Hi, good morning everyone. I'm Southern. I'm from Mississippi, so I'm gonna say that again. Good morning everyone On behalf of the Millennials Initiative I want to warmly welcome y'all to New America and today's event the Millennial Public Policy Symposium New voices and ideas on care community technology and civic engagement My name is Melody Friarsen And I have the pleasure of serving as not only the project manager of the Millennial Public Policy Fellowship But also as today's if you need anything, let me help you representative Today's symposium is the result of months of hard work and planning from our fellows and support from colleagues across our organization To give a tiny bit of background one year ago We received nearly 500 applications from young people across the country and around the world Seeking to be a part of the Millennial Public Policy Fellowship program our goals for the fellowship Was to bring together a truly diverse cohort of young folks to work within New America's renowned policy programs and Also explain and also expand understandings of what a think tank looks like and how it operates Our 10 Millennial Fellows here in this room today Arrived at New America in late August 2017 and immediately impacted the organization and their respective programs We are indebted to our New America colleagues in better life lab Family-centered social policy education policy program political reform Resource security public interest technology the cyber security initiative and the open technology Institute as well as Our friends at the Institute for Policy Studies and the poor people's campaign for challenging Mentoring and lifting up our Millennial Fellows Before I hand things over to our next member of the welcoming committee. I want to do a quick bit of housekeeping Today's event will be live-streamed and we welcome folks in this room and those watching from elsewhere To join us in conversation on Twitter with the hashtag Millennial Public Policy don't forget the second end and Millennial is tricky All of our all of today's sessions will take place in this room our main event space Restrooms are located outside and towards the front desk Should you want to connect to Wi-Fi the information is located within the front page of your program Speaking of programs in it. You'll find today's schedule Short bios on all of our participants today descriptions of each Millennial Fellows policy research projects and excerpts from our blog the direct message Once we felt that we've welcomed y'all and sufficiently we'll move right into our four distinct sessions designed by the Millennial Fellows new perspectives on communities of care the promises and perils of technology and big data policy engagement and political activism and to round out the day Expanding the table in a generational activism and policy change In addition to engaging y'all through these sessions We hope to use our breaks lunch and closing reception to connect with each of you and have deeper connect conversations On the important and timely issues discussed today This symposium and its fellowship program would not be possible without the generous support of the city foundation Thank you for being committed to helping young people build an entrepreneurial Mindset acquire leadership Financial and workplace skills and begin to engage in the formal economy through a first job With all of that said please join me in welcoming city foundation program officer Julie Hodgson to the stage Morning, everyone. It's great to be here with you today. Thank you Melody for that warm welcome. I'm Julie Hodgson I'm a program officer at the city foundation and I oversee a lot of our youth programming in the United States And today's event is exciting for many many reasons But for those of us who've kind of worked behind the scenes I would say it's especially exciting because it's really the culmination of a two-year effort Led by new America with support from the city foundation to invest in future policy leaders and to identify and source a new set of policy ideas and The city foundation partnered with new America in 2016. I believe To create the Millennial Public Policy Fellowship Initiative, which complements our Pathways to Progress initiative Pathways to progress for those of you who don't know is the city foundation's philanthropic commitment to support programs that Help young people connect to job training programs and career readiness opportunities. It's a hundred million dollar philanthropic commitment Connecting 500,000 youth to those types of opportunities by 2020 and so the Millennial Public Policy Fellowship was designed to identify A diverse set of young people who could engage in a healthy robust public policy discourse As well as to support their professional development as critical thinkers as policy entrepreneurs And really just as leaders and I think kind of what the foundation found so unique about this is that it was giving a platform To Millennials to identify solutions to some of the country's most challenging issues And you know, I think it makes a lot of sense Especially for Millennials and the the issues that their generation is facing that we would engage them in helping us come Up with the answers since they're so close to these issues And I will tell you having met with the the fellows. They are a remarkable group I was humbled to say at least by their intelligence. They are extremely thoughtful and they're engaged in some really interesting Conversations a lot of which we'll hear today and I'm just thrilled to be here thrilled to listen I think they have a lot to tell us and I think that a lot of the solutions, you know are within them and Really excited to