Okay, it's recording. We'll share this thing. But this one, share. Okay. Should be there. But there. Is that okay? Okay. Okay. Okay. So if you like one of these two guys, it's probably going to be. Okay. And she was a former student of the manner. So we know her very well. So. Sorry. Thank you for the introduction, but the same. I'm a lot of people who didn't meet here again very happy. So. And I'm going to introduce today to introduce some of the topics that I have worked with that. But years in the HD and also in the best. So if the peanuts Kristen said I'm going to talk about some topics of the interface of analytic numbers theory and harmonic analysis, such as career analysis. So. Today's story. This is the career. So when a function. We can defy that in this way. And this is very useful. And this comes out of the time you're on the side of the matter. For example, in when you have electronic signals, like to make a call from a cell phone, you want to transmit the signal of this phone call. And you want to recover it in a precise way. So you want to transmit on certain frequency. So here, if you have a function F, you define the field transform as the integral with the function F. And this factor is to the minus two part I X. So business. I thought that financial so it is alternating in that unit circle and stuff where we have the population. Of course we can grab. We can write an exponential that. In terms of science and health. So. And one big question in the field is that for your uncertainty. So the question is up to what points can we post. Some conditions on a function. And on the four year transition will change me. And we want to recover a function and see what's the best possible way to do this. So again, for example, you have some electronic signal to have some restrictions in the frequency. So. And. You can start a problem directly. And there are many different ways for the life of this idea. Like we did it. Or work with them. Well, but it also appears in many for your station problems that are connected to lots of different areas, like numbers, theory of the opportunity. So this was transferred to be our first today. But now we want to talk about. That we want to have a function. So when you have a X greater than one word, you could think of X as a complex number, real part of X greater than one. We can define the function as the sum. And it comes compared to an analytic function, but also we have some over integers. And if we factor the integers by the fundamental theorem of our math, we can write this in terms of this product over the prime numbers. So in the sense, we can think of this as the starting point of analytic numbers theory, because we have a relation between prime numbers on one hand. And now it's an electric function on the other. So by manipulating the presented in terms of the analytic properties of this function, we can recover a lot of information and prime numbers. And if we take a little bit of complex analysis, we can show that we can actually extend it to a function. So the analytic function in the complex plane, just a simple whole of the one. And it satisfies this functional equation. So this gives a relation between the value of S and the value of one minus X. And if we stick, this is the complex plane, if we stick to the right of this line, where real part of X is greater than one. So the first formula holds. And here we know we can write a function as a product over prime product of things that are not zero. So this is not going to be zero here. There are nothing to be a zero in this part. And because of the symmetry, so that time here has some zeros. So this means that the reason for the function is going to have some zeros here at minus two, minus four, minus six, at all of the negative integers. And those are what we call the trivial zeros. But there cannot be any other zero here to the left because of this functional equation and the other parts and a little bit of work. So looking at all of the other materials, both like here in this part between zero and one. And because it's a critical strip, and we can prove this today, but the real hypothesis says that all heroes should actually like here in a little in this line. And because the critical line is the line real part as equals to one half, but this is actually the hard problem for many years. We can define other related functions. So like I said, the function is useful to study prime, but sometimes we are interested in studying prime to some special structure. So for example, for prime arithmetic progress, it is useful to study that there is a cell functions and still they are defined initially in a similar way. But now we have in the numerator, this function kind of 10. And those are the things that character sense, we can think of them as some, this is the most expected superiority function overseas. So this has two and nine properties. Instead of superiority in a sense it captures the structure of arithmetic progression, but also it is more negative. So we still congratulate it as a product of our prime numbers. So now we can use this study to study prime with this special structure. And there's also another one that I like. It's called a heck of a function. And we can think of this as a general educational, there's a function to analyze the right number field. This is like today, the ratio of numbers and you add for example, because the numbers won't read like we added it. So this is a productive number field. And for some, for some of the right number fields with this, we can find this heck of a function in a similar way. So now instead of a sum over a integer, we have a sum over integral ideals. And in the denominator, you have that more of which ideals, which is an integer. And in the numerator, we have this special heck of a character. And we can think of them as a completely multiplicative function over integral ideals, multiple sum integral ideals here. And in the same way that these health functions are useful to study primary and practical reasons, this heck of a function can help us study practical ideals with a special structure. And as we will see this also helps to study primes represented by quadratic points. But now let's go back to the case of dynamic function. We want to count how many heroes there are up to a certain type. So let's go back to this graph. We want to count the heroes inside this region in the critical state from hero to a certain high speed. So this, the number of heroes inside this region is what we call energy. And you think a little bit of complex analysis. The Riemann-Mann matrix formula gives us a very precise way to activate this number of heroes. We first have a continuous part, and we have this special function as a speed and a very good character. We are counting the speed, as here because it's a function, so it's going to have a lot of continuity for the first part to begin with. So this means that part of the energy part of the communities are going to happen in the function as a speed. So if you really want to understand the distribution of the heroes, we want to understand the function s. This function s is defined in this way. Here is the argument of the Riemann-Mann function in that critical line. It can be defined in terms of the logarithmic derivative, for example, and it satisfies some bounds. It is smaller than the p, and it's integral cos of small. So this means that it has a lot of population and constellation. So that means that if we want to understand the distribution of the heroes, we really need to understand the observatory and statistical information of this function s. We also want to obtain some statistical and observatory information of the function s of p. Formula here, because of the Riemann-Mann model formula, we can expect that there should be around delta heroes in this short interval from t to t plus 2.0 over lambda p. So we want to study this with more precision. This is what we call the number variance. This is the variance in the statistical sense of the number of heroes in this interval. So this is the mean square of the number of heroes minus p, expected value. And because of this formula, we can write this as p. So again, to understand the zero coefficient of s. So okay, why are we interested in studying the zero-competent function without the distribution of the heroes is very closely connected to the distribution of s. Like we were in the beginning and this can be seen by using, for example, the so-called explicit formula. And these are the quantities that connect expressions involved in zero with expressions involved in s. So if we understand the zero, we can understand s. And for some questions, to understand the number of heroes, the number of s. The real hypothesis gives us the best possible information that we can hope for. Like this if I'm not mistaken. So for some questions, the real hypothesis gives us the best possible information that we want. And for other questions, like if you want to understand the short interval, we need to go