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New York Lever brothers makers of Rinseau R.I.N.S.O. soapy rich Rinseau presents Boston Blackie starring Chester Morris Step on it Steve at my foot on the floor now got to do something then we'll never lose that car the station is all talk lean out to see if I can hit a tire okay well missed hey hey what's that curve I'll take care of the driving try it again try and hold this bus steady will you I'm doing the best I can but fighting this wheel for 20 minutes now after I swing around that next curve I'll slow up try and get that tire again okay I got her I got a Steve she's heading right for the telegraph what a crack up dumb plain clothes cops in that car ain't gonna interrupt another one of our hijack jobs playing close cops those ain't no cops the driver the car to just wrap around a telegraph pole is Boston flaggy in a moment we'll meet Boston Blackie enemy to those who make him an enemy friend to those who have no friend but first a fashion note for summer the spotlight is certainly on cotton and that's not just my idea I was looking through a couple of those fancy fashion magazines and every page had something about crisp colorful cotton dresses cotton evening things daytime dresses and so on well speaking from the man's point of view I'm for it those printed cottons are certainly my pretty and speaking from the soapy rich rinse those point of view it's easy as a breeze to keep them crisp and colorful rinse those rich suds are gentle and safe for washable colors leave their bright colors gay and sparkling week after week and it's so easy to do a rinse so wash a short soaking a few quick finger rubs on extra soil places and your clothes are ready to rinse really rinse so white and rinse so bright too so next wash day be sure you have rinse so on hand to give you a hand and now here is just tomorrow as Boston Blackie tell me Blackie how does your wrist feel huh oh just a slight sprain shorty but we're lucky we might have been killed when those thugs got our front tile last night I thought for a moment we were killed hey Blackie let's stay up here in your apartment and mind our own business for a while huh at least until I get over that shaken up I got you know we weren't looking for trouble we were just driving along and yeah yeah yeah yeah I know I know always that and that's what gets us into more jams alright so we went for a drive nothing unusual in that no but why'd you have to notice that big sedan was parked right in front of a truck and two guys were holding up the driver well I always feel sorry for the guy on the other end of a gun yeah but listen boy you're too shorty up high way up yeah yeah all right I cover Mike yeah so the crack up didn't kill you guys huh the poor son is to find out you have more lives than a cat Blackie yes I've got 10 that means you rats better look out hey that's good ain't it Blackie it's wonderful shorty say what are you mugs doing here the Boston like the idea you're in a film with that hijack job last night oh well I don't like the idea of having my car wrecked either stooge we ain't interested in what you like we had a pretty good setup like he well I'm so glad that's fine we got a lot of meat tied up and we're getting good prices for it well what do you want me to see me about what what's the catch the boss wants to know if you weren't in on the wrecked what yeah so he don't want no more interference from you that's the catch oh black marketer well if I say no what does the boss say he says we should give it a little treatment oh and by the way who is your boss never mind well how do I know your boss is a reasonable guy hey where you going I don't be scared stooge you know I always talk when I'm thinking after all you're the one that's got the gun yeah yeah that's right well boys I finish thinking I guess I have no choice huh well tell the boss I'll go along with him now you're talking sense well I guess that makes us partners on boys say how about a little drink on that yeah I'll take a snort fine I'm sorry all I've got is bourbon that's okay with me with with soda yeah yeah well come on boys I'll build your couple say when Steve when look I gotta hold this gun on your blackie it ain't that I'm impolite it's just that I'm careful careful you flatter me how much soda here I never had it with soda before really you haven't but you're going to get it all right I'll take care of it okay boss okay I got his gun why you might take it easy Steve now cut out the nonsense I've got your gun now be a good boy you wanted an answer for your boss huh well you have it I get out of here and in the future boys remember never drink during business hours say boss did you know that it was a hundred and three and needles yesterday that's an enlightening breakfast conversation shorty thanks never mind I'll get it boss and blackie that's right sorry to serve you so early in the morning well what you come in thank you shorty another cup of coffee for Miss Parker June Parker well Miss Parker you're a charming eye opener for so early in the morning Boston blackie I need your help and I'm glad to know you too matter of fact you've already helped me I have mm-hmm my driver tells me you helped one of my trucks get through the other night one of your trucks yes well I don't quite understand this may sound a little strange to you but I have a ranch and I raised up yeah I've sold a lot of cattle only I can't deliver it to my customers oh I see and your trucks are being hijacked by that black market gang huh yes that's why I came to you will you help me get them through mm-hmm you know that's the second offer to go in the meat business that I've had in the last 24 hours why don't you go to the police Miss Parker I'm sure Inspector Faraday would be glad to give you protection I've gone to the police but my truck still aren't getting through mm-hmm you're really in the jam those black market thugs are worse than any racketeers we've ever had in this country I've been offered any amount if I'd fell to the black market that I won't not for anything of course you won't then you'll help me now look Miss Parker it isn't only helping you it's helping me it's helping everybody the black market is one of the biggest things we've ever been up against and you're fighting that black market you know you're the kind of a girl who's helping win this war coffee's ready for us forget the coffee shorty we've got a job to do the biggest job we've ever done that's you Matthew yes Inspector I'll be with you in a minute gotta finish writing this letter hey Matthews how do you spell stupidity mm-hmm if they are a d a y if they are it hey but oh it's you blackie I should have known Matthews can't spell all right what do you want here I don't know what have you got here one of these days we're gonna have you here in a cell Faraday you're nothing but an idealist you know I've been lonely you haven't been bothering me lately what's the matter don't you love me anymore I love you and I love you like poison ivy what do you want blackie Faraday my life has been threatened I want police protection wonderful you want police protection blackies down wait a minute Faraday I'm serious there's a gang after me and they're not fooling four little blackie I'd like to see the gang that you couldn't handle what is this a gang no no wait a minute I'm on the level you're breaking my heart you've never been on the level with me in your life so why should I start believing in now oh oh so you won't give me police protection don't make me laugh okay Faraday that's all I wanted to know blackie wants protection I got a mic I think get him into the car come on let's get out of here Boston blackies going for a long trip now it looks as though Boston blackies in a pretty tight spot but blackie is also a pretty resourceful individual so just wait and see what happens you know we used to have a nice hand embroidered motto hung up on our wall that said true friends are like diamonds precious and rare how well that applies in wartime to the washing machine yes ma'am if you're lucky enough to have a washer keep in mind that it's your true friend and take care of it one way is to follow the advice of the makers of 33 leading washers and use Rinseaux you see soapy rich Rinseaux gets out more dirt and with such a short run it's easy not only on your clothes but on your washer and Rinseaux results are something to see all your white clothes gleaming sparkling sure Rinseaux white and colors washable Rinseaux bright so be sure to put Rinseaux R-I-N-S-O right on top of tomorrow's shopping list and now back to Chester Morris as Boston blackie Well Boston blackie intent on breaking up a black market meat ring was way laid by thugs as he was leaving police headquarters where Inspector Faraday had just refused him police protection blackie has been thrown into a car hey Steve he's coming to must be this country stop the car okay let's get this over with I'll take the gag out of his mouth yeah nobody can hear him out here yeah thanks Steve I want to get my necktie back anyway the best one I got my girl give it to me she's a redhead says it matches her hair you know it's too bad she ain't a prunette yeah you just don't like redheads hey never mind putting on your tie now leave it there in a seat let's get this job over with come on blackie can you talk well what is this the end of the line no this is where we transfer okay boys what's the score two to nothing and you're the nothing like you can you stand up I'm not so sure you better stand up while you can blackie you're gonna be laying down for a long time you have a charming sense of humor you had a chance to join up with his blackie you're blackie you're next it now you're getting rubbed off all bosses orders huh yeah besides it gives us a chance to get even for that soda trick yesterday I say get over that first blackie say what is this an obstacle course yeah you're the obstacle hey Steve hey what's that over there huh nothing it's just a cow that happens to be the cows husband gentlemen dear bull hey if a bull sees where he goes crazy what's the matter you scared Mike now we got to finish our job okay blackie anything you want to say any last request well um well I'd like to start running gentlemen if you don't mind and I'm sure you would too well that bulls coming this way and fast hey thanks for the guns Steve hey let's get out of here when I don't worry Steve the bulls after Mike you see I stuck his own red necktie in his back pocket it's me June Boston blackie I'm glad to see you blackie thanks I'd like some information June these gents were up against a playing a little rough blackie what happened well I went to Faraday for protection he didn't believe I needed it next thing I knew I was tapped on the head and ended up in a cow pasture playing matador now look June all I want to know is just one thing you told me that somebody tried to get you to