If you want to be an effective Christian, you need to implement these five daily habits. This message is going to challenge you. And this message is going to present habits that you can implement today.  But you have to allow yourself to be challenged. But first, I want you to write in the comment section three simple words, write glory to glory. Because as you begin to implement these five habits, these biblical practices, you'll begin to grow on the spirit and the influence of the Holy Spirit will increase in your life and transform you from glory to glory. So write those three simple words in the comment section, glory to glory. Number one, daily, you have to read the word. And I'm not just talking about the scripture of the day or the Instagram encouragement of the day.  Not skipping around, not just taking little bits and pieces, not just gleaning little half truths, but receiving the scripture as a whole. Really studying it, letting it become a part of you, knowing what the Holy Spirit intended when he inspired every single word. And devoting yourself to the scripture, Colossians chapter three verse 16 says, let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, in all wisdom, teaching and admonishing one another in Psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly. Let God's truth permeate your being, let it transform who you are. No excuses, no setting aside of this important practice, but total focus and commitment. If you're serious about hearing the voice of the Holy Spirit, you'll get serious about reading the word. To know the scripture is to receive revelation from God by the Holy Spirit. The words inspired our spirit and life. And as you begin to devote yourself to the scripture, you'll notice transformation taking place, maybe not immediate transformation, but sinful habits will break. You'll grow in patience. The way you think will be transformed. You'll experience more joy. You'll experience a heightened awareness of the presence of God in your life.  The word of God lights your way. As you begin to glean from the wisdom in the word of God, it changes the way that you think and it causes you to walk according to wisdom. So now you're not confused about the path ahead, but you're confident about the direction you're going because you're basing your life on the word. 2 Timothy 3, 16 and 17, all scripture is given by inspiration of God and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction and righteousness that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works. So the word of God was given to us by inspiration of the Holy Spirit. From the scriptures, we get our doctrine, not from our life experiences, but from the scripture. We don't base our doctrine off of our experiences, rather we describe our experiences based on the doctrine that we receive from the word for reproof or correction. So this causes you to make adjustments in your life that need adjusting. And maybe if you have a flaw or an issue that you're not aware of, as you read the scripture, it begins to reveal those things to you for instruction and righteousness. In other words, not just avoiding the mistakes, but meeting that standard of righteousness to which God has called us all, to becoming more and more like Jesus, to conforming our lives to that image. The word of God is the substance with which the Holy Spirit creates the character of Christ in you. I'm gonna say that again. The word of God is the substance with which the Holy Spirit creates the character of Christ in you. Thoroughly furnished unto all good works. You wanna fulfill your calling. You wanna be effective for the kingdom of God.  The word of God will do that for you. But you have to be a person of the word. Don't tell me you don't have time for the word if you're caught up on your latest Netflix series. Don't tell me you don't have time for the word if you're scrolling on social media feeds for hours on end. Don't tell me that you don't have time for the word if you get stuck on TikTok and YouTube for hours. Now, I'm not saying it's wrong to receive ministry from social media. In fact, that's what you're doing right now. But I am saying that we cannot replace our personal devotion with social media scrolling. We cannot replace our personal devotion with the preaching that we hear online. We ourselves have to receive the word and make it a habit. And this is the first habit of a highly effective Christian. You wanna be a strong Christian? You wanna be a consistent Christian? You wanna be a Christian who's stable even in the midst of turmoil and trial?  That's number one, read the word daily. And again, not just little glimpses here and there of truth but pour over the scripture from Genesis to Revelation. Understand the scripture as a whole that you might glean the various truths within. Number two, pray daily. Matthew chapter 26 verses 40 through 41 say this, then he returned to his disciples and found them sleeping. Of course, we know this right here is a story attached to the crucifixion narrative and this is Jesus preparing to go to the cross. He's praying and his disciples, instead of praying with him, keeping watch with him, are sleeping. Couldn't you men keep watch with me for one hour? He asked Peter. Verse 41 says, watch and pray so that you will not fall into temptation. This is a key portion of this verse. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. That's very insightful. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. Within you, placed there by the Holy spirit is a desire to pray, is a desire to connect with God. But the flesh is weak. The flesh fights your commitment to prayer. Why? Because prayer is the death of the flesh. The flesh seeks distraction. Even now, maybe your flesh is looking for distraction, something entertaining, something different than the spiritual. The flesh seeks distraction. The flesh seeks entertainment for entertainment's sake. But the spirit desires that which is of the Holy spirit. And so within you is this desire to pray and that desire to pray is itself an invitation to prayer. God put that desire in you because he's calling unto you. But it's up to you to act upon which desire you choose. It's up to you to either act upon the desire of the spirit or the desire of the flesh. It's up to you to say, I'm going to choose to pray rather than to go after that which the flesh desires. It's a daily habit of prayer. And not just waking up saying, thank you, Lord, for this day and then moving about your day. That's one form of prayer. That's spontaneous prayer. It's good to pray without ceasing.  It's good to pray as you go about your day. But do not forget that place of solitude carving out a section of your day to devote only to prayer. You need both spontaneous and scheduled prayer. Spontaneous prayer is what you do throughout the day. It's conversing with the Lord. It's the practice of the presence of God. It's practicing the awareness of His presence that is with you 24 seven. But scheduled prayer is to carve out a time where you remove all distractions and you are focused on nothing but time with the Lord. It's a daily habit where you consult with God about major decisions, where you fellowship and commune with Him, where you allow Him to work on you and speak to you and then commission you for great works. John chapter five verse 19 says this. So Jesus explained, I tell you the truth, the Son can do nothing by Himself. He does only what He sees the Father doing. Whatever the Father does, the Son also does. Whatever the Father does, the Son also does. So there we see Jesus reflecting the will of the Father. Now looking at the life of Jesus, we see that Jesus would pray alone. Matthew 14, 23 says after sending them home, he went up into the hills by himself to pray. Night fell while he was there alone. You need to have solitude and some people will be upset with you for that. Some people will be offended that you'd rather spend time in prayer than time with them. And by no means am I saying that you should neglect your children or neglect your marriage or neglect your friends or family members or neglect your duties as a minister to speak to God's people, the ones He's connected directly with you. Rather what I'm saying is that you have to at least have some portion of the day that's totally dedicated to prayer. And Jesus would do this. He would pray by Himself. So Jesus had this relationship where he was mirroring the will of the Father, not even off by so much as a millisecond. Down to the very last millisecond, Jesus walked in the perfect will of God. How did he do that? He saw what the Father was doing. So Jesus himself had a prayer life and prayer will help to align you with the will of the heavenly Father. Matthew chapter six verses five and six say this, when you pray, don't be like the hypocrites who love to pray publicly on street corners and in the synagogues where everyone can see them.   Then your Father who sees everything will reward you. So in Matthew 14, 23, we see that Jesus prayed alone. And in Matthew chapter six verses five and six, we see that Jesus instructs us to have moments of solitude in prayer. Jesus was disciplined to pray in the morning, that's Mark 135, to pray at night, that's Mark six, 46 and 47, and often Luke 5, 16. So Jesus would pray often, Jesus would pray in the morning and Jesus would pray at night. Prayer, prayer, prayer. His life was saturated by prayer. And you and I likewise must mimic Jesus in this way. We must implement daily prayer, not just spontaneous as in throughout the day, throwing up prayers, acknowledging God, moments of worship. Those are great and you should include those moments in your everyday life as well. But we must add to that spontaneous prayer, scheduled, focused, secluded prayer. You see, if I'm praying spontaneously throughout the day, that brings longevity to my Christian walk. But when I begin to schedule prayer and seclude myself in prayer, that brings depth. You see, believers who have longevity don't all necessarily have the same depth. When you serve the Lord, it's not a matter of how many years you've served him. I've heard often many Christians present their years of serving the Lord as if those years in and of themselves count. Now, of course, we commend believers who are faithful to the gospel. We commend ministers who are in ministry for decades and faithfully so. Of course, we commend that. Don't hear what I'm not saying. What I'm saying though is that the time alone is not what makes you a mature believer. Just being a Christian for a long time doesn't guarantee that you're going to grow during that time. So when you pray spontaneously, yes, that brings longevity because I'm aware of the presence of the Lord. I'm living in the awareness of that presence. But if you want depth, then you must add to that spontaneous prayer, scheduled secluded prayer. So number one, read the word. Number two, pray. And these are all daily habits. And you have to make the decision to implement them. People may ask, David, how do I do that? How do I pray daily? There's no secret formula. To begin to pray, you have to decide to begin to pray. To pray daily, you have to choose to pray daily. There's no secret. There's no formula. There's nothing I can give to you, no trick that can make that easier. You have to determine within yourself that you're going to obey the leading of the Holy Spirit, that you're going to follow after the spiritual desires. You have to make that daily decision to implement these spiritual practices.  