hear the conversation So with that I want to thank them because they're really kind of the driving force behind all of this for all of their effort And for embracing the fellowship. I mean, I think they've embraced it Beyond our expectations over the last eight months and then of course our partners at New America have been great in helping Us bring this vision to life. So thank you for hosting us and for all of your work and with that I believe I will turn it over to Tyra who's gonna give another welcome. So thank you Good morning, everyone My name is Tyra Mariani and I am the executive vice president here at New America as I was looking at the lineup I did kind of feel like the welcome committee. So for the third time, I will say welcome and particularly Our special welcome to those of you that are visiting us from externally I am really really excited about the symposium that's happening today as I was reflecting on The day and meetings that I had yesterday as well as today I was reminded that New America was started almost 20 years ago by four individuals who were of Millennial age, they were roughly young 30 some things and it is quite remarkable to Both think about where the organization is now and actually in our leadership team meeting yesterday We were starting to just recall some of the Accomplishments over the 20 years and so it feels really fitting that we're having this conversation today Both in the context in which we sit of what's happening in our country in our world But also in the context of an organization that is about to celebrate 20 years in existence And so I am personally excited not only because of the millennial cohort that I have engaged with but also The Millennials in general that in the room for those of you that aren't familiar New America is actually comprised of Majority 20 and 30 some things in fact 46 percent of our almost 200 person organization Is made up of people that are 20 something years in age and as an organization we deeply deeply believe and new voices new ideas and new tools and I know that today's conversation will be No departure whatsoever from that and I wondered what Would come to fruition What seeds would be planted? What would be our fruit that we will point back to today's conversation and said it started here There was an interesting idea that happened here Among the Millennials as well as just an intergenerational Conversation which is so so very critical that it's because it started here that we can say that it bore fruit Because of what happened today. So with that in mind I will close with Reed's closing line and his letter which is let's get on with the program. Have a great day Okay, I'm Reed Kramer I'm the director of the Millennials initiative here at New America and I'm I guess I don't have to welcome you But I can thank you for being here At the symposium and and with the support of many colleagues here at New America This program has been organized the symposium has been organized to facilitate a set of dynamic policy conversations and I'd actually like to thank Melody Friarsen who really is the extremely able manager of this project And also, thank you for your work and our events and communications team who've helped Get us to this day and and really a leadership of New America has been extremely supportive and a lot of our colleagues in the policy program So it's been a pleasure to work with everybody and it really has been a group effort I'm extremely grateful for Julie and her colleagues at the city foundation Both for their financial support of this endeavor this work, but also their their real engagement around promoting pathways to progress for a Diverse set of opportunity youth in the country across the country and also around the world It's very important work, and they've really been leaders in this field and it's it's been really grateful To engage with them. So the the initiative was created to acknowledge that today's youth really are coming of age in a time of uncertainty and there's a growing disconnect between the experience that they're they're living And the prevailing public policy that is is either providing support or not providing support And there's there's a misalignment between the social and economic conditions And it's creating a precariousness that is undermining the potential of an entire generation so there is an imperative to Develop a new set of ideas that can meet the moment that can create new pathways forward and ladders Upward for the rising generations, and that was the thinking behind creating that the fellowship opportunity Good policy should be aligned with prevailing attitudes and behaviors And if that's true, then we need the engagement of those impacted to help drive the ideas generation process And as Melody said we you know design the fellowship to identify this remarkable cohort of individuals who could contribute Constructively to policy conversations and then also to support their growth and their their professional development So it really is you'll see them today. They've organized this session Their work is available on our blog the DM which is on our website direct message for any of the non-millennials in the room And there's also selected pieces of each of them in the symposium program they've all been embedded in the different programs across the organization and Working together. They've organized the symposium really with the goals of elevating new voices and perspectives Addressing contemporary policy issues In cross-cutting ways, you know, they're all working on different things So we would come together as a group and bring some really unique Yeah perspectives to engage with with with each other and then to