Good morning Tenmayan. Hello Suresh. Good morning ma'am. Good morning. How are you all? I'm fine ma'am. Oh so yesterday was Christmas so anything special you have done on Christmas? No ma'am, nothing much. Just because this Covid and virus is everywhere we can't go outside also now. Okay so have we met in past? You have any memories, anything that you can share that we have done class together or something like that? Ma'am I guess we've been mostly online since 11th and you took a few class in 12th as well. In 11th but in 12th so I don't remember in 12th the chapter. Anything you remember in 12th? I don't exactly remember the chapter ma'am. I think you did take a couple of classes. Yes I also remember that I was engaged with you for classes then or also ma'am they all are also there then they started and I moved on to other projects. So there are few chapters that I got to know that is pending in your syllabus. Like we are planning to complete the syllabus by end of December because then we will have the neat crash course and all. So I just want, we just want to assure that every chapter is getting proper time and it's getting completed on time. So today I hope there are two classes. Biology session, two sessions are there. Yes ma'am. So first one today everybody know that what chapter we are going to, which chapter especially I'm going to start and which chapter will be done by the round sir in the evening. So before starting anything, let's get little interacted with each other because it's our online class you are not able to see me, wait let me switch on my camera. I think it's working or not. It should be working. Start video. Hello hello a very good morning. Good morning ma'am. So can you please also put on your video that Aguram is entering. Everybody video option Tanmay is having a nice DP. The DP is having his name only Tanmay. I'm actually traveling so I'm only going to turn on my camera. Okay, okay others. Ma'am I don't know where my camera is. Oh, Chalo fine, but everybody hello a big hi to all of you from today I will take you classes of biology so that we can complete the syllabus on time. So everyone is going to school school is open. Yes ma'am. But this, what about this new virus. I think that it's dangerous. Yes ma'am but I think it won't spread so much that schools will close again. It has been how many days that you are going offline school. About a month ma'am since boards and a month before. Yes I also want to know that there is especially 10th and 12th kids are going. These primary kids are still in their home because there is risk but some schools are open for primary also some school like NPS and all it's not open. So proper if we discuss or if we talk that offline classes and all so we can say that it will take like three four more months according to me I don't I am not sure. Maybe from the next session the things would be offline. So my screen is visible. No ma'am not yet. I think what I have done. Now. Okay so Ananya Raghuram Shreyasher Tanmay four kids are there somebody absent also. Oh yes ma'am Shradha told me she won't be attending the morning class. Okay yeah I remember she has some puja. Okay. No issues. My screen is visible. Guys use your mic like Raghuram Tanmay Ananya. Can you please. What were you speaking? I said it's getting used to it. Oh your voice is getting echo. Anybody else can help me. We can see your screen ma'am. Thank you if you can see my screen. What about now? Yes or no can you see my screen now? Yes ma'am. Okay thank you please try to speak now otherwise this is already an offline class and if we will not speak then it will be like who is there. Speaking then I will be confused that are the children active or not. Okay so my groups in human welfare this chapter we have to start today. Let me tell you guys this unit in which these all chapters like human health disease strategies for enhancement in food production and my groups in human welfare. So guys I am back there was a conclusion Rahul sir is having class in the evening. Yes sir. Yes ma'am. Okay so we were discussing that today I am going to start this chapter that is a small Chotusa chapter microbes in human welfare. So there is a unit in your textbook the name of the unit or we can say the chapters that are present in the unit are three chapters and exactly what I would be teaching. Like you have seen the winter pending planner. So guys can you swap the chapters like if I complete this chapter then after this if I start human health and disease that is fine because I think these two chapters are very very interrelated to each other. Then after completing these many chapters then I want to switch off this environmental issue and all. Because they are like biology in human welfare is the name of this unit. So there are chapters like microbes are there so I am teaching microbes chapter first then I am going to start human health because first you will know about the pathogens and all and then we can discuss about the disease and all caused by them. So that's that is the reason that I have started chapter number 10 of your textbook first and after this I will go with chapter number eight. So microbes in human welfare microbes are pathogenic everybody know but it's not like if I say the statement that all microorganisms are pathogen or if I say all pathogens are microorganisms microorganisms so which will be the more correct one. Let me write it also. If you have any doubt, I just want everybody to be a little active in the class so that the class won't smoothly and we don't have any doubt or anything. Statement number one, all microorganisms are pathogens. Statement number one is this and the same time statement number two all pathogens are macro or microorganisms. I simply want to know your answer that what do you think that which statement is correct. Everybody have a mic. My screen is shared or not first of all. So see there are two things I have written on my screen point one point two. I just want to know your view that according to you which one is the do you think is correct and which one is false. The second one is true and the first month falls. This answer is given by. Let me write. Second is true and first is false. This is told by Shreyesh. Other. Mom even I think the second one is true. Okay now everybody second is true and first is false. Even is agreeing on this. Yes. So confident now see you your answer is 100% correct. All pathogens are microorganisms like what are pathogens pathogens are disease causing microorganisms. So those microorganisms that does not cause disease. They are not pathogen disease causing micro organisms are known as pathogens. So obviously all pathogens are microorganisms. But if I say that all the microorganisms that is present on this planet are going to cause disease are going to be pathogenic. So no, because we have seen a number of microbes that are useful. They're not causing disease. For example, this lactobacillus then east is their saccharomycese cerevisiae. So there are so many microbes like see what I call this fungus panacea. It is useful in making penicillin. So they all are to use for now. And they are microorganisms. So can we say that all microorganisms are pathogen node. So this is statement is wrong and this is statement is correct. Is it okay. So now guys, the first question that is coming in your mind that this chapter. How what is the weightage of the chapter like how much question or number of questions will be there. So I would like to write here in the paragraph only that in microbes in human welfare three to four questions will come paka paka. You know what is the meaning of paka paka. Yes ma'am. Let confirm sure it is a Hindi word. Three to four questions will come. Each question is of four marks what should be the weightage like 12 to 16 marks. Okay. Is it okay. Shall we move now. Yes ma'am. See in case anywhere you have any doubt or you think that ma'am your voice is not clear you are not teaching well or you are not completing the entire topic then please let me know okay. We will do it accordingly. I will try to complete like I will try to cover each and everything. But everybody remember the 70% of the paper is directly based upon. NCRT ma'am. NCRT very good. And this biology is having this 90 question now 45 bought me 45 geology and 90 will be the bio questions 45 will be physics 45 will be chemistry so maximum weightage is given by biology. So if your bio is very good. Like you have done enough preparation we have solved mcqs we have done DPPs then this can be booster for you like bio is a story. So by the help of biology you can score good in need exam that is something I want to say. So here this chapter having three four question only three four questions will come but just because three four questions we have to study the entire chapter. Let me. What is this how to remove this from screen. Okay. So microbes are uni cellular microbes. They are made up of only one cell. So if I write here microbes are uni cellular so if they are uni cellular can receive the naked eyes microbes are uni cellular so can receive by the help of a naked eyes. So what about one more I will use here. Microbes are uni cellular and micro is copic yes or no. Fine. So they are uni cellular they are microscopic. We can also say that they are found everywhere. And what is the name of the kingdom to which they are connected diversity living organism this chapter I think grade 11 is the part. You have done this diversity chapter. So which kingdom comprises microbes. And is it Monero. Very good. And for Monero and for microbes direct connection and for Monero and for microbes so kingdom Monera is having bacteria. And then we can say different types of bacteria than all the. But you remember also that fungi is also micro but it does not belong to Kingdom Monera. Why because fungi is having a special kingdom. What is the name of the kingdom. What is the name of the kingdom in which fungi is living according to take our system of classification. The fungi. Am I audible all the fungi. Mama King fungi. Very nice. Kingdom fungi. What is the other name of Kingdom fungi. There is one biological super hit name of Kingdom fungi. I will give you one hint. It is starting with the letter M. I we don't remember. Okay. So it's Kingdom my quota. Have you heard this name. Yes ma'am. Okay. Kingdom my quota is a