Think about the fact that the Holy Spirit gives us one of the fruits, which is self-control. Not Holy Spirit control, but self-control. In other words, he has given you, by his essence, the ability to control yourself. So he's given you self-control. It's up to you whether or not you choose to use that which he has given to you. So you have to make the decision.  Number three, renew the mind. Now, to repent is to change the mind. Not everything you think and believe is accurate, myself included. I'm sure that 20 years from now, I'm going to look back and see that throughout those 20 years, I had to correct many different things in my doctrine. Maybe they're not big corrections. Maybe they're just small adjustments. Not just in my doctrine, but in my thinking overall, in my perspective, in my attitude, in my behavior, in my speech, in my thought life. I'm sure there are many more things I still have to correct. But if I throw up my hands and say, well, I'm righteous in Christ, I am the righteousness of God in Christ Jesus, I've been imputed with that righteousness because of faith. Yes, we understand that salvation is by grace through faith, Ephesians 2, 8, and 9. Yes, we understand that Abraham believed God, it was counted in him as righteousness. So that righteousness has been imputed to us. When God sees us, he sees us as holy righteous simply because of the faith that we placed in Christ. We understand that that is true, but two things can be true at the same time. Well, it is true that Christ's righteousness has been imputed to you simply because you believed. It's also true that we can choose to walk in that righteousness and grow in that righteousness. We've been given it, but are we walking in it? Are we allowing it to influence the way that we live? So this idea that I never need to ask for God's forgiveness again, there's just nonsense. It's not even biblical. Romans chapter 12, verse two, and be not conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God. In other words here, this is something that is ongoing, the renewing, this is a continual state of being. My mind is being renewed. I am being sanctified. I am being perfected. He that begun a good work in me is faithful to complete it, meaning I'm still being worked on. I still have things I need to have perfected in me. None of us have completely arrived. Paul the apostle himself wrote, not that I've achieved this or that I've arrived, but I forget those things which are behind me. I press on to that prize that is ahead. In other words, there still is progress to be made and we have to acknowledge this about ourselves. If we're ever going to grow, then we have to lay aside ego and pride because ego and pride won't allow us to admit that we don't know it all. Ego and pride won't allow us to admit that we haven't arrived. Ego and pride won't allow us to admit that we aren't the most spiritual person in the room. We have to allow ourselves to set aside that ego and pride and say, I can still grow in the word. I can still grow in my thinking. I can still grow in my character. There's still a lot of work that needs to be done, not for the sake of condemnation, but rather for the sake of growth. Not just pointing out what we're not, but pointing out the standard to which we can all aspire to be inspired to reach for that prize, which is Christ himself and being like Christ. To fight for the truth, to renew the mind. Now this is something that's not that often talked about, but it's something I believe that we should implement as believers if we're going to grow and we're going to grow in strength. Philippians four eight says, now, dear brothers and sisters, one final thing, fix your thoughts on what is true and honorable and right and pure and lovely and admirable. Think about things that are excellent and worthy of praise. Lord, help me communicate this. I want you to write in the comments section, right? Lord, help me receive this. I really pray I can communicate this clearly. Lord, help me. You would be amazed at how many believers think they are practicing this, but are not. Why? Because there are many layers to our flesh. There are many layers to our unbiblical thought patterns. There are many layers to our attitudes that we've developed over a period of time due to our experiences or lack of experiences. And though we might think that we are choosing truth, all too often we're actually rejecting truth in the way we think. What we think about God, what we think about ourselves, what we think about our lives, what we think about those around us, what we think about this world, what we think about sin, what we think about God's word, there are subtle forms of deception that are being corrected in all of us. And so we have to do as the scripture says, and this is a command, by the way, it's an instruction, this is an epistle, fix your thoughts on what is true. This goes beyond positive thinking because you can't just think yourself into liberty. Rather, this is truthful, godly, spiritual living, thinking according to what God says, because all too often we say, yes, I believe, but the moment we feel something that contradicts what we believe, we begin to struggle. We say, yes, I believe, but the moment a challenging situation arises that causes us to be swayed even in the slightest, we shift back to our old behavior patterns in our thoughts. We switch back over to old forms of thinking. And so we say things like, yes, I'm thinking according to the truth. Yes, I believe the word of God will say, but I feel this, but this is my experience. But you don't understand my situation. Know my friend, God's word is true all the time and this is why we have to be constantly renewing the mind. And this comes through, yes, reading the word, this comes, yes, through prayer, but it also comes through discipline of thought. Let me tell you something that isn't very popular to say, but I'm gonna tell it to you anyway because I love you. It doesn't matter what culture teaches, it doesn't matter what so-called experts tell you, it doesn't matter what you want to believe and tell yourself. You are in control of your thoughts. You say, what about intrusive thoughts? What about negative thoughts? What about blasphemous thoughts? What about tormenting thoughts? What does the scripture say? You fix your thoughts on what is true. Now it may not feel like you can control your thoughts, but the moment that you grant the premise, the moment that you give the enemy ground by saying, maybe I can't control my thoughts. Maybe there's nothing I can do. The moment you believe that lie, that you cannot control your thoughts, is the moment you've lost most of the battle.  I call this my Philippians filter. In other words, if it's not true, if it's not honorable, if it's not right, if it's not pure, if it's not lovely, if it's not admirable, I'm not letting it in. I'm choosing to take the truth of God's word and hold it like a light against the various streams of thought that flow through my mind and choosing to allow that light to expose that which is not according to the word of God. And I'm rejecting that thought. And I say that thought can't come in or if it comes in, I say that thought cannot stay. And you have the ability to do this. I don't care what your therapist told you. I don't care what your parents told you. I don't care what your teacher told you.  You have the ability to choose your thoughts.  Let God's word be true and our opinions be lies if they should contradict that truth. God has given us instructions and that is to fix our thoughts. So this renewing of the mind is a practice many believers don't implement. They read the word, great. They pray, great, and they should. But because they are not choosing their thoughts and aligning those with the word and aligning those in prayer, they're not experiencing most of the victory that belongs to them in Christ Jesus. What you believe determines how you behave. How you behave determines what you feel and determines what becomes a habit and determines what becomes your lifestyle. And so it's very important that you don't give the enemy any ground.  Rebuke the enemy, resist the enemy, and he will flee instead believe God's word. Choose your thoughts according to God's word. Make adjustments as you go if you have to. You're not gonna get this right the first time. You're gonna make mistakes in this area, but as long as you acknowledge that God's word is true and that you're going to allow that to be true for you, as long as you acknowledge that if you should think something that contradicts God's word, that you're gonna go with God's word, then you're on the right path and this becomes progressive victory and you go from glory to glory. So practice renewing the mind. It's so key and I wish it was talked about more often. Practice, you say, how do I do it? Well, your thoughts are the actions of the mind. You can choose what you think and reject and you can choose what you dwell on. That's a fact of scripture. Number one, read the word. Number two, pray. Number three, renew the mind. Number four, connect. Connect how? Connect with other believers. Connect by serving in church. Connect with non-believers through the act of evangelism. These connection points actually do something for you in the spirit. Hebrews 10, 25 says, not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together as the manner of some is, but exhorting one another and so much the more as you see the day approaching. Now, as I said, I am going to challenge you and I do not wish to be insensitive to any hurt you might have experienced in the church. But the fact of the matter is, even though you have experienced hurt, even though you may have reason to be hesitant, even though you may have had bad experiences with other believers, the scripture is clear that you need to be connected with the local body of believers. Now, I can already hear the excuses in my mind because they're typical and by that I don't mean that as an insult, I mean that they're pretty consistent across the board. Most people say things when they're trying to resist this idea of going to church, like, well, I am the church. We shouldn't gather in a building. Well, you do realize that in the New Testament, they would often gather in buildings, not just in houses, but yes, also in buildings. Yes, also in the synagogues. Yes, also in the places of public assembly. This idea that they just stood in church or just stood in homes, isn't even biblical. They gathered everywhere that they could in public. So while we understand that church isn't the building, it's important to realize that you are the body of Christ when you are assembled. You become the body when you are assembled. If you disconnect from the body through refusing to gather, you're not of the body in practice, but now you've become a severed limb. The body requires assembly. I am the church. Yes, you are the church when you gather with others. So biblically speaking, you become the church in your gathering. And yes, we understand it's not about a building. It's not about the place that you gather, but buildings hold people and people are the church. And there's nothing wrong with, people say things like, well, I just don't like organized church. I'm thinking, what do you like? Disorganized church, chaotic church, sporadic church, aimless church. My friend, that's not how God designed it. Name me one thing that God ever made that didn't have a system to it. I know by the spirit I'm hitting a point that really needs to be addressed here. Name me one thing that God ever did that didn't have a system to it. Yes, I understand that when it comes to miracles, the power of the Holy Spirit, demonstrations of the gift, there is no system. And I teach that very clearly that when you're flowing with the Holy Spirit, there is no system.  