Hello, so in this particular capsule, we are going to begin with a very amusing exercise. Namely, we are going to take ordinary differential equations and these differential equations we have already come across many times and these differential equations are second order ODE's with polynomial coefficients. A number of these are displayed in the slide but before we come to that, why are we looking at these differential equations? Because tempered distributions can be differentiated and they can be multiplied by polynomials. So the class of tempered distributions is closed under differentiation and multiplication by polynomials. It is of interest to know whether these differential equations have solutions which are outside the scope of classical solutions. That is, do they have generalized solutions, solutions which are tempered distributions? So we got a number of interesting examples on these kinds of differential equations that arise from mathematical physics and here is a list. Let us go down the list. The first is 1 minus x squared y double prime minus 2 x y prime plus p into p plus 1 y equal to 0, the Legendre equation. The next one, 1 minus x squared y double prime minus x y prime plus p squared with a Shebyshev's equation. The third one, x squared y double prime plus x y prime plus x squared minus p squared y equal to the Bessel's equation of order p. The next one is Laguerre equation x y double prime plus 1 minus x y prime plus lambda y equal to 0 and the last one we have not discussed in this particular course but it is one of the most important differential equations because that encompasses all else x into 1 minus x y double prime plus c minus a plus b plus 1 x y prime minus a b y equal to 0. That is the famous hyper geometric differential equation of Gauss. The literature in the hyper geometric equation is vast and rich and the mathematics underlying this is also rich and this was a subject of Gauss's great memoir in 1812. I think I mentioned this memoir earlier in some connection with the gamma functions. All these differential equations have polynomial coefficients so we must ask whether these differential equations have solutions in the space of tempered distribution. The classical theory of ODE's for example, the Picard's theorem and the theorem on linear differential equations that the space of solutions of a linear ODE is a vector space with a dimension of this vector space which is equal to the order of the differential equation but this theorem fails when you cross a singular point. So what are the singular points? The Legendre and the Shebyshev's equation the first two these equations misbehave at plus minus 1 x equal to 1 and x equal to minus 1 are singular points. The third and the fourth the Bessel's equation and Laguerre equation have singularities at the origin and the last one has singularities at 1 and 0. So theorem that we talked about that the space of solutions is a vector space whose dimension matches with the degree of the differential equation that holds only in the intervals over which there are no singularities. So now can it happen that on the entire real line if I look at the picture can it have more solutions? Can it have solutions which have which are tempered distributions? We shall see that the answer is going to be yes in general but rather than develop this theory in generality we do not have time for those kinds of things. Let us look at a amusing special case the case of the Cauchy Euler equation the familiar undergraduate differential equation x squared y double prime plus x y prime minus y equal to 0 the familiar Cauchy Euler equation. When I give it to your an undergraduate students they will immediately tell you the solution they will substitute y equal to x to the power m and they will find the indicial equation what are the indicial equation m into m minus 1 plus m minus 1 equal to 0 substitute x to the power m in 10.18 and the index m will be root of the quadratic equation m squared minus 1 equal to 0 so m has to be 1 or minus 1. So solutions are x and 1 upon x everybody will give you this pair of solutions but remember that this will form a basis of solutions on the open interval 0 infinity both x and 1 upon x have extensions to the real line how x of course is a polynomial so it is defined on the entire real line 1 upon x extends on the real line as a temper distribution pv1 over x is extension for instance of course a 0 function is also a solution it is a space of solutions of vector space and so 0 element should be there. Now let us consider 10.19 let us cook up this function x times the heavy side function why am I taking the heavy side function in the earlier line I mentioned the 0 function why is it that I bring in the 0 function let us do the following let us look at the interval minus infinity to 0 separately and let us look at the interval 0 to infinity separately so x is a solution in the positive real line and 0 is a solution on the negative real line can I try to paste these two solutions together namely the solution which is 0 in the negative real line it continues to be 0 at the origin and the positive real line it is x what is that function I get x into hx so x into hx is obtained by pasting the 0 solution in one half and the x solution in the other half of course this function 10.19 x hx is continuous on the real line but it is not differentiable at the origin it is not differentiable at the origin so let us take its derivative at the origin what is the first derivative of y1 you can do the calculation and you are going to notice that the first derivative is going to be hx of course you have to apply the product rule there will be a term involving hx and there will be a term involving x times h prime of x the first term is hx and that I written down what about the second term why have I missed out the second term the what is the second term x times h prime of x what is h prime of x from the previous capsules h prime of x is the Dirac delta so what is the other term that I have not written here is there a typo no there is no typo here the term that has been dropped has been deliberately dropped it is x times Dirac delta and we proved in the last capsule that x times the Dirac delta is 0 that is why that term has not been written here now compute the second derivative y double prime it is simply h prime of x and h prime of x is simply the Dirac delta so we have our y prime and we have our y double prime let us substitute into the differential equation the second derivative is y double prime that is Dirac delta when I multiply the Dirac delta by x squared it disappears and then what about the middle term x times y prime is x hx what is the last term y but what is y x times hx and that cancels off so sure enough 10.19 is a solution of the differential equation so we have obtained a solution of 10.18 that is not even once differentiable so I must think of this 10.19 as a tempered distribution that satisfies the ODE now let us take the next problem check that delta naught is also a solution of the ordinary differential equation it is not difficult to check that delta naught is a solution of the ordinary differential equation you have to compute the second derivative of delta and the middle one involves the first derivative of delta remember x times delta naught prime x times delta naught prime if you go to the previous capsules we have computed that it is minus delta naught so for the middle term and the last term you are going to get minus 2 delta naught and for the first one you are going to get 2 delta naught and you are going to check the delta naught is indeed a solution of the ODE so now we got one more solution delta naught now let us go further the the situation gets even more interesting as we go further check that pv1 over x satisfies the ODE let us call pv1 over x as y just to simplify the notations so y is a tempered distribution and I have to check that x squared y double prime plus xy prime minus y that will be a distribution and that distribution will be the zero distribution that is what we have to check so that distribution paired with g must give me zero is what we need to check so look at this pairing very carefully separate the terms x squared y double prime paired with g first the x squared will have to go to g and the derivatives will have to be transferred to the other factor twice so we will pick up two negative signs and then there is positive sign and the middle term first the x has to be transferred to g and then the derivative but you will pick up a negative sign and the last term of course the negative sign simply goes over here so it is y paired with x squared g double prime minus xg prime minus g equal to zero this pairing that is what we have to check you need to prove this let us look at the left hand side what is the left hand side the pv1 over x what is the definition of pv1 over x pv1 over x is you integrate mod x bigger than or equal to epsilon 1 upon x and then the other factor here now what you do is you compute the derivatives g is very smooth so I can calculate the derivative of this and I can calculate the second derivative of this when you calculate the second derivative the g term disappears completely you will get a 2g here and you get a g here and you get a g here there are no g term and there is at other terms will involve an x factor and then x factor got cancelled by the 1 upon x and we are left with just this but remember g prime is very smooth x g double prime is very smooth so this limit as epsilon goes to zero mod x bigger than or equal to epsilon I can just knock this off it will simply be integral over the real line g prime plus x g double prime dx and you compute this integral using fundamental theorem of calculus g is rapidly decreasing remember as x goes to infinity and as x goes to minus infinity it is zero and so this first term will become zero for the second term integrate by parts twice and check and we will get zero and so yes we have checked that pv 1 over x also satisfies the ode now we have got four solutions of the ordinary differential equation x x hx drag delta and pv 1 over x now I am asking you to show that these four functions are linearly independent first of all the first two are linearly independent why is that how do you check the two nonzero vectors are linearly independent the first vector is nonzero so it is already linearly independent and now the second vector is a linear multiple of the first then they are linearly dependent the second one is not a multiple of the first it will be linearly independent so the question is can x hx be a linear multiple of x no because x is differentiable everywhere x hx is not differentiable at the origin so the second one is not a scalar multiple of the first one so the first two are linearly independent the third one a linear combination of the first two answer is going to be no I want you to prove it because this dirac delta much more singular than the previous two and the fourth one is even more singular than the dirac delta so each one of these things is progressively a more complicated distribution so these are going to be linearly independent I leave the amusing verification for you to check by yourself the next question I am asking you is is every solution of the ode a linear combination of these so we have seen that the space of solutions is at least four dimensions now you will ask me is it exactly four dimensional or are there other things also that is a question I am leaving it open we cannot carry out this discussion to completion because there is lack of time and the relevant material from distribution theory that you need for a systematic handling of these kinds of matters is about homogeneous distributions and the exact material is available on page 68 and the following pages in this monumental account of Lars Hormander analysis of linear partial differential operators volume 1 springer warlock 1990 we have to move on with other things the next important concept is convergence in the space of distributions so the space of distributions is the dual space remember s of r the schwarz class is a locally convex topological vector space and we are talking about the dual space the dual space carries the weak star topology so the topology on the space of distributions will be a weak star topology now we shall discuss the notion of convergence or sequential convergence convergence of sequences so we define the notion of weak star convergence the sequential convergence so sequence of distributions is said to converge to you weekly if for each rapidly decreasing function g when i pair u new with g it goes to the pairing u g that is u new paired with g as new tends to infinity will go to u paired with g this is a very weak form of convergence and it's comparable to our important concept we already encountered before in with chapter chapter 7 we talked about weak convergence in Hilbert spaces and this notion should be compared with the corresponding notion in Hilbert spaces weak convergence in Hilbert it's in fact weaker than that so let us look at some examples we already know from chapter 7 that sine new x converges to 0 weakly in an l 2 sense l 2 of minus pi pi that's our favorite Hilbert space and we check that sine new x converges to 0 weakly now here i'm asking you to revisit the same example from a different perspective you have to show that sine new x which is a tempered distribution converges weakly of course sine new x is a nice bounded function so when you think of sine new x as a tempered distribution how will it pair with with a g it'll pair with integral sine new x gx dx that's a real number and that will depend on new so that's a real sequence that should go to 0 as new goes to infinity you need to prove this very carefully because we are not on a bounded interval we are not in l 2 of minus pi pi this integral is over the real line so the first thing to do would be use the fact that the g is rapidly decreasing so outside a compact set this g is going to be pretty small in its integral and so use the fact that the integral is going to be very very small outside a compact set say less than epsilon by 2 in absolute value inside the compact set appeal to Riemann-Lebesgue-Lehmann and the job will be done so item number one the answer