on the floor in the pool of blood. I'm still standing there. There's a couple of other foreigners with me. We're all looking at each other in disbelief. They go to the body, the commanders kick it. Notice it's not moving, it's lifeless. You get someone to bring it slowly in, put the body on it, and just cut it out. Straight out of the movie scene, it's crazy. The... They tell me about some gal-ma, gal-ma, gal-ma. Like, what? I'm used to hearing, defense, defense. You know what I'm saying? Like, something. Muay Thai, boxing. Different. Are you able to talk about your experiences with that? I'd had enough. You know, I didn't want to fight in the prison. I didn't want to be putting these shells on me own or left to rot. I thought I wasn't going to fight back. All the other Thai's looked at me, you know, with suspicion, and I got a pair of mitts, put them on, so I had to punch them away at the back of them. And he's seen that he had a few skills. And Thai's loved a bit, you know what I mean? So he said, look, we've got the Sean Cram, which is the Thai New Year. I think it's in April. And they have these big shows. You know, I got friendly with the boxing coach. He wants to put me in with one of his best boxers called Pon. I remember getting in the ring that afternoon to cheers and applause and, you know, people putting bets on me.  And I fought that guy and I beat him. And it was the respect that he received from the rest of the prison. And, you know, the boxers was heartwarming. OK, so you did that. Did that also put a target on you? OK, this is probably one of the better fighters in the prison. Let me see if, like, the prisoner's thinking, like, let me see if I can take them out or did you just have the respect of them now? And it was on the tight time, like, leave them alone type thing. The feelings he gave me. You know, it was better than any drug I've ever took. And I'd always, like, regretted not having a career in boxing. And I don't know. It kind of humbled me. It gave me that discipline and that routine. It allowed me to face my fears. How long in total were you in prison in Thailand and what year were you released? I'd say three years. When it's 2005, I got released from Thailand, England, September 2010. Once again, well done. And how did you feel upon your release? I felt, you know, it was a different, it was a culture shock. I always found that I struggled to adapt to, you know, to the UK way of living. I was comparing the price of everything, the people. You know, I was very shoved-shaving. It was yesterday, no shame. You know, I was beating, there was beatings at home when I was in Thailand. You know, you had to really be below the guard. So everything, even, like, the screws in Wandsworth were quite like, well, you're here now. They put me in prison in Wandsworth and I took away the mattress and slipped on the floor. But then I wrote a barry. And I thought to me, that was the most therapeutic thing because, you know, I couldn't escape the wears on the paper. How did you manage to get back onto a straight path from that point?  Like, a big, big crate, like, going from a Thai prison where 80 people in a room, going to a UK prison where you got your own personal toilet in the cell, porcelain probably blocked off with a curtain, PS2, you know what I'm saying? Like, where are you on? You got Air Max Vapors and all that. You know, different. So it went to me, it was, like, a detox initially, you know, get off what you was on. I knew there was a way out because of being there before. I just had to kind of put this into play, you know, apply it in my life. Get through the detox, get through, get myself back into recovery. So it's okay to start, you know, building a bridge to normal living. Get a job. Get yourself a house, get a car, all the stuff that we're meant to do in life and get, you know. I think I got it too quick. It was a book that became, like, a best-seller within six months, which was quite bizarre. Bizarre?  You had a Liverpoolian in a Thai prison. That's a death stuff. It became a movie and, like, I was overwhelmed. Oh, A Prayer Before Dawn. A movie, huh? Okay. A Prayer Before Dawn. The producers and people knocking at me door and ringing me up. Actors getting, you know, casted for this role and scripts and directors. I was like, all right, you know, I didn't know how to deal with it all. Shit, nobody knows how to deal with that.  This man survived a Thai prison, didn't get through with stage three cancer, and it looks like he's on a mission. I missed it at all. I mean, Dad had just passed away the year before. And I was put on chemo. And I went from 16 stone to nine stone within 12 weeks. Lost all my air. I got a big payout of this from this movie. Where paid me even though I couldn't go in. I had credit cards. I had loads of money. I was clean for five years. I hit the road hard. I spent every penny I had. I thought I was going to die anyway. I'm going to go out with a bang. And then I survived. I finished the course of chemo. There was not a left of me. I lost my house. I lost my car. I went to the oncologist. I sat there thinking, okay, I'll accept me to my house. This is it. You know what I mean? Mr. Moore, you're okay. Glad to say you're going to be fine. I spent all the money doing big chemo, and he was thinking like, God, God, I'm alive, I can't catch a break. You've cleared the cancer. What? What do you mean? I was like, you're having a laugh. I said, I'm okay. I've got money out. I've got a bit of cancer. And he said, at least you need to pay the bills. And how are you now? Brilliant. He said I couldn't have kids. I've never had children. Now I've got a two-year-old. Congratulations. Yeah, he's a miracle soldier. And forgive me for being emotional, because it's always something that I've wanted in my life is to net you a little me and allow sort of like into other's choices and do what he'd like to do instead of being beaten and battered. I could never imagine like hitting him the way I was hitting him the way I was. Just give me that opportunity, say. The last like 40s that I watched was like kids, kids, kids. I always changed people's lives. I'm glad though, because the last four dudes they come across are like good parents. Change someone else and bring them up the right way.