beyond the real hypothesis. So we are going to understand the primary vertical distribution of the heroes. The real hypothesis and all of the heroes have been formed without the s. And we want to understand the distribution of this ordinance. To do this, well, by the formula, we can see that the average of the heroes must be too far over the last few. Just by applying this first formula here. So we want to go beyond it. So we are going to try to understand the real hypothesis. If we choose one zero, we want to come and average how many zero we can expect at a certain distance. This is what Montgomery wanted to do. Or a table before a last set function r. We want to study sounds of this type. Formulated as a gesture for the behavior of this. So let's see what this means. Here on the left, we have the account quantity beta and the average gap. So if the heroes were to be random points, if they were to be random points, we would expect for random points that the sum of all pairs of points should be beta times the number of heroes. They are not distributed from random points. We have factors, we have factors that define you or you are giving us a distribution, giving us the this formula. So this is to be written differently. This is what Montgomery said and furthermore Montgomery noticed that this is the same function when it says that the gaps between the agent values of some resonations The ordinates of the non-trivial zero are distributed like the eigenvalues of a random message from a person who already has a solution called the Gaussian Indicator Incentive. And this is a very nice indexer because it fits very nicely with another indexer of purpose and volume, which says that the ordinate of the zeroes must be the eigenvalues of a 13-permitian operator. And if this were true, this would imply the probability positive. So it's a very nice injector that goes beyond the real and positive. Excuse me. What is the ordinate? Like zero, but a pair of A is beta plus beta. So I mean, this, the imaginary part, the whole fashion term for the imaginary part of the company. Can you say to me if you're calling what you used in the correctional idea? Yes. No, no, no. So we mean that the dynamics are just good and it's like to understand how there should be expressions like this. And if we want to do this, then we can apply a little bit for your analysis. So we are going to introduce here a way just to make the problem simpler and a little bit. And we are going to normalize by last year versus five again for to simplify the analysis. And so to understand this out here is very similar to understanding the sum in the top. We just have a way in a normalization. And if we apply for your inversion, then this sum can be written in this way in the right. And here we have the special function F. This was from number something F. We can describe it in this way. So we can think of it as a way in a normalized Fourier transform of the distribution function of the pairs of fields. Because of this formula here, which is just for getting a version, if you want to understand this sum in the top or this sum here in the second slide, we need to understand the right hand side. Here we have the table of F with the Fourier transform of part. So to understand this, we need to understand the behavior of this function F. And this is historically at T goes to infinity. Well, the problem with estimating the sum of what we do is the problem of understanding this. And that's what Montgomery and then Gostin and Montgomery did. They showed that historically when T goes to infinity and we now try it to small in 0 and 1, we have a very precise formula for that. So in other words, when we now try it small, we can understand this expression. But we want to know what's the behavior for all of us. And Montgomery made a suggestion that when outside greater than 1, F is just approximately 1. But this looks like a very hard trajectory and it has been connected to very hard problems in number theory like the behavior of furniture interval for the behavior of people since during the function. So it's still very far outside. And that's what we can do. That is true. Then just by shooting special function R, we can obtain the other version of the fair for relation to lecture. So this formula is called a strong fair for relation to lecture. As far as the function F of T, so what is that to understand the distribution of the theorem? We want to understand the behavior of F. So for example, study the statistical information, the statistical behavior of F of T. And we can use the method of moments into ability. If you want to understand that relative distribution, you can start by studying moments of the business and separate obtained all of the time and moments. Assuming there is a hypothesis in it, it can also be obtained unconditionally with a weaker error. So it's a consequence that we know the moment, we know the probability distribution, this constant in the moment behaves like moments of a thousand. So this means that we have a central limit theory. This, that means that F of T behaves like a thousand. It's distributed like a thousand. We mean zero and with variance square with a one half level of two. So we have a very complete statistical information for the function F, which is what we want. And similarly, so I think that F of T is the imaginary part of the logarithm of the Riemann Center function in the critical length. So we can also study the real parts and to start with, you have to see behavior. And so this is true behavior, like independence, guidance with this mean and back. So the same thing and hope for, for a lot more sense in the critical length. They are both normally distributed with means zero and this burns. And here are some pictures. Here on the left, we have the numerical data distribution of the real part of the logarithm and the imaginary part of the logarithm. So this is F of P and this is plus. And we can see that they both look very close to a Gaussian, but it's interesting that this one looks much closer to a Gaussian than this one. This one's like a little bit skewed. And so far, far as I know, there has to not be any explanation for this unit because without that in the link, they both should converge, but this one converges. So this graph is taken from this paper getting on tonight, but the data was included by us. So we might want to try to understand why there is a divergence in the two cases of the real part of the logarithm and the imaginary part of the logarithm. So for example, we can try to compute the variance with more precision. And it was done by Cauchy in 1988. Assuming the right hypothesis, he estimated the second moment, but having the second order term. So the first on their term is the one from the second one. Now we also have the second one. And for the second one, this is very interesting because this is this constant A of T and this constant contains information from time and effort and also contains information from the fields. So for the information on the fields, it's categorized in this function and this is from the function for better relation that I mentioned before. So this has information on the fields. And we can try to do the same for the real part of the logarithm to see if there's any difference. And we did this recently, but it turns out that the answer is the same. So for me, it is surprising because the proofs are actually a little bit different and it's not obvious that they should get the same answer from the start, but again, it's somehow the same thing. So this is still doesn't explain the difference in the class that we just saw. So we want to go far to understand the difference. And this is working progress between right now. We want to understand this unit in the graph. So the unit of the logarithms is the relation can be captured by the third moment. So we want to understand the third moment of FFT. And it turns out here we do affect the difference. So for FFT, this third moment should be very, very small and this makes sense because this is what we expect for a Gaussian. For a Gaussian, the third moment is just fewer. But for the real part of the logarithm, it is not that small. We expect a term inside a constant times p. So this will explain in some way the difference in the numerical class. And in particular, this is what I have here. It's a special case, but more general structure of getting on stage that they obtain using this model of random matrices. And it's an interesting because we expect to see different results, but it's also much harder because we need information from the third relation of the zero for a Gaussian like I just showed you. But here we will get some information from triple to relation and so far, it is not clear how to proceed, but this is something that we are working on. We've talked a little bit more about the number of variance of the theorems. So I think you just want to see. We want to obtain this special information of the same with that. The virus of the number of few within a