begin to identify what some potential solutions Could be to some of the most consequential issues of our time And before we dig in further. I did want to consider what some of the limits and and the The value are in using a generational lens and then offer some kind of foundational data to ground our conversation so the caveat to begin with is that Defining and naming a generation is is not a Science it's really more of an art And we have to figure out how it can be helpful and where it can obfuscate insight The Pew Research Center has been really helpful in kind of identifying a data-driven approach. So I've relied on a lot of their analysis they define Millennials as those born between 1981 and 1996 so the youngest are 21 and the oldest are 37 And that's obviously a pretty big spread that captures many different aspects of the life course but it does give us a cohort to work with analytically and Using pew's definition. We see that Millennials are now 22% of the total population 30% of potential voters and 38% of working age adults and they're clearly outpacing boomers more and more every day and by 2025 they're gonna comprise 75% of the labor force They do share Kind of historic and cultural experiences that are distinct from other generations You can see there were you know early memories of some confusing Social disruption with the Oklahoma City bombing for instance in 1995 the Columbine shooting in 1999 Political disputes associated with sharpening political polarization with the impeachment of Bill Clinton and his acquittal in 1998 Millennials were between 5 and 20 when 9-11 occurred and then they grew up during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan And certainly for me that the Great Recession looms large and particularly its aftermath, which has continued to have an impact Millennials were between the ages of 12 and 27 during the 2008 election when the force of the youth vote helped elect the first black president and then 2016 was a pretty memorable election as well a surprising result to say the least and And over the lifetime also note that a lot of socioeconomic indicators have gotten dramatically better Teen pregnancies down smokings down drinking hard liquor Violent crime has had a Deep sharp decline during their lifetime But if we look at the world with kind of generalizations, we do miss some of the diverse experiences and This generation is actually defined by its diversity. It's the most most ethnically diverse generation in American history 44% identify as something other than white non-Hispanic Minority shares are increasing across the board for for all groups especially Latinx who 21% identify of Millennials identify as a Latino or Hispanic and that's up from from eight nine percent for boomers and given this diversity We really have to be a pretty skeptical of claims of universal experiences Still there's some you know, these are just demographic realities and it's gonna impact society as a whole we've got older Whiter boomers that are kind of contrasted with Millennials who are more diverse and there's potentially a generational Reckoning that could be unfolding that's gonna play out in policy debates this this cultural gap between the the older wider Society and and and the more diverse Society and Millennials are really serving as this bridge to a much more diverse America This is gonna be the future of the country and it will remake institutions and will remake the country And if we acknowledge this diversity We're also acknowledging that the experience of Millennials of color is very distinct and actually quite perilous Black Latino other Millennials of color face a number of unique challenges unemployment is higher Living in poverty is more prevalent wealth holdings are dramatically lower Then for white counterparts and and violent crime more more likely to be experienced Involvement in the criminal justice system. These are some of the issues that we're gonna hear about today But the diversity of the generation Really should prompt us to look at where these disparities are You know needing to be examined more more closely looking for where policy is not responding to current conditions And and what are those conditions? You know, I'm gonna just provide a couple of notes here of things that We can look at the educational landscape has changed quite dramatically There are more degrees and credentials actually tripling since let's see Tripling since the 1960s But we've also seen higher tuition and higher student debt and our education policy program here in New America tracks a lot of these trends Quite ably they're they're producing a lot of great work. They document how students have taken on a lot more debt As tuition has gone up than their parents did actually 300 percent more debt than their parents and unfortunately it doesn't always lead to a degree which can be also pretty debilitating So this debt and finances generally Are changing behavior over the life course? We see marriage Changing millennials are less likely to marry when they do they marry older Having children is less prevalent The birth rate not a lot of attention to this in our discourse, but it's actually reached a record low five years in a row in 2016 Lower lower birth rate since the recession Young adults are half as likely to own homes as young adults were in 1975 so previous generations home ownership's Much less and rents are going up at the same time. So more than in the past Let's see 15 years the number of people that are spending more than half of their income on rent has gone up 50 percent And this is really through no fault of their own This is the the economy that they've inherited they've come of age in a