is yes it converges to 0 weakly show that e to the power minus x squared by n converges weakly to the constant distribution 1 the next thing is does new sine new x converge weakly to 0 what about new to the power k sine new x that will also go to 0 weakly of course if you try to do it now it might be a little painful but in the immediately in the next few slides we are going to develop the theory of weak convergence of distributions and using the theory it'll immediately become clear because just as sine new x converges weakly to 0 cos new x will also converge weakly to 0 and that and the distributional derivative of cos new x is new sine new x and we are going to prove that if u new is a sequence converging weakly to u then u new prime will converge weakly to u differentiation is continuous with respect to weak star convergence so using that idea and using the fact that cos new x goes to 0 weakly we immediately get that new sine new x also converges weakly to 0 and repeat differentiations will give you this as well now here I am going to pause and I am going to ask you a question now suppose for example you are going to sequence of l 2 functions take l 2 of the real line take the l 2 of the real line nothing fancy take a sequence f n of l 2 functions converging weakly in l 2 then of course it will also converge in the sense of distributions because what is weak convergence in l 2 mean integral f n g will converge to integral f g where g is any l 2 function and so since since the schwarz class is sitting inside l 2 weak convergence in l 2 will imply weak convergence in distributions so in one direction we have the implication is a converse true is it true that if a sequence of distributions something like sine new x which converges weakly will it converge in l 2 of course sine new x is not in l 2 of the real line but I can multiply it by a cutoff function for instance I can multiply it by a smooth function with compact support which is 1 on some interval and 0 outside answer is again no because look at the third exercise here you can localize it and by multiplying it by a cutoff function and still it will not do it because what do we know from chapter 7 weak convergence in l 2 implies norm boundedness banach steinhaus's theorem but the l 2 norms of new sine new x even after multiplying by cutoff functions will not remain bounded so that's a answer to some of these questions this notion of weak convergence of distributions is a very weak notion and so you may ask why are we bothered about this if it is such a weak notion the reason is very simple remember that in analysis we want to prove existence theorems oh this differential equation has a solution that minimizing problem has a solution the Dirichlet principle remember earlier that we discussed there's a minimizing sequence but will the minimizing sequence itself have a limit usually when you want to prove existence theorems you will construct various sequences and these sequences may not converge in norm they may not converge in any strong sense they may converge weakly and so at least we have a hold on some form of limit and if you're thinking of a minimizing problem an objective function which is minimized by minimizing sequence and that is a problem that you have to discuss will this minimizing sequence have a limit in the class of admissible functions the point is first discuss weak convergence see what the limit is going to be there's a better chance of hitting the limit with a weak notion of convergence and then the second problem is once you hit the limit even in a weak sense then you can try to see whether this weak limit that you've got whether that has any better regularity properties that is one way of using this notion to prove existence theorems in differential equations another use of these weak notions is to discuss some ability of divergent series so for example many of the Fourier series that we'll encounter they will converge conditionally but I can't differentiate them term by term when I differentiate them term by term I am outside the realm of classical analysis but can you salvage the problem is there a way to make sense out of these divergent series in the context of distribution theory thereby you get another tool for handling divergent series there are other places where you have encountered this kind of weak convergence in measure you got weak convergence in probability theory weak convergence of measures there are number of applications in probability theory so this notion is extremely important and a very useful notion a regular boreal measure with compact support is a temporary distribution after all so now let us see how weak convergence can be used a first a couple of theorems namely if a sequence u u n of distributions converges weakly to you the derivatives converge to the corresponding derivative theorem 122 in other words differentiation is a continuous operator with respect to the weak star topology in the sequentially continuous the sequential continuity is what we are talking about here so let us get to the proof of theorem 122 so suppose u n converges to you weakly what does it mean to say that u n prime converges weakly to u prime take a function g in the schwarz class and pair u n prime with g u n prime paired with g what is it it is minus u n paired with g prime but u n converges to u weakly remember so minus u n paired with g prime converges to minus u paired with g prime and now put the prime back to where it belongs namely to you and the minus sign goes away that gives you u prime g so we have proved that u n prime paired with g converges to u prime paired with g this proves that differentiation is a continuous operator where continuity is understood as sequential continuity and the precise sense is described in theorem 122 so that is one important result an easy result the next important result proceeds along exactly similar lines continuity of the Fourier transform the Fourier transform an operator from s prime to s prime will it also be continuous with respect to the weak star topology here again I am talking about sequential continuity or the Fourier transform as an operator on s prime and then this we shall take up next next time and we shall look at number of applications to this and we will take a beautiful example from Fourier series and we will revisit the Poisson summation formula from the earlier chapters and the Jacobi theta function identity I think I will stop this capsule here thank you very much


So you just picked up an iPhone 12 or an iPhone 12 Pro and you're thinking, I need some stuff for these bad boys. Well, let's talk accessories. All right, so the very first accessory, something you probably need to pick up right now because the brand new iPhone 12 and 12 Pro do not come with chargers in the box. Apple has done away with those chargers. You can still use all the chargers, but to take advantage of the faster 20 watt charging, you need a 20 watt charger. And I've got two for you and they are from Anker and Spigen. These are small nano chargers. I really like them. They're very portable. They are small. They've got a nice small footprint to use USB Type-C to lightning cable so you can use the cables in your box. And they are just easy to use. I love the size and something you pick up and it only costs $19.99. So our very next accessory is not just one thing, it's a whole system. And this is from our video sponsor Peak Design and you know them, they make those awesome camera bags but they've released something that is great for your iPhone and I think we'll take you to the very next level. It's called Mobile by Peak Design. It's on Kickstarter right now. Definitely go check it out once you see this because you're gonna love it. And I think it's gonna change the way you use your device. Now it's a whole system of different parts but also comes with a case as well. That's kind of like a center point if you will. Now the case itself is just really nice. It's got a nice fabric finish to it. I love the bumpers around, really solid, a little bit soft but solid. Again, giving you that tender but strong feel to it. The buttons are also firm and nice so when you're actually clicking on them, you can have access. Clean cutouts for your camera and of course of your speaker and lightning part of the bottom. But the main thing is that cutout in the center, that square cutout there, that's for all the different attachments that you're gonna be using with this case. And it's really cool because it connects via magnets and you think, oh wait, what about MagSafe? That it will be supported when it launches so not to worry about that but it works and also will work with your wireless charging. Now one of the cool pieces of the system I like is the mobile tripod. It's right here, it's really simple. All you have to do is snap it to the case and boom, it is connected. You can take it with you on the go, put it in your pocket and it's with your case all the time. So for someone like me, I'm going to the gym. I like to record my workout sometimes through of course on, you know, TikTok or Instagram or even watch workouts while I'm actually at the gym to see what I'm doing right. It's easy to just drop this down and start recording and doing my workouts. I love that about it.   You're good. That's just the simplicity of this mobile tripod and I love it. Now you can also use it as kind of a selfie stick or a camera rig. So if you were recording, walking down the street, this will help you do that quite easily as well. So a nice, simple, great system. Now they all have other parts of the system. They have a wall mount which I thought, I might not use this, but I find it quite useful. Being able to just stick it on the wall, put your phone and you can start recording or do whatever you want to do, watch a show, have it up there for your kid, you know, so they can actually watch something. It's got uses that are great. Now besides the wall mount, they also have a camera as well. They don't have a car. But what makes the ecosystem special is the fact that Peak Design has crafted a case that can interact with such a wide variety of mountain scenarios. With mobile by Peak Design, you don't have to switch between a case to go from the soft locking mobile tripod to the mechanical out front bike mount. It is truly unique. And now some of you are thinking, well, Thunder E, that's all nice and dandy, but I've got cases that I like but I do like the system. Ah-ha, wait a minute. They have a universal adapter, this little bad boy right here. Yeah, you slap it to the back of your case and then boom, you're good. You can start using different accessories with it and it works. That is what I like about it. It works and it's great and it's simple. You can use all the different accessory parts and you can mix and match. So go ahead, check out that Kickstarter link. I think you're gonna like this. And I think this will change the way you use mobile accessories altogether. The next accessory is something that a lot of people might not think about but it's something you definitely need to pick up. So a lot of people are gonna pick it up MaxSafe which is pretty cool but the cable is rather short. So if you have a plug this far away from where you are and you wanna use this, you need an extender cable. So USB type C to USB type C extender right here. It's, this is about eight bucks or so. This is a braided cable. There are other versions but I like braided cables. Constantly lasts longer and you can extend the length of your MaxSafe so you can use it wherever you wanna go. So that again is pretty key. Now the next accessory is one that I personally love because I am a gamer. And now you can play your Xbox games on your iPhone. Your iPhone 12, you have a 12 Pro, 11. I have a video for that, check that out. But it is the Razer Kishi for iPhone or iOS devices, AKA iPhones. And it's same as your regular Kishi. It's got the same layout, same button layouts as you expect except when you open it up, it has a lightning port so you can connect your iPhone and it will work all the way to the 11 Pro Max. I'm sure the 12 Pro Max once it comes out, I'll check it out. But I like it because I can play my games. It will also work with Call of Duty Mobile and PUBG Mobile I believe. So you've got the ability to use that controller and it is an awesome controller to use. So definitely check that out. Last but not least is one I think a lot of people would definitely wanna pick up is a screen protector. Now I know the iPhone has a brand new screen that is basically almost, you know, destructive proof. I'm not saying that's not what they said but it's pretty, pretty strong. Doesn't mean it stops it from scratching, just to make sure and hey, I don't want to have any issues with this new iPhone. I like the look and everything. The Glass TR Easy Fit. This is from Spigen, I absolutely love it. I have it on my 11 Pro Max and I also have it here on my 12 Pro. What I like about it is how easy it is to set up an end fit. It comes with two in a pack. So if you've got a 12 and 12 Pro for yourself or a significant other, you've got enough to cover both of you. It comes with everything you need, a cleaning cloth. It's also got some screen wipes. So you wipe it down, make sure the screen is clean, make sure you wipe it with the cloth. Then you peel, just follow the instructions on the e-pill. The inside, place the cover case on your iPhone, press down and basically go through that line and keep for 30 seconds. After 30 seconds, come back and then peel up, lift up the case and take off the screen protector and boom, you've got a screen on top of your iPhone that gives you protection from drops. So if the shatters, your screen's still protected. If somebody tries to scratch it or you scratch it, it's protected as well. It is nice. I like it and it works out pretty well. So there you have it guys. If you have any questions and comments, let me know. And if you wanna pick up any of these accessories, use the links down below, especially the one for Peak Design because that mobile system is pretty awesome. You can pick and choose what you want. So go ahead and check it out on the website. Anyway, thank you again. Don't forget to like, subscribe and yes, subscribe. Always enjoy entertaining.