Welcome to Toffy TV, it's the Everton Newsday. The Everton today have been linked with a move for Kate Zuma, the Chelsea defender who spent a season on loan a gooderson a couple of years ago has been linked with a move back to Gooderson Park. 36 million pound is the fee that's been quoted today. Zuma's still in the Chelsea side, so it seems a bit of a mad one to me, but this is what the links are going to be. Now Everton want the centre back, there's a week to go in the transfer market and Zuma's been linked to us. Obviously Everton is still, it seems, pursuing a deal for Kaio Tamori who was sub again for Chelsea at the weekend. Everton want him, apparently they've received encouragement from the player, which is probably why they're still in there. But it's hard to see Chelsea depart with either of those, to be honest, at the minute. Obviously Rudiger is a player who looks like he might leave Stanford Bridge, so I'm not sure whether Chelsea will allow two centre backs to go out. Another name that's come out today is Ben Goffrey, the Norwich City centre back. Norwich apparently looking for a fee of around £18 million, £19 million for a 22 year old. He might be more, but again, as far as we're led to believe Everton are looking alone for this season and actually couldn't see Norwich alone in him out. So, it's going to be an interesting final seven days of this transfer market. Everton still needn't players to go out the door. There's no question about that. Carla wants you a lot of thought to want to bring in a centre back and either a winger or a forward, another forward, but won't be able to do that unless Everton moves some players out. So, it's going to be very interesting over the next week, that is for sure. Apparently, Burnley won Fabian Delth. This was reported a couple of weeks ago. It's back up against the day. The Evermidd field that is near and full fitness now played starter for Everton in the 5-2 win of Fleetwood last week. It's expected to play against West Ham in Wednesday's Carabao Cup, fourth round game Gullison. Burnley very, very interested in Delth. There's a sticking point at the minute and that is £80,000 a week wages, which is what's being reported. So, interesting to see whether Burnley do come in and try to take Delth. Sean Dice probably love that bit of experience in their team, but Fabian will have to come down on the wages if he's to get that move to Burnley, even if he wants it. Who knows? Young Everton Midfield player Isaac Price to sign this first professional contract. Today signed a three-year deal. He's been part of Portage under 18 side this season and was delighted to sign a new contract. Good luck Isaac. And more reported today that Imam Djagni, the 16-year-old Gambian stroke swethers player who was in the swethers under 17 squad now, will join Everton on a three-year deal. That's the report out of Sweden today as well. So looks like Marcel Brands has got another one of Europe young players. Hopefully you'll turn out like Nils and Kungku starter. There's Everton Korea very well. And finally, Spirit of the Blues has reached number one in the iTunes chart. It is everywhere. And on top of that now I believe Zeg cars is in there and forever evident the album is racing up as well as Evertonians are loving life as a blue at the moment and making waves around the world. It made its way on to Chris Moyle's show today. It's been on in Australia radio. It's been everywhere BBC radio. It's been talking about it. So there you go. Spirit of the Blues number one beating Miley Cyrus to the number one slot in the iTunes chart. Who thought? Who would have thought it a few weeks ago? Everton joined top of the league and Spirit of the Blues number one in iTunes. Just shows how mad footy can be at times. That is it. Make sure you subscribe, give the video a thumbs up and if you want more videos, join us on Patreon. See you later.