sell your cattle at the black market ring I want to know who that somebody is well I can't tell you I don't know if you're being afraid don't be I'll see that nothing happens to you and it's also a little bit important that nothing happens to me too now look all I want to know is who approached you on that black market deal well some men who said they represented a Mr George Williams Williams well who's a I don't know him he has a wholesale meat plan on Johnson Street but blackie I I've never seen him quiet June the door knob it's turning I'll be in back of the door when it opens but you keep on talking okay but blackie I oh I don't know whether I can go to dinner with you or not I okay drop those guns I've got them fast I'm right here in back of you better drop your gun too Steve well you two matadors again huh this is getting a little monotonous how far did that bull chase you this morning I'm a little fed up with you two guys June take the court off those drapes I want to tie up these two bullfighters then I've got to go over and see a man with the name of George Williams like I'm afraid I don't have to be afraid you oh when blackie ties them up they stay tied I want to get through with this you better call the police and have them pick up these months and I got to work fast hey Miss Parker you weren't going to call no police what what do you mean and besides you're going to want to tie us right now or else the boss won't like it you mean Mr. Williams no Miss Park you see Williams ain't his name his real name is Parker Parker yeah George Parker your brother now will you untie our hands I don't know what you're talking about blackie I operate a legitimate business here I sell only at ceiling prices I came up here to tell you I'm tired of being kicked around by those two mugs of yours and also that you're going to lay off June Parker June Parker she but she's the girl you've been threatening you know the one that owns the trucks you've been hijacking but you won't do it anymore you see I'm taking you with me you're taking me with you that's right you're going to be my insurance that from now on this black market gang of yours is unemployed what are you going to do with me what's he going to do with you ain't going to do anything I'm glad you're here yeah I'll bet you are inspector my secretary had the good sense to call you and I'm glad you got here so fast what's Boston blackie been up to now he held me here in my office at the point of a gun inspector he was going to force me to go with him unless unless what unless I stopped selling me that ceiling prices and went into the black market now wait a minute Faraday that's ridiculous you know that can't be right I don't know nothing oh you know a thing or two you're just being modest I'm a reputable merchant inspector I've been in business for years this blackie person wanted me to make this plan his headquarters for illegal meat sale Faraday listen he claims I pulled a gun on him I don't even have a gun was in his hand when you came in that door inspector well blackie that don't make any difference he can make anything disappear thanks some day I hope he goes to work on himself this Williams is head of a black market range that's not true not only that but he's got a couple of thugs that have an obsession about my collecting old age that's ridiculous please take blackie with the inspector I'll prefer chance I'll wait a minute inspector I know I've tricked you when we've been playing hide-and-go-seek for years on but I've never gone back in my word now have I that's right and I'm not going to try any tricks I just want you to come with me to a young lady's apartment oh now really I want you to meet two friends of Mr. Williams and if I can't prove that my story is true well I'll I'll go downtown with you now nothing could be fairer than that sounds all right but then you can make anything sound okay you want me to see a gal who'll set me right on this whole thing that's right okay blackie I'll give you a chance to square yourself but remember this better not be a run around this is the apartment inspector come on in oh it's me June it's his blackie I'm here with inspector Faraday inspector Faraday well hello hello June would you mind telling the inspector about that black market ring that threatened you what black market ring well you know that the June I miss Parker and who are you that's all blackie I've heard enough Joe now what happened to those two men I left tied up here at your apartment inspector who is this man don't you know he says he's a very dear friend of yours why I've never seen him before in my life and now will you excuse me please okay blackie we made a deal this gal who was supposed to explain everything claims you never saw you before come on let's go now I can't go with you inspector I've got to find out what this is all about sorry blackie figured out while you're waiting trial Faraday will you listen this girl is lying and I can prove it if you give me time give you I'll give you a time blackie you're coming with me and keep your hands where I can see them come on over here to the telephone I'm going to get you an escort downtown okay inspector but you're making a great mistake according to you I always make them so what's the difference remember blackie I'm keeping my eye and my gun on you get me please headquarters like he's not playing on that telephone cord you make me nervous I'm not playing with it inspector get the wire off my gun blackie you're breaking my wrist sorry inspector let go of the gun you're going back on your word now you never did that before I'm sorry but I've got to be free to get the head of that black market ring and put a ring right through his nose come in shorty well I oh what are you doing here she made me bring her down here to your waterfront hideout for so that's fine what do you mean she made you she came to the apartment she was crying oh boy she you know I can't stand to see a poor dame cry blackie you've got to listen to me yeah yeah I listened to you once I know I lied to inspector Faraday but I had to well that's fine why don't you tell it to Faraday I can't tell inspector Faraday I lied I can't you can't do this you can't do that you sound like the summer sisters why did you make sure to bring it down here so that I could beg you to please forget all about me in the black market ring well forgetting about you will be a pleasure I don't blame you for feeling that way but believe me it's for the good of everyone for you to forget about all this believe you are you kidding you almost did once I almost died once too and I've no desire to try that again either you wanted to help me when I was in trouble blackie I'm still in trouble but the only way you can help me now is to drop this whole black market case and you're the girl I thought was going to help win the war. John there's no point in your coming here to see me but George I didn't even know you were here in the city and then to find out what you're doing how in the world did you ever get started on this. Just why should I explain that to you John. I can't understand you and dad couldn't either when you ran away from the ranch five years ago you broke dad's heart and not hearing from you after that didn't help any I don't see why you should complain dad left the ranch to you didn't he yes but what else could he do but it's worked out all right anyway you've done a good job John raising good cattle that's helped me in my business but black market George you call that a business I don't go for those names all I know is I'm making money and incidentally John it wasn't in my plans that you should know who I am and it's your own fault that you do you get mixed up with this Boston blackie and I had something to do about it well well this is convenient finding the two of you here together Boston blackie. Well now who wants to talk first you Williams I get nothing to say to you Boston blackie I see how about you June I can't tell you anything well let me tell you then Williams you ought to pick smarter stooges or I might say you ought to pick a dumb stooge one who can't talk you see Steve talked with a little persuasion of course but he talked so Williams I know that you're really Parker June's brother but blackie June that explains a great deal to of course you made Faraday very happy by pretending not to know me but you didn't make me very happy please blackie you've got to listen to me look I didn't know that my brother was going into the name of Williams and when I found out I was so stunned I didn't know what to do except I knew I couldn't turn him over to the police now I know he deserves to be well sister I got a yes I think so blackie you said it was very convenient having two of us here well I think it's very convenient having the two of you here this gun is very convenient to put them up for the Georgie Georgie did anyone ever tell you what happens to little boys who play with fire both of you stuck your noses into my business June always did and I'm used to that in any way she's my sister but I don't have to take her from you Boston blackie well you have something there Georgie not to mention the gun June would you please leave the room if I'm right in supposing what your charming brother intends to do with me it well it won't be very pretty George you wouldn't please June do as I say please June it's all my fault I got you into this I didn't know that my old brother blackie I thought you know June for a man raised on a ranch your brother isn't very quick on the trigger personally I'm very glad because it gave me a chance to show him his mistake blackie what did you do to George can I see him well little later he's busy right now you see he's got a thousand pounds of steaks hanging in this wholesale plant and he's looking for one little piece of beef to put on his eye and blackie I guess I'll forget about you going back on your word good old inspector I had a pretty good reason you know yeah I know anyway you broke up this black market ring and I got the credit thanks you know sometimes I find it kind of hard to hate you well keep trying inspector you know you're much prettier with a worried look on your face you know this kind of thing kind of calls for a celebration blackie yeah you and I break up a black market gang and a million people can buy beef at reasonable prices what do you think we ought to do well let's see inspector how about coming up to the apartment for a home cooked steak dinner shall I bring anything yes points Boston blackie will be back in just a moment with an interesting preview of next week's program meanwhile let's see now there are the dishes the floors the woodwork the tiles sink windows hey I could keep this up for hours listing the jobs at rinse all will make easier for you yes those same soapy rich suds that are such a help when it comes to washing clothes are great for all the soap and water jobs around the house