All right, good afternoon, everybody. I'm Remy Baumgarten. I work at NRC services and today I'm going to present a tool I've been working on for a little while now and I hope you enjoy it. Some of the contact information is up here. If you want to take that down, otherwise I'll give you the link to the slides and the link to the tool at the end of the presentation. So a little bit about me. Again, I work for NRC services. I mostly do mobile malware talks. Here's a few of the cons I've done on my talk set. Presently, I am doing R and D at NRC, mostly with iOS and Android. I also do security instruction for the company as well. Before that, I was a senior consultant on the malware team at Busan, Allen Hamilton. And before that, I was an intern at SecureDNA. So why a new tool? There's a lot of new tools out there that are coming out all the time, especially at DEF CON. And I believe that there's a gap that I wanted to fill, especially in the area for Mac and malware analysis. I also believe that visualization is a great way to learn how complicated things work. And that's one of the reasons why we created this tool, MakoViz. There's also not many security products out there to analyze Mako files. There are a few. I'm going to show you them. I'm going to show you the pros and cons. And I'm going to show you what I'm trying to fill the gap in with. There's also a lack of web-based free reverse engineering tools to use on any device. Most of the tools require that you use Windows or Linux or Mac. In this case, you could use it on the iPad or Android, which is pretty unique. There's also really a strong need, at least from what I have here, about the ability to quickly identify malicious files and automatically create snort signatures on the fly, especially to people without much training. So some of the tools that I have used that I really enjoy that were a big inspiration to this project were Ida Pro, O-Tool, ClassDump, MakoVue, P-Tool, O-Tool, NG, and Hopper. A few of these, especially MakoVue, have been really, really helpful in just basically making sure that everything I was doing was correct. So with this chart, you know, some of it's arguable. I did the best that I could to my ability. However, there's five categories right here. And with MakoViz, I tried to basically just checkmarking all of them. And that's making it graphical, having multiple architectures, making it network security aware, easy to understand, and be very easy to use. So basically the goal of the project, again, is to combine the features of all those programs and speed up the process, plus add this network security element to the mix. Ultimately, at the end of the day, the goal is to help the network defender understand the Mako file format better and provide an effective and efficient way to analyze a particular binary for malicious behavior. So with that, I'm introducing MakoViz in beta. It basically presents the Mako binary in a visual format. For those that you don't know what a Mako file is, it's basically the file format used on iOS and Mac devices. If you're familiar with Windows, you're going to see PE file format. And for Linux, it's going to be the L file format. So basically, in turn, this makes it easier for anybody to see visually how the file is constructed. And it might not be that new of a concept to you if you've used Ida Pro. There's a little ribbon band at the top that shows you the whole entire file structure broken up. So we took that a step further with this tool, though, and you'll see in a minute how that works. So you're going to see the visual representation from the header through the load commands and into the corresponding sections and segments. It's also interactive, so you can zoom into the segments for more detail. In addition to that, we also wanted to create a backend graph and visualization plus an analytic system for graphing the binary's disassembly, very similar to what you're going to see in Ida or Hopper if you're familiar with that. Currently, we're only supporting these architectures right now, 86, 8664, arms 6 and 7. Again, that's only for Mako, but we have the ability and we'd like to expand it if there is enough interest to other architectures. We also wanted to keep this program not only visual but also accessible again, so that means we could use a web browser and any other type of platform. Again, more design features. We wanted to keep the backend as Mac as possible. And by that, I mean that when Apple updates its specs for the Mako file format, which it has done very recently, the tool is automatically already updated because the system is keeping up to date with everything Apple is doing. So the whole entire tool is working in its native environment. And by that, it's always updated and relevant by default. We also get to gain access to the LLVM disassembler for the most accurate assembly we could feed into our analytics engine. We also make use of many of the open source utilities that Apple provides and many other web open source utilities for this project as well. So this is the main page of what the application looks like when you go to the website. At the very top, you're going to see a few different things that you could take a look at. The first is going to be the instructions, the white paper, which I really recommend you read if you want to really see how to use the application. There's about three malware samples that are walk-through step-by-step. And it will show you exactly all the features and how to use it. I only have 20 minutes today so I can't show you everything. There's also fact and contact information. So essentially all you need to do is upload your binary and then click the upload file. But before you do that, there's something I want to mention to you when you actually do do this. If you're not familiar with how Maco files work or how Apple packages their applications, this is an actual diagram of an IPA. So an IPA is an iPhone application or iPad application. And essentially it's a zip file. So if you change the .IPA to a zip and then you extract it and then you open up the payload folder and then you right click, you could show package contents and then inside that you're going to see a whole entire directory containing database files or resources and then the actual binary itself. If you run file on one of these binaries, especially in this case on the iPhone, you're going to see two architectures. In this case for Facebook, you're going to see ARM version 7 and ARM version 6, both Maco ARM executables. So at the very top of the application, it's actually divided into two different parts. This is the visual file explorer. And at the very top you could see that there's a key that will show you what all the colors mean along the way. So at the very top you're going to see the header, the load commands, executable code, data, file architecture, objective C, static info and code signature. And by clicking in any of these major segments, you basically could drill down to get further information about what is going on inside that file format. So in this example, I clicked on the file header itself and you could see the magic number right there is feed face. And then the CPU type which is 12 and then the CPU subtype which is 9. And that basically just stands for ARM version 7. In the future, we're going to add documentation pop ups. So if you could hover over anything, it will basically give you the information, more information about what exactly you're looking at in the visual file explorer. This is just the load commands. Again, another view of what it looks like when you're joined down into different parts of the file format itself. The second part of the application is the graph visualizer. And this contains three major areas. The first being the interactive graph function search. The second being the security assessment. And the third being the graph data display pane. I'm going to show you what all three of those look like. And then I'm going to give you a demo of the application itself. So the first is the interactive graph function search. And at the very top left, I know it's kind of hard to see, but it says functions. And it's basically going to do an analysis of the whole entire binary and give you a drop down menu of all the functions in the application itself. So when you select any of those functions, it's going to automatically draw that graph for you right below in the graph pane. Okay? The second one and the third one, the name X refs and the strings basically are going to list all the strings and the cross references for you. And when you select one of them, it's going to search the binary and then populate the results into the search results, which is the last drop down menu on the right. So whenever you select the names X refs for the strings, remember that search results is going to contain all the functions that are going to have any of those references that you looked at when you did those searches. The second part is the security assessment. Right now, the way that we're doing this is we're identifying code segments which are using APIs and functions flagged as security risks. We're also identifying and automatically generating network and static file signatures for the binary. Basically, we're doing this in two ways. The first way is the network way by detecting network domains, IP addresses, URLs, web protocols embedded in the binary itself. And the second is calculating a unique binary signature for the file itself using the Maco magic value in the files header plus unique 16 bytes from the binary string table. Using those, we're going to basically get snort signatures which I'll show you in a second. By selecting a potential security risk, the functions are located containing the risk. So this is a security assessment what it looks like, the pain itself. And if you see the drop down right here, you can see that I've selected the system function call. So by actually selecting that, it's going to fill in the search results which you saw just a minute ago. And it's going to show you all the functions in the application that are using that call in the application. So you can drill down directly to the places where those potential security risks will be so your analysts could look exactly at what potential