The process of dying is a part of life, part of one's biography, and depending on the cultural and religious background, this last phase of life stipulates existential questions of meaning, sociological directives, and modes of conduct facing the collapse of the body. Philosophies call upon metaphysics and ontologies. Religions affirm existences after death, and especially the modern society abounds in deliberations and counseling for a good way of dying. The Ars Moriendi is indeed an old and wide field and also an ever-actual one. Aspects of the Jaina Ars Moriendi are the topic of my paper here. I shall first shortly introduce the texts and describe two significant ways of dying. The main section is divided into one, the end of life by renouncing food, and two, ending one's life by killing oneself. These special cases of recommended suicide will be illustrated by the respective stories. Harishena Spriat Katakosha from 931 CE is the oldest of a group of Katakoshas called Aradana Koshas. Of special importance and interest is the explicit role and function of the stories which are supposed to illustrate doctrinal tenets for life and death, and are narrated at the death bed of the person who had decided to end life by renouncing food. These compilations are based on a much earlier Aradana text called the Mula Aradana, or Bhagavati Aradana, authored by Shivadia, belonging to the pro-Khanon of the Digambaras. Shivaya states are not known, scholars give reasons to place the author around the first century CE. Considering Shivaya's statement, that he relies on an older, more voluminous text, and considering the continuum of commentaries, and I name here only the Yāpanī aparajita from 700, around 700, Amitagati of the 11th century, and Ashadara of the 13th century, and considering the various Katakoshas based on Shivadia's work, one might assume that this Aradana tradition was alive and productive for more than one and a half millennia, since Naminathas Aradana Katakosha is from the 16th century. I come to my first part, end of life by renouncing food. The Bhagavati's Aradana is a special work about voluntary dying and about the hour of death, especially of Jain monks and nuns, but also of lay people. Aradana is explained in verse two, and all these verses are on the handout. It's explained in verse two as, illuminating, undertaking, performing, reaching and mastering, faith, knowledge, conduct and penance. It is essential for liberation that this Aradana takes place at the end of life. Verse 15, even though for a long time, transgressions with respect to knowledge, faith and conduct have been avoided when the Aradana at death is missed, then Zanzara is regarded endless. On the other hand, it is said in verse 17, it happened that primarily wrong believers gained final perfection in an instant when they observed the Aradana of right conduct. Therefore, the Aradana is the highest. That means that at the critical hour of death, the acidic standard of detachment, forbearance and self-restraint is upheld. Even a lifelong faultless conduct is forfeited if at the hour of death the Aradana is hampered. That can happen, for example, through a Nidana or any other breach of detachment. On the other hand, a substantial purification of the soul and in the best case, the final liberation as the fruit of Aradana would also be possible if this perfection happens only at the hour of death. Although usually a preparatory pure conduct is necessary. Then the question arises, verse 18, if the Aradana at death is the core of the teaching, then why should one make special efforts at all before the time of death? Why should one be austere and be careful about good conduct? The answer is given in verse 19 to 20. It is easier to perfect the Aradana if one is prepared. Like, and here comes the warrior metaphor, like the prince regularly trains with weapons thinking when the entire sensorium is fit, when I master my skills, I will be able to cope with my task in battle. And so the ascetic keeps up with the discipline, thinking. With the control over my sensorium, when I master my duties, I'll be able to maintain meditation while lying. The battlefield metaphor is even stretched further when the well-trained prince after the victory over his enemies grasped the banner of royal power. And this is compared to the mendicant who overcomes his adversaries, like wrong faith, et cetera, and grasped the banner of Aradana on the well-prepared death bed. The Bhagavati Aradana elaborates in over 2,000 kathars the details of the fourfold Aradana in the light of the last phase of life in view of dying and death, the Jaina doctrine is recapitulated in order to convince the seeker or to strengthen the decision of the renouncer, sorry. Of the 17 types of death, which are listed, five are described and evaluated according to the kind of degree of Samyaktva. Balabala Marana means the death of wrong believers. Bala Marana, the death of right believers without Samyakcharitra. Bala Pandita is the death of lay people with Samyakcharitra. Pandita Marana, Marana is the death of monks with Samyakcharitra.  One should note that the Salekana is not a type of death. The term means the scratching out of impurities of the body as well as of the mind, the kshayas, and it is a long-term preparation to one of the recommended deaths. The keeping of the vow of Salekana can take from six months to 12 years. Now I come to the Pandita death and it has three varieties. Bhakta Pratyakyana is giving up food with assistance. It's a kind of assistant dying. Ingini is dying in solitude with certain movements without assistance. Paryopagamana, the very well-known, dying in solitude without movement and without assistance. The first variety of these, the Bhakta Pratyakyana, forms the bulk of the Bhagavati Aradhana. It is described in 40 chapters, covering more than 1,000 verses. The reason for this prominence is probably that this assisted death is a public affair and exposes the characteristics of the Jaina discipline to the members of the community as well as to the unlocals. Here I'm not going to present all the steps from the initial decision to the disposal of the corpse. I'm only sketching the context for the kind of support which is given to the one who has chosen to die this death. It starts with araha or fitness of the person for this kind of death and then lists outer signs of the one willing to undertake the renunciation of food. One of the relevant signs is nudity. This is also valid for women. And this points to the possibility of liberation of women which the gamaras would otherwise deny because female nudity is regarded as impracticable. Then comes the decision for dying by starvation, leaving the congregation and going to another gana. One should note here, it is the decision of the aradaka. He does not have to ask for permission. He looks for a suitable niryapaka, a superintendent of the last rite. Such a niryapaka not only has to have thorough knowledge of the scripture of the monk's discipline and be endowed with devotion and self-discipline, he has to have special abilities. He has to be an effective speaker and be a renowned narrator of different kinds of stories. His role is like that of a captain of a ship filled with jewels and set a sail on a rolling sea. After the admission and confession of sins, a proper place is selected which has enough room for the kshapaka, the aradaka, the superintendent and for the attendant monks, and a hall for preaching the dharma and telling exemplary stories to the pious visitors. For the assistance of the aradaka on his deathbed, 48 monks are appointed. Out of these 40, four narrate religious stories in a pleasing and impressive manner which can aid the aradaka in his task. The aradaka then renounces food even when it is shown to him. He gradually leaves out solid food, then liquids. He begs for forgiveness and forgives everyone and practices various austerities in order to destroy karma. Then the niryapaka, the superintendent himself, sits by his side and instructs him. This is the anushishti. He unfolds the jaina doctrine with an emphasis on the disgust with worldly life and longing for salvation. The teaching includes appropriate similes and stories in order to support the tenants. In the context of storytelling, the communicative sitting is remarkable. In verse 720, it is said that the niryapaka gives the doctrinal teaching arousing the desire for emancipation and disgust by murmuring into the aradaka's ear. The aradaka feels physical pain and mental pain due to hunger and thirst and the rising of karmas. In this phase, the niryapaka is a constant, attentive companion and exhorts and supports the aradaka when he suffers afflictions. He imparts to him the kabacha, the religious instructions as a protection or an armor against the parisahas, the afflictions. He reminds him of certain great men who stood firm in all calamities. The persuasive influence of the trustworthiness of a fictional character is recognized throughout. 