let's just start with self-tape gear because I have a lot of it and it's what I get the most use out of and what actually makes me money. For self-tape auditions, you can get a 53 inch or an 86 inch. These are Savage Universal seamless paper backdrops. You can make them a lot taller depending on what stand you have. A few things about what I'm gonna mention today, you might do it anyway, but I'm gonna tell you, I made the mistake of buying the cheaper version first and then I bought the cheaper version a second and third time.  I should just get a nicer version that's not going to break. For example, these paper backdrop stands. This one is the more affordable version but then you're gonna keep buying them. So I suggest buying one that is more sturdy that's gonna last a long time. This color is thunder gray and this color is fashion gray but I also really like Studio Blue for self-tape auditions. In the past, I thought 53 inches more than enough but now that I've wanted to have more movement in my self-tapes, I actually think 86 inch is better except if you don't have space. If where you're filming, you just don't have enough space for it, I totally get it. My bedroom, which is where I fill my self-tapes is 10 by 12 feet and it's barely comfortable enough so that I can put this up but they also have pop-up versions. These pop-up backdrops I think are fine and you'll basically get a Studio Blue on one side and fashion gray on the other. Those are fine for the shots that are this close. Great for traveling or saving space because you're just gonna put it on one tripod versus two for the backdrop but when you wanna get a full body shot, a vertical shot, you're going to start noticing these outlines. It's not gonna look as clean and seamless as the seamless papers so those are definitely better for full body shots and these are better if you just don't have a lot of space. But also, you can just put these up without any tripods at all by just taping it up onto your wall. Here's another example of buying the more affordable thing and then having to buy it again and again. So this is an affordable tripod that I bought like three times and finally I was like, you know what, this keeps breaking. It works fine but it keeps breaking and it's just really not sturdy. So I ended up investing in one that is way more sturdy and I've had for at least two years. The tripod does not come with a phone mount but this is metal and it doesn't have any springs so I know it's gonna last a long time. Here is a pop-up reflector and this, I mean, it's a reflector of light so it just helps you get better lighting, super affordable and I just, I like having things like this especially if I'm gonna go take photos outside for those commercial auditions. We have to put our measurements especially if you're doing commercial auditions where they care about your measurements and what you look like. So a fabric tape, measuring tape, what is this called? A soft measuring tape. Eventually they will ask you for your measurements either because they want you to have a certain look but more likely because they want to be able to dress you and buy your wardrobe for you. It's a lot easier to measure your body with this than a metal construction one. Keep these in a place where you will find them or you will end up buying 30 of them. Right now I'm using the microphone that I usually use for my voiceover auditions which is a CAD GXL 2400 USB but this is a mic that I got at a camera store that I attached directly to my phone and I do not need an adapter. And then I have a little dead bunny on top of it of course for in case there's any wind or anything.  So for people with Samsung's you can just put a micro SD. People with iPhones you are going to need an adapter and basically never run out of memory. And then while you're editing you also want to have storage. This little baby thing holds my entire 2020 and 21 life experience and self-tape auditions. So I so recommend it does not get hot because it's an SSD. I don't know guys. I just, somebody close to me is good at this stuff and they're right. It doesn't get hot and it's super fast when I'm editing. This next one is almost like a reach. You know, I did get this as a gift because I just couldn't like get myself to be like it's just something you need for yourself tapes but this baby, it's a stabilizer. You don't necessarily need them for your auditions but this would be really nice if you're filming like a UGC audition where you're walking around and want it to be stabilized. Your shots are gonna look so much better. It just feels like a little robot. I love it. And if you're like me and have started some kind of seamless connection, collection, have I formed a connection with these? And if you're like me and have started some kind of collection of seamless papers cause you do need them for some stuff. Maybe you don't need all of them but you do need a couple of colors. Anyways, if you started a collection there is a really cool storage item cause you should store these vertically. There's storage thing that you can mount on your wall and they can look so beautiful. I don't have it right now because this is my bedroom and I'm trying my best not to take over the entirety of it so it still feels like a bedroom for my partner. I almost forgot you guys the ring light that I have used since 2017, 18, I thought died but it didn't. I just plugged it in and I'm actually using it for this video right now. The one I'm using is from a self-tape kit from Casting Workbook but this other light right here is essentially the same thing just a little bit older and that ring light has lasted so many years. Ring lights are pretty good for fill light.  