stagnant wage Economy they're earning 20 percent less than boomers did at the same stage of life and Let's see this Without This is the net worth slide without the home equity To bolster the balance sheet younger Americans are significantly behind Older generations in terms of wealth accumulation The median net worth is today 30 percent below its peak in 2007 But younger families families headed by someone under the age 35 Net worth is 41 percent lower Today than it was in 1995 and in contrast Households headed by someone 75 years and older seniors Their wealth has risen 32 percent in the last three years so there's actually a millennial wealth gap that's emerging and It's it should be quite quite alarming given how wealth is so important for for many aspects of stability and when we combine the millennial wealth gap with the Racial wealth gap which is Historic and it endures and it's growing. I think this is a terrible combination Throughout US history. We've seen how every means of wealth accumulation Whether it's access to higher ed home ownership access to credit It's been systematically denied to to minorities and therefore we have these kind of net worth disparities That are up there ten times Wealth holdings of white households versus African-American households in recent figures And so these are the new economic realities of the country It's certainly complicating how young people are making decisions about their life how they're assembling the building blocks of success and Making the the journey up the economic ladder much more difficult and and financial security has become the aspiration rather than the the traditional features of the American dream that that You know, we talk about as a society whether that's you know family buying a home moving into a community settling down So that's the the state of play right now. And is this a problem? Is this a chance to respond? I think it's both Increasingly millennials are going to lead shifts in public opinion that are kind of creating opportunities for large-scale policy change This we can look at this in a lot of different ways as a cohort They're also they're skeptical of political parties that they they want to be independent But also they lean liberal there. They're open to big ideas This is the the spread of those that are voting. So this is you know as a group They they're open to policy solution and big ideas. I think that's the point that the meta point I want to make to kind of close here is that all of this matters in a democracy what people think about current affairs and the issues of the day and The value there's a value in elevating kind of new generational voices and perspectives in a search for policy solutions So clearly we've got some challenges in the political moment today There's an undermining of norms that I think is making the system of governance much more challenging It's adding some significant stress points There's really value in thinking about the long game about what policies could work at scale over time And I think we need to be vigilant in looking out for these solutions that can work at scale We want to observe the world ask questions Search for effective and durable policy solutions. So that's the task today That's the spirit that we're convening this symposium in We're gonna stage a series of conversations that are gonna really try to elevate some of these consequential issues of the day And I'll just review some of the themes Quickly these are the featured Sessions where we're gonna ask some of these questions We've got changes in the economy Evolving gender roles Changing expectations of families and employers. So what does this mean for how we care for each other? What does this mean for how we support care and educate our diverse populations? What's our collective responsibilities for care so that the first panel is gonna dig into that second We're gonna navigate looking at how big data and technological innovation has changed the landscape of how we live And there's promise in peril ahead, which we're gonna explore How do we bounce these rights and social protections and how do we implement technological solutions that can be transformative and Then third there's political engagement that's required to make policy change. What's the civic space like? How do we govern it where policy and politics meet? What's the role of movement building and advocacy? How do we expand the table to get more more voices in a meaningful exchange? Looking for effective policy change. So those are the questions today Thanks for being here stick with us and we are going to get on with the program. Thank you So let's have Micah come up and bring on the next session


There's no way. There's no way, dude! Holy shi- It's bad. He clones me again. Ah, blessed.  Another clone, dude. This guy's trolling for sure, bro. There's no way. Oh my god, it's a killer- Cliff it, boys!  Okay, we've got another Priest DK. What's Luna's on? He's in six wins, right? Six wins. Back mate, let's go. Rown boy dropping down to about 50% pops, par and fusion and Trinket. Strangulated, though, and he is in some trouble here. If Icebound Fortitude comes out of the DK to try and stick on him and Luna's my G, trying to do as much pump as possible, but needs to do a lot of peeling here. Pain suppression is gonna be used. Gargle comes down afterwards, which means this Gargle connects. We are gonna be in a lot of trouble. Strangulate already used, though, is gonna mean we could potentially get away. Just needs some good CC and that meme is going to stick. It is gonna land a massive DK. Actually taking a bit of damage here. Pain sup goes on to him now. Instead, he is just chasing us around the pillar. He's not got the memo that you cannot chase a Priest against Priest. Feral fear is gonna land, though, on to us. Clone on to the DK. It's gonna be full, gets out of it, and is chasing us down once again. But the Gargle is going to time out at this point, which means the DK's damage is gonna be severely limited. Clone on to the Priest.  