So, this is a lecture on a few ligands which are alternatives to carbon monoxide. We have already seen that carbon monoxide is one of the best ligands in organometallic chemistry because it provides unsurpassed pi bonding character. And people have always been looking for alternatives to carbon monoxide because carbon monoxide does not exert a significant steric influence. And it is possible to have specific catalytic properties if you can modify the steric properties of the ligand. So, with that in mind people have been looking for alternatives to carbon monoxide. And today we are going to look at a set of ligands which have come out to be extremely useful in organometallic chemistry. And which rival carbon monoxide in terms of some of the properties that they exhibit. If you look at all the carbon ligands, one can see this map where you have carbon monoxide a summer here. It is a ligand with a single carbon. There are other ligands which have a single carbon attached to the metal. And you notice that among the ligands which have a single carbon attached to the metal carbon monoxide occupies a unique position. So, if you focus further on some of these ligands you find that carbon monoxide can be replaced by Cn minus or alkyl isocyanides. And if you focus further on this group of ligands which is the alkyl isocyanide group we can see how this will naturally lead to the set of ligands that we are going to discuss today. Alkyl isocyanides are excellent ligands and we can see that they have pi accepting properties because the free ligand has a stretching frequency of 2 and 3 6 centimeter minus 1. And when it is complex to nickel 0 the stretching frequency reduces by 100 centimeter minus 1 which is exactly what happens with carbon monoxide also. So, there is a distinct advantage for alkyl isocyanides because you can have some steric influence due to the presence of this AR group attached to the isocyanide moiety. A further note of similarity to carbon monoxide comes when you compare the complexes formed by alkyl isocyanides with positively charged metal atoms. The frequency instead of going down actually increases this is exactly what you find for carbon monoxide also. And this has been attributed to two factors one of them is the lack of pi back bonding and the other is the fact that you have a charge on the metal and it influences the stretching frequency through an electrostatic phenomenon. Unfortunately, although alkyl isocyanides are so good they do have one disadvantage and the disadvantage comes from the fact that you have a complex many times you have a complex where the metal is positively charged and the isocyanide develops a partial positive charge on the carbon of the isocyanide. So, the alkyl isocyanide ends up with a charge in the complex where the carbon is positively charged and the nitrogen is slightly negatively charged and so is the metal atom. So, now we have a problem because if you have a nucleophile if you have a nucleophile the nucleophile would like to attack the carbon which is positively charged and many times you have an alcoholic solvent the alkyl isocyanide rapidly reacts with it and forms a type of a carbene complex where the ethanol or the alcohol ethanol in this example adds across the carbon and the nitrogen. So, that the oxygen adds here and the proton adds at the nitrogen end. So, this is a specific example, but it is generally true that nucleophiles will add on to the carbon in such a way that you have not an alkyl isocyanide anymore, but a carbinoid type of a complex. So, let us look at the alternatives that we have examined one of them is carbon monosulphide and carbon monosilionide. These are indeed isoelectronic with carbon monoxide and are very good ligands they have very good pi bonding characteristics and they have good electron density on the metal because carbon C S can donate electron density very well, but unfortunately there is a great difficulty in making them they are not as good as carbon monoxide which is readily available in a cylinder. So, we also looked at cyanide C N minus where you could change from C O to C N and then add an electron to compensate for the number of electrons that gives you C N minus which is identical in terms of electron count to carbon monoxide. So, C N minus should have been a good ligand, but because of the negative charge it tends to generate excess electron density on the metal and so it cannot stabilize low valent metals. So, then we move down to alkyl isocyanides, but unfortunately as we have just seen these complexes hydrolyze very easily and they generate complexes where you have a carbene and the carbene has got an N R 2 group in the previous example we had N R H and a O R group attached to the carbon. So, these carbines are these carbene complexes are those systems in which you have two heteroatoms attached to the carbon which is complex to the metal. So, we have a metal complex to a carbon and this carbon has got two heteroatoms attached to this central carbon atom and this metal carbon bond has some pi bonding character. So, these set of ligands where you have a heteroatom stabilizing the carbene carbon are in fact called heteroatom stabilized carbene complexes or