Let all things be done decently in an order. Everything that we do ought to be done as unto the Lord. God made an ecosystem that exists in a solar system that contains you and I.  It goes on and on and on. Down to the smallest structure you can find, on a molecular level, on a subatomic level, you'll find systems. On a macro level, you'll find systems. Everything God does has a system to it, including the church. And this is why there are leadership positions and discipleship positions and tasks and gifts and assignments because we are under God's system, which is a kingdom and there is always order to a kingdom. God will not bless a mess. And so we have to realize that in our gathering, then we become the body of Christ. People say foolish things all the time, like, well, I don't go to church, I'm the remnant. My friend, if you're not gathering with believers, you're not the remnant, you're the rebellious and you need to get your life in line with the word of God.  And that's one of the points I'm bringing up here. You have to practice forgiveness. There is no excuse for not doing what God's word says. And I know that sounds harsh, but I'm saying it to you because I love you. And I'm tired of seeing God's people in isolation because in isolation is where you begin to become susceptible to very strange doctrines and legalism and paranoid ways of living. And if you want to get stuck in that, okay, but I love you too much to let you just do it without at least a warning. We need to get back to the place of gathering. We need to get back to the churches. And again, we are the church when we assemble. Proverbs 27.17 says iron sharpens iron and one man sharpens another. In our ministry, we have what's called spirit led structure. When it comes to the power of God, miracles, healing, it's a mystery. We can't explain how he does it. There is no system, but this doesn't mean there is an order to the way that we do things. And part of that order as a ministry is that we've taken great intention to unite as a body of believers also and keep each other accountable and keep each other in fellowship and check up on one another. You come into our ministry team, you will feel a positive atmosphere here at the ministry among the team. Why? Because we know each other because there's actual fellowship because there's actual connection. Do sparks fly? Sometimes you bet they do. But when iron is sharpening iron, that's when the sparks will fly. Iron sharpens iron and one man sharpens another. Yes, there is conflict, but conflict shapes character. Yes, there are some issues that will arise that will make you very uncomfortable, but that's what happens when you get close to people.  You're gonna have to run the risk of being rejected and you probably will get rejected, but you have to begin to take steps that will cause you to walk with others alongside Christ. God never intended that we live our faith out in isolation. Moments of solitude is one thing. Lifestyles of isolation, that's something else entirely. Moments of solitude, those are good. A lifestyle of isolation, not so good. And so daily connect. Now this doesn't mean you have to go to a church or a public gathering every day, but in some way connect on a daily basis with people who love you, who know you, who keep you accountable. Don't be some mysterious figure that no one can ever correct or know anything about. And some of us are so afraid of getting close to people because we don't want them to see those things in our life that is out of order. And so we have to learn to connect. So you connect through fellowship. You connect through serving in a local church. You connect through serving in a ministry. You connect through evangelizing. Well, think about connecting with the unbeliever through the act of evangelism. Very few things will put a fire in you like winning a soul. You've ever seen us at those services where I give the call to receive Christ as Lord and you see the many come to the front and receive Christ as Lord. I'll tell you, I'm never so alive as in that moment.  Even thinking about it right now, I'm overwhelmed by the thought of people experiencing the miracle of salvation. You need to begin to win souls again and watch what that does for your Christianity. You watch what that does with your walk with the Lord because now you become focused on others situations and less focused on your own issues. Not to say that we should ignore our problems or never address them in any way, but rather it helps to keep them in perspective. It helps to keep you focused on the eternal, on the matters of the kingdom that you might continue to grow. If you want your fire to continue to burn, you have to give it something to consume. Connect. So number one, read the word, that's daily. Number two, pray, that's daily. Number three, renew the mind, that is definitely daily. Number four, connect, that's daily. Number five, and now we're really gonna challenge you here. If you're ready for a challenge type, I'm ready. Number five, daily, you have to practice forgiveness. Now it's interesting to me, the internet is a strange place. If you can call it a place, I don't know if a digital space is a literal place, but the internet is a strange place. If I post something about forgiveness on YouTube or on Facebook, it's interesting to me that every time I've posted something on the internet about forgiveness, I'll always get comments from people who took it so personal that they'll write in the comments section, well, you don't know how they hurt me. Or David, you don't know what you're talking about. I'll forgive them when I'm ready. Or David, how dare you? You don't know how vile it is, what they did. I can't forgive them. So you don't know what you're saying, preacher. And I'm thinking to myself, here's a video I made that was just sent out to the general public, but they're so guarded in this area. And I don't say this as a criticism, I say this out of compassion. They're so guarded in this area. They're so defensive in this area. That even just a video that wasn't addressed to them personally, even just a video about forgiveness, will cause them to go on the defensive to where now they think I'm attacking them. That's hurt. That's pain. That's an unhealed wound.  You don't know the story. Well, think about the fact that I'm just throwing this out there in the public. You have to ask yourself, why did you take that so personal? And I'm telling you why, it's because that's an area that's unhealed and you're guarding it because you're afraid of being hurt again.  Now, I can't pretend to know what your situation is exactly. I don't know. You're right. I don't know. But God does. And here's what the Bible says, Ephesians 4.32. And be kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you. How did God forgive you? To what degree? In what way? What stipulations did he place on that? In the same way you are to forgive others. Now Christ forgave us, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. We receive the benefits of that forgiveness by faith, namely salvation, but he still forgave us. So you and I have not just the opportunity, but the obligation to forgive others just as God has forgiven us. Forgive faster than they can apologize. You may even have heard the cliche. You know, holding unforgiveness is like drinking poison and hoping it hurts the other person. Forget that. It's not about releasing the other person necessarily.  It's about obeying God, because you grieve the Holy Spirit when you withhold that forgiveness. You grieve the Holy Spirit because he's seeing what he's forgiven you of, yet we withhold. Forgiving one another, even as God for Christ's sake has forgiven you. I don't care what the world says. I don't care what culture says. I don't care what anyone says.  And the word says that as Christians, we have to be really good forgivers. That's one of the distinguishing marks. I should say that should be one of the distinguishing marks about Christians is that we are just incredibly generous with forgiveness to the point that the world can't understand it. To the point that it confounds the skeptics. Why would you forgive? How can you forgive? Nothing so demonstrates the grace of God in your life as your ability to forgive what is seemingly unforgivable. Nothing so demonstrates the grace of God in your life as the ability to forgive that which is seemingly unforgivable. That's what makes you a Christian in part. I didn't say that's what saves you, but that's a big part of being a Christian. That you forgive the seemingly unforgivable. That people look at your forgiveness and go, why, how, to the point where they're almost offended by it. The way we forgive others should offend the world. Like how can you let that go? Very difficult standard, I know. Well, how do I know that? Because it says you're to forgive as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you. And the world is quite offended at the idea that certain individuals can be found in heaven. They're angered by that idea. It offends them because they don't understand the grace of God. The way you forgive others should confound people, should astonish people, should make them scratch their head and go, I don't understand that. I know that's not the way the world sees it. I know the world demands revenge, often disguising it as justice, but you are to forgive even as Christ has forgiven you. First Peter four, eight, most important of all, continue to show deep love for each other for love covers a multitude of sins. Give grace, give the benefit of the doubt. Give the benefit of the doubt. You hear something about someone, give them the benefit of the doubt. Someone does something to upset you, give them the benefit of the doubt that they didn't mean it that way, or that maybe the look they gave that was possibly an angry look wasn't an angry look, that you just caught them in a bad moment. Give the benefit of the doubt. Matthew chapter 18, verses 20 through 21. Then Peter came to him and asked, Lord, how often should I forgive someone who sins against me seven times? No, not seven times, Jesus replied, but 