So, yeah, as I said, I'm a Red Hat employee, I work on Xorg and kernel graphics for our enterprise Linux product and when we have time for everything else we do, pretty much is most of the time, thankfully. My talk is anatomy of modern Linux graphics driver.  So hopefully it's close enough. Just to start off, no animals are harmed in the making of these graphics drivers. But a lot of developers have been tortured, unfortunately.  This is sort of like the Xorg architecture diagram. This picture is one, I'm going to show you a PDF found on an Ubuntu forum called the Xorg architecture diagram. If you've got, you know, if you've got your Google there, you'll be able to see it because it doesn't show very well up here. I have to kill this other thing first, don't I? Oh yeah, I'll zoom out for it. So basically some guy on the forums, I don't know how he did this, but he seemed to have got every word that he could find that was associated with Xorg graphics or Linux or, and put them all into a very weird graph. Got some strange highlights in weird places like, let's see if I can even figure out the zoom back in again. So poor, poor, all evinces suffering. But you can get names over here, you can just see the edge of Keith Packard's name. And then you can see the key creation, K drive, and then you've got only a couple of human names appear. And it's very, it's a very unusual diagram. But if you search for Xorg, X dot org architecture diagram in Google, you'll pick this PDF up. And the problem was quite a lot of it is actually semi-accurate. But you could see why people get confused. And drawing diagrams like that doesn't really help clean up the confusion much. That was not what I wanted. So today I'm just going to try and, in the first part of my talk, I've sort of got two parts. The first part is sort of trying to clean up the pieces that are in the current system. Because we've been migrating from our old X design to a new kernel-based Linux system, Keith's talk went into it a bit yesterday. And I'll just do it slightly. So first off, the top of the stack, the brains, it's the users, the applications, they're the things that make the decisions, what you want to do. Users want your computer to do stuff. So they put the information in there. They're the controller, really. So my anatomy analogy broke down pretty quickly then, because I couldn't think of anything decent. So the top level, first thing that applications and users generally are interacting with, in a lot of cases, especially now we're trying to 3D and stuff like that a lot more, is Mesa drivers. So what's in the Mesa system at the moment? The main chunk is, it's probably two or three main, but it's basically an OpenGL to hardware conversion layer. The quite large chunk of it now is a shader compiler. Before, we didn't really have something like that. But OpenGL has sort of evolved from a fixed function system to a highly programmable shader-based system. And we didn't quite keep up with that for a long time with Mesa. Mesa was very designed around the whole fixed function pipes and older drivers. And it was quite simple to bring up a driver. But when shaders started coming along, we sort of got left behind quite quickly. Because we didn't have a shader compiler. We had a slightly optimizing assembler to do real GLSL and real programs and real applications. So one of the biggest projects that's gone into the modern Mesa framework is the GLSL compiler from the team at Intel. And that's made quite a large difference to what we can support in terms of GL features and hardware features. Because all the hardware has been programmable since maybe eight years ago, seven years ago. So it's catching up. And it was a long way to catch up. Yeah, it's programmable, partly, if you use the CPU for the other half. So Keith was just asking to account i9-15. But that's probably where we start the programmable logic of things. So the driver interface as well. A lot of parts of Mesa were still modeled around that whole ancient fixed function thing. Your driver had to have an awful lot of parts of GL knowledge. So we sort of split Mesa has sort of gone into two camps. There's the classic driver model and the gallium driver model. Classic driver model is currently only being used by the Intel driver. And anyone that has hardware that's a pre-shader really. There's some random hardware that people are actually using. The advantages of classic, I'm not 100% aware of, but if you've already got a driver that was working, doing another driver from scratch is quite a lot of effort. And getting it back to the same level again is quite a lot of effort. So if you have a working driver, which Intel were probably the only people in that position, it doesn't make as much sense to go and use the gallium system. The classic driver, though, has a lot of stuff that every driver has to do. And you end up repeating the same mistake. So you run a set of tests on a new driver, and you'll end up just copying the code over from the other driver. And it's like the amount of code that could have been shared versus the amount of code that actually was shared, it just got very, especially when they started implementing things like frame buffer objects. Every driver has to understand frame buffer objects. But there's not a huge, there's some common code. But then there's a lot of things like in open GL frame buffer objects are rendered upside down versus what normal GL does. And every driver has all these special cases to deal with that. And it's like the abstraction isn't there. What gallium did was it decided to remove the GL stuff from the driver, that it would hide as much of the GL complexity away from the driver and would define a neutral interface between the two. So pretty much the interface between a gallium driver and Mesa, and pretty much anything else, it's like a shader language. So it's an intermediate representation of shaders and a bunch of state objects that you can pass. The idea being as well that you can have this one gallium driver, and then you can change from a GL interface to an XORG driver to an OpenVG, Interior, OpenCL. But you can build all of these things completely separate and then plug in the drivers into the model. And you don't have to rewrite large, huge chunks of code to add a new interface to it. So far, really, the OpenGL is probably all it's gotten up to speed. The OpenVG one, I think, sort of is mostly working. Someone has done a DX10 interface. So something that, say, Wine could use. But the Wine guys aren't really interested. But this guy just didn't approve that it could be done. So you end up with a DX-like interface, because it requires all of the Windows framework around it to do a real DX interface. Interior also with gallium drivers, you could plug them into Windows. But it's a bit harder. People think that people go, well, you just take the treaty driver and you could put it in Windows. But there's a lot of things like you need the 2D set up, and you need to have matching screen set up and stuff. So it's a lot messier than people. If you're designing a whole Windows driver from scratch, it makes sense. If you're not, it's way too much work. So yeah, the classic versus gallium debate, I'd say will continue. Certain things that gallium offers still, for cards that don't have vertex shaders, it has LLVM integrated, so you get faster vertex shaders on your CPU, which is something we'd wanted for a long time. So yeah, I think in terms of hardware that gallium supports really well, we've got R300, R500 driver. It's shipping by default in nearly all distros. R600 supports everything up to the latest AMD graphics chip, so like Nord Nylons that they've just released. I think the only one that they don't support is the top range of the very newest one. And they're working on that at the moment. Somebody decided to change the whole chip architecture in a minor version. And we have to rewrite the whole compiler. It's like, no, thanks for telling us. So there's also the Nouveau reverse engineer drivers, pretty much covering everything, I think, from the NV30, NV40, NV50, and the new Fermi chips have a 3D driver. And I don't think there's anyone at the other ones. And there is community Intel gallium drivers, but they're not currently really usable. They're just sort of like the stuff that's developed for people to play around with gallium on that hardware. And then there is VMware's driver, which they use to do the virtual graphics stuff. Classic drivers, as I said, there's pretty much just Intel as our favorite holdout. We may change. Right, yeah. Well, that's fine, but I just hate the fact that I have to know about GL in my driver. Once I did FBOs once in a Classic Driver, doing FBOs again in the Classic Driver had no interest. So that's pretty much what Mesa is going on to now. And the modern Mesa will be GLSL. We're pushing forward on the slide later on where we're trying to get GL up to modern standards. Currently, GL 2.1 is pretty much as high as we can get to, considering GL is now at 4.1. You can see there's a bit of work to get done. So what are components do we have? I've got a slide here demonstrating what the old XORG drivers used to look like. Very large, full of things that probably shouldn't have been there. Big dinosaur type things. Well, that was Godzilla. The fact that you can find Godzilla's anatomy on the internet is proof enough that the internet is useful. Yeah, basically, so before we did the re-architecture of everything, and again, Keith, the XORG drivers contained all the mode setting code, all the rendering, acceleration. And I think you said Keith, well, that's 60 or 70% of the Intel driver was mode setting code. And basically, with the changes in modern graphics hardware, so the move towards things like even DVI had hot plug support, display port has insane training requirements that need. So you plug a display port monitor in. They have to talk to each other and discuss whether they can both support stuff.  And it's really timing requirements. And you really need to be able to deal with hot plug interrupts properly, so that you can actually do the training where you send them something, he'll send you a hot plug interrupt and tell you more information. So you need to have access to all of that. And that's where we decided, well, we can't do this properly in user space, in a 2D driver. Other things like suspend resume support, which can't do this properly in this stuff in user space. So we took the XORG 2D driver and we removed most of it, put it into the kernel, and we slimmed it down. It's a lot more small lizard now. It currently, all the XORG 2D driver does, is move from X rendering, so the X acceleration interface, into the hardware. It's pretty much like the Mesa driver does from 3D to hardware. The X one does from the 2D X interface to hardware, along with a little bit of extra stuff to make DRI2, 3D apps display, the final step of that process. But it's a lot simpler. And the other thing it does is X video. It's two features. So it's a lot easier to understand now. You can now actually, people used to say, oh, God, where the hell do you start looking in these drivers? And at least now, you can see this is just 2D acceleration. So far, the only driver that's really, actually, sorry, Intel and Nouveau have completely removed all traces of the old mode setting code. So they're pretty much Linux-only drivers at the moment in terms of, BSD hasn't quite figured out how they're going to do all of the features that the kernel requires. So ATI, we haven't quite done it yet. I did a demo tree. I just did a branch in my tree and removed it all just to make sure it could happen. But it was quite satisfying to see 70% here. Driver code just go away and not have to worry about. But we are hoping to do it probably in a few months' time. I think we'll do one more release of the mode setting code, and then we'll just rip it all out. I think even the latest chip support, there's no user mode setting for it either. So ATI have pretty much abandoned that whole path as well. And the main reason it's still around is I still used it in the enterprise code, and I just thought it was handy to keep it for now. Made my life easier. And then we have the question of, well, how do we join all of these parts together? And in the modern world, that's called DRI2. And basic DRI2 joins the components and makes all work. Now, the old DRI, and if anyone's wondering, that's like a lymphatic system. I just thought it was an interesting picture. The old world DRI was this insane thing where you had a big, huge super lock called the DRI lock. And if the 3D driver was rendering and wanted to do something, it would just take this huge lock and it would block x. And x would stop and the 3D would do its little thing and then it would release the lock and then x would wake up again and do its little thing and take the lock. And the lock would get passed around. If you had five or six applications, the lock would get moved around between them. The lock suffers from a lot of problems, like you couldn't debug inside x. Because if you debugger went into the lock, x server would stop. So you couldn't type into your debugger anymore. It's a bad plan. For ages, you used to be able to debug x itself, even from ssh, because it would take the lock and it would block. The kernel had this special signal blocker, which would actually block every single. Like even the signals you can't block would get blocked. It was designed around the fact that maybe your 3D hardware was directly banging on registers, your 3D driver, and if you killed it suddenly, it could leave the hardware in an undefined state. So it was allowed to always get to the end of the critical section and drop the lock, and then it would get the signals and die. But this caused a lot of problems. It's the same rule that we had for the 3D driver applied to the x server. And in a lot of cases, once the x server went into the critical section, you couldn't attach the debugger because the signals never would get to it. So you couldn't debug the large parts of the x server. So DRI2 basically got rid of the lock. The main reason we had the lock was we needed to share some information between the x server and the 3D drivers and the kernel. And the main reason, the information we needed to share was basically clipping. So you're drawing a 3D window on top of it, and you put a 2D window on top of it. You don't want the 3D window drawing over anything. So we shared the list of clips. So if you move the window around, the clips would have to be updated so that the 2D driver would know where to put stuff, or the 3D driver would know where to put stuff. What DRI2 did was, well, actually, the previous model in DRIs, well, we had one. So you've got 3D rendering a front buffer, back buffer. The back buffer was shared between all the applications in DRI1. And that was what led to the problem of why you needed the clips. Because to do any rendering, you had to not render where the other guy was rendering. DRI2 moved to the model of per context back buffers. So per app application back buffers, no, per window back buffers. So basically, in that case, DRI2, every app, every window, there's no one else to override. It doesn't need to know this shared clipping. And when it wants to display something, it would tell the X server to swap or flip it into view. And then the X driver, which already knows all the window and clipping stuff, would do the copy from the private back buffer to the shared front buffer. And it would do all the magic and deal with the clipping. So it meant that things got a lot simpler, because you didn't have to have all this magic lock and the insane lists of clips that were kept around the place. And it was a bit slower. And this is something people came out, oh, no, my GLX gears numbers, they're just not that fast. And you're like, really, doesn't matter. But it's still, compared to some of the other drivers, I think we've worked out you can probably only get to a theoretical limit of 3 or 4,000 frames a second due to context switch. Eventually you hate the number, because you have to context switch between the X server and the driver every time to do something. But really, nobody cares at that point. So there, the kernel is like the digestive system. It takes all the stuff that Mesa and the 2D driver get and pipes it down, digests it, makes it palatable, tries to clean it up, tries to extract some useful information out of it in places. And yes, we won't mention what the, well, there's a slide, but the kernel is the piping, essentially, in the model. It takes from all the graphics drivers, we basically put everything into a big buffer. So output of Mesa is just a big, huge command stream that needs to go to the hardware. The output of 2D drivers is just a big, huge command stream that goes to the driver. They all get sent into the kernel. And it schedules them, essentially. It's nice that we have plans to make it a bit more impressive, but the current scheduling is that you just get sent to the hardware next, and it just queues them up. So in some drivers, say, like in Radeon, we have reasons to not trust user space, because all of these applications are running as the user. They're not running as root, and then you're letting them send stuff directly to the card. So you have to be sort of careful about what you let them send to the card. Because there's a good chance if you just let them do whatever they want, they could just move your password file around by DMA-ing stuff into random locations of memory, or put UID 0 into your current task structure. Nice things that people love to try and do. So at least at the Radeon driver, a lot of hardware does just no way to stop it doing bad things. So you have to actually check the command stream that you're sent, and validate it that it's not going to try and do bad things. No, Keith's question was, do we have any idea if Windows actually validates this command stream? They've gotten better at doing memory separation. So the newer hardware really don't worry about it. But as far as we know, we don't think the binary drivers do enough validation that you couldn't get root by using them. And a lot of people complain, I was like, why are you doing all of this stuff? Because we think it's necessary. Well, they don't have to care because they're a binary driver. If somebody produces a hole in their driver, it would be quite interesting to see the reaction. I don't think they do quite as much validation as they should. As in, I wouldn't run them. But if you want to run them with WebGL open, people can submit whatever they like to your machine through the web. Solid. But yeah, the command stream verification is quite a lot of work. We have to go through pretty much every packet that gets sent from user space and check it's not going to do something evil. We took it one step further at Radion in an effort to make our lives a bit easier. We also check all of the packets to try and make sure they're not going to overwrite each other's video RAM. Because the video RAM is a shared resource, and you've got these objects in the video RAM. And you want to make sure if somebody's writing to an object, he doesn't go writing off the end into the next object, because that would be corrupt stuff. So we actually added a lot of support. Because we're already having to do all this parsing in the command stream, why don't we add something useful to it? So it would catch more problems, like some of these texturing off the end of their object, or some of these using writing to a buffer and going off the end. And actually, yeah, it was quite useful when we were doing driver development bring up. But yeah, since then, and we've managed to make things pretty stable, we rarely have a problem. And it's sort of turned into more of a hassle in parts, because to add certain features, you have to add support to the kernel for something. And then wait for that to come through the process before you can add it to the 3D drivers. It has sort of made the process longer. In terms of the other major functionality that's in the kernel, it's mode setting is now pretty much all in the kernel. That was the big deal, is getting that huge piece of code. And Linus, like, said, oh yes.  And Linus was like, yeah, my kernel is so much bigger. And the thing is, yes, the graphics drivers in the kernel are, I think we went from, I went from being a subsystem maintainer with about 5,000 lines of code to being a subsystem maintainer with about 100,000 lines of code. And this was quite a jump for ability, I was lost for at least two or three kernels, because there's so much stuff coming down. 260,000 lines of code now in the DRM, between the big ones being Nouveau, Intel, and Radeon. So yeah, we pretty much have the largest drivers of anything in the kernel. And yes, they're really, really difficult to keep stable. That's, we're trying, but it's the old one driver covering, in ATI's case, I think there's maybe over 200, maybe 300 PCI IDs. And PCI IDs is only one level. When you consider, if you've got a laptop with something, it's probably got a VGA output as well as the display panel. It might have display port output. It might have, then you might have a desktop with the same chip set, but it may have DVIs. Yeah, so there's so many combinations of things. And there's so many ways it can go wrong. Trying to keep a lid on the regressions and mode setting is one of our major tasks at the moment, that it's, Linus is keeping us in line, but it's difficult. So yeah, so the kernel, once it's finished with stuff, passes it along. And yes, I had to remove the picture, because if the kernel is the digestive system, that would mean the GPU hardware is something we shouldn't talk about. But yeah, GPU hardware is, yes, far too accurate. GPU hardware is something that you would like to think, this is, it's well designed, stable. You can be very reasonable about what will accept it, won't fall over. Sorry, that's not the case. And that's one of the other things. There's so many places in the GPU hardware, even when you have the specifications, that things can go horribly wrong. You get lockups, and some lockups are so easy to find. You're like, oh, reproducible lockup, you'll find it within a day, we'll pretty much get it, unless it's some one bit. In a magic register, that's not documented, it only documents outside of the company that owns the hardware. And even inside the company, they've never read that page. So nobody knows it exists. Or bit 31 in a 16-bit register. Never found that one. These are the sort of things that happened. And it's always that make me work bit. And then I'll say, oh, that just made everything all stable. But you could spend weeks looking for that one bit. Essentially, the Nouveau guys without documentation has possibly gotten an advantage, because they've never had to read documentation that was totally wrong. So they've got a driver that works. And reverse engineering it produces something that does the same as the driver that works. So they're only really screwed when they need to add a feature that the driver doesn't cover, or that is done differently in our driver model than in the NVIDIA driver. But essentially, once they've got something that does the same thing, they can pretty much get moved fairly quickly once they reverse engineered it. Whereas we sometimes trust our documentation to be too much, and then you start to feel the pain and torturing that I mentioned at the start. So that's pretty much where the driver model is. There's three big components and sits on top of that hardware. Can we make it simpler? I don't really think we can. And that's one of the questions we've got. How do I get into this stuff? How do I become a GPU driver developer? The answer, and people say, well, if we did more documentation, will that get us a whole in-rush of driver developers? And we sort of found the only way we've ever found people that will actually stick at it are people who, I don't know, are we just invest enough up front time to get started that you're not willing to stop, because you've just wasted so much time learning all about this. It's the best way, if someone was interested in getting into graphics hardware, is probably the most accessible bit is the 3D bit at the moment. In terms of if you know how 3D works, if you're willing to read OpenGL or write OpenGL applications and have read like some of the OpenGL books, you'll have at least got a knowledge of how that sort of system works. And then it's a matter of just running applications on your machine until you find one that's broken, which that should take about five minutes, maybe 10, and debugging it and going through the driver and seeing where it could go wrong, looking at the shaders, looking at what it produces for the hardware, seeing stuff like that. Other areas like mode setting, mode setting's not that interesting. But yeah, that would be an area for people to look at. So I'm just going to go quickly through some other little bits of the future. So Wayland, people have heard about Wayland. All the work we've done moving stuff out of X and moving things around has pretty much been to enable some sort of future where X doesn't really matter. And Wayland is the first attempt at making this future happen. I've got an Amoeba picture because pretty much Wayland is a single cell application. We've taken all the separate little bits of X, like the window manager, compositing manager, the X server, and they're all going to go into one process called the Wayland compositor. It's simplifying the craziness of the X architecture diagram, arrows going everywhere. The idea behind it is it's more like the Mac OS type display server. In terms of is this the future? I'm not willing to put my money on it yet. I think it's a future. I'm not sure it's going to. I'm not saying Mark Shull works his wrong. But I'm not saying he's very right either. I think if I want to do Run Wayland, it might be about five years from now. I'm not saying it's going to happen in a year or two. There's a lot of problems. It's a big project. X took a long time to go horribly wrong, and then it took us a long time to get it horribly right. Maybe we've learned, but I'm not sure. GL support going forward? GL3s will be a big step, trying to get intolerant. A lot of work towards it. There's a bit of a patent problem with SGI due to the fact that they have explicitly said they have this patent that GL3 implementations will infringe on and that they won't let open source people have it. But there's possibilities to do similar things to the FFMpeg type thing where you distribute it with the source code when it turned off. And if a distribution has a willingness to do it in there, take on the ability to turn it on. And that's possibly what we'll end up doing, because it's unlikely they'll care so much about the source. It's more likely they don't want to go after somebody distributing it, or if they want to go after anyone. It's just probably safer. But yeah, the plans I think would be to try and get GL3.0 as fast as possible, possibly by the end of this year. But I don't know, it's gonna be hard. It's a lot of work. The hope is once we have three other things get quicker, but we're playing catch-up from about five years behind. And I don't think we can do it in that quick time. And at the same time as we're catching up, they're hammering ahead with GL4.1 and adding new features and pretty much following DirectX. So yeah, the GL3, GL4 support, it's a good way away. People will give up, but you can sort of get partly there. GL has now, you only have extensions. So if GL3 is made up of like 15 extensions you have to do, you can implement 12 of those extensions and get most of the way. And most applications should be checking for the extensions and not the version number. Because with GL2, the version number was what mattered. With GL3, the hope is that the app writers got the message. But we've got embedded, yeah, embedded ARM GPU. We had a talk on Monday at the MINICONF. It's an interesting space, but from an open source point of view, nothing's really happened yet. There's lots of talk, but how long it will take before some traction happens or something happens. I'm unsure. I would love to believe we would have something in the next year or two, but yeah, it's an ongoing battle trying to get ARM GPUs. I think it's the next battlefield because X86 has mostly been either, they've given in or reverse engineered. So multi-card, we used to be able to do Xenorama, multi-card things in X. It hasn't really worked well. It never worked well, but you didn't care about them because you only had 2D, but 3D would never have worked. Things like, I think that what it needed interrupts never could have worked. So multi-cards are something that I'm personally starting to work on now and I'm trying to get back up to some useful level that we can actually ship. You can plug two different cards into your machine and it won't just ignore one. Windows took this to the payment just gave up. So if you look at Windows 7, if you plug the upgrade notes, it's like, if you have two different graphics cards in your machine, after you upgrade, one of them will no longer display. It's like, unless they're of the same manufacturer and the same, you know, close model, but if they're separate, not a hope. Switchable graphics. There's a lot of laptops out with Intel NVIDIA cards in them. A lot of them went AMD, AMD, Intel AMD. I had a bit of a demo. I'm not sure if I'll get to do it, but it's not a great demo. But in the kernel at the moment, we have a switcheroo. You can log out of X and it will jump from one card to the other and X will restart on the other card. It only works for open source drivers. I don't have any way to work on NVIDIA Binary drivers like nothing I can do about it. They can come talk to me and tell me what they want to do, but so far they haven't. I've started work and I've pretty much got it going to the point that I can dynamically switch while X is running. So you don't have to log out of X. Mac OS never bothered doing that though, so. I have a demo of that working here. The follow on to switchable graphics is offloading graphics, which is Optimus. That's the NVIDIA solution. So instead of switching completely from one graphics card to another, certain apps are run on the second graphics card. So you just pick one app and offload it to the second graphics card. USB hop plug, plug in a USB VGA. Fail, horrible fail. Even if you plug it in before you start X, you still have to edit your Xorg.com to make it do anything. That's one of my other personal projects to try and get done. People heard of Crossfire SLI, the ways of using 2ATI or 2NVIDIA graphics cards to make your games go faster. That's another thing that we just completely don't have any ability to do. We're working on that as well. So two projects that I'm starting to get going to solve nearly all of those multi-heads to Crossfire, to USB hop plugs, problems are. One I've called Dynorama, because it's Xenorama, but dynamic. I merged my words. Dynorama essentially is a hot plugging layer. So for Xenorama, that's something I've started working on and I have the demo of here. That's used for switchable graphics, USB hop plug and they're the main things it enables. The other one is Prime. There's a dissected Optimus. Optimus is the NVIDIA solution, so our solution is called Prime. Prime is basically a graphics object sharing in the kernel between two different graphics drivers and that's really useful for the off-loading graphics. So your NVIDIA card will render something and give it to your Intel card and it's also very useful for doing dynamic switching where you want to just give objects from one card to the other without copying them and it's also quite useful crossfire in SLI. So I did have a hack of a demo, but we can ask questions and I can see if the demo runs at the same time as I answer them. So questions please. Dave, you mentioned when you brought up the multi-card or multi-head topic before, something that I've missed in recent iterations of the X servers and things is the old Zafod mode. Do you have a comment at all about whether that's officially something that's in the history file or whether that may actually come back? Currently the Intel driver is the only one of the three major ones that don't do it. I had to reimplement it in the ATI driver due to a customer and the NVIDIA driver guys Nouveau implements it now because it's actually not that much effort when you've got Randa already to do Zafod on top. The biggest problem we have with Zafod is because nobody's using it all the time, it's nearly always broken by the time you do a release and then you have to remember to test it and go back and fix it because and that's probably the bigger problem. With the dynamic Xenorama stuff, that maybe we may actually end up that you're always getting something like Zafod, you know, that's what it's sort of heading towards. The hope is that we would merge that whole thing into just one consistent interface, whether it's one card or two cards. Talking about the RI2, you said essentially you need to do a round trip to the X server for the final composition. Do you have things like bypasses for full screen apps? No. Would that make sense? We've got page flipping, but it still has to go through the server. Not really, because if you're on full screen, you'd have no lock. There's no way to stop the guy keeping doing what he was, but yeah, the last time we tried that, I just, yeah, the kernel code. Once you start putting the clip lists into the kernel, you've probably lost. But yeah, there may be a way to optimize something like that, but it's, again, it's not that. The problem is, you know, if you're running at 4,000 frames per second, your problem isn't going to be that you needed to do that. It's, page flipping is essentially a good enough full screen optimization. How are the BSD guys liking all this stuff going into the kernel? Yeah, no comment. They are, they are. OpenBSD guys love the idea of KMS because it fits the whole security model because X was always violating that, but they haven't loved it quite enough to do it, but they at least have acknowledged that it was a good idea. The rest of the guys have mostly just been saying, why won't you keep our drivers working? Eventually, I'm sure they'll pick it up, I hope. And where are things going with video playback offload into the open source drivers? Yes, Intel have started doing stuff on some of their chipsets with VAA API. There is a VAA, no, it's VD-POW. I think someone has started working on XVMC Gallium stay tracker and he hasn't working on the latest AMD cards, doing MPEG 2 and IDCT. Yeah, he's got IDCT working. He's now working towards optimizing the driver so it's actually usable because the R600 Gallium driver has no compiler in it yet, but that's the plan for most of the non, for put Nouveau and Radeon would be to use some sort of shader-based thing. AMD have not yet figured out how they can tell us how the R600, R700 graphics hardware accelerates. Up to R500 AMD don't, R600, R700, they can't tell us how it works because when they designed it, they put their DRM layer very tightly coupled into their video decode layer and it would mean that we could, someone could break the Windows DRM which would end everyone. Just quickly in the background there, you'll see there's a root weave. That's the Nvidia card I'm currently not running on and that would be the, oh yeah, there it is. This is the Intel card that's currently, so I can flick back between the Intel card and the Nvidia card that are currently in this laptop. Interior, well I'll do this first. That's pretty soft for rendering. Damn. The only way I have to show you, of course, that I'm not cheating is GLX info to say I'm on the, yeah so in there you can see Ironlake Mobile Gem. So that's the Intel card running in this laptop. Interior, damn. But yeah, it would have shown you that it was running on the Nvidia card and I switched it over. And that's the Intel card doing nothing now while the Nvidia card is displaying the extra. But it's taken a whole of the accession and moved it from one graphics card to the other. This was non-trivial.


Welcome to the weather forecast for the week beginning Wednesday, August 12th. I'm Chief Meteorologist John Ensworth, following up public media. This week the moon is new on Tuesday the 18th. So it will be right around the sky with the sun and not interfering with the perceived meteor shower. This meteor shower peaks at the beginning of this forecast window Tuesday and Wednesday, but they are visible from mid-July all the way through mid to late August. So if you're out at night, get a lawn chair, maybe lay down east of town, close to midnight, a little bit after midnight, it's a better time of night to see these things. You don't need binoculars or a telescope. Just go out and look and you'll see little streaks of light zipping out of the east.  So let's keep that going. At the beginning of July, we had no drought conditions in the northern counties and a pretty good drought darting down in the southern part of the state. As we went through July, it closed in on us with a little bit of relief from thunderstorms that trailed over the same regions, dumping enough water to back this off a little. And then here at the beginning of August, it's closing in a little bit more around into the northern counties. So other places seem rain and relief, places around the northern mountains and the northern plains are getting a little drier. Nationwide we are at the edge of the worst of the drought and this is stretching from west Texas up to the west coast.  The heat we're about to see, that trend will continue. The rainfall that we did get over the last week, we saw some up in the foothills, some rain out on the plains. Right along I-25, it's pretty dry, western counties got nothing. So that's going to continue. What we have happening is a lot of dry air coming in from the ridge out west, sinking air in the ridge dries the atmosphere out. We do have Lydia down here, Hurricane, sending some moisture up into the southwest. And that just a little bit of tropical moisture creeping up with the heat that we're experiencing will give us some afternoon thunderstorms, they're just going to be widely separated. The ridge is centered right now in southern New Mexico, there's the high right there, we have some of the ridge poking off the west coast, extending up into Canada. This is a big high pressure system. There's a Lydia down here. And with the flow, we have pretty much winds straight out of the west. So it's coming over the mountains, sinking down, warming and compressing. This is called downslope flow and that downslope makes the heat a little hotter. For thunderstorms, the good stuff is out here where the jet stream is interacting with the moisture that is out on the Great Plains.  So the northern central part of the nation is getting some good thunderstorms. We had that small chance of thunderstorm, this light green shading here. These are normal everyday thunderstorms occurring with that moisture coming up out of the tropics. Going to Thursday, it's almost the same pattern. Things are just not changing very much in the upper atmosphere. What we also have is a lot of smoke coming over from fires near this time. There's some fires way out west.  I don't know if that's opened up yet this evening. But what we have is a daily pulsing of the fire. When the temperatures get higher, the relative humidity is dropped and the fire can flare up, producing more smoke. So in the morning, you can see yesterday's smoke is trailing off into Nebraska and Kansas. The fires are experiencing kind of low activity. And as you get to the afternoon, the smoke plume is really coming over the mountains. So I've already been smelling it out there and you probably will get some smoky smell and some irritation on your lungs, nose, eyes until they start to get these contained. As of Tuesday, they're only about 7% contained. Looking out for the next 10 days, the normal high and low temperatures are dropping very slowly. They don't really start to drop week by week until we get into September. Most of the time, we are getting high temperatures slightly above normal, except for this little weekend period and we're going to talk about that in just a moment. As for rainfall, the ensemble does not show anything big and organized happening at all. We're going to be dry. Going out to Saturday, the high pressure system centers over Arizona and gets even stronger, if that's possible, that western lobe and the slob out here going all the way up into the New England states. It's a big summer high and you'll probably be hearing of airies in the southwest hitting 120 or more. This is real heat and we're underneath that ridge, so we're going to have some of that heat as well, but we now get a little more of a northwest flow. This little ripple up here, traveling in the actual jet stream up north, will cool us down and just give us a little chance of thunderstorm activity over the weekend. Taking a look at the GFS, though, for the next five days, it's a prediction of where rainfall is going to accumulate. Almost nothing. We have some down here or a little more of the tropical moisture is available. Then out here, we have the moisture that comes up from the Gulf all through the spring and summer. I'm going to show you now as a movie of precipitable waters. This is another way to measure how much water is in the atmosphere. Precipitable water is how much you could get out of the atmosphere if everything was right and a thunderstorm rained at its maximum. The white coloration is a normal amount of precipitable water. That's what we would expect on that day in this season. Greens are above normal and the brown colors are below normal. Obviously, with a hurricane down here, there's a lot of abnormally high precipitable water values in the atmosphere down here. We're going to watch as these plumes of moisture come up into the southwest. What's really interesting in this movie is the eastern Pacific is about to go crazy with tropical storms. Here we go. Starting out at the beginning of the forecast pair, we're really dry in Colorado, especially the western side of the mountains. Here's Alidia heading up off to the northwest and it encounters colder water and dyes. But there's some of its moisture plume making it up for the weekend into Colorado. So a little bit of a trough, a little more moisture, we get that little thunderstorm chance. Then into next week, another system doesn't even exist now so it doesn't have a name, really pumps a lot of moisture into the atmosphere off the west coast and that starts getting dragged by the westerlies into the US. It goes off to maybe die or maybe threaten Hawaii again. I'm not sure what it's going to do. Bigger storm, about a week, a week and a half from now. Even more moisture is being fed into the western states. Very extreme amount of moisture in this storm. That could go up to category three, four or so. At the very end of the month, another storm just popping onto the map there. So with each storm, the western US are getting more and more moisture. So there is hope that the rains will come back and we'll start to get more of that monsoon like weather later in the month. So for this week, we are hovering very close to 100 degrees going into the weekend. Our trough passes, a little more tropical moisture comes in just for the weekend taking us down to normal. And then next week we begin our heat climb again. We are at the beginning of a new month. NOAA has put out its forecast for temperatures and precipitation. The western US has the heat and for this month is expected to keep the heat. I feel bad for people in Arizona and Southern California. And that's really going to bake out there. The Midwest is going to remain cool as it has. So what you've seen is what you're going to get. For precipitation, the west stays dry, especially west of the Rockies. We're kind of close to normal around here. So for more local news and frequent weather updates, check out longmontleader.com. I've been Chief Meteorologist John Ensworth. For Longmont Public Media, keep looking up.