And you can use reflectors to make it better or additional lighting depending on your situation but I do love ring lights because without them this is what we would look like. Not as fun. What do you wanna know next? Books, let's talk about books. The power of the actor is a really good book. I have mostly taken in person acting classes and to be honest, I'm like heavily obsessed with the miser technique but this book is just from the beginning it already has like the 12 tools. Basically all of the things that you learn in an acting class this one has like all of the basic things like your inner monologue and your objective and the moment before and the moment after. They explain this in a really simple way, easy way. So the power in actor recommend this book for sure for anybody. Even if you do like one technique I think you should try a bunch of different ones because I am very guilty of going to an acting classic to audit a class and being like, I love it. And then I go to another one and I was like, I'm like, wait, this one's better. If you've ever completed the Meissner training this will remind you of all of the little things and I really like it. Recommend this book. Even if you've never taken it, just do it. This is another one. Maybe read this one first and then this one. This one reads a little harder.  This one I have an audible and I've listened to so many times. Jenna Fisher is from the office of course and this is the actor's, what is it called? The actor's life, a survival guide. It reminds you like keep working hard. I'm likely not gonna be easy. Maybe you'll be like an overnight success and you know, book a show in your 20s or whatever. Maybe you'll do it in your 60s, who knows? But it gives you a good idea of just what to expect. Acting is not linear so just keep working hard and speaking of working hard I love this book as an actor, atomic habits. It's very, very good for keeping you inspired and going and I think even when you fall off a little bit of working hard towards acting this one will put you back on. Let's just stay with like the inspirational stuff. I love it as an actor because it helps you approach creativity and a lot of people say, oh, I'm not creative and I've honestly never believed that because I love crafting and I love acting but also just getting creative in other ways and this is so fun in exploring your creativity and allowing you to like tell yourself like, yeah, I'm creative, I can do it. This one as an actor I think is really important but again, just as a human in general, the mastery of love that I need to read it again. It's been a few years but it's stuck with me so much because it helps you understand relationships and how to just like let it go. You know, you love somebody, let it go. You don't expect whatever from them just allow them to give them their love. However, they're capable of doing it. This is good for creating your characters and understanding your characters of people that you are playing. This one I've had since college. I had to read it in college about auditions. I mean, it's pretty like self-explanatory. This book is a monologue book and it is unique because it's a monologue for Latinx people. Even if you are not Latinx, I think you should read it and discover other playwrights because they have like a photo of the playwright and then they have some information about the playwright. List of plays and then websites and then a couple of monologues. The five minute journal is really great. Another really great present for pretty much anybody. And this one has sections for the morning and the night. So you can really reflect on what you wanna do today and what happened today. That was great or what you can do to improve your day. And that one I love so much. It's a little pricey but it's also really good quality. It's nice and thick. It comes in different colors. So after you know how to act and get cast and whatever, you're gonna have to go to set. So let's take a look at my onset must-haves because there are a few things that I'm like, this just makes me feel more professional and more prepared and organized. And then there's a few things that I've added recently to my wish list that somebody can maybe get me. If not, I can just buy for myself. I feel so much more professional. When I take a garment bag, this one is like $15, $20. And I have another one that is so fancy and I can take traveling and that's the one on my wish list right now. But a garment bag will make you look so much more professional and organized. You can put it on a bunch of hangers, put your hangers through this loop. You can put your name here. Also just peek in case somebody else has a garment bag. You can peek and be like, okay, that one is mine. And it has section for two shoes. And it just really makes me feel like good, professional, good walking on to set. Like I got my garment bag and my backpack, my water bottle.  