malicious behaviors might be inside that binary. So when I do that system, it's actually doing a search right here. You guys. You know the drill. This is how it goes, right? What are we doing? Shot the noob. We're going to do it as fast as we can because we know it's a short talk. All right, we need one person from the audience who's new firsthand right here, yellow shirt. Let's go. Paul's not having a good time. Congratulations to all of you for getting up. How's the speaker doing so far? Your new speaker, we have two more to do this hour. You said he feels better all of a sudden. So yeah. So by clicking that security scan result system, we're actually, you could see this little pop up here. That's basically looking through the whole entire binary and finding the... He's doing a good job. Thank you. So we find three functions containing the reference to system. And then we update the search results containing that. So if you look at the search results, you're going to see three functions where you can click on it. And right here, you can see the actual search results. Those are the functions containing the places you want to look at. So the bottom, the last part which contains most of the stuff you're going to be looking at is the graph dated display pane. And this is divided into six tabs. The first being the graph view, which is like your IDA like interface. It's completely interactive. You could zoom, scale, highlight, and a few other things. You're also going to have your hex view just like IDA, strings, objective C, we're doing that via class dump, disassembly via LLVM, disassembly, and then also network security, which is going to contain your snort signatures. So the graph view right here, with a few highlights I've demonstrated, you can see it looks again very similar to Eider Hopper. How are we doing this? Basically we're parsing the O-tool disassembly of the binary. And then we're doing a lot of magic. I don't have too much time to talk about it, but we're turning it into graph fizz charts. And then we're taking those graph fizz charts into HTML and placing them as SVG with JavaScript and CSS to give you all the visual effects. So the hex view basically, you click on the visual file explorer like this. So in this case we're clicking on dynamic loader info. And dynamic loader info, it's basically, if you're going to look at that, it's just all the information you're going to see for that particular type of information from the visual file pane is going to be hex values. So this is what the hex values for the area looks like. This is the second pane. The third pane is the strings. And the strings are displayed in full and provided with short names in the left for easier lookup references within the code. If you look at this assembly by itself with the tools Apple provides, it doesn't give you short names. So we had to develop an algorithm to actually do this and then have it cross reference to a particular area within the file format itself where these strings actually existed. So this is a little bit tougher than it looks. For the objective C part, we're using class dump here. And class dump basically generates headers from the Mako files if you're not familiar with it. It's basically our reverse engineer's wet dream if you're working with Mako file format. It's awesome. And I'll show you an example of how effective that is when we're looking at one of the samples here in a minute. The third is, the next panel is a disassembly view. And this is taken from LLVM disassembly. Again, we're paginating here. So you could basically change how many lines you want and then just change pages. And the last tab which is the most useful to the network analyst is the network security pane. Here you can see we developed some snort signatures. And you can see some URLs. And you could basically plug and play these right into your IDS system. These are going to contain domains, IP addresses, URLs and protocols if you in fact find that the file itself is malicious. The bottom is a file signature. And again, we're doing that unique 16 bytes from the string table that I talked about earlier. So with that, let me give you a demo of two examples of analyzing different samples. The first is Yon2 Trojan. And the second is Mac Defender. A little bit of background about both. The Yon2 Trojan basically infects Chrome, Firefox and Safari in the Mac. It uses social engineering to install an HD plug-in. So let me pull up this video. Again, this is the front page. And I'm going to select the Yon2 Trojan which is called Custom Installer. And I'm going to upload it. And at this point it's going to analyze and generate the graphs. It's going to analyze all the assembly of the file. It's going to basically break apart all the functions, create the SVG files. And then it's going to do some optimization to minimize the network load over. So when you pull it down, it's going to be a lot smaller. We also calculate the entry point right here. So this is what it looks like, the Yon2 Trojan. And you can see I'm opening up the header right here. And you can see a few different values. There's the magic number, the CPU type and so forth. Again, I clicked on the top level and now I'm looking at the load commands. And you can see all the different load commands here. And then I'm going to go down to the bottom and quickly look at the security assessment. And you can see that there's 16 security risks that we deemed that are essential to look at. And with that, there's a few things I want to show you. This is the graph view. You can see I can move it around. This is a strings view. And you can see a bunch of potentially interesting URLs and file locations that are kind of sketchy that might immediately pop out to you. And then with the objective C, this is again class dump. So I took a look ahead before and I found a really interesting method, or interface method in here. And it's called extension installer. So this one immediately is pointed out. And one of the methods right here is called install safari extension. So basically what you can see right here is there's an address. So what I'm going to do is copy that address. And I'm going to plug it right into the functions right here. Just paste it right in there. And then it's going to automatically generate the graph for me. And then display this particular method. So you can take a look at exactly what's going on in this installation method itself. So this is the graph view. And I'm going to show you the whole entire size of the graph view by clicking zoom extents. This is the whole entire method displayed right here. So I'm going to zoom in. And I'm going to show you a few different things of what exactly is happening within this installation itself. The first thing you can see right here is STR library safari extension. And that is a short name for the string which you can see at the bottom right here. So this is the URL. You probably can't see it, but it's library safari extensions. And that's going to be the location or the directory of where they're going to want to install this. And that's a highlight right there. And then the next thing you're going to see is safari extension P list short name. And I'm going to go ahead and find that string over here. And see what exactly that means. And you can see that it actually is the extensions dot P list. So what I can kind of infer right now is that they're actually modifying the extension P list for safari. So looking further down in this routine, I'm basically looking for something else. Probably they're going to write a value. So taking a look further into this, I'm going to zoom in and see that essentially there's going to be a string called strEnabled and they're going to be writing a one to it. So we're going to see an LEAQ, a load effective address. And from there you could basically see that the value is turned on to one. So that's enabled right there. There's a lot easier ways to do this. I wanted to show you the hard way. And for the strings, basically I could have just gone to the strSafari extension right here and it's basically going to show me the same exact graph that I pulled up before. So it's basically the reverse of what I was just doing. So looking down it's going to show the same graph that I just had. So let me, due to short of time, let me skip forward a little bit. This is a disassembly view. And this is the snort pane right here. So again we have all our snort signatures of this yontu trojan that we could plug directly into our IDS system. So moving forward, the next one is Mac Defender. And we're going to build this chart right here. And right here I just want to point out that Mac Defender is actually multiple architectures. That's why you saw two big blocks. One of them was x86 and the other one was x64. For this this is really interesting because what we're going to do right here is we're going to find a method called is file infected because what Mac Defender is is the fake antivirus. So we're going to look for this interesting method called is file infected. And by pulling this method up right here we could see the whole entire routine that is going to be used for the actual virus detection for this application of this malware. So this is the entire antivirus routine. So looking closely right here you can see that basically this is the world's smallest AV file infection detection routine in the world. It uses a random number generator for scan time. And that's pretty much it for the way that this file actually scans this file. So just taking a look at one routine due to shortness of time. It's very interesting. The last thing I want to show you today is the network security. So this is basically what you get at the end. Snort SIGs. These are mostly on porn URLs.  So you can put this all into your snort database right here. So with that let me give you the links for this presentation. So as you can see at the top this is the beta URL. We don't have too much bandwidth capacity. So if you do hit it you might have trouble if everybody starts hitting it once. Just try it a little later. And below is a slides URL too. The white paper is also listed on this MacoViz beta URL. And if you have any questions I'll be over there outside and I hope you enjoyed my talk. Thank you everybody.