Good morning everybody I'm Tommy O'Brien coming to you live from TFNN 10am Eastern time Monday morning we come into the first trading day of the week and we got markets picking things up in positive territory pretty decent action as we come into you really kickoff earnings last week with the banks we got Gorg Goldman Sachs and Bank of America out with their numbers today let's jump over to those real briefly got Goldman up 4.2% right now Bank of America up 1.2% right now I mentioned during my program we have Netflix tomorrow with their numbers they're catching a lift up 4.4% right now you got Tesla with their numbers on Wednesday up 3.3% we have other companies out American Express AT&T among others this week but then next week we get Amazon Apple Microsoft Google among others that's next week so within a couple weeks we're gonna find out how much money these companies are making man and that's gonna move them markets and we'll find out folks S&Ps right now up 30 points giving up just a bit from the highs you get the Nasdaq 100 up 147 Dow up 202 some of the growth stocks really trading higher right now you jump over to ARC ARC up about 4.1% I pulled it up you got Roku up 6.8% Draftkings another one that always is very volatile up about 4.2% right now when you got zoom up about 1.5% I guess that's in tune with the market but some of these stocks really trading higher crude you're pushing 100 bucks 99.21 on that crew contract gold catches a little bit of a lift on a little bit of dollar weakness you got gold up about $13 and we jump to notes and bonds you get the 10 year right now at about 2.97% folks you take a look at this thing though you put it on a daily pretty remarkable that we've been shopping around for the better part of two and a half months now at this level of yields remember talking about it first it was maybe we'll pause at 2.5% but maybe this is the pause at 3% folks we were here two and a half months we've been sitting at 3% you have a little volatility on both sides but pay attention to that number VIX right now trading an elevated 53 pennies at 2476 I talked about my show elevated VIX okay barely but still elevated which you do not usually see when you have the S&Ps up 32 points that you have a VIX rising not indicative of a few of a strong market when you have a rising S&P by 32 points and you've got a VIX going up alright folks as I mentioned Basil is out this week we are going to have guest hosts our man Larry's going to be guest hosts and Thursday and Friday I think we're going to have a treat coming up on Tuesday and Wednesday as well but today we'll have a replay but then we got Larry live at 11 we got fast market live at 12 Steve Rhodes live at 1 Dave White live at 2 Tom O'Brien my dad live free till 4 stay 2 folks we're right back sharpening your skills as an investor is like getting better at playing


The ongoing banking crisis seems to be a pivotal moment for the global financial system and for crypto. After the shutdown of two major crypto-friendly banks, the position of the crypto industry in the US looks increasingly precarious. On the other hand, confidence in traditional banks has been shaken and people are forced to look for alternatives. Bitcoin, an asset without counterparty risk that can be self-custed, may be that alternative. So what are the broader implications of the banking crisis on the crypto market? Is this the catalyst that will kick off the next Bitcoin bull run? To find out, I talked with Michael Glone, the senior commodity strategist at Bloomberg Intelligence. I'm Giovanni. On this show, we challenge the ideas that shape the world of crypto. In each episode, we assess a crypto narrative, a macroeconomic outlook, or a potentially disruptive technology. Only the most solid ideas will make it to the other side. I would just want to get a sense of what you think about the latest banking crisis and its relation with the crypto markets. So in a recent interview, you said that the current banking crisis is defining the value of Bitcoin. Can you explain exactly what you meant by that? So the Bitcoin was born out of the last significant financial crisis or the great financial crisis in 2008 and 2009. And I think this one is in the process of defining Bitcoin of global digital collateral. Now that's the current state. Bitcoin has done very well, bouncing back above $25,000 resistance. At the time, we're taping this on Wednesday, it's around $27,000. While the stock market still is under pressure. And I think what's happening is we're seeing a significant rally in Bitcoin this year up to about 73%. Obviously, 2 over so last year, but partly because people are realizing that it's becoming more like cold and US Treasury bonds, but just a higher beta version of gold. And it's gaining accolades as maybe not as so much as store value yet, but as a global digital collateral on the world that's going digital. So this financial crisis is quite significant. It's defining it. And I think people realize and think about Bitcoin, it's no one's project and no one's liability. And it's completely independent like gold. The thing is, it has it definable to finish diminishing supply. And it's so low as far as adoption in so early days. And this seems to be the trigger. The banking crisis, I think when people realize, oh, my money may not be so safe in a fractional reserve banking system, it might be safer in a fully collateralized stablecoin or crypto dollar. It seems to be hitting that inflection point that I've been looking for a while and just kind of, you know, tearing the headlights, watching, wow, is it really finally happening? There used to be a narrative that defined Bitcoin as hedge against inflation. Would you say that now this narrative has transitioned into Bitcoin as a hedge against banking risks? I think it's going there because I never believed in the hedge against inflation because that's so long term. Bitcoin needs to be around for, I think, decades before that happened. It's still just a baby. It's just evolving. It's so early days. It's such a small portion of global portfolios. But as far as a potential hedge against banking issues, yeah, I mean, it's coming up there like with gold and treasury bonds. Now, it's just a high beta high risk version. But I think it's people are realizing, well, I really probably have to have some of this, particularly if I'm looking to get away from risk assets like the stock market, this Bitcoin stuff is, if the stock market, if risk assets do recover, it's probably going to outperform. I just want to touch upon some of the fears that have been going around for quite a while in the US, because a lot of people were talking about this operation chalkpoint 2.0, which is basically this narrative according to which the United States authorities are trying to debank crypto in the US. How big of a threat is that? Are you not concerned about this trend? Surely concerned, but I think it's much more short term fear mongering. And it's typically not going to last. It's part of what this is an overwhelming rapidly advancing technology, and most astute smart people in this country get it. Some don't, they might be in incumbents in power, but like all the major changes in history, even like the key thing, the development of euro dollars, that was not really the trading of US dollars offshore and banks was not really supported by the US government. But we're seeing, I think this just overwhelming. So I think I don't know where that's going to go. I do know if the current administration continues to push back, they're likely to be voted out in two years anyhow, like our chairman of the SECs, but two years left. And I don't know where to add to define that so much, but it just means that it's going to be a pushback in the shorter term. But in the bigger picture, it's really going to be hard to stop this technology. We know that the growth of the price of Bitcoin still is very sensitive towards the US Fed monetary policies and how aggressive these monetary policies are being handled. So a lot of people saw this banking crisis as this turning point where the Fed is going to say, we have been tightening too hard. And now we are basically being hit by the collateral effect of that. So a lot of those banks collapse because of the too aggressive hike of interest rates that have been conducted in the last few months. So today we saw that all the eyes were pointed at the Fed seeing whether the Fed was going to hike more or stop and try to kind of basically prevent this banking crisis from continuing. So what is your reaction to the Fed's decision today? They hiked rates again. The ECB did a week ago 50 basis points. And it's probably the last hike market-sorty pricing for easing, a little bit of easing, not a lot yet. But the bottom line is they're potentially tilting us towards a significant recession, potentially depression. The hike into you can't be a hawk in a bank run is the quote from my colleague Tom Orrick. He's our chief economist. And he wrote that a little while ago, and they just did. They hiked and we were having a bank run. So the ECB, this is a global bank run. And it potentially potential in this country is just getting started. Remember, it's basically only been a year and one week since the first hike, the most aggressive hikes on a global basis ever. And there's this rule of long and variable lag. So what I see is the bank situation is a tree in the forest of what I've been pointing out for a while. Commodities collapsing. And it's just getting started because everything is tilting towards recession, except things like unemployment. And unemployment can only go one way. It's so low, it can only go up, which means the recession is virtually guaranteed. You look at things like the yield curve. So I think the Fed is just way far behind, like they were so far behind in inflation. Now that inflation is potentially collapsing, and I'll point that out in a second. The leading indicators, peaking housing, the banking crisis, commodities means they should have stopped and they still hiked rates. So I fully see looking forward, we're going to have official acknowledgement of deflation, other from government statistics, not from forward looking things like my commodities and the Fed tighten rate. So they're so far behind. The key thing we're going to end with, we're going to find out, and get is now by this time next year, Giovanni, we're talking, I'm pretty sure we're going to be talking about a significant enduring deflationary forces, the Fed not easing with the ease that it has in the past. Everybody is waiting for the moment when the next crypto bull market will kick off. So has this banking crisis accelerated this perspective or it has made it far further away? What is your view on this? I think the answer is yes, it's kicking off a next bull run, but it's very much subject to the ebbing tide of the stock market. We're talking right now with the S&P 500 around 4,000. I fully expect it to go to 3,000 in a recession, a normal recession, which is predicted the highest probability since 1982 from the yield curve. And that's going to be a pressure factor on Bitcoin, but potentially we're hitting that inflection now, where this recession is going to be great for things like gold and long bonds. And the thing is Bitcoin in there, I think it's hitting that, but it's just hard to say for sure. But I think the more the Bitcoin can sustain above 25,000, and the more the S&P 500 potentially pressures below 4,000, you're going to have an indication that Bitcoin is just going to take off. And we have to get there. I wanted to touch upon your view on the crypto dollar, so the stable coins, dollar-backed stable coins, what we saw is that a very respected stable coin USDC had a significant amount of their reserves in a bank that was a Silicon Valley bank. It collapsed and it lost its bag for a little while. So that kind of showed how these crypto dollars can also be very vulnerable to this sort of crisis. What is your view on that? It's funny, it's a unique that the problem with the new, the FinTech and the new technology was the old guard technology, the its deposit in the bank. That's the extent that it dropped because of the potential that its bank deposit, which is fractionally reserved, was not safe. What it's proving is these fully collateralized crypto dollars potentially are much safer than banks. There's no FDIC insurance needed. It needs, obviously needs regulation. That's just a matter of time. It's how the US regulates it that's going to matter, but it's happening offshore. Things like we've seen a major move away from USDC back towards Tether. Tether is the biggest one. It's controversial, but I've been just following Tether since it was around $2 billion back in 2018. And it just keeps going up with bumps in the road. Why? Because I think it's what's happened with Euro dollars about five decades ago when entities needed access to the dollar away from the US banking system. They did it in banks outside the US and created Euro dollars system. This is happening in crypto dollars. It's happening fast. The technology is overwhelming. We know that now Ethereum is going to turn fully proof of stake by allowing this staking. So with the Shanghai upgrade, what do you think is Ethereum going to outperform Bitcoin this year? So it hasn't been. I think we're at the stage now that Bitcoin is going to outperform virtually all crypto assets. If my base case of a severe global economic reset to recession is hands out. That's my base case. And I think Bitcoin will continue outperforming. I see Ethereum right now stuck between a thousand and 2000. Now it's at 1700. 2000 is very good resistance. It is the base layer for tokenization crypto dollars and things like that. But now we're in that stage where I think if I'm correct, the stock market goes closer to 3000 SMPI 500 and gold and treasury bonds outperform in this significant recession in the US, then I think Bitcoin will outperform virtually all cryptos, including Ethereum. That's been the case so far this year. It's the existing trend. And I think it's going to more like the accelerate. So we have to get through this bump in the road. And I think the bottom line to remember from my standpoint as a strategist, it's my duty to warn people when I see a hurricane coming, I see a hurricane coming economically. That's just based on what you said we spoke about early in the central banks tightening. Despite a bank crisis, despite forward looking deflationary forces, Bitcoin will probably be the best performer among the cryptos, including Ethereum. Okay, awesome. Thanks a lot, Mike, for giving again your outlook in these complicated times. And yeah, let's talk again very soon. Looking forward to Giovanni and thanks for having me on.


Instructional design methodology is really helpful in trying to plan out an online course. What's really interesting is that it maps on really nicely to some of the ideas about constructive alignment in course design and the idea of putting a lot of thought into the structure of a course. When you're designing an online course, a lot of that work, I would say in face-to-face courses also a lot of work is done up front, but that's even more important in the online environment because it has to be up there and ready to go right at the start of a course. When I'm teaching a face-to-face component, there might be certain things that I didn't get a chance to get ready by September, but in October during the fall reading week, I can spend some time getting those things ready and have them ready to go for the second half of the semester. In an online environment, you really have to have it all done in advance and so we're talking about instructional design methodology and the methodology component is really important because it's really about being methodical and it's really about planning and designing and doing all of these things in advance to make sure that everything is aligned. The other really important element of instructional design methodology is the idea that you want to make sure that you build into a course a lot of opportunity for formative assessment and feedback and a lot of opportunities for students to be interacting with the material and getting feedback on their understanding of it as they go along. That's just really good pedagogy in general. In an online environment, one of the nice things is that you can often develop that in ways where that feedback loop can be automated to a certain degree, which will help with some of the workload further down the line. So I think one of the things that happens with designing online courses is that a lot of the work gets moved up front and that's not to say it's not a lot of work as you go through. It's still teaching, it's still a lot of work, it still requires you to communicate with students to make sure that they're on track, that their understanding of the material well. But the front end of the work is a lot more heightened in an online setting. Applying an effective design methodology can really save the instructor a lot of time in the long run. If they invest some time in the careful planning, thinking through the alignment processes, the likelihood of them saving time in the long run by not wasting efforts or going down pathways where others have gone before and perhaps learned can be a great time saver for them. The design methodology really impacted the design of my course. First, in the format I had to break apart the knowledge I wanted to convey to the students in a digestible portion. So the format really impacted my teaching. So usually the lesson plan was followed, meaning a very simple, easy format, repetitive, intuitive, creating a safe space for learning and a very comfortable space for teaching as well. So for instance I would have every week an introduction video followed up by a knowledge section so slides that I narrated over. And then there was a little break, a wrap-up activity such as a quiz and or access to an archival clip and then another portion of lecture followed up by another activity and then ending with a final summary of the course. So every week were kind of the same format and not necessarily the same activities though. So the designer helped me find activities that would fit my goals but that would also be easy to assess for the students to understand the outcomes of these activities and really reach the full potential of their skills. Having a good design methodology can help to create a more balanced course. We use the community inquiry model and the outcome is often more balanced than it might otherwise be. Instructors give consideration to developing components of their course that will enhance instructor presence. They also will think more about how they're facilitating social presence for peer-to-peer interaction and of course cognitive presence. Without the design methodology as a framework they often default to considering content as the primary content delivery as the primary goal of the course but through some coaching and provision of a good design methodology they will have a picture of a course that includes all of those components.


So this is the piece that I'm taking inspiration for from my painting number 4. As you can see, I've changed it around quite a bit, I've smoothed the lines out, I've changed the border and obviously added a lot more colors. It's definitely still referencing the first piece though, which is somebody else's artwork. So I don't know, do you think this is really original art or am I just copying a little too much? You decide, let me know.


Hello friends, welcome to today's episode where we're going to be going through my top 10 strongest Pokemon returning in the Crown Tundra. So with the Crown Tundra dropping in literally two weeks time today, we can start getting hyped up, we can start getting excited. And I thought it was a good time to take a look at some of the Pokemon that will be returning and put together a top 10 strongest Pokemon list. What I personally think from a VGC point of view that will be returning with the Crown Tundra.  I think we've had around 78 officially confirmed that will be returning the Crown Tundra. And from the data mines that we've had previously, there is about 119. So there's still a bunch of Pokemon yet to be officially confirmed to this list might not be super accurate. And we're not going to know really whether or not a lot of these Pokemon that haven't been confirmed yet are going to be confirmed until the games actually drop. Because I doubt we'll get much more information before the 22nd of October on that release date. Now, before we get into the video now, I'm just going to shout out to all of you that are watching that don't want spoilers. Because there will be spoilers within this video if you're trying to go into the Crown Tundra without any information, without any spoiler information or anything like that. Do drop out now because we're going to be talking about Pokemon that have and probably will be coming into the Crown Tundra when it is released. For those of you that are interested, do stick around and we'll get straight into it. So kicking off with number 10. Now I'm basing this on how important speed control is in the every competitive format and with how well we've seen things like Whimsicott and Talonflame and how important those Pokemon are to a lot of common cause. Now, I probably wouldn't have put this in otherwise. And this will depend on, I guess, if we get a tailwind shooter, which we don't know if we're going to be getting yet or not. It makes a lot more Pokemon viable if we do. But if we don't, it makes these sort of Pokemon a little bit more special and a little bit more useful in the format. And number 10 for myself is Tornadis. And I'm going with the incarnate form here. Obviously, we do have access to their theory and forms and we do have access to their hidden abilities. So you are going to have access to, once again, the very strong and potent defiant Tornadis. But for this, I'm actually picking the prankster Tornadis because it does get access to tailwind, gets access to taunt as well. And it now gets access to a weather ball, a new feature that it has available to it in the crown tundra. So it can take advantage of weathers on the field and really just rip your opponent that way. But it's for that tailwind, that prankster tailwind that I'm throwing in here for. It's going to be very strong, especially with the new speed mechanics that we've got in Sword and Shield. It's going to be a very strong threat and support Pokemon going forward. Coming in at number nine is Hitran. So the steel and fire type Pokemon is finally returning. One of my favorite Pokemon obviously with that flash fire ability, not taking any damage from opposing fire moves. And it does get access to a few new gems in the crown tundra. It gets access to scorching sands, which is a ground type attack that can burn. It has a 30% burn chance on your opponent. And it also gets access to burning jealousy, which we've seen already in the Isle of Armour on a bunch of Pokemon like Torko.  So it's great against opposing Dynamax Pokemon that use Max Airstream and things like that. You can really take advantage of those and really slow down physical threats, which is great for Hitran. Obviously Hitran in general is going to be another Pokemon that takes advantage of that Dynamax ability. It's already got an incredible typing with that steel and fire. It's got great defenses already. And with Dynamax, you're going to be able to just increase that even more, maybe even go weakness policy on it and proc that with maybe Aqua Jet or something like that. We can see a lot of fun shenanigans going on with Hitran in the new Series 7 format. So it's definitely a Pokemon I'm looking at and looking forward to using. Coming in at number eight is Tapu Lele, probably one of my favorite Tapu's. And I wish I could have put it a little bit higher, but I couldn't really justify doing that. Now, one of the things that I really love about Tapu Lele in this format, obviously it gets its psychic surge ability to put the psychic terrain down in the field, but it also gets access to Expanding Force, a new tutor move, which is ridiculously strong. We've already seen how powerful things like Hatterine and Indeedy, that combination is there. And I think Tapu Lele just takes the Psychic Spam core and those teams to the next level. I really do think Psychic Spam is going to be a very strong core in the Series 7 format. I would expect to see a lot of this think about the fast mode with the Tapu Lele and then you've got the slow mode with the Hatterine and the Indeedy. You've got two Pokemon that can set up the psychic terrain. It's going to be very hard to kind of control your own terrain if you aren't using the psychic terrain as well. Obviously with Follow Me and Indeedy as well, it's perfect protection for something like Scarf Lele. And I mentioned Scarf Lele because I feel like the Scarf is a really great item on it going forward into Series 7. Because of that Dynamax ability that you're now going to have access to, you're going to be able to have that flexibility where you're not so hindered by always running the Choice Scarf. If you doesn't feel like it's favorable at the time, you can just Dynamax and start throwing out Max Mindstorms, Max Star Falls and things like that, which is really going to help Tapu Lele become a big, big threat in this format. So Tapu Lele in at number 8. We're going straight in with another Tapu at number 7, which is Tapu Finny. So Tapu Finny always being a very solid choice in previous formats. And again, I don't think it's going to be any different going into the Series 7 format when the Crown Tundra does drop and those rules do update on the 1st of November. It does get access to a new Cheetah Move in Flip Turn, which is a pretty much a water type U-turn move. So you can pivot out and get Tapu Finny out of Homsway before any threatening attacks come on to it and kind of reposition your board. And that's such an invaluable tool to be able to do that. Also gets access to Draining Kiss now as well. So it does have access to some sort of recovery, which compare nicely with Calm Mind, which you've seen do so well in previous formats. Tapu Finny obviously with that water and fairy typing just very strong. It's just like a different variation of Primarina with maybe some better techs and support options there. So it's arguable there will be discussions which one is better, but I probably would always go with Tapu Finny because of that misty terrain that it does have access to. And I think it's going to be a big threat going into the new format. Number 6 is going to be Enti, one of the legendary dog trio. And I'm so happy this is on the list. And the one reason it is here, obviously it's a very strong Pokemon in its own right, but it does have access with that ability patch that we'll be getting in the Crown Tundra to that hidden ability in a focus, making it immune to intimidates, which is so big. Obviously gets Sacred Fire, which is a very strong stab type attack. It has a 50% burn chance as well. And I think Enti with it's just general bulk is going to be a very big threat coming into the Crown Tundra. And I feel like it's going to do a lot of good work in the new format as well, especially with that Dynamax ability. It's one of those things, you know, we're looking at all these Pokemon and saying Dynamax ability is going to be very beneficial for this Pokemon. And I definitely feel like that's going to be the case for Enti. You can slap an Assault Fest on it. It's probably going to be very good. And you've even got the option to throw a weakness policy on it as well. Again, it's a little bit like the heat drum where you can use moves like Acrojet to activate that and see what you can do from there. But Enti got Weather Ball as well. So it's going to be another Pokemon that gets that distribution, take advantage of the weather. And you can abuse that in your own way, but very nice choice. And I think going to be very strong in the new formats. I definitely want to watch out for coming in at number five will be no surprise to you all is another Tapu. And it's going to be Tapu Koko Tapu Koko obviously has dominated previous formats where it's been available. And with the Crown Tundra, it is coming along with that. It has been officially confirmed. We have seen it in the trailers. And it does get a bunch of new options. Obviously getting Player Rough, but it does finally get that physical Fairy type attack that it's been craving for this whole time. A lot of previous formats, Koko has been forced to be predominantly a special type attacker. But now it can take advantage of that 115 base attack that it does have rather than the 95 special attack that it's always relied on in the past. Obviously getting access to Rising Voltage now is one of the tutor moves to take advantage of its terrain that it sets. It gets Misty Explosion, which is a very interesting move. It's the Fairy type explosion move. It is a tutor move from the Isle of Armour. And with Player Rough, they all make up for really nice options for Koko to be a real physical threat. And with that base, 130 speeds that it's going to be very threatening and faster than the majority of the format as well. So it does get access to obviously that fast Volt switch so it can pivot out. And it's going to be something that you're going to have to prepare for in the new format coming into Series 7. Coming in at number 4 is Cortana. One of the Ultra Beasts coming in here and one of my favourite Ultra Beasts in all honesty. And I think for the one fact that Cortana now gets access to Grassy Glide, kind of throws it right up to the top of this list for myself anyway. It's already a very strong Pokemon. Already going to take advantage of that Dynamax mechanic and with Beast Boost as its ability. It's a very scary prospect because once that momentum starts building with Cortana, it feels like the snowball that the Ultra Beasts used to get is just going to be expedited even more with the Dynamax ability. Especially boosting stats as well to kind of support it even further in these games. It's going to be incredibly interesting to say the least to see how these new Ultra Beasts are going to perform in a Dynamax environment.  