Full fear does not land because we are not in range. It's a bit more of an ice cream. No, no, no, no, no, no. Yeah, the AR is gonna come out on that one, but it appears to be a severe fuck-up from the young Rhinology X. Happens to the best of our Shackle. On to the Gargle. Onto the Gull is gonna get dispelled instantly by the Priest and Mattis DK. Still sitting pretty well on around 90% HP. Not really gonna drop here. Death Strike is very good into this matchup with a lack of mortal strike. The fear is gonna be onto us. The Gull is still chasing us down. Mana Burns starting now to land, and the second one gets in trouble with the Feral Charge. But Mana is not looking great for us Clone on to the Priest. It's gonna be full once again. The DK is gonna need to heal himself. Innovate is out, and it is going to be pretty much full here. Fake the kick, and the fear does land this time on to the Priest. DK with the AMS still trying to chase us down. He's singular minded in his focus. The Gull is gonna get shackled. There's a little pivot to get out of the line of sight of it. That was very, very interesting from the Gull. Chainsawise is gonna get dispelled up onto Elune's Magi. And the main one is gonna be full here. Trinket on the DK. Around 5 seconds left. Strangulate is off cooldown now.  Could it be this moment right here? Let's find out. No, decides to hold it. For now we get the Trinket off it. Mana regeneration is gonna come in now. 20 stacks on that. Trying to get that as high as possible. 20 stacks is the dream. But not very easy to achieve that clone on the Priest. Gonna be full IBF pop by the DK. We do actually get a kick hit here. And he could strang off it for a bit of pressure. Decides to hold it though to allow us to heal up back up to full with the second pendants. Again, interesting moves. Interesting maneuvers. Priest going lower on mana 20% now. Innovate is not available. I hope I believe it is still available, but I can't see it on the cooldown. Strangulate used here for absolutely no reason. Gonna get nothing out of that. And we are gonna top ourselves back up to full health while the Priest sits in a clone on the other side of the map. Math is DK and big trouble. He has to Trinket out of this main probably. If he does not, he might just go down. Decides to stack the pet afterwards though. And it's gonna be fine for now. 42, so 10 seconds on the Gargoyle cooldown. Again, he has desynced his Gargoyle and Strangulate. Which makes for poor gameplay decisions. Lichborn is gonna be popped here into the fear. The Priest is not in it. The Gargoyle comes down and is immediately LOS behind the pillar. Again, poor gameplay decisions. Shackle is not gonna land. He knows that one to keep the Gargoyle on us, but we are gonna get a Shackle onto it here. The Priest is him a-hoping. So he cannot dispel Math is DK. Him a-hope is not what you need.   He is not able to be Trinketed. And if the fear doesn't de-land it, it could be lights out. Full fear onto the Priest. AMS is not gonna save him, I don't think. And Math is DK. He is going to go into a Power Word shield and get healed up afterwards. Joking, he's dead. Into the game we go, coming up against the Priest Warrior. Wacked. A more popular comp these days. Wacked D with a little snipe. Seeing if he can take out Illuminous Magi. Doubtful. Illuminous Magi is on a bless run and Priest Warrior is not what you want to be playing in kind of any match up at all. And onto the Priest. Gonna be full Warrior. Taking a bit of damage. Pops a shield block to stay healthy. Fear Ward is used by the Priest. Get dispelled instantly and caught up into a full fear of Warrior. Trink is out of the clone with his Priest in CC. Which means the Priest has to Trink it as well. But as Illuminous Magi is taking a bit of damage as well. Bash onto Kemda is gonna keep him under wraps for a little bit. The Penance is gonna get a bit of health onto him as well. Retaliation is popped here. Illuminous Magi is probably gonna swap off onto the Priest for a little bit. Does get charged though. And taking a bit of pump. Does not want to hit into that. But the full clone onto the Warrior is going to invalidate the rest of his retaliation. And Illuminous Magi now onto the Priest with a main. Probably gonna clone off if double fear does land though. Breaks on the Warrior to the Berserker Rage. We go onto the Priest with a PS onto the Warrior. Which is a very bad move from Priest. But Illuminous Magi takes a bit of pop recklessness. Gonna be pop maim onto the Priest behind the pillars. Gonna be very short. Illuminous Magi taking a bit of damage with the Bladestorm Barsker. Needs to be used here. PS still available though. Not going to be pop just yet. But Illuminous Magi taking a bit of damage. Might have to pull it out soon. But a very nice clone is going to mean that we can just chill and heal ourselves up.  Has to pop these 5 more instincts just to stay alive here. Wacked, he's trying to get as many mana burns as possible. But caught up into a full fear. Could just die on it from Dots to be honest. Break to anything. Rocket is going to go across the map to get a bit of extra damage off. Illuminous Magi gets feared with full. And then the Warrior just breaks it by hitting him. Wacked, are you coaching today? How much you charged mate? Priest's going lower.   