kingdom in which fungi are there. And the branch of science that deals with the study of fungi is known as. Mycology. Mycology very good. Study of bacteria is known as. Study of bacteria is known as. Should I write down these things. Oh no I will write them down. You can just dictate it. See study of bacteria is bacteriology. Simple simple study of fungi is mycology. And study of algae is phycology phycology phycology phycology. Study of fungi is mycology study of algae is phycology. Everybody have you done. Done. Yes I'm done. Okay. So microorganisms can be anywhere everywhere. So we can call them cosmopolitan. Cosmopolitan is something that is found everywhere. So those microorganisms here I will write micro. Organisms. Living in extreme conditions. Extreme. Let me tell you extreme means. It can be extreme hot. It can be extreme cold. It can be extreme salty. It can be extreme dry. It can be extreme basic. It can be extreme basic. It can be extreme acidic. So those microorganisms that is living in extreme conditions. They are known as archivacteria. What we will call them archivacteria. Okay. After this this archivacteria like microorganisms that are living in extreme condition. Archivacteria can be of three types. First is thermoacidophils. Acidophils. Thermo means thermodynamics. Heat. Acidophils. Acid. So those bacteria which can live in excessive heat. Those who can live in excessive acidic condition. They are known as thermoacidophils. Is it okay? Yes mom. Is it okay? Yes mom. Yes mom. Okay. So here one category is thermoacidophils. Second category is methamogens. Methamogens are the bacteria that is present in the stomach of cattle. Lives in cattle's stomach. So they smell for example those who eat mutton and all. Mutton is there. Sheep is there. Pig is there. So if those who are interested or those who are non-vegetarians and eat the meat of these cattle's they can feel a good smell of the meat when the organism is cut down like. So this is because of the bacteria methamogens that is living in the cattle's stomach. Now the third one is halophiles. The third is halophiles. What are halophiles? Halophiles are those which lives in extreme saline and marshy condition. Lives in extreme saline and marshy conditions. Okay. Write it down. Three types of archaebacteria there. So guys here our question is coming in my mind that if archaebacteria is a. You can say extreme bacteria, extreme condition living bacteria. So the cell wall of the bacteria is made up of.   Ma'am. Not sure. But just have a guess. Anybody else? Polysaccharide? No. Anybody is using the cell? No. Is there anybody using the chat? No ma'am. Okay. So let me, I will tell you. See normally the cell wall of bacteria is made up of peptidoglycan. Okay. Peptidoglycan is a tough substance that will give rigidity to the bacteria. Because it is used in making of the cell wall of the bacteria. But guys, the cell wall of archaebacteria is not made up of peptidoglycan. So have you written this? May I move forward? Yes ma'am. Can I continue? So if this is a bacteria. The bacteria is having a cell wall. And the cell wall of bacteria is made up of peptidoglycan. Okay. But if I talk about the extreme case bacteria, that is the hero of bacteria. Archebacteria. They have the cell wall that is not made up of peptidoglycan. But they are made up of polysaccharides and glycoponjugates. Polysaccharides and glycoponjugates. Okay. So polysaccharide. Poly means? Poly means? Poly means? Ma'am, repeated units. Very good. Poly means repeated. So mono means one. So poly means can I say many? Guys, everyone speak. I will teach the lecture in such a way that I will ask you how to give the answer. Ma'am, could you repeat? My question is can I say poly means many? Yes ma'am. Okay. So everyone please be prepared. Like in between, in between, simply I will ask question because in this way only we will study this chapter. It's not like going to be monotonous and ma'am is giving lectures, students are simply listening, writing and then getting bored. Okay. Is this fine? Did the method of teaching is good? Yes ma'am. Comfortable, no? So see, archaebacteria cell wall is made up of polysaccharides and glycoponjugates. Poly means many. Polysaccharide means sugar. Here let me write it so that you will understand. No fancy and technical word that you become, oh what is this? See polysaccharide means there will be so many sugar molecules joined together that will go and form cell wall of the archaebacteria. There is one more, go glycoponjugates. Glycoponjugates, they are also carbohydrate. They are those carbohydrates that will go and get bonded with amino acids. So glyco, glyco say you can understand they are also carbohydrate. But what type of carbohydrate? Carbohydrate that are covalently bond or covalently linked to amino acid. Covalently linked to amino acid to generate peptidoglycan. See in the last they have to make peptidoglycan. But it's not like that. There's simply peptidoglycan is present so we can say no. In archaebacteria peptidoglycan is not present. There are polysaccharides and glycoponjugates. You know the ionic bond, covalent bond, chemistry, ionic bond and covalent bond. Yes ma'am. So here in glycoponjugates the carbohydrate will go and get a bond. Carbohydrate and amino acid have to come together. So if these two molecules have to come together they need a bond. So what bond is there? Covalent bond. Ma'am. Ma'am is glycoponjugate or peptidoglycan? Glycoponjugate is something that is having carbohydrate and amino acid. That is linked with the covalent bond and then they will make peptidoglycan. Ma'am but archaebacteria doesn't have peptidoglycan in cell wall. So what will happen that this glycoponjugate that is having amino acid and carbohydrate it will be present like this only in this you can say cell wall of the archaebacteria. It's not necessary that they are going to be converted in peptidoglycan when the condition is harsh only. So there is no formation of peptidoglycan only polysaccharides and this amino acids and this carbohydrate they three will live together in the cell wall. Okay, thank you ma'am. The possibility of getting converted is less because they are already living in harsh condition. But yes, if the condition become favorable or something there is possibility that peptidoglycan is formed. Is it okay? So ma'am the amino acid and carbohydrate are not linked in normal conditions? In normal condition there is no presence of amino acid in the cell wall of bacteria. In normal like for example normal condition is normal bacteria. Once the condition become acidic, once the condition become excessive dry, once the condition become unfavorable, unfavorable is the any extreme condition come, the bacteria that is able to survive is not normal bacteria, it's archaebacteria. And archaebacteria does not have peptidoglycan in the cell wall, it have polysaccharides and glycoponjugates. Direct question will come in need. Ma'am so when does it have peptidoglycan? When the condition will become favorable. So when it's not, okay. Understood but it's very rare to be favorable. For example those bacteria which are living in hot spring water. So there is continuously the water is hot only and they have to survive anyways. So there will be polysaccharides and glycoponjugates in their cell wall. And this is the only thing that will make them archaebacteria otherwise they will become normal bacteria. Ma'am so the amino acid is present only in archaebacteria. Only in archaebacteria, correct. So can we move further? Yes ma'am. Now normal bacteria, I will discuss little story about the normal bacteria. Here I will write bacteria. This bacteria is having a cell wall that is made up of peptidoglycan. What is peptidoglycan is the cell wall. Of this peptidoglycan is homopolysaccharides or hetero polysaccharide. So it is hetero. Hetero means two type of sugar units will be there. And homo means same same only one. So if I write that peptidoglycan that is a cell wall of bacteria is hetero polysaccharide. So hetero word is given. It means it will have two. Hetero means two unit. So what is this two unit? First is nag. Second is ma'am. Nag and ma'am. A ma'am full form is anacetyl. I hope you know. Glucosamine. Nam is anacetyl muramic acid. So peptidoglycan is made up of hetero polysaccharide that is nag and ma'am. This is bacteria. But at the same time if I use, if I tell you about the fungi that is also microorganism. The cell wall of fungi is made up of, you will tell me. Basic question, grade nine question. Cell wall of fungi. Very good. What's your name? Ma'am Raghuram. Very good Raghuram. Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin. Now chitin is homo polysaccharide or hetero. So it will be homo. Are you guys making notes? So chitin is homo polysaccharide. And if it is homo polysaccharide, so homo means one only. So it is made up of only nag. In yesterday class you have studied a little bit about nag and ma'am in molecular basis. Not yet ma'am. So it will be after few lectures. Done, done, done, done. One second. Yes, I'm done. Okay, fine. So in the next, I will use slide blackboard. Types of bacteria on basis of shape. Very easy, very easy is, I hope there is your, what I say, there is one PPT also. Let me open it. COCUS and all the shapes and all is given. My groups in human belt here. I need to see this. I think I haven't see RT book. My screen is visible not properly. Let me check with this. Human health and disease. I think on page number is taking little time. Let it get open. Why is this happening that the pages are not getting open? Is it visible? Yes ma'am. Yeah, see page one is visible, page two is not getting visible. Yes, I would like to show you. If I hide the labelling part. Bacteria number one is, what is the shape of the bacteria number one? Bacteria A. And is it bacillus? Bacillus, very good. How you got to know? Oh ma'am, it's rod shape. It's rod shape, very good. So those bacteria which are rod shape, they are known as bacillus. So from here, I will take my screen short. So that I can use in the notes. Fine. B shape is? Mammococcus. Coccus, very good. Cocci, we can say. So this is my, you can say blackboard. And here we will have, like this. Okay. Visible? Okay. So first is bacillus. Bacillus is rod shape. A few example of rod shaped bacteria is bacillus anthracis. Anthracis is there. See this is genus name underline species name. So what disease it will cause? Bacillus anthracis is a rod shaped bacteria. It causes a disease. What is that? Anthrax. Very good. Anthrax. After this, I hope everybody, have you done biotechnology chapter? We just started. Just started. So have you heard the term BT cotton? Not yet, ma'am. Okay. So BT cotton is a cotton. Actually, when in old days, there was a ball. Like round worm is there. Infectious worm. There was an insect known as ball worm. So what that insect will do? This insect will go and sit on the cotton balls. And it will make the cotton balls infectious.  