fissure complexes. These fissure complexes can have either an N R 2 group and an O R or they can have two O R 2 groups. This is also equally valid and so is this alternative where you have two N R 2 groups. In this lecture we are going to specifically concentrate on a set of ligands where you have two nitrogens attached to the central carbon and in this group of complexes because of the formation of a ring you have a cyclic ligand. So, these are called N hetero cyclic ligands and these hetero cyclic ligands carbene complexes are extremely stable when they are complex to the metal. So, let us just look at a little bit of the history of these ligands and these complexes because these complexes have been made only very recently fairly recently about 20 years ago. They were discovered only in 1990s and they have become very popular since then. Let us take a look at how they were discovered and what led to their popularity. Initially the interest in these complexes started with the attempts to prepare a free stable carbene and one way to prepare a stable carbene is to carry out an elimination reaction where you would start with a molecule which can eliminate a neutral moiety like chloroform. So, if you heat this particular heterocyclic to a high temperature you will eliminate chloroform and this elimination should lead to a carbene center. This was the hypothesis and when this reaction was carried out it was found that you did not form a free stable carbene but that carbene dimerized rapidly and formed a olefin molecule and this olefin molecule is pictured here. So, if you can make this olefin people wondered if this olefin would have some reactivity with metal complexes and surprisingly if you treated this dimeric species dimeric carbene or this olefin with iron pentacarbonyl you tended to form an iron carbonyl complex which had this carbene. Now, it is a heterocyclic carbene and this heterocyclic carbene and this heterocyclic is having two nitrogen stabilizing the carbene carbon and it is forming a stable iron complex where the metal carbon distance is in fact less than what you would expect for a iron carbon single bond and it is more towards a double bond and we will look at this electronic characteristics shortly. Let us look at another carbene now. This carbene was in fact the main reason why carbene became extremely popular because it could be very readily generated from imidazoleum salts. The imidazoleum salts are stable because they are aromatic species they are 6 pi electron aromatic species which could be stabilized and kept in a bottle they could be easily stored in a bottle because of their stability and they were stable for two reasons. One is a fact that you have the 6 pi electrons two lone pairs on the nitrogen which I am indicating here with red dots and you also have a pair of electrons between these two carbons. So, that is the next pair of electrons. So, you have a total of 6 pi electrons and you have a positive charge here a empty orbital. So, you have 5 p orbitals on this ring system which have got 6 pi electrons and so it is an extremely stable aromatic system and furthermore the positively charged carbon which has got an empty p orbital this carbon is stabilized or protected from attack by nucleophiles by this very large adamantial group. This is a popular sterically protecting group and this adamantial group is the one which protects this carbon from nucleophilic attacks. So, this particular imidazoleum cation is extremely stable and it can be stored in a bottle. Now, this stable cation can be deprotonated by using a base or by using sodium hydride. If you use sodium hydride the H minus from sodium hydride will now react with this proton which is here and this proton will react with this H minus and it will generate H 2 or you can use a base which will remove H x as salt and that can also lead to a stable carbene moiety. So, this is a stable carbene moiety it is either generated by elimination of hydrogen and any x as it is pictured here or if you use an organic base you can just remove it as an salt. So, either way you can generate a neutral carbene complex which is extremely stable also because it is still an aromatic system. This lone pair which is pictured here is stored in the plane of the pi system and the 6 pi electrons which we talked about earlier are still present perpendicular to the plane of this ring system. You have a total of 6 pi electrons perpendicular to the plane of this ring system and you have in the plane of the ring you have a pair of electrons in an orbital which is like an sp2 hybrid orbital pointing away from this ring system towards any other species which might come towards this ligand. So, if this is to be used as a ligand a metal will be approaching this ligand and this pair of electrons can be donated to this metal. So, this carbene was in fact quite stable it was prepared and it could be crystallized and the crystal structure of these ligands could be characterized very readily and to add to that one could also characterize the imidazoleum salt. So, you have a system which you can compare very readily in terms of geometrical parameters and which you can use for further reactions very easily. So, let me