19 verses of this section refer to the life stories of 19 sages like Badarabahu, Chanakya, Anikaputra, et cetera, who all died an exemplary death. None of them, it should be noted, died an assistant public death. Some of them had to bear horrible pains when they were roasted on a rock eaten by foxes, crushed in oil mills, pierced by arrows, and others emaciated their bodies and died in solitude in Kayotsarga. The niryapaka reminds the suffering aradaka that he has good assistance by the attending monks and himself who impart to him the nectar-like work of the jinnah. So he should be able to reach the highest aim. Then he utters the following remarkable metaphor which in a given context is a transfer of realities. He tells him that he is being given drink in the form of stories narrated by the monks, that he is receiving food in form of the advice offered by the niryapaka, and that his own meditation which he has always pursued is medicine. After the kavacha, which is a prominent and elaborate stage of the rite, the aradaka gains equanimity and pursues his meditative way to the end. I'm coming to part two, killing oneself. The section prior Pagamana, so the third section in the Pandita Marana, entails in five verses the explicit affirmation of the possibility to end one's life by killing oneself in an abrupt and active way. And it gives four exemplary stories to illustrate this point. It says that in case the accomplished renouncers who are firm in the endurance of hardships are confronted with very serious difficulties, when arms are hard to get, and there are hindrances everywhere, they die also by taking recourse to some other means. It's on the handout. In the following four verses, the names of the protagonists and a very short account of their deeds is given in the Bhagavati Aradhana. The Brihatkatakosha and the related Aradhanakoshas narrate the stories at length and with slight variations. I'm going to paraphrase and summarize two plots, concentrating on the protagonist's ending of their lives. It says in verse 2073 of the Bhagavati Aradhana. Dharmasimha of Kozala reached his aim in Kolagiri by means of dying by vultures after having left his wife Chandra Siri. That's the verse. And the Brihatkatakosha tells it in detail, and I'm going to summarize it. Dharmasimha Katha. King Dharmasimha was happily married to Queen Chandra Sri until the time when he heard the sermon by Dhamavara, teaching the Jain Dharma. He renounced the world and wandered off as a mendicant. Since Chandra Sri felt very depressed about the loss of her husband, her brother started looking for him. He disturbed his tapas several times with his horrifying voice and forced him back to his royal and family affairs. The king, however, renounced the world again and got initiated a second time. His brother-in-law kept searching for him. Once Dharmasimha, the royal mendicant, saw his brother-in-law running after him and decided to die, lest his vow be broken again. He made his confession and renouncing his life, he placed himself into the cadaver of an elephant. He died in Samadhi and became a radiant god. That's the story. Placing himself in the cadaver of an elephant means the Dharmasimha chose to be eaten up by vultures since they would tear and pick up the entire cadaver. The death by vultures is enumerated as the 13th of the 17 types of death, as a kind of self-killing by placing oneself among dead animals to be eaten up by vultures. It is accepted under certain precarious circumstances when the right path is impossible to be followed. Of the following story, the synopsis in the Bhagavati Aradhana is given in the next verse. When for the sake of his daughter, the father-in-law of Usha Bassena hindered him from keeping his vow, Usha Bassena reached his aim by hanging himself. It is not necessary to relate the story in detail here, since the plot and the calamity are similar to the story we just heard. The only difference is the mode of killing by hanging. As can be seen from these two stories, killing oneself without long preparation and elaborate rights is under certain circumstances acceptable and grants access into a heaven, into a heaven. The following two instances are somewhat surprising by the use of weapons and also by the particular circumstances. The synopsis is given in the Bhagavati Aradhana in order to avert a public outrage, a gun-in killed himself with a weapon. When the Buddhist Abhimaraka, who had feigned to be a Jaina monk, had murdered the king. And the pre-hatkatakosha gives the story. Jaya Sena, king of Shavasthi, was Buddhist and his guru was Shiva Gupta. Once the Jain Acharya Yati Virishabha came to the town and his sermon on Jaina Dharma convinced the king completely so that he became an ardent shravaka who converted his family and his country to the Jaina faith. Much to the annoyance of his former Buddhist guru, Shiva Gupta. Shiva Gupta plotted against the king and engaged the Buddhist layperson, Abhimara, to murder the king. This Abhimara approached the Acharya Yati Virishabha and bowed to him full of false devotion. Once the king went to the temple where Yati Virishabha practiced tapas. In order to pay homage to him, he left his entourage outside and entered the inner hall. Abhimara with fake devotional attitude also made his way inside, where there were now just these three persons in the sanctuary. When the king bowed to the Acharya and touched the ground, Abhimara stabbed him with a sharp knife in his throat and disappeared. The Acharya saw that the king was dead and immediately realized that the situation was very dangerous for the Jaina community and he knew that to avert the impending danger he had to make a self-sacrifice, a atma gatha.  This deed was committed not by me, but by Abhimara. But apprehensive of the reproach by the people and to avoid public calamity, I am killing myself in accordance with my status of a muni. After the self-reproach and the other prescribed actions, he performed renunciation of everything and resided to the Panjanamaskara mantra. Then the righteous one took the knife and cut open his belly. He regained Samadhi Marana and went to heaven. The king's son arrived at the spot, saw the dead bodies informed the Sangha and read aloud what the Acharya had written on the temple wall. He lived on as a Pious Jaina. The fourth and last instance of doctrinally recognized self-killing tells of Shakadala, a minister of the ninth king Nanda who became a monk. The synopsis goes, in the same way, Shakadala, a monk with Acharya Mahapadma, reached the aim by killing himself with a weapon because Vararuchi, by some device, instigated the rage of King Nanda against him.  This story is classified on the Shastra Marana, indicating once more that this act of self-killing is accepted and accords with the Aradhana principles. In conclusion, I like to hint at some points, few points, which contradict common assumptions about the Jaina way of dying, which I take out from the Bhagavati Aradhana. First, the Aradaka does not have to ask for permission to end his life. He simply has to announce his decision. Secondly, women according to the Bhagavati Aradhana can choose Pandita Marana and perform it in unity. Third, killing oneself even by means of a weapon is condoned under certain circumstances. And to end, the ideal and the process of voluntary death described in the Bhagavati Aradhana is in itself a very consistent system, representing an outline of Jaina individual as pathology and its stringent emphasis on the hour of death. It rests on the Jaina view of karma, rebirth and liberation. And thank you for your attention.


Books can't solve all your problems alone. Still, just about every smart person you can think of says they're the best foundation for intelligent and successful living. So if you're coming up on the big 3-0 and feeling like you're in trouble in your own destination and journey is far from orderly, you should grab a few books for yourself and read. In this video, I will share with you 9 business books that you should read before age 30. 1. The future is faster than you think. How converging technologies are transforming business, industries and our lives. This book by Space Entrepreneur turned innovation pioneer Peter Diamandis and Stephen Kotler was published in January 2020. This book is a blueprint for how our world will change a response to the next 10 years of rapid technological disruption. Peter Diamandis and Kotler investigate how wave after wave of exponentially accelerating technologies will impact our daily lives and society. They examine what happens as AI, robotics, virtual reality, digital biology and sensors crash into 3D printing, blockchain and global gigabyte networks.  The future is faster than you think. It provides a cautious look at our impending future, thus it is a book that every young visionary should read as early as their 20-somethings. 2. Never split the difference. Negotiate in as your life depends on it. Press Voss together with Tal Raz wrote this book in 2016. The authors emphasize that life is a series of negotiations you should be prepared for.  Never split the difference takes you inside the world of high stakes negotiations and into Voss' head, revealing the skills that helped him and his colleagues succeed where it mattered the most. Saving lives In this practical guide he shares the nine active principles, counter-intuitive tactics and strategies you can use to become more persuasive in both your professional and personal life. 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Although this book is for everyone who aspires to build a business, medium writer Nicklas Gorky recommends it for the young blood in his 20s who sits on his business idea, not telling anyone and not acting on it out of the fear of failure. Likewise, the 40-something who has the each to start something new. 6. Business Adventures Bill Gates in an interview once said business adventures remains the best business book I've ever read. One writer and a long-time contributor to The New York Magazine wrote this book in 1969. Business Adventures is about the strengths and weaknesses of leaders in challenging circumstances as well as the particulars of one business or another. The book details 12 critical moments in the American industry, including the rise of Xarex and Pigley-Wigley, the Ford L. Silfiasco and the GE and Texas Golf Solve for Sandals. According to Bill Gates, although many of the particulars of business have changed since the book was written, but the fundamentals have not. Thus, even in this present century, the knowledge in the book is still highly useful. This book is one that Bill Gates and even Warren Buffett recommend and it will give you excellent business insight if you read it before your 30. 7. Made to Stick Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die Two brothers, Chip and Dan Heath, authored this book in 2007. In Made to Stick, Chip and Dan Heath reveal the anatomy of ideas that stick and explain ways to make ideas stickier, such as applying the human-scale principle using the Velcro theory of memory and creating curiosity gaps. They define sticky ideas that are understandable, memorable and effective in changing thought or behavior, providing insight on this phenomenon and providing help for those bent on creating designs that are sticky. Each chapter of this book is devoted to a particular principle with the authors given context for clarity and understanding, examples and tools to guide the development of a sticky idea. This book is relevant for every young person with great dreams who hopes to make their ideas become a reality. 