It's a bit strange mate. A few misplays coming out of everyone. But a fear is just going to be on Illuminous Magi here. And a double fear lands off with the fear we're going to use onto ourselves. As the fear is here. I am so confused. It goes down to unhealable damage. This warrior died about 6 times this game. Like straight up.  And we get the feared. Here open field. It's not looking good here. This is Hex. Is he going to get it? These are the questions. Impsies denying the despair currently. Into a coil. But it doesn't look good guys. Get your wallets ready because this is going to be a res request I think. I have no mana left. I can't get to the sham. Double fear. Is he going to innovate? Oh yeah he already innovated at some point. I have no idea when it definitely got purchased instantly. I did not even see him do it. Oh no this is bad news boys. Miss CS again from the wallop. It's a tricky spell to use. Very tricky one. This lock is just randomly dying.  There's no way. There's no way dude. Holy shh. Innovated on PS and he dispelled it through. I didn't even see it. That's so unlucky actually. Mage rogue dude.  They just shook me. They don't know what's happening. They don't know what to do bro. Oh the MCS into sheep. Into gouge. Nanny. What has just happened? I don't understand. What was his opener? He fucks his blink. Gage MCS.   What is this matchup? I can't do much mate. No my days.  Dear god don't do seven bro. There's no way bro. That is absolutely brutal. I feel like this is literally our matchup right there. Oh my god he's hit into unholy decay rested rid of all degeneracy. That is good and bad in the world. This is not what you want to face. Look at the double fear. Dude there's no bark skin. Can you get deep soon? Seven seconds. Here he comes. Oh this is big pump here. Oh my god. Saw ya.  Nick is not here. Oh my days. It is Naresa on the priest hunter. Can he do it? Oh my goodness. He gets death on the scatter first global. Can we get the shield? It's a block. Does he send it? There it is. Good block. Need one more sheep. Ooh silence is early. Can he get the sheep boys? It takes the death. Nah there's no way this is up. Oh I guess the full trap is over. Surely that's a dead river. Oh no he's lining well. The fear overlap. That's a huge overlap. River should live here.   No I dodged this man. Good block. Does he get the trap? He gets it. It's a little overlap. MD resist. Second MD gets the blink out line. Trinket's in 30. If he lives this one he's going to be okay for the next one. Can he stop the MC? He has to try and stop it. He does stop it. Bakes the death. Gets the full deep. Oh this is big. Silence into scatter. I'm lining. I'm lining. He doesn't get the trap. Priest misses fifth. That's the first place for Riv dude.  Imagine if he did.  Riv survived so well. The one DR Polly made. Had me sweating though dude. I don't know.  That's the first place. Riv second place. Elune. And Riv on the Q skip as well. Just about making it in. Congrats to Riv with nine wins. Q cat Furry. Unfortunately getting pushed down to fourth. Had a good run. Zippy fifth. Accident sixth. Exitron our first contestant of the day with seven. Right. Do we continue boys? Do we continue the run until lose? Oh boy.  To be fair with comms. We're playing it a lot safer right and getting mana back and whatnot but there was a lot of scents there. People were like proper YOLO scents but it was fun.


to all of you. I am Mr. Sheshikaand Gosavi, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vulturendha Institute of Technology, Sulapur. Today I am presenting an online educational resource on operating efficiencies of clamshell. The learning outcomes of this online educational resource on clamshell are at the end of this session, learners will be able to analyze the operating efficiencies of clamshell and they will also be able to calculate the production capacity of clamshell for given job efficiency. You can see this giant machine. It is a part of the machine which is also called as the clamshell bucket. It works in a very simple manner. You can see the parts. There is a hoist wire at the top. There are arms and there are cutting edges which are placed down at these locations. So, when I am interested in working with the clamshell, I have to operate these particular edges. The clamshell is a construction equipment of one piece container. It consists of two hoists joined by a hinge area. The structure comes together to close. In the working of the clamshell, the bucket is lowered directly into the material in the open position. The clamshell is closed. The bucket is lifted out and then the material is transported and placed at a desired location. In the sketch, you can see both the position. The first one is regarding the open position of the clamshell and this is the position wherein it gets closed. Within this particular two arms, whatever is the material that will get collected and then it will be transported and dumped at the required location. Clamshell is normally operated with a crane shovel equipped with a crane boom and the clamshell bucket is actually collecting the material. The buckets are of three types. Medium bucket, light bucket and heavy bucket. Medium bucket is for general purpose work, including the excavation of loose soil. Light buckets are for handling bulk material such as sand and gravel. Heavy buckets are for digging medium soils. Bucket penetration depends on bucket weight, the teeth of the bucket and the disadvantage of using the clamshell as compared to drag line or as compared to shovel is it lacks the positive digging action and it also lacks precise lateral control. For the loose fragmented material, clamshell is advantageous as compared to rest of