certain short interval, and because we're just in terms of as a P up to a very small error. This is the number but inside by many answers such as very kidding foodie, gotta learn very meet a very precise trajectory about the behavior of this one. So first, as we said, there is that hope for the objective that says that the heroes. That your name of the series should be that I can buy some hermit to my career. The nation actually behaves like way back to some restaurant. It turns out that this injection of the government according to some medical evidence, it is very good for some short. Zero that are very close together. But it's failed for long. This is effective between zero that are very far apart. So we want to understand that relations between zero that are very far from each other. And that we need some extra information from prime numbers. This is what is the noise. So that later in 1988, barely introduced a new model for the people. And he uses a few of the items of 13. This is an operator from from dynamical sense and with this model, it actually fits all of them. The short range of model for the universe of a gene and the long range of our cause non-indiverse of a gene and so far works perfectly well with all of them. So that very use this new model for the zeros to conjecture a very precise behavior for the number of hours. This location as I was in their side integral and see I give us in their cosine. So this was very good. This is not for them. The important part is that we have to park.  Little bill. This little outside is the size of the interval that we're trying to find. So it's very small. This is the first part a little. So it's a little small. The conjecture some behavior. And what is interesting about this is that behavior here for a, it's exactly what we will obtain from random ages. And that's the important part. We have a very different behavior. So no longer work in this range. Instead, we need to use prime numbers for a number of captures in this function. This is the function. It contains. We can take this. I guess it's fine frame numbers. This is. The. Our time and you know, I don't know. I don't find prime numbers. And we need this prime number for the second part. So this really has a very different behavior depending on the range. And that's very good. Part of first and then several approaches so far. So for example, Fuji, the first part of the third part is this. Let's know. We don't know what it is called the shift. So with that shift. So that look of response to part eight year with that shift. Then he's able to compute this. And again, for this second term here, we get information from the theorems in the percolation, the function for percolation, introduced by Montgomery steps. And in particular, for this formula, if we also assume Montgomery is a strong fair correlation trajectory, if f is just asymptotically one, then this implies there is a vector in part a, in the fire point, the right is small. But however, we really expect a different behavior in the second part. So we need to use, we really need to use other tools to be able to tackle this second part. So for that, we introduce this function. It is a function introduced by Shan, it is a formula of 4th, it is defined in this way. It is very similar to Montgomery function, but we now have some parameter, big delta here. And it appears here. So instead of counting that creates the pairs of zeros, the difference is very small. We want the difference in a pair of zeros to be close to this quantity delta. It means that the zeros must be very far apart. So this is exactly what we want. We are, this is a tool to study zeros that are very far apart. And if we use this tool, for all the chance of taking a formula for this, now five is small, and similar to Montgomery, it conjectures the behavior without firing large. This is like a transversion of Montgomery's fair correlation trajectory. And using this tool, we were able to obtain a formula for the number of times when the shift is much larger, the load of less frequency. And we can see that here for this second term, we need to use this function f delta apart from Montgomery's function f. So I think the takeaway here is that we really need to use this different tool to be able to obtain a formula that works uniformly for both small delta and big delta because we expect a different behavior in the two range. As a consequence, we feel using this result, if we assume that it can be possible to enchant version of the fair correlation for a delta, then there is a conjecture hold in both range for all delta after this side. So what's interesting here is that for the first time, we have covered the two range, the universal and the non-universal, part A and part B of the conjecture of fair. Let's talk a little bit about integers represented by both other forms. So here we'll start with this classical result of premise. We know that a frame contributed at the sum of two squares, if and only if, it is covered in one month fourth. And actually, for math proof stuff, we need a self, for example, we can ask what happens if a frame is x squared plus 2 1 squared. And if a frame shows that this has a similar characterization, a frame of this fourth is only if it is covered in one or three month eighths. So something very similar, just a union of terms of capital four, a union of mathematical reference. But there are other examples that are more possible for example, historically, this was one of the first ones. If a frame of the fourth x squared plus 7 1 squared, then the characterization is that the frame must become one with three and two must be a cubic residue, must be. So now it's a little more interesting, and this kind of thing we didn't in the previous weeks, it was actually a conjecture of two hundred and it was there for a week. It was there for, like, a year of cubic present present. And to show you that we cannot yet use our mathematical reference to come to this, we can consider this with this other expression, 4 x squared plus 2 x y plus 7 1 squared. It turns out that we can show that they represent the same integers plus m for any m, but they represent different terms. For example, 31, 31 is 27 plus 4. But it is not represented by the second one, and 37 is represented by the second one, but not by the person. So this sort of really needs to go beyond the arithmetic progressions. And now it's known that this was done very deep results of classical theory and complex multiplication. Given there is another reason for that. Given any n, we can characterize all the primes of this form. But the algorithm is a bit complicated to carry out the practice. So to answer some questions of the primes, we need to use different rules. So let's go back to the case of counter square. We define this, what's the r of n? At the number of computations of n as a sum of the squares. So a classical problem of that is to estimate the average size of this. This sum of r of n of integers up to n. So we are counting all the number of computations of n as a sum of the squares. And this is the same thing as we appear a circle. This is the radius square root of x. And we are counting all of that and count that. There's a big difference in that equation. So we want to count all the other points inside of the circle. This is going to be deltas that is approximately equal to the area of the circle. 5x. And to get another term, we go square root of x. This was later improved. But it seems to be using some idea of one line toward the area of x to the one circle. And it seems to improve a little bit more over the years with rules such as exponential sum. But still something just slightly smaller than x to the one square. So we can try to generalize those ideas. And for that, we consider positive definite quadratic forms, which in this talk, they're going to be functions of this form. So they're going to be in two variables, a, b, and c are the prime integers. And that discriminant is negative. So the discriminant is minus b. And b is a positive parameter. There is a notion of equivalent of quadratic forms. And we say that two quadratic forms are properly equivalent. If we can go from one to the other by a linear change of variables over the integers, we have determinant one. So this means that this information is invariable, so they must represent the same integers and they have the same discriminants. So that's why we consider them to be equivalent. And so the result is that the number of quadratic forms of a given discriminant must have proper equivalence with finance. And this is what we call the prep number h of management. And similarly that before, we can define this quantity rf of n with the number of representations of an integer n by the quadratic form x. Then that shows that if you compute the average size of the function given that the value, we can call it the nth problem. Because now we are counting the number of integer points inside the list. And now that will say that it's approximately the area of the list from