So just because of this, the cotton industry was in loss. In order to get rid of this tension, the genetic engineers and all, they have developed a new variety of cotton that is known as BT cotton. What is this? This whole story, your biotech teacher will tell you, but little story I'm telling that in this, we have used a bacteria. In this cotton, like in the production of such type of cotton, we have used a bacteria, but this bacteria will be useful or harmful guys if we are using it. I'm useful. Useful. Otherwise, why we will use it now? It is useful because it is used in the human welfare. So protecting the cotton from the ball worms, we have designed a special new type of cotton. That is BT cotton. So BT word is basillus furini. How to write so that black color is also here. Basillus furini genesis. So what is BT cotton? BT cotton is a name of the, you can understand, bacteria is used in the production of BT cotton that is basillus furini genesis. So this is also rod shape guys. Yes or no, basillus word is there. So it is also rod shape. After this, this is spherical one. You already told me that it is Kokai, ground round shape. So Kokai, this bacteria, if I go here, if I write the word Kokai here, I will make. So Kokai can be seen if they are in a chain, what we will call them is streptococcus. Streptococcus. And if they are in group like this, then what we will call them is defylococcus. Have you heard these terms? Yes ma'am. Ma'am only streptococcus. Okay, so strepto is chain like. Let me write it otherwise. Chain like and defylococcus is group. Is it okay? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So round shape or we can say spherical shape is streptococcus. There are two bacteria which I know is a spherical shape. Cost is streptococcus pneumonia. By the name only it is clear that which disease it will cause streptococcus pneumonia. Which disease it will cause? Mnemonia. Very good. And one is streptococcus pyrogym. Which disease it will cause? I am not sure. I want everybody's reply. Not sure ma'am. Have you heard this name? No ma'am. No ma'am. So see life 3-8 main infection is like streptococcus pyrogym. It is a group of bacteria, chain like bacteria that can cause pneumonia. First of all, only not streptococcus pneumonia is responsible for pneumonia. This bacteria is also bacteria. One disease is minoprocess and streptococcus toxic shock syndrome. So we can understand that they can cause severe bacterial diseases. Pyrogym is a group of streptococcus that can cause dangerous diseases. After this, we have done bacillus, we have done spadical. Is there any specific name? Pyrogym is a group. Pyrogym is a group that can give rise to so many diseases. If I go to the diagram again, guys, what is this in diagram number C? This is flagella, this is rod shaped bacteria. This bacteria is motile or non-motile? Motile. Motile, very good. Motility is... Ma'am, does the group pyrogym have other bacteria as well? Yeah, it is the pyrogym. It is a group of streptococcus bacteria. Whatever the streptococcus bacteria are there, they can be a part of streptococcus pyrogym. Pyrogym has even bacillus, isn't it? Yes. It has bacillus. It has bacillus shaped bacteria. Bacillus is rod now. Yes ma'am. So bacteria is motility. It is movable due to flagella. What is this diagram guys? Identify. It is very easy. I am bacteriophage. Is it a bacteria or virus? I am a virus. Virus, very nice. See, bacteria what is given? So people will confuse that it is bacteria. No. See, bacteriophage or bacteriophage word is given. So we can understand phase is something virus. Bacteriophage. This phase word means virus. So it is a virus that attacks on bacteria. It is a virus that attacks on bacteria. Is it okay? So virus infecting bacteria is known as bacteriophage. A few examples. So let me write you. So that there will be a proper notes. Bacteriophage is basically a virus that infects bacteria. So here I will write lambda phase and m13 phase. These two are the best example of bacteria. After this, once you are done, please write it down so that I can go to the diagram part. Once you are done, tell me also. So that I can know. Done. Okay, so here I will tell you. There is one more diagram in the NCRT.  What is this? What is that? Virus we have started. This is guys adenovirus. What does the adenovirus will do? Adenovirus, what it will do? It will infect respiratory tract. Virus is there. So respiration problem will be there. Adenovirus will infect respiratory tract. The last, this is compact rod shaped virus. Sorry, this rod shape is visible. This is known as Tobacco mosaic virus. It's not bacteria that I will use a word for rod shaped bacteria bacillus. No, it's a virus. So I will use this is TMB, Tobacco mosaic virus. Tobacco, what you are getting? Is it a virus that is infecting animal or it is a virus that is infecting plant? Question mark. Mom, can you show me adenovirus? Here it is. TMB that is Tobacco mosaic virus is a plant infecting virus or human or animal infecting? Plant. Plant, very good. See, because Tobacco word is there. Tobacco is a plant.  See, if it is a virus, so it will have DNA or RNA guys. Very good. The genetic material will be RNA. Okay. And they are this Tobacco mosaic virus is known as retro virus. Retro virus is a group of virus. Okay. So TMB, if I remember the diagram of my grade eight kids, which I have taught them. Or it is in grade 12 also. If you will see the reference book or something. Which book you refer for biology except LCRT? Mom only NCRT and the symptom notes. Oh, you don't have any preference books? The mom or sir told us that this much will be enough. We have asked them before. Okay. So what you told that NCRT is enough. NCRT, symptom notes and that Cengage book that you guys have given us. Okay. So in that book maybe you get the diagram. See, this is looking like a grapes, but actually it's not. Excuse me. Yes. Ma'am, isn't it so that retro viruses have RNA and adeno viruses have DNA? Retro virus will have no DNA. So here it is. Here we can write it, but retro virus and 70% virus is having the gelated material RNA. Only 30% is adeno virus. That is having DNA. Yes ma'am. So this diagram, everyone please draw it because it is not in the textbook also. So see here it will be protein unit known as capsule. I don't know how to explain you. Let me explain you as a default. Everybody. This is circular DNA. Oh, sorry. Circular RNA. Circular. Let me write the genetic material. Easy. Not. See the diagram will not come, but simply I'm telling you because we are studying this topic. After this, this is a protein. This all is protein. And what is the protein of virus known as? Capsit. And the single protein, what I will call it. The unit of capsid is. Capsumias. Is it okay? Can you repeat? I'm saying that this whole is known as protein. This, this is protein. So in virus, the protein is named as capsid. And the single unit, the single single is known as protein unit is capsule. Okay. Can you give us a minute to draw the diagram? Okay. Fine. Take your time. Then. One second. Then mom. So this is a tobacco mosaic virus.  So TMV is having a circular genetic material, capsid protein and then units are capsid. This is a virus. This is a harmful thing. So it was infecting so many plans. Like how many plans were getting affected by this TMV. This virus was having harmful effect of harmful effects on. See, what are the harmful effects that it was having on. Moong dal. Have you heard the pulses Moong. Yes, mom. Okay. Second is I remember beans. Everybody know beans. Then okra. Okra is lady finger correct. So how to learn this harm with this the tobacco mosaic virus is having the harmful effect on bomb. B o m bomb means B for beans o for okra m for Moong. Is this fine? Small brick bomb. Yes mom. So tobacco mosaic virus is actually a virus that is infectious. It can have a harmful effect on few plants and the three few plants are bomb, beans, okra and m for Moong. So they were causing so much infection in them.   So have you seen that there is black black holes or black black holes in the beans also? No. No, have you seen it or not? Yes, I have seen it. So here I would like to show you okra disease. This is lady finger. Can you see this? These lady fingers. This visible. Yes or no? Yes. So this is the okra disease. So this I will close the tab and I will go back to my diagram part. So what the genetic engineering has done in order to prevent the Moong beans and okra from this, what we say this dangerous disease, tobacco mosaic virus. They have done mutation breeding. They have done mutation breeding. What is mutation breeding? By the help of mutation breeding, they prevent this tobacco mosaic virus infecting these Moong beans and okra. So Moong and beans okra, they got protection from tobacco mosaic virus by using a technique mutation breeding. And one more disease was there. So mutation breeding here I will help in prevention of tobacco mosaic virus in bomb. Bomb is fine if I write. First point is this. Mutation breeding is also helpful in protecting Moong and beans against a disease known as yellow powdery mildew. So guys, mutation breeding is a technique that is very, very much useful for plants in two ways. First, it protected beans okra and Moong from a disease of tobacco mosaic virus. It also protected Moong and beans from a disease that is yellow powdery mildew. So this is a neat question. Am I audible? Yes ma'am. So this is a part of neat MCQ. Please note it down. Anyways, I will give you this note also after the class. Done. The story is done. Yes ma'am. Ok guys, tell me honestly, it has been one hour. Is the class going little boring or very slow? I am very slow going. No ma'am, I was going fine only. Proper. Fine