A lot of people have black water bottles so you can be like, it's the one with my name. It's the blue shiny one with my name on it. I love makeup artists. I really do, but I'm always nervous to see if like the makeup artist that I'm gonna work with today is actually gonna be like completely sanitary and have the things that I need. And one of the things that they usually don't have because like it'd be a lot to have this for everybody is like a whole nail kit to make sure that your nails are fine. Clipping your nails or just making them look better than they are looking or if you get a hang now. So one of these little guys and this glass nail file. So much better than any nail file I've ever used before, these glass ones. And this one has like a little thing so that you're not smashing it on something and breaking it. Chopsticks, different kinds of chopsticks. There's these really affordable ones, Nivea. And then there's the sugar ones that I absolutely love but are like 10 times the price. Sunscreen, even if you don't think you're going to be outside, you never know. It's so much better to just have sunscreen and put it on because you don't wanna be burnt especially if you're gonna be filming for more than one days and you get a really bad sunburn on day one. Hair clips, so you can just get your hair out of your way as long as you don't mess it up when you're on set. And I have this robe on my wish list because when you go to set, you put on wardrobe and it's really nice and then you have lunch. And then you're gonna film again. So sometimes they ask you to change out of your wardrobe or they just trust you, which they shouldn't trust you. It's food, like anything can happen. So instead of having to change, get a long robe that can cover you completely and then you can protect all of the clothes that you're wearing. Two more things that are on my current wish list is this makeup organizer and this jewelry organizer. That makeup organizer has a mirror around it. For now, I have this cute little pouch that I think I got for Christmas one year that you can just put all of your jewelry in but this one has little pockets all around and then in the middle, it's just a circle. So you can put whatever you want, necklaces or whatever and then you can tie in it. So jewelry organizer. You don't have to take your makeup to set but I'm very paranoid that like something happens to the makeup artist or if the makeup artist doesn't have things for me or if I just don't feel comfortable with them using their stuff because of the way I saw them use it on like three people and didn't weren't clean about it but I usually trust them and let them do my makeup with their stuff. A coloring book. I was gifted this one time when I was traveling well, not this exact one but the same Johanna Brass Ford and I'm about to travel again. So I bought a new one and I think this is really fun to take on set because if there's kids there you can like rip out a page and give it to them or it's just a nice conversation starter and something that you can do and that you'll still feel open. Like it's not like reading a book that they're scared to interrupt you reading the book or this is a good thing to have on set to pass time because sometimes you're waiting a long time and then of course headphones and something on your computer or your phone or you can also take a tablet or something to read your books in if you get tired of like one book. So just having like more things than you think you will need as far as entertaining yourself especially if you are background or especially if you're doing something that's multi-day having stuff to do in between takes or in between scenes is gonna save you because you get so mentally and physically exhausted when you really just have to wait like something at least for me about just waiting around makes me so exhausted and if I have something to do instead of just waiting it like keeps my energy up, it keeps me going more. Props, props are things that you can use for your auditions. Glasses, sometimes they ask for like funky people or people with style so buying different kinds of glasses to just make you look different.  I just kept my old one for your auditions because sometimes you do need to like be talking or like texting, especially commercial auditions where they wanna see like your hands and how they interact with phones.  A stethoscope, I can't believe I don't have a stethoscope yet but it is on my list of like fun props to have because I would love to play a doctor or be like a really sassy nurse. Speaking of nurse scrubs, you can go to a thrift store or buy it online but scrubs are not that hard to find and purchase and if you're in commercial or theatrical work, whatever it is very likely that you're going to audition for a nurse or a doctor. So I also have like a longer lab coat for doctor types or pharmaceutical commercials, especially LA and especially the San Francisco Bay area. You often have things we have to be like business casual so definitely have a blazer and some like business casual shirts, business trendy shirts, outfits because you'll need them for the auditions to just like make you feel more in that scene, in that commercial but also sometimes they ask you for wardrobe options and you do not need to buy these things but it's always nice when you can provide some wardrobe options for them to choose from. Unless you are auditioning for somebody who has like personal style edgy, you'll probably need just really simple basic jewelry. So I have like smaller earrings, very small but like just it just gives it a little bit of a, you know, it just makes the outfit a little bit better. Mostly use this for when I go on set but sometimes in an audition I'm like, oh this mom would feel like that or like a Christmas commercial for jewelry you just wanna wear something. So like smaller dainty jewelry. These are just some of the things that I use as an actor. I did make last year during the Christmas season. I made a video on gifts for actors plus the creatives and stuff. So you can go watch this video because I have a lot of other things on there that I love using, including something that I use to do my own manicures because in acting a lot of time they're like shows your hands and your profile. So it's nice to be able to show your hands when they look really nice.