70 times seven. You see my friend, and many of you will understand this. Sometimes it's not just the sin that you have to forgive or the offense that you have to forgive. Many times it's the memory of the offense that you have to forgive. I can't tell you how many times someone has offended me and I forgive them and then one week later it comes to my mind again and I can feel myself getting angry again and I have to forgive them again, not just for the original offense, but now for the memory of that offense. And maybe that's what you have to do for several years until you're finally conditioned to forgiveness. I know it doesn't sound fair, but was it fair when God forgave you? I know it's not right that you're the one that has to do all the work and get through this, but was it fair that Jesus was crucified for our sins? Forgiveness by the grace of God is not always fair, but it is what he teaches us to do. And this is something we as believers have to do daily, forgive, forgive, forgive. Number one, read the word daily. Two, pray daily. Three, renew the mind daily. Four, connect daily. Five, forgive daily. Holy Spirit, help us do it. Lift your hands and just say, help me, Holy Spirit. Help us, Lord. We need your grace. We need your empowering presence. This is a divine work, Lord. We can't do it without you. Father, we pray that your nature and character would be demonstrated through our lives. As we yield, as we put to death the deeds of the flesh, as we subject and weaken the carnal nature, that the nature of Christ rise within us, let us be more like Jesus every moment of every day. Let us fall more in love with Jesus every moment of every day. Help us to do this, Lord. Let us walk supernaturally in these areas. We commit now to it, Lord. Help us keep that commitment. In Jesus' name we pray, I want you to say it because you believe it, say amen. Well, if you enjoyed the message and you think others need to hear it, make sure you leave a like. Yes, that'll actually help to spread the message. 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And in that truth we should place our faith that God will provide. God will take care of you. And because we know that, we're free to put the kingdom first. So seek the kingdom of God above all else and live righteously, and he will give you everything you need. Put the kingdom of God first and all these things shall be added unto you. I want to challenge you to do that right now. By putting the kingdom of God first, we demonstrate faith. Today I'm asking you to help us spread the gospel of Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit all around the world through events and media. Your giving makes impact. Your donations matter. You may look at the various different people who watch these streams, who participate in the Holy Spirit School, who consume the content or who attend the events, and you may say, oh, they're gonna take care of it. What could I possibly do? But I promise you you're giving counts. I promise you you're gonna make a difference. 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Brought afternoon, folks. Senator Olson here in the downtown studios of Think Tech Hawaii with our two guests. Can I know what Jim in is? Heaven is. Him in is. Him in is. Yes. Okay. Michael Morris. Yes. Two folks who've been on the show two weeks ago and are back two weeks later, which is really interesting. And here on Think Tech, where the drone leads, where the drone leads to a lot of repeat business at the show here, because we only spoke half an hour last time. We had barely enough time to get past introducing the fact that you are now in business. Right. In a drone business. We're going to talk about how that drone business actually moves forward because it isn't like something that's out there today that you're replacing. It's something completely new. So thanks for coming on board again, guys. And I suspect if you're here this, you were here two weeks ago, you can come here again two more weeks. And we're going to have to watch how this whole thing grows because it'll be really instructive for the studio here to understand and for people watching and then for me personally and for you. We could turn this into a learning exercise in terms of how a drone business actually grows as Kolea LLC, which is YouTube, pleasure equipment and your network actually starts moving forward in the commercial drone business. When we sat here two weeks ago, we had all just passed our FAA 107 pilot license test and we were proud of the fact that we were able to actually manipulate the FAA website well enough to print the thing out, which was major accomplishment. But once again, thanks for coming on board. And as I was saying, the issue of moving forward in a business like you've created or intend to create has no precedent. So how do you start out? You're an engineering side. You've got the business side. How do you put that together and start out and advertise yourselves and convince customers that you are real and you're differentiated from others who aren't? How does that work? So that's a really good question. I mean, when we first started as entrepreneurs, I mean, we had to understand the whole business structure and going into now we establishing ourselves, we were setting up our website. We are Kolea Gold LLC. We are Kolea Gold LLC. And for us, it was understanding protocol when it came to now that we have our license, our part 107, we have to understand state laws. And in the state of Hawaii, when it comes to obtaining permits for film, I mean, we had to understand how important it is to obtain these film permits to actually do work. And our niche was finding a way to have all these open markets, that was our niche. And for us, it was education, to be honest, reaching out to the community. Our mentors are from drone services, Hawaii with George Party. Let's move a shout out to George and Mike Elliott and the guys down there. Okay. Thanks, George. Thanks, Mike. These guys really showed us the understanding of starting a company and now we're in the stages of obtaining insurance and you need to be covered with liability. And then also, you know, even on our Instagram, we try to share with the community each step that we take from starting, basically from a basement all the way to where we're going to land our first contract, potentially with schools that we're looking into, one in particular is the Hawaiian Emerging Schools, Hawaiian Charter Schools. We're trying to reach out to these kids, you know, with the age limit, and see, hey, we'll show you what we did, how we did it, and if you pass your test, you know, better for you to send these whole drone pipeline operators, you know. You know, as you say that, it just makes me think of something. We talked last time about the fact that Kainoa is on board, who's an engineer as part of your team. Most organizations wouldn't have the benefit of an engineer on board. They have the business people and the operators and such, but as you speak about going into schools, you can also open up the door to STEM and engineering discussions and education for kids who are interested in that aspect of the game as well. So when you go into school, you have two potential vectors here that you could work on. Have you thought about that? How would you present engineering to an elementary or a high school group? That is a really interesting challenge. Engineering is complex, and you have to have been there to, you know, beating on the head enough times to get through it. But how do you explain that to kids, do you think? Well, using drones, of course, as your frame of reference. Well, as a student, so currently I'm a student at LCC. And I've firsthand experienced that of the STEM program. And the folks at LCC and the folks that work with STEM and LCC, they do a wonderful job in incorporating how important it is for technology to be explained in a sense for, I guess, dummies. Not, excuse my language, but you know. Engineering for dummies? Exactly, exactly. So there's different ways, and the best way that I've come across it is hands-on, for example, with these drones, these drones opportunity.  And I was like, what is that? And he was like, it's a drone. It's a new thing. This company, DJI, just established it. Do you have any experience with this? And I was like, well, I took a class in robotics where I used to go at Orange Coast College in California. And so I was like, hey, let me take a look at it. Let's open it up. So we open it up. There you go.  First thing you don't want to do is fly it and make money at it. You want to take it apart and see how it makes you take it. Of course. We're more excited about how things work instead of profiting. OK, that's an important step right there. How things work, how they should work, what the consequences of failure are, how failure can be minimized and this sort of thing. If you can find a way to get that kind of thinking in using drones in young kids, that would be so important. From my perspective, what we have today in the world of commercial drones will be replaced over very shortly by systems that have much more robust communication and much better, much simpler flight aspects so the mission can be managed, not the flight. I just saw something today. Parrot or somebody put out a much easier-to-fly fixed-wing aircraft now, similar to the rotorcraft that are easier to fly. So getting kids to think critically and think what the next step should be and who they turn to to get help understanding that. There's a lot of math modeling that's required in here. And this is a great application for math. Math is so hard to grab your arms around when you're a kid and all, but you could add math to this whole thing. That would be fascinating if you could pull that off. I was thinking about one way we could incorporate how to describe what an engineer does is, in my understanding, an engineer is a problem solver. We tackle problems that no one else wants to take because it's so complicated and they don't have the mental patience to, I guess, tackle it. And so one way that I could get back to your question about how to, I guess, explain engineering to kids would be the use of Legos. I could ask them to create me, maybe, what is your envision of a plane or something? And they can go from there and use their hands to create their vision in their head what they think an airplane is. And from there, they will obviously encounter problems. And that's the first thing I'm going to tell them. That is exactly what engineers do. We encounter problems, but we don't stop and let that block us. We take a step back, look at what we're doing, and then assess the problems in different scenarios and come up with different strategies. And that's exactly what, I guess, hands-on experience with Legos is that they're going to use their minds. And what else is they going to do? They're just going to start clicking. And next thing you know, they're going to start explaining to me what the answer is. That's critical thinking right there. You're taking them through the path and finding a solution. And we're diverting from the conversation in hand here. But this is