now because the speed sometime I think that I am going very slow. But it's ok. We have two lectures for this chapter. And this is the first lecture that I got with you like you are. It's not like we are meeting regularly and I know you too. It's ok. So this is the first. So I think that it's going fine. If you think that it's very slow or I am going fast, please remind me. Now we have seen according to NCRT, the microbes are useful in so many areas. The first area that we have to study is household. First of all, I will start with my home. Home means household products. So the topic will be microbes in, microbes in household and how they are useful in household products. So first useful effect in our home is everybody loves code C U R D. First application is in the formation of curd. Yesterday only I ate curd because I was having stomach issues from the last two days. My stomach was not fine because I was having dinner that was made up of so much spices and oil. And I got indigestion, vomiting and all. Then I didn't went to any doctor simply whenever I get this problem. So I took little amount of rice, then curd and add cucumber in it. Then that black salt and then simply eat it. So curd is very good for your stomach. It is very good for your health. So there is a bacteria that helps in the formation of curd. What is the name of the bacteria? You know this answer is very easy. Who will tell me the bacteria that forms curd? I have lactobacillus. Very good, lactobacillus. A bacillus has a which shape it will be? I am broad shaped. So lactobacillus lab. Lab is lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria. So these two bacteria will play an important role in the formation of curd. So what will happen guys? First of all, suppose this is a milk. I will tell you the process how to make curd, how to help in the curd formation. Then you can do it. I think everybody have seen also now your mother is doing.  Mom, we have seen it mom. Okay, so I order it from market but sometime I used to make it also of my own. When the temperature is favorable. If it is extreme cold guys, the curd is not going to set. Okay, so here let me tell you this is milk. So in milk, I will add little curd. Suppose let me make a dye color of curd. Curd is little. Now this little curd is known as a starter. Because it will, it is something starter, it is initiating the process. So this little curd that we add in the milk is known as in biology. It's known as inoculum. I double M O C O L U M. Okay, so this is known as inoculum. I need to write it down. What is the spanning weight? I am getting confused. Excuse me, ma'am. Tell me, tell me. Ma'am, lactobacillus and lab, they are different bacteria, right? Yes, they are different. What is their role? They will help in the formation of curd. What is the difference in their roles? See, difference is this, that this lactobacillus is, you can say rod shape. But lactic acid bacteria is not always rod shape. Let me show you the diagram. My screen got stuck. See, you can understand like this also.  And in that group, lactobacillus is one member. I have to show you, if you want to understand that what is the difference between lactobacillus and lactic acid bacteria. So lactic acid bacteria are widely spread throughout the environment. But it's not like they are always going to be helpful in the curd formation. Some species of lactic acid bacteria, they does not that much actively participate. But lactobacillus is 100% participating in the curd formation. So the name as it implies, they will derive energy from the fermentation of lactose, whatever they will do. Then they will do fermentation of glucose and other sugars. Then they will, you can understand like this. For example, there is a phylum orthopoda, largest phylum. Tell me one member of orthopoda. Any one member of orthopoda phylum? Mammarachnids. What? Spitals. Spiders. Insect is one of the, like spider, shall I have said, cockroach. So like cockroach is a member of orthopoda. At the same time, we can say that cockroach is member, can I say butterfly is also member of orthopoda? Yes ma'am. So they both have jointed legs? Yes ma'am. So similarly, lactic acid bacteria is a group. In that group, there are so many bacteria. So most of the bacteria that is present in lactic acid group, they will help in the formation of curd. Simple. Only this much you need to know. In a neat level. Is it fine? Yes ma'am. So the little curd that you will add in the milk is known as inoculum, biological word. Now you will, what do you will do? Then you will, for example, before adding this inoculum, what do you have to do? Eat the milk. It's not like very, very, it's burning, but boil the milk, okay? Then step number two, add a starter, add inoculum. Step number three, cover the lid. Don't disturb, like simply going and watching that curd is made, curd is formed, curd is done. No, let it undisturbed for six to eight hours. And then you will observe that the curd is formed. But guys, one more thing, the best temperature for curd formation. Sometimes you will observe that curd is not formed. So the best temperature for curd is formation 35 to 40 degrees. Slide it down. So what happens guys, suppose I have added this starter inoculum in this milk. So this starter is having lactobacillus. So what does this lactobacillus will do? Simply what it will do, this lactobacillus will multiply itself. And after multiplying it will become more, yes or no? Yes ma'am. So two function it will do, lactobacillus has two functions. Little bit Hindi, you know? Yes ma'am. So here I will write two functions of lactobacillus. First is in two function, first function is it will convert milk into curd after multi-plication. Second is that it will digest milk protein. What is the name of the milk protein? The protein present in milk, what do we call? Casein. So casein is the milk protein that is digested by lactobacillus. So once the curd is set, curd is formed. So the curd is highly nutritious. If we compare milk with curd, we can say curd is highly nutritious. Why it is highly nutritious? Because first of all it will have, what it will have? The important thing, vitamin B12, vitamin B12 scientific name is cyanocobalamin. So this vitamin B12 we will get in our body when we will have curd in our diet. So this vitamin B12 is intrinsic factor of the body or extrinsic factor. So this vitamin B12 that I am getting from curd is intrinsic or extrinsic. Now is it extrinsic? Extrinsic, we are getting from outside. So vitamin B12 is also known as gaseous extrinsic. This is a neat part. Okay fine. Now I will ask you that why is this so much important for our body vitamin B12? So lack of a vitamin B12 causes depression wise. Now vitamin B12 if it is less, then we can see that there is lack of vitamin B12 causes perinicious anemia. Just so you have done in that chapter digestion and absorption. So anemia is lack of blood. So if vitamin B12 is not there, so person is having anemia. So this means what is the function of vitamin B12 in our body? What is the function of vitamin B12 in our body? Hemoglobin synthesis. Very good. Helps in production of RBC. So everybody have to eat more and more curd now guys. Helps in production of RBC. And when there will be more and more RBC then there will be no anemia. So this is first, vitamin B12 is there. Second thing that a curd is having calcium. Where should I write here? It is a storage of calcium also. So if you will have more curd, so you will get strong teeth and bones. So milk is better or curd is better? I am good. Curd very good. How many people like curd? I am me, I love curd. Very good. See there are so many things of curd. Like in the south there is curd rice very well famous. When I came I went office. Somebody was having curd rice in the lunch. Then they offered me. So I thought it is something new and something different. But when I have seen I say oh this is dahi. Curd is known as dahi in Hindi. So it is good. And here so there are so many things. Dosa may be used curd. Idli may curd is used. Then let me tell you. Chicken is also prepared by using curd. Curd is a dish. What else is there curd? Where ever is curd used? I am charts ma'am. Chart. Yes. Dahi puri. Dahi puri is something. Any more example that you know. So see I was also not feeling well yesterday. So I had curd in my diet. So curd will help in digestion. And it will resist the growth of microbes in our body. Having curd in daily diet is beneficial for our health. So curd we have done. After this, this was number one curd. Then I will move my slides here.  Do for making chapati you know. Mixing adding water in the wheat. Wheat flour that is known as dough. But what we have to discuss here. We have to discuss the dough of dosa and idli now. Dosa and idli. So dough of dosa and idli. When we prepare. There is a release of a gas. Which gas is released? Carbon dioxide. Very good. Release of gas in the preparation of. Dosa. And idli dough. Is. CO2. And how it is formed as a result of. Permanentation. Okay. So important is this. That in this fermentation process. In which CO2 is released. And you know if I make idli here. Suppose dosa and idli I will try to make. This is dosa. Circles are there in dosa. And then there is idli also. So have you seen in dosa and idli. There are white, white small, small pores. Yes or no? Yes. These are. Yes or no? Yes. These pores are because which gas is released. CO2. Just because CO2 is released. There is a pore. So there is a process used in this. Preparation of this dosa idli dough. That is fermentation. Taking place in presence of. East that is known as. Saccharomycesis. Saccharomycesis. Cerivacy. Now here what will happen. Saccharomycesis. Cerivacy is used in the. This east is used in the process of fermentation. In baking. Like cake and all. If you make you have seen the small small pores in the cakes and pastries. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am. So see this saccharomycesis is used in this baking process. This all baking is going on. So this east is also known as. Baker's east. So name the baker east. If the question comes in exams. It is saccharomycesis. Cerivacy. Write it down. It is also used for making bread and all. So wherever there will be fermentation. There will be production of CO2 and ethanol. Actually guys fermentation is nothing. But it is anaerobic respiration. Respiration chapter you have done. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So you remember in anaerobic respiration. What will be the product? If it is taking place in human. If it is taking place in human. What will be the product? Simply I am asking. Very easy question. Ma'am water and CO2. Water and CO2. But there is something in anaerobic respiration that called muscle crabs. Ma'am lactic acid. Lactic acid ma'am. Very good. But this was about human. If I say the same anaerobic respiration takes place in plant. Then what will be the product? Use. An anaerobic respiration. Fermentation in plant will make. Normally CO2 then. No CO2 plus ethyl alcohol. Ethanol. C2H5OH. So remember wherever there is fermentation. There will be production of CO2 and ethyl alcohol. After this there is one question coming in my mind as you all are living in Karnataka. Can you tell me there is a one state Kerala Kerala. What is the traditional drink? Ma'am we don't know. You don't know? No ma'am. So let me write a traditional drink. Is it the color? What? They have colored water. No colored water is there. But it's not that much traditional. The traditional drink of Kerala is toddy. It's white in color. It is stored in mudka and all. So traditional drink of Kerala is toddy. It is made from palms. It is made from palms by ethyl and all fermentation. Have you seen this? Let me show you. This is stored in mudka. The person is standing here. There is a plant known as toddy plant. The tree is there actually. He will put this mudka there and then leave it for one day or 6 to 7 hours. Then the toddy that is getting released from it is stored here. Have you seen these things in reality? Yes, ma'am. See, this is a very risky job. The person will climb and go at the top of the tree, put all his mudka, then leave it for 8 to 10 hours. Then whatever the toddy that is produced by this plant, by the process of fermentation. See, fermentation is there. So ethyl will be produced. So ethyl is known as toddy. The fermentation of this palm tree and it will get stored. This is used as a drink also. This is a traditional drink of Kerala. Understood? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. Can you show us the board for once again? Yes. One more application is cheese. Excuse me ma'am. Ma'am, are we done with this topic? Like household products? No, there is one last. Then you won't break? Yes ma'am. If that could happen. Just give me one last household product is cheese. Everybody love cheese? Mozzarella cheese and so many cheeses are there. First was cod. What was the second? Cod is there. Then dough is there. Then cheese. What is cheese? Formation of cheese involves microbes. That is why we are studying. Oldest application which we have to understand of micro was the cheese formation. So you have seen promengery. Yes or no? Promengery cartoon. Yes ma'am. Jerry will always fight for cheese. If I am making this cheese cube it's not look that good. But there are holes in the cheese. Yes or no? Those cheese which have holes in them first of all these holes are known as simply large holes and if those cheese in which these large holes are there they are known as Swiss cheese. So this hole is just because of which gas is produced due to production of carbon dioxide. Is it okay? The bacteria or the micro that is used in the formation of Swiss cheese is here. And here only I will write it down. The micro that is used in the formation these are all the things that you have to learn in this chapter. Learning ability you have to show in this is propione bacterium Charmone Swiss cheese propione bacterium Charmone This is the bacteria that is used in the formation of CO2. After this this is Swiss cheese one more cheese is there this is first is known as Rockford cheese. What is this Rockford cheese? The Rockford cheese are ripened by using a special fungus Panicelium Rockford that gives a special taste and flavor to the Rockford cheese. So there are two cheese Swiss cheese What do you have to learn in Swiss cheese? It is formed due to bacteria known as propione bacterium Charmone. Rockford cheese is formed due to a fungus What is the name of the fungus? Panicelium Rockford Is it okay? One minute I did Rockford cheese is something I have black black color in the board. They have some black black thing Blue cheese we also call it Picelium board is there So obviously it means it is a fungus Yes one done Yes one So this was all about microbes and household products The next topic that we need to start is microbes and industrial products How many topics are there industry is there sewage is there I remember then enzymes and all are also formed Can we take a break? So you get break in every class? Yeah Okay so how much how many minutes break like 10-15 Mom yes we got 15 minutes Okay so let's have a break now for 15 minutes okay So we will start around 12 o'clock Here I will write it Break Hello everyone Everyone is here Grade 12 Yes ma Where are the girls? Ma'am Raghuram lost power I think And one girl was also there Tanmay is still there ma'am Tanmay is there, Shreyesh is there Raghuram and one more was there Ma'am Shraddha is in attending today So there are only 4 people Yes ma'am I think she left Okay I think she will check the recording So Raghuram then when he will be back when he lost the connection I think he lost it like in the middle of the break He will come back as soon as he gets back Ma'am Okay so Let's not waste our time He will come He will join The products we have done guys The two important thing that you have to learn in your mind in this latest topic cheese one First is that Swiss cheese that is you can say Whole life structure or something is there Let me erase this First of all So this cheese like Cheese is having whole that is Due to fermentation CO2 is released By IE is known as Propionobacterium Or Charmony Okay fine, special that is You can say it is a Propionobacterium Charmony is a bacteria that causes Holes Then there is Rackford cheese That is bluish in color little It is caused by fungus Here it is not bacteria So this you have to learn The fungus is What is the name of the fungus? Pallicellium rockford Okay, no doubts No doubts ma'am Okay so I will change this I am now second topic That I have to switch is Microbes in industry Microbes in industrial products Let's be little fast So that we can cover like 50% of the chapter Industrial products So industry is one of The major source of So many things in India There are The two which we have to study in our Textbook is beverages In beverages is good with tea And coffee And second Industry is of antibiotic So antibiotic is what everybody Know we will do it slowly Slowly So first of all I will start with beverages Ready everyone People Here is dance And all going on Christmas party I think they all are celebrating So beverages is guys If there is an industry In their industry there is a Tanker Like see beverages Tea, coffee and everything is Then by a process known as Fermentation We have already discussed what it is And aerobic respiration Takes place in presence of The name of the yeast used in Fermentation you will tell me Saccharomyces servici Very good so in last Slide When we have done that Saccharomyces servici So it was used in bakery Process now so I have told you In bakeries But here the same yeast will be used In beverage formation Like Fermentation will be done There will be a big tank what we call that tank I hope it is Given in ncrt a diagram Big fermenter is there So this fermenter is a vessel Where this We can say fermentation process Will take place and by the help Of this fermentation process Beverages are produced Okay then there is a Used of yeast What is the name of the yeast again Fermentation Fermentation is done by which yeast Saccharomyces servici Very good So now guys Here I will call it Baker yeast or here I can call it Brewer's yeast the same yeast We can call it Brewer's yeast So yeast is They both are same Saccharomyces Servici was used in baking Process also in baking industry Saccharomyces Servici is used in the Fermentation process of the beverages Industry just because They are used at Two different place Their name become different There it was in the baker process Baking the baker's yeast For a brewing process when it is used It will become brewer's yeast Is it okay Yes or no Easy We can say that it has dual nature Dual what once it will do baking Then it will become baker's yeast When it will do beverage It will become brewer's yeast But actual name is same What is the actual and real name Saccharomyces servici Very good Now the beverage Not only tea and coffee Alcohol Rum, whiskey, vodka These all are also beverages Yes or no Can we consider that they are beverages Yes So here we don't have to go Very much in detail Simply we have to understand Alcohol formation is taking place So Here I will write Alcohol industry Not very much Little information is required Raghuram is back Not yet Okay So see in alcohol Alcohol industry Permutation will be done The same yeast will be there What is the name of the yeast Saccharomyces Servici But here what will happen guys The formation of alcohol There are two steps Distillation Without distillation Two processes are needed to be done Distillation Without Distillation Upsie If Any yeast Basically this saccharomyces we are using If this yeast is making Only 13% Of ethanol in the fermentation process Permutation will be done Alcohol is going to Form It means fermentation should be done So if there is The alcohol Or the ethanol Ethanol is basically alcohol only If it is like 13% Is produced Then what will be There is need of distillation Or there is no need of distillation Just use your I am saying that common sense See There does not need distillation Without distillation So if 13% Of alcohol is only there It can be prepared without distillation Any type of If any type of Alcohol I have to prepare In which I want only 2% 5% 10% Alcohol quantity should be there So I can make it Without distillation But what if I want to Increase Alcohol content What if I want to increase alcohol content Like 50% 60% Then without distillation is it possible No Then we need to do distillation Now you will ask Man So many alcohol in the market Beer, hair, wine, whiskey, brandy Rum So how we will know That which is having much alcohol