8. The Passion Economy The new rules for thriving in the 21st century. This is a 2020 non-fiction book by a New Yorker, economics writer and co-founder of NPR's Planet Money podcast, Adam Davidson. In this book, Davidson asserts that the 21st century economic paradigm offers new ways of making money, new paths towards professional fulfillment and unprecedented opportunities for curious, ambitious individuals to combine the things they love with their careers. He demonstrates how the 20th century economy of scale has given way in this century to an economy of passion. Adam de-alienates the ground rules of the new economy. He explains that though the adjustment has brought dislocation, confusion and even panic, these are most often the results of a lack of understanding. Hence, if armed with this knowledge as early as their 20-somethings, young individuals will begin to see how they and their business can succeed in the century according to its terms – intimacy, insight, attention, automation and of course, passion. 9. The Hard Thing About Hard Things is that there are no easy answers. The knowledge contained in this book is far more than a how-to business book. Ben Horowitz, the co-founder of Anderson Horowitz and one of Silicon Valley's most respected and experienced entrepreneurs, wrote this book in 2014. Horowitz offers essential advice and practical wisdom about building and running a startup. The majority of people are not honest about how it is to start a business. They often talk about how great it is to begin a venture but never about the difficulties involved in it. In this book, Ben Horowitz analyzes the problems that confront leaders every day and shares the insights he has gained from developing, managing, selling, buying, investing in and supervising technology companies. As a result of his love for music, the author amplifies business lessons with lyrics from his favorite songs, telling it straight about everything from firing friends to poaching competitors, cultivating and sustaining a CEO mentality to knowing the right time to cash in. Every individual who has the ambition of becoming an entrepreneur ought to learn from the insights in this book. With the economy and society in flocks, this error is one of the most baffling times to enter adulthood in recent history. For you to be less overwhelmed by the challenges you'll face both in your professional and business life, you shall develop one habit that has proven to be the bedrock of many great men's success. Read


What does TEFL mean? The simple answer is that TEFL stands for Teaching English as a Foreign Language. The TEFL acronym is also used when referring to training courses that new or experienced English language teachers undertake, as well as the certification they receive upon successful completion. As one of the leading providers in this field, ITTT offers all the TEFL training and certification required to become a successful English language teacher, virtually anywhere in the world. In order to secure a position as an EFL teacher, most employers require their job applicants to possess a relevant qualification known as a TEFL certificate. However, as there is no official standard when it comes to TEFL certification, it can be hard to know which course to choose from the many options available. A quick internet search for TEFL qualification will reveal a huge number of different companies offering all manner of TEFL courses that vary enormously in the level of commitment required in terms of both time and finances. So how do you decide which TEFL course is right for you? TEFL courses are generally categorized by the amount of hours they should take to complete. Online courses start at as little as 40 hours and in-class courses can be completed over a single weekend. If you are looking for a simple introduction to language teaching or are considering volunteering as an EFL teacher, then these courses may be sufficient. However, it is worth considering that many EFL teaching jobs that offer the best working conditions and an attractive salary will require a TEFL certificate of at least 100 hours. If you want the best possible start to your teaching career and really want to hit the ground running, we would recommend you complete an in-class TEFL course at one of our international training centers. The main benefit of this form of TEFL certification is the inclusion of extensive teaching practice with genuine language learners under the guidance of a professional teacher-trainer. On completion of this four-week intensive training, you will be ready to walk into your first teaching job fully confident in your ability to plan and deliver EFL lessons to a high standard. For many people, the in-class course can prove to be too time-consuming and simply out of their price range. Luckily, this is not a major problem as ITTT offers an online alternative that leads to a 120-hour TEFL certificate that is widely accepted by international employers. Although the online option doesn't include teaching practice, it does include a wide selection of videos that provide a great insight into what to expect when you enter your very own classroom for the first time. Whichever path you choose to take towards your TEFL certification, we are sure you will find teaching English as a foreign language to be an exciting and rewarding career that opens up a whole new world of travel, fun and personal fulfillment. If you would like any further information on any aspect of TEFL, please feel free to contact us at any time.


Hi, everyone. Joe for Jasper'scasewrakes.com coming at you with a box of 2022 Panini XR football. One box, Ram team break number three.  Here's some combo teams right here. What's great about this, yeah, the price point is higher on this, but remember, one spot gets you three teams and we're using the original 10 names. So the odds are the best in this particular break. We have another one boxer loaded up in the store. Big thanks to this group right here. Let's triple you up. There's one, there's two, there's three. There are the combos right there. Let's do the first dice roll. Second dice roll would be for, different dice roll would be for a giveaway spot. First dice roll, four to two, six times. One, two, three, four, five, and six. Four to two, six times for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, and six. Alrighty, there's the first half of the list right there and the second half of the list right over here. No trade windows. Let's just get on with it. Sort of alphabetically by team. All right, Rex just randomly chose Texas Rangers. No, for not for any particular reason. All right, good luck. Just one hit right there, is there two hits? Two here then, yes. All right, we got a Nick Bonito to 249 for Denver. That'll be for Jason. And a Son Haskins to 199. That will be for Brian and the Titans. We got Knight for the Jets. We got Pickett on this side. Kyler Murray to 49, Joe Burrow to 199, and a Drake London. Burrow's gonna go to Sean Maddock and Cincinnati. Kyler Murray's gonna go to Jeff and the Cardinals. Matt Ryan behind, quarter-all Patterson is a Taekwon Thornton, rookie excellence, Jersey and autograph. 51 out of 99. Tristan with the Patriots, last pod mojo. Strikes again. Carr, Terry McLaurin, George Pickens. Luminous endorsement, Silver Inc. autograph. Nice, Steelers, Raymond with Pittsburgh. And we got Reggie Wayne, three out of five. Two color patch, nice Reggie Wayne train whistle hit for the Blue Horseshoes. That's gonna be for Raymond. There you go, Red. All aboard the Big Hit Express. Woo-hoo. Not a bad box for a filler break. Now, let's see who's gonna win those Super Bowl Mixer spots. New Dice, original 10 names, a one in 10 chance. After three and a three, six the hard way. Good luck, everybody. One, two, three, four, five, and sixth and final time. Sean Maddock, after six times, congrats to you. We'll see you in that big game mixer. I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


Every day, Jim and Debbie Shell have to walk 500 feet rain or shine just to make it to their home. Along this road, there are cracks, breaks, and narrow turns to get to their house at the top of the hill. It's been really hard getting home. We have no access to medical, police, fire, nothing. And anything we get, we usually have to carry it home. We have to walk in and walk out. Carter Lane in the City of Paintsville leads to two households, the Daniels and the Shells. Since March, these two couples, along with five other families, have been dealing with home and property damage from a landslide. Dale Daniel and his wife, Ruby, are another family affected by the slide. The foundation is cracking. The posts up front here on the porch is cracking. Cracks in the plaster drywall inside the water lines, sewer lines, has been pulled apart and had to repair those a couple of times and put them on top of the ground. The slide is bigger than the surveyors originally thought and blue ribbon marks boundaries around the affected area. Seven homes between Carter Lane and Fifth Street are in danger of being overtaken by the slide. Mayor Bob Porter commented on the situation. And certainly I'd like folks to know, and I believe they do know that we're doing everything that can possibly be done to assist them. I've spoken to virtually all the property owners many times about this situation and have advised them that there's really no good solutions at this point in time other than to seek mitigation assistance from FEMA. The city has hired an engineer and others to assess the situation and will be sending in an application to FEMA. The families affected just want some help. We need to first of all help the people at home and in the United States because like Nepal when they had the earthquake we gave money for them within so many hours, we gave them a million dollars. But yet we're having trouble, you know, it's already been two months and we're still waiting for FEMA, the federal government, somebody to help. We're still waiting for answers. Reporting for EKB Evening News at 6, I'm Courtney Levern.