a really important part because there's a big issue to train the workforce. The future of drones, whether they're manufacturing, operations of software, the analytics, whatever it is, we don't have the workforce. And we have to train the workforce. We have to get the kids interested and then provide a framework that gets them trained. And FAA has even provided an educational interpretation that allows properly accredited educational programs to use drones or UAS without the students having any certification at all. The teacher may have to have one or may not, depending on the consequences. But there's this big, unfulfilled need of getting education going to generate the workforce, if nothing else. But also, it's a good service to the kids to teach them exactly what you're trying to get into them. That's the issue of critical thinking. Yeah, we like to encourage that Kaino's passion for engineering and research and development, that all includes into this niche that we're striving for schools out there in Hawaii. If you are interested, we call out to all the principals here in Hawaii. And if you are interested in a STEM program or a program involving drones, some things that we would like to incorporate with Kaino's knowledge on STEM, introducing them into drones. And for us, that's what we do at Kolei O'Goal. We follow our passion. My passion is media. My passion, my background was more O'Lei Lohovahi and Hawaiian culture. And to bridge this gap with Kaino's passion for research and development, what we're doing is we're creating this as long as we follow our passion into creating something for our future. It's inevitable. Can you use that as some of the theme material for your booth and your table at the state capitol on the 4th of October when we have the Aerospace Summit and the UAS conversation? I think you just outlined the issue of passion. That doesn't show up in aerospace much. And this is a whole different dimension on the game. And this would be excellent to paint that picture. So we'll see if that, let's look at this video when we get home tonight and write down what you said. Turn that into some charts. It's up here. I mean, because of our passion for what we're doing, even in the, what we're doing is on our display board for next week in October for the Senate, we wanna make sure what we display, we followed all regulations from both the FAA and the state. In other words, in these air and on the land. And we found the way to be honest, we found a way to demonstrate something that will benefit the state of Hawaii or the community from all aspects because especially when it comes to our kids, our kids is they're the ones who's gonna really come up with the solution. I mean, George mentioned, it's like we're catching up. We're catching up to this technology, but if we encourage the community with parents and out there and showing them how to become a legitimate, you know, aircraft pilot and understanding the rules and the legalities of business, that's what we're striving for. That's our passion. That's pretty cool. If you can find a way to illustrate that, articulate that and communicate that everybody you see. That's kind of how we started the conversation here. That message has to be transmitted to your potential customers as well. So they see that you're the whole operation. You have the ability to conceive the mission, run the mission, do the analysis, fix anything and perhaps even come up with sensors or mission and software that doesn't exist today and solve the problem in that whole way. So as you go back to that, again, we spoke here, we all have our 107 licenses now and I suspect a lot of people think that once you have that license, that's all it takes, you're good to go. But in fact, that is absolutely not the case, right? 107 is strictly the FAA's acknowledgement and recognition that you have a certain amount of knowledge associated with using drones or US in the national airspace and they will trust you to go use them under certain and highly restricted ways or apply for waivers to take the step beyond. But it just gives you the federal approval. It doesn't have anything to do with state approval, the landowner's approval, dealing with civil rights or protection of privacy and this sort of thing and it doesn't say anything about potential managing a liability for yourself. There's a lot of things that will go way beyond the 107. Certainly, 107's where it starts. But once you get past that point, now there's a whole field of other things you have to deal with and that's where you guys are right now. Yes, I mean, as Kolea Gold as a small company, we have found a way for each and every 107 holder or company going up to the film office. Now, we recommend, in fact, it's required that you go to these state film office website and you obtain the permit, the film permit. Now, certain areas do not require a film permit. However, for drone operations, it's very complex. I'll tell you what, the fact that this is complex, let's spend the next segment of the show talking just about that. Let's take a break here and come back to that. That's a really important part and I wouldn't want to lose the significance of it. So we'll come back to that right after our break. Hi, I'm Tyler Cevota and I was actually a guest host on Carl Campania's Tintekawaii show, Movers, Shakers and Reformers. And I think you should tune in every Wednesday to find out more about what it is. That's all. Take care. Hi, I'm Donna Blanchard. I'm the host of Center Stage, which is on Wednesdays at two o'clock here on Tintek. On Center Stage, I talk with artists about not only what they do and how they do it, but the meat of the conversation for me is why they do it, why we go through this. A lot of us are not making our livings doing this and a lot of us would do this with our last dying breath if we had that choice. And that's what I love to talk to people about. I hope you enjoy watching it and I hope you get inspired because there's an artist inside you too. Join us on Center Stage at two o'clock on Wednesdays. Bye. Ted Rawlson and our guest here on Tintekawaii is where the drone leads Friday afternoon. If you're setting your clock by our show, not a good idea today. We're running a little bit late on the start. So if your clock shows 10 minutes ahead of where you thought you'd be at the end of our first segment, that's about right. So anyway, Ted Rawlson here. I know what him and is. And Michael Modus, once again, becoming frequent flyers on this show. And now if you have your 107 license, you can frequent fly in a lot of places. Or maybe you can't, depending on the permits that you have to get and such.  And it doesn't really, you have to solve the other problems. You have to solve the other problems along the way. The other permits and the other issues that need to be respected. And those aren't well written down. They're not well, there's no book you can turn to for the state of Hawaii that says, here's how you can operate these things. We should make one. Based on your experience, a best practices in the real life of small drones would be a super product for you to offer to the state. So let's think about that. We mentioned the film office as a common place where permits are gonna be needed. Aloha everyone. I hope you've been watching and think that Hawaii better. Or other entertainment related things. So let's think about that for a minute. The film office, what's the function of the film office in regard to drone operations? What do you think that is? Well, after visiting the film office next to the state capital, I got to, I had a brief conversation with the film commissioner, Donnie Dawson. And she had all the information possible that especially for drone operations, approving permits is so crucial for them because not only are we in air, dealing with the FAA, but also we're dealing with land jurisdiction and it could vary from DLNR for state parks, beaches, and for parking lots. I mean, it could vary. Not including private property. That's a separate, in fact, that's something that could be a benefit for all pilots. As long as you're in a good airspace, private properties is more suitable for our approach on this. Private property doesn't require, it's a single approval by the landowner rather than multiple approvals by various other jurisdictions. And all 107 pilots all understand what they need when going on private property. And so that is the consent forms, right? And so the best thing about it was speaking with also the acting chief at DLNR for enforcement now. These guys, they're the ones who's gonna come out and if they hear any complaints or any situation where a operator commercial or non-commercial is in the state property, you still need a permit. That's very important that we share that is that in the state, film permit, if you're on the state, even beaches, you need a film permit. That's very important for commercial or non-commercial. So let's just repeat that one more time. If you're doing work in the state of Hawaii and recording imagery for the intent of video or film production, you need a film permit on all but private property. Maybe even private property? It varies. They had some, depending on what property, but as far as, yes, state beaches, anywhere in the area, especially for focusing on drones, it's even more of a higher risk of you dealing with fines that the DLNR, the Department of Planning and Resources. So if I can understand that, we have the state film office, which will issue a permit after everything's been properly set in place. But the land you're using may be DNLR's land. So will there be a requirement for a DNLR permit as well as the film office permit, or does one cover both? That's a good question. The permit, they've had- As an engineering problem, we gotta solve that right now. Already solved. My CEO can simplify the solution. The overall is the liability. They wanna make sure that if you're operating in this area, it has to be covered. And obtaining insurance, that's a whole nother can of worms to open up. I mean, we would need another half an hour to talk about it. Well, you're coming back in two more weeks to talk about that. Oh, and we'll bring some students and demonstrate their legals. But I mean, overall, what's important is that Koleo Gold, we like to reach out to the community and let them know, if you decide to operate in a state park or in the beaches, give us a call. Check out our website, try to contact us. We have all the information needed. We are being affiliated with DLNR. We're getting involved with them and we're letting them know in the drone community, we're ready to apply and see IOI work together and what they encourage is for legitimate operators like ourselves to go out to the community and let them know, hey, we're trying to reach out to you. We're trying to make sure that you have insurance, that you have your film permit. If not, we have the directions for you. You know, we'll point you in the right direction and overall, it's a win. That's like our passion for me is film. That's my passion. I will show you the way to get a film permit. And for Kainoa, if you want to build a drone, he will show you how to build a drone from the beginning to Legos, to Holloway, to operating an aircraft. So with this experience, you could lead the way in best practices of dealing with the permits required in various circumstances in Holloway. And so that best practices could be shared with a drone professional organization or in some way made such that it would make the DNR job and the film office job a lot easier if people could come and say, look, I'm already part of this best practices group and here's my credentials in that domain. It would standardize and make easy their job. And that would be a really mature step to take here in a very immature business. And you know, that's not a lot different from engineering or surveying or these things.  If you're doing engineering work in a hotel, you have to have the proper credentials and the stamps on the drawings and such. It's the same process happening in this wide open area of drones. So how are we gonna do that? Overall for us pilots and for drones, as soon as you get your part 107, now we talk about waivers. That process, we all know it's a real, I mean, maybe not even 100 waivers went out yet and online at DFA.com, but that's really the axis of you getting farther in this industry because you're able to fly in the airspace. Because the basic 107 is class G airspace and that is maybe not interesting for certainly downtown areas or near an airport or other places that are complicated. So what you're suggesting is the waiver is gonna be the permit, the key that unlocks the real utility here. And if I can suggest, it's an interesting comment you make because I hadn't thought of it in that regard, but you're thinking from a business perspective. I was thinking of it from a process perspective as an engineer would. He caught us, right? He's thinking of it from a business perspective. That's why I got him. We have, Hawaii has the, it's part of the Pampasific Unmanned Air Systems Test and Research Complex, PPU, DRC, Oregon, Hawaii and Alaska under Alaska. And we're supposed to come up with tasks that challenge the rules, go beyond the rules today. And this issue of operating in a waivered airspace only without a waiver, finding what it's necessary to not need a waiver in there by the technology. It could be a sea and a void. It could be some other form of higher reliability or higher safety. If we can figure out what that is that would allow operation in a more congested airspace, that would be something that PPU, DRC could take on as a development function. And then that would help the whole industry move forward. That's exactly what we're supposed to do in this PPU, DRC setup. So you can, this is a great example. I hadn't thought about that, but so we need to come at this thing more and more from a business perspective and figure out what actually is gonna take to make this entire business work and turn that into standard practices and turn that into engineering tasks and open up the door the next step. Absolutely. So back to the film office. If you were thinking about doing some work in a state park around here, there's, I think, here where you see the film office. Tell us a little bit about what you would do. Open up the film office website.  And that's where you would... Permits and procedures on the film office in a legious room. Is there a section in or on drones or is that something that we have to help them develop? As far as sections on the drones, you have to... Everybody who ever gets a permit needs to provide insurance. That's the main thing that Donnie was explaining to me in person, she was like, insurance is so important. And they explain online what needs to be covered and how do you... Okay, so you start from, once again, a business perspective, insurance. What's the number one that comes to your mind in business is insurance and business continuity. Yes. Have you explored insurance for Mocalea yet or have you already got it in place? We, right now, that's actually a good question now. Right now, we just started a campaign for raising money. We are trying to obtain it. It's pretty expensive because drones are so new that when it comes to coverage, state of Hawaii requires two million per occurrence. And that alone, we have a provider. And what they do at the film office too is they can provide you insurance brokers and they'll guide you along the lines. The majority of them are outside and they'll open up a great opportunity for a business in Hawaii who provides insurance, take a look into covering drones is something that... Interesting enough, I have some contacts in that world of drone insurance and some organizations realize how low the risk is. They're not talking about manned helicopter, they're talking about something that has very little consequence and catastrophic aspect. And that insurance, working with those guys is fairly reasonable, like a thousand bucks a year or something like that, not really a game breaker. Anyway, you've really opened my eyes to the fact that we're gonna have to stand back and look at this thing from a business perspective. And I bet there's a lot more than just the film office and just DNLR and just insurance in here. There's probably reporting, there's presenting yourself, there's in some way these standard best practices and things that we haven't even put together yet. So we'll expect a return visit to this very table here and talk about those things as they develop under the leadership of Kolea Gold LLC. Absolutely, we look forward to bringing students here. Students, next time, students, okay? You can bring some kids over here who's interested in drones. Okay, I think we can do a workshop right here at the table. That would be awesome. All right, let's think about that. I need to have you meet Brendan Brendan down at the Capitol, if you haven't met Brendan yet. He's leading in some areas of disruptive education, thinking of this as this level of education and this type, drones bring to mind all this interdisciplinary interaction which schools generally don't set up for. So he's trying to disrupt and goes into that direction and think of that as the way that kids need to be prepared for the future. And so that's what we can do right here with you guys. So thanks very much for coming on a show. Thank you for having us. Thanks again, and Micah. The half hour goes by real fast. But a lot of important things to talk about. We'll see you guys again. Good morning. And we'll see you all next Friday.


Hello everyone, welcome to the next lecture in the course Remote Sensing Principles and Applications. We have started discussing the concepts of passive microwave radiometry and today in this lecture also we will continue with it. In the last lecture we got introduced to what passive microwave radiometry is, the fundamental Planck's law behind it, we just revisited it once more. Also we converted the Planck's law from wavelength to frequency form and also we got to know what is known as a Rayleigh gene approximation which will help us to calculate the radiance coming out of an object in microwave wavelengths in a more simpler way. So Rayleigh gene approximation is kind of a more relatively very simple equation to calculate the radiance coming out if we know the temperature of an object and emissivity of an object. Today we will look into the concept of effect of atmosphere in microwave radiation. We have discussed in detail about the effect of atmosphere in optical wavelengths and thermal infrared wavelengths in what ways atmosphere will affect it. Basically three ways atmosphere will interfere with the radiation going out from the earth surface. What are them? First thing is through atmospheric transmissivity whatever the radiation that is emitted by the earth surface while it is going toward the sensor a fraction of it will be absorbed and scattered. So if the atmospheric transmissivity is say 0.8 and if 100 units of energy radiates from the earth surface, so only 80 units of energy will reach the sensor. Remaining 20% will be absorbed or scattered. So that is transmissivity that is first way. Second way is atmosphere will add a path radiation component a path radiance due to the atmosphere's own temperature atmosphere will also emit some radiation especially in what to say thermal wavelengths and in passive microwave wavelengths. So that emitted radiation by atmosphere will reach the sensor and third component is this emission by the atmosphere will come towards the earth surface will get reflected by the earth surface and will reach the sensor. So three different paths we have seen when we discussed thermal infrared wavelengths and also like earlier the radiance reaching the sensor a topic which we discussed in detail we studied what are these components. Same three components will be there here also path radiance transmissivity and surface reflected downwelling atmospheric emission. However, in microwave the effects of atmosphere are reduced in comparison with TR wavelength that is let us look at this particular slide. Here if you see here in x axis we have the frequency here we have the transmissivity for one way that is if this is earth surface and this is like the radiation going out towards the sensor what is the transmissivity here. If you look at this for frequencies less than 5 GHz the atmosphere is extremely transparent the transmissivity is almost equal to 100% or 1 and within this 20 micrometer sorry 20 GHz frequency the transmissivity is more than 95% and only after 40 GHz frequency the transmissivity decreases drastically and there are still in microwave region also we have specific atmospheric absorption bands like due to oxygen due to water vapor and all. But if you look at like especially the lower frequencies less than this 10 GHz or even less than 5 GHz the atmosphere is fairly transparent. So for most of the frequencies we use for earth observations say normally for earth observation typically we use C band around 5 GHz L band 1.4 GHz and all. So these frequencies are fairly less prone to atmospheric absorption and scattering. So the transmissivity is almost equal to 1 when we move towards higher frequencies say X band and higher K band, K band and all. There the atmospheric transmissivity comes down but even still the transmissivity is relatively higher than T air wavelengths. So this is one of the main reason why we can use microwave in all weather conditions almost even during cloudy conditions we can observe using passive microwave radiometers even during light rainy conditions not extreme heavy rainfall but during like light rain high frequency sorry low frequency microwave will be able to penetrate through this clouds and less rainfall and get the signals from the earth surface. So this microwave radiometry provides us all weather capability because atmosphere is fairly transparent the attenuation of microwave radiation in the atmosphere is very low especially at lower frequencies when we compare this with thermal infrared wavelengths. As I said clouds and rain will have some effect on atmospheric transmissivity we will see how those things vary typically. Say again this is the curve with frequency in the x axis and transmissivity in the y axis again we look at like frequencies say less than 5 GHz okay so C band and L band and all. Here if you observe even under like presence of water bearing clouds or ice clouds the transmissivity is fairly high more than 95% similarly during rainfall also so this plot A is for like cloudy condition plot B is for like under typical rainy conditions. So again if you look at this 5 GHz threshold the transmissivity is fairly high more than 95% only when we come to high frequencies around 30 GHz or even like past 10 GHz the transmissivity comes down significantly especially if you move towards like higher frequencies such as K band or K band and all the atmospheric transmissivity drops drastically in presence of clouds and also in presence of rain. But remember one thing if we have even like a thin layer of cloud we would not be able to get any signal from the earth surface when we are doing optical remote sensing or thermal infrared remote sensing. But in microwave we see there is still some amount of transmission even though it may be low 40% 50% still some amount of transmission is there so the data will be cloud contaminated but still some information will be provided. So the penetration capacity of microwave is fairly high when we compare with other wavelengths we have discussed till now optical and thermal infrared wavelengths. So microwave can be used for observing the earth surface even during cloudy conditions or light rain conditions. So this is one of the primary advantages of microwave remote sensing in both active and passive modes. So there are like specific bands which are often used for various applications or specific applications. We will just get introduced or just see which bands are being used for which applications typically. Say the frequency is near 1.4 GHz or 2.7 GHz normally used for measuring soil moisture, ocean salinity, sea temperature, sea surface temperature and all. And similarly the frequencies around the 6 GHz is for measuring ocean surface temperature. The bands which are close to this atmospheric absorption bands say here something around this 50 GHz around this 100 GHz those frequencies are basically used for calculating or observing the atmospheric components like oxygen or water vapor and all. You can see like here the specific wavelength around this 50 GHz which has an oxygen absorption band is actually helpful for understanding or knowing the oxygen constant in the atmosphere O2 the temperature profiling. So something around this 90 GHz is for understanding clouds and so on. So typically the frequencies less than 40 GHz are used for applications related to land say observing soil moisture observing land in a sense like earth surface be it land surface or ocean for observing the earth surface the frequencies less than 40 GHz is primarily used for soil moisture, ocean salinity, sea surface temperature and all. When we move to atmospheric components for measuring water vapor for measuring winds and all normally higher frequencies are used. So there are like large range of frequencies in microwave which are potentially used for several applications. So how do we measure this passive microwave signals? When we talked about optical remote sensing like visible NIR and TR remote sensing we got to know about this visc broom scanners, push broom sensors, 2 DRA kind of sensors all those things right. So there will be detectors they will be like looking at one particular area collect all the energy within it and store within it as digital numbers we have seen it. So similarly how it is being done in microwave domain? In microwave domain the detector we use for collecting information about earth surface is an antenna. It is not like a simple detector that we use in optical remote sensing but it is like an antenna. So antenna we might have seen normally right for communication purposes and all there will be like lot of antennas. Similar concept same antenna is used and the purpose of antenna is to convert the energy falling on it into an electrical signal. Say the antenna is looking something like this radiation on the earth surface will be coming in towards the antenna. So this particular antenna will collect the energy and in the other end within the satellite system the antenna will convert this incoming energy to electrical signals. So essentially what the antenna sensing? The antenna sensing some radiance that is because of the thermal emission from the earth surface. So this will cause an electrical signal in the what to say inside the system and this will also cause and this energy that is reaching the antenna basically we can use it to calculate the temperature of antenna itself. So essentially what we will be observing is what is known as like an antenna temperature. Okay this is going the radiation is going from the earth surface reaching the antenna and we will be calculating what is known as an apparent antenna temperature from which we can like remove the antenna sensor properties and all to calculate the actual brightness temperature or the effect of radiance that came in from the earth surface. So essentially antenna converts the radiance emitted from the earth surface due to the thermal property into electrical signals and this electrical signals is again used to calculate the temperature of objects temperature or emissivity whatever we need. So antenna essentially has is actually like highly directional. So directional in the sense each antenna will be actually focusing in a particular direction. Okay if the antenna is looking something like this the antenna will be expected to collect radiation from only one direction maybe something towards this particular direction what is coming straight towards it. So antenna are essentially directional detectors okay but most of the antennas will not be perfect 100 percent perfect. So even though there is like one primary direction of energy collection there will be what is called side lobes that is even in different directions a small amount of energy can leak in and enter the antenna say a small example is given here. See this is the primary direction in which the antenna should collect the energy. So the antenna will collect all the energy up to its maximum capacity coming within this particular direction. So P n is nothing but the power collected to the power max okay so this is one here in this this is the primary direction. This will have a lobe like pattern lobe means this will slowly decrease as we move away from this particular direction and this is like the maybe the center point from which the antenna is seeing. So this so whatever power coming through within this direction will be collected by the antenna. So the power coming in exactly from this direction will be collected as it is but in other directions there will be some amount of like deviation the power may not be collected as it is. Each antenna may have its own lobe pattern some antenna may be extremely directional some antenna may not be as directional as as we need and so on okay. So it depends on the directionality of the antenna if the antenna is highly directional then it may collect all the power coming in from only one particular direction avoiding all other directions. These are the side lobes so that is even some energy coming in through these directions may enter the antenna in other directions apart from this specified one okay. So the essentially each antenna collects energy in form of like lobe basically we call it like lobe and the main direction in which the antenna is supposed to collect energy we call it as main lobe and the other directions from which energy can leak through in or the radiation can leak through in we call it as the side lobe. So depending on the antenna pattern in which direction the antenna collects radiation based on the antenna pattern the energy that is being collected will vary. Say if antenna is highly directional let us say like hypothetical antenna which is collecting exactly in one direction and know the direction it is collecting energy means. So it will be like collecting energy only from one straight line kind of thing other directions it will be completely removed. But let us say the antenna has like a lobe like pattern. So one primary direction of energy collection will be there but energy from some other features on the side also will be coming in and joining in. So this antenna pattern will play a role in sensing the radiance collected by the sensor. So just think it in analogy with the spectral response function of optical sensors. When we discussed optical sensors I told you spectral response function that is even though each sensor has one specific bandwidth like say 0.4 to 0.5 micrometers. So if the sensor is supposed to work within this bandwidth we may expect the sensor to work something like this. All the energy less than 0.4 is not sensed all the energy greater than 0.5 is not sensed all the energy between this 0.4 to 0.5 is sensed completely. This is so this is like the relative response function here it is 1 here it is 0. This is what we will normally think but essentially what will happen the sensor may work something like this. Like it may not have a uniform data collection or response pattern within this 0.4 to 0.5 that is why we define this full width at half maximum concept right. So this will define 0.4 to 0.5. So essentially there will be like a peak wavelength or there will be like a wavelength at which peak response will be there then the response will go off and the point at which we have half response like full width at half maximum we choose those end points and define it as bandwidth for that particular sensor. Same concept here or similar concept here. So at one particular direction the antenna will collect all the energy in other directions also it will collect but it will be to a lesser fraction and all these things combined together will define how much energy is being collected by the antenna. So the effect of this antenna pattern has to be removed if we want to really get the signals only from the earth surface. There are like some equations to derive relating this temperature emitted by ground surface, temperature reaching the antenna and all. For the sake of simplicity we will not derive those equations. What we will see is maybe just look at this particular slide. So in essence as a summary the effective temperature observed by the receiver like here there is antenna emission is going from the ground whatever is the temperature as detected by the antenna is actually due to the combined effect of the surface temperature itself, surface emissivity and then the receiving pattern of antenna. So essentially if we want to get only the surface information we should remove this and have only these two. So normally whenever satellite providers when they provide us the brightness temperature information they will remove this antenna effect they will do calibration to remove this antenna effect and they will provide us only the brightness temperature information containing signals about the earth surface. So the temperature reaching the sensor or the temperature sensed by the antenna is has effects due to surface temperature and emissivity of surface plus the antenna receiving pattern plus some noise produced within the antenna like thermal noise. Antenna will also be having its own temperature there will be some sort of thermal signals produced within the systems all those things has to be removed off completely and the remaining signal is what we call the brightness temperature which contains information about surface temperature and surface emissivity. Okay next we will what we will see is the different components of the signal that is reaching the antenna. See this is the antenna or a passive microwave sensor the radiation that is going towards the antenna can come from any one of the four path. Path one is the direct one which we need that is due to surface emission. So the surface is at a given temperature T with a given emissivity epsilon due to those effects the surface will emit some radiation it will reach the sensor direct emitted by the object. So this is of our primary interest. The second component here is the path radiance. So the path radiance is essentially the emission from the atmosphere that is directly reaching the sensor without coming towards the earth surface. We do not actually need this this is kind of like unwanted thing. Third thing is the emission from the atmosphere that is traveling towards the ground and getting reflected by the ground surface. So part three is also carries information about the surface but here the major source of energy is not the surface emission but the emission from the atmosphere. So here we are providing the surface with some energy as an input in whatever frequencies we are observing and that incoming energy is irradiating the ground getting reflected by the surface and moving towards it. So reflectance is equal to 1 minus emissivity. So at that particular wavelength or at that particular frequency the reflectance will be 1 minus of emissivity and that will be going toward the sensor. And the fourth component especially this is present in microwave wavelengths that is emission from the subsurface features. So this is one of like the major difference between TIR remote sensing and microwave remote sensing. In microwave remote sensing the emission emitted by features slightly below the surface also will reach the sensor because of the penetration capacity of microwave. Microwave can penetrate through various objects to a large extent when compared with visible or NIR or TIR wavelengths and hence the signals reaching the sensor will also have some information about what is being emitted by the subsurface. The depth may vary sometimes it may be just 1 centimeter depth sometimes it may be 5 centimeters depth under extreme dry conditions it may be like a few tens of centimeters and so on. But some information about the subsurface may be there in passive microwave signals. So if we look all these things then essentially paths 1 and 4 contain the signal that is purely because of emission by the earth surface. The 3 will contain signals both from atmosphere and also from the reflectance of the object that is the emissivity of an object. And path 2 is the atmospheric path radiation components which normally we do not want. So in total the temperature sensed at the antenna has to be corrected for first thing the antenna pattern which we have already seen and the atmospheric effects in order to get surface brightness temperature. Atmospheric effect means this path radiance term and this atmospheric emission terms. If we correct for these two and sometimes transnessivity especially at higher frequencies. So if we have to correct all these effects in order to calculate the surface brightness temperatures. Also in addition to atmospheric effect there can be a galaxy component. Galaxy component means say the sensor is there in outer space outer space also will be continuously emitting radiation because that is also not at absolute zero temperature. Some temperature is there even though it will be extremely cold it is still not at absolute zero due to which it will emit radiation. That emitted radiation can enter the earth's atmosphere gets reflected by the surface or that cosmic radiation can directly reach the sensor. All this kind of outer space emission also has to be taken care of because at the temperature of outer space the primary emission from outer space will occur in microwave most likely it will occur in like microwave wavelengths. So that will also add up to what is being sensed by the sensor especially at low frequencies around this 1 gigahertz frequencies. It is essential for us to correct for this emission by outer space we call it as sometimes we call it as galaxy emission or sometimes we call it as cosmic emissions and so on. So the microwave microwave wavelengths emitted by the outer space because of its own temperature also can reach the sensor sometimes and we also have to correct for it before we get information about the land surface. So this is some basic information about the signals reaching the sensor about the antenna and all. So now we know that antenna is going to collect radiation and what are the different components that will reach the sensor. How this will be collected anyway in general say whether there will be like a visc broom scanner or whether there will be like a push broom scanner how this will be. In passive microwave radiometry there can be actually like the instrument that collects the radiation from the earth surface we can call it as a radiometer because there we are interested in collecting the actual radiation reaching the sensor. So we call them as radiometers. So the passive microwave radiometers can be a real aperture radiometer or a synthetic aperture radiometer. So even before going towards it even there is radiometers can be classified as imaging or non-imaging whether they acquire like a 2D image or whether they acquire non-image data. For our course we will look at imaging radiometers that is radiometers which will provide us a two-dimensional picture of earth's brightness temperature. Say satellites like SMAP or SMOS. So such imaging radiometers they can work in both real aperture way or synthetic aperture way. What are these two?  So based on the antenna's diameter and other properties it will have like what is known as the antenna beam width. So it will observe like a small area on the ground very similar to our optical sensors. Our optical sensors will have some detector size based on the detector size it will have a JFOV on the ground right. Same concept antenna will be there because of its size it will have a footprint on the ground. So whatever the energy is coming within that particular footprint will be collected by this particular antenna. Now the satellite is moving like this okay. So when the satellite is moving like this the energy the antenna will be now looking at certain area along this particular footprint. So whatever energy is emitted by this edge surface will be collected. But if the antenna is stationary then nothing will happen right. Energy will be collected only within this straight line and satellite is moving like this. Antenna also is moving like this that is all. So antenna is looking somewhere here at an angle away from the nadir. Normally in microwave radiometers they will have some sort of incidence angle not exactly at nadir but it will look somewhat away from the nadir okay. So it will be tilted like this it will be seeing the ground surface. So as the satellite moves it will cover one track where it collects all the energy. But how it covers a swath it needs to cover like an area right for which the antenna can be rotated mechanically or electrically. So very simply say let us consider mechanical rotation. So now the antenna is here the antenna if it rotates continuously. So then what will happen as the satellite is moving the antenna will collect energy in terms of like overlapping circles. Say example we will take this sensor or satellite called SMAP which is launched by NASA which is there in space. It is actually like a real aperture radiometer. So it has a 6 meter deployable antenna. So the antenna diameter is 6 meters. You can see how it is oriented. So the antenna will look at some portion on the ground okay. Say this is the antenna footprint on the ground. So the whatever energy is emitted by the earth's surface will be collected by this particular antenna element. So now this antenna will not be stationary. This antenna will rotate about its axis. So what will happen? So if the antenna is here slowly it will start rotating. So it will collect energy in the footprint in like form of like a circle. Now the satellite will move. Now the next circle will be collected. Now the satellite will move. The next circle will be collected. So slowly it will build kind of like a swath around it. So just because of its rotation it will collect energy in one particular swath and it will be keep on collecting. But there will be like repeated collection. Say at some time it will be looking the object here and when the satellite shifts here it will be collecting the energy over the same region by looking backwards. So energy will be collected redundantly. One by looking forward it will collect the radiation here and for the same surface antenna will see the same land surface after it moved when it is rotating back. But anyway at every rotation of the antenna it collects energy from certain new portion of the ground and it will be keep on adding up which will build a swath width. So this is like one very simple example of how energy is being collected by passive microwave radiometers. This is an example for real aperture radiometer which is being employed by satellite called SMAP. There is another way synthetic aperture radiometer where there would not be physical movement on all. Say one very good example of synthetic aperture radiometer is MOS. Another satellite that is there in space to observe soil moisture and ocean salinity. So here the satellite will look something like this. Three arms having lot of tiny tiny antenna elements arranged in terms of like arms of Y. So this is like a Y English alphabet Y. There will be lot of antenna elements. So nothing will rotate here. But the same ground point will be seen by several antenna elements and electronically they will be processed and combined together to create one full image. So there no physical motion or something is involved. It is due to the complex data processing that the land surface absorbed by different different antenna elements are stitched together to form like one footprint or one full area. So that is visualizing a passive microwave radiometer is not very easy. That is why I explained about like a real aperture radium. So not passive like synthetic aperture radiometer is not easy. That is why I explained about like a real aperture radiometer to give a feel for how the data will be collected. So as a summary in this particular lecture we have seen the atmospheric effects in the microwave radiation. We have seen also the basic concepts about how microwave signals are being collected in passive microwave sensors. With this we end this lecture. Thank you very much.