See the other beverages That contain more and more alcohol That is causing More and more problem If you will drink it You will have more alcohol in your body Your central nervous system will become more loose And you will lack your confidence In speaking and in walking So which one is the better one Or I will make a table So that you can understand This is done Yes or no Ma'am I think your screen is frozen For a minute It's simply I am not Moving it So first of all A small note Please make a note here What we will do in this note Read Beat Everybody know Potato everybody know So from beat we will make beer From potato we will make vodka Do you remember that Harnishing song Char Botel Vodka After which he was disappeared from this Bollywood market Yes ma'am So vodka is prepared from Potato Potato is used, yeast is used It's done, vodka is prepared Wheat is used in the preparation Of beer So here I will make a table Alcohol What are the substrate used in that And then alcoholic content First is beer Wine Whiskey Brandy And beer the code What we will use barley B for beer B for barley or Wine is used by fruit juice Which fruit normally is used Grapes Very good Whiskey Malted cereals Brandy is used by the same We can make it Rum is molasses And the vodka is Potato Yes ma'am Alcoholic content Beer is having less alcohol Not less Least Wine 9 to 12 Whiskey 50 Whiskey 50 Whiskey Brandy 60 to 70 Rum Vodka 60 So brandy and vodka These all are not good for health But beer I have seen Like Patient who are heart patient Or something So doctor advise them also That if you want to have beer But one thakkan one scoop only Like one spoon only Not drinking Bottle and bottle So one spoon of beer daily is Beneficial for your heart Is it okay Yes ma'am Now tell me Out of all these alcohol Without distillation Which one could be prepared Beer and wine This is a new question Less than 13% Without distillation Whiskey brandy and vodka Distillation Is it okay Yes ma'am Now there will be wine Is also a food item Wine So we don't need to Go that much in detail After this beverages is done What was the second application Antibiotic Shall we start Yes ma'am New page now I think I need to Choose Now antibiotic First everybody know Who discovered antibiotic First and say antibiotic was Covered by tell me class This is very basic I am Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming So why were you so silent I couldn't remember then so Oh okay Alexander Fleming Was the first one To this You can say discover antibiotic First antibiotic was Penicillin Here I will write first Antibiotic is penicillin Extracted from a fungus Penicillin Rotatum and the discovery Of this penicillin from penicillin Rotatum by Alexander Fleming Was an accident guys It was not planned see how it was an accident He was doing some Laboratory Experiments Then he has three petri dish A B Out of these three petri dish He was having a growth of Stephylococcus What is stephylococcus What is stephylococcus I am cluster of bacteria Very good So he have seen Petri dish A is having Stephylococcus bacteria Growth Stephylococcus B is also having But in C there was only Few stephylococcus But what he observed That in the Petri dish number C There was something More Something was there More So what then he have done He was assuming That maybe because of this something The growth of bacteria is less So then he have started a study Of this something And this something has become Fungus This fungus is Which fungus it is Panicelium Notatum So this fungus Stopped the growth of Stephylococcus bacteria Fungus is also living Bacteria is also living So one living organism is Resisting the growth of other living organism Is it done for good purpose Or it is done for bad purpose For good purpose Good purpose see Fungus is living Bacteria is also living But which one is creating disease Bacteria is not Stephylococcus is used in the Acne and all skin rashes is caused Due to stephylococcus, pimple and all So stephylococcus growth is not good thing Because it can cause disease So fungus what have done Fungus resisted the Restricted the growth of this bacteria Is it okay Then what everybody Got to know that Yes there is something The name of the fungus later on Was discovered Panicelium Notatum Now from this Panicelium Notatum Panicelium was discovered Okay by Alexander Accidental discovery it was First of all Then what happened Then everybody became so curious In the world of biology That what is this happening Blah blah blah this is something new discovery Everybody should work Then two more scientists came in Along with this flaming Like we can say friends of flaming It was Who was the Ernest chain And Howard Florey These two Scientists Worked along with flaming What was the work Discovery of Panicelium Discovery was done by flaming But after discovery there was a lot of work That what is the function of Panicelium How is it created How it will act What is the mechanism So these all things were discovered All things were told by Ernest chain and Howard Florey So just because of their combined effort They got noble prize India Not India they got noble prize Who got noble prize Ernest Flaming For the discovery and explanation of Panicelium In which year Before independence 1940 Is it okay Is it okay Is it okay Yes ma'am From here Yes ma'am Once the Panicelium Was discovered After that The keys of Panicelium Got discovered For example once a smartphone came in Market First smartphone who discovered I don't know I have very weak knowledge Gadgets First Computer was discovered by Charles Babis I remember father of computer Smartphone when it came in market I don't remember who discovered the first smartphone But once a company launched The smartphone now you can see The brands of smartphones are there Yes or no Realme, Redmi, Oppo, Vivo, Apple, Samsung OnePlus And what Can you able to hear me Yes ma'am Getting bored No ma'am No no simply if you are you can see me Because I can see very little Oh Tanmay I guess she is traveling right now Okay So the point is this That once a big discovery is done After then Similar discoveries are also done Okay so here also When Alexander Fleming discovered Panicelium Then slowly slowly All the scientists became active And they also started discovering Other antibiotics So few name I will tell you Tetracycline Nowadays doctor write it When you have toothache or something Along with the medicine M.P.Ciline Chloramphanicol I remember Streptomycin is also there Canomycin These all are Other antibiotics So we can say There is a line written in the NCRT Right now I have to open NCRT but those who have I just want to Shreyash can you open please Your book I will tell you Page number Here is my chapter Chapter is Chapter 10 Page number I exactly don't remember that Something is written That means life and something But in a good context Page number 182 Page number <IP_ADDRESS> Antibiotics Yes ma'am See there There is a written fourth line N.T. is a Greek word Can you check fourth line N.T. is a Greek word That means against and bio means life So against life But in a good context Or in a negative context Antibiotics is used against life See in bracket it is written In the context of disease Causing organism So who is against life is acting Those who can cause disease For example If I say the person who will do crime In our society will hand till death So we are against life But for a positive person Or for a negative person Negative Very good Let us see there is a disease known as plague Let's read a little Little There is a disease known as plague Everybody knows it is caused due to rat And all So plague causative agent is Causative agent Causative agent Is Arsenia pestis Arsenia pestis Okay So the vector is This is a causative agent Vector and causative agent are two different things Do you know the difference If you know Say yes if you don't know say no Right now so that I can explain Yes ma'am Xenopsila that is a rat Please a vector So this you have to learn that plague is caused Due to Arsenia pestis After this there is one more disease Hoofing Curve Hoofing Curve In India it is known as Kali Khansi See what will happen In this you will have You will do khaun khaun khaun All the time And you will have no Nothing in your throat It will feel like it is sore and dry And then you will have so much Khansi whole day cold So it is due to This disease is also known as pertussis Okay The point is this it is a bacterial disease It is caused due to Bordetla Pertussis How to write it causative agent What is the causative agent Bordetla Pertussis Is it okay Is it okay It is a bacteria Otherwise it will be Thing ma'am which microorganism Is it an alien Okay A few more diseases are there Diptheria You have written this Yes ma'am Come here Next is Diptheria Why it is Ma'am could you show the causative organism For the pertussis again Wait Pertussis Yeah It is visible Bordetla Pertussis Bacteria Yes ma'am Pertussis is simply Hooping cup Common name is Hooping cup Biological We call it pertussis There are two more Not very much Diptheria Galgothu Diptheria is biological name Common name is Galgothu What will happen The neck of the person will be tight Let me start the video Hello See this is the neck In this Diptheria Galgothu The person will do like this He is not able to swallow the food properly He is also not able to Eat the food properly This Gal Gal means this neck Will have so much pain it will become hard That you will see like for example This is It will pain a lot So this is known as Diptheria Galgothu Yes ma'am Okay Then after this This Diptheria is caused due to Conorini Bacteria Diptheria This is the only thing That you have to do in this chapter Name From the name of this Microbes Conorini Bacteria Diptheria Okay By this word you will simply identify that this is Diptheria Or if you are getting 4 options Like That Diptheria is caused due to And then 4 options you will get From this you will simply pick it But what if the species name is not given in the option Only genus name is mentioned So you have to learn it After this one more disease is Leprosy Okay Leprosy is known as Pushth Road in Hindi It's given in NCRT Like the person with having the hands And limbs very swollen And It's not proper like Let me how to tell you I will switch on my video This is normal In Leprosy the hands will become