their turn x to the one-series. This too started a little bit more over the years. For example, Lugrand and Lund in 2006, that is a quadratic for higher moments of this one. Now I'm going to talk a little bit about France represented by a quadratic form. So we define by f to be the number of frames up to x that are represented by a given form. And then I'll give what France shows that when you prove the prime numbers here and you also prove it for private and arithmetic progressions and also for primes represented by one of the forms, and it has this up and starts. It is what we would expect from a little x that it is supposed to be by this factor. And this basically means that primes that are uniformly distributed among all the people in this class are quadratic forms of a given discriminance. Okay, this to one. So now I want to study a different variation of this ellipse problem of lambda. So we want to estimate. We are interested in studying. Given an integer L, we want to estimate the average number of representations but only over integers that are multiples of L. It was first studied by Salman and suddenly G and he gave this formula. It has similar to lambda formula but that would have a function G that depends on L. It is a very explicit multiplicative function and he gave a narrator x to the one half. So our first theorem in this work is we can think of the function G as the number of solutions for this number as much as L. Our first theorem G is that we have to think of the same quantity with that we improve the error term to x to the one third. So it's similar to the work in lambda or that we could work in that. That would be a problem. But in particular we have an explicit version of it. We recovered it with the version of lambda of the solve. And something interesting here says, two persons in ten showed that the error term cannot be again smaller than x to the one fourth. Using some B method, we can use this to study prime in short intervals. So here we want to count the number of primes in the interval from x to x plus regular x. So what we obtain is we have the order of things that we expect but we obtain a bound with this explicit constant 28. So we obtain a good explicit constant here. We want to obtain a good error term above. The other problem that we want to study here is the problem of studying gaps between primes. So we want to study what the largest possible distance between the detected primes are summing the regular parts. So problem shows that the distance between primes can be at both square root of pm and dot pm. And this is the best that we can do even assuming the regular part of it even though the real answer should be much smaller. So for the past 90 years, the efforts have been concentrated in making this constant p as a smaller part. And there have been several results and the best approach so far was introduced by Canadian researchers from the Oregon using for the optimization to bring this constant to this nice fraction that is for the first time something less than one. And this was never intended to ground in arithmetic progression. So here we are interested in extending this to primes represented by quadratic forms and this is so-and-so. If we assume the general given hypothesis, then the distance between consecutive primes represented by a given form is to have the same order of numbers square root of p dot p. We have an explicit constant of 108 times the plus number. So the first step is to say a little bit about the method of the proof. So there are two main ideas in this work and the first main idea is that we have three equivalent languages. We have the language of positive definite put as a form, the language of life as we are to and the language of ideals of imaginary productive fields. And we can in some cases more convenient to work in one of the other language and we use all the languages in the work. And the second main theme is the use of Fourier analysis in this way. So first, we should have taken a formation formula that connects the objects that we want to start with another function of the Fourier transform. And that once we have this, we must choose an adequate step function that recovers the information that we are looking for in the best possible way. So now we go back to the ideas that I've been talking about in the start. Let me show you a little bit how this works like. So for this first result, we have this formula here. So this is a very good formula, but I think this is a nice formula because the important part is here on the left, we have exactly what we're looking for. We have a sum of our quantity, our x, which is what we want to understand in our purpose of here and only of the multiple of l, like we want. And we have now an arbitrary function g, like in the second c. And here on the right, we have a Fourier transform. So the important part is that the formula connects what we want with the function and the Fourier transform and starting from here, some work, we can recover our results by choosing an appropriate function. And similarly, we have this other nice formula here. This is called the hidden value. So this formula for HECA-L functions. And again, it's a good formula, but the important part is that here on the left, we have a sum over the theory of growth of the HECA-L functions. And we have an arbitrary function g. And here on the right, we've got information on primary fields. And here, this is that one of the functions of k. I'm just trying to explain here that way. So it allows us to identify primary fields. So the formula connects here with a function with primary fields of a quadratic number field and with an arbitrary function and a Fourier transform. So we select everything that we are interested in and starting from this formula with a little bit of work following the strategy of a middle and middle system that I've done. If we choose that very special appropriate function that we find on the computer, then we can recover that result. So that function that we choose looks like this. Let's take that here. And send it to you. Anyone has any personal problem? So you mentioned this result that you guys expanded this range to prove that the trajectory vary in this long range. You've got to log the portals, right? Log into the portals. So it's the main option to go beyond that. Do you expect to have some variation to your methods to work with it? So if I was in for the trajectory, something below a little bit larger and bigger than largely, right? Yes. So should I be able to go beyond that? So part of the problem is that in this conjecture that's the transaxial person, the percolation conjecture, we already have this restriction that is where it comes from in this order. So here we have below plus square root of p. And so there's an obstruction thing in the competition here to go beyond that, but we do expect it to be true in a much longer range, but it is not clear how to extend this. So if you have this trans conjecture no longer range, we're going to say yes for this range. And what's the reason that the chain did not conjecture this no longer range? Is it always the false? It's not conjecture, it's false. For chains, yeah. But yet it turns out that the family no longer worked out. It might be true in an under arrest, but I don't know. We actually emailed Chanda, asked him, so what was the reason? So he thinks it should hold in a longer range, but there's one term in his paper he has no idea how to ask to pick up, which clearly like blows up at this point. So he didn't do a comfortable saying it holds in a longer range because there's some term in his paper that obviously gets paid. Maybe it's canceled by something else. There's been, yeah. So he, I don't remember, we could go ahead and take a picture. He said in inflation, you know, 43 is the perfect pay that he's given. The difference. There were the irons. That's simple. Yeah, so I don't want the link of the name of the person. Yeah, I see what you're saying. I stop it. That's the biggest thing I've ever seen before. I don't know about this. I think it might be kind of like we're moving from that. So I don't know if it's going to worry about it. And either it's going to be very, very good. And then when we get never connected in my head, it's going to seem to be in one way or the other. I don't see anything. We have to sort out where it's going to be. Even the last one is announced. It's not going to be anything. Yeah, so if you just, if you just, you just, if you just, if you just, if you just, if you just want to keep on telling you what you're doing. And then it's going to be in two. So if you just, if you're just going to keep on telling you what you're doing. And then you're going to get it on. So I think that's the biggest thing I've ever seen. So, I think that really is going to be a little bit of a big difference between being in the company and being in the community. I'm going to be glad to say that our kids are killing themselves on average and so we're going to all be doing better.