The one piece of advice that I really want to give you when it comes to adding essential items to your wardrobe is to not be afraid to invest in quality. You're going to wear and use these pieces a lot and a quality item will just last longer. And in this video, I'm going to be giving you my five fall essentials that are worth the investment. I'm Brian Sakawa. You're watching He Spoke Style, where we are dedicated to giving you all the tips, knowledge, and inspiration you need to dress well, have more confidence, and unlock your potential. Fall essential number one is a scarf. Now, I know we're talking about investments in this video, but an investment does not necessarily mean that you are spending a ton of money. You might be spending more on a particular item for something like quality, for example. And that is the case here with this scarf. It's by Barber and it costs around $75. It's made from wool woven by Moon, exclusively for Barber. It's got that great classic Barber plaid, which I think is perfect for the fall season with the very earthy colors. I styled it kind of classic and sporty here with a pea coat, some faded jeans, and a pair of Oxblood leather boots. Fall essential number two is a stylish coat. This coat I'm wearing here is a new pickup for me. I absolutely love it. It's from a brand called Talia Torre, double breasted, great herringbone pattern. I love the brown color. I picked it up on Farfetch, our sponsor for today's video. Farfetch, I always love checking out because they have a great selection of pieces just like this, which are classic, but also have a little bit of a modern sensibility. There are also a lot of brands that you don't normally find in the US, including this one, Talia Torre. And a lot of times I find that those particular brands have an off the rack fit that I personally prefer. And it's hard to find from a lot of other retailers that you would normally see. This coat is available on Farfetch and I've got a link to it as well as all the pieces I'm featuring in this video down below in the description. If you want to save 10%, all you have to do is use our code that's HSS10FF at checkout. Fall essential number three is a pair of suede Oxford shoes. For me, one of the most classic pairs that you can own is in a dark brown suede like I have here. These are actually by a brand called Scoroso. The shoes are made in Italy. I have a couple pairs of boots of theirs also that I really love. There's something about the texture of suede combined with the deep rich color that really makes these a perfect pair of fall shoes in my mind. They're dressy, but they still have a casual feel about them. I love wearing them with a look like this. Just a super classic kind of menswear uniform with the navy double breasted jacket, some gray flannel pants, and deep burgundy striped tie. Fall essential number four is a nice lux turtleneck. You guys know that I am a big fan of turtleneck sweaters and while I do have several in my collection that I would put in the very affordable category, it's nice to have one that you splurge on that's in a lux fabric. That is the case here. This turtleneck is by Corneliani and it's a wool cashmere blend. I've had this sweater for many years and it is one of my absolute favorites. Obviously, I love the color, but I also love how it feels and how it makes me feel when I wear it, which for me is totally worth the extra investment. It really has a way of elevating a more casual look like I've got here with the suede jacket, salvage jeans, and Chelsea boots. Fall essential number five is an accessory and that is a classic Filson twill briefcase. There are three things I really love about a Filson briefcase. First and foremost is the quality. Invest in one, you'll have it forever, but not only that, because as you use it, it will look better with age. Number two, it's got that kind of in between style so you can carry it with a look like this, which is dressed up but also a little dressed down with a barber jacket and it would not look out of place if you were carrying it while wearing jeans either. Number three, this classic tan color. Perfect for all year around but I think it looks good especially during the fall. Reminder that this along with everything featured in this video is linked down below in the description and you can save 10% off your next Farfetch purchase with code HSS10FF. If you're looking for some more fall outfit inspiration, click on that playlist right over there.


to us relentlessly searching for human-humane architecture here in Hawaii, specifically on our island of Wahoo, which different than all the other islands has something that is very, very specific because we actually have, and picture one illustrates that, we have an urban part of our island and we have a rural part of our island. And today we bring in a guest, Wyatt Butterball, and I was tempted to pronounce the first part of your name, the German way, butta. So welcome, Wyatt. Hi. Great to have you on the show. And to share with the audience, I call it a self-study in architecture. But before we go there, we want to put it into a context of previous representatives in the profession have dealt with that. So the picture number two is from 1845, I think exactly, where cities, which basically just a while, a short while ago, we have reached the point where we have more people living in cities than in the country. And this was way before that when industrialization started, but there was a guy, this tarot guy, who already sort of escaped the city and ever since, a sort of hero for escaped prison. Seeking solace, sir. Exactly. Solitude's more. Yeah. And he did that in his little cabin. And the other guy was actually 100 years later, if you can have picture number three. And this is what many consider to be the grand senior of architecture, Mr. City, V. Radieuse, the Corbusier. Decides to go and have a cabana himself to escape that city life. Exactly. And here it is from the outside. And that's why we call this show, if we can get the next picture, Wyatt's Cabana Mobileier, because this is about dwelling in an unconventional way, facing the challenges of our island.  And the word that's used in Germany comes from France. It's called immobilier, which means there's something immobile, which also implies there could be something mobile. And at this point, I also want to say hi to my dear researcher, fellow Amelie Haimi, who is somewhere out there and hopefully watches and is encouraged by you stepping forward and pioneering this kind of typology here. Hi, Amelie. Yeah, and do you want to go to picture number five and talk a little bit about this grandfather of yours, not literally, but figuratively here? Sure. Corp. Corbusier, I'm not going to butcher that, or at least hopefully, was a bit of an inspiration in this. I was in this area where his cabana is still. Didn't get to see it, unfortunately, but it was inspiring the way he utilized space in such a small space, getting all the necessities. And for him, there was a lot, I think, a lot more experience before he undertook this. I'm not sure he didn't build it, did he? Well, he built the interior. So the exterior is rather vernacular and rugged and I think existing. And he basically did the interior sort of customization, one should say. And you're right, whereas he actually did it towards the conclusion to say it's safe of his life, you up front that. I did. I up front it and it was an attempt to design my own space so that I didn't have to wait till 60, because the prospect of owning land in Hawaii is, for someone just coming out of school is pretty minimal unless you've got a lot of financial backing from family or whatnot. But I wanted to fast forward that or start with my own space and not wait so long to get that. And so that was one of the big incentives. And the inspiration here, sort of mentorship number six, is the interior of the Corbizies. And the previous picture showed he basically used this as his sort of artist studio because he was working as an artist as much as an architect. And he was, as one sees here, painting naked, which was the scandal at the time of Corbizies. Yeah, but in France. It's rather liberal and the climate allows it. So it's just rather OK. And after that, we should also probably not hide to say how he ended then. Right, right. Yeah, he decided to swim out into the Mediterranean with some dignity, I guess.  So they decide to go out in the wilderness and pass away with dignity like Bacor did himself. Exactly. So the number seven shows which all this facilitates, a rather tiny house. This is sort of the original plan with original French, basically legend here that shows it's really about clever space management in many ways and multi-purposing and multi-functioning. And if you go to the next picture, that's what you did as well. Here is your very own signature plan. So I allotted space in a way that was giving public the most. And that would be at the right side there, the living room slash the deck. So the space is allowed to open up and you occupy more than just that bit. And then as you move back, you get to more and more private spaces. So at the far end, you're at the bathroom and the living quarters in the closet. It's trying to concentrate that into as small a space as can as I could be. So that was the intention with my layout from private to public. Yeah. Semi. As we have the chance to work together, I appreciate you having put in the north arrow. Yeah. I mean, it's dependent on where it'll. Orientation is very key in how we build. Right. But it, of course, is mobile. So that orientation could change as well. And the keyword mobile, let's put this into a sort of an island context if we can get the next picture here. Say something about that one if you don't want. It's gorgeous, isn't it? Depends on. Everyone could leave their house and live in one of those. It's actually kind of a nice one. But yeah, I guess that would be the reason I feel what he doesn't want trailer homes is because they're not aesthetically pleasing. But if there is an alternative, which is something I've attempted here or done, and this is a middle ground. These are gorgeous. Then I think it could become even more attractive.  So I'm just catching on. With all that sort of like the sort of fine line between immobile and mobile, there is all these different facets of economics as well. Just this morning, I met a new neighbor of mine where I parked my car on the streets. He parks there too. And he is the second tier. After living on the streets, he lives in his car. Because if you can't own real estate for the reasons that you described, you might be lucky to own that space on wheels, which is not legal. It's illegal, so it's on this kind of fine line. So you were brave enough to basically walk that fine line almost like balancing on it. And another example is the next picture, number 11, where actually the sort of walking the line has worked. Yeah, we have a lot of food trucks in Hawaii. It's caught on tremendously, and it's convenient. I mean, they occupy a space, kind of like the parklets, only for a bit, lunch hour, rush, or sometimes dinner. And then they're gone. And I mean, that's something. And they weren't allowed either originally, and they kind of smuggled their way through. And now they have conquered their sort of place in culture. Overcome that. And if you like watch documentaries and stuff like that, you can't think without them again. So they made their way in and established themselves. Right, and many restaurants that are established, fixed restaurants have their food trucks that also go out. So it works. So another example, number 12, is from the contemporary architectural scene. This is Tom Kündig from Alson Kündig Architects, who did this, obviously, in another climate, which we can see with that white stuff, which we don't have here. This is in Washington, state of Washington. And the reason here to put these, basically, things, these rolling huts, how he calls them on wheels, was once again, tricking the system, because he was not allowed to build there permanently. So putting them on wheels was tricking the system. Yeah, and there's always these loopholes we try and find if there's an alternative that is actually a benefit to our islands. Smaller space means smaller waste and many more things. So not surprising, the next picture, that usually you build a house and you start laying the foundations and you dig in the ground. So not surprising that you have done something different here? Yeah, this is a good friend of mine, Kevin, who helped