You can just tell when you're taking this specific one, the energy and the focus is just way different. We poppin', we poppin'. Hey, what's up guys, it's Josh here. I just wanna do a quick little review today on this Black Onyx Shatter Ripped. It even has this SX7 on the side. So I got this for a great deal online and I was actually really, really impressed by the feeling and the overall presentation that it had. So I really wanna do a quick little review on it because I have a lot of supplements that are very similar to this. And once I ordered this, I pretty much only wanted to use this for a few days. So I kind of wanted to give my two cents on the product. Muscle Tech has always had great marketing, a great look and great taste. And this is no exception. This is just a nice, shiny, colorful.  But I did get this on a discount so I did try the Grape Candy. And the Grape Candy was just a right down the middle. Grape style flavor. I would not have ordered this flavor if I had a choice of all of them. The reason that it was discounted was because it was this flavor. So the flavor was right down the middle. But usually with Muscle Tech, their flavor is just one of the highest points as well as their shiny marketing and all that kind of stuff. To get into the pros of this, it has an amazing feeling for the first couple of times I was taking it. I mean, I would say for the first few days or a week, like I said, I only wanted to take this in the morning. And I had other products that are actually very, very good and very strong, very unique. And I just was really, really interested in this one. You could just tell taking this specific one, the energy and the focus is just way different. It's very, very solid. And unfortunately, I did not do research on all these ingredients. There's a few ingredients that I have not personally tried on their own. There are a few ingredients that I really, really like. That are already in here. Theanine and Tiacrine. Both kind of exotic compounds. The theanine is going to basically balance out the high dose of caffeine, which is 350 milligrams, super, super big dose. And the Tiacrine is fantastic. It doesn't give you that much euphoria, but it kind of gives you this backbone of energy so you don't really get tired and you don't really crash. The only problem with a Tiacrine is that it's really, really bitter. So you can't put that much per scoop in or else it'll ruin the taste of everything. I'll get into my cons with that. But that's the pros. Amazing feeling for the first few weeks. And I think the theanine and the Tiacrine, I have something to do with that, but there's also some extra ingredients in here that are also probably going to contribute to that. I'll put those on screen or put the whole ingredient list on screen. The cons, I'm really picky about certain things. And one of the things I'm picky about is artificial colors. I really don't like artificial colors, especially when it's coming in a supplement because the color is literally only there to improve the look for you. And then they also have natural colors. So it's like they're putting this extra thing in there to make it look good. And they're not putting the healthy kind in because it would cost too much money. I would just rather you not use any colors personally. I know it's not going to look all colorful and I know Muscle Tech has that shiny poppy look. But when I'm spending $30 to $40 on a supplement, all these ingredients are supposed to do something in my body. And when you put the extra colors in there, I feel like it's just putting a little bit of toxins in my body and I'm not allowing my body to absorb the ingredients fully. I just really don't like artificial colors. This clumps, but it wasn't unusable. This came with like three freshness packs. I've never seen anything come with three freshness packs. It does kind of have some trouble mixing. This I think is a few months away from expiration. So it is on the older side, but it really wasn't that bad. The only problem was that it would clump and then you'd get the pure taste of the tea cream. It has a specific taste and I was tasting in the clumps and I think that's going to turn people off. To be honest, I care more about the colors than the clumping.  It's not really dry and it's not super humid. So maybe if you're in a more humid climate or if you leave the thing open, you'll have problems with that. I really wanted some B vitamins in here. I wanted choline and I wanted tyrosine. Supplements that I would really, really like and something very, very similar to this. It's okay that they don't have it. I know they have a big dose of carnitine, which is also great for fat loss and it's great for overall brain health and things like that. And then there's also like a burnout effect with this one. Notice like once you take it in the morning, you take it a little longer. I just kind of feel like I can't reach that peak of excitement anymore at all from no matter what I do unless I go to sleep mainly. Close to a week, the effectiveness of this definitely went down. I know you're supposed to expect that with all supplements, but it seemed like the drop off was a little bit higher than other supplements. I would recommend this if it weren't for the artificial colors personally. If I'm gonna spend $30, $40 on a really expensive pre-workout, that's just the one thing that I just can't get around personally and it's unfortunate, hopefully in the future they go that way. And I know a lot of companies like Bang and like Genius and other companies they just won't use the artificial colors and which is so, so awesome and so good. I know we kind of need to push the wave a little farther so that all the companies do it. It's make or break for me. I literally have capsules that have color around them and I will take the ingredients out and put it in a clear capsule just cause I don't like artificial colors. Let me know if you tried this product. Let me know if you tried other products. I'd be very interested to see down below. Muscle tech's always coming out with new stuff so let me know what was your favorite. Have you tried this one? If you not, try this one. We're on the road of 25,000 subscribers and I couldn't do without it. I hope you guys are the best. I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully I'm a great dad. I'll see you on the next video. Peace.


We are here in Flanders Fields where so many American soldiers and one American sailor are buried. They gave their lives so that Europe could once again be free. It's a wonderful turnout of Belgian and American scouts who commemorate this event. The whole scout program, whether it be boy scouts or girl scouts, both represented here today. They're the future generation that will take these memories forward and help us prevent any kind of great wars like this in the future. We trust these heroes find solace in knowing that the world they bequeathed to us was worth their sacrifice. Now it is up to all of us to keep their memory.


Great. Good morning once again. Lovely to see you all. Good morning to everyone who's joining us online. Hope you all are doing well. Thanks for joining in. Good to see you. Everybody is new except for Lucy.  So good to see you. I will be teaching this course called Praise and Worship. I'm excited and I'm looking forward to teaching this subject and I hope you are excited about it the same. My name is Roshan. I'm from Bangalore. All 36 years of my life I have lived here. So I am the local guy here. Anybody here who just born and raised full bread Bangalorean here? Yeah. Okay, I'm a Bangalorean. But good. Lovely, lovely to have. But yeah, it's been great. But looking forward to getting to know all of you. I don't know everybody's names. It's Daniel. It's an easy name to remember. I know Cyril who helped me set up. But Asaf. Asaf. Asaf. Okay. I was close. Awesome. But looking forward to getting to know all of you from where you come from and what's your favorite food and everything and what not. Yeah, I'm just excited to teach you about praise and worship. I hope you are excited. Everybody can hear fine? Is it booming? Is all okay? Okay. I have a very sensitive view. I'm very picky about how it sounds in the room. Everybody online can hear me okay? I keep forgetting the camera is here. Yes, sir. Awesome. All right. Fantastic. Right. So let's get started and learn about praise and worship. No. Hi, Sam. Good to see you. All right. Lovely. Okay. So I just want to share briefly about my background, you know, where everything that I've gone through. Okay. So the reason I teach praise and worship is not because I know everything about it. So I was 18 years old. I think the year was 2005. I was studying second PUC in Karnataka. That's what we call it 12th, you know, second PUC. And I was 18 and I failed in mathematics. Anybody here who likes mathematics? If I liked mathematics, why would I be in Bible college? Okay.  And so I didn't understand anything. And so I failed. But I remember that was a very dark period in my life. It was a very depressing time. Because you know how in India is if you fail or if you don't get a good mark, one auntie from the fourth house will know what marks you got in four minutes after the result comes. And they will not talk like phone and ask and all that. Hey Roshan, what I heard you failed in mathematics.  And so it was not an easy time. And I remember at least the next two months was pretty dark. And so I did not know where to hide. I didn't know what to do. Nothing else. I didn't know what to do. The only thing I knew by then is I knew three chords on the guitar. I knew C major, F major, G major. And for the next two months, the only thing I could do or I knew to do was I knew a song called He Is My Everything and He Is My All. Does anybody know that song? It's a very old English children's song. It says, He Is My Everything, He Is My All. That's all. You know, like honey in the rock, sweet honey in the rock, for he tastes like honey in the rock. You know, that's all I did for the two months is, because I didn't know what else to do. I had failed in mathematics and my life is falling apart. I'm feeling this guilt that, you know, I brought this shame upon my parents, you know, because they are feeling embarrassed because they have to answer all the relatives. It's like, why he failed? Why he failed? Put him in tuition. You know, and so I'm going through all of this and I didn't know what else to do. I didn't know video editing. I didn't know photography or all, you know, there are so many other skills that you can have, right? Like a talent or whatever. I didn't know what to do. The only thing I knew to do was those three chords and that one song. And so I worshiped. I did not even worship because I was good at it. You know what I'm saying? I will do that because I didn't know anything else to do. And so that's why this aspect of worship, my journey with worship kind of begins there. I'm talking about one aspect of worship which is singing and playing, but then from 18, I'm 36, that's almost 18 years ago.  God has been gracious. He's been merciful to teach me something more about praise and worship along this journey. And that is what I want to share with us. So everybody okay? So far? Everybody able to understand? Yes. No. Maybe. Okay, awesome. But yeah, are you excited to learn about praise and worship? Yes. Okay, so let's begin with the classic question. So from the time I was 18, now I'm 36. I have taught a lot on praise and worship. I have done a lot of seminars and workshop and all these small classes on worship, whatnot. And so the first question is the classic question. What does worship mean to you? You don't write the question. You answer me. He's like writing, what is worship? So that's my question to you and to everybody. Pastor, can I answer? Yes. For me, worship is relating to the reality of God. Okay, worship is related to the reality of God. Awesome. Thank you. Bringing the presence of God. Bringing the presence of God. Bringing the presence of God? Yeah, yeah, we can connect to God through the worship. Okay, cool. Thank you. Anybody here? Worship is what you? Worship is what you give to God. Okay. All right. Yes. Anybody? Yes. Raising God with a whole heart. Okay. Guys, remember, there is no right or wrong answer.  Worship is a sacrifice we do to God. Okay. Thanks, Andrew. All right. What else? What else? Talk to me. What does worship mean to you? It's a communication with God. Okay. Jennifer says communicating with God. Is that right? Yeah. Okay. Thanks, Jennifer. All right. You're saying glory of God. Okay. To praise him. Sorry, Pankaj. You were saying something. To praise God. To praise God. Okay. All right. I'm still unsatisfied. Okay. Everybody has an answer. So tell me. Talk to me. What does worship mean to you? All right.  Okay. We express how much we feel joyful. Okay. Awesome. All right. Thank you. And Daniel says worship is the place where we meet God as a friend. Okay. All right. Sanjay says worship is a lifestyle. Okay. Everybody answered. The course is over. Everybody passed. Let's go home. Everybody's answered. Everybody's giving correct answer. Why should I teach him a piece of worship? Graduates. Right. So as I mentioned, there is no right or wrong answer when we talk about what is worship. Every answer that you said is correct. Right. Worship is a lifestyle and whatnot. But worship. Everybody say worship. Everybody say worship. Worship. All right. Thank you. So worship comes from an ancient Anglo-Saxon or a Greek word that simply means worth-ship. It comes from two different words. Right. Worth-ship. Okay. You might find it in your notes or you might not find it. I might share things with you that is not in the notes as well.  Okay. So worth-ship. We recently had a short-term Bible college. I was going to ask what word worthy is in Hindi. That means Yogi, you know. Worthy. Any other language? Telugu. What does worthy mean? Telugu. Worthy. Anybody who speaks Tamil? Worthy. Dale. Taghudi. Sorry? In Tamil we say Taghudi. Was it not very clear, Jennifer? Are you saying in Tamil? Yeah. In Tamil we say Taghudi. The word. It's not you. I'm sure it's the sound system here that I'm not able to understand very clearly. Okay. It's Taghudi. Can you hear now? Taghudi. What is that? Okay. Taghudi. Okay. In Tamil. Okay. Taghudi. Oh, yeah. I got it. I thought there was some accent involved over there so I didn't understand. Taghudi. Okay. All right. Awesome. Yeah. So tell me some of the words that's associated with the word worthy. So have you heard of this word called trustworthy in English? Trustworthy. Yes. All right. So when I ask you a question, that means I'm expecting N. So when I speak with you, you have to speak back. Okay. So have you heard trustworthy? Yes or no? Okay. So what does that mean? It means dependable. Dependable. Okay. So let's just to keep, just to make it the communication kind of clear between what's happening in class and online. So it doesn't sound like everybody's speaking in tongues. If anybody wants to speak something, just please raise your hands. And so I can identify who wants to speak because what's happening right now is there are two worlds colliding. It's like we're reading Bible in different translations altogether. Okay. So yeah, you were saying something. Okay. Trustworthy. Okay. All right. And yeah. So Gertrude, you can speak now. You were saying something. Yes. I said dependable. Dependable. Okay. Yeah. Thank you. Okay. What else is trustworthy? Oh, that's in your language. Okay. Okay. Yeah. Okay. So so many other words are there associated with the word worthy. We say trustworthy. That means say if I say Cyril is a trustworthy person, that means he's worthy of my trust. Yes or no. Right. And there's so many other words. So before a ship is going into the sea, the captain will ask the question, is this ship sea worthy? That means is this ship worthy of the voyage? Right. Is or an aircraft? Is it air worthy before a pilot takes the aircraft? He lost the question. Is this airplane air worthy?  And there are so many things associated with the word worthy, isn't it? Everybody say worthy. Right. And so the word worship comes from that word worth ship. And so that answers the question or asks a question, is God worthy of your worship? When I say God, I'm talking about Jesus. Let's get specific. Right. Is Jesus worthy of worship? Okay. So that's where the word worship comes from because as human beings, we worship. We can worship anything or anyone. Everybody worships. Not just Christians. Yes or no. Everybody worships. Everybody worships. Yeah. Kind of. But what they worship or who they worship is the important question. Isn't it? Right. Some of them worship water. Some of them worship sun. Some of them worship moon. Some of them worship Iraq. Planets. Whatever comes to mind. Right. I'm being very serious, by the way. Isn't it? Right. Anything can become an idol. How many of you have seen an idol? So you've seen an idol. Idol, IDOL. Yeah. Now, one of the things that we need to remember is that all statues are idols, but not all idols are statues. Say that again. All statues are idols, but not all idols are statues. Why? Because in modern day, you can say it's like pastor. What you're saying? I'm a Christian. I'm a Bible college student. Bible idol worship. But the things that are not statues are what? It can be money. It can be money. It can be your career. It can be the person that you love. Girlfriend, boyfriend, whatever. Okay. And true story in my life. It was I think in 2016 that for at least 10 months out of the 12 months in that year, I idolized guitar. For 10 out of 12 months, I idolized a guitar. That means a guitar, an instrument became the recipient of my worship. Because all my affection, all my devotion, all my thoughts, my time and my energy was devoted to one thing. That is guitar. And so that became my idol. And that became the recipient of my worship. Are you with me? So anything or anyone that takes the place of God becomes an idol. Are you with me? Anything or anyone, not just a thing. It can be a person also. But anything or anyone takes the place of God or that becomes the recipient of all your affection, your devotion, and your thoughts, your time and energy becomes an idol. And therefore it becomes the recipient of your worship. Right? The devil understands the power of your worship. And that's why he takes Jesus a high up and says, okay, you know what Jesus? You can have all of this that you see. All you need to do is what? Power down and worship. The devil understands the power of your worship. The problem is we don't know the power of our worship. Because we don't understand the power of our worship, we worship anything, anyone, especially in Indian culture. We are a culture that gives a lot of honor. And so we don't know the difference. The line between giving honor and giving worship is very thin. And so very often in the name of giving honor to another individual, we end up worshiping that individual. Oh, this pastor is coming. Let's go bow down. Are you following what I'm saying? The power of worship is very real. So we understood that word worship comes from an ancient Latin word, Anglo-Saxon word called worthship. But the Hebrew meaning, the original, when we talk about the Hebrew language, it was originally a pictorial language. That means like, you know, there was carvings on the wall, you would have seen, right? Like they would carve. So it was a pictorial language. And so the original image for worship was a full face down or bow down in the presence of the king, like complete surrender. We'll talk about later in another chapters, but that was the original image for the word worship.  Are you all with me? Following? Yes? No? And so let me ask you this question. Is worship a genre of music? Is worship one of the genres of music? You understand what a genre is, right? Is it a jazz, pop, rock, classic rock, progressive rock, alternate rock? Hip-hop, rap? Is worship one of the genres? No, pastor. Thank you. Everybody's looking at me like a confused, it's like a tricky question. It's like a simple question, not a tricky question. Thank you. Worship is not a genre of music, right? Singing or playing an instrument is one of the aspects of worship and it is not the only aspect of worship. Are you with me? Music, singing or playing an instrument is one of the ways of how you express worship, but it is not the only way of how you express your worship, okay? But in your notes, there are certain comments that might be very familiar, but at least it's very familiar in this South India. Let's look at those, some of the comments and tell me if this anything, any of these things feels familiar. By the third song, Brother, I was really worshiping. Has anybody heard that? No, I have heard. That's why it's over there, okay? By the second song or the third song, by the fourth song I was lost. Gone. So the question is, who or what were you worshiping before the third song? What about the first song? What about before singing? I reached the church, I parked the car, I was fighting with someone, I re-entered the church, I started singing. Okay, let's just continue. Anybody online have heard those comments? By the third song, I was really worshiping. Okay, another comment, it says, worship gets me to the place where I don't have to think about anything. How many of you are thinking right now? We're constantly thinking. So it says, worship gets me to a place where I don't have to think about anything. But in all truth, the fact is that worship requires for you to think.  Christian worship is not a new age thing where it says, you have to empty your mind. You have to pour everything out what is inside of you. Empty, mind empty, you don't have to. That's inaccurate, right? Christian worship involves us to think, okay, about the word. Because the Bible says, meditate on his word. What is that? Think. Are you with me guys? Everybody alive? All right. Another comment that I hear quite a lot is, will there be worship at the meeting? Will there be worship at the meeting? So in all these comments, I want you to know that we have reduced worship to a time of singing and playing an instrument. 10 minutes, 15 minutes. Will there be worship? I am still trying to understand these comments, okay? Okay, another comment which is very famous. With only 20 minutes, we really didn't have time to worship. How many of you have heard that? Only 10 minutes for worship. That's all. Anybody heard that? Or is it only me? Y'all are making me feel like I have lived on another planet. Yes, yes, it happens. Thank you. It doesn't really matter. 5 minutes or 10 minutes or 20 minutes. It's not like we have to warm up to worship. Right? Okay, so let's sing some songs before the sermon comes. So we treat a time of singing and playing an instrument, that aspect of worship as a warm-up before the main thing comes. That is the preaching. Okay, this is the last one. Okay, last. Who leads worship here? Does anybody lead worship in your church? Tell your name, brother. Blessing. Blessing. Blessing. What a blessed name, bro. Okay, so this comment I have heard quite a lot. There will be people in the congregation. Some people will have favorite worship leader. Okay. Oh, bless these leading worship today. It's going to be amazing. God's presence is going to come in full fire only, you know. Okay, I'll stop. Now, I'm sharing all of this for us to know that we have reduced worship to all these comments, right? We have reduced worship to just 10 minutes or 5 minutes of singing and worship and whatnot. But worship, as we've said, it's a lifestyle, isn't it? Worship is how I treat you guys. Worship is how I treat my friends. Worship is how I treat my wife. Worship is how I treat my, you know, any relationship for that matter. Worship is how I treat my work. Yes. And so when I say worship is a lifestyle, worship is all of that, right? How you live your life as a Christian. Does it honor God? Does your life honor God? And if it is honoring God, that is a life of worship. Are you with me? Because as I said that I have been in worship ministry long enough to know that you can be a worship leader on stage, on fire, with all the right words that's coming from your mouth. And get off stage, you are a different person altogether, right? On stage, you can be a worship leader.  Nobody wants to talk with you because you treat everyone so bad. Are you with me, right? And so all that is worship is how we live our life together. In your notes, let's go to the second page. Let's understand, let's look at some more definitions of worship. Okay. Page three. Are you all there? Yeah. Okay. Some more definitions of worship. The first one is by a Dutch humanist called Deciderius Erasmus. I put that down there because I liked his name. It's a very exciting Deciderius Erasmus. What a name. So all he is saying is every definition is dangerous. Every definition is dangerous. So why is he saying that? It's simply because now, like we said, worship is this, worship is that, and all of that can be true 100%. But by defining a thing by one word, you might miss out on so many other aspects of it, right? For example, here it says in your notes, attempts at explaining worship as love or intimacy or relationship say something true, but end up leaving out more than they contribute to our understanding of worship. That means when you define something as love or intimacy or relationship, all of that is true, but you'll end up missing out a lot more of it. Let's look at the second definition in your notes. This is from the book called Music through the Eyes of Faith from page 143. It says, acknowledging that someone or something else is greater, worth more, and by consequence to be obeyed, feared and adored. Worship is the sign that in giving myself completely to someone or something, I want to be mastered by it. It's by Harold Best from the book that is mentioned over there. What is interesting is saying there is acknowledging that someone or something else is greater. What is acknowledging? Acknowledgement. What is the meaning of acknowledging? Accepting. Accepting, agreeing. Is that what you said? Acknowledge. What do you mean by acknowledging? Accept. Let's say Pastor Ashish walks down from the stairs. We all know Pastor Ashish is a senior pastor. He's the boss of all bosses. You'll stand up as a good morning pastor. Yes or no? What you've done is that you've acknowledged his presence. You're acknowledging who he is. Yes or no? When an elder comes into your home, you stand up. I said that Indian culture is the culture of honour. At least it used to be. We stand up and we acknowledge an elder person's presence. Isn't it? Good morning. Welcome. What's the definition saying there is that you acknowledge that someone or something else is greater and it's worth more. By acknowledging the consequences, you are obeying it, you are adoring it and that is worship. Then it goes on to say that you are completely giving yourself to it and you want to be mastered by it. Guys, remember that this is a very famous statement in English that says you become like the one you worship. Can I say that again?  Let's go very quickly. Go to Psalm 115. Psalm 115. If you're there, type amen or say amen. If you're still searching for Psalm 115, we'll have an auto call at the end of it. We will pray for you. The rate of amen is increased after saying we'll have an auto call. Psalm 115. I'm going to read from verse 4. Psalm 115 verse 4 onwards it says, their idols are silver and gold, the work of men's hands. They have mouths but they do not speak. Eyes they have but they do not see. They have ears but they do not hear. They have but they do not smell. They have hands but they do not handle. Feet they have but they do not walk. Nor do they mutter through their throat. Verse 8. Important. Those who make them are like them. So is everyone who trusts in them. What does it say? Those who make these idols are like them. That means it's simply saying, you become like the one you worship. Are you with me? So that is the second definition. Let's move on a little fast. There's one more thing. At any point in time, if you have any questions, please raise your hands and feel free to ask a question. This is also for those online. Raise your hand and we'll pause and we'll address the question. Or you can also put your questions in the chat section and then we'll address it eventually. Let's continue. The third definition of worship. Worship is the believer's response of all that they are. Mind, emotions, will, body to what God is and says and does. In all of these definitions, I have mentioned the name of the book, the author and the page number it's taken from. If you can eventually get your hands on those books, I encourage you to read it. Worship is the believer's response of all that they are. The mind, emotions, will and body to what God is and says and does. Let's look at another definition. It's from the book called Engaging with God by David Peterson. He says worship of the living and true God is essentially an engagement with him on the terms that he proposes. Okay, let's stop. So worship of the living and true God is essentially an engagement with him on the terms that he proposes in the way that he alone makes possible. Okay, I love the quote because we think worship is about us. I'll say that again. You and I like it or not, we think worship is about us. Oh, I felt nice in worship. I think we should worship like this. I think we should do that only then it is true worship. If he sings English songs, it's not worship. We should sing in our own language. Only that is worship. What we have done is we have made worship about ourselves, about how we feel. Are you with me? We think worship that you or I are the recipient of a worship.  I didn't like the songs that you chose. I'll be like, I'm sorry, but I didn't know that you are the recipient of my worship. For one second, what we'll do is we'll take it and let's not make worship about us. Okay, worship is not about you and me. Worship is about, about, thank you. Good God. Okay, so that's what David Peterson is saying in his book, is that we engage with God in worship on the terms that he proposes. It is God who told Moses how to build the tabernacle. Yes or no? Everybody learned about the tabernacle of Moses? Heard about the tabernacle of Moses? God gives the blueprint to Moses. Okay, tell them to make like this. Tell them to use this color. Tell them to use that thread. Tell them to use that skin. This is the configuration, the size, everything, the length, the breadth. God is telling them how worship should be done. We don't tell God, okay, this is how I'm going to worship you, accept it or not. Cain tried doing that and his worship was not accepted. I know that's how you're supposed to worship, but I will worship you the way I want to worship. God says, no, thank you, brother. Okay, now let's go to the next page. Is everyone following me? Are you all with me? Yes, no, maybe. Any questions so far? Any questions? Okay, for those online, any questions? Alright, thanks, Daniel. Okay, so the chapter one is all about defining worship, understanding worship, just a little bit more deeper with all the different definitions. So stay with me. There's a very famous worship leader called Bob Coughlin. I'm just looking at your notes in page four. I think it's page four, right? Bob Coughlin, that says? Yeah, page five, okay, sorry. Now what we're going to do with this definition is we're going to break down to understand what exactly is the meaning of worship, okay? So Bob Coughlin says, Christian worship is the response of God's redeemed people to his self-revelation that exalts God's glory in Christ and our mind's affection and wills in the power of the Holy Spirit. So what we're going to do for the next five minutes is we're going to break down the definition and try and understand what exactly is happening, okay? So the definition starts with these two words, Christian worship. Everybody say Christian worship. One more time, let's say Christian worship. Okay, because I said everybody worships, right? Everybody worships. But how is that different from Christian worship is what we're going to look at? Christian worship is different from every kind of worship because it has been made possible through... It's been made possible through... Okay, yeah, through Jesus Christ. Okay, but let's go to the book of Revelation chapter 5. Revelation chapter 5 verse 9 to 10. It's a hard book, okay. Revelation chapter 5 verse 9 and 10. It says, and they sang a new song saying, you are worthy to take the scroll and open its seals for you are slain. And you have redeemed us to God by your blood out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation and have made us kings and priests to our God. And we shall reign on the earth. Okay, so you are worthy to take the scroll. Who is it talking about? It's talking about Jesus.  Jesus is worthy to take the scroll and to open its seals for Jesus was slain. And because of that, he has redeemed us to God by his blood. Let's stop. He has redeemed. Everybody say redeemed. Okay, so here's the thing. There are a lot of gods out there. Yes or no? In India itself, we have crows of gods, the people worship. Yeah? And they all have names. Yes or no? There's not a single other God that can go by the title or has the name or the title called redeemer. No one. No other God with small g. No other God has this title called redeemer. Only Jesus. Only Jesus is known as the redeemer. Jesus redeemed us and he has made it possible. And so it is, he is the only difference between Christian worship and every other worship. Are you with me? Yes, so it says Christian worship is different from every kind of worship because it has been possible through Jesus Christ. And look at it. And then it says Christian worship is the response. So when do we respond? Response. When do we respond? What is the meaning of response? Okay, you know why I'm asking you all these questions, right? It's for us to think about it as well. It's very important. Okay, so what is the response? When do we respond? When do we respond? So if I'm asking you a question, I'm expecting you to respond with an answer, isn't it? Yes or no? If I'm asking you a question and you keep looking at me like my face is so beautiful without saying anything, that means you're not really responding. Right? So if you answer my question, that means you are responding with an answer, isn't it? And so here it says Christian worship is the response. That means we are responding to something that's happened. Okay? So Christian worship is the response of God's redeemed people. People that who are redeemed. To what? To his self-revelation. That means we can't know God apart from him revealing himself to us. That's what the definition is saying, that Christian worship is the response of God's redeemed people to the revelation of who God is that exalts in God's glory in Christ in our minds, affection and our wills. Okay?  Okay? So once the class is done in the evening, whenever you have the time, I want to encourage you to go through those notes and definitions. Okay? I want to stop here because I think I've given too much information and I don't want you to hate me. Okay? Let's just stop here. I hope you've been able to follow along with me, even those online for this first hour on what worship is. I want to encourage you to go back home and read through the notes. Okay? Let's stop and just give thanks to God. Okay? Father, we thank you for this time that you've given to us. We thank you for this privilege that we've had to learn about you, to come into your presence and to call you Abba Father. And so Lord, I pray Holy Spirit that you will continue to pour out your wisdom, your knowledge, your understanding, given as we learn about you from your word, Father. We give you all the glory, honor, power and praise. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Amen. Awesome. Thank you all. Thank you everybody online for joining in. I'll stop the recording now. Thank you pastor. All right. Thank you. See you tomorrow.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32 Interconnect Matrix. It covers the main features of this matrix, which is widely used to connect various internal peripherals between each other. The Interconnect Matrix, integrated inside STM32 products, provides direct connections between peripherals. Applications benefit from these interconnections to ensure time predictable operations to decrease power consumption by avoiding complex management of peripheral communications through reading and writing registers using CPU instructions and, in some cases, reducing the need to loop the signal from a source to a destination through a dedicated GPIO. The Interconnect Matrix offers two features. First, it ensures direct and autonomous connections between peripherals, allowing removal of latency in regards to software handling, thus saving GPIO and CPU resources. Second, the interconnection between certain peripherals can even operate during low power modes. The main peripherals having direct autonomous interconnections are timers, analog IPs, clocks, extended interrupt and event controller, digital filters for Sigma Delta modulators, USB and system error for the connection sources. And timers, analog IPs, digital filters for Sigma Delta modulators and direct memory access controllers for the connection destinations. Peripherals can be interconnected using the Interconnect Matrix even when the circuit is in a low power mode. The low power modes that can be used are run, sleep and low power sleep modes, except for the USB to Timer 2 connection, which can only be used in run and sleep modes. The connections from the real time clock or comparators to low power timers can also be used in stop zero, stop one and stop two modes for low power timer one. The Interconnect Matrix is mostly used for synchronizing or chaining timers, for example allowing a master timer to reset or trigger a second slave timer. Triggering an ADC, DAC, digital filter for Sigma Delta modulator or comparator through a timer event or an external interrupt. Triggering a timer through an ADC or DFSDM watchdog signal when a predefined threshold value is crossed by the analog input. Timers can also be triggered by DFSDM short circuit detection or by a real time clock interrupt at a given time or in a regular interval. Timers can also be triggered based on a comparator output value or when a USB start of frame is detected. Triggering a DMA data transfer from memory to the DAC by a timer to allow a frequency controlled conversion. Calibrating HSI 16, MSI or LSI clocks, for example measuring the external oscillator LSE frequency by a timer clocked by the calibrated internal oscillator. Dual ADC mode, using ADC1 as the master to trigger a start of conversion for the ADC2 slave. Monitoring the temperature of a connected internal temperature sensor or the VBAT to ADC voltage. Analog IP interconnects, for example connecting an op amp or DAC to an ADC or a DAC to an op amp. Protecting timer driven power switches through the direct connection of system error signals to the timer break input. And infrared pulse modulation signal waveform generation using two timers. On STM32L45X46X49X4AX devices the internal ADC results can be directly connected to the DFSDM inputs in order to use the DFSDM filtering capabilities. This slide shows a simple example of timer synchronization. The timer 3 is used as the master timer and can reset, start, stop or clock the timer 2 configured in slave mode. In this example timer 3 is clocking the timer 2 so that it acts as a pre-scaler for timer 2. For more details about the interconnect matrix refer to reference manual for STM32L4 microcontrollers.