And it's very fast with a base 109 speed stat. It is a little frail, but we've seen in the past players throw things like Assault Vest onto it to take advantage of that way. Obviously Focus Sash as well is another option, but the Assault Vest variant seems very scary right now. So why it is coming in number four for one of my strongest new Pokemon coming into the Crown Tundra? Number three is going to be Chryselia. Now, Chryselia is an old favorite of mine. I've used it since like 2009 in tournaments. It's just an incredible Pokemon, a psychic type with the Elevated ability. Just one of the most consistent trick room set as in the game must be control Pokemon in the game gets access to icy wind as well. So there's another mode there that you can go down if you don't want to go down the trick room route. Gets access to a lot of really cool tech skillswap, ally switch, and I shouldn't mention that, but it gets access to a lot of nice options. You know, it's got sunny day moonlight for recovery, but it does get access to a few new things coming into the Crown Tundra. One of them is Stored Power. So if you do go for a Carmine variant, I mean the thought of Carmine Chryselia with Stored Power and then Dynamax on top of that is a very scary prospect. I look forward to using something like that, but I don't look forward to playing against something like that. It's going to be an extremely scary Pokemon to face, especially if it does Dynamax. And I think that's maybe what sets it apart from a lot of the other trick room setters in the format that we've had before Crown Tundra. And then with Crown Tundra is that Chryselia can be quite offensive as well as being a very strong support of Pokemon. Coming in at number two is going to be what everyone's been talking about when Crown Tundra got announced and what Pokemon were coming back and that is going to be Landerous, either the Incarnate or the Therian form. Now with Incarnate, with the ability patch available now in Crown Tundra, it's going to have access to that sheer force ability, which is a very scary prospect. Or you're going to have access to the Therian form, which has been probably the more popular variant throughout previous formats with that Intimidate ability. It gets access to obviously with the Dynamax ability, it gets access to Airstream. It gets access to Max Quake. So it's got a way to boost its special defense, boost speed for you and your partner. It's a very scary Pokemon to think of, especially with the Intimidate support that it brings with it. It gets access to Weatherball now, which can be taken advantage of probably more with the Incarnate version because you probably want to go more special on that one than I would probably imagine you'd want to on the Therian version. But you can go special with both decent stats on both variants there. And it gets access to Scorching Sands as well, which is another tutor move that it has access to. So throw an Assault Vest on it, max it and just do lots of damage. And supporting your partner in Pokemon is what it's going to do. And it's going to be a very hard Pokemon to deal with. But do expect to see a lot of it in the new format. And coming in at number one, rounding off this list, we're going to finish with another Ultra Beast. And it was really hard kind of deciding what wine number one was. I kind of went between Landerous and Cracellia for what the potential they had there. But I think I kind of wound up with Stack Attacker. And I might be a little bit biased here. But in my opinion, I do feel like Stack Attacker is probably the strongest Pokemon returning that isn't a box legendary or a mythical or anything like that. But I think Stack Attacker is an incredibly strong Pokemon. It's got one of the slowest base speeds, meaning it can take advantage of Trick Room, which it can set up itself. And then it's got access to a new Tudor move in Body Press, which we all know how good that move is. And off a, what is it? 211 base defense stat is just nuts.  And you can further increase that with the Dynamax ability as well with those Max Steel Spikes to increase its defense even further. I like I say it does and it has access to Trick Room. So it can set its own speed control. It has access to support options like Wide Guard, it gets access to Gyro Ball, it gets access to Rock Slide. It's a very strong threatening Pokemon. And I mentioned a little bit earlier in this, this top 10 list, how I feel like Psychic Spam or Size Spam is going to be very strong in this new format, especially with the new options that we've got with Tapulele and Didi, Hatterine, the new Galarian Articuno, being a psychic flying type. And I think the one thing that you can reliably look upon to deal with this core, almost by itself is Stack Attacker. It underspeeds Hatterine, doesn't really care about the attacks that it's going to throw out at it. And it's going to be able to deal huge damage out by setting itself up at the same time for when it's not maxed anymore and then just throw out ridiculously strong body presses to end the game. Obviously going to need to have that speed control and Trick Room in effect to get the most out of it. But there's a lot of options in this format that we've got available to us with Dust Clops, Cresselia, Porygon 2. There's a bunch of options that we can take advantage of. The only drawback is it has got that four times weakness to fighting, but thankfully that fighting is normally physical and with that huge defense stat that it's got kind of bolstering it, it's not going to be too worried about the fighting type attacks, like something like Tyranitar maybe would be. So that is my top 10 list of the strongest Pokemon returning in the Crown Tender. I hope you've enjoyed it. I hope it's been a little bit educational with some of the new options that we've got available coming in the Crown Tender. There are a lot of things I've left out, but I had to, it was very hard deciding this list for myself. And I got a couple of honorable mentions I'd like to throw in just before we end up today. And that one of them is going to be Reggie Gigas. I do feel like this is going to be a very interesting Pokemon and it'll be, it's hard to say how well it's going to do and it does depend on having another Pokemon in your team. So already that feels like it's not going to be as strong. Maybe is a lot of people are expecting, but it's definitely going to be a lot of fun to play.  It's got like a hundred base bead, 110 base defenses across both special and physical. And the only drawback with it is it obviously gets a slow start ability, but you can take that away with the Glareon wheezing and it's neutralizing gas ability. That will nullify all abilities across the board. So meaning that Reggie Gigas isn't kind of held back by that slow start ability any longer. Can Dynamax is going to enjoy that Dynamax ability and with 160 base attack, it can start doing some big damage very early on. So definitely a Pokemon I'm going to be interested in keeping an eye on, especially and see how it does in series seven. I think it's going to be very cool and probably one of the first times are going to be able to really see Reggie Gigas do some very good work. Zerka Tree is another one that I would just like to make an honorable mention for. It does get access to rising voltage now that new tutor from the Isle of Armour. So we'll be able to take advantage of that as long as you've got the terrain up. You've got things like Tabukoko to help with that though. But Zerka Tree, definitely a Pokemon I feel has access to energy ball and a lot of other things. Obviously hidden power is something that it doesn't get access to anymore, but I'm sure be able to find ways around that. And I think Zerka Tree in general needs specific support options around it to really function as well as you kind of want it to and be as effective as possible. And I think it does have the tools probably with the Crown Tundra introduction to be able to do that with the rest of the Pokedex. So I'd imagine we'll see a few Zerka Tree teams pop up and it's definitely something not to underestimate if you do see it in Team Preview. But they're going to be my two kind of honorable mentions here. I hope you've enjoyed today's episode where we've kind of discussed something new Pokemon returning and what I personally think are going to be the top 10 strongest Pokemon returning in the Crown Tundra. We will be continuing a Crown Tundra coverage as we are now in the run-up to that dropping on the 22nd of October. Very exciting times. If you have enjoyed today's video, please remember to drop a like. Do subscribe to the channel if you are new and remember to leave a comment down below. Let me know what your number one strongest Pokemon you think will be returning in the Crown Tundra. I'd love to hear what your thoughts are on this and the selections that we've made in today's video. But I hope you've enjoyed it. Take care of yourselves. Have a great rest of your day. Make sure you're kind to each other. Make sure you're kind to yourselves and I'll see you all for the next one. So until then, friends, take care and bye-bye.