Hi, my name is Dana DiTamaso. I'm president at Kickpoint. And I am here today at MozCon 2022 to bring you some details on the exciting world of Google Analytics 4, which I know all of you are like, ugh. I don't want to learn about analytics, which is totally fair. I also did not want to learn about analytics. And then I kind of learned about it, whether I liked it or not. And you should do, unfortunately. I think the biggest thing about the move from universal analytics to GA4 is that people are like, they log in. Everything looks different. I don't like it, and then they leave. And I agree. The user interface in GA4 leaves a lot to be desired. I don't think there's necessarily been a lot of good education, especially for those of us who aren't analysts on a day-to-day basis. We're not all data scientists. I'm not a data scientist. I do marketing. So what I'm hoping is I can tell you the things you should know about GA4 on just a basic level so that you have a better vocabulary to talk about it when people are horrified by the move to GA4, which is inevitable. It's going to happen. You've got to get it on your site, starting basically immediately if you don't already have it. I started out with three things, and then I realized there's a fourth thing. So you get a bonus, exciting bonus. But we'll start with the first three things. So the first thing, it's different, which I know is obvious. Yes, of course, Stain, it's different, but it's different. So in universal analytics, there were different types of hits that could go into analytics, which is where hits came from originally as a metric that people talked about. So for example, in universal analytics, you could have a page view, or you could have a transaction, or you could have an event. And those were all different types of hits. In GA4, everything is an event. There is a page view event. There is a transaction event. There is, well, an event event.  And because of that, it's actually a lot better way to report on your data. So for example, one of the things that I know people always wanted to be able to report on in universal analytics is what pages did people see, and how did that relate to conversion rate? And that was really tricky, because a page view was something that was at the hit scope level, which means it was just the individual thing that happened. Whereas conversion rate is a session scoped thing. So you couldn't mash together a hit scope thing with page view as conversion rate, which is session scope. They just didn't combine together unless you did some fancy blending stuff in Data Studio, and who's got time for that? So now in GA4, because everything's an event, you have a lot more freedom with how you can slice and dice and interpret your data and figure out what pages do people engage with before they actually convert it, or what was that path? Not just the landing page, but the entire user journey on their path to conversion. So that part is really exciting. Second thing, engagement rate is a new metric in GA4. They do have bounce rate. They did recently announce it. I'm annoyed at it, so we're going to talk about this a little bit. Engagement rate is not reverse bounce rate, but it is in GA4. So in universal analytics, bounce rate was a metric that people reported on all the time, even though they shouldn't have. I hate bounce rates so much.   And why I hate bounce rate is it's so easily faked. Let's say, for example, your boss says to you, hey, you know what? The bounce rate on your site's too high. Could you fix it?  And then what you do is whenever somebody comes on your website, you send what's called an interactive event off to Google Analytics at the same time, and now you have a 0% bounce rate. Congratulations. You got a raise because you made it up, right? Bounce rate could absolutely be faked. No question. And so when we moved over to GA4, originally there was no bounce rate. There was engagement rate. Engagement rate has its own issues, but it's not measuring anything similar to what bounce rate was. Bounce rate in UA was an event didn't happen. It didn't matter if you spent an hour and a half on the page reading it closely. If you didn't engage an event that was an interactive event, that meant that you were still counted as a bounce when you left that page. Whereas in GA4, an engaged session is by default someone spending 10 seconds with that tab, that website, open so active in their browser, or they visited two pages, or they had a conversion. Now, this 10-second rule, I think, is pretty short. 10 seconds is not necessarily a lot of time for someone to be engaged with the website. So you might want to change that. It's under the tagging settings in your data stream.  And I would recommend playing around with that and seeing what feels right to you. Now, GA4, literally just as I am filming this, has announced bounce rate, which is actually it is reverse engagement rate. Please don't use it. Instead, think about engagement rate, which I think is a much more usable metric than bounce rate was in UA. And I'm kind of excited that bounce rate in UA is going away, because it was. All right, so next thing. Your data is not going to match. And this is stressful, because you've been reporting on UA data for years. And now all of a sudden it's not going to match. And people would be like, but you said there was 101 users. And today you're saying there was actually 102. What's the problem? So I mean, if you have that kind of dialogue with your leadership, you really need to have a conversation about the idea of accuracy and analytics, as in it isn't an error and everything else. But I mean, really, the data is going to be different. And sometimes it's a lot different. It's not just a little bit different. Because GA4 measures stuff differently than UA did. There is a page on Google Analytics Help, which goes into it in depth. But here's some of the highlights that I think you should really know sort of off the top of your head when you're talking to people about this. So first thing. A page view metric, which we're all familiar with, in Universal Analytics. This was all page views, including repeats. In GA4, same. Page views, page view. Great, so far so good. Then we had unique page views in Universal Analytics, which was only single views per session. So if I looked at the home page, and then I went to a services page, and then I went back to the home page, I would have two page views of the home page. For page view, I would have one page view of the home page in unique page views. That metric does not exist in GA4. So that is something to really watch for, is that if you were used to reporting on unique page views, that is gone. So I recommend now changing your reports to sort of like walk people through this comfort level of getting them used to the fact that they're not going to get unique page views anymore. Or you can implement something that I talk about in another one of my whiteboard Fridays about being able to measure the percentage of people who are reloading tabs and tab hoarders. You could work that into this a little bit. Next thing is users. Users are really, I think, a difficult topic for a lot of people to get their heads around.  