Like she said, my name is Taylor Gruessing. I work in the Mitchell Regional Extension Office, but I'm actually from Chamberlain. So I drive about an hour east every day. So coming up here was only about two and a half hours. But it's a lot of time on the road, but it kind of let me see the country, even though it's from the interstate every day. Grew up on a cow calf operation in Kimball, went to SDSU, Iowa State for some education, and then came back here to Chamberlain. My husband's a veterinarian in Chamberlain at an associate vet clinic there.  So I'm really glad Doug talked first, because he did my pretty much whole presentation, and he went long, so now I can go short, right? So if we have questions, I'll probably go through this pretty fast. It'll be a little bit of review of what Doug said, and then if we have questions, you can sure come up and answer questions to all of us, because I'm gonna defer to him. I love doing the research in the field from SDSU, but we always know we need the boots on the ground people to show you what really works, right? So everything in the book we know isn't practical. So we really like to kind of cross paths whenever we can. This is nothing new to any of you. Since 2012, or since 2002, we've lost 22% of our cropable pasture land in South Dakota, right? Crop prices went way high. A lot of it was converted into crop grounds, and none, if any, or little if any, is being converted back into pasture land today, even though crop prices aren't getting any better. So a continual struggle that we're gonna be dealing with, especially with bringing next generations back to the operation, trying to increase maybe our herd size instead of maybe finding more pasture acres to do that on. We're gonna have to maybe get smaller cows, like Doug mentioned, to get more live calves in the pen at weaning time. Grazing fees on that pasture land that we do have available are going up, hopefully not this year. We do a land survey every year at SDSU, and last year, I think crop grounds started to go down, but pasture land stayed about the same. So we need to be able to keep more cattle on those grazing acres that keep it productive in order to be profitable. We just talked a little bit about the drought. I pulled this up the other day. This is our projection into April. I went to grazing school a couple years ago and tried to keep in contact with some of the Grasslands Coalition folks, and a lot of them have these grazing plans. And so if they don't get rained by March 1st or April 1st, they're already on to step two of their grazing plan. So they're either cutting the number of cows from their herd. They're not gonna go to certain pastures. Potentially they're already making those decisions by April. So the dark, the brown is a drought persisting. So you can see kind of that cutting across Central South Dakota right where we are. It's gonna persist, but maybe not get worse. The light, the tan, a little bit more in that Northwestern side of South Dakota, Eastern South Dakota equal chances. So don't know if it's gonna get better. Don't know if it's gonna get worse. But for now, I think utilizing the programs that Kay just talked about, prepare yourself, whether start buying hay now, try to source those things before May when everyone else is gonna be looking for those options too. This is the inventory of hay stocks as of December. From 2017, we were down about 10% in our hay stocks for the year. So if you are looking for hay, everyone else is too. So hay prices went up quite a bit in South Dakota. Now over in Iowa or in some of the other states, maybe not so much, but we $120 hay by the time you get trucking onto that, and it's maybe not even the best quality hay out there. So it's gonna be a little bit, hay didn't go down maybe as much as we thought it would because we did catch some of those late rains, but just something to be thinking about in addition to our pasture grounds, what we're gonna supplement to our cows once we take them off of the pasture. So our goal every year is we're giving X amount of forage, especially in our pastures that we started talking about today. We're utilizing that to efficiently graze our cattle, hopefully 365 days a year, right? Up in the upper Midwest, that always doesn't happen, right? And so the more time we can keep our cattle grazing, no matter what it is, the more profitable we're probably going to be. So if we don't have pasture land or if our pasture's dry, last time I was up here unfortunately was in June for the drought meeting. I tested a lot of spring wheat for nitrates, a lot of waters for testing too. Luckily you guys actually were pretty good. I send a couple samples off for nitrates and all that spring wheat came back pretty good. And I think you guys did a good job of harvesting that early enough. So it did make some good quality hay for you. Most of the dugouts and the waters that I tested were pretty good at that time. I know late June you got a little bit more rain, but you eventually got better. But unfortunately that's what I was doing up here for you guys in June. So our pastures are really dry at that time. We were starting to look for options. I visited with a couple of folks about grazing peat or excuse me, soybeans up here, what options that would be for the cattle. Just kind of like anything with grazing corn limiting is gonna be your best friend. So some of those, they probably provide good nutrients, too much of anything is a bad thing in terms of that. So those are some options we talked about. But in order to make better use of our crop grounds potentially last year or maybe going into this year is to make cattle our crop going forward. So if we can turn, if we know the crop inputs are gonna be high, if we know the prices aren't maybe gonna be quite there, how can we turn our cattle into our crop on our crop ground that normally gives us corn and beans? And that's where Cindy asked me kind of talk about grazing off of pasture. So finding the cover crops, annual forages, crop residues, to maybe turn that, keep the ground active. We don't necessarily need it to let it go dormant but find other options that are gonna be more cost effective when we're running that product through a cow. Forage growth, you guys probably know this. Obviously we are dealing with our cool season grasses, warm season grasses, legumes, brassicas, those types of things. We wanna have diversity in our mixes as we've talked about today. So they all provide different attributes and nutrients to the soil as well as to the cattle that we're going to graze on. Usually our summer slump is when we're looking for forage. This unfortunately started in June last year rather than July, August, September, like we're normally used to it. So if this summer slump comes earlier than normal, what can we do to fill that in in a non-normal cycle? And that's where our cover crops, our annual forages go right along with those and then our crop residues, which are probably one of the most underutilized resources that we have across the country, mainly because of fencing and water restrictions. So starting off with any of those forages that I'll get to here in a little bit, we have our yield versus quality conundrum kind of. So if we have our grasses types that we're gonna look for, these are gonna be your better fiber sources. Fiber, grasses for gain is what I would like to say. So if you're really focused on maybe getting gain on some stocker cattle, some backgrounder calves, for example, grass is gonna be your best friend in order to get some pounds of gain on those, but they're gonna be a little lower in protein. Cattle don't need a ton of protein, but they need some in order to keep the room and happy. We have to have at least seven to 8% protein in our rations at all times. The legumes, brassica, broadleaf options, those are gonna be higher in protein, higher in digestibility, but less fiber in those. So maybe run right through them a little bit faster. So this is where our maturity flip-flop goes. So if we have our relative quality down here, we're just gonna have really young growing plants with really high crude protein. As soon as those plants continue maturing, obviously you're gonna be less digestible with more stems, fiber in that plant. So usually if we can hit right in the middle, it's kind of the sweet spot of where we wanna go when we're harvesting, either grazing or mechanically harvesting. One other thing I wanna point out is the mineral content of these plants also goes down too. So we had obviously a drought last year, some of those forages that we stored. We're usually lacking vitamin A and vitamin E into stored forages anyways. Some of our other minerals might have been more affected last year also. So always make sure you have a good mineral plan with your livestock, no matter what program you're in. Minerals crisscross every which way with reproduction, nutrition, health, and so on. So cover crops, usually traditionally they started right after small grains. So our wheat will drill right into those or silage harvest. They've started interceding into standing corn. We did a project down at the Southeast Research Farm in Beersford this last year where they rented the interceder, I believe, from Huron District Conservation. And that was pretty cool to see how they went in and put that in between the corn rows. The strategy there was to pick varieties that are more shade tolerant.  