quite a bit with the trailer for one and some of the framing. But yeah, so building the trailer frame to incorporate all my structural members was the task here. And that's what you're seeing. And yeah, it's a mobile unit. So how much capacity can the trailer hold? It looks kind of fun. That's actually almost a year and a half ago now, because I'm in school. So it's kind of neat to see that skeleton. It is a different foundation, but eventually wheeled to where it sits now. There we go. Here's the next step right here. The wheels are on, which we usually call the frame is on. But usually in frame tectonics, we're used to the 2 by 4s or something like that. These are 8 by 8. They're 6 by 6. And I got quite a bit of wood actually from Reuse White. And these were 6 by 12s originally. And I had a friend, well, Kevin, again, had a timber saw. And I ripped them into 6 by 6, so that's what those are. And they used both for the post and beam or the 6 by 6. So a little harder to work with dimensional changing as you moved up. It was not your typical balloon frame. So it took a little more thought and consideration transitioning between the post to the beam and then to the roof frame and so on. Which the next picture shows well, which also we have as the permanent background. But here you're on it. So we're going to take a little break here for a minute to give some of my colleagues a chance to promote their shows. And then we're going to be back for Wyatt's Cabana Mobilier. Thank you. Aloha, everybody. My name is Mark Shklav. I'd like you to join me for my program, Law Across the Sea, on thinktechhawaii.com. Aloha. Hello, I'm Marianne Sasaki. Welcome to Think Tech Hawaii, where some of the most interesting conversations in Honolulu go on. I have a show on Wednesdays from 1 to 2 called Life in the Law, where we discuss legal issues, politics, governmental topics, and a whole host of issues. I hope you'll join me. Aloha. I'm Richard Emory, host of Condo Insider, a weekly Thursday show at 3 o'clock. It goes all summer long talking about issues living in a condo association. Each week, we bring experts to talk about the rights and obligations of owners and boards of directors to successfully run their condominium. It's a great educational show. Answers a lot of questions. We hope you'll visit us sometime. Aloha. 15 back. So we're back to Wyatt's Cabana Mobilier. We just, before the break, we looked at the bone frame structure, which I see as a reconnecting actually, sort of the scholar in me, to sort of pre-contact a way of building. Because then, after contact, we imported the American 2x4. And this is going back to the sturdy post familiar in my culture as well, the vernacular, which we called half timber frame. So you've got a more significantly sturdy stud, basically spread out more. Right, and then your smaller framing is for the windows and the door jams and so on. Let's go to 2x4s. But it is speaking to the pavilion model, so this idea of welcoming the environment in, because we do have such a pleasant environment. So why not have it indoors too? Sure, you need to shut it out sometimes so you get shutters. But predominantly, my motive was to keep it as open as possible. Right, and the next picture shows the main protection here on the islands is from the rain, especially in the area you are, where it's more rainy and also keeping out the sun. It's a tongue, they call it. They used to refer to it as that, but it's the corrugated sheet metal, right? And I did it a little unconventional, running the waves lengthwise. But that actually slows the rain down as it comes off the roof, so it ended up working out. Very poetic as well.  Yeah, I like the sound of it. You hear it. If a mango falls, that's a little different. Awesome. But the rain is nice. It's still awesome. I love that too. Very pleasant and awesome. Yeah, wind funnels right over it. Perfect. So next picture shows you the roof on and getting to the next stage. Yeah, putting down the subfloor, which is something I actually thought about when I was putting down the finished flooring, which I use bamboo. But I thought it would have been nice to go with flooring that I could have just put right over the joist now in hindsight. Hindsight being 20-20, I can't have too many regrets. But I have another one to do, and many for that matter. So this is prototype number one. Exactly. So I've got a chance for that. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Definitely.  It's more like a threshold. And it's once again connecting to the days where we did not the invasive double wall construction, which is for mainland and more waste. And you're more waste, and you get this cavity space. I have the privilege to work with your colleague Nick for his dark and his approach as a healthy home because he has family members who got sick in a double wall. So go back to the single wall construction. Yeah, and it is illegal at the moment, unfortunately, to do this. But it makes the entire sense, why not? If you don't need that much insulation, that piece of ply could serve for that insulation just fine. And don't worry.  That's good. He's working on changing the code and has. So thank you, Howard. Thanks, Howard. Definitely. So the next picture shows you pretty close to, projects like that are never completed. And that's the beauty and the nature. But it's obviously cutting closer to finishes. Yeah, this is actually the back door into the bathroom. That way, if you're muddy, you don't have to go tromping through, even though it's a small floor. You don't have to bring your mud inside. But those doors, in fact, are actually from reuse as well. So another endeavor to recycle material tends to actually be a little more work, but satisfying and, of course, more environmentally friendly. But yeah, getting a little closer, kind of skinny, huh? In this view, you can see how narrow it is. I'm constrained to the ability to drive it on a road, eight feet wide. I like that term, actually skinny over tiny, because tiny homes becomes, once again, sort of a brand, a movement. And there's always, it becomes bus-worthy. And then certain things get lost on the way there. Like green. Also, I wouldn't like green as well. Also, I would be hesitant to call it the ADU, accessory drawing unit, because once again, there's all these stigmas. This is a thing on its own, I think, that could be read in many different ways. And it's sort of open-minded and open for where it goes, where it rolls, literally speaking. So next picture also shows another detail here. This is the shower wall, another piece of sheet metal corrugated. And eventually, there'll be a privacy screen around that shower deck that I'm standing on now. But yeah, it's an idea to repel the water. And also, to not use the inside space for the shower, opening that what would have been for a shower, for storage, or something else. And who doesn't like showering outside? Awesome. Yeah, if you can be in the jungle outside the shower, like Tarzan, or like Adam, way back, and Eve. And you don't bring, it's also very sort of logically clever, because you keep the water, which is the problem for mold, especially in more humid areas outside the house. It's also something that these are all the necular sort of like inherited knowledges that you basically sort of revisit and reinterpret. And that, by the way, gets me to the next picture. It took me a while. I sort of, your project sounded very familiar to me. And I tried to dig in my archives there and my mental ones. And finally found this one here, which is a colleague of mine who went the opposite way. This is Stephen Atkinson, who started to teach. He's American. He started to teach in Germany. So the opposite to me. And my very first work I'd published a couple of times, actually mostly in this thinking of Amelie Heimi in the Korean magazine, C3, were published next to each other. And I always wanted to reach out to him. And I never took the chance. So hopefully this reminds me so he does. And I see this. This is in Louisiana. So this is a reinterpretation of the vernacular of the shotgun house. And the next picture shows what's typical for that is that the house has these two parts. And then there's this lanai, which becomes the common kind of space and room in between. So once again, the same typology, very skinny house, very sort of simple as a space and as a form. The materiality, very rugged. Right, more of a budget concern. You can still use cheaper materials. Exactly. Depending on how well you can execute it, it's going to look good. And how well it's executed. This gets us to the next picture, because this is how well you executed the 22, please, before that one. The picture before. Yeah, this is something to speak to. So you can see that it's single wall pretty clearly in this.  But the wall I'm leaning on or that structural member is, I'm standing in front of the clear story windows, which is another, I guess, endeavor to keep as much of the facades open as possible. So those are basically just big windows that will have shutters over them. And at the moment, they look out at a very majestic view. So I was going to say, I probably could see myself hanging these shutters open most of the time. Yeah, mostly they will be. This is a subtitle, this Wyatt Tarzan, here for obvious reasons.  And so this is your tribute to a more respectful of your home approach in building and rethinking sort of the invasive way, which has unfortunately taken over on the island. And with that, there's a current movie out in just out of the cinema's next picture and just probably on DVD next that I told you to as sort of a watching recommendation. I hadn't watched it yet. And I've seen it on the plane on the way back coming from Christmas. It's good. It really talks about the sort of our desire to be reconnected to the elements and living out there, living a free, open-minded, way more balanced to use the term. And then there is the other side, which is the city where everything is so controlled and over controlled. So these two worlds wrapped around this very personal story clash into each other. Yeah, they do clash a lot. There's harmony. There could be between the two. And we see that in some of the sustainable cities around the world that are the cutting edge, like Copenhagen and Portland. And anyway, there's definitely examples of how to blend those two and make some harmony. I think you did. I mean, next and last picture is called as Wide Fantastic, as alluding to Captain Fantastic. Where you just sort of, and I want to make very clear, this is, as I said at the beginning, this is self-studies and architecture. When I had the privilege to share some of my experience with you, that opened the opportunity that you shared that with us. And so this is, for me, the best, because you've done something I've never done. Because I've always fought a lot of architecture, but I'd never build it myself. I always had others building it. So you are sort of a self-trained builder, thinker? I did a bit of self-training, but I did have a mentor for three years. I did an apprenticeship with a good friend of mine. And it started actually with my dad's house. We started building there. And then he was the foreman there. And we moved on to a few other homes. So I got my base with someone very skilled. And thank you, George. Appreciate all that you've done for me. That last shot was actually a friend of mine, Jake, who looks kind of like me. And he's a builder himself. So he was helping me put down the subfloor for the loft.  I don't know. I actually can't remember that moment. But yeah, I really enjoy the hands-on aspect. Taking the thought, of course, being in architecture school, taking a thought and actualizing it and from drawing to the physical realm, some things get lost in translation. But you discover things through actually making mistakes end up being really positive things. Great thing. We're getting close to the end of the show. So I want to thank you for bringing something to our realm island school, which many other schools have, they have what you call this design build in Arizona, my dear colleague and friend, Mary Harden does this professionally very successfully where she works with students on designing and building projects. So you step ahead, fill a gap that we don't have in the curriculum. Kick our butt to that concern, which is much appreciated. So keep on doing that. And we look forward to see you again and see where that thing rolls, rock and roll. I'll get a film of it rolling. Awesome. Thank you, Mark. So thank you, Wyatt. Appreciate it.