so be sure to get rinse all tomorrow ladies for dishes housework and to keep you singing through wash day like this rinse away rinse away happy little wash day song rinse all right rinse all right producing it all day long you're fine for the friend has a message to send so listen you can't go wrong rinse all right rinse all right happy little wash day song yeah Matthews yeah I know the guy is dead you said that now listen did you find a gun shall we find it it was hooked up inside the radio when the guy turned the set on it fired the gun I got it hey hey was the telephone receiver of the hook sure when we broke down the door hey inspector how could you know that just so happens that's the way a guy was killed in the play I've been watching somebody lifted the idea and I've got an idea who that somebody was yeah who inspecting the man who's backing this play a fellow by the name of Boston blackie tough luck ladies I mean about choice cuts of lamb going back on rationing means you've got to be smarter than ever at figuring ways to fix the meals your families want especially since you don't have as many points as you used to well the smartest thing to do is to get extra points by turning in waste fats you know your meat dealer will give you cash and two red points for every pound you turn in so get going you'll be doing yourself a favor and your country and important service for used fats are urgently needed for military medicines armaments and a host of things so necessary to win this war strain every drop into any tin can no glass containers please and turn them in as soon as you have a pound be sure to listen at this same time next week for another exciting adventure with Boston blackie you can see Chester Morris as Boston blackie on the screen at your favorite movie theater Boston blackie's latest Columbia picture is one mysterious night soon to be released Richard Lane appears as inspector Faraday music by Charles Cornell this is hollow Wilcox saying good night for Boston blackie brought to you by the makers of rinse oh the soap that gets clothes and don't forget tomorrow when you ask your grosser for the new rinse oh buy a cake of life boy at the same time life boys rich purifying leather goes right after dirt and perspiration leaves you feeling extra clean so use life boy daily in your bath or shower remember it's the only soap especially made to stop this is the national broadcasting company


Now, it wasn't so much that the astronomers were completely wrong. What happened is that a new ingredient got added about 10 years ago, and the new ingredient is what's called dark energy. And it comes from the fact that in 1998, astronomers discovered that the expansion of the universe is not flowing down under the influence of gravity, as everyone had expected, or almost everyone had expected, up until that point. But in fact, the universe today is actually accelerating, and in fact it's been accelerating for about the last five billion years or so. And that in fact means that there's a kind of repulsive gravity going on in the universe today. We don't know of any other explanation for this other than some form of repulsive gravity. And the stuff, which again has to have a negative pressure that drives this repulsive gravity, we don't know exactly what it is, so we call it dark energy. So dark energy is the energy that, by definition, the energy that's causing this expansion. And even though we don't really know what the dark energy is, we can, in fact, figure out how much of it there has to be to produce the right acceleration, and it's by adding in that extra energy from the dark energy that brings omega up to 1 from the previous value of 0.2 and 0.3. So the astronomers were, in fact, right about the contributions to omega from the things they were looking at, but it turned out that there's, in fact, the larger contribution to the total energy of the universe in the form of this dark energy, which was not discovered until 10 years ago. Finally, and perhaps most impressively, inflation makes a prediction for the small-scale non-uniformity of the universe. Remember, 0.1 was the large-scale uniformity, and the largest scale of the universe looks unbelievably uniform. But of course, on smaller scales, like this room, there are lots of non-uniformities, also on the scales of galaxies and things like that. And the cleanest way to measure these non-uniformities is in the cosmic background radiation, because it's essentially unprocessed in the cosmic background radiation. It has that time to undergo nonlinear and complicated evolution. And even though I told you that the intensity of the cosmic background radiation is unbelievably uniform, uniform to one part in 100,000, that's not a bound. The astronomers actually see non-uniformities at the level of one part in 100,000. And now they can even measure those non-uniformities with rather fantastic precision. And one actually wants to ask, where did these non-uniformities come from? Now, in conventional cosmology, that is, without inflation, there was really nothing that could be said about it. Without inflation, the initial conditions were really whatever you made them up to be. So there were initial ripples if you put in initial ripples. If you didn't put in initial ripples, there were no initial ripples. There was no theory that controlled how those initial ripples might be created. In inflationary cosmology, there's a different answer. Inflation can actually attribute these ripples to quantum fluctuations. At the classical level, inflation simply smooths the universe out by this enormous expansion. An enormous expansion is to smooth everything out. But the world is not classical. The world is quantum mechanical. And when one puts in the quantum fluctuations to describe inflation, then you would expect that the mass density would on average be uniform. But because of quantum fluctuations at any given place, it could be a little bit above the norm or a little bit below the norm. And you can actually calculate the properties of these density fluctuations and compare with observations. So inflation allows us to understand these ripples in terms of quantum fluctuations. Now I should add that usually we think of quantum fluctuations as being important only at incredibly small distances. We're not used to quantum fluctuations being relevant in the room or the things that we see classically. What makes it different for inflation basically is the exponential expansion again. This exponential expansion is constantly stretching quantum fluctuations at very, very small microscopic ways, once upwards, to get bigger and bigger into macroscopic and astronomical dimensions. And if this is right, it would mean that our whole galaxy is just a quantum fluctuation, which is a bizarre concept. But it seems to work, and I'll show you how well it works. Our best data comes from the WMAP satellite so far. The Planck satellite is now in the air and collecting data, but we don't have that data yet. Here's a picture of an artist's conception of the WMAP satellite. That's David Wilkerson for whom the satellite has been named. Here's the data. It's my favorite graph in the whole world. This is a graph of the temperature fluctuations as a function of the multiple. That is, they expand the temperature pattern that they see in the sky and spherical harmonics. And you talk about the intensity for each value of L that corresponds to the spherical harmonics. You can think of it as an angular wavelength. And I've tabulated on the top as an angular wavelength units with user degrees. That's 0.2 degrees, corresponding to a very high L. Low L corresponds to a large angular wavelength. So 180 degrees is way down here, corresponding to L equals 2. And the black lines and black dots represent the data, mostly from WMAP, but on the right hand side at shorter wavelengths, other experiments do better. So this includes the CBI, ACPAR, and boomerang experiments. The most impressive part is on this first peak, where those little dots with their sizes, their airbars, and they're just absolutely gorgeous fit between the experimental data. And the red curve, which is what you predict based on inflation, including lambda means including dark matter, dark energy, excuse me. Lambda stands in for dark energy. So this is a fantastic graph. Now, to make it a little easier to tell how impressive this graph really should be, we've also added to the graph curves representing other theories, just to make clear that it doesn't come out automatically that you get these things right. So if we had an open universe with omega being 0.3, like the astronomers thought 10 years ago, then you get this yellow line, which as you see doesn't fit the data at all. Another competing theory that for maybe a decade or so was viewed as a competing theory for inflation for the generation of these density fluctuations involves the creation of cosmic strings in the early universe, which would form at a phase transition. And the randomness of that phase transition would produce density fluctuations. That produces this purple curve, which again looks absolutely nothing like the data. And finally, we put in for one more comparison, what inflation itself would give if instead of having dark energy, you let omega equal one by putting in more dark matter. And that gives this slight green curve, which again, this bears no resemblance to the data. So the bottom line is that inflation fits the data absolutely gorgeously, and none of these other options do. For the sake of truth and advertising, I should mention that there is one theory that is actually a lot like inflation, but is sometimes viewed as an alternative to inflation. It can be something called the acperotic cyclic model, which at least according to some calculations, they're actually contradicting calculations. But some calculations gives exactly the same answers in relation to this problem. So inflation might not be the unique theory that does this. Okay, this is a more recent set of data from WMAP, just to show you that it continues to be a good fit. And this is the curve which shows the same WMAP data but with different high frequency data from other experiments, again showing a gorgeous fit. Okay, now I want to change gears. I've now tried to explain what inflation is, tried to explain why we think our universe, why at least some of us think, including me, that our universe began with the period of inflation. Now I want to talk about dark energy and the role that that plays in motivating this idea of a multiverse, which I'll also be talking about. So dark energy I mentioned before, it was discovered in 1998 by two large groups of astronomers that the universe has been accelerating for about the last five billion years out of the 13.7 billion years of its history. And an implication is that inflation of a sort is really happening today. That is, we have accelerated expansion presumably