just summarize the good features of these carbene. This is the carbene that we are talking about it is sterically protected. So, it has steric protection it has got a pair of electrons for donation. So, it has a pair of electrons for donation it has got 6 pi electrons in its ring system perpendicular to the plane of the ring and that stabilizes it and makes it aromatic and then it has a vacant orbital on this carbene and this vacant orbital can be used in terms of electron acceptance from the metal in case it is necessary. So, that will destroy the aromaticity of this ring system, but nevertheless that possibility exists. So, with this introduction let us just take a look at what would happen if you replace this very bulky adamantile group with a mesatile group that was also enough to stabilize this aromatic ring system the steric protection was sufficient. In fact, what is interesting is that dimethyl phenyl could also be used to prepare this particular ring system and make it stable. So, a variety of R groups that are pictured here a variety of R groups could be used dimethyl phenyl or isopropyl or tertiary butyl you name it and you can have it you can make this imidazolium cation and subsequently you can deprotonate that imidazolium cation using sodium hydride or a base in order to generate the free and stable carbene. So, this carbene which is a n heterocyclic carbene could be stabilized and very easily generate not only that it had this pair of electrons which could be donated to the metal. And as I explained just now perpendicular to this pair of electrons present on a sp2 hybrid which makes it a nucleophilic carbon there is an MTP orbital this makes the ligand a pi acceptor from the metal electron density can now be pushed into the MTP orbital on the carbene carbon making it a pi acceptor ligand as well as a nucleophilic ligand. This pi acceptance actually arises because you have this type of a resonance structure which is present here. This resonance structure is the one which stabilizes the carbinoid species and this carbon is the one which is now both electron rich and which can accept electron density from the metal. So, not only is a imidazolium cation capable of being a precursor for this carbene there are a variety of other systems which will also generate this carbene. Here I have pictured a couple of other possibilities. This is the imidazolium cation reacted with a base and I have already mentioned this, but if you use a base you would just replace or you would remove the Hx molecule which is available here and you would remove them as a base plus base H plus and X minus as a salt and you would generate the free carbene. It is also possible now to use a slightly different species if you have a chlorosubstituted imidazolium cation the chlorine can be removed using trimethyl silyl group. The trimethyl silyl group which I am writing here is excellent for scavenging chloride ions because of its chlorophyllicity it will form trimethyl silyl chloride and trimethyl silyl chloride can be removed in this reaction and the X minus can be removed by mercury. So, you would have precipitation of Hg X2 and you would form TMS chloride which is extremely volatile. So, this is a convenient way of making it is a convenient way of making this neutral carbene ligand starting with this imidazolium salt by treating them with mercury compounds and trimethyl silyl chloride is eliminated from this reaction and it can be readily removed and the stable carbene is isolated in the pure form because Hg X2 usually precipitates out in the reaction medium that is dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran. So, there is yet another method for making this carbene and here you have elimination of a neutral molecule. This time it is pentafluorobenzene which is eliminated C6F3 and H are eliminated from this imidazolium group or the precursor to the imidazolium carbene and you can also eliminate a neutral molecule like carbon dioxide. So, here carbon dioxide is eliminated from this species this carboxylate imidazolium compound and you can form this neutral carbene. I am showing you so many methods of making this carbene molecule because the ability to make this carbene is in fact a key point it is a key feature of this whole chemistry because you can make this carbene readily it is available for chemists to use in a variety of systems and study them very easily and very effectively. The last method is to remove a sulfur atom from this urea derivative and that can be done with reactive potassium. You add metallic potassium and you can eliminate potassium sulfide and because you eliminated potassium sulfide you again form a neutral carbene and this potassium sulfide can be just removed through filtration. So, here is a ligand which is extremely easy to generate through a variety of methods and it is possible to make them in good yield and so it is become an extremely popular ligand and very often it is possible to characterize both the imidazolium salt and the free carbene in using crystallography. In this particular picture I am showing you the picture of a ligand where you have the mesetile group two methyl groups are here attached to the phenyl ring and that