You're usually not, unfortunately. You don't necessarily get associated across multiple devices. Or if you're using, say, a privacy-focused browser, like Safari, you may not even be associated in the same device, which kind of sucks. The real only way you can truly measure if someone is a user across multiple sessions is if you have a login on your website, which not everybody does. A lot of B2B sites don't have logins. A lot of small business sites don't have logins. So users is already kind of a sketchy metric. And so it's unfortunately, it's one that people used to report on a lot in universal analytics. So in universal analytics, users was total users, new versus returning. In GA4, it's now active users. What is an active user? Documentation's a little unclear on how Google considers an active user. So I recommend reading that in depth. Just know that this is going to be different. You never should have been reporting on new versus returning users anyway unless you had a login on your site because it was such a sketchy bad metric. But I don't think a lot of people knew how bad it was. It's OK. Just start changing your reports now so that when you have to start using GA4 on July 1, 2023, for real, UA is done, then at least it's not so much of a shock when you do make that transition. So one other thing to think about as well with the changes is sessions. So in universal analytics, a session was the active use of a site. So you're clicking on stuff and at a 30 minute timeout. And you may have heard never to use UTM tags on internal links on your website. And the reason why is because if someone clicked on an internal link on your website that had UTMs on it, your session would reset. And so you would have what's called session breaking, where all of a sudden you would have a session that basically started in the middle of your website with a brand new campaign and source and medium and completely detached from the session that they just had. They would be a returning user though. That's great. You should have been reporting on that anyway. Whereas in GA4, instead, now there's an event. Because remember, everything's an event now. There was an event is called session start. And so that records when, well, the session starts. And then there's also a 30 minute timeout. But there is no UTM reset. Now that doesn't mean that you should go out there and start using UTMs on internal links. I still don't think it's a great idea. But it's not necessarily going to break things the way that it used to. So you can now see where did someone start on my site by looking at the session start event. I don't know if it's necessarily 100% reliable. We've seen situations where if using consent management tools, for example, like a cookie compliance tool, you can have issues with session starting and whatnot. So just keep that in mind, is that it's not necessarily totally foolproof. But it is a really interesting way to see where people started on the site in a way that you could not do this before. So bonus, bonus before we go. The fourth thing that I think you should know about GA4. Use BigQuery. There is a built-in BigQuery export under the settings for GA4. Use it. The reason why you should use it is, A, the reports in GA4 are not great, the default reports that kind of suck. B, even the explorations are a bit questionable. You can't really format them to look nice at all. So what I'm saying to people is don't really use the reports inside GA4 for any sort of useful reporting purposes. It's more like an ad hoc reporting. But even then, I would still turn to BigQuery for most of my reporting needs. And the reason why is because GA4 has some thresholding applied. So you don't necessarily get all the data out of GA4 when you're actually looking at reports in it. And this happened to me actually just this morning before I recorded this whiteboard Friday. I was looking to see how many people engaged with the form on our website. And because it was a relatively low number, it said 0. And then I looked at the data in BigQuery, and it said 12. Like that amount could be missing from the reports in GA4. But you can see it in BigQuery. And that's because of the thresholding that's applied. So I always recommend using the BigQuery data instead of the GA4 data. And in Google Data Studio, if that's what you use for your reporting tool, the same issue applies when you use GA4 as a data source. You have the same thresholding problems. So really just use BigQuery. And you don't need to know BigQuery. All you need to do is get the data going into BigQuery and then open up Google Data Studio and use that BigQuery table as your data source. That's really all you need to know. No SQL required. If you want to learn it, that's neat. I don't even know that well yet. But it is not something you have to know in order to report well on GA4. So I hope that you found this helpful. And you can have a little bit more of a better dialogue with your team and your leadership about GA4. I know it seems rushed. It's rushed. Let's all admit it's rushed. But I think it's going to be a really good move. I'm really excited about the new kinds of data and the amounts of data that we can capture now in GA4. It really frees us from the category action label stuff that we were super tied to in universal analytics. We can record so much more interesting data now in every event. So I'm excited about that. The actual transition itself might be kind of painful. But then, on a year from now, we'll all look back and laugh. Thank you very much.