driven by some material with a negative pressure. However, it's not the same as the inflation in the early universe. It's much, much slower. The energy density of this negative pressure material is clearly much less than the energy density of the stuff that drove inflation. Now the stuff that is driving the expansion today is called dark energy. And you might ask, what is the dark energy? There is a very succinct answer to that, who knows. We don't know what it is, which is why we call it dark energy. But there is a simplest candidate and other options are really very similar. So we do know a lot about this dark energy even though we don't know what it is. The simplest option, which is the one I'll discuss, is the option that is just plain vacuum energy, which is synonymous with a cosmological constant. Einstein introduced this cosmological constant as an extra term in his field equations and he introduced it precisely for the purpose of describing a repulsive gravitational force. To Einstein, the vacuum was empty. He was not really a quantum physicist. He was really a classical physicist. So to Einstein it was not really conceivable that empty space should have weight, should have mass. So when he added this term, he just viewed it as an extra term in the equations that described how gravitational fields are produced. However, in the modern context, we look at it differently, looking at exactly the term that Einstein put in those equations, you can interpret it as an extra contribution of matter. And if you do, it's just energy density of empty space and it leads to exactly the same equations. And that's the modern interpretation that the cosmological constant is synonymous with vacuum energy. From the modern point of view, the vacuum is not empty. It's a quantum vacuum with quantum fluctuations going on all the time, particles appearing and disappearing. You have fields in the vacuum, Higgs fields with non-zero values. The modern vacuum, the vacuum known to modern particle physics is an extremely complicated state. And there's no reason why it should have zero energy density. So we're perfectly happy to attribute a non-zero energy density to it. So the cosmological constant becomes that. Nonetheless, even though we can glibly say that this is vacuum energy and feel that that's a plausible statement, it really is a nightmare when we try to understand it in detail. What's a nightmare is to try to understand the magnitude of this horrible dark energy. And here's the problem. The quantum vacuum, as I said, is far from empty. So the mere fact that we're assigning a non-zero energy density to the vacuum is no problem. That seems completely plausible. But we can ask what happens if we try to calculate what that vacuum energy density should be using our quantum picture of the vacuum. So in a quantum field theory, one can calculate the energy of quantum fluctuations and the problem is it diverges. The divergence comes from very short wavelength fluctuations. As you imagine talking about the quantum fields in some box where one makes up a box just to make the problem finite. Inside that box we can describe the electromagnetic field in terms of normal modes. Each normal mode contributes an energy, one half h bar omega, it acts like a harmonic oscillator, to the vacuum energy. And the problem is just that there's no shortest wavelength. There are always shorter and shorter wavelengths, higher and higher omega's, making the sum just grow and grow and grow in the context of a quantum field theory growing without bound. So in a quantum field theory, the vacuum energy just diverges. But one could say that that just means that the quantum field theory should not be trusted down to very, very short wavelengths. After all, we developed this quantum field theory by doing experiments and so on. And those experiments had some finite size. We don't know the physics down to arbitrary short size scales. So it's very natural to cut off that infinite sum at some short wavelength using the excuse that you don't believe that you have any right to extrapolate the physics beyond that short wavelength. So you get to choose what the wavelength is. A common number that people use because it seems to make some sense is to say that we believe physics, we believe that quantum field theories work except for quantum gravity effects. We're pretty well aware that we don't really understand how to put quantum gravity into these theories. And we could say that that's the place of ignorance where we should cut off our sum. So let me just pursue that. If you do that, it means cutting off at the Planck energy, 10 to the 19th GEV, which is the scale of quantum gravity. And if you use that cut off, you could then get a finite number for the vacuum energy density. But the problem is that the number you get is too large and it's not just a little bit too large, it's too large by about 120 orders of magnitude. And that is an embarrassment even for cosmologists. And this is the nightmare of dark energy. We have no way of understanding at the present time why the actual energy that we observe is so incredibly small compared to the estimate that we make naively of how much energy we might expect the vacuum to have. Now, even if you don't use the Planck scale, if you cut off even at the electroweak scale or any scale associated with particle physics, you get a number that's vastly too large, not necessarily 120 orders of magnitude, but nonetheless still vastly too large. The problem is that there's just a big mismatch between the energy scales of particle physics and energy scales of cosmology. This cosmological constant is very significant on the energy scales of cosmology, but that's still very, very low energy compared to any energy scale that's relevant to particle physics. So, let me leave that for now as a mystery and let me come back and talk about inflation because there's a feature of inflation that I have not yet talked about here that turns out to be relevant to this issue, at least from the point of view of many people. And that leads us into this multiverse picture. I told you that this repulsive gravity material is unstable so that it decays. And it is indeed true that if you sit in any one location inside this repulsive gravity material and watch what happens with probability one, sooner or later, usually in a fairly short time, you will see a decay because the probability of it not decaying falls off exponentially with some time constant. And if you wait some numbers of those time constants, the probability that has not decay just gets unbelievably small. So in any one place, you expect inflation to end if you just sit in one place and wait. However, the catch is that while this repulsive gravity material is decaying, it's continuing to exponentially expand and the exponential expansion is in fact vastly faster than the decay. If that were not the case, you would not have a successful inflationary model in the first place. So if you wait, for example, for one half-life of the decay, half of it will decay, but the half that remains will be vastly larger than what you started with. So you're not making any progress towards ending inflation permanently. Rather, the inflating region just gets larger and larger and larger with time, even though it's decaying. So it's a very peculiar picture, but this is the picture of eternal inflation. Once inflation starts, it just never stops. The volume that is inflating increases with time, even though the inflating material is decaying because it's exponentially growing faster than it's exponentially decaying. So the inflation becomes eternal. Once it starts, it never stops. The inflating region never disappears, but instead pieces of it undergo decay. And when each piece decays, it produces a local universe, a local big bang, and each such local universe is called a pocket universe. And we would be living in one of these pocket universes. Pocket universes are not small, but there are many of them. And in fact, in this model, there'd be an infinite number of them. So instead of just getting one universe, inflation actually produces an infinite number of universes for the same price. So it's a real bargain. And that is the multiverse. And almost all models of inflation have this property that once they start, inflation never stops. And instead of producing just one universe, you produce a multiverse. Now that plays into another idea coming from another area. Michael promised in his introduction that I was gonna talk a little bit about string theory and he's right. So here's the string theory part. Now I don't know much string theory I should add. So all of this is really just hearsay that I learned from my colleagues. But nonetheless, my colleagues seem to agree pretty much on what the story is. Since the inception of string theory, theorists have sought the vacuum of string theory. But they were never able to find such an animal. And within the past 10 years or so, almost all string theorists have come to the belief that the reason they've been unsuccessful in finding the vacuum of string theory is that there is no such thing as the vacuum of string theory. Instead, string theory is believed to have a huge number and 10 to the 500 is the number that gets bandied about. I don't think you should take that number too seriously but some huge number of long-lived metastable states, any one of which could serve as a substrate for a pocket universe. And this huge set of metastable states is what's called the landscape of string theory. Now if you have eternal inflation, like we just described, eternal inflation can presumably produce an infinite number of pocket universes involving every one of these 10 to the 500 different kinds of vacua. So inflation populates the landscape, produces pocket universes connected with each type of vacuum. Now this leads to very peculiar consequences because even though we're assuming here that the laws of physics ultimately are the same everywhere governed by this fundamental string theory, because each pocket universe is built around a different vacuum, the low energy physics of each pocket universe, the physics that is like the physics that we measure would be completely different from pocket to pocket because the physics that we see is really just the physics of small perturbations about our vacuum. So things like the value of the Higgs field in our vacuum determine completely properties of particles that we measure. And all of the properties of the vacuum would play the same role as the Higgs fields do. So the low energy laws of physics could be completely different from one pocket to another. And in particular the vacuum energy could be different from one pocket to another because those are, vacuum energy is one of the consequences of the interactions of the particles which would vary from pocket to pocket. So that allows a new view of this cosmological constant problem, the problem of trying to understand why the vacuum energy that we measure is so vastly smaller than what we would expect it to be. And involves the idea of what's sometimes called the anthropic principle. People who like it and try to defend it sometimes call it environmental selection. Instead, that has a healthier sound to it than the anthropic principle which has been mired in mud for many years. But here's the idea. And I'm gonna advocate this as something that you should consider, something which could be the right answer.  But I will try to persuade you it's a possible answer. I really think that there's nothing wrong with it. It could be the right answer. And I wanna begin by talking about an alternative situation where I think we really would believe that the anthropic principle is the right answer. So let me instead of talking about the cosmological constant talk about the local value of the mass density. And by local I mean take a sphere around yourself of 10 kilometers and call that local and ask what's the average mass density in that sphere that's 10 kilometers about you. The answer is certainly on the order of one gram per centimeter cubed. That's sort of the density of matter around the earth. If you compare that with the average density of matter in the universe, it turns out that that's actually about 10 to the 30 times larger than the average density of the universe. So it's fair to ask yourself when I measure the mass density why don't I get a typical value for the universe? Why do I instead get a value that's 10 to the 30 times larger than what I know is typical for my universe? Well why is that so? Is it chance? Is it luck? Is it divine providence? Well I think the answer here as I hinted before is the anthropic answer. I think most of us would presumably accept this as a selection effect. That is we would assume that life can only evolve or at least strongly preferentially evolves in those rare regions of the universe where the density of matter is unusually high. So we don't worry about the fact that the mass density we see around us is 10 to the 30 larger than the average mass density. We just say that that's a natural consequence of the fact that life forms in those regions. And if you accept that, you've accepted the anthropic principle, whether you like it or not. So how does that play out for the cosmological constant or the vacuum energy density? Well the history goes back to 1987 when it was actually Steve Weinberg who pointed out that perhaps the cosmological constant could be explained this way. The idea is that the cosmological constant, otherwise known as the vacuum energy density, maybe it is huge in most pocket universes. However, we should remember that this vacuum energy density really does affect the evolution of these universes. A very large positive cosmological constant causes the universe to fly apart. It produces a strongly pulsive force. A very large negative cosmological constant, it could have either sign, would cause the universe to rapidly implode and collapse. So if, for example, we insist that our universe be capable of producing galaxies like the galaxies in our universe, then there's only a very, very narrow range of vacuum energies that allow that to happen. And that's basically what Weinberg was talking about, who was using galaxies as a criterion for the formation of life. If there's no galaxies, there's no life, he assumed. And if you grant yourself that assumption, then you're forced to conclude that life would form only an incredibly small fraction of these universes, only in those very rare universes, those very rare pocket universes, in which the vacuum energy density was incredibly small compared to the average. In 1998, Steve teamed with Martell and Shapiro to do a more serious calculation of galaxy formation in universes with different values of the vacuum energy. And they concluded that within a factor of maybe five or so, they could explain why the cosmological constant is as small as what we measure. So this is the anthropic explanation of the cosmological constant or the dark energy. Now, I won't say that this is without controversy. There's a lot of controversy about this. Many physicists regard this anthropic arguments as totally ridiculous, having nothing to do with science, they think. I disagree. However, I would recommend that this anthropic explanation should be considered the explanation of last resort. It's certainly not something you really want to jump on to until we really understand the landscape of string theory, which we don't, and until we really understand how to know where life will form and where it won't, which we do not understand now. The best we can do is to give plausibility arguments for these anthropic explanations. And therefore, I would say that an anthropic argument becomes attractive only when the search for a more deterministic explanation has failed, as has so far been the case, for the cosmological constant. I might mention that anthropic arguments are also discussed for other quantities in physics besides the cosmological constant. For example, the Higgs mass, the Topcork mass, and the magnitude of the density perturbations in the early universe. So this idea has gotten bigger than just an explanation for the cosmological constant. So is it time to accept what I'm referring to as an explanation of last resort? Well, I would just like to say that your guess is as good as mine. I'm not gonna try to tell you what you should believe. But for the cosmological constant, I would argue that it's only time to take this idea seriously, I think, just because we have had so much trouble finding any other explanation. So I would say it's hard to deny that as of now, the selection effect explanation is by far the most plausible explanation that is known for the very small vacuum energy that we have been observing. Now this, to me at least, is very disappointing because I had always hoped that pure thought and theoretical physics would be able to ultimately predict what our universe should look like. And there was a strong hope for that in the early days of string theory, where people hoped that string theory would allow us to ultimately calculate all of the parameters of the standard model of particle physics. That would be great if it happened. But if this landscape picture is correct, it could really mean that all of the parameters of the standard model have the values that they have just out of historical accidents. It's the vacuum that we happen to fall into and in different vacuums they would have different values and there would be no way to predict what the value would be. And that would be disappointing. It has been pointed out by enthusiasts of the anthropic principle that this would not be the first time such a thing has happened in physics. An analogy that's often used is to go back to Kepler. Kepler thought that the radii of the orbits of planets was a fundamental quantity that should be calculable. And he thought about models of regular solids embedded in regular solids. And that made sense from his point of view because from his point of view, the solar system was the ultimate universe. It was the work of some God. And it should obey mathematical rules. So it should be possible to calculate the radii of the planets. But now we regard all of that as total nonsense. We do regard the radii of planets as just being historical accidents. And we've gotten over that. We don't fret anymore about the fact that we can't predict the radius of the orbit of Pluto. We just take the measured value from our tables and accept that and go on and do different problems in physics. So it's possible that the mass of an electron is the same way. That eventually we'll get used to the idea that the mass of an electron is not something fundamental that we should try to predict, but rather just some historical accident like the radius of the orbit of Pluto that we just have to measure and accept. So that's really all I wanna say, but now I'll summarize just to make it clear what it is that at least I think that I've said. So what I think that I've said is first of all that the inflationary paradigm is in great shape. Inflation can explain why the universe is so smooth and homogeneous when averaged over large regions. It can explain why the mass density of the universe is so close to the critical value. And it can also explain the ripples that we see in the cosmic background radiation. So it explains the large-scale uniformity. It explains why the mass density ratio omega was equal to one to 15 decimal places at one second after the Big Bang. And it predicts correctly that omega is equal to one today where we know in fact that that is true to within an accuracy of about 1%. And finally it explains very accurately the ripples that we see in the cosmic background radiation explaining those ripples as quantum fluctuations that took place during inflation. Then we come to this idea of the multiverse. And if you've counted while I was talking, basically I would summarize what I was saying by saying that there are three wins that are blowing us towards believing in the multiverse. None of these prove that there's a multiverse. I'm not claiming that we could prove that there's a multiverse. But there are really three different arguments, all of which seem to be leading in the same direction. First, from inflation itself, almost all inflationary models are eternal into the future. That is once inflation starts, it never stops, but instead goes on forever producing pocket universe after pocket universe. On a completely separate thread starting from string theory, string theorists almost all agree that string theory has no unique vacuum, but instead a landscape of perhaps 10 to the 500 long-lived metal stable states, any one of which could be our vacuum. And finally, the thing that I think really drove large fractions of the physics community to think seriously about these anthropic arguments is number three, the discovery by astronomers, that the universe today is accelerating, which forces us to deal with this issue of a vacuum energy. And a vacuum energy, which is non-zero, but unbelievably small compared to anything that we understand. So one convenient explanation is this anthropic argument, which says that perhaps we see a small vacuum energy density simply because conscious beings only form in those parts of the multiverse where the vacuum energy density is incredibly small. And therefore, it's not surprising that we as conscious beings observe a very small vacuum energy density. The ultimate bottom line of this, though, is I think we don't really understand all this. This could be the right answer. Might not. But we've never had a model of the universe that works so well and that we could explain so many features of the universe, but at the same time, it's so mysterious, because we really can't make sense out of this dark energy. Thank you.


Thank you, everyone. Thank you for joining Megan, myself and Rocky to discuss how to contribute to OpenStack as a user. So before we start, this session was proposed by the product work group and so there's more information about the team itself and we're going to discuss in a little bit as well. But the intention here is to help people understand what are the different working groups and communities within the OpenStack ecosystem that you can participate in, even if you are not a developer from a services perspective. But before we start, I have two quick questions. How many of you are developers? You already contribute development-wise to OpenStack. Okay, so we have one person in here. And how many of you would say that you're relatively new to OpenStack? New as in someone who's still learning what the project is, the different services. So how burst are you in the OpenStack? It's where it is today with services, capabilities, etc. Okay, so I would say that's fair. So probably like two and a half? Yeah, exactly. Okay, so good. And I'm glad that that seems to be the case. The entire crowd is not new because one of the things that we were definitely focused on was just because it's contributing as a user doesn't mean that people aren't experiencing OpenStack. What we want to do is we want to take your experience in OpenStack as potentially an operator, as a business executive, and apply that to the community to be able to bring a perspective into the community that's needed to ensure further adoption and user experience, if you will, of the platform itself. Megan, do you want to introduce yourself, by the way? Hi, I'm Megan Rosetti, and I'm with Walmart, and I've been a part of OpenStack since April of 2014. And it is just continuing to grow and expand. It's great. Absolutely. So why do we propose a session? So the interesting thing is here, you know, OpenStack has tremendous velocity, and we have a really big developer ecosystem, you know, upwards of 4500 plus developers in the community. The other interesting fact is there's over 31,000 members registered to the foundation. And so out of 5,000 developers, there's a significant amount of people that aren't really developing, but yet they're participating in the community, and that's what we want to share, is how to kind of continue that aspect and how to get involved further. The other interesting point, and the colors really are not showing up well here, is the fact that this slide at the top shows the distribution of people that went to Vancouver. So how do people classify themselves? And as you can see, you know, we have 30% developers, 6% operators, 10% management, but it's a good mix of people with different backgrounds and skill sets coming together at every summit. So in this session, what we're going to do is we're going to talk about the user committee. Afterwards, we're going to talk about the various working groups that are under the user committee management, and from there we're going to talk about additional ways, you know, outside of even working groups, for example, that you can contribute to with an OpenStack. And then lastly, we'll kind of end with, you know, what are some of the tools of the trade? So how do you set up a development environment? What are some common gate commands that you might need to know even if you're doing documentation, for example? So from that perspective, let's start with user committee. So user committee consists of three members, which are generally OpenStack users or operators. And so this actually slide is out of date as of yesterday now, actually. So generally, there's one board appointed user committee member, there's one technical committee appointed member, and one additional nominated member. And so yesterday, that used to be Tim Bell, John Polo from MIT, and Subu. And as of today, the user committee is Subu, John, and Shela Seibi from Comcast was just recently added to the user committee as well. And so as new working groups form, like if there's an area of interest that you have or that you serve or market that you serve that isn't represented as we go through these slides, definitely bring it to the attention of the user committee and they'll help you kind of get started in building a community around your area of expertise or interest. So as I mentioned, the user committee is kind of an umbrella governance model, if you will, and there's various teams that work underneath there. There's two main ways that working groups are formed within OpenStack. There's teams that we consider focused on user requirements for market segments, and this is the green side of this chart here. Those teams are generally longer lasting, so they kind of continuously bring new requirements into OpenStack, and so they're kind of considered almost like ongoing working groups. And the other side is working teams which are basically brought together for a specific interest. So for example, as we need to solve logging in OpenStack, there's a team brought together to figure out how do we attack that, but that's a point problem and once that problem is solved, that team doesn't really have to continuously exist unless there's new things uncovered that have to be addressed from that perspective. And then the last piece is the product work group, which is again, as I said, what we represent. And the product work group is actually working to kind of take the different working groups as they come up with outcomes of, hey, from an enterprise user perspective, it would be nice if OpenStack did this. What we're doing from a product work group is capturing what this is and then helping making sure that the development teams are aware of that requirement from that market segment going forward. So with that, what we want to do next is kind of, it's a lot of slides, we're not going to spend too much time on each working group, but we want to at least provide a high level overview of what the different working groups are today. So as you see this list and we go through it, think about if there's any topic here that really resonates with you or that you're passionate about, and what we want to do is we'll help you get involved and there'll be links on all these slides, and the slides will be published later. So even if you don't catch the URL right now, you can always go back, refer to the material and join in later. So that, Meg? Thank you. All right, so I'm just going to spend a couple of seconds, literally on each slide. I want to run you through what the current working groups are. And as Shamal said earlier, there is links on each slide to both the Wiki page and the mailing list. So see what you're interested in. Definitely check out the Wiki page. It has meeting notes. It has more information, not just the mission statement, but also what they're working on. It also has meeting times, information, all of that. All right, so we're going to run through these pretty quickly. We have the Enterprise Working Group. The Enterprise Working Group is, did that go? I touch it. We have technical difficulties. The Enterprise Working Group, the mission is Enterprise Adoption. So with the Enterprise Working Group, there are several sub-teams to that. That'll be fine. All right, so just really quick to let you know that for the Enterprise Working Groups, the sub-teams are the business and marketing, the catalympics, deployments, and then fantastic. Thank you for coming. And then the Enterprise ISV Interop Team. We have the Telco Working Group, which focuses on running telecommunication services on OpenStack. The Application Ecosystem Work Group, which handles running applications and growing those applications globally. Large deployments, focusing on large deployments. The HPC, which is high-performance computing, using OpenStack. Public cloud providers. I think that's straightforward, but let me know if you have questions. You have the Logging Working Group as well. Logging certainly has had a lot of questions. Many companies find the different needs and different resources. And then we also have the OSOps project, tools and monitoring working group as well. And the API working group. And finally, the ops tags. All right. And we're going to jump back over to the Product Working Group. And by the way, just as you know, we went through the work groups really fast. As Megan mentioned, a lot of us are involved in the Enterprise Work Group as well. So if you have, if that's an area you're interested in, any three of us could probably talk to you about that as well. Rocky is also very involved with logging. So from that perspective, and turn on. Do you want to turn on your? Providers in logging. Come see me. Yeah. Large groups. So yeah. So we have like probably three or four working groups here represented just between us three. So from our work, from a Product Working Group perspective, as I mentioned before, what we're really trying to do is, as these different working groups come up with concepts and features, enhancements, you know, bugs, et cetera, that have to be resolved in OpenStack to serve their needs. The Product Working Group is trying to aggregate all of those different requirements from different teams and basically share them back with the development teams. So what we're trying to do is also a lot of these things, like for example, from Enterprise Working Group, we've got rolling upgrades as a requirement that we're currently working on. And so these things usually require cross-project coordination. There are generally multiple features in each project. So they're multi-release in nature. So these are very complex things that, you know, from a very simple perspective, start off with one sentence, which is, as an Enterprise user, I want to be able to do rolling upgrades for my OpenStack services. So that one sentence gets expanded into, you know, tens and twenty, you know, blueprints per project, effectively. So the coordination of that is something else we do. And the last thing we do is we actually publish a multi-release OpenStack roadmap. So we actually work with the project teams and we kind of talk to the project team leads and ask them, you know, so what did you deliver in this current release of OpenStack? Where are you going next? And then we know that you can't really give us, you know, indications of what's going to happen next, because as an open source community, OpenStack's release vehicle is every six months. So until the next release cycle opens up, project teams can't really sit down and come up with, you know, specific blueprints and specs they'll be pursuing per release. But most teams have an idea of, you know, as a project team, we're going to continue focusing on scalability or resiliency of a service. So using that data, we hope to make, you know, as OpenStack users and operators a little bit more insight into directionally what things are going. And by the way, as of today, the OpenStack roadmap page, which is opensack.org slash software slash roadmap, just got updated with the latest copy of this multi-release roadmap. And one thing with the working groups, all the slides that we ran through before, those tend to feed into the product work group. So it's a very good place to really dive into and use that information to bubble up where it needs to be. And also, hopefully, if you have something you want to do within that particular group, you can get help from the product work group and help get some focus on it. Get it incorporated into user stories and then get it propagated back out again. Exactly. And so from a, you know, as we just showed earlier from the user community perspective, we're kind of, you know, trying to funnel the different working groups requirements into the development cycle. So from that perspective, I encourage you, from a market perspective, participate in those working groups and eventually those requirements will come in through the product work group as well. And then likewise, we have our user stories publicly available on an opensack group repository. Go in there periodically. We have like four prioritized stories we're pursuing right now, but there's 20 other ones in the backlog. And if there's something in there that resonates with you already, just, you know, chime in, drop us an email or something and say, this applies to me. Just so we can understand the demand for various stories and whatnot. You can put yourself in there, but your user story seems to fit within the whole context of the product working group. You can actually submit it and we'll go through and help you through that process. Awesome. So Rocky, with that, you're actually up next on how else I could contribute. Ah! Well, there's lots of ways. Really quick. There are docs. Generally, you're getting started. You're reading the docs. You submit a bug. That is testing the docs and the guides. You can test the software itself. We're always looking for new tests to go into Tempest and there probably will be a couple more tests. There's also Raleigh and a few other test places. Revstack, which is for vendor testing and non-test cloud, so for production clouds and test clouds outside of out of the continuous integration stack. There is training. I think we saw in the keynote that there's going to be the certified open stack admin. We need really we need a lot of help on training. Training docs. We're doing labs and we're doing a process of generating what is the whole session and what are the key points to certify someone for admin and other aspects of testing. We need help on translations. Mostly with the docs, but also with error messages and other messages that get posted through the system. We need people to come to the ops summit and provide either help provide insight into stuff that they're doing that works for them and to ask for help for things that aren't working. There's a new process for working within the projects. It really one of the hardest things about open stack is there's just so much information that it's hard to keep track of everything and if you don't see it you end up not following the rules and it's complicated. So there are three different ways now to submit features to be included. Coded features for open stack there is the blueprint process that has been reduced to small minor features but that's the simplest method. There is the specification that goes through gets reviewed by the entire team and when the information is considered good enough and the questions have been answered then you go off and code that's for larger pieces of new features and then there are now RFEs in some of the projects which you use a bug in Launchpad to file a request for an enhancement or a feature you describe what you want what you need and feedback goes through the bug cycle as opposed to the blueprint or the spec. So three different ways don't you just love it and if you want to just start doing reviews product workgroup telco workgroup we've got user stories we don't have the link for that up here but you can start reviewing those guys and it literally doesn't take anything but the will to read and comment and a couple of tools so we're on the tools now this is how you get started join the foundation the website is right here and you can read how to contribute join a mailing list mailing list will give you context that's where a lot of the discussions go on and they're usually identified per project if you have a specific focus in brackets on the subject line so you can ignore anything that's not of interest to you go to the IRC meetings it's good if you can go out and hang out in the IRC but during meeting times you know that there will be discussions that will give you more information you can actually set up an environment to contribute code but and documentation also requires the same setup for viewing all you need is open stack member a foundation member a launchpad ID and you're ready to review that's all you need that's the first two steps in the join and the how to contribute and it's the easy part of it to get more setup so you can start making comments and adding your voice virtually today it's that simple and we'll help you if you need it to get to that point and here it is you can see the launchpad and the review and that again is divided up by projects and this is where we go to ah this is actually a page that I hadn't seen before but this is the process of doing a review you go to the site that has the reviews linked to them you find one you want to read you click on it you read the message which is a summary and then you can actually read the individual patch by clicking on it further down on the page we should have an example of the page here but we don't we'll be happy to walk you through it and then you can vote as to whether you think this is good enough whether it has problems and you will comment on what those problems are you could also vote zero that means you've read it you might have made comments in a way whether it's good enough or not but you'd have comments to make and that's perfectly valid and this is where Shamal takes over again I can do this but I'm QA so any machine I work on will break for me and so even though I have this set up on my machine it won't work so this is here more for again your reference so if you download it or you can actually view this and again a lot of this is actually covered in the how to contribute link that we had earlier so what we're walking through here though is just some simple commands and commonly used commands obviously there's more enhanced and advanced get workflows but for the most part what you want to do is you want to be able to clone the repository of where the documentation is or the code is after you do that piece you want to be able to check out that branch so you can make your own modifications to it so this is basically your local copy once you've made the edits that you want to make you can actually do if you're adding a new file you have to do a good add otherwise if you're modifying existing files you can just move on to git commit what the commit does is it takes your local changes and gets them ready along with the commit message where we're talking about the summary to be merged if you will or submit it for a review and once the last command here is you do a git review and that actually submits it to open stack through the workflow and basically after this your contribution doc, code, etc. is available for others to come in on review.opensack.org and provide feedback and then once you get someone who is considered what they call a core reviewer I mean they have the power to actually do the approval whereas the other when we were talking about reviews earlier we did a plus one minus one as an option that's basically you're giving your input into what decision should be made regarding the submission but really you need a plus two which is go ahead and it's approved to merge or a minus two would equal that no this is not ready to be merged so basically once a core reviewer comes in only core reviewers have the capability of doing plus two or minus two but once that action is taken your code and your patch set is merged after that more or less the one thing to note is that if you see a minus two there are a couple reasons for a minus two one reason for a minus two is that the time getting new code has ended during a release cycle and what that means is you resubmit it for the next cycle that's usually announced on the mailing list another good reason to join the mailing list the other reason for a minus two often is that the developer the core reviewers think that there needs to be much more discussion possibly a change in implementation or some other thing a bit more major that actually requires more interaction with people than just going through with the current flow or actually there's a third somebody else already did it yep absolutely so in this last piece here is just we covered the basic get workflow here what we're doing here the community as Megan showed she mentioned the meeting times all the community meetings happen on IRC so to participate in those meetings you can log on and have a nick you can use temporarily but most people end up registering IRC nick so that way they can validate that it is them who's speaking and so once you start participating in working groups even a lot of working groups use IRC as well what you want to do is go on and so we just provide a brief summary of the steps needed to do that piece as well just to hopefully save you some time from having to look it up yourself but again this is much more for reference material and as you see it's nick as a nick name not nick as in network that's funny okay so now that we've covered the content again hopefully this video will definitely be available and hopefully we'll try making the slides available as well I guess what I wanted to kind of get was we got a good population here so how many of you are operators of OpenStack okay good so we got about four operators we have one contributor and how many of you actually are I guess like developing applications on top of OpenStack so how many of you are actually consuming OpenStack clouds okay so yeah that's awesome I'm surprised we got that much like SDK and application developers here because that is a really big push from the working group perspective that we need more people that are developing applications that consume OpenStack clouds to be able to give feedback on SDKs as well so please if you have the cycles there's the application ecosystem workgroup that was there please participate in that for those of you that were operators definitely as we talked about definitely go to the ops summit if you can attend as well as join the operator mailing list and participate in that manner and actually if you're an operator and you come across a problem that you don't know how to solve you can do mailing list or you can go straight out onto the IRC and ask your question there's almost always somebody out there who can answer or at least help you along the way yep and they're really friendly absolutely so we touch based on operators we touch based on developers how many of you are considering whether if you're representing a market segment does OpenStack apply to my industry my needs my business segment if you will do we have any like business managers I guess in here or product managers program managers project managers I saw a hand yeah okay so it sounds like the biggest audience in here is the application developers so I think we have about how many of you don't know what you want to do or where you want to go but you're here to find out some information wow everybody's we got someone thank you so since we've completed the material we still have like 10 minutes does anyone have like any questions or any material that we should revisit before we get into the questions really quickly I was going to just go back through the slides in case people want to write down any of the working group information while people are asking questions so I'm just going to run through those so as we're going through slides was there any topic that you were expecting to be covered in the session that we did not address yet so we have time so we can definitely talk about additional topics as well okay how many of you saw even in a second per page that we went through how many of you have seen something here that interests you from a working group perspective or a topic perspective okay good well actually can we get a just can you comment on what you find interesting that seems to be your passion or whatever cool so there are actually two groups on logging and APIs there is a developer group on trying to standardize APIs and develop API guidelines there is a box section specifically on API guidelines and I can give you a link to that in the future but if you go to docs I'll have to post it up later this is a page where all of the guidelines have been published to the open stack wiki well to the open stack site not the wiki okay next we're actually starting it here okay so the public no no no no no this is for anyone and everyone who is a public cloud provider to come together and work through issues and come up with solutions yes and that's exactly one of the the public cloud providers have certain requirements and needs that are very different from the enterprise world or the hbc world and until recently the large large system group kind of covered it but we think that there are differences between that too so yet another working group and that is a perfect example of open stack is continuously growing and evolving so it's a perfect example of as the community is growing another need that has come out of that and how that was established and actually it's not established yet we're going to establish it talk to me and we'll get it together yes let's set one up and we'll make sure it happens and we'll either post a sticky on the page or something or we'll certainly tweet about it and we'll see how else we can get it publicized there was one gentleman back there so hbc is a mailing list so right now they don't have enough of a quorum where they've set up regular meetings yet so right now they just have a mailing list but yeah I think you know there's at least a few people I can connect you with that would be really interested and if you were interested in building a team around it they'd be interested yeah yeah exactly I'll connect you with the people the other thing with hbc is there is usually in the ops summit and mid cycles there are there's usually at least one meeting about hbc and so if you haven't looked at the ops tracks take a look at the ops tracks and you can just go and sit in on these things you don't have to know