I hope you're having a great day and we're having a great day is getting even better because of this announcement that I'm about to make and Don and Peter join me in welcoming the Yankee manager Aaron Boone he will be a regular part of the show he will appear with us every week during the regular season and as far as the Yankees go in the postseason as well so he is a member of the TMKS family and we are thrilled about that Aaron I hope that you're thrilled as well. I am I'm I'm really excited to be on with you you know and prove to Peter that I'm not in my 50s yet and you know and hopefully we're having a good time because we're having a great season but but I am looking forward to being on with all three of you guys all season long.  Yes you did. I really appreciate that. Yeah you know I've been you know working the facial creams and everything you know trying to you know get the right amount of sun but not too much down here but no anyway. Michael how are you feeling. I feel a lot better. Thank you. Kind of turn the corner yesterday. Oh good. Yeah. And Don you're you're good to go right. Yes all all raring to go getting ready for a baseball season. It should be a lot of fun Aaron really looking forward to you know obviously with the Grom stuff aside to be able to get both of these teams with the expectations as high as they are just going to be a lot of fun and to get to talk about your team once a week is going to be terrific. Yeah I'm excited about it. You know obviously I go way back with with Michael now and I've known you guys for a while and respect what you guys do and yeah looking forward to talking baseball with you guys each and every week. Yeah it'll be Thursday at 4 p.m. every single Thursday and obviously there's a game like we hope there will be this Thursday opening day it'll be after the game and what are you hearing Aaron is the rain going to be bad. Might have moved to Friday. Yeah I think there's that possibility. You know I haven't looked at the weather report since well before the game today but but I know Thursday is looking a little bit dicey so you know hopefully they can make a call on that one way or the other in the next day or two. And as much as you want to get that game going on Thursday just as a manager forget all the pomp and circumstance of opening day. Would you rather it be Friday with no worries then maybe having to get a starter up and down and maybe have to mess things up if you've got a bunch of delays. Oh no question no question I'd rather have it be Friday I mean you know if if Thursday looks like it's in play though I mean I think it's beneficial to have that into an off day. And then obviously we played nine in a row after that so that's perfect world but but if there's going to be a significant question about the weather. Yeah I think it would be better to put it till Friday. How tough are these cuts Aaron you can you can open up with a 28 man roster obviously until May. Are you having trouble with some of these cuts. We're having a lot of good debate robust debate. You know we got after pretty good this morning and kind of letting everyone weigh in and give give some strong opinions or pound the table for this guy or that guy. You know what the good thing is you know especially from from now the as we decide the final pitching side of things you know talking about 15 or potentially 16 pitchers. You know the fact that we're talking about guys and we sent down a few guys today from from the pitching side of things that I do feel like we have good decisions for the back end of the roster. And that's and it's going to play an important role in the first month we play 24 out of 26 after that off day with with starting pitchers not totally built up yet. It's going to be critical that you know we you're going to use the 14th and 15th pitcher on your staff in probably significant situations early in the season. So I feel like the fact that we have some tough decisions. You know we sent out Luis Heal and David Garcia and Manny Banuelos today all guys that we feel like potentially will contribute at maybe early in the season but certainly have the ability to get quality hitters out. Another thing we've discussed a lot. Aaron was just how do you do it with DJ. I mean he's been such a major part of what you do. Is there a certain amount of a batch you think you can get him. Do you think he can play a significant role on your team if there are no injuries. Is there going to be a consistent place for him or is he just going to be that role player until something happens.  You know whether somebody goes down or not. I think in a perfect world everyone's healthy and I still think it works out. And you know when I brought you know I brought all these guys in and talked to him about you know potentially an uncomfortable situation on opening day or day two or whatever where we're a guy that I think if they're healthy is going to get over 500 bats may be sitting. And I referenced DJ in that meeting you know in 2019 when we brought him in and I had the conversation with him directly as saying look I think you're going to play pretty much every day but you might not play on opening day. He didn't he got 655 played appearances finished fourth in the MVP and you know I think that worked out pretty well. I'm not that worried about it you know it'll make for an uncomfortable tough conversation there. The first day when you got to sit a significant guy but I think we're all on the same page about what our focus is and that's to go out and be a championship club. And we know we got to all support each other and pour into one another and lean on each other and you know there's going to be days when a guy is upset and that's OK. Now a really nice story today at least we thought it was JP Sears told Meredith Aaron told me I made the team and his family was crying and he was crying. And then when you met the media afterward you saw well not so fast nothing's been decided. So what is the story there. Did they cry too soon. Well I look I very much believe JP is going to be on the team. I just there's nothing official to announce you know because and I told him this too as well as you know the next 2448 hours there's always things that can happen that can change some things. So I wasn't quite ready to go all the way there but I wanted to give him that courtesy because we leave tomorrow and I told him he'll be traveling north for him but I can't go all out and say you're on the team yet but it's certainly looking like that. Aaron is there one facet of this club that in your eyes is an X factor that maybe you're concerned about but you know if it goes well will make all the difference to this season being successful. I think getting off to a reasonable start with our starting pitching like you know I feel like we're in a good place with our pitching. I feel like guys are doing well and ready to go. I feel like we have a tremendous bullpen but but there's still that coming out of the gate and and we're building guys up still. So you're going to have to fill these innings at times pretty creatively. So just you know making sure we do that with obviously the urgency that you know we got to win games obviously we want to get off to a good start. But we also got to you know keep these guys built properly and healthy and to give us our best chance to win. So a little bit of that that's kind of when I when we're getting ready to break. I feel like we've had a good camp. I feel like guys did a great job during during the lockout where we didn't have any contact with them. They came in a really good physical condition pretty much across the board and I'm pleased with like our position players. I feel like I've gotten built up well they've played a lot. They've seen a lot of live pitching. You know our pitchers I feel like are in a good spot but it's still like here we go and we're right into the throws of things. So that always gives you a little bit of apprehension. But I do like our club. I think we got a really good chance of of having a special season. I like what I'm seeing like behind the scenes of this team kind of coming together with with a kind of an urgency and an intensity that hopefully serves us well. But you know at the end of the day we're we're early April right now and and we got to go prove it. Now on the day that we I mean final thing because I know you have to get back downstairs you guys are trying to put together this roster. So we announced that you're going to be with us every Thursday for partnership. We love it. So I think it's it's only apropos that that you actually break news right now. So has judge signed the extension. I don't know anything about that. Does he does he seem happy. Judge he always seems happy.  He's in a good place and right in the middle of some really good things that are happening behind the scenes. So good stuff. Aaron we look forward to every Thursday at four o'clock and ever see I'll see you every day. But thank you. Thank you. This is fun and we're thrilled that you decided to join up with us. I appreciate it guys. I'm looking forward to it. I really am. You got it. Thanks. That is Aaron Boone the manager of the New York Yankees. Every Thursday at four there's another place you could hear the only place you could hear him and Peter. He didn't forget. I'm telling you when you insult people like that they don't forget. It was not an insult. It wasn't it was over 50. It was accidentally something that he took as an insult. See that's just gobbledygook is what you're throwing now.