the machines. Secondly, its boom is sufficiently long and therefore if you want to shift the material from one location to the other location you can always do it by using clamshell. The parameters of cycle time are always important in any construction equipment. The maximum allowable load that is bucket weight plus soil weight is one of the very important factor. It is obtained from the manufacturer's clamshell loading chart for continuous operation. The other important parameter in cycle time is fill factor for buckets. The percentage of the bucket that is filled is called as the fill factor. It is normally ranging between 75 percent to 90 percent. Mr. Bray and Emmons have prepared a chart which enables us to find out the fill factor for clamshell buckets. The other important factors contributing to the cycle time are bucket velocity, particularly in the vertical direction, so fall velocity. Swing angle which is 120 degree in majority of the cases. In a reverse direction if you will count it will become double of that. Swing velocity that is its default value is 21 degree per second. Time to open and close the bucket is also an important part of the cycle time. The depth is also an important factor which governs the cycle time. This is the chart I was speaking about. As you can see bucket fill factor is a function of the bucket size. As the bucket size goes on increasing from 0 meter cube to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 cubic meter, the respective fill factor keeps on increasing which indirectly means that large size bucket is having better bucket fill factor. This is a typical chart which is developed for loose sand. For different materials this particular chart keeps on changing. This is just a sample that I have shown for our information. Cycle time of clamshell is dependent on use of lightest bucket capable of digging the material or heaviest. The lightest bucket will enable a larger bucket to be used and will usually increase production. Cycle time is reduced by organizing the job so that the dumping radius is the same as the digging radius. Keep the machine level to avoid swinging uphill or downhill. Non-level swinging is hard on the machine and usually increases the cycle time. This particular chart shows you movement of the drag line bucket in a horizontal as well as in a vertical position. This is bucket loading time against swing angle. So start of the digging cycle starts from there. It goes over here. The material is filled in. Loaded swing happens in this way. Dumping happens at this location and again it comes back with empty bucket to its starting position. This is another chart in a vertical positioning. So bucket is loading from here. Digging completes. Loaded swing happens. Dumping happens. Empty swing happens from there and it comes back to the starting point. Remember the variable factors affecting the operations of this clam shell are the difficulty of loading the bucket, the size load obtainable, the height of lift, the angle of swing which is a difference between the location where the sediment is dropped and the location where the sediment is excavated. The method of disposing of the load and of course the experience of the operator. The clam shell output per hour is elaborated with this example. A 1.5 cubic meter bucket is assumed to be used to transfer let us say sand 8 meter above the ground. So vertical height is 8 meter. The average speed of moist line is 45 minutes per minute, 45 meters per minute. Time per cycle approximately can be calculated with following assumptions. Loading takes 6 seconds. Lifting and swinging is given as 8 meter with 45 meter per minute. That means within a minute 45 meter is possible. So for 8 meter only 10 seconds are sufficient. Dumping load requires let us say 6 seconds. Swinging back to stockpile requires 4 seconds and then combined together we will get the total time 30 second with assumption that accelerating the accelerating loss is 4 seconds. So total time is 30 seconds. Maximum number of cycles per hour now can be calculated. Hour consist of 60 minutes. So 60 into 60 gives us the seconds and 30 second is the total time for one cycle. So 60 into 60 divided by 30 gives us 120 number of cycles per hour. Maximum volume per hour in this particular case will be 120 multiplied by 1.5 cubic meter bucket capacity. Combined together gives us 180 meter cube as the maximum volume possible to be manipulated per hour. If the unit operates 45 minutes per hour then the output is 180 multiplied by 45 divided by 60 giving us 135 cubic meter per hour as a lose volume. Production in lose cubic meter can be calculated by using a simple formula as has been shown 60 into 60 divided by cycle time multiplied by bucket capacity multiplied by bucket fill factor multiplied by 60 divided by job efficiency. Please pause the video for a while. And answer the following question. Estimate the production in lose cubic meters per hour. For a medium weight clamshell excavating lose earth, heaped a bucket capacity 0.75 cubic meter. The soil is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Estimated cycle time is 40 seconds. Job efficiency is estimated as 50 minutes per hour. Now by substituting these values in the equation we get 53 lose cubic meter per hour as the production answer. For preparation of this online educational resource I have used the following references. It is a paper by Dushyant and Deshmukh and another presentation of estimating production and cost for clamshell mechanical ranges. It is a thesis by Robert Fletcher submitted by the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas. Your comments, questions, queries are most welcome. Thank you very much.