Hello and welcome back to this microsystems fabrication by advanced manufacturing processes lecture 26. Quick recap of what we did in the last lecture talked about surface roughness of EDM operations electrode discharge machining operations. We also talked about the various EDM defects like over cut electrode wear and taper due to the unequal exposure of the work piece to the sparks coming from the tool electrode. We also talked about tool and electrode material and dielectric fluid particularly the tool material should be chosen in a manner so that the wear is minimum and dielectric fluid which actually is circulated in the space between the tool electrode and the work piece should have typically a high breakdown constant. There can be water based or oil based fluids which are used and then we started talking about electron beam machining and the way that the resolution of a system can be improved or enhanced by using super focused high energy electron beam. So just go back to that and try to recap some of the things regarding electron beam machining. So in this EBM process there is an electron beam which is created through a thermal ionization effect using a grid cup shaped electrode charged at negative voltage and then subsequently there is a perforated anode which is used to pull off the electrons and focus them subsequently with a magnetic field so that it can be focused to a very small spot size. There are typically two magnetic fields which are created. The first lens system which is creating this electromagnetic field is used to focus and make the beam narrower and the second is used for rastering the beam over the surface and basically the relative change of the beam with respect to the surface according to guided by the different shapes or sizes that the beam has to incorporate on to the workpiece surface is controlled by the second magnetic lens. So there are certain disadvantages that we discussed about EBM. One of the major shortcomings of the process is that it is a high vacuum process meaning thereby that so straight sizes are limited because typically these vacuums are established in columns and the other issue about EBM machining is that it is really a high resolution process so that is an advantage for the EBM machining. So you know you can do a lot of writing at very small resolution nowadays the EBM machining is done on the nano scale on to the nano scale by making a feature size of as small as about 10 nanometers separated by equal spacing and this process is known as EBM lithography where you can write it on a resisted surface. So let us actually look at some of the mechanics associated with the EBM process. So let us say the temperature rise of a surface on the beam incident side can be approximately approximated by solving the following one dimensional heat conduction equation for the heat source placed inside the metal. So if theta z t be the local temperature at a certain depth z from the surface at a certain point of time t then the dou theta z t by dou t comes equal to alpha this second space derivative temperature with respect to the depth z square plus 1 by specific heat capacity times of density of the material times of the heat flux h z t. This equation alpha is the thermal diffusivity of the material and h z t is the heat source intensity that is heat generated per unit time per unit volume assuming the heat source to be a steady one steady heat source the intensity then would depend only on distance from the surface z. So we can actually represent this h z equals a e to the power of minus let say some constant b times of depth from the surface where a and b depict the energy absorption characteristics of the material. So if we use this heat equation for describing the steady state heat source as if the beam has hit on a surface and it is a cylindrical beam and the heat conduction occurs. Across the surface is time invariant that means it is steady heat flux into the surface. So the equation that has been earlier obtained here equation 1 can be really written down in terms of it can be slightly modified and written down in terms of this is steady state heat source and so h typically would now depend at time t equal to 0 only on z and also corresponding to all other times after 0. So that is how the p d can be expressed if we solve this p d assuming that the metal body semi infinite in nature of the surface of the metal is insulated except for the hot spot and the rate of heat input remains uniform with time during the pulse duration and then if we plot the nature of t theta z t the temperature with respect to the depth from the surface z and the time t we obtain the plot of theta as indicated here with respect to z. Here one thing that we can observe very well is that the variation of the temperature from the surface or as a result of the distance from the surface that really is a function of the various pulse durations of the e beam. So if the pulse time is greater in this particular case for example, tau 3 is greater than tau 2 is greater than t 1 there is a gradual shift observed of the maximum temperature point towards the surface. So as if the beam transparent layer that the electrons seek through while going into the metal is decreasing because of a increase in the pulse duration. In other words you may think of it physically as there is some kind of a homogeneity of the temperature of the pulse duration is large and it really achieves a steady state. Therefore, already the temperature is over a certain critical point and the beam when it comes new onto the surface does not see that much transparent layer that it was supposed to see before because already it is very heated up and already there are lot of lattice vibrations which are happening. So in reality the physics of the problem also kind of gets replicated by the variation of theta with respect to z as can be seen here. So therefore, as the pulse duration increases the peak temperature shifts towards the surface. So we would now like to perform a sort of dimensional analysis for also checking the consistency of the various parameters of cutting with respect of the e beam process with respect to the material removal rate. So using the Buckingham's pi theorem. So the first thing of importance is to be able to look at what are the independent and dependent parameters in the whole EBM process, the EBM machining process and so let us look at the various quantities of importance here. They are beam power and we already know that this beam power can be written down as the beam current times accelerating voltage, they are beam diameter, velocity of the beam let us call it v, thermal conductivity of the metal called k here, the volume specific heat rho c as has been used in the earlier term as well, melting temperature theta m and depth of penetration of the melting temperature. So we have z is equal to a function of so many different things, the beam power, the rastering velocity, the beam diameter, the thermal conductivity of the material, the volume specific heat and finally, the melting temperature of the material. So, the idea behind this analysis, this dimension analysis is to be able to in step by step first predict all the independent parameters like in this case you have the beam power, beam diameter rastering velocity of the beam etcetera into the basic dimensions. So basic dimensions in this particular case because we are using terms related to either work energy or velocity or even temperature. So there will be four basic dimensions mass length, time and temperature and so we express all these different independent parameters in terms of these basic dimensions. So let us start with power, power for example is force into distance per unit time. So the basic dimensions would be that of force that is m l t minus 2 times of l divided by t. So this is m l square t minus 3. Similarly you have for velocity l t minus 1, d of course is the diameter so it has the dimensions of length, k here is a thermal conductivity it would have the dimensions of m l, let us just write this down here, do not have space. So k can be expressed in terms of m l t minus 3 theta minus 1 rho c which is can be expressed in terms of m l minus 1 t minus 2 theta minus 1 so on so forth.  So according to the Buckingham's pi theorem the methodology that is followed is to be able to see how many dependent or independent parameters are there. In this case the total number of parameters that are there are 7. You can see this z is 1, p is 2, v is 3, d is 4, k 5, rho c 6 and theta m is 7. So basically there are 7 such parameters which are either dependent or independent and they can be expressed in terms of only 4 basic dimensions that is mass length, time and temperature. And so according to the Buckingham's pi theorem this n value happens to be 7, m the number of basic dimensions happen to be only 4 in this particular case meaning thereby that there exists at least n minus m subgroups which are dimensionless and so we have to somehow be able to correlate by raising these different quantities to different powers to arrive at this condition that at least 3 subgroups formulated by the various combinations of these 7 parameters would be having no dimensions or they would be completely dimensionless. So let us assume this 3 groups m minus n equal to 3 groups to be equal to let us say pi 1 and pi 2 and pi 3. So we can combine these or formulate these 3 independent subgroups pi 1, pi 2 and pi 3 by combining some 1 or all of these parameters together so that these are completely dimensionless in nature. So how many parameters we have earlier illustrated are the depth of melting temperature, the beam power, the velocity of rastering of the beam, the thermal conductivity, the volume, specific heat of the material, the temperature of melting and finally the beam diameter. So there are about 7 such parameters which are dependent or independent and the first estimate shows that the only things which are independent