Thank you very much the organizers for the invitation and Antonia for a nice presentation of the project in general. It's been a it was a pleasure to work with my quarter longstanding and with all Experts as you said economists and political scientists and here I present a paper Which is titled no taxation without state assigned property rights so We all know where we started that the property rights affect development and the taxation positively affects development Antonia just told you about the taxation governance benefits and the Other benefits and we also our paper alludes to a very the title of our paper alludes to a very famous Slogan of the American Revolution right no taxation without representation and we also know that property rights is the key since Douglas north and Ronald Cole's work that property rights are also key to Development, but the link between property rights and taxation is understudied and this is both relevant for the individual level studies and cross-political cross-country or other political studies so while Motivation our research question was does difference in property rights regimes affect taxation and with this question in mind we straight away focused on the Sub-Saharan Africa region because Here we observed a very clear difference between Property rights regimes I Want to say that property rights allocation and How they are located and how they are held is a very complex story Do not take me wrong can be made a reference to a lot of research that points to it However, it's also could be for the sake of the argument categorized into two broad types and which was Based on research by Catherine Boone who did a lot of research on land in Africa So this status property rights regimes where central state is the land allocator and dispute adjudicator and new customers are called new customary rights regimes where state-backed local leaders exercise authority over land allocations and land dispute adjudication so if you look at the Situation empirically in Sub-Saharan Africa you can see that The average share of land governed by the traditional authorities is about 60% This is based on the also the quite reputable data by at least Island Wiley and colleagues who work a lot in Africa land situation and the what is good for Statistical analysis right that there is a lot of variation in this data from 96% in Somalia to only 2% in Rwanda And I'm taking this for the last date that we have in our data set which is 2015 so the question is that more specifically research question that drives our research is Does it make a difference for taxation? what type of authority assigns and uphold property rights on land and again We straight away switch to land and I can I can talk more about why land and in NQA, but I mean if it our scope conditions straight away was Sub-Saharan Africa and the different types of authorities that manage property rights and the Land came into kind of question Naturally So our argument very simple. It does make a difference. So within the social kind of contract framework we Argument that why would individuals pay taxes to the state? When they depend on the traditional authorities to sustain their property rights So therefore where property rights are signed and upheld by the state individuals are more likely to Ascent to pay taxes to support the authority upon which their property rights depend Property rights bring people into contact with the state. They make the state more legitimate in the eyes of the citizens and also the Tax tax demands that the state solicits from citizens also makes sense to the to the to the individuals in such a situation So therefore our hypothesis that we have tested that to where the extent of the state formalization of Individual property rights on land is greater than citizens more really readily ascent to pay taxes to government and we test this hypothesis using two Data one in individual level data and then cross-country Analysis and the empirical setting is Sub-Saharan African countries So I will start with the country-level analysis although in the paper we go the other way around but I think for the sake of the presentation It's actually a better. So just to show you the like kind of associational right association between the extent to which the State assigned property rights associated with the taxation. So we use our own data set that we Developed and then this is an extent and quality of cadastre as a measure of state land formalization of individual property rights And our dependent variable is share of tax and individual As a share in GDP Or income tax again You would argue or why it is not lent tax and I can answer this in the in the Q&A but I will tell you straight away that the variation and so the first of all the Collection from land and property taxes in these countries is so low and the variation is not a non-existent So it's unfortunately due to the data limitation that we couldn't run this test meaningfully Yes, and we run several kind of specifications, but our main specification. We only use Country fix effects and time fix effects and the up to four Lugs of dependent variable. So but first of all what is cadastre because this is assumption that we find it interesting that the Kind of the the the good grasp of the general public is not there on on cadastre. So cadastre is a public record containing information on First land asset it's a real estate assets and second is the Party that holds Interests over this asset. So it has to have three three pieces of information who what and which rights or obligations if there are different varieties of public records of on land and And this should be in all in one kind of database if you wish in one the these two elements there are different varieties of Land registration systems and not all of them have all these three elements and therefore it is not cadastre So we have we have quite high requirement for what cadastre is and then we ask a question Where there was this where was there a state administered cadastre? Was the cadastre narrative or cartographic and how much of the country's territory was covered by the cadastre and then we for each country in the In this case sub-Saharan country for each year Which is our period is determined also by the availability of data on the dependent variable But our original data set runs over 1,000 years and 160 countries and We compute the cadastre indicator for every country year by multiplying these three score components by one another so by design customary lands or neocaster and lands are not included and we for the specific data set we excluded cadastrified state land So that is the work that we did additionally compared to our original data set. So we excluded because We talk about individuals and they are incentive. So it would be strange to Use the state the land that state uses so this is a Example for you, although it's by the way from Ethiopia where most of the land is state land But this is a difference between narrative cadastre and cartographic cadastre narrative cadastre is just a description of the land parcel runs from that big rock to that big tree or it is a cartographic representation with some relevant information like the quality of land and Etc. So this is just to show you a quick kind of pooled Bivariate association. So you can see that there where We have a great extent of cadastre. There is also higher share of revenue on income tax and this the the slope for the near customary Property rights as a percentage of land is even stronger the relationship So then we run a relation the regression analysis This is as I said, there are several specification I show you one with four lakhs of dependent variable And so what we find that the transition from no cadastre to full cadastre leads to about half percent percentage points increase of revenue from In this tax individual taxes, and we also calculate long 2.28 percent So as you can it is not super strong the magnitude, but here we go so we find a positive association and But we in with this data we are not able to test the postulated mechanism, right? So that the property rights Increases consent to taxation and then it leads to increase in tax revenue. For example That would be enough for the paper by Matthias one home, right? So just that the this is a great informational capacity by the state not necessarily that it is and impacts kind of Individual calculations of people to consent or not to the consent to pay tax so Therefore we use individual data From the seven route of after the after a barometer It's 42,000 individuals for third from 32 sub-Saharan African countries and our dependent variable is the ascent to pay tax And the our independent variable is the question How likely is that that if the respondent went to the government offices to find out who owns a piece of land in their community? So we call it assessed information on land We argued that you can only find information who owns land from a government office if government has these records, right? So that is a little bit of a Assumption here and we use Ordered probate probate regression. So this is a distribution of Assess access to informational on land variable the lighter colors represent high access These countries these two countries are excluded because we look at the sub-Saharan countries But this is all countries from the Afro barometer And then here is our results. So just to say so that if you are very likely to find Information from the government about the ownership in their communities You're also more likely to agree with the statement that the government has the right to pay to make people to pay taxes. So I Think this is at least preliminary support to argument that the type of public authority who assigns and upholds property rights matter for for the strengths of the fiscal contract and the State assigned property rights they incentivize citizens to respond to the state's tax demands as this supports the authority underpinning their property rights and We find evidence both in the cross-country and individual data as I said the magnitude of our estimates suggest that the state led formalization of property rights perhaps not the most potent answer to the Fiscal problems in the region and the even full electrification At the as it stands at the moment would not allow an immediate sub-Saharan African country to address the need of about 19% of GDP to finance Sustainable development goals and this is based on the data from 2015. I think that the now gap is even larger Right as I understand and therefore the so that that is not the most potent answer To the question. I mean probably with if we take That the catastrophization improves also land and the property taxation. This the results will be a little bit more Rosie, but I still think this is kind of not the the silver bullet to the question So this is some kind of limitations for the research for example Fabra for a barometer for unknown reasons to me doesn't have measure that Measures this property rights situation of the respondents assumption that we should do and Yes and more work needed on the different types of traditional authorities and different levels of state authorities and also what happens when They are no customary rights, but they are also Recognized by the state. So it's like two tiers situation We also need to consider this because this is increasingly the case for example in Kenya Communal rights, right? Community rights have been Catastrophied to certain extent. This is the country that I know better, but I know also that in other countries this similar work Goes on. Yes. I don't have any channels. Thank you so much and I would be happy to take questions


An Entertainment News and Ikeja Special Offences Court will on Monday rule on a bail application filed by Olaan Rewajo-James, also known as Babai-Jesha, whether the convict has met special circumstances for the court to grant him bail. Justice Uluwatu and Taiwo fix the date after taking argument from both the Prosecutor and the defense council. The bail application is to call to the jail term that was handed down to Babai-Jesha by Justice Taiwo, who sentenced them to a five-year-concurrent jail term. However, his legal team is in court to appeal the judgment.