like this Understood So the proper functioning will not be done If the proper shape will not be there Proper function will not be there Is it okay Yes So Leprosy is also caused Due to a Bacteria known as Micro Bacterium Lepre You will get Leprosy So these all are the antibiotic For all of them there are different Antibiotic but before knowing the name of antibiotic Here you have to learn the name of the Positive agents This is microbes in industry Bevirages or Antibiotics There are two things After this I have to teach you Chemicals and joints And other bioactive molecules that are Produced by These microbes Is it okay Yes ma'am Shall we start We will choose a new page The writing is written You know little bit Hindi Or it's like I am speaking something In between and you became what No ma'am we cannot understand Okay fine Chemicals And joints Bioactive And other bioactive Molecules So much useful microbes are there Microbes can be dangerous also Microbes can be useful also The useful microbes We can apply genetic engineering In them and then we can use Make it more useful So these all are the discoveries of biology Another bioactive Molecules See what we will do First Point that you have to understand Previous year question Previous year Question was also this Previous year is not 2021 2020 So aspergillus Nigel Is it a fungus or bacteria Aspergillus Nigel Ma'am is it a bacteria Tanmay what do you think Ma'am I think fungus I don't know Maybe bacteria also Aspergillus Nigel is a fungus guys So aspergillus Nigel is a fungus If it is a fungus then what it is doing Obviously antibiotic is prepared For fungus only no Aspergillus Aspergillus Nigel is a fungus This produces Something useful that is citric acid Citric acid you know What is the taste and all Okay Then this citric acid When it is produced commercially In industry by using this aspergillus Nigel fungus So this citric acid will be further used In the formation of Formation of Ink Medicines And giving flavours Like ice cream and all Citric acid Sour taste Ink in the production of ink In production of medicine COVID was there So everybody was saying that Vitamin C is very important Vitamin C is very important Citric acid you should have in your body You should eat lemon You should eat oranges Remember or not Was there something in your mind You got to know Yes Ma'am So in market there was a huge production Of Sanitizer or mask But along with this there was a tablet Citric acid it was very very Demanding in the market because everybody Want to have citric acid it was so sour It tastes Khatta khatta So how does this production Increase how the production meet The demand because Aspergillus Nigel fungus was Used in so much quantity to produce Citric acid So this is the benefit of aspergillus Nigel Second is Acetobacter aceti Is it a fungus or it is a bacteria Acetobacter aceti See everywhere I am underlining This genus name And species name Acetobacter and aceti Is a gram negative bacteria So here I will write bacteria Okay So what does it do this acetobacter aceti That is a bacteria It is useful in the process of production Of Acetic acid Acetyl Acetic acid Chemistry Acetic acid is used in the formation of Vinegar Where is vinegar used Vinegar in India known as syrica It is used in the Pickle formation And It is a food preservative items Pickle formation Food preservation And one more in chowmein How many people like chowmein There are two people only in the class Do you like chowmein or Have you seen that vinegar is also Added soya sauce and all Yes So it is used there So in chowmein noodle in the street It is used a lot After this Number three is Clostridium Clostridium Beauty liquor Now can you tell me That this clostridium is what Bacteria or fungus Nail Clostridium It is a bacteria very good The spelling I have mistaken Bacteria It is a bacteria So what do you think That B for butyricum What are we doing It is producing butyric acid Can I say Yes And that is useful in the production Of rancid butter Now who will tell you What is rancid butter Let's see from here What is Rancid butter Where is Google What happened to my Google Oh God It is not working Google is bye bye Okay Is there anybody who can show me The image of rancid butter Everybody please check in your Wikipedia Like rancid butter is the same Butter which we used Once again I just want to check out My Google What is happening Okay leave it So Clostridium butyricum is used In the rancid butter formation After this How many of you like juice In the juice industry They have a lot of money How many types of juice Are there mango juice By what name it is Coming in market I remember What is the name of that Katrina Kaif The ad of the mango juice Who will tell me Brand of the mango juice Brand of the mango juice Slice Remember Maza Slice you remember Or not Yes ma'am Whenever you will have that Mango juice Do you get any fiber also in that juice Fiber like Thread thread like thing that disturbs in your mouth Oh yes ma'am sometimes Sometimes If I say that get mangoes From the market And then make the mango shake In your own home Using that shakers and all In that there will be more fiber Or market mango juice Have more fiber Fibers I will write Fibers are made up of cellulose They are good for your stomach So I am asking Home Made mango juice Have more fiber or market mango juice Will have more fiber Homemade Homemade will have more fiber And Market mango juice Have low fiber So what will happen See whenever we make banana shake Mango shake Orange shake, strawberry shake Whatever shake in our home It will have fiber So fiber will go in our body It will have digestion of cellulose Like it is very very useful also It will make your stomach clean No digestive problem And all this thing because it contains cellulose So that is good for your health But people don't like it They love market things Because whenever we Get homemade juice with low This fiber is coming in our mouth If not good let's have Fiber clear juice So market mango juice Orange juice, market fruit juice No fiber So when the fiber is not there So the juice is crystal clear Understood Without fiber it is very very dilute And it is crystal clear So what does the market do Like what do the market Is using in that juice That all the fiber is banished This is something you have to learn So market is using two enzymes Where is my yellow color Here is my yellow color Lipase Pectinase Lipase what is the function Digest fat What is the function of pectinase Digest pectin What is pectin? Digest pectin and protease Pectin and protease We do these two things These two things P square They are present in the cell wall Of plant cell Cell wall of plant cell So suppose Here is space now Suppose this is mango And this is What is this Google drawing orange See this spelling how I am writing This is mango Style So this mango is having Plant or animal Plant So plant is having cell wall Cell wall is made up of Cellulose Pectin Protease So this Lipase will be used by Industry Where is it lipase And the number 2 is pectinase So what these two Will do lipase Will be These two enzymes Package will be used by Industry So what they will do after using this What will be the output guys What will happen This pectin and protease will be Zero Protease will also become Like they will release this Pectin and see protease is also Enzyme and then pectin is Something Plus protein shallow So pectin will be Pectinase will be used Lipase will be used Protease will be used Okay So here I will write like this Lipase, pectinase Plus protease Okay These three will be used So lipase will What the lipase will do That Pectinase will digest Pectin Protease will digest Bolo Bolo My protein Protein So when everything will be digest Do you think the nutritional value Of the Juice will be high or low Nutritional value Of market juice When everything they will digest Only by using this enzyme So don't you think that the nutritional Value of the market juice is Very low Yes So what is the benefit then It's better that you drink Water in your room Add ruavza, rasna and all These things add sugar and lemon And break it These are such fancy things in the market That is not good for your nutrition Yes they are good for your taste Is it okay, understood Yes ma'am So as a result whatever We are getting from the market That clear crystal fancy juice Is without fiber And fiber is not there It means nutrition became Zero because fiber is good For our health We use salad I ate in the morning Because it has fiber So what they will do You can say the digestive process Will be normal You don't have any constipation No problem Okay then there is Now this is done Everybody understood Yes or no Yes ma'am Can I add one more slide I will add something There is one more enzyme Streptokines Strepto Is made from a bacteria Streptococcus Easy Kinase It means this word is enzyme Yes or no Okay so Streptococcus bacteria is used In producing an enzyme It uses Streptokines See this is the enzyme Used in medical field guys Medical application Is very high of this enzyme Because this is known As clot Buster The person who is having heart attack Okay the person who Have heart attack And like my father had it In the last before two months So there will be arteries and veins In our body These are arteries and veins So what is flowing in these arteries and veins Blood Blood is flowing very nice Blood is flowing at its high speed Now suppose what if You just because of cholesterol Or any lipid fat Any stress You get clot in your vessels I will make clot So you got clot Okay now the blood flow will be smooth Blood flow will be smooth No ma'am Yes or no Clot you got Anybody got Blood flow will be smooth or not No because the blood will not be able to flow properly So this is Streptokines and enzyme Is given in the form of medicine And in other form That it will go into the blood and it will Dissolve the clot Now what will they do They will dissolve it So they will behave like a clot Buster So this is used in the treatment of the heart attack patient In order to reduce or remove the clot From the blood Is it okay You see, Streptococcus bacteria is so smart The Streptococcus bacteria is used In the production of the Streptokines And enzyme How we are producing these enzymes From these microbes What process we are using Biotechnology plus genetic Engineering