There has been a trade the Kansas City Chiefs have traded with the New York Giants for Cadarius Tony weapon wide receiver. The Chiefs will trade a conditional third round pick and six round pick to the Giants. So the offense that is unstoppable adds Cadarius Tony who has been a conversation around the New York Giants for the last two years. I think very explosive, electrifying. Everything that you want to potentially describe him as is everything you can describe everybody on their offense in which they have somehow 17 starters and only 11 can make it onto the field. This Chiefs team gets better. What's going on, Tony? I was going to say I didn't say this. You didn't say this, but people said this. He was supposed to be the next ivory kill. So that's kind of interesting when they make this trade or whatever, you know, and he's been what I think he's been hurt all year. I don't think he's played just a third and a sixth. Andy Reed probably wants that pre snap movement.


The next talk by Dennis Hofheins and Ibuah Yager is about tightly secure signatures and public encryptions to be presented by Ibuah. Yeah, thanks for the introduction. Good afternoon. So it works. So usually, when we construct a new crypto system, like a public key encryption scheme, for instance, then we construct a scheme together with a security proof, which shows that, under certain complexity assumptions, the scheme has some desired security properties. And a standard outline of such a security proof is the following. We first define a security model, which describes the input to an attacker and the output of a successful attacker. And we show that any such efficient attacker implies an efficient algorithm RFA, so RST reduction, which is able to solve some problem, which is assumed to be hard. And we say that the security proof is tied if this algorithm RFA has about the same running time and the same success probability as the attacker A. One classical security model for public key encryption is in CPA security in distinguishability under chosen plaintext attacks. And the security experiment starts with a public key, which is given to the attacker as input. Then the attacker selects a message and receives back a challenge ciphertext, which either encrypts this message on independent random value. And the task of the attacker is to tell whether a challenge ciphertext contains the real message or random ciphertext. And a stronger security model is CCA security, which is identical, except that the attacker has access to a decryption oracle. And this decryption oracle decrypts any ciphertext for the attacker, except for the challenge ciphertext. And we know many schemes which have a tight security proof in these security models. But the security model is a bit idealized, which means that we have only one public key in this model and we have only one challenge ciphertext. So in the rest of this talk, I refer to these security notions as 1,1 security. In the real world, the situation's, of course, a bit different. We have more than one receiver and a typical application of public key encryption. So we have many public keys and any receiver may receive more than one ciphertext. So we have several ciphertexts received by each receiver. So we have n public keys, l ciphertext, and n and l maybe depending on the application very large. So what we actually need in practice is n comma l security. And this is not a problem because 1 comma 1 security implies n comma l security. And this is a simple and well-known fact. And the proof can be found in a paper by Belarra, Baldi, Raffa, and Michali. But unfortunately, the reduction is not tight. So this means that when going from 1 comma 1 security to n comma l security, then we lose a factor of n times l in the success probability of the n comma l adversary. And if we are working in the asymptotic setting, where n and l are polynomials, then n times l is in the polynomial as well. So we lose a polynomial effect of the success probability. Then this is not a problem. But if you are interested in the concrete security setting, then we have to take the security loss into account. And to illustrate this a little bit, I want to give an example, which is borrowed from this BBM paper. So let us assume an encryption scheme, which has a 1 comma 1 security proof. Let us assume that this security proof guarantees us in the 1 comma 1 setting that any attacker has a success probability of at most 2 to the minus 60. And this concrete value here is, of course, under certain heuristics and so on, but I won't go into detail. So let's just assume the security proof provides this. And let's assume we use this encryption scheme now in a system where we have about 100 users and about 100 ciphertexts per user. Then the security guarantees that we get from the 1 comma 1 security proof is only that the security level that we obtain is only 2 to the minus 46. And if we use the scheme in an application where we have a million users and maybe 1,000 ciphertexts per user, then the security guarantees which are implied by this 1 comma 1 security proof are only 2 to the minus 30. So we lose some security with a growing number of users and ciphertexts. And the question is, of course, can we somehow avoid the security loss? First, there are some trivial solutions. For instance, we can use non-standard or parametrized assumptions, like Q-type assumptions. We can, for instance, assume directly that the scheme is secure in the n comma l sense in the multi-user setting. But this is, of course, a bit cheating. And another way to get tight security proofs is to use the random oracle model. This is the first answer to this question. And the second answer was given by Belache, Bolireva, and Michali in this Eureka paper. And then they have shown that there are examples, like L-R-Mail, which is n comma l in CPA secure. And Kramashub is n comma 1 in CCA secure. So Kramashub scales very well in the number of public keys in the system. But unfortunately not very well in the number of ciphertexts per public key. So our goal is to construct a public key encryption scheme which allows a tight n comma l security proof and a CCA sense in the standard model and based on a standard complexity assumption. Why is it difficult to construct such encryption schemes? Where known techniques exploit that there is only one challenge ciphertext in the security experiment. Two examples are the cryptosystems which are obtained from the narrow young paradigm. So they use usually one-time simulations on non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs, which allow to create exactly one challenge ciphertext. And the different examples are all but one simulations, like for instance, all but one lossy trapdoor functions. And here we are, again, able to create only one challenge ciphertext. In the multi-user setting, the n comma l security experiment, the situation is different. We do not have only one ciphertext, but we have many ciphertexts. And unfortunately, known techniques do not apply directly in the setting. So a question is, can we adopt these known techniques somehow to the multi-user setting to get tight security in the setting? And if we have a look at this narrow young paradigm, which uses one-time simulations on non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs, then we may ask, does it help if we had many-time simulations on non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs? This is the first question. And if this helps, then we have to ask, can we construct them somehow? And this is the starting point of our work. So here's an overview of our approach. We start with constructing a completely different primitive, a signature scheme, which is probably the reason why this talk is in the signature session. And this signature scheme has two properties. First, it is tightly secure. And second, it is structure-preserving. I will explain this in a minute. And then we use the signature scheme in combination with lots of high-proofs to get tightly secure many-time non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs. And then we combine this new tool here with a known primitive, with a tight in-CPA secure encryption, apply it in our young paradigm, and finally, we get our tightly CCACQ encryption scheme. All building blocks that we construct are based on a dealing assumption in groups with a symmetric pairing. And yes, since this is the signature session, I will focus on this part of the construction in the rest of this talk. So very briefly, what are structure-preserving signatures? These signatures have the special property that public keys, messages, and signatures are all elements from the same domain, usually group elements in a bilinear group setting. And the verification of the signature checks a conjunction of pairing product equations. And this property is very nice because it allows to combine structure-preserving in a nice way with lots of high-proofs. And this combination gives them a very powerful tool for efficient cryptographic constructions, like group signatures, for instance. But unfortunately, we do not know any structure-preserving signature scheme, which has a tight reduction to a standard complexity assumption, so we have to construct one. Our starting point is a structure-preserving signature scheme. And to give you an intuition how the signature scheme works, I want to give some more details. So in the SQL, let uppercase G be a group. And we have a pairing, which maps elements or pairs of this group here to some target group, GT. And I will use this notation. So uppercase E applies to a vector of three group elements and one additional group element means that we apply the bilinear map to the first component of the vector with D, to the second component with the vector with D, and to the third component with D. And we construct a signature scheme, which is able to sign vectors of group elements. So the message space or messages are vectors of n group elements. And the public key of the scheme looks like this. We have random group elements, G, H, K, and Z. And we have vectors, U, I, through U, N, and X, which have this special form. And this special form makes these vectors here deline vectors, deline with respect to G, H, and K. The secret key of the scheme are the delox that are marked in red here on the slide. And the signature is computed by computing two group elements, S and T, which satisfy this equation here. And the signature is verified by evaluating, by checking whether this equation here holds for the given messages, for the public key, and for the signature. And we can prove that this forms a tightly secure one-time signature scheme, so secure in the sense of existential unforgeability under one-time non-adaptive chosen message attacks under the deline assumption. And there are two things that you could keep in mind from this slide for the next slide. The first one is that the public key looks like this here. And the second is that the signature scheme has message space G to the N, where N is the number of these U vectors here in the public key. So we use this one-time signature scheme now to construct a tree. So we assign fresh tuples X comma G to each node where X is a deline tuple again, so X consists of three group elements. And for the whole tree, we fix parameters G, H, K, and U1 to U8, so we set N equal to 8. And all these UIs here are deline tuples as well. And the intuition behind this is that this assigns each node with the public key of the one-time signature scheme from the previous slide. So for instance, the node X0, Z0 is assigned with the public key P, K0, consisting of these common parameters for all nodes and the parameters for nodes for this node here. And the reason why we have chosen N equal to 8 in this case here is that each node is identified by four group elements. And the message space now of the signature scheme is eight group elements. So we can use, for instance, this public key here to assign the two childs of this node in the tree. And this gives rise to a simple Merkle tree-based signature scheme, which is structure-preserving. And it has also a tight security proof under the deline assumption. And the intuition here is that we reuse these parameters for the whole tree. And we embed the deline challenge in one of these vectors here. And we lose only a factor of 8 in the security reduction. So we have to guess one of these U values here, where we embed the deline challenge, but that we do not have to guess a leaf or a node in the tree, as usual for these proofs. So to summarize, we have started with a one-time signature scheme, which is structure-preserving. Used this to build a tree-based signature scheme. I used this then in the rest of this construction to finally get a CCA secure encryption scheme. And to finish my talk, I would like to leave some open problems. The first one is, are there further applications of these new tools that we give? So this simulation sound non-integrative knowledge proof, for instance, has already found an application. So we can use it. We can take it, combine it with a KDMCCA secure encryption scheme by Kamanish, Kanran, and Schub. And we just take it, plug it into their construction, and we get a tight KDMCCA secure encryption scheme. The second question is, our signatures are tree-based, which means that the signatures are rather long. So an obvious question is, can we get somehow shorter tree-based signature scheme? And a first step in this direction was made by a Maza-Ukrbe et al. In a paper which will be presented at DCS Asia Crypt. What they do is, among several other things, they construct a more efficient one-time structure-preserving signature scheme, which matches our tree construction. So we can take their scheme, put it into our tree constructions, and we get a more efficient scheme. And finally, of course, it would be great to have a structure-preserving signature with short signatures, ideally constant size for a small constant, and with small public keys, and tight security from a simple assumptions. But I assume that this is the most challenging question on this slide here. So this is the end of my talk. Thank you very much for your attention.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. This lecture is about a couple of problems, very simple problems related to vector and vector lengths. Well, I strongly suggest you to try to solve these problems yourself first. They are presented on Unisor.com website. It's a chapter dedicated to vectors, and a particular topic is lengths. I think it's problem number two. So, two easy problems related to vectors. In this case, these are vectors in three-dimensional space. The first problem is the following. You have a vector represented as a tuple. Remember what tuple is? It's just three numbers in three-dimensional system. Which are coordinates of the endpoint of the vector. This is x, this is y, this is z, and this is the vector which has coordinates a, b, c. Which means that its projection on three-axis are correspondingly projection on the x, it's a, which is the same as this. Projection on the y is b, which is this, which is the same as this. And projection on the z is something like this, right? So this is c, and this is c, obviously. So, try to imagine in three-dimensional space. So these two, x and y, are horizontal plane, z goes up. Now, this is the vector which has coordinates a, b, c. And these are projections, basically. This is projection on the x, y plane. And from this point, we have projections to x and y. This is projection on the z-axis, all right? So a, b, and c are given. What's necessary to find? Okay, number one, lengths. Lengths of the vector a, b, c. Okay, l, lengths. All right, so how can we find the lengths? Well, let's consider triangle, all p, q. Now, p, q is a projection on the x, y-axis, which means it's perpendicular to all different lines, including all q. So this is the right angle, 90 degrees. And it's a vertical right triangle. So all p is a hypotenuse. p, q is one calculus and all q is another calculus. We do know p, q. p, q is projection on the z-axis, right? Because that's the projection on the, that's the segment which constitutes the distance from the point to projection on the x, y plane. Which means that the length of the segment is projection to the z-axis. So we know p, q. Now, do we know all q? Because if we do, we can just use the Pythagorean theorem, right? Well, we don't know all q easily. But we do know that all q is a hypotenuse with a and b. This is also the right angle, right? Because from the q, this line is perpendicular to all x. If you imagine this is x, y is a horizontal plane, we just look at this from the angle. But if you look at this from the top, that would be perpendicular, right? So this is the right triangle, all q, r. And in this right triangle, we do know all q, because this is a hypotenuse with two characters, a and b. So all q square equals to a square plus b square. Now, all p square, which is the square of the lengths, which we are looking, lengths of the vector, is all q square plus pq square, which is equal to all q square is a square plus b square. pq is c, so we have a square plus b square plus c square. So the lengths of p l is equal to square root of a square plus b square plus c square, which is absolutely similar to the lengths of the vector in two-dimensional space. Because if you have only two dimensions, let's say this and this. So forget about the bottom of the picture. Then obviously, the lengths is equal to, length square is equal to some of these two squares, right? Because these are two projections, and these are two coordinates. So for two-dimensional case, it will be a square plus b square, three-dimensional a square plus b square plus c square. And actually, if we will go deeper into the higher levels of mathematics, the vectors in n-dimensional space, which have coordinates like a1, a2, a2, a3, an, they do have the lengths, which is defined. Now it's a definition as a1 square plus a2 square plus a3 square, et cetera, et cetera. OK, so that's the lengths. Now next, angle with x's, x, y, and z. Well, these are, again, spatial angles. So try to bear with me. It's angle from vector op, for instance, to vector oz, or ox, or oy. So it's these 1, 2, and 3, these angles. And again, try to imagine it in three-dimensional space. This vector op sticks right in the middle of these three x's. The three x's are perpendicular to each other. Well, what do we know about these triangles? Well, look at this way. If you will connect, what do we have? We have more, let's say, m and n. If you connect p to point r, or p to point m, or p to point n, which we have already connected. Now, it's very easy to understand that these are perpendicular to corresponding x's. So these are basically projections from the point p onto the corresponding x's. q is a projection on the plane x or y. m is projection of the point p onto the y, because that's exactly what coagulants actually are. It's a projection of the point on the corresponding x's. And n is a projection to the z-axis. So what do we know about each of these triangles? Let's say OPR, for instance. Well, we know that this is L is a hypotenuse. And the catatose is 8, because PR is perpendicular to OR. It's projection from the p to the x's. Same thing here. What do we know about triangle? Let's say OPM. Again, OPM is a hypotenuse, the same hypotenuse. And this is one catatose, PM, and another catatose is V, in this case. So all these triangles, we have three triangles. Their properties are, their hypotenuse is L. And one of the catatose is corresponding to A, B, or C. Now, we are looking for an angle which is adjacent to this particular catatose, or an angle adjacent to this particular catatose, or angle adjacent to this particular catatose. So let's go to the two-dimensional picture. So if you have a hypotenuse, which is always L, and one of the catatose, which is A, or B, or C, and you need to know angle 5, which is adjacent, how would you calculate the angle 5? Well, assuming that this particular point is, has positive co-ordinates, A, B, and C, just for simplicity, we can say that these angles are all acute and cosine of phi is equal to A over L, capital L. So from this, we derive very simply that angles, let's call them phi 1, phi 2, and phi 3. So phi 1 is equal to arc cosine of A over L, phi 2 is equal to arc cosine of B over L and C over L. So these are angles between the vector and the corresponding axis. And again, we derive it by projecting the endpoint of the vector onto each of the axes. And the projection point has the lengths A, B, and C. And lengths of the vector, we have already calculated, which is this. So just substitute L into this formula and you will get one angle. And then instead of A put B, and you will have another angle with a y-axis and C for z-axis. And the last one about this particular problem is let's consider, I think we have too many different things on this picture. So let's redo it. Now we need an angle between the vector and its projections not onto the axis, but projections to the planes, including planes. So let's just consider one of them. OK, this is the one. We project the point P to point Q. So this is L. This is A. And this is A. This is B and B. This is the right angle. Now this is projection, so this is also the right angle. And we need an angle between OP and OQ. Basically, it's very similar. What do we know about triangle OPQ? We know the hypotenuse OP. Now this is the right angle. We know one coordinate, which is PQ, which is a C coordinate, the z-axis projection. And then we don't know this particular catatose, but we don't really need it because we have this opposite catatose. So the angle can