It's finally that time of year. Fall time. Where the big bass come out and play. In this video, we're fishing for giant bass and hidden ponds while bank fishing. It was an absolute grind, but we stayed positive and were very patient. And boy, did we catch what we were here for. Oh, there's a monster here. All right, boys and girls, ladies and gents. We are at a pond that we have never been to before. And let me tell you, this place just looks saucy.  And I've been eyeballing this place for a while, just have yet to be able to get out and fish it. Today we're gonna be pond hopping to a bunch of different places and we're gonna see how many big fish we can actually catch. So it's really the main goal today. It's been a while since I filmed just a pure like fishing video like this, so I'm pumped about it. I actually got my kick in their bass TV, X-Lews, baitcaster combo. If you guys wanna check them out, kickintheirbass.com. There'll be a link down below. These things just look. So beautiful glistening in the sun there. Before we get deeper into this video, only 27% of you all watching these videos are actually subscribed. So if you could take the time at the subscribe button. Really helps the channel. I'd appreciate it. I got this paired up with 17 pound fluorocarbon and I did a little tackle haul before coming out to this pond today. So I'm gonna do a little unbagging. So I went to the old place Walmart. I got a couple of baits that are just confidence baits for us to catch some big fish today. And I'm gonna go over those right now. So first things first, we got a white and chartreuse chatter donk. This is a 3 eighth ounce. I like to go between the half ounce and the 3 eighth. But this is one of my go-to's to catch some big fish. I actually got two of the chartreuse ones. I got a black and blue chatter donk. I got a white chatter donk. And another moving bait, I actually ended up picking up a red-eye shad by Striking. This is a great bait for big fish. Just covering a lot of water, especially when you're fishing in places that you haven't been to before just like this one. Also got some Junebug curly tail worms. And lastly, I got some of these small little flukes by Zoom. And let me tell you, we're gonna try something different today. So the first bait that I'm gonna tie on is actually the black and blue chatter donk. Now I have never used one of these flukes on the back of a chatter bait before. So we're actually gonna try it today. If you guys were wondering why I got these for the chatter baits, it's because they really didn't have any standard flukes. And the ones that they had were just like bad colors that I really didn't wanna mess with. So I decided to go with this and maybe we'll learn something today. Let's see how this is gonna look on here. As you can tell, this is a different profile from your standard fluk. This one's very slim. I've used these in the past, but mainly for like drop shots. Got a lot of fish on a drop shot with this baby fluke. We're just gonna rig this up. Like that. Oh my gosh, boys. We might've just learned something today. Look at that right there.  That might be a go-to for now on. That reminds me of the Blade Mino by Strike King. I just didn't have any or I definitely would've brought some out. The Blade Mino is awesome on the chatter bait. If you guys are looking for something to go on the back, definitely look that up. The Blade Mino is disgusting on the back of one of these. We're gonna tie this on with a standard uni knot and we're gonna hop right into it, boys. And let's see if we can catch a big one. And first things first, let's learn and see if there's some fish in this pond. I actually just pulled this kicking combo up too. I usually run mine on between two and three. I suggest if you guys end up getting a kicking combo, I would definitely run it on probably five or six, maybe six or seven, depending on your skill level with a baitcaster. I just run in mine really low, but that's not a good example. And my boy, A-dub, he even runs his on six or seven and he's been fishing his whole life. So it's just personal preference, really. Dude, I caught a stick. I about had a heart attack, boys. My reel's coming off. Got to tighten this puppy down. It's a brand new rod, so I'm just getting everything ready.  Well, that's the way to start off the video. Let's just catch a stick pounder real quick. So we're just gonna throw around some of these lay downs and just start covering some water. We're gonna be fishing pretty fast today. So I'm gonna try to hit as many ponds as possible. And by the way, that mini fluke on the back of that just looks so good. I mean, I'm honestly impressed. I don't think it's gonna look that good. And there we go. Okay, I need to lock in, boys. I need to get warmed up here. There we go. That feels like a good one, boys. That feels like a really good one right there. Oh yeah, that's a big one. Oh, he's stuck. Oh, that's a big one, man. Oh, that's a nice one, boys. Look at that to start off the video. That quick, a new pond, solid two pounder. Not a better way to start off the video. Last freaking go. Well, I guess our gut paid off. Coming out to a new spot we've never been to before. Beautiful lay downs around the banks. And start off with a pretty two pounder. That fish felt a lot bigger than it was, but then again, he got stuck down in that tree. Thank you, baby. That was awesome. Heck yeah, fish number one. We're already on board five minutes into the day. That's a great sign. If I had to assume what happened there, I threw right up on that tree. I kind of popped my bait because I got stuck around one of those branches. And I want to say that fish followed it out.   That is a great sign, man. New spot we've never been to. Already popping one off. It's a nice fish. I'll take it. You know one thing I hate about putting just new line on a reel, it takes it so long to kind of break it in. Like I should be able, I'm almost skipping it bad. But I should be able to just sling that bait up there. And I just saw a slight blow up in that corner. I actually saw a little boil to my left. We might have just found the honey hole, boys. Is that a boil? Am I going crazy? Dude, they're fricking like schooling over there, man. Oh boy. Ooh, that's got slammed, man. This fish are active right now. That's a good sign. It's pretty crazy looking. There should be a fish right there. Right on the little edge of that thing. Mm, this place looks spicy. Oh, dude, one just literally ate bait right in front of me. Literally right there. I knew that little spot, how to have had one, instantly just walked up on it and he was eating the bait fish.  I'm gonna tell you, you don't find many ponds like this. It's just a lot of cover. That is a rarity to find. If you guys notice, I'm staying in the strike zone. They're in parallel with this bank. Keeping it at about five foot off. There's been some boils up there. We might get lucky here. Looks so good right there. Ooh, I just got a bit. He only got the back of it, which is odd. If they could have a smaller coin bay, they would commit. There's a lot of bait right there by that tree, too. Wow. Wow. That was about a pound and a half or right there on that tree. This is fun fishing, man. This is, oh man, this got me so pumped. Look at these trees, boys. They're just hanging right in these trees. I mean, perfectly. I'm watching bait pop and everything. I mean, this couldn't lay out better for a pond. I'm not sure what a lane of that fish. I didn't really get the hooks at them pretty good. Look, I just got hit. Some animal right through the left of me. I don't know what it was. Look at that right there, boys. That looks so prime. If there's a spot that looks prime, it is that right there. Make sure to throw around all the edges of this. Try not to get hung up because I did not bring my baits like a weenie.  