Is it okay After using these Hacks or we can say These medical We are able to Human are able to convert the bacteria Into something useful that is See how much useful it is helping in Saving life Is it okay Yes ma'am Boring, getting bored No ma'am Okay I will ask few questions So next is Cyclosporin Cyclosporin A Cyclosporin A It is obtained from Fungus This you have to be very clear guys Which one is bacteria, which one is fungus This you have to keep it in your mind Cyclosporin A is a You can say biomolecule That is obtained by fungus Trichoderma polyspora Name of the fungus is You will ask all these things Will come in exam which fungus is used The permission of which thing Trichoderma polyspora We have to underline According to binomial nomenclature What this is, this is also having A good medical application Like the cyclosporin is having Good medical application Medical Application is that It is used as a Immunosuppressive agent Let's write it Immunosuppressive Immunosuppressive agent Immunosuppressive agent Immunosuppressive agent Immunosuppressive agent is given To patient the cyclosporin After surgery Suppose having any type of surgery There are so many surgeries done So after this surgery what will be there Cyclosporin is given So that the person Having the like Pain and all everything become Balance Next is another molecule Bioactive is Stattens Stattens produced This is produced by yeast yeast means fungus What is the name? Monascus perpureus Monascus Perpureus Okay Now this monascus perpureus Is producing a statin Staten is also having medical Application These all are medically applied Biomolecules That is produced from Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Medical application is what It will Lower The colesterol level Colesterol is not good for your health If you are having getting checkups Any of your family member you will go to doctor If there is high level of colesterol Your doctor will give you medicine That contains statins If you eat it daily You will have it daily And then slowly your colesterol level will be Down And how is it becoming down? Let me tell you There is small Small Small This is a enzyme Normally in your body is enzyme Yes or no What do we call body enzyme? Biocatalyst Everybody have biocatalyst in their body If it is an enzyme So enzyme function is that it have to go and bind with the substrate Yes or no Simple function of enzyme is What is enzyme? Enzyme is a biocatalyst that increases or decreases the rate of the reaction It does not directly involve in the reaction Once the function is over It will get out of the reaction Am I correct? Yes So enzyme will normally what is the function The enzyme have to bind with substrate After binding with substrate What it will make Enzyme substrate complex Am I correct? After this product will be formed The enzyme will get out Yes or no Yes What will happen here Enzyme When it is going to bind with the substrate At the same time the competitor Competition will start So there is a normal substrate There is a normal substrate And then there is a Here I will write the substrate as Acetic acid And then there will be a competitor Will come that is our new Genetically synthesized molecule From monascus Percurious that is a statin Okay This statin will become Inhibitor Not competitor inhibitor So as soon as this Acetic acid wants to go and bind with the Enzyme This statin will if you are eating this Tablet you are getting this medicine What it will do? This statin will not allow this acetic acid To bind with the enzyme because it will Create inhibition So binding of acetic acid Is not good for our health Because what it will cause Why it is not good Because it can cause High Cholesterol level Yes or no Okay So what if acetic acid will bind With the enzyme in our body It can cause high level of cholesterol But we don't want it Our doctor don't want we want to be healthy So we will get our medicine statin When we will start getting a statin medicine The as soon as the acetic acid Want to go and bind with the enzyme The statin will produce hindrance He will say Ruko you don't have to So instead of this acetic acid Who will go and get bind with the enzyme From statin Statin itself it will go and bind with the enzyme And as a result of which what will happen Low cholesterol level Is it okay So this inhibitor Will start doing competition It will start doing competition With the acetic acid that is good Healthy competition So it will not allow the acetic acid to bind It will go and bind himself And then it will result in the low level of cholesterol Fine Understood Yes So this is the story of Bioactive molecules And all that is produced From microbes that are very useful In medical science I will be next That I have not decided today Because already the time is going to be over I think Serious treatment plant and all is What is the Chapter Guys tell me How you get assignment and all After your class DPP and all How many questions you get Every class, Rouser and Batsla Man How much they get Like how many questions you get To solve 20, 40, 50 100 Ma'am we don't really get DPP Sir usually Gives us a PDF Okay So you have learned this Access something Yes ma'am So there you get DPP daily Ma'am I guess we are just supposed to Solve the stuff from Senged We don't exactly get DPPs every class Okay so hope so I will give you one DPP Today or tomorrow as soon as I will End this chapter So you will get it don't worry So I think this chapter is Quite Not I can say easy Like learning the name of the microbes And this is stuff that you have to do We have done till page number 183 According to my knowledge When I am looking at my NCRT 83 then we have to start In sewage treatment Still we have 4 What is we have Sewage treatment Microbe in production of biogas Microbe as biocontrol agent Microbe says bio fertilizers So 4 topics are left But I think this we will cover in the next lecture What do you think No not okay I am simply asking you That is it okay that you think That we will cover in the next lecture Yes ma'am we can do it Okay so see here one thing More I would like to tell you You remember that Bt cotton and all that we have done Bacillus, thori genesis Yes ma'am So I have told you that they have Okay fine Because it is in the unit 10.5 Microbe as biocontrol agent There we can do it Fine So I will share these notes We have to share in this Yes ma'am the need group is fine How would you say Share it Yeah say I hope writing is fine Yes ma'am Yes ma'am What I am doing So I will put it in the You know downward is fine Format I need to PDP all So I will put it in the Down mode is fine Format I need to PDP All Raghuram is there or he is not Ma'am he is not there yet I will ask him Whether he could join back or not Okay no problem I will take attendance Why everything is not opening I don't know in my laptop What happened No no no What happened So okay then I will As soon as I will end the class I will give you the notes And I want to take a Screenshot of the attendance Where is So simply I can write the name also Instead of Raghuram was also there for I think before lunch Before break he was there Yeah Anything you have to ask No ma'am Ma'am we cleared all our doubts already So no doubts ma'am Okay so this batch is like Is it from which school you are Rajaji Nagar I am from Vaipyar and I guess everyone else is from Arunach Okay so Is there wait let me write down The name And the second is Shreyash And the third was Raghuram Please share the notes By the way I will share it in the group Recording also it will be Shared This is attendance 12 Okay guys then you can leave Thank you bye bye Take care


Okay, now we're going to look at the longwave component of the radiation budget, and we'll start at the surface. Now we know that 45 parts of that initial solar energy, the initial shortwave radiation, were absorbed at the surface, either from direct sunlight reaching the surface or diffuse radiation reaching the surface. So 45 were received by the surface. That means there are 45 parts of energy that need to leave the surface. And they do that in a number of different forms. Nineteen parts are released to the atmosphere through the transfer of latent heat, water evaporating from the surface, rising up in the atmosphere where it eventually condenses to form raindrops or cloud droplets that delivers 19 parts of energy up into the atmosphere. Four parts of energy are delivered up into the atmosphere through convective motions, through large-scale wind patterns, storms, atmospheric disturbances that transport heat up into the atmosphere. Now 110 parts leaves the surface as infrared radiation, as longwave radiation emitted from the surface, but doesn't make it out to space because it's actually absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Now of that 110, 96 are then emitted by those greenhouse gases back towards the surface, and 14 are emitted out to space. So that's a net gain, it's a loss of 110, a gain of 96, so a net loss of only 14 parts. Now eight parts make it all the way out to space in the form of longwave radiation emitted from Earth's surface. So we've got 14 plus 8, that's 22, plus 4, that's 26, plus 19, that's 45. That counts for all 45 parts. All right, well, let's see what happened up in the atmosphere, 19 parts of energy we said were delivered up into the atmosphere by latent heating, 4%, 4 parts by convective heat transfer from the surface and lower atmosphere, and a net gain of 14 parts of infrared radiation and, of course, eight parts were emitted all the way out to space. So we've got 14 parts of infrared radiation that have been absorbed by the atmosphere, 23 that were gained from a latent and convective heat transfer, and remember we had 21 parts that were initially absorbed by the atmosphere, 21 parts of the initial solar energy absorbed by the atmosphere, or by clouds, 18 plus 3 gave us 21, so we've now got 21 plus 23 plus 14, that gives us 66. So those 66 parts of energy that are absorbed by the atmosphere need to be emitted back out to space in the form of infrared radiation. And they are, add in the 3% that is emitted by ozone within the stratosphere, and that gives us 69, the original 69 parts of solar energy that we started with that weren't reflected out to space. And so that completes our discussion of the global energy and radiation budget.