be calculated as sine of phi is equal to C over L. If this is phi, the opposite catatose towards hypotenuse. And we know L because we have already calculated it. So in this case, well, the only thing is let's use, instead of phi, let's use psi, which means psi 1 is equal to arc sine. In this case, sorry about this, arc sine. Now in this case, it's C over L. And in other cases, it's B over L and A over L. So the angle between vector OP and this projection on xy is arc sine C over L, where L is this. Now the angle between the vector and this projection on, let's say, xoz plane would be the B over L, in this case. And projection on yoz plane would be arc sine of A over L. Well, that completes this problem. So I think all you need here, the problem is very simple. As long as you understand this spatial relationship, which angles are right angles, which angles are acute angles, et cetera. And again, it's easier for me to solve this problem with all positive A, B, and C. So my angle lies in the main octampal, whatever. The opposite quadrant in two-dimensional case, we have octant, I guess, octant. So this is the main octant with all positive coordinates in the three-dimensional space. So we have to understand how this projection actually is working. I don't have these three-dimensional models to show you. So that's why I try to display it on the whiteboard. But basically, that's what it is. Just imagine everything is happening in three-dimensional space. Next problem. Also easy and also requiring certain dimension analogy of your vision. All right, so what do we know? We know about the vector. Well, it's basically kind of opposite problem. In this problem, in the previous problem, we knew the top of representation, A, B, and C. Now we know something else. We know the length of the vector. We know L. And we know these angles between the vector and its projection on each of the plane. So this is projection onto x, y. So let's call this angle gamma. Now projection on this particular plane, it should be something like this, I guess, at this point. So we know this point. And the vector projection is this. So we know this angle. Now this is xz, so we will call it beta. And then gamma, similarly. So what do we know to find out? Well, first of all, we have to know A, B, and C. Well, let's think about it. Again, it's very simple. What is z-coordinate in this particular case? It's the length of this particular catheters, because this is at the right angle. It's perpendicular down to the plane. And this is one of the lines from this point. So the projection of OP would be OQ, we know L, we know gamma. So we know this opposite catheters, right? This PQ, which is z-coordinate, right? Which is C in our representation, is equal to, so, catheters, if we know hipotons, and opposite angle, right? So it's L times sine of gamma. And absolutely similarly, we will get that B is equal to L sine of beta, and A is equal to L sine of alpha. That's it, it's very simple. So all you have to understand is how this spatial arrangement is working. All right, next. And what are the lengths of three projections on the planes? OK, so now it's asking, what are these lengths of projections? OQ, for instance. Well, but again, we know everything about this. We know this catheters and we know this catheters. So the projection OQ is equal to L cosine of gamma, right? This is catheters, this is hipotons, this is an angle adjacent. So the cosine of this angle is this over this. So this particular line, this particular segment, catheters is equal to hipotons times the cosine. And similarly, all other, the projection, the lengths of the projection on the, let's say, xz would be L cosine beta and the correspondingly L cosine alpha. So are these problems difficult? No, but let me repeat again. You really have to understand how it's all arranged in three-dimensional space. Well, other than that, I do suggest you to go back to the notes for this lecture. And again, they are unizord.com in the chapter topic called lengths. And just do it yourself. Try to draw your own picture of illustration of these problems and get the same results. I think it's a very useful exercise. And it helps you to visualize how everything is done in three-dimensional space. That's it for today. Thank you very much, and good luck.


Welcome to toppy TV. It is the Everton News Daily and it looks like one of Everton's strikers could be leaving the club very very soon. This video is sponsored by One Football One Football's app makes it easier to keep up to date with transfer news scores and stats all in one place. To download the One Football app click the link in the description. Yes it looks like Umanias is leaving Everton. The deal to Cardiff City could be done in the next 24 hours. It will be a loan to the end of the season and it sounds like there is an option to buy at the end of the season if Umanias does well. Of course Umanias went on loan a couple of years ago to Hull City. He did quite well. Scored in his debut I think. He scored against Liverpool. He scored at Old Trafford against Manchester United. He didn't score enough goals to keep Hull in the Premier League but did a good job. Obviously came back to Everton and nearly went to Crystal Palace on loan. Stayed at the club thankfully because his goals were very important. Goals against Bournemouth in the League Cup away at Crystal Palace. He scored an equaliser home. He kept on popping up didn't he and scored important goals. Listen not the best footballer in the world. We all know that at a really bad start under Roberto Martínez. Ronald Cuman didn't really have any interest in him but he saved his baking in that game against Bournemouth didn't he. He scored against Wofford as well. Scored against Arsenal. Just kept on popping up in a little period of time and scoring goals. Of course was banned as well for the dive against Crystal Palace which was absolute nonsense and really from that moment that sort of ruined any potential Everton clearly had. I mean more like he says face touch ruined any Everton clearly had but listen this lad worked hard got stuck in never gave anything up and got his rewards but clearly just not talented enough but listen he might do the job for Cardiff and it wouldn't surprise me he scored goals for Cardiff and kept them up in the in the Premier League. We'll wait and see obviously if that deal goes through but will this move mean Everton will be looking to bring someone in they've they've already said it's a one in one one out one in policy so will Everton look to bring someone in or do they feel like they've got enough between the Charleston, Dominic Armand-Lewin and Scheng Tolson for the rest of the season. We'll have to wait and see obviously those links with Battershire are being there but that would have to be a payment deal we know that so I'll be slightly sad to see him leave but at the same time he ain't in my team and when he's come off the bench I mean saying when he came off came on off against Brighton looked terrible let's be honest he looked terrible everyone was just bouncing off his legs but there was a certain charm wasn't there to the Prince so it looks like he's going to Cardiff there you go another player who could be on his way out of Everton is Morgan Sniden he's been linked with Roma in the Italian press today Roma I mean as you go from not being on the bench to Everton to a Champions League team and I don't know seems to happen a lot doesn't it Everton lose players they go to Champions League play teams and do all right so yeah Morgan Sniden that I think that again would be a really good move for Morgan Sniden it'd be a good move for Everton Everton have been linked as well with bringing Giacomo back to the Premier League could those two things work together wait and see but I'd certainly I think Morgan Sniden leaving the club this January would be would be good for him and good forever and it would get a player who's on good wages out of the club because obviously just he's not playing he's not doing anything and he's not doesn't seem any potential that he will be playing doesn't seem to fit into what Michael Silver wants although Michael Silver hasn't said a few times he likes him as a player he likes him as a number six but you know with having Andre Gomez in there he's he's not he's not been involved so so could he move to Roma as I said I think that would suit everybody again and again another player who's been linked with a move who well it seems like he'd be staying at Everton but is a just a garner gay. Paras and Yamana trying to butter the player up club captain Thiago Silver has spoken today I believe they're in Qatar on a bit of a bit of a winter break he is speaking he has spoken to the newspaper La Parisienne and he said garner would fit in so I don't know him well but we are going to try and pay attention now to understand the situation but I know he has the qualities to play a PSJ and I've and of course be welcome we welcome him he'd be arrived so club captain there Thiago Silver trying to sweet talk garner but I think you know it's not it's not gone you've got a sweet talk I think it's everything you got a sweet talk sweet talk and I really don't think Everton will be up for selling the player as it stands because he's a player he's a first-team player at the end of the day and Everton would have to replace the player and have a replacement already lined up and I don't think there are there are players available just at just at this time that would suit Everton's budget so yeah Paras and Yamana obviously want him I'm sure listen deep down I'm sure Garner would want to make that move as well and we'll wait and see I don't can't see it happening unless Everton can bring someone in so do you have it we were waiting to see the players that have been linked out today I can't I can't I can't see that one happening but Nias definitely definitely looks like he's going to Cardiff I can't see well listen he was definitely going to Crystal Palace twice so that that was scuba both times so I think you know Cardiff will try and get this one over the line I'm not sure whether Nias fits in with with you know Neil Warnock's views that he revealed at the weekend but he's a footballer and if he puts the bat the ball in the back of the net for Cardiff they'll be happy with them so I'm sure that'll happen I'm sure that'll happen tomorrow and we'll wait and see if that affects Everton in the transfer market will we going for a player we'll find out listen if you want to hear more on the Garner situation join us on page and we have done a daily extra on the Garner situation and if you're on page and as well or if you want to join page and we've just started our new show the Premier League show for all the news and discussion on the Premier League go and check that out thank you for watching toffee TV I'll see you later