My gosh. I don't know if that was a carp or a bass, but I think it was a bass just up in those branches.  This is a prime area.  Don't be doing it. I almost should have brought that dang big worm, man. Start flipping some of these bushes or put this like a rage curl on. That probably would have been prime. Not saying that this chatter dog's not a good bait, but that spot's perfect for a nice little Texas reed curl. Watch, they're gonna be on the bare bank. That makes no sense. They're literally gonna be right here. I'll tell you this side of the pond almost sets up good for that lipless. If we start getting a lot of bites here, it might not be a bad idea to go grab that thing and tie it on. It's a little open area. Oh my God, that was a bite right there. Makes no sense, man. You got all this prime cover. These fish are just gonna sit in an open where there's nothing. That's a big one. That's a big one. Come on, baby. I think she's a big one. No, man, these fish are feeling jacked. I mean, another like two pounder. These fish are good though. And I don't know if you guys noticed what I did there. I just stopped reeling and he ate it. The moment I stopped reeling, I got slammed. That's telling us something.  So the little signs of these fish are telling us. And we're gonna start using that little method there. Thank you, baby. I'll tell you, when you have something happen once, it's like, okay, it might be something that's gonna be beneficial throughout the day. But at the end of the day, it could be a fluke. So we're gonna practice this. We're gonna start reeling it, steady retrieve, then we're gonna stop it. Reel it, steady retrieve. We'll do that about two or three times a cast max. I'd say about two times a cast is healthy. So if a fish is following that bait, all of a sudden it stops and eats it. We might have just figured something out though. All of a sudden, I just decided to stop reeling. And that was instantly, I mean, he just thumped it instantly right after that. So what that fish is doing, all he's doing is following that bait, right? And then when you kill it, what happens is it gives it that sporadic movement. So the fish is following it, you know, it's doing the same thing. All of a sudden that bait drops and it's an instant reaction. The bass doesn't like it or he thinks the bait's gonna get away from him. Whatever the situation is. I'm telling you, we need to pay attention to that. I think that was a big telling sign of what can happen today. Big boil right there to the left of me. Looks like it could almost be a carp. Dude, what was that? Why did it get closer? Did it get closer? I mean, I hope that's not a gator. I think that was just a carp. I think that was a gator. I hope not at least. I definitely had to be on a carp, right? I think it scared me though. All right, boys, that's all she wrote. We are going to go to our next spot. All right, boys, pond number two. Never been here before either. So I don't know what to expect, but we're gonna find out. Actually kind of blue water here. Ooh, that water is very blue. That's interesting. I don't know what to expect of that. I've definitely caught fish in blue water like this. Doesn't mean there's no fish. Boys, these construction workers are having the time of their life right now. I've never seen people working so fast and all of a sudden they kick the ball over the fence and they're just kicking it. They're playing soccer, dude. That is so funny. There's a fish in here. He should be right here. Is he still there? Is he still there? Oh no. Dude, I don't know if I spooked him.  That was a huge boil right there. That freaking blows, man. All right, boys, day number two. We kind of ran out of time yesterday and we still want to hunt for these big fish. I see a boil in the distance. Let me make a cast on that. We just ran out of time and I was like, you know what? I'm just gonna come out tomorrow. So today is tomorrow. It's a new day. I'm ready to find these big fish and we're gonna be hitting some spots today. We're on the different side of town that I've caught some really big fish in the past. So stay tuned, boys. We're gonna try to get some big ones for y'all but let's just keep on casting. By the way, you got the man Connor with me? What's up? What's going on? This is her.  Should have brought out the old pop of the pickle out here. Dude, I actually threw one in the back of my truck. I meant to grab it because I brought my braid rod. So guys, I got exploded on with my frog in this corner. I'm gonna show you guys this tree.  I don't know if y'all saw that video. It's actually one of the worst videos we've posted this summer, which is crazy. Still got like 200,000 views but if you guys didn't see it, one, you need to go check it out. And two, I'm gonna show you guys this freaking tree because it's probably the juiciest thing that you'll ever see in a pond. I'm actually gonna go ahead and walk down by it. I'll kind of let Connor fish most of this middle water. All right, boys, this is what I'm talking about. Look at this tree over here. And I caught, or I didn't catch them actually. I had them on and all the way until I got them by the bank.  And then a couple casts later, I ended up catching another one on a frog up in that tree. It was pretty crazy. Felt that branch, it kind of spooked me. But yeah, I hooked them right up on this tree. Could only think there's a couple more big ones right here. Oh my gosh, I didn't even set the, whoa! Boys, I knew he was gonna get a bit on that. I had a gut feeling to throw that trap.  Okay, there's one. I actually set the hook on that fish. Definitely a little tiny guy. Coaching him in there. This one's probably like 10th of the size of that one that I just had on. Boy, is this crazy that Connor's had all his bites because I haven't even had nibble. This shows, you know, throwing a different bait on what they really want. That's insane. So I haven't even had one, let me just tap it or anything. Oh wait, that might be a better one to turn right at. No, he came off, he came off. Okay. Well, apparently I should have been fishing a rattled trap my whole life. This is actually like the, probably the third time I've ever thrown one. Dude, I don't know how you haven't thrown a trap. I don't know, I've got a lot of big fish. They're thumping it, like bumping it. I haven't even had a nibble. That's just crazy.  Yeah. Sometimes they use it. How do you swipe at it? That was a nice one. Look at that. A pound and a half, two pounder. I'll take them. See, you know what I had to do that time? I'll let it hit the bottom and I just barely reeled it. See, they're loaded right here. That's a pretty fish. It's about a pound and a half, two pounds. Really thick and chunky. Thank you, buddy. How big is that one that you caught? It's probably about a pound. Well, that's a good sign I got a bite on this guys. I'm about to say you're getting slammed on that thing. I'm like, that's the bait. The sad part is that's the only trap I have. So don't break it off. I think that might be the go today. I'm telling you, when I walked down this bank and I saw this opening, I'm like, honestly, a trap is money to fish on this. I haven't felt a bite like those in a while, dude. They're almost taking the rod out of my hand. Yeah, dude, I went and when I heard you, I was like. Oh, there's a monster. Oh my. Oh my. He choked it. He choked it. Oh my gosh. What in the world? That's a little comeback from the one we just met. Hold them out. I'll take it. Dude, there we go. Hey, we got a giant now. Yes, sure. That's one giant, guys. We're going to keep on trying to catch them. The sad part is, the pond that we're going to after this, in my opinion, has bigger fish. That's a good one, Connor. Good job, dude. There you go. All right. You want me to just put them back? Yeah, you just put them back. Dude, good job, Connor. Yeah, I'd say that's a four and a half. I don't think he's spawning. Beautiful fish though.  Heck yeah. Good job, dude. Well, this pond paid off, boys. I got one, he got two. He missed a good bite. I guess we'll eat this Chatterbait. I've got to figure out how they want it, dude. They might want it slow. What's crazy is that's right where that one ate me. Literally same exact spot. Wait, really? It was, dude, the same spot that that small one just ate, or two pounders ate me. All right, well, we got us a little bit of redemption. Probably got a four pounder, but we need a really big redemption for that giant fish that I apparently just couldn't set the hook on for some reason. So we're going to throw around this corner and see if we can make it happen.  What is Connor doing over there? He's saying, he's telling me he missed five megas now. Five megas. He got to clutch it up. What is going on? All right, boys. So I thought I gave Connor my last trap, but little did I know I have this one, which is a blue and chrome. I've actually had a lot of luck on a blue and chrome, just not around this time of year, but it should do the trick. It just seemed to be getting that reaction bite really good. I thought I got bit right away. That reaction bite definitely seems like it's the move. By the way, there's some big gators in here, so be cautious of that. There we go. Dude, I think I got a mudfish, bro. I swear. I'm pretty positive this is a mud. Oh, it's a gar. I caught a gar, bro. I swear.  Look at, okay. That made it way easier on me. Dude, those things don't need anything. And you ate a trap? I've never seen a gar eat a moving bait like that. That's pretty crazy. Dude, they hit the water and it was like instant bite. You got bit?   Are there in front of them pipes? I don't know if you guys remember. Oh, dude. I'll make you skin a lot of grass on it. I don't know if you guys remember with this pipe, guys, but I hooked a massive one on a chatter dunk around seven pounds and I was fighting them for a minute, kept fighting them, kept fighting them and they jumped right off at the bank, man. I don't know why this thing things want to run sideways so freaking. It's probably the worst one I've had in a minute. I don't know why does not want to run straight. That can give us an issue.  Like what is, dude, this thing runs so bad. Like this is probably the worst one I've ever had. Honestly, this is employers. So you've got your ring hooked on here. Yeah. You need to slightly tweak it. So. Oh, you're bending that one. Sometimes it's just like a balance thing. I mean, this thing's coming right up to the top. It's kind of crazy. You notice the grass in here? Yeah, there's a good bit of grass. That's a good thing with the trap sometimes. As long as it ain't bothering us every cast.  Dude, big boil. He's spooking fish on the bank, dude. It's so weird, cause that last pond there out in the middle, yesterday I felt like I missed somewhere out in the middle too. See if you can cast it where I did out there. I'm just, my thing's running so sideways. We should get bit in that corner though, cause I saw some bait moving.  Oh yeah. Let it fall? All the time. That's one of my favorite ways to work it. We use the good old. Oh dude, it's like a brush pile. You know what's crazy is I've never hooked that. Dang it, bro. Man, I cannot win right now. I don't know what's going on. Hi, I am a mess, dude.  Oh, I don't know when this bad fishing juju's gonna end, man. I feel like it's been going on for a month now. Can't ever catch a break on anything. There's not even like things I'm doing wrong, guys. It's like, I don't know what's going on. It's just the luck of the draw, for sure. I guess I'm gonna put it on the chatter bait. I don't have anything else in me. I don't feel like walking back to the truck. So, my boy's gonna tie this back. I only get to work. We have not had the best luck, but I have high hopes in this right here for that pocket. I think I'm gonna get one or two really good bites. I'm gonna sign off the capital lies, land these bad boys. We got one really good fish this video, and I think we should add a lot more. So, let's see what we can do. All right, chatter donkey, do your magic. Please do your magic. I feel it. I think I'm gonna have a couple good bites right here. Oh, there's a boil. Dude, big boil behind me, Connor. Huge boil. I can't believe he didn't eat it, dude. He, like, spiraled right behind my bait. There he is. Biggin', dude. Biggin', Connor. I think. I can't even turn him, dude. It's not even that big. It's like about a pound and a half or. He was fighting like a mega, dude. Did you see that? Hey, I might have hooked him in the side of the face. I'm fine with that. Little quick release action. Hey, he acted like a biggin'. He was up in that grass, dude. That's the one that boiled probably a second ago. He felt huge, though.  That's why he came off. No way I had him in the mouth and then pulling like that. Oh, that bird is crazy, man. Birds are so weird. Birds are just weird, dude.  A bobber. That thing is so weird, dude. Dude, that was sick. He literally ate it at the bank and it was on the surface, dude. Yeah. I'll tell you one thing to think about. You got all this wind going down in this pocket. Dude, biggie. No. Dude, they are smoking that trap. I wonder what it is about that thing today. Maybe it's just getting that time of year, man. When we're peeking into that fall, this fish is starting to bait fish and that thing just looks as realistic as it gets. I mean, they just don't like this chatterdunk. Like, if I was throwing a worm or like some on the bottom that's not a moving bait, I'd be like, okay, but it could be the color of the chatterdunk, too. It might just want it like white. And that's a natural color trap. Usually when I'm fishing some in tannic water, this black and blue can work really good, but maybe they just don't want it. I don't know if it's big or not. It's definitely, oh wait, that might be a good one. Nah, little water skipper. Oh, well, we're doing some quick releases today.


Bashkir's fighting in Ukraine may return becoming an independence factor. How will the protests that erupted in Bashkortostan affect the imperial myth of Russia? The Charter 97 website spoke about this with Ukrainian political scientist, expert at the Ukrainian Centre for Belarusian Communications, Maxim Pleshko. Before talking about the imperial myth, as the French philosopher Rene Descartes said, let's define the concepts and half the disagreements will disappear by themselves. From the point of view of ethno-political science, the Russian Federation is a pure empire that has conquered hundreds of different peoples. These peoples are at different stages of their ethno-national and political development. Maxim Pleshko said, Bashkortostan and the Bashkirs are one of the most united. Developed peoples with a certain political tradition, this republic had broad autonomy. The post of president economic independence. Bashkortostan has oil resources and oil refineries. With Putin coming to power, centralization occurred. Roshneft, Absurd Bashneft, rights were limited. The post of president was abolished and was called the head of the republic, he added. He said that Bashkir units who are for independence are also fighting on the side of Ukraine. It is clear that those Bashkirs who today are fighting on the side of Russia against Ukraine when the centre weakens and a national question arises will stand for their people, the state, and will be a factor in new independence. The Bashkirs have every reason to be independent and there are many such peoples in the Russian Federation, he added.