anything you just sit and listen and because they don't do regular team meeting by the way that's why on this one there's an etherpad link because they've collected all of their materials in the etherpad so that would be a good way to catch up perfect rfv rfv process is it was literally put together because there were some things that weren't as heavy as as a whole new approach to something and they wanted to make it more available to people who weren't developers and so you go out and you say this is what I want it should do this and this and this and you don't have to put in alternatives and you can say it doesn't exist yet and just this is what I need and so it's really a short little requirements document of this is what I need and I think that's probably one of the key differences so like right now there's specs blueprints, bugs and rfvs and the biggest difference between them is as Rocky mentioned earlier blueprints are probably much more tactical smaller increments if you will a spec is delivering multiple possibly blueprints to kind of realize and rfv is something where as an operator you could file a bug but it's not technically a bug it's an enhancement to extend the service in a way that it isn't designed to operate right now so an rfv has no notion that you have to volunteer to develop what you're recommending with a spec or the general principle is if you submit a blueprint you will have some resources development-wise that will be willing to work on delivering whatever you submitted so there's a decouplement of just being able to request the enhancement through rfvs and not necessarily you can still volunteer and help design and develop it but that isn't a requirement whereas blueprint specs that's generally considered informal requirements of that process generally generally there's a little bit of discussion on it and so you should if you have something like an rfv or a blueprint one of the things you can do when you've got it together go out to the IRC channel of that project and say hey guys can you take a look at this and get a discussion going on the IRC or say can we talk about it in the weekly meeting once and especially if you've got code already and it's an rfv type of thing put it on the agenda of the meeting for the project and be ready to discuss it and tell them why you think it's necessary and that you've got it all coded up and could you take a look at it so we're obviously a community here right like it's an open source community so we've covered a bunch of ways that we brainstormed and came up with as far as how to contribute as a user I'm sure all of you contribute in some manner as well so if there's something that we didn't cover here like please feel free to speak up and let people know about some other ways that they can participate yes so define project for a second are you talking about a new group that can discuss about a specific area of open stack or a market need or are you talking about project as in a new service within that becomes available as okay so do you yes so the way that would work is independent and this is more about working group and kind of bringing to the people that have similar interests to discuss topics and make actionable improvements in those areas for your specific question what you would use is there's actually another link on the wiki for open stack on how do you create a project overall how do you create a repository and so that's a completely different process and the way that works generally is to become an open stack project especially with big tent you have to use open stack infrastructure services you have to like the review process that is applied to your project so generally what you would do is you would go in you would create a repository through that process once you create the repository you would put in a request to create a new review team you would specify who are the core reviewers as I mentioned earlier but then you would also go to the TC eventually and let them know that I officially want to participate as an open stack project and they will probably most likely because of big tent you know allow you to move forward but yes that process is completely decoupled from this process but it is very well made on the wiki page for open stack as well but also if you have an idea for a new project and you just want to get it out there and you have some bays for it advertise it on the mailing list invite people to come up set up an IRC channel specifically to talk about it and set up a weekly or every other weekly meeting that is a more formal IRC location to talk about specific agenda items you you would apply for the IRC channel through Infra so you just go to open stack dash Infra and say I need an IRC channel you go to their IRC channel and say I need an IRC channel for this new project absolutely yeah this is great I mean I plus wanted both of those so basically it's about you know becoming a part of the community and showing that you know you're willing to participate in discussions around topics socializing and letting people participate before you do what I told you what I gave you was a tactical instruction on how you create it what they're giving you is how you succeed in getting it accepted as well and the other reason to do these sorts of things is there are lots of projects out there right now and you don't know whether somebody is actually already doing something similar or taking a different tack or a project has decided they're going to incorporate something in a spec somewhere and so getting to know the area that's closest to the project that you want to start and making making sure that there is an awareness of what you want to try and letting them tell you whether somebody else is already doing it or if they want it inside of another project or they think it belongs separate those sorts of things get you involved in the community and they start recognizing you as a contributor so we are at time I would like to thank everybody for certainly coming and listening to us talk we will be here we'll be outside for a few minutes so if there are any additional questions I also want to remind everybody that through the app there is a feedback button and we definitely want to hear your feedback if there's anything that you think we should add in the future kind of where you would like to see this talk grow thank you very much for your time


Coach, I know you're happy with the win, but with the Celtics making it close, is that speaks to the depth as far as the injuries are concerned, or are there some correctable things that an area of growth for your guys? Speaks to how good they are.  Like, you're not beating that team by 30. I don't know. You could, but it's considered we haven't beaten them since I've been here. I think it's kind of napped. You know, I also think we played eight guys, and that's part of it. I think there was some fatigue. Sure, there's things we can get better at.  But overall, we hung on and close it out. Other than those miscues that you mentioned from your point guard, you had a big night, especially in that third quarter. What's been the biggest area of growth that you have seen from D'Angelo? He's no fear. There's no fear. He believes in himself. He's got tremendous, tremendous confidence. And he's playing really well right now.  I think we need it. We need him to be aggressive. And me and him have talked about it. And he was aggressive tonight. We need him to keep doing that. Can I ask, in that 29-7 run at the end of the third quarter, when he was so hot, were you guys doing something in particular defensively to kind of feel that? Or were they just missing? I think we were changing some coverages, giving him some different looks. I don't think we could match up with them man to man for 48 minutes, quite honestly. I think we tried to slow him down with some different stuff, whether it worked or not. I just think, overall, we were good defensively. I don't think we were stalwart offensively by any means. We didn't shoot to ball grade. I think we were 41% from the field. So our defense kind of pushed us through, Greg. And a couple of bigger wins that you've had, though. I mean, you've outscored people. In this particular instance, I mean, you had to do it largely, other than DiAngelo, largely on the defensive end.  Yeah, no, I think it's a huge confidence booster. And there was so many guys contributing to defense. I thought Jared Allen was fantastic, just overall. His whole game was fantastic. But he's like our goalie back there. He's like our, he protects the rim. He's all over the place. We ask him to be in pick and roll defense. We ask him to protect the rim. I just think he was monumental. And Rodi was all over the place. So a lot of guys, a lot of guys contributed defensively. Kenny, over here on your end, you guys are basically a playoff team now with the way the Eastern Conference is and with the success you've had in December and January. What's missing from this team to make it a team that can not just be a playoff team, but a team that can make it to the second round of the playoffs? That's a deal. I just first of all, I just still think we have a long way to go to, you know, even really talk about the playoffs. I think the schedule is tough. And I'm not talking about it. We're taking it game by game. To win a playoffs here, I think that's a whole other realm. And I'm not selling our guys short. I just don't think we're there yet. I think we're making strides towards doing something special here. But I'm super cautious. And I just want us, our group, to stay humble, myself and understand that we've got to really kind of lock into each game and lock into the nets and getting better. And I think some good things can happen. Kenny, back to the defense. D'Angelo's defense on Rosier, who's hurt you in the past, might be overlooked by some, you know, because of all the offense that he provided. Is his defense as good as it's been under you? I think it's getting better. I really do. I think he's made big strides. I think the analytics will back that up, that he is an improved defensive player. And listen, I think he's still got a long way to go. To be that two-way player, we want to help him be, but much improved defensive player. You said you hadn't beaten them since you got here, which I know it's been a couple of years. I don't know if that's actually true or not. Pretty sure it is. Congratulations. Now, I mean, do you see any kind of gap when just when you're looking at the film and stuff, hey, we can do things against them? We couldn't do a couple of years ago? Interesting. So I watched our last game against him in Boston. And I know it seemed like a blowout. But I really thought, number one, they made a lot of tough shots on us in Boston. And I thought we had a lot of good looks. So that gave me, personally, a lot of confidence coming into this. Like, man, if we can, if they don't make as many tough shots, I think we'll have a chance. So not saying we played great there, but it was a lot better than I thought. So I think that gave us confidence coming in here tonight, especially at home. Home crowd. Crowd was great. We had a chance at this one. Coach, in terms of the team-making strides, the playoffs, you said it's something that you're looking at, but it's far away. I know you take it game by game, but how important is the next four weeks in this particular time of the season as you head towards all-star to sort of keep momentum going the right way? I mean, I will admit this, as it keeps going, it becomes more important. You know, we're obviously in a position we've never been in. So I think as we get deeper in the season, as we begin to, if we continue to make strides and these games are going to take more and more significance, but I think right now, what you're talking about is we're playing games that mean something. And that's exciting for our crowd, but it's also exciting for our development and our confidence. Listen, these guys think they can do something special. And so far, we're making strides.  In training camp, did you feel like if your team was through injuries that you could still be in this position or have you been surprised by the way your team has grown? So I think that's the most, you know, the thing that pleases me the most is how we've kind of, like if you would have told me, you know, we'd be in this position without those guys, I would say no way. And that's no discredit to anybody. I do think we're deeper. I keep saying that we definitely have. But missing those, you know, those as you could argue three starters, you know, missing those guys and we're still, even a win like tonight, it makes it, it makes it kind of more special that we're doing it with some, with some really key, key players out and starters. So it makes it extra special. Thanks everybody.