I haven't seen yield results on that yet. They did pretty good, I think, based on the varieties that they chose. That is the interceder that's available, I think, for producers to rent too, if you want to look into that option. Research in other states have looked at aerial seeding a little bit. The difficulty with that is the soil seed contact. So they're having, you have to increase your pounds per acre quite a bit in order to get a good stand for those. But those are some options too if you don't have a small grain, for example, to follow with cover crops. Like I said, we want to fill out that summer slump. We can do season long grazing, like Doug was talking about. Maybe sacrifice a crop, use a crop ground acre, start small, as Kay was just saying, maybe start with one piece and make a season long cover crop, see how it works, put it into your rotation if that works. We've also done a research project with some producers across the state where they have been working oats, for example, into their rotation with corn and soybeans. And then every fourth year, there's that cover crop for the soil health benefits, as well as the cattle benefits for that too. When we're picking our cover crop varieties, we want to optimize growing degree days. So based on the forage growing map I showed you, if you're doing a warm season, cool season, you can also make choices on low versus high residue options. So rye, for example, be a high residue, turnips, radishes, be a little bit of a lower residue option there, and then if you're choosing them for supplemental grazing in hay, you're probably gonna wanna go with the higher forage or higher fiber, higher grass variety or mixes in the cocktails, and maybe less of the broad leaves if you're gonna put it up for stored hay. Determining your grazing plan for cover crops or annual forages kind of starts like we graze pasture. So we wanna have a plan before going into that. If we're doing spring grazing, we really gotta pay attention to when it starts getting warm, obviously, and that plant really starts actively growing because if it gets too far ahead of us, past that boot stage, our quality is gonna go down relatively fast. As soon as it shoots that seed head, it'll be hard. The maturity and the protein is gonna continue to go down, not entirely making it useless. Just kind of depends on if you want quality or yield as your goal. For spring grazing, we have the winter hardy species. We can have the two options of harvesting either mechanically, putting up for hay, grazing those options. When we're grazing in the spring, obviously we usually have snow on the ground and so compaction can be more of a worry as the ground starts to thaw. I have some research later showing some differences in the compaction that was just reported from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. One way to alleviate any kind of compaction if you are seeing an issue, if you have the ability to move your mineral or move your water tank, that can make the cows go a different route every day also. So here's some cool season options. Obviously, oats we would plant in the spring, rye, winter wheat, trinicalia, we can seed in the fall. Here's an example of what my family did this last year. So we planted some winter wheat just on 30 acres right by our house and we divided it into four paddocks when we went to go graze that. We started paddock one, obviously. It only lasted about three days. Moved to paddock two, that lasted about six days. Three, it rained actually, that was the last time it actually rained, it was in paddock three, so we did get very good regrowth on that. And by the time we got to paddock four, which was about day 15, it was getting a little bit too mature for us. So that's something else to keep in mind if you are rotational grazing, your sum of these forages is to watch the maturity. So we probably should have moved faster from three to four because the regrowth we got on four was pretty minimal and it was getting sticky at that time for the cows to graze it. But all in all, we had 35 acres, grazed like 180 head for 22 days, I believe, came out to about 119 AUMs or three and a half AUMs per acre on that. So we went on on May 5th, I believe. So my husband graduated vet school on May 4th, came home and moved cows on cover crop on May 5th. And then we went to a cool season pasture just right to the east there. Let one and two regrow, took the fence down and turned them all back out to re-graze for a couple more days before we moved down the road. But if we wouldn't have had this planted last year, our pastures would have went extremely fast. Brill County was at least E3 last year where I live. So just one example that it really worked out for us, granted we have cool season pastures that we could have went to and sniffed off the top, kept it in a vegetative state. But this we calved, we weren't done calving at this time quite yet either. So this was right off of our calving pasture. So let the momma cows go out and graze that and the calves didn't have too far to go. So relatively small area that worked pretty good and to get us 20 blessed days on our pasture this last year. Granted for tonnage-wise, you know, winter wheat probably isn't the best option for tons, if you want to do Triticali, something like that, rye for example, you're gonna get maybe more tons of dry matter per acre, but protein content on any of those is very, very good. Probably too much almost to meet the requirements. It's way over requirements for beef cattle. Beef cattle requirements during lactation are about 13% protein. Most of our cover crops range from 18 to 22% protein. So that's plenty. But actually that's what my research was on in grad school is overfeeding protein to dairy cattle is bad, right? We've heard lots of research on dairy cattle side that if you feed too much protein, fertility goes way down. We're not seeing that in the beef cattle side. So not a huge worry on feeding too much protein to beef cattle as long as they're adapted to it over at least a week timeframe before breeding season would start, for example, you should be fine. Summer, warm season forages, has some good examples in Doug's pictures, sandgrass, sorghum, millet varieties. These are gonna be your tonnage options. I think Dan said what you had 8,000 pounds of dry matter per acre in his variety. So you can get a lot more tons of feed on these options, especially in the summertime. One thing to watch out for on these, as you probably know, are most of them are nitrate accumulators. So if you do fertilize a lot or have a lot of nitrogen, they can soak up those. Usually if we strip grays, these types of forages, you can limit intake and not have to worry so much about getting too much nitrates into them, but just something to keep in mind, especially on the sorghum options. If you don't want to graze them, or let's say we do get a bunch of rain and we want to hay or chop those forages for silage, you can certainly do that. Just kind of need to make your decision early, because if you're gonna graze it, you're gonna want to obviously start grazing a little bit sooner than you want to chop it for silage, mainly because our moisture is our storage issue with silage. We want that to be 35% dry matter about, so 65% moisture, which is still pretty wet, but usually when we see, like even last year when we started chopping corn for silage, it looked dry, but actually the plant was still pretty wet because those ears were immature, right? So they weren't as dry as maybe the leaves were dry, but the entire plant was still pretty wet. So an easy way to do that, we have some moisture testers across the state in our county offices and regional offices, or just chop it, lay it, you can turn your oven on really low, dry it out, weigh it until it stops losing weight, and then take your starting weight minus your ending weight, and you can find your moisture content on that. So you can go moisture, but also flag leaf to doe stage is when you would want to start harvesting that and usually a compromise at the boot stage, because it seems like we drive up at that flag, we come back at doe, so usually try to compromise at the boot stage for silage harvest, and then try to always cover your silage piles if possible. The first four inches of a bale or a silage equates to about 40% of the total bale or total silage pile. So you can lose a lot of forage products there without covering it. Usually can hire an FFA team or club or something, get some kids to come and run that tarp over top, put the tires down on it just to keep that oxygen out, because fermentation process doesn't want oxygen in there. So the better we can do storing our forage, especially last year when we needed all the forage we can get come this time of year when there's nothing left out there, the better we can be. And lastly, fall grazing for cover crops. Usually you want your fast growing species because your growing degree days are getting shorter.  And then usually our ground is hopefully frozen by then, and so there should be minimal compaction risks with fall grazing. Here's a study done by Iowa State that was just done this last fall. They took, so we talked about pastures that maybe are getting invaded with like brome for example, or they had a Kentucky bluegrass pasture out there that they wanted to start over. So they terminated that pasture and interceded radishes, turnips and oats into that. 17 acres is all right by their farm. It equated to about 24% crude protein when they did a nutrient test on that. They took 17 fall pairs out and strip grazed these cover crops and they offered them some corn stock bales at the same time because the moisture content was so high in that cover crop variety. It lasted 38 days when they started grazing on November 14th and they had a killing frost on November 13th. So this was at Ames, Iowa, about six hours southwest of my house, I guess. So about eight hours from here. Results what they found. So these are lactating beef cows, keep in mind. Cows lost about a third of a pound per day in both treatments. So I guess I should mention the other half of the cows were in a dry lot situation. So they were comparing grazing a cover crop to a traditional fall dry lot situation. Both groups of cows lost 0.3 pounds, which isn't a lot, especially when you're lactating, right? So we were able to pretty much meet the lactation requirements of those cows, lose very minimal weight in both situations. For the calves on the other hand, they gained 0.9, almost a pound per head per day on the cover crop compared to the calves in the dry lot. We all know it's hard to have a place in the dry lot for calves to get a little extra feed rather than just the milk. And to this day, the beef teaching farm managers, so they weaned and he can still tell which calves he had on the cover crop versus which ones were in the dry lot. So essentially they are gonna be about 38 pounds more at weaning time where they were 38 pounds more when they came back into the lot. So this is just a little example. I know we don't have a ton of research on pairs on cover crop. And so that's kind of why I wanted to throw this out there is that it's, these cover crops are providing more than enough nutrients for our mature cows. If we can get young calves on there at their side and then they can learn grazing behavior too, that can be as money savings in terms of weaning them early and putting them in a dry lot with stored feed too. So year round grazing, Doug already talked about this a little bit. So obviously we'd wanna plant one in the spring, summer and fall. Example planting dates, I said I'm not an agronomist so we'll divert to Jason and Evely for that. So April 1st, June 1st example, you could do a ryegrass, oats, brassicas, radish and turnips. Summer, we would do more of the millet, sorghum, sandgrass varieties. You can throw the turnip radishes in there too for that diversity. And then fall, you could do oats, peas, vets, raddish for example. This last year, like I was saying, we did a research project. I was kind of worried about some of the producers not planting it because it was so dry. But all of them did and some of the other producers who I've talked to who didn't said they wish they would have. It's very low input on seed cost. You know, just plant it August 1st or as soon as you can right after you get your weed out. It needs very little rain to germinate and get something to keep that ground actively growing. One comment on that last slide there, that radish on the spring April 1st to June 1st, be very careful on the radish variety because most will just bolt in flour. Okay. Thank you. Example of a cover crop mix. So seed cost, it was gonna be, I just put on average a 25 for an oats turn up pea mix. Obviously you wanna charge, or here I'm calculating planting charges depending on if you're doing it yourself. You should still charge yourself something technically, right? Fertilizer, some people do, some people don't. Fertilizer kind of depends on the previous crop I would say. So for an example here, I have just 67, almost $70 an acre. If I got 2000 pounds of dry matter per acre, which isn't very much compared to like a summer cover crop, that would have a lot more tonnage. If I do an example of 70% grazing efficiency, Doug said cows eat 3% of their body weight per day. It's gonna give me about 30 pounds of dry matter per day on a 1350 pound cow, which would give me about 47 grazing days per head per acre on this cover crop mix, for example. If I equate that to about $1.43 per head per day for this cost, for example, if I was feeding them $125 per tonne hay, that'd be $1.80 a day. So a little bit more input, or in terms of running your tractor over to plant the seed, putting some fence up, maybe some water to move your cows out there, but you're not delivering hay every single day like you would potentially be in a dry lot situation with just hay. Challenges with cover crops, we know they're weather dependent. So like I said, even though it was dry, we still did pretty good with cover crops this last year. Late summer moisture, if you just catch a little bit, that usually goes a long ways. We're still struggling with establishment in corn and beans, but we're getting there. Herbicide restrictions, there's not all herbicides are labeled for grazing. So you need to make sure you're looking at that, that you're putting on for your previous crop. If it's not, if it doesn't say grazing on there, it's in the all other category. So it means probably it might not kill them, I guess you could say, but the research hasn't been done on it. So they don't know. So I don't know if you'd want to take that risk, but visit with your agronomists and hopefully be able to find an option wet that works for you to graze afterwards. Water and fence is always an issue with cover crops, moisture content. They are so wet. So providing either corn stock bales, something dry available for them, you'll be surprised if you put a cover crop field next to some corn residue, they will go back and forth because they need that dry matter content. They can't physically eat enough of cover crops every day to fill their energy needs. So they may lose weight on them if you don't have some extra dry forage or even just grass along the fence lines that you can't plant anyways, they'll nibble on those. Toxins, nitrates, prusic acid, we mentioned with sodium grass would be something to watch out for towards freezing. Sulphur, we've had some selenium issues too. So depending on your soil types, if you know you have some mineral toxicities potentially, some of these brassicas or a lot of these cover crops will take up those extra minerals. So limiting may have to happen if you have some of those. A nitrate or a nutrient test for any kind of forage can run about $15 or to $35. I'm not very expensive just to kind of know what you're feeding. Next crop residue. Like I said, one of the most underutilized options, usually we see the corn stalks blowing into the ditches. Pretty hard to bail it up in the ditch once it's there. But cattle are selective grazers. So we talked about the chocolate pudding plants.  So usually we can turn them obviously out on a complete field of crop residue. But options to strip graze those would be better official because that keeps them more uniform diet, makes them eat the corn, the husk altogether. They're not normally gonna eat the stalk. We usually don't wanna make them do that either. But they're gonna selective graze. If you try to limit it to 10 pounds, 10 pounds of corn per head, 10 to 30. We had a lot of down corn this last year. I know Nebraska had a ton of down corn. So they said that if they kept it 10 bushels or more, if there's 10 bushels or more in the ground, they just really strip grazed it and watched for acidosis. But hopefully there'll be enough of the other dry matter on there too that if you do limit access, they can try to alleviate those bloat risks or foundering. Math, simple math, one cow per acre per month. UNL says 15 pounds of residue per bushel of corn that was harvested off that field. We assume 50% consumption because half of it's gonna probably blow away or it's gonna be trampled on the ground. It's giving you 120 bushel corn, for example, 1,800 pounds available, divided by two is 900 pounds for consumption. If she's gonna eat 2% of her body weight, this gives me one acre, 90 pounds, divided by 30 pounds per day, 30 days. Okay, so that's how we did that, pretty simple math.  If you pay by the acre or pay by the head, sometimes if you have an open winter, paying by the acre is gonna be better off for you. Excuse me, paying by the acre or paying by the day. So if you're gonna pay by the acre, you might be able to take more residue off of there. But if you have an agreement to pay by the day, you wanna maybe increase your stocking numbers to utilize the residue for that timeframe. Here's the, UNL just came out with their beef report. They did a three year study where they looked at grazing, baling, or just leaving all the residue on a corn field. They took 50% removal on all of those treatments and they saw no difference in corn yields the next year, all in that 230 range. They did see grazing benefit of the soy being corn rotation.  So that kind of gives you an idea of the nutrients to put back on that field. Compaction, we've talked about this a little bit. That's an issue that we're always concerned about. They measure compaction with bulk density, measuring the amounts of soil versus air properties. They did a 16 year study on a 90 acre irrigated plots where it's the corn soybean rotation. They implemented fall grazing, spring grazing, or no grazing at all. And they stocked it at 1.8 to 2.5 AUMs of stocker cattle. What they found was fall grazing increased corn soybean yields, spring grazing increased the soybean yields and wasn't negatively affecting corn yields, bulk density, or stability. The cone index, which would kind of be measuring the compaction increased a little bit, but it was still below the threshold that they were worried about, okay? So just a little bit of a pretty big study. I know it's only on a few acres. It was repeated year after year and didn't see some negative effects. They also did a survey of crop consultants, recommending grazing on acres. And most of the people that didn't allow grazing on their acres or crop consultants that didn't recommend it was because of fencing issues or the amounts that they wanted to get paid per acre for those residues. So most people are open to grazing as long as you can find a way to put up the fence, keep the mineral moving around the pasture to limit some compaction potential options. Okay, so nutrient analysis, at the end of the day, I've been saying that mature cows, they don't need all the nutrients that's in the cover crops at all the times. It's not gonna hurt them, but we're gonna put some extra body weight on them for sure if we have ample nutrients available. So just comparing a cover crop nutrient analysis, like I said, pretty wet, so about 80% moisture, TDN of 70%. If we go over to the crude protein differences between cover crop corn stocks, brome hay and pasture, this corn stocks is about 6%, which they can be all the way down to 3%. You know, we need 7% protein in the ration per day. So on the corn stock option, you might need some protein supplement no matter what you're grazing, just to keep the protein happy, but everything else meets protein requirements and TDN requirements, brome hay might be a little bit low, but usually they can consume more hay than they need to and be just fine. Price comparison between those corn stocks, if we consider labor, water, for example, it might cost us a dollar per head. So cover crops is gonna be your cheapest option here, but remember that we probably need to supplement some dry forage along with that. Brome hay, $1.80, and then pasture around me is still $1.75 to two bucks a day if you consider everything you're putting into it. So just some cost comparison options, make sure you take into account your labor, facility equipment options on those, but all mid-gestation spring calving cows can get along just fine on corn stocks with a little bit of a protein supplement and be fine. They can really put on some weight on cover crops. So all are good, utilize them all to your advantage. Why it matters for me, I do a lot of breeding projects or reproduction. We know that reproduction is the leading cost of profitability on the beef operation, so we have to get the cows bred, have to calf them and have to wean their calf, right? So that's why no matter what you're planting, we wanna consider obviously our soil health, keep that soil active at all time, keep the cows grazing as long as we can, assess body condition at several times throughout the year if possible. How many of you guys body condition score your cows? So very few, right? So we want, this is the easiest way we can assess the energy reserves of cattle. So we said he looked at the left side of his cow and he was like, ooh, she's pretty good, looked at the right side, oh, maybe needs a little bit of feed while we can look at their, over their top line and their brisket from behind, see how they're carrying their condition, and especially at weaning time. You know, if they wean that, go to weaning and they're a little bit thin, we can take that time when they're not lactating anymore to put some weight on before calving season, and we can maintain her after calving to breeding. If we're gonna try to put weight on from calving to breeding, it's gonna cost us a lot more money, okay? Cause she's lactating and she's gonna put everything she has into her milk. We want cows at a body condition score of about five and a half, heifers at a six at calving time, and we should be good to go. If we're overfeeding, it's gonna cost us too much money and not necessarily give us too much of a benefit. Here's some references of where you would look at for condition in order to assess where they're at. And cows, we have a one to nine scale. We wanna shoot for this five to six range. You should see about two to three ribs if they're in a five. If you see more than three ribs, they're getting on that four side. If you see no ribs, they're up in the seven range. This matters to pregnancy rate because we have to get them to resume cycling like we talked about within 80 days in order to maintain a 365 day calving interval. So if we shoot for, if we're in a four, we're only gonna potentially get 50% of those cows bred because they're not gonna be cycling effectively. If we're in this five and six range, we get from 80 to 98%. And that's right where we wanna be. If we are gonna be a little bit low, we're gonna have some dropout. This last year was tough on us for cows, but we saw a lot of cows move and maybe they were our problem cows. Maybe they struggled to put weight on. Maybe they didn't wean the largest calf that we needed.  If we need to find a good side of the drought, that's what our good side was. So got rid of our problem cows potentially. This year, hopefully we're left with some good breeding back potential. They'll resume estrus sooner. Hopefully have more calves for us to wean or calf this spring and larger calves come weaning time. So that's about all I have for the grazing cover crop side of it. Economically, like I said, the more times we can keep them out of the dry lot, it's usually gonna be more cost effective for us. We can rest pastures. You see an improved livestock performance on some of the cover crop studies we've done. We've stopped to three and a half, four pounds of gain in young calves. So those are options too, rather than just corn, like we normally would put through them. Minera value would be something to consider. Take some soil samples to assess what you're, if you are grazing, what value that's adding to your crops. I mean, hopefully with good management we'll have improved or better or maintain crop yields from year to year. So with that, here's my contact information. I am in Mitchell, but I'll travel across the whole state. And with that, I'll try to answer any questions you guys may have.


Okay, everybody welcome back to the final session of WordCamp London 2018 our final speaker of the day is the founder and director of Pragmatic a WordPress specialist agency He's passionate about blockchain and make wants to make sure that we're as ready as we can be as a community For what's coming in regards to blockchain. Please welcome David. Hi. Can you hear me as the speaker on? Yeah, cool. I was just slacking my team asking where they are because I expected them to be here Yeah, anyway, so I'm going to talk about WordPress and blockchain blockchain is something I've gotten pretty deeply into over the last year kind of Taking the red pill on it a little bit Fallen down the rabbit hole and I want to share Some of the things that I think are going on and will be interesting Sorry, okay, so I'm going to cover a little bit of history like what what Why is blockchain interesting and important right now? I've run through some terminology so that you understand what I'm talking about later on Look at some key advantages of blockchain. We'll look at some Some of the projects that are out there how they might represent a threat or an opportunity and a few things about where I think this might go and what you can do to prepare for that future if you Believe me when I say it's coming So to talk about blockchain really we have to start with trust and Because that's really the the thing that blockchain addresses it's like an infrastructure for trust so I'm going to give you a little brief potted history of the way that I see trust and We'll go from there so when we were I'm a zoologist so I believe in evolution and and When we lived in our sort of ancestral hominid state of tribes running around We had to trust each other and we could trust each other because we were all interrelated So in the group we trust each other outside the group. We knew we couldn't trust people and as we became agricultural we needed to have Sort of specialized skills, so you had to have a farmer you had to have somebody to make shoes make tools And you had to have a medium of exchange Which was some sort of rudimentary currency, which is often actually food itself, but later coins and other kind of more durable items as Those towns grew into cities. We needed whole organizations to help To trust to keep the peace so we had to have police to make sure that we Didn't all rob each other and Governments to make sure that everyone knew what the rules were and knew what taxes were expected, etc as we've kind of developed into this global Global society those institutions have become ever more complex and ever more Important and now we've got things like the EU and into power and all those sorts of things and Digital really so far has just been kind of an extension of that, right so When I want a passport previously, I'd have applied to the written a letter to the UK government now I might apply online, right or If I In a previous life, I would have trusted a Like a bank with my money I'd have gone to the bank paid them the money gone to the counter got it back out now We can do that online, but it's really the same thing. It's just digitized. It's easier. It's more convenient and it's faster and Everything up to this point in the story has been about Centralized authority, right? So it's kind of giving more and more power to governments institutions universities etc and What blockchain does is it says You don't have to trust Anyone and in fact that you can't trust anyone and so it builds this trustless network Which in a kind of weird and ironic way means that you can trust everyone because if we start from the basis that You can't trust anyone and we build around that and assume that we can't trust anyone As soon as you build in a an infrastructure for trust Then It changes the world And that's really what blockchains about it's an infrastructure for a new economy where it doesn't matter about who we trust and who we don't Trust it doesn't matter about having a central authority for anything. It means that we can collaborate at large scale safely Bound by the maths bound by the cryptography that secures the network of the blockchain and This is important because right now we live in very Untrusting times so even before the Facebook Trump Brexit Cambridge Analytica thing there was Equifax and before that there was the office of The personnel office in the states that leaked Or was hacked for a whole bunch of information We've kind of found ourselves in this world where we've had to trust these centralized Sort of authority figures so Facebook with our data Equifax with our credit record Government with our identity and yet almost every week or every month. It seems like we really can't trust them because People are people and they screw up or their targets for hackers or whatever it is So people now live in this sort of very dystopian world where More and more we need to trust Computers and the data because that's the only way that we can be efficient with our lives and keep up with the modern economy But actually in a centralized kind of paradigm. It's really difficult to do that as it's proven time and time again by different abuses so we need to re-engineer trust we need to fix that and Our job is sort of most of us probably get paid out of a digital marketing budget Right, so marketing directors CMOs. They're the ones that hold the budget to pay for websites And it's our job to support them as marketers to build these deep relationships with their customers Whether those are consumers or whether there are other businesses and so it's this This idea of how do we build trust around organizations around companies around purposes? And I find so compelling about blockchain So Here's a bit of jargon and I'm going to start off with a Quick definition of blockchain itself, which I only found out about this week. So I'm going to have to read it I'm afraid it is the Harry Potter definition of trust of blockchain Which is actually pretty useful Sorry, I'm gonna Read it on here Okay, so block chains exactly what it says on the tin It's a chain of blocks each block tells a story and when placed in order with all the other blocks in the chain They tell you the entire life story of the blockchain every transaction ever or every Contract that's ever been executed if you try and change Block then the story stops making sense and the fans which in the case of blockchain of the nodes Will notice and they'll be crossed about it and they won't let you get away with it So if you can imagine ripping a few pages out of somebody's Harry Potter book They're gonna get crossed they're gonna know that that's not right if you try and change you all of the books You try and change the story at all. There are now so many Harry Potter fans in the world There's no way that you could get away with even changing a sentence probably without getting caught out And that's really the essence of the blockchain. It's something that's immutable that everyone can see and there's a consensus around so Like geeking out a little bit on this We used to hashes within technology right? We were all technologists when you get commit you get a hash of that change set and that's what Blockchain is built off these hashes and they get bundled together in blocks The network confirms exactly what is in each of those blocks and then they form an immutable chain because each block References the one before it and so on so there's no way you could ever change a piece of history in that whole blockchain Without it being super obvious right so it becomes a single totally immutable transparent source of truth which is actually quite an interesting and Important thing when you think about the implications So there are some other important Terms a consensus algorithm is how does the network agree what's in those blocks? And there's this sort of one of the things that the white paper from about Bitcoin Explained was how to solve the Byzantine generals problem, which is basically if you've got a City in the middle and you've got your generals all the way around the outside The only way that you can conquer the city is if they all attack at the same time And they all attack but the thing is you can't trust the generals You can't trust the intermediaries between the generals and if only some of you attack Then you probably fail and your army will be destroyed right so how do you solve that problem where you've got all these? Interconnected nodes that you can't trust how do you Make them build consensus, so it's like a really interesting piece of maths So once you've got that you've got this decentralized ledger which is basic So ledgers like a database right So if you're a bank it says money was sent from this person to that person on this date and back from this person To that person on that date that's ledger with a blockchain everyone can have a full copy of the whole ledger So it'd be like Everyone having a copy of the whole financial systems record so that everyone could tell if anything was ever changed right So on top of that kind of decentralized ledger You've got the consensus algorithm which helps people understand Agree what goes in there and you've got this technology called smart contracts which are Essentially programmable agreements that run when certain conditions are met so you might say Remkus let's bet an aetherium each that tomorrow the weather in San Diego will be 28 degrees And you might say no it's gonna be hotter and I'll say right it's gonna be on it or cooler So we can choose an oracle we might say like MSN weather if you say this API API end point says 28 or higher then you win and if it's 27 or lower then I win and We both put our aetherium's into that smart contract and on that time on that day it checks the API The value it gets back determines what happens and at that point once you've put that contract on the aetherium Blockchain it will execute. There's no way of Taking it back right so it's a way that we can Bet with each other without needing to trust Yakubo here to hold our aetherium's and decide who was the winner So it's like a peer-to-peer contract the most popular Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin everyone's heard about that. There are actually like a ton of them now. So cryptocurrencies are like a digital asset that have their own blockchain coins and tokens are They don't necessarily always have their own blockchain, but they do the same thing So they represent either something that's like an inherent Inherently digital asset or it could be like a manifestation of a physical asset So you could say right here's a Bitcoin. It doesn't mean anything in the real world. That's a coin likewise, you could say right we're gonna divide the the deeds to this building into a thousand small pieces they're gonna be represented by a thousand tokens and We can all own like a thousandth of this building each both of those things would be valid things to do with like a crypto asset So oracles of those things that we talked about in the case of Remkes and I's bet it was MSN's weather service. It could be something else entirely, but it's basically a trusted third party who Who can inform a smart contract of what's happening? There's a lot to take in with this stuff now imagine that this blockchain is less like just a decentralized ledger And it's actually like a whole virtual computer because that's what ethereum Which is the second biggest crypto currency and blockchain project is so All of the computers running all of the ethereum nodes all around the world essentially form the ethereum virtual machine And that's what lets you run smart contracts and do other things like I don't know if anyone heard about crypto kitties Crypto kitties is a decentralized application. So I have applications on my laptop on my smartphone You can also create an application that runs on the ethereum virtual machine, so it's a Program that runs out there in this decentralized network. It runs on no one's computer and everyone's so if you're running a node It'll run So it's like an extremely resilient way of running an application. It runs across that whole thing So Bitcoin is now the most powerful computing network that's ever been in the world So if you're running an application on that network, you're running the most resilient application that you could run Decentralized apps, Dapps are super interesting And then crypto economics like what does all this mean? How does it change people's behavior? How does it? Change the way that we can work together work with machines Collaborate that's what crypto economics is. What does all this add up to mean for human behavior? Are you kind of with me so far? Yeah Going too fast. Like any questions Okay, so what it kind of means is this which is a Delightfully Swiss-German word which basically means self-responsibility and in Switzerland, they have this concept where as long as you're contributing back and Being a good citizen, you're welcome and everyone leaves you alone as soon as you stop Unless you're a Swiss citizen you get booted out of the country, right? And it's this this idea that with blockchain it lets us all be responsible for ourselves. In fact kind of gives us that power there's no kind of hiding and pretending that Problems in the world of somebody else's right Allows all of us to collaborate and tackle any problem that we think is important to us personally so it's this incredible platform for mass collaboration Anyway, I just think it's a nice word These are some of the key advantages so we've talked about it being decentralized so I could be running a Bitcoin node on my laptop here. You could be running them on there. They could be running in data centers there are Hundreds of thousands tens of thousands of Bitcoin nodes running So every single copy Every single node has a full copy of the ledger So even if you took out the whole of the USA or the whole of China the Bitcoin network would still be running Right, it's incredibly decentralized. There's no central like Bitcoin master node. Every node is equal Very powerful concept The Bitcoin blockchain is entirely transparent so you can go back in time and see every single transaction that's ever happened so people think it's like something that criminals used to buy drugs actually That's a really stupid thing to do because it's like Super transparent and you can now figure out like they've got kind of a blockchain analysis tools And they can pretty much figure out who you are So there are other good cryptocurrencies for buying drugs online Bitcoin is not one because it's a transparent blockchain Fast efficient transactions now This is relative. So at the moment if I want to transfer the Deeds from my house like they're like the title deeds for some land that I own That's typically a process that takes weeks involves lawyers and surveyors and costs lots of money and takes lots of time If that's a digital asset, it's literally a case of me. You're me agreeing a transaction putting it into the blockchain once that Transaction is locked in the blockchain. You now own that deed, you know, so that could be five minutes so if it's a digitized asset means that we can transfer that value around super quickly so there's a There's a Cryptocurrency blockchain project called Ripple who worked with a lot of banks and their mission which is a really nice way to think about this kind of fast efficient transaction thing is to make Like if the the web so far has been about Transferring information, right? So their mission is to make it as easy to transfer value as it is information Which is a really powerful concept Because it's the centralized It's incredibly stable. You can always access the data that's in the blockchain You can always access the system itself. Even if there's one node running all that data is there It's still it's still there for you. So it's the most resilient thing that we've ever built And because you can't change that data, there's no chance of data corruption So you always know that this Thing that you save to the blockchain is always going to be there forever as long as that blockchain is up Okay So here's an example of what happens when you can see every single transaction that ever happened. This is a Transaction Recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain, which you can see if you go to that web address That shows you which wallet sent what amount to which wallet and any other information they put into that transaction what they did Was send 10,000 bitcoins to their local pizza place in return for two pizzas and one of my favorite Things on the internet is the Bitcoin pizza Twitter account where every day it reminds you just how much those pizzas are now worth so Few week a week or so ago worth 92 million dollars Which is kind of cool And Okay, so onto the WordPress side of things What's coming down the road? I'm gonna smack us in the mouth while we were worrying about Gutenberg and GDPR Platforms developers ecosystem and governance so I Think unless we sort some of these things out and like move Like do what we do anyway, which is like move adapt learn unless we Tackle some of these we're gonna lose our kind of You know loose and traction loose and market share these are like clear and present threats And I hope you'll agree when I've run through them as to why So here's an example of a platform. This one's called steam it It's basically like a reddit or a medium instead of earning gold or claps you earn steam dollars you can then take your steam dollars to an exchange and Walk out with real dollars and go and buy your groceries. So it's a way of getting direct reader revenue from your readership. There's no ads There's no Contract with a publisher. There's nothing like that. So, you know when you like something on Facebook Or give somebody an upload on reddit that becomes a currency which is worth some actual money So it's a very powerful concept and that's reflected by steam its success. It's actually a super horrible Editing experience. It's worse than the current WordPress editor by a long way I don't think you can even store media on steam it But it's now within the top thousand sites in the world and it's only been around for a couple of years So it's like they're killing it because people are like People's mindset is what's in it for me, right? I mean we're selfish Biological creatures most of the time and if I can post on wordpress.com and get a couple of likes or I can post it On steam it and pay for my groceries. What am I going to do? I'm going to post it on steam it You know, that's a real threat that we have to find a way to let people earn money By posting content on wordpress This one is really interesting civil. So this is a Decentralized application that built on the Ethereum blockchain which is interesting in itself So it's like a CMS for what's it like a newsroom Application that's built as a decentralized application It's built to solve very specific problems that publishers have right now particularly journalists So they don't want to necessarily be bound to Contracts they don't want to have ads on the site They don't want to be tied to affiliate marketing or some crap like that What they want is to be able to get paid by their readers for producing quality content So they have their underlying token which lets that happen you can Read a post on civil when it opens and you can transfer some tokens that they can then go and trade out and buy their groceries without pay their Runners or whatever a journalist do But the use of the tokens that underpin the platform go much deeper So by holding the tokens it gives you a say in the governance of what happens with the project so The more tokens you hold the more votes that you have about things like should we add this feature or that should we Nominate this project lead or that So it goes right through to the governance of the whole ecosystem for this this platform Third-party developers who can build apps to sit on top of civil can get tokens They can earn tokens as well. So it's a way for developers to earn revenue directly for building and contributing to open-source marketplaces and this one The last one who knows what a token curated registry is Because I certainly didn't But it's fascinating.  And the way that you Guarantee or like you put a bond up for good behavior is that you put a stake up of these tokens, right? So if you're serious about running a newsroom you might put up like 10,000 pounds worth of civil tokens and then that acts as a bounty For people to come and fact-check you and if you get called out that person has to challenge you with some of their tokens and Depending who is found to be in the right. They get the tokens, right? So it's like a bond for good behavior and a stake of me saying right I intend to be reputable and Here's my proof here are my tokens take them off me if you can so it's a very interesting powerful way of thinking about what does the tokenized economy look like But more over Civil has looked exactly at what journalists need and they've built a platform to fix those very specific problems Okay, so These are just content. These are things that I think are going to take some of WordPress market share if we don't Don't watch out and that's just a few that I've found There's a link here to this. So this is the Like a web 2 to web 3 comparison chart. There's another one for the blockchain based marketing technology landscape If nothing else and this includes like financial services and ticketing and a whole bunch of stuff it's not just web stuff, but there is a serious amount of effort going on in this space to build out things which are Economically deeply challenging to the way that things are at the moment So it's it's way beyond Bitcoin Okay, so developers let's talk about developers. This one's particularly bothersome for me being somebody who tries to hire and keep developers So in the top right we see this guy Mike did ask you see he's worked before at Braintree Venmo Google PayPal Disney He's now working on a blockchain project the number of times I see this like People working at the most cutting-edge software companies in the world are now doing a blockchain project is like it's more than just Coincidence as a trend going on. The reason is Blockchain developers are like Hens Teeth at the moment, right? There were something something like 14 or 18 I saw on a stat on the side a slide recently 14 or 18 times more openings than there are developers So WordPress is quite a contended space, right? So we'll like unless you're lucky to be at the top and a premium then you're basically competing with often Indian or like Eastern European developer, right rates here Developers like like they're charging at least double what WordPress developers are charging And you know what the work the work that they're doing is I'd say it's more interesting and important as well And that's me running an agency Being being honest, you know, I really do think it's true. I mean blockchain development is harder as well There are more languages the consequences of screwing up a worse Like imagine losing 300 million dollars or something like that. I mean, it's like not low stress but I've just come back from Silicon Valley and The amount of activity and like insanely clever people working in this space is mind-blowing It really is so don't underestimate How attractive this new space is going to be if you can code then you can help build a new economy, which is At least as exciting as building a WordPress site So There's a new ecosystem that's going on out there as well. It's not just about the platforms. It's not just about the development It's about this whole It's about the whole concept of what it means to have Content to have an application to run software. It's a whole new way of thinking economically and about collaborating. So There are going to be new solutions to problems for which currently WordPress is a good option And so there's that kind of high-level just ecosystem and approach and theoretical Threat That's lurking out there This one I feel a little bit nervous about putting up there because I don't want to offend anyone that is involved with the WordPress project or Anyone that works so hard to lead it in a good honest responsible way but I think WordPress project governance is honestly Confusing for some users, you know, this is a conversation that I've had to have You know, we're running WordPress, but it's also kind of connected to WordPress.com Which is kind of like WordPress, but it's not because it's owned by this centralized Business and then to make use of your features. We have to connect you through jetpack, which is this thing That's run by automatic, but it comes with any it gets like super confusing even for me and Quite untenable for enterprises who need to know who's got any kind of access to their site, right? You know the new versions of we commerce all ship with These great features, but you have to be connected to WordPress.com infrastructure to do it, right? And that's a point of entry and it's a centralized point of entry, which I'll talk about as well So WordPress.org is a piece of community-owned software. It's You know run by the foundation, etc. I think there's a new breed of Projects with new ways of governance coming and I think we have to Seriously consider What are the structures and mechanisms by which WordPress is going to be managed going forward, you know, because people are going to come to expect this sort of transparency about decision-making and influence That's my two cents on that one So what about all the good stuff now? I've sewed doom and gloom The good news is that the WordPress community is until 10 minutes The WordPress community is full of exceptional individuals who have worked together to produce one of the most important software projects. It's ever been We continually learn and adapt and I think that the WordPress community can achieve so much more By looking at what's out there and figuring out like how do we adopt? How do we pivot? How do we absorb? How do we integrate? That's what WordPress does, right? You know plugins of what makes WordPress work and there are opportunities out there But we have to we have to start looking now and start thinking now and start developing now Because they're coming thick and fast So here's some good ideas that I think are good ideas anyway, so let's fix broken stuff Who read the post by the guy that spent like five years? Chasing debt like running a spam comment plug-in and he had a breakdown because he ended up looking at like people dying and really horrible things happening the whole time like a super horrible problem, right and So comment spam email spam review spam These are all problems that get fixed by the same principles as As the civil idea, right? So you have to put a stake up or you have to pay like a microtransaction, right? So what if it costs you?   So instead of telling Google which Pictures have storefronts in you just let your browser run some hashing for two seconds And that is if you've got a server farm now Uneconomic to leave all these comments about there's a bit bounce for email And there's another one as well. I can't remember earned.com. I think so you can set up an account now on earned.com Set your price send me an email. That's how much it's going to cost you Security and infrastructure so Matt Radford pointed this one out on Twitter yesterday Which I think is a doozy So this ticket is about it basically says currently if an attacker can compromise API that WordPress org Then they can gain access to every single WordPress install on the planet now Automatics team do a very good job of Securing the WordPress.com infrastructure and so does the core team securing The org infrastructure nevertheless. It is a centralized infrastructure an essentialized Entry point to a massive surface area of the web. So it's a huge risk So what if we stored software updates and their hashes on the blockchain? What if every time your software your WordPress site tried to update WordPress or a plug-in or a theme? It looked for consensus It looked for the hashes and wouldn't allow an installation to proceed unless this blockchain was in consensus This was valid software and the hash matched wouldn't that be a more secure way of doing it than having centralized infrastructure? I think it would be There's opportunities for new integrations. So this is Excellent projects called basic attention token which takes the idea of tokenizing stuff to a really cool degree Which is they? tokenize a unit of human attention So this is a project by the guy that created JavaScript. He worked in Mozilla. So he's no fool And it basically says like civil you can directly reward Publishers by transferring tokens, but it also does a bunch of stuff around advertising and stopping this kind of Weird power that advertisers seem to have over everyone in the digital marketing space So I would definitely recommend checking out that project But the point here is we'll be able to charge clients for doing different types of integrations and we think about doing at the moment this one is like Uncannily validly close to WordPress right? It's called Poet It's got something about Gutenberg on the homepage It's a really cool project What it does every time you post some content It puts that content on the blockchain and It creates a transaction that proves that this content was posted by this person on this time. Here's the hash of it So it then becomes proof of ownership, right? That's my copyright There's a WordPress plugin for it already, which is great but imagine now there's a service where you post content it gets like the proof of Authorship is locked into the blockchain and there's like a crawler that goes out online it finds somebody that's pinched your content and Automatically issues a takedown notice or offers them a licensing You know, there's there's such smarter ways that we can do stuff with content ownership now And this is a live thing like you can literally use this service now This one is cool as well So I'm going to do that thing that you should never do which is to do a video in the talk so This is star blocks and these are the coffees that you can buy and this is showing a cryptocurrency Checkout for an e-commerce thing. All right, so that's what's happening You don't really need the audio for this So they've got a drink it costs point six not none or six three Bitcoin It's giving you a QR code on the thing. You're opening up your wallet app This person's then going to do like an absolutely Good awful job of trying to get the QR scan QR code scanned But like this is not adding taking cards out of pockets. This is not putting credit card numbers in This is an app on a phone with a wallet in it talking to a Wallet on a merchant's account. It's picked up their address and the amount that he wants to pay That person wants to pay click done That's a future of e-commerce, right? It's just so much So obviously so much better than logging into PayPal or copy and pasting Credit card numbers in like just so obviously and that's the thing to remember about cryptocurrency is it's a Nate digitally native way of transacting value. It's not old methods bolt it on to a new medium It's it's natively digital So if you imagine there's like TC IP IP SMTP DNS TLS yeah, I'm not gonna hit that. Thank you Then you know what we don't have is like a protocol for sending money, right? Do you know there's even an HTTP code For payment required. It's like a for 402. I think payment required But we never built a protocol to actually send the money for it So even from the beginning of the internet the very first web had this idea of like paying for content This is that protocol cryptocurrency Some other minor stuff. So imagine that you as an author have your public address on the thing and your social graph of what you've posted proof of ownership certifications affiliations Accreditations are all mapped through this open transparent network. What does that mean for SEO? It's like the world's richest graph, you know, how do you determine relevance when it's not just about keywords and keyword relationships Imagine a social graph the power of Facebook's for the whole web and maybe without Facebook So what new services can you offer as an agency? You know, I think One thing that I feel passionately is that I don't know why we charge so little for what we do Like we as a business charge the same daily rate as a plumber. That's not cool Like we add strategic value and help businesses transform stay alive and Create impact like why on earth to web agencies only get to charge a hundred quid an hour or whatever it is, you know it's insane you go to Anderson can like Accenture or IBM or somebody like that, you know They'd like 10x those prices and I think this is our opportunity to do that So our opportunity to say look here's the value that we create in because that's the money that's in your wallet that wasn't there before You know, this is a brave new world and we as a technologist and be People that are used to working in an open-source community and creating value and working through agile backlogs and delivering Delivering tickets We can transform the economy. This is our opportunity to Triple our rates pay our developers double have a much bigger impact on the world So we're going to need to learn as businesses how to do some of that stuff But it's there for the taking And this is why because Everyone's had a joke about Like a DIY or a vegan and a crossfit of walking into a bar and like who says what they are first something like that right so that the internet has created this like This fabric of micro communities of people that have causes and passions and believe in stuff You know, it can be hyper niche like, you know, knitwear for cats But there's enough people online that you can build a community around that right and if you can build a community You can build an economy now because you can create a token you can transfer it and you can create these circular values of One minute. No, no, I might actually make it I'm Circular economies of value. So it might be that you never trade your crossfit coin outside of you know, a Weird shoe company a paleo diet company in your crossfit gym, but it doesn't matter, right? You know, if that's if that's the way that you want to transact as a community you can And so brands this is like zooming way out, but The organizations and the brands of the future are going to be very different from what they are now You know, it's going to be about closer alignment with human values. What what do we want to achieve? What impact do we want to have in the world? What's our plan for doing it and how can we work together to make it happen, right? What are what are the economics behind this change that we want to see? So I Think there's going to be a new book or in Those guys shifting like I know time is definitely up those guys shift like tens of millions Around the world every day to deal with different payments coming and going to different drivers in different countries They would kill for a cryptocurrency that they could do that like that with Just a fact and as soon as the US regulators sort out what they want to do with this then we'll see that happening I don't even have time for to go into this stuff, but it's like everything's going to change and read up about it There are some things that you can do so basic attention token runs in this browser called brave at the moment at some point They build like a chrome plug-in download it Have a look at the settings see what's different from normal like web browser settings think about think about Implementing it on your own site think about using somebody's platforms Try them out see how they work see how comfortable they feel to us technologists that used to working in this space Like learn about this technology because it is absolutely coming I promise you that like forget about the news about Bitcoin going up or down like that is just it's just a distraction Yeah, what features do they you know I showed that whole list of Plug-ins, it's not financial advice. I'm not a financial advisor talk to a financial advisor or a lawyer. That's not financial advice subtle and I appreciate that Thank you so much for that wonderful talk. I'm sorry for rushing you there But we have to get on to the next thing it was really fascinating and I'm sorry We don't have time for questions. Will you be around after the closing closing remarks?