of time here are the dimensions, the length dimensions that is z and d and the temperature theta m. The remaining all dimensions are dependent on time and so if we were to raise the time dependent parameters to different powers we would arrive at a easier solution of this equation and so therefore the idea is that let us actually formulate a subgroup pi 1 with the length dimension z to the power of 1 times of the other which are dependent or which are time based like power to the power of alpha 1, rastering velocity to the power of beta 1, thermal conductivity to the power of gamma 1 times of volume specific heat to the power of delta 1. Similarly we have some other dimensionless parameters like pi 2 which can be represented in terms of diameter of the beam, power to the power of alpha 2, velocity of rastering to the power of beta 2, thermal conductivity to the power of gamma 2 and rho c volume specific heat to the power of delta 2. Similarly the other dimension which is the temperature dimension is in terms of theta m, power to the power of alpha 3, v to the power of beta 3, k to the power of gamma 3, rho c to the power of delta 3. So substituting the dimensions of each quantity we equate to 0 the ultimate exponent of each of the basic dimensions. We can call these set of pi i with i varying from 1 to 3 and since the dimensions of both z and d are the same alpha 1 is equal to alpha 2, beta 1 equals beta 2, gamma 1 becomes gamma 2, delta 1 becomes delta 2. As you can see here if supposing all the basic dimensions are equated to 0 this particular pi 1 would have a 0 dimension and so the remaining alpha 1, beta 1, gamma 1 and delta 1 these would all be sort of equal to length inverse for making this dimensionless which means thereby that because this also has the same dimension length l and alpha 2, beta 2, gamma 2 and delta 2 would combine together to have again length inverse dimension they are in terms equal to each other and they can be equated to each other. So that is why alpha 1 equal to alpha 2 and so on and so forth. So let us now pick up one of them let us say pi 1 and try to represent this in terms of basic dimensions. So this is l dimension for z times of the dimension for power here which is m l square t minus 3 to the power of alpha 1 times of the dimensions for velocity l t minus 1 to the power of alpha 2 times of I am sorry beta 2 times of k which is actually again represented as m l t minus 3 theta minus 1 to the power of alpha 2.   So if we get a functional relationship pi 1 is f pi 2 pi 3 in this particular case pi 1 is z v rho c by k and this can have a functional relationship with respect to the other two non dimensional numbers pi 2 and pi 3. So d v rho c by k and k square theta m by power p rho c v z has been found out to be experimentally proportional to p thus z rho c v by k comes out to be equal to power p times of rho c v by square of k theta function f 1 of d v c by k thus that is the only way to have the proportionality to power as linear the other term does not have the power term in it which is inside the which is actually the function f 1. So it has been therefore, so therefore we arrive at a term that if you just rearrange this a little bit this goes away this also goes away. So you have z theta m by k times of power p is equal to a function of d v rho c by k. Now if you do an experiment of the e beam where you observe the various relationships which happen between z theta m by z theta m k by power p on one hand and this d v rho c by k on another hand you do have such a experimental relationship emerging from the from the observed data and this can be written down this is more empirical by just doing a curve fit. So this comes out to be z k theta m by p equals 0.1 times of d v rho c by k to the power of minus 0.5 or in this case z becomes equal to 0.1 power p divided by theta m root of k v d rho c. So that is how you can equate z with respect to the various dependent parameters the beam power the depth of melting temperature the k value thermal conductivity of the material the beam diameter velocity density specific heat so on so forth. So in a nutshell we do have now a comparison based on dimensional analysis and experimental data of this e beam machining and we have already arrived at a relationship of how the temperature varies with respect to the depth where the plot suggest that with the control or in the pulse duration and the variation in the pulse duration there is a gradual shifting of the depth of melting temperature towards the surface. So having said these two things I think we are pretty much ready for doing micro machining using e beam which will probably cover in the last few lectures where we will talk various aspects of resolution beam power so on so forth using this fundamental knowledge about the e beam process. Let us now do some numerical examples to strengthen our understanding in this particular area. Let us look at this numerical problem that for you want to cut a 150 micron wide slot in a 1 mm thick tungsten sheet and use an electron beam machining process with the 5 kilowatt power and we have to obtain the speed of cutting in this particular numerical example. So we already know that there is a formulation which has been obtained with dimensional analysis and experiments as z equal to 0.1 times of power p divided by theta m root of k d v rho c. We already know for tungsten we have already the value of volume specific heat rho c is 2.71 joule per centimeter cube degree Celsius. The thermal conductivity is 2.15 watts per centimeter degree Celsius and these are some material properties which can be obtained from any standard book and the melting temperature for tungsten is around 3400 degree Celsius. Therefore, the z value can be expressed as 0.1 centimeter 1 millimeter. Diameter d of the beam can be equated to the slot width that you want to machine here in this particular case the slot width is 150 micron and this is in the best interest of the quickest machining step. So it is 0.015 centimeters the beam power that is used is basically 5000 watts and velocity has to be determined the rastering velocity can be easily determined from this relationship here and the velocity comes out to be equal to 24.7 centimeter per second. So in order to cut a small slot of 150 microns in a 1 mm tungsten heat sheet the amount of speed that is used for cutting the slot is about 24.7 centimeter per second. So cutting speed is not that fast so there is a lot of dwell time and this helps in melting and removal of the material like any other process would do and so that is how the E beam process works. So if you may recall there was another way of estimating the beam power which was done before and there it was mentioned that the beam velocity actually the rastering velocity of the beam actually obtained on a surface may be much more in comparison to that predicted by that method. Let us just do a quick comparison to see how that is true. So if you may remember the power equation in the earlier slides were given out by an expression P equal to C Q where C was the constant of proportionality and the value for example for in this particular case it is a tungsten sheet the C value experimentally observed in case of a tungsten sheet came out to be about 12 watts per millimeter cube per minute. Q of course is the MRR material removal rate P is the total amount of power which is needed. Now we also talked about the similar kind of setup where we were cutting a 115, 150 micron slot in a tungsten sheet using 5 kilowatts beam power. So let the speed of cutting be V mm per minute then the rate of material removal required is Q equals 150 by 1000 times of 1 times of V mm cube per minute. The corresponding beam power is given by P equals C tungsten times of the material removal rate Q being estimated above here and if we assume this power to be 5000 watts as is the case given in the question and the C tungsten to be about close to 12 times of this 150 by 1000 V we obtain a velocity V of 4.6 centimeter per second. So, this is much, much small as you can see in comparison to what we have obtained using dimension analysis and other criteria. So, in a general the actual E beam velocity of rastering is much, much more in comparison to the velocity which is predicted by a simplistic equation P equal to C cube. The other important points about E beam before we stop this lecture is that since the machining by E beam is achieved without raising the temperature of the surrounding material there is no effect as such on the work material. So, it is a very high resolution process as has been illustrated before the surrounding material really remains unaffected. Because of the extremely high energy density the work material even up to the extent of only 25 to 50 microns away from the machining spot that still remains at room temperature. So, whatever deliverance of heat energy is associated with the E beam process is really limited to the work area for which it is intended or targeted. So, and distances as small as about 50 microns from that work area by enlarge are unaffected. So, E beam is a very good process as far as machining accuracy is concerned and also one more factor is that the chances of contamination are very less because the process is mostly carried out in high vacuum and therefore, material getting formulated into its oxide state you know or some other state by combination with the reactants which are present or the free radicals which are present in the atmosphere that in this case gets limited by the fact that the beam is within a column which has a high vacuum. So, with this we would like to end this lecture on E beam machining. In the next lecture I would talk about a little more details of laser machining process and how that is suitable for doing micromancha, machining or micromanufacturing and following which all these processes how they can be used in actual MEMS technology would be illustrated in great details. Thank you.


Hello again, my name is Philip Magnus and this is my show gaming now. Today's main story of the day involves overkill software developer of Heist Game Payday 2. I really dislike developers like Overkill. They build a good game, not a particularly expensive game either. Payday 2 only costs $20 and is often at a 75% discount. What I dislike about them is the fact that they have produced increasingly anti-consumer DLC packs. As of later Overkill has introduced plenty of useless skin packs for $5 to $10 each, introducing them at a rate of about 2 to 4 weeks. And now with this latest DLC they have crossed the line. How have they done that? Simple really, they have introduced Pay2win in their game. Well, they're not that blunt about it, but when you introduce skin packs that change the stats of your weapons, then you've got a problem. There's a line, isn't there? A line between being a developer of your game and developing and adding to it over time, producing paid DLC is alright. As long as paid DLC has some value to the game. Most of the DLC, as of late especially, doesn't. It's hard to complete and crystallise my thoughts on this particular issue. What I think is that Overkill Software is being very dishonest in the fact that they are making a game that has to be paid for, Pay2win, not even a free game, and making your free game Pay2win is just as bad, honestly. This kind of behaviour shows in fact a complete lack of dishonesty and disloyalty towards the customer. A customer that has made the game successful. Also it cheapens, yes, it cheapens the labour so many players have put. When you play a game for hundreds of hours, get the best gear, that is a lot of labour.  When a company introduces a way to circumvent all this, all the time, all the labour you've put into the game, well that is like spitting in the face of your consumer base.  And I'm sure that it will turn even the biggest supporters of Overkill Software and Payday 2 very much against the game. And I'm completely sure that this move, the latest in a string of bad decisions, honestly is going to alienate the fanbase, and it is going to make people regret spending the amount of time they already have. And it sure won't help getting any new customers. At the end of the game is a sad reality that many developers cross a line that they shouldn't. Selling start boosting weapon skins in a $20 game is absolutely unacceptable and shouldn't be the practice. But it is. If you don't want it to be, you should not support it. Don't buy the game, don't buy the DLC. Don't pay to win. It's as simple as that. It really is just such a filthy move, an Overkill Software's part. And for once I'm actually glad that I didn't buy Payday 2 because if I had, I would be even angrier than I already am. Onto slightly more cheery news, we've got a new awesome Steam Weekend. We're going to play two very good games on Steam for free until Sunday. One of the games you can try out this weekend is Grey Goon. It is 60% off, and you can buy it for €18. It is a very good, slow-paced RTS with three distinct races, each one with a fairly interesting and unique playstyle. The other game you can try is Chivalry, Medieval Warfare. It is a very good game, medieval combat with bigger swords and a lot of other awesome stuff.  And what else do you need in a world like this? Nothing. You need absolutely nothing to be happy. I love killing people with swords. Go to Steam now and buy them. Or at least try them. Try them and then buy them, because both are good and you will want to buy both unless you're not into RTS or killing people with swords. And if you're not, that's entirely your problem. You should get help with that. Really. It's kind of worrisome. Fallout 4 released a new trainer titled The Wanderer. It will make you probably squeal in the light. There are only a few games days. There are only a few days until the release of Fallout 4. Bethesda Entertainment's latest venture into the post-apocalyptic will be available on November 10th. And you should probably buy it, like right now. It will be awesome, I'm sure of it. And if you feel particularly nostalgic about Valentine's Day and you're very sad that there are 4 more months until it comes again you can buy the Humble Weekly Bundle, which is very weird. It's called The Humble Valentine's Day Bundle 2. And I have no idea why they released it on... And I have no idea why they really... Well, yeah, you could buy a lot of romantic visual novels and one of them is Heartful Boyfriend, which is a game where you play as a girl in a visual novel who picks a bird, a pigeon, with whom to fall in love with. I don't mind anthropomorphic games, but I draw the line at anthropomorphic dating sims. That one just creeps me out a bit too much. Thank you for taking the time to watch this. If you have any thoughts, please leave them in the comments. If you enjoyed this, you can like, share, subscribe. Thank you for your time.


This is smart. What's up, money geeks, Mr. V here. Welcome to another video, guys. So in today's video, I want us to take a look at Tesla. Tesla just recently announced that they were gonna do a five for one split. So we're gonna take a look at what's going on here, what that means for you, and the impact of this split to us as investors. But before we get started, guys, if you're new to the channel, we'll talk about how to earn money, how to save money, how to invest and build wealth. So if that's something that interests you, go ahead and hit the subscribe button and your notification bell so you don't miss out on new content. So Tesla actually just put out these news yesterday, August 11th, announces their five for one split. So we're just gonna read here. This is the actual release, a press release from Tesla. So it reads, so Tesla announced today that the board of directors has approved and declared a five for one split of Tesla Common Stock in the form of a stock dividend to make stock ownership more accessible to employees and investors. Each stock holder of record on August 21st, what I want you to do is make that date. August 21st will receive a dividend of four additional shares of Common Stock for each then held share to be distributed after close of trading on August 28th, make that date right there. That's important. Trading will begin on a stock split adjusted basis on August 31st, so make that date right there. So this is great news for people that were looking to get into Tesla. You're probably asking yourself like, hey, so what does this mean? If you see here that mentioned two key things in this, they want to make the stock accessible to employees and investors. So breaking down the price of Tesla, definitely, what that does is it's gonna definitely bring in more investors into the company. And more people that are invested in the company simply means that there's gonna be a lot of people talking about this company and hopefully maybe introducing Tesla to their family members, co-workers and friends and potentially translating into buying customers. People wanting to buy Tesla products or know their cars or maybe buying like the Tesla solar shingles that you see right now coming out. So this is, I mean, absolutely a great thing for most people.  And my personal thing here is I had already speculated that Tesla was gonna be a $3,000 stock by the end of December. That goes, you know, without speculation. So now they're doing the split means, I mean, there's no way this stock can get back to 1500 by end of the year. But is there still a ton of room for Tesla to grow? Definitely. Tesla has not even just, you know, made its pick yet. I actually did a video where I talked about Tesla and the different businesses that Tesla has that people don't really even talk about. So if you think about it, so if you go to Tesla and you look at the solar roof here, this is a huge part of the business that a lot of people still don't really understand or haven't even gotten into. This is just picking up.  To me, like this is a huge opportunity for people that missed out on Tesla to really jump in and maybe pick some shares of Tesla to enjoy this growth that Tesla has been given. So again, the pros of this split, which is what we just recently heard Apple was gonna do one. And now Tesla is also doing another one here. So the pros of this split, again, is to kind of bring in, if you see here, could mean smaller investors. So if you were looking at buying Tesla and it was $1,500 a share, I mean, not a whole lot of people have $1,500 to go out and go buy one share of Tesla when there's other options where you can buy more shares and potentially get more growth. But now that this stock has split, I see more people would be excited to wanna come in. Even though, again, like I mentioned in my Apple video, with fractional shares, this problem would have been solved because people can buy fractional shares of any company no matter how expensive that is. But the only issue with you buying fractional shares is that as a shareholder, you don't have voting rights because you don't have a full share of the company. So as a matter of fact, as a fractional shareholder, Tesla doesn't even recognize you as a shareholder because they only recognize people that own full shares of their company. So I mean, there is the pros there that they're bringing in new investors and everything, but some people argue that fractional shares would have solved the problem so they didn't need to do a split. To me, I say that it's still important because it gets people excited, it gets people talking about the company, it puts the company in the news, it gets a ton of exposure, people learn more about the company, people learn more about their products and their services. And so that's the way I would look at this. And so I think this Tesla was trading just after close on Tuesday. Let's see here. So it closed on Tuesday at $1,300 in just a little bit over $1,300. And then after hours, it went up about 6% after the news, which is great. So I think you're gonna see a ton of movement with Tesla but next couple of days, people are either wanting to buy before the split or again, there's so many things that would happen here. To me, what I see is number one is people are asking the question, should you buy before the split or should you buy after the split? This is a tricky question because I've actually gotten that for Apple as well. Should you buy before the split? The only thing is if you buy before the split and then you're guaranteed that you would get the stock at that price when they split. So let's say on the day that the stock really actually go through and do the split which is August 21st, if you own a share of Tesla and Tesla was trading at $1,500, so you're guaranteed that you'll have five shares of Tesla at $300 apiece.  So I mean, it's just common sense. More people wanting to buy and if there's not enough for everybody, then definitely the price is gonna go up. So this is just, again, it's a game of chance and sometimes I've seen situations where they do a stock split and the stock price kind of pull back a little bit before pick up steam. So who knows what's gonna happen with Tesla? And Elon Musk had predicted this, I think just a while back, talking about that this is something that we're gonna talk in their butt of director meetings. And so it looks like he knew this was coming and man, you cannot sleep on Elon Musk, man.  And so this is, I mean, obviously, Wall Street people are gonna be talking about this and you stock, just think about it. You stock when, I think in March, it was down to about $350 or $360 a share and then come August, this thing is now at $1,500. So Musk knows this and as soon as this split happens, something, he's gonna do something, Tesla's gonna do something and you're gonna see the stock again, start squeezing back up to 400, 500, 600 and don't be surprised that maybe by the end of the year Tesla would be trading at about $700 or $800. That wouldn't surprise me. So great opportunity for people to jump in and be part of the Tesla family. If you didn't get in earlier when Tesla was still low. So I mean, I'm super excited about this move for Tesla. So at this point, my personal take is that I think this is a smart move to bring in more people, bring in more investors, get more exposure for the company, introduce people to their products, to their services because the media is gonna be talking about them. Investors, people that missed out on Tesla that were complaining that they missed out, they'll wanna come back and hopefully pick up some shares of Tesla and again, this is a company that is just getting started. In my opinion, Tesla hasn't even hit its peak yet. So imagine when Tesla gets to its peak. This is gonna be massive. Amazon is at over what, $3,000. I totally see Tesla getting to that point someday when they finally establish and really be a full throttle with all their different products and all the different services that they have. So that's my personal take. So let me know in the comment section, what do you think about this split? Do you think Mr. Vidius is an excellent idea or you think, oh, why do you wanna bring in more people? Make Tesla exclusive. Don't bring in more people into Tesla. Let me know in the comment section what you think about it. And also, if you're looking to get started with investing and you don't know where to start, Weibo is currently giving two free stocks for you, signing up to their platform, just for signing up and depositing $100. You get two free stocks that is between $12 and $1400. So definitely check them out. I'll put the links in the description below. And as always, guys, stay motivated.


Hello everyone and welcome. My name is Chelsea Luciani. I'm a senior manager with the trade policy and negotiations branch in the BC ministry of jobs economic development and competitiveness. I'm joined by my colleagues, Ghana draws who's a manager and then close make a senior manager, and I will be sharing presenting duties with them today. We are so pleased that you're able to join us virtually this morning for the webinar on the new Canada United States Mexico agreement, otherwise known as the kuzma. We hope the session will be useful to you. This morning, we'd like to cover a high level overview of the kuzma before going into the key differences between the kuzma and the original NAFTA. Let's talk a little bit about the key areas that are covered under the kuzma and how it applies to goods, services, business entry, digital trade, investment and inclusive trade. We'd also like to leave you with an overview of where Canada and BC's other FTAs are, and some recent developments in the FTA landscape, these were presented by my colleague Dana. Then we'll then go over the resources and trade services that are available to you and where you can find information on them. As you know, the kuzma, called the USMCA by the US and TMEK by Mexico, replaced the 26 year old NAFTA on July 1, 2020. The renegotiations that resulted in the kuzma began in August 2017 at the US's request. As you recall, renegotiating the NAFTA was a major campaign priority of US President Trump. Resulting kuzma modernizes several elements of the NAFTA, taking into account developments and improvements since the NAFTA entered into force 26 years ago. Importantly, the kuzma retains key elements of the NAFTA, and our preferential access to the US and Mexico have been preserved. It is a comprehensive agreement with 34 chapters covering areas like goods, services, investment, digital trade, intellectual property, labor environment, inclusive trade, and so on. It's also important to note that this agreement is subject to dispute settlement. Now we expect the kuzma to provide additional certainty and transparency. Though it is important to note that no FTA will remove uncertainty completely. What FTAs do is that it provides a set of agreed upon rules and a framework for addressing issues should they come up. Let's talk a little bit about what has changed and what has stayed the same between the kuzma and the NAFTA. We'll start with some key areas that are essentially the same. Firstly, the NAFTA eliminated virtually all tariffs on almost all goods in 1984. This preferential access to the US and Mexico has been carried over into the kuzma. Very importantly, as I mentioned earlier, the NAFTA's dispute settlement mechanism has been preserved. This has been used by Canada on several occasions and this mechanism remains intact with some improvements. Another area that is essentially the same is our temporary entry access to the US and Mexico and vice versa. So what this does is it allows certain professions and categories of business visitors to enter temporarily to do business, service and investment, and so on. On government procurement, Canada and the US chose to rely on what they had agreed to under the WTO agreement on government procurement rather than including government procurement between them under the kuzma. Therefore, the access under the agreement on government procurement is actually better than what was in the original NAFTA. And since BC companies have had access to this for several years now, this is effectively a status quo outcome. Finally, although Canada granted additional incremental quota access for dairy, eggs and poultry, Canada's system of supply management remains intact under the kuzma. So moving on to some of the key changes between the kuzma and the NAFTA. First off, there is a new digital trade chapter, e-commerce of course, being a key development in the international trade landscape since the original NAFTA was negotiated. There are now also chapters on labor and environment contained within the agreement. Under the NAFTA they were side agreements. Canada and Mexico have also agreed to a facility specific rapid response labor mechanism between them. An important change between the NAFTA and the kuzma is that the NAFTA's investors state dispute settlement, also called ISDS, is being phased out under the kuzma. The agreement also has an annex on alcoholic beverages, so it includes commitments on treating imports from the FTA region similar to domestic products and reduces and streamlines labeling requirements for wine and distilled spirits. The kuzma also has stricter rules of origin, that is the amount of domestic content required for a good to be considered from Canada, the US or Mexico for autos, auto parts and textiles. Some additional differences between the agreements are is that Canada has agreed to incremental quota access for dairy, poultry and eggs. The US in turn has agreed to additional access for us to send sugar, sugar containing products and certain dairy products into the US. With respect to energy, the agreement no longer includes what was once referred to as the energy proportionality clause. So this have placed certain limitations on the ability of parties to constrain the export of energy products. This is now gone. The kuzma now includes a requirement for formal review of the agreement at least every six years after entering the force. This new review process will help ensure the agreement remains relevant and also help us address issues before they become major challenges. Parties can agree to extend the agreement 16 years after each review. I'd like to talk now about how the kuzma applies to key areas starting with goods. The kuzma seeks to facilitate the trading goods in several ways, including through maintaining the NAFTA's 0% tariffs on almost all goods. So the vast majority of North American trade will continue to be duty free under the kuzma. In the resources section, then we'll go over using the Canada chair finder website. You can figure out if your goods have tariffs on them or not. For goods, the kuzma also improves our access for refined sugar, sugar containing products and certain dairy products into the US. The agreement also improves customs administrations and addresses some non-tariff barriers. So making things easier at the border and supporting greater regulatory alignment and reducing unnecessary barriers to trade. The agreement also modernizes certain origin procedures. So for example, electronic processes and simpler means by which to certify the origin of the good. Companies can also seek advanced rulings on how their goods will be treated. Finally, all parties have agreed to maintain minimum to minimum thresholds for waiving customs duties and taxes on goods imported by courier from other kuzma parties. And as I mentioned on the previous slide, Canada did agree to additional quota access for dairy, egg and poultry, and there are stricter rules of origin for autos, auto parts and textiles. With respect to services, the kuzma seeks to facilitate the trade and services by providing enhanced transparency, predictability and leveling the playing field for service providers. The key commitments under the kuzma include obligations to national treatment. This means that under the kuzma, each party will treat service providers from the FDA region, no worse than they treat their own. So the US has to treat BC and Canadian service providers no worse than they treat American service providers. There are also obligations on most favorite nation. So for example, if the US and Mexico were to give better treatment to other countries, they would have to extend that treatment to us as well. There are also some obligations and market access. This means for example that the three countries cannot introduce quantitative restrictions on service providers. So for example, they cannot suddenly say they will only allow a certain amount of professionals to practice in their territories. The kuzma also uses a negative list approach. This means that all services are included in the agreement unless there are specific exceptions against them. Positive lists would mean that only those that are listed are included. You can see that a negative list approach is a lot more ambitious than a positive list approach. The kuzma also seeks to improve transparency on licensing and qualifications and includes guidelines from mutual recognition agreements for the professional services. So with respect to business entry, the kuzma remains the access that was enjoyed under NAFTA under the temporary entry check. So this is where the three parties recognize that the ability of business people to cross borders and to enter other markets is a key facilitator trade and investment activities. So the level of access remains in change. It applies to four categories of business persons, so business visitors, traders and investors, inter-company transfers and certain professionals. There will be no labor market impact assessment requirement. Note, a work permit may still be required. Access applies to citizens only and it also does not negate licensing or qualification requirements. We will share a website on the resources portion of the presentation. It has information on the categories that are eligible, the criteria, word applied and so on. E-commerce is one of the big changes in how trade has been conducted since the original NAFTA came into effect in 1994. The kuzma incorporates a new digital trade chapter recognizing the importance that the digital economy, speaking to facility digital trade and build confidence in the digital trade is as a means of trade. Some of the highlights of the commitments include parties will not discriminate against or impose custom duties or other charges on digital products. The kuzma also allows the free flow of information across borders to do business and seek to minimize data localization requirements. Now, there are still protections built into these for legitimate public policy objectives to protect data. The three governments have also agreed that they will not demand access to proprietary software source code. They've also agreed to facilitate public access to and use of open government information to support innovation and economic development. Moving on to investment, the kuzma's investment chapter was updated to bring it into line with the recent treaty practices of the three parties. The trapperage contains a comprehensive and robust set of obligations similar to those found in other FTAs such as the comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-specific partnership. It includes standard commitments such as national treatment where parties agree to treat each other's investors no worse than their own. Most of our nation, MSN, so in one party with another country better treatment, they will apply to us as well. There is also a minimum standard of treatment on how investors will be treated, so fair and equitable treatment based on international law as well as rules around performance requirements. This means that conditions like exporting a certain percentage of goods produced or transferring technology to the host country cannot be placed on the investment. Governments cannot also require companies to appoint senior managers of a particular nationality. However, governments can mandate that a majority of the board of directors conform to nationality or residency requirements. Now, it's important to note that as with other areas of the agreement, there are exceptions to these commitments, so it's important to check what the exceptions are. This is something we can help you with. It's also important to note that the NAFTA's ISDS, the Investors' State Dispute Settlement System, is being phased out. The original NAFTA ISDS mechanism will remain available to investors with respect to their existing investments under the NAFTA for a period of three years after the entry into force. With respect to labor and environment, the Kuzma, as I mentioned, brings environment and labor commitments into the agreement itself. Previously, these commitments were found inside agreements, and now they are part of the agreement and subject to the agreement's state-to-state dispute settlement. So, not only is it the right thing to do to build on labor commitments and principles and maintain strong environmental laws, there is actually a strong economic reason for doing so on the continent. A key obligation that we've agreed to is non-derogation. That is, the three countries agree that they will not waive or weaken their labor or environmental laws in order to attract trade and investment. In the labor chapter, new areas of coverage include addressing violence against workers, eliminating sex-based discrimination, and promoting women's equality at work. The environment chapter includes obligations on several global environmental challenges. For example, sustainable forestry and fisheries management, reducing pollution, the ozone layer, air quality, fire diversity, and so on. It also seeks to facilitate the trade and investment in environmental goods and services. Importantly, in both the labor and environment chapters, failure to comply with an obligation is now presumed to affect trade or investment unless the defending party approves otherwise. This is expected to improve the enforceability of these chapters. With respect to inclusive trade, seeking to ensure the benefits of FTAs accrue to as many people and segments of the population of the economy as possible, this is the intent of inclusive trade. This is a lens that was then increasingly applied to Canada's recent free trade agreements. For example, we have the EU, the CPTPP, and now of course the KUSMA. Two areas that are covered by inclusive trade include gender and indigenous peoples. The one way that the KUSMA promotes inclusive trade is through encouraging collaboration to enhance opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises that are owned by underrepresented groups, including indigenous peoples and women. It also encourages addressing barriers that limit the full participation of women in the workforce, for example, obligations to provide job-protective leave for childbirth, adoption, and family care responsibilities, and protection against wage discrimination. The KUSMA also requires that parties implement policies that protect against gender-based discrimination in the workplace, specifically with regard to pregnancy, sexual orientation, sexual harassment, gender identity, and caregiving responsibilities. In a first for one of Canada's free trade agreements, handcrafted indigenous textiles and apparel goods are eligible for duty-free treatment provided that any requirements agreed to by the importing and exporting parties are met. Note, the KUSMA does not impact a country's legal obligation towards indigenous peoples. This is something that continues to be protected in all of Canada's free trade agreements. With that, I'd like to pass things over to Ghana, who will briefly talk about our other FTAs and key developments in the FTA landscape. Thank you, Chelsea. So, whether it is KUSMA Free Trade Agreement with Europe or South Korea, Canada now has 14 FTAs that cover 51 countries. This map shows where in the world Canada's FTAs have been implemented. These countries are shown in light blue, the US, the European Union, Australia, where the free trade negotiations have been concluded. These countries are in dark blue, like Malaysia, and where exploratory discussions and negotiations on potential FTAs are taking place. And these countries are in green, for example, Brazil, China, India, Turkey. In purple, you will also see the countries that have both enforced and not yet ratified FTAs with Canada, and this is the case of Chile and Peru. Canada has a key first mover advantage as the only country to have free trade agreements with all other countries in the G7, the US, the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. And Canada is also the only G7 country with preferential FTA access to the world's two largest economies, the European Union and the US. The good thing is that Canada has been very active in creating these preferential trade alliances with its trade in partners, but this preference we know will not last forever. For example, the European Union has recently concluded an FTA with Vietnam, and it is also in preferential trade agreements with Singapore and Japan, and the US has reached a phase one agreement with Japan too and so on. So it is important to take advantage of the preferential trade agreements now. And I also wanted to mention that Canada has two domestic free trade agreements, Canadian free trade agreement, and new West partnership trade agreements. So moving to the recent developments in the FTA landscape. I first wanted to mention Brexit and the CETA. So Canada agreed to extend the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CETA to the UK, during the UK's transition period from the European Union. So until the end of this year, DC companies will continue to have CETA access to the UK. If no, trade agreement is negotiated between Canada and the UK during the transition period, and the transition period of the UK from the European Union is not extended. Once this transition period ends, trade with UK and Canada will be on the UK Global Tariff and WTO terms, and these terms are a bit less preferential than the terms under the CETA. So if you're interested in the UK market and know of any trade barriers there and any market access that would be important to maintain in the eventual Canada-UK free trade agreement, please send us this information. It's important for us to know of sectors and companies interests when we prepare for negotiations. So some developments in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, known as CPTPP. So the CPTPP entered into force at the end of 2018 and is one of the Canada's most recently implemented FTAs. It has been ratified by seven countries so far, Australia, Canada, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam. And while many tariffs were removed immediately on day one of this agreement, some tariffs are removed in stages over several years. And now we are in the year three of the tariff reductions under the CPTPP. So there might bring some additional advantages to your business. It is also important to note that the trade area may expand since other countries in the regions have expressed their interest in joining the CPTPP. Thailand, South Korea and even the UK. So a couple of words on Canada-Ukraine free trade agreement, which entered into force in August 2017. It is covering goods only so far. And before the pandemic, there were public consultations on its possible modernization, namely to include services sector. So why is it important to be seen? Well, we see experts more to Ukraine than any other Canadian province. And the discussions have been slowed down because of the pandemic. But moving forward, officials will continue to engage with the public and stakeholders on a possible FTA modernization. And same as with the UK, we encourage you to let us know of any trade barrier or important market access to Ukraine. And I wanted to reiterate that during the pandemic, Canada has said multiple times that it is committed to support Canadian and BC exporters in the free flow of goods across its borders. And it issued a number of joint statements with its key trading partners to confirm its positions. So now I wanted to hand it to Ben to get you through the resources and contact details. Thank you, Ghana. The next thing we want to do is walk you through some practical tools to assist you with navigating free trade agreement. This here is a screenshot from Canada's tariff finder website. It's a handy tool for figuring out what sort of tariffs your products will face in a market or what tariffs someone would pay when bringing a good into Canada. It is user friendly and specifically for the markets with which Canada has FTAs. So this could be used for FTAs other than Kuzma as well. All you need to begin is the market you're interested in and the product you want to export for import. You can find your product by HS code if you know that or through a keyword search. And if you put in a keyword search or an HS code, the system will probably ask you a couple of questions to determine precisely which product you are interested in finding a tariff for. Okay, the next thing I wanted to do is walk through some examples using Canada's tariff finder. And the first example we'll go through is peanuts to the United States. So we'll get started here. And as you can see, I've already chosen the United States as the export market and it indicates that Kuzma is the relevant FTA there. And as I mentioned, you can search by your product by both HS code or keyword. So let's just imagine that we already know our HS code, which I put into the e-line here. And let's see what this brings up. So as you can see, this is the code for peanuts, not roasted or otherwise cooked. And so we will select that code to indicate what that is we want to be interested in. And once you've identified the product that you are curious about, it brings you up a description of the product. And some notes here are regarding the tariffs and rules of origin. And down at the bottom is where you will see a chart and information right down on the heads of tariffs that that product currently faces. So we mentioned MFN rate earlier. And as you can see that rate is 131.8%. And as you can see below that, you can see the rate under Kuzma. And so beginning this year, which is of course the first year that Kuzma went into force, that rate was 109.8%, which of course is quite low, much lower already from the MFN rate. But you can also see that over time, this rate is gradually decreasing under Kuzma on this problem. And to the point where by 2025, the tariffs will be zero. So this product will enter the U.S. market tariff free under Kuzma. You can also choose to compare the U.S. market with another market with which we have an FDA and that's up here. So if you're wondering at the top left on the screen, you can choose the ad to compare and see how tariffs compare to other markets. Let's go back now and try one more example. We are going to see if we can try something to Mexico and let's say we are interested in chicken. And for our sake, we're going to be interested in whole fresh chicken. And let's see if we can get a, see if this brings up anything for us. So we just type in a whole fresh chicken as keywords. What this brings up for us is HS code of 0307-119-01 and let's say that that's the product that you are specifically interested in. If we do this, we get the same thing, a description of the product at the top and if we scroll down, you can see the comparison. And what you see here is kind of interesting what the tariff rate for this product going into Mexico is 75% under the state of the nation status. Under Kuzma, that rate is the same. So there really is no advantage to Kuzma when it comes to whole fresh chickens from Mexico, the same rate. And under the CPTPP, as you can see, kind of oddly, the rate as a 2018 was much higher than the 75%. So clearly, if that were the same at the time of seeking to export that product to Mexico, you would of course just choose the MFN rate because it was much more, much better than the rate under the CPTPP. But as you can see over time, under the CPTPP, this rate is also going down to the point where as of 2024, the rate will be lower than the current MFN rate and it will become advantageous for you to use the CPTPP provisions to export this product to Mexico. And of course, by 2027, the tariffs on this product will actually be down to zero, carefree. So that's because Mexico is Canada and we see businesses that have access to the Mexican market, potential access under both the CPTPP and Kuzma. Now you might be wondering why this rate here is much higher than the MFN rate and there are a couple of potential explanations for that. One is the MFN rate may have actually decreased since the rates were negotiated under the CPTPP. As noted earlier, to benefit from a preferential tariff rate though, your good must qualify as originating in a Kuzma party. Customs authorities will not automatically grant preferential tariff treatment on our shipment of goods. Preferential tariff rates must be claimed by the import. To claim tariff preference under Kuzma, exported goods must be accompanied by a certification of origin. The certification of origin has no prescribed format but instead consists of a set of minimum data elements like the certifier's name, telephone number, the applicable tariff classification code, rule of origin and so on. Now unlike some of our other FTAs for preferential treatment under the Kuzma, certification can be completed by the importer, exporter or producer. It may apply to a single shipment of a good or multiple shipments of identical goods. The certification is added to other commercial documentation and is valid for one year upon issuance and it can be sent to the importer electronically. Sometimes it isn't clear how a good should be classified or whether a good satisfies the rules of origin. In this case you may wish to consider applying for an advanced ruling. An advanced ruling is a written statement issued by the relevant customs authority that is where that product is entering a market, attesting to a product classification or that it meets the rule of origin. So if you're looking for certainty that your product meets the rules of the United States, it must apply to the U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The authority must abide by its decision and the Kuzma outlines the information required for a ruling and the timelines applicants can expect for a decision. Please note the issuance of an advanced ruling does not negate the requirement for an importer to have a certificate of origin in its possession at the time goods are imported. And please know that not the origin advanced rulings are no longer valid. You must now apply for a Kuzma origin advanced ruling if you think that one is needed. On tariff rate quotas, the application period for the initial Kuzma supply managed TRQs has passed, but the link here is a good place to visit for updates on the process and future application periods. And finally, on temporary entry, the link that you see on the screen here contains details of temporary entry under the Kuzma. Like rules of origin, these rules can be complex, and we're here to walk you through these in any other aspects of FTOs. Trade Commissioner Service has something called the reporting a trade barrier.  Trade barriers of course include administrative procedures, quantitative restrictions such as quotas, price controls, licensing requirements, and product labeling requirements. And they can take two forms really, tariff and non-tariff. Now, it's important to remember that not all regulations and procedures are considered a trade barrier. Some regulations make sense, such as those aimed at protecting public health or the environment. Now, when you are facing a legitimate barrier, though, this website makes it very easy to report them. You might think that others are probably experiencing the same barrier and have already raised it and that there's no sense in raising it, but this is not necessarily true. If everyone thought the same way, then it's possible that that barrier has not been raised and that the relevant authorities are not aware of it and can therefore not do anything about it. So it's always helpful for governments to get that additional detail and to know that more businesses are experiencing a certain barrier. Okay, now let's move on to some of the other trade services. This here is, of course, something that the federal government offers, which is in the form of the Trade Commissioner Service. They are located across Canada and the world and have a team dedicated to British Columbia. In fact, they have more than 1,000 reps in 160 cities. The Trade Commissioner Service really offers four key services without cost to Canadians looking to enter new world markets. And that's preparation for international markets, market potential assessments, the identification of qualified local contacts, and commercial problem solving. So all of the contact information for the VC office is listed on the screen here and you can use that to reach out to them directly if you have any questions. And VC has its own trade support services dedicated to VC businesses like yours. If you are not yet in touch with export advisors from the Export Navigator program, I strongly encourage you to use their free support and ongoing guidance to help your business grow outside of VC. They offer businesses access to community-based export specialists who can provide a personalized step-by-step approach to exporting and help connect your business to market information, export programs, financial services, and business development experts. Now, another useful support service is VC's trade and investment representatives with offices in many countries including the US, the Asia Pacific, and Europe. And their role is really to provide local market knowledge and intelligence to identify key contacts in markets and to assist at targeted trade shows and with visits to market. These representatives also help international businesses discover the benefits of VC as a destination for investment, a partner for trade and innovation, and source of quality goods, services, and resources around the world. I will now turn it over to Will Fox to talk about British Columbia's United States Trade and Investment Representative Office. Will. Great. Thank you, Ben. Good day, everyone. It's a real pleasure to be visiting with you all this afternoon. My name is Will Fox. I'm the Managing Director in the United States on behalf of VC's Trade and Investment Representatives. I've been fortunate enough to represent the great province of British Columbia here in the United States going on nine years that have met some wonderful companies, wonderful people, wonderful government officials throughout the process. And we have been doing great work in the United States on behalf of British Columbia. Our job is to look after British Columbia companies that are coming into the United States that want to sell their projects, their services, their products, as well as our job is to try to find companies that are interested in growing a presence in British Columbia and employing local British Columbia folks in the opportunities. So we have been fortunate enough to grow the footprint of British Columbia in the United States and go and showcase the wonders of the province. So starting with the Pacific Northwest, we have Troy DeFranc, who is based in our Seattle office, and Troy has been with us now for approximately three years and came to us from the Canadian Council that they're in Seattle. And he's got a wealth of information and knowledge to be able to work with a lot of investors, a lot of tech companies, and really being on the border there he's been able to bring a variety of opportunities into the province and bringing up investors, whether it's to the BC Tech Summit over the years on the geeks for train, or one time we was able to bring in investors on geeks on a float plane, where they came into Victoria and was able to work with them so anybody that's needing representation in the Seattle Pacific Northwest marketplace, Troy DeFranc is our person on the ground. If you go down south on the West Coast, we have Tate Turner and Megan Blatt and both representatives in the San Francisco Silicon Valley arena, they've both been with us as well for approximately three years, and they both have extreme experience in the trade and investment arena. Megan comes from the Canadian Council that's there in San Francisco, where we were able to bring her over onto our team. And before that she was also a representative for a variety of different economic development entities throughout the world. She and Tate Turner, who comes to us from the UKTI, the United Kingdom Trade Investment Office, he was with them for a variety of years and brings a wealth of knowledge of opportunities that are there in the in the Silicon Valley slash San Francisco arena. There is a tremendous amount of venture capital, as we all know, in Silicon Valley, and it is a great place for companies in BC who have come down in the years past to look for early stage seed or series a funding for their companies, along with a tremendous amount of interest of companies that want to expand their operations into British Columbia into the Vancouver or Victoria or Kelowna markets and any other locations that they're of interest to them. You go continue further south and you have Alana Wagner. And Alana is based in our Los Angeles office and Alana has been with us almost for over seven years now. And she has got a wealth of experience in life sciences, digital media, entertainment sector, and she came to us from the province of Ontario where she did about six years plus of economic development as well with them. And then in Sacramento, California, we have Marilyn Wright, Sacramento is the state capital of California, and Marilyn's been with me for seven years as well. And she has been our program manager, but also very importantly, she spends half of her time working on the agri food sector. She has been a participant in the Boston Seafood Show, the fancy winter fancy food show in San Francisco, and then the the Expo down in the natural products Expo down in Anaheim for all these years. So Marilyn is our go to person when you have agri food agri tech opportunities where you want to sell your product she's working with brokers she's working fires from a variety of different chains here in the United States. So to go to the East of the East Coast was is with Chris King's been with us over five years. We did a study many years ago to take a look at the opportunities that might exist on the East Coast on behalf of British Columbia we found that many of the other provinces of Canada were already represented and we decided that it was time for us to put a person in place there and so Chris is based out of Boston, and really covers the Boston and New York City communities quite extensively. He does go down the coast and has been in Virginia he's been in Washington DC, and it actually has gone as far south as Florida with a couple of connections and opportunities there. And when we say East Coast is pretty much everything there but the main corridors between Boston and New York City, which again has a plethora of opportunities for British Columbia companies to come in and do trading investments into those communities. There's a well connected person who comes with years of experience with also from the UK TI as well as London East partners, and he has a tremendous amount of energy that is beneficial for somebody who's doing business on the East Coast. Obviously, it's a little bit different. It's a little bit more hyperkinetic than the West Coast. I mean West Coast is a plethora of opportunities. East Coast as well but there's a lot of life sciences, communications, ICT, tremendous amount of wealth advisors in the New York City opportunity there as well. So that's our team, and we all report into Sila Sahin, who is our senior manager. She's based there in Vancouver, British Columbia, and she has been with us for over a year and we report in directly to her, and she is our air traffic control. So anybody wants to come to us, goes to her, so anybody in the province that's interested in getting hold of us, we recommend that you go to Sila Sahin, senior manager of the Ministry of Jobs, Economic Development Competitiveness, and she will then get you in touch with us. I think that's it for now, and I really appreciate visiting with you all today. Thank you so much. Great, thanks Will. That is it for our presentation. Our trade policy and negotiations branch is here to support you and can help answer any questions that you might have. We are always interested to hear about any barriers you are encountering in Canadian and international markets. We can seek to address them and can advocate with the federal government that they be addressed. Or we can put you in touch with the people that you need to get your goods and services to market. On this slide here, you can see our contacts as well as the contacts of our trade readiness and services branch. They are responsible for the export navigator program and would be the folks that would accompany you on business missions and trade shows if that's the type of support that you're looking for. And you can also see the contact information for BC's trade and investment representatives, including the director as well as the specific contact for the manager for the US tradeoff office. That is it for our presentation. Thank you very much for listening.


What's up everybody, it's Jason here for draftspeakcasebrace.com. 2022, Peony Prism, World Cup Soccer Choice just sold out. This is a two box break, pick a jeans number four. And here we go. Robert Roncozwell also sold it out, Mexico last spot mojo. You guys, I'll post up another couple two box breaks after this that we can work on for tomorrow. And you know what guys? It seems that when there's an autograph, there's a zebra as well. Doesn't that work? And it looks like this autograph is actually a redemption. See that there are Nuno Mendes for Portugal. Karim Benzema, France probably wishes he was there, but honestly, they feel like they don't even need them. All right, we have Pedragh for Serbia. And nice, Minsan for Korea, Republic, Nicholas. That's number 85 out of 135. Let's go with the zebra before. Goldado. And speaking of Croatia, Marcello Brozovic for Croatia's zebra. And that is Jenna with Croatia. Nice. International Ink Prison Choice, card number 55, Paolo Torres, which I believe is Spain. Just gonna rob a Ronco. This is the first box. Let's keep it going, guys. Here it looks like, just a normal box. Julian Alvarez, Celso Borges, Joaquin Correa, Manuel Neuer. And we've got Darwin Nunez with a Paul Bogba for France and a Andre Onana for Cameroon, which is part of the combo team. And Uruguay is Kev. France is Dilo. All right, all right, okay, well, hey. Still managed to get another auto here in a zebra. And this was kind of just more like your normal base box. But again, we still have plenty more to go, guys. Plenty more. I'll post up the next two box breaks, five and six up right now. We can work on those for tomorrow. Jasperyscasebreaks.com, guys, thanks.