is the group which is providing steric protection for this carbene which is right here this carbene which is positively charged. In this structure you have of course a proton here which is pictured in white and you have the counter ion which is your x minus. Now, this imidazolium salt can be deprotonated as we have just seen and you can generate the carbene. The reason for showing these two pictures is to emphasize the very close similarity between these two structures. There appears to be very little change when you go from the imidazolium salt which is pictured here to the carbene which is pictured here. The structure seems to be extremely similar and it is now possible for you to use this carbene carbon with the negative charge on the carbene carbon which is actually located as a pair of electrons on this carbon in the plane of the ring to form metal complexes. I have shown you here a three dimensional model or a space filling model of the carbene reason for doing this space showing you the space filling model is to show you that the carbene carbon which is which has been selected and shown using this yellow which has been marked in yellow in this particular picture. This as C 1 this carbene carbon is visible to us and it is visible to the metal also to form a nice complex. But at the same time you have substantial steric protection because of the presence of these bulky groups on either side of the carbene carbon. So, let us just look at some chemistry which follows the preparation of this carbene. These carbene which have been generated by various means can be readily complex to a metal and in some instances they can be reacted the imidazolium cation can be directly reacted with the metal salt in order to generate the carbene complex. So, that is yet another advantage not only do you have the precursor to the carbene, but you can use the carbene itself to form the complex. So, in both instances you can form nice carbene complexes with a metal salt. So, here you have in this particular picture you have the you have the palladium atom which was used in this particular was generated using palladium acetate. In the presence of sodium iodide it forms a complex where you have the Iodoo group which is complex to the palladium and the carbene which has been generated in the presence of this palladium acetate by removal of HOAC. So, the acetate group comes from here and the proton comes from here. So, you can eliminate HOAC to generate this carbene in the presence of the palladium acetate. So, the palladium forms a dimeric species and you can break this dimeric species using it another ligand. If you add another ligand such as triphenyl phosphine you can form a monomeric species starting with this dimeric species. I am showing you the simple chemistry which is in fact a general principle to move from a polymeric system to a monomeric unit you normally add a second ligand which is a fairly good and strong ligand to break the dimeric species and to form a monomer. So, this turns out to be a general principle for forming a monomeric complex starting with the dimer. But this also tells you that the triphenyl phosphine does not displace the carbene ligand which is complex to the metal instead it only breaks this dimeric bridge and it forms the monomeric complex. So, let us now form look at the. So, let us look at the structures which are formed using these carbines and before doing so I will give you just a few more examples. Here is yet another example where once again you have used mercury acetate in order to generate a carbene. This time you have mercury coordinated to two of these carbene units in a linear fashion as mercury one normally does. You can have this mercury complex where you have two carbines which are both interacting with the metal atom. Here I have pictured a chromium carbonyl complex which is a carbonylate and this carbonylate reacts with the protonated imidazolium salt. Once again this is an example where the imidazolium salt can be directly used for generating the complex. Here you have the carbene which is having a positive charge on this ring, but this is in fact delocalized all over this ring system. So, you have this positive charge delocalized on this ring system and that is complex to the chromium. As a counter ion you have an x minus which is coming from this imidazolium salt that we used to prepare this complex. So, you can have very interesting and very nice complexes where carbonyl group is attached to the metal atom and also carbene is attached to the metal atom. Let us look at some of the geometrical changes that occur in n heterocyclic carbines a little bit because this will give us an insight into what is going on in a carbene complex. If you look at the imidazolium salt, the imidazolium salt is pictured here on the left most side of the screen and this imidazolium salt if it is deprotonated forms a carbene. If it was a triplet carbene, if it was a triplet carbene then one would expect this ring system to have an angle of 109 degrees or this carbon to have an angle of 109 degrees. But we know that it is something more of a singlet carbene where the two electrons are in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the ring. So, this angle which I have pictured here is more like 120 degrees. So, this angle is close to 120 degrees and the lone pair or the pair of electrons from the carbene is localized on an sp2 hybrid and because of this delocalization of this double bonds you now have angle which is close to 120 degrees and a carbon nitrogen distance which is shorter than what you would expect for a carbon nitrogen single bond. So, this delocalization has got two effects A it shortens the C n double bond C n bond and makes it a C n double bond and it also has this effect of having angle similar to 120 degrees. Now, when you form a complex, so this is the carbene this is the neutral carbene which we are talking about and when it is complex to the metal atom it forms a cyclic ring system cyclic or delocalized ring system where this charge is now delocalized on this ring system and that leads to metal carbon single bond. But as I told you before it is possible to push some electron density into this ring system through the metals filled orbitals into the rings vacant orbitals and this will partially destroy the aromaticity of the heterocyclic carbene ring system. But nevertheless it stabilizes the complex as a whole. So, these are some of the small changes that happen when you move from the partial double bond character to the metal complex here you would have some small changes in the angle. Usually the angle becomes slightly larger it becomes closer to what you would expect for 109 degrees and it and the double bond is partially back. So, you have a greater double bond character between the metal and the carbon and also delocalized bond between the carbon and the nitrogen. So, let us look at now the pi donation why did we say that it is possible to push electron density into the ring system. There is sufficient evidence for this particular phenomenon. In fact, if you have simple hexacarbonyl chromium you would have a Raman stretch corresponding to 2108 centimeter minus 1 and when it is complex to heterocyclic carbene then the carbonyl stretching frequency decreases a decrease in the carbonyl stretching frequency is indicative of the fact there is greater electron density on the chromium. So, you now have greater electron density on the chromium compared to what you had when you had CRCO 6. In CRCO 6 the Raman stretch was 2108 centimeter minus 1 and now it is decreased further to 1972 centimeter minus 1 because of the presence of the same heterocyclic carbene. Now, one has to compare it with other ligands and we do that here by looking at a fissure carbene. This is an example of a fissure carbene fissure carbene also have the ability to push electron density into the chromium and they in fact do that much more effectively. For an example, we have this fissure carbene stabilized chromium pentacarbonyl complex and this has got a stretching frequency of 1953 centimeter minus 1. We are always talking about the stretching frequency of the carbon monoxide which is trans to the ligand which we are discussing. This is the ligand that we are discussing this carbene carbon complex and here we are talking about this n heterocyclic carbene. We are talking about the trans carbene carbon monoxide and the trans carbon monoxide has a stretching frequency of 1972 centimeter minus 1. In the case of the fissure carbene we have a stretching frequency of 1953 centimeter minus 1. So, these two ligands they pump electron density into the metal pump electron density into the metal and that is responsible that is responsible for the lower stretching frequency compared to CRCO 6 itself where the stretching frequency was 2108 centimeter minus 1. So, we always compare we have a reference complex and the reference complex for us in this case is CRCO 6 and we put a carbene in the system and then look at the carbon monoxide stretching frequency of the trans carbon monoxide. So, one way to look at these electronic effects is to look at a series of complexes. It is better to look at a series of complexes because we are not looking at an isolated incident, but a phenomenon where you have very clear indication of electronic effects. Tolman did this with a series of complexes which he could easily prepare starting with nickel tetra carbonyl. So, he took nickel tetra carbonyl. So, that is Ni CO 4, Ni CO 4 was treated with a ligand and he formed this particular complex. This complex now has got three carbon monoxides attached to the nickel and a particular ligand L which we want to discuss and he looked at the carbon monoxide stretching frequencies of these three carbon monoxides. Because you have a C 3 symmetry, you would end up with two different stretching frequencies and he took the average of both and this symmetric stretching frequency that you would have is the one that he parameterized as Tolman's electronic parameter. Tolman was a person who carried out this experiment first and this average CO stretch for the carbon monoxide which are trans to the ligand not really trans, but on the other side of the nickel. So, this symmetric stretching frequency of these two three carbon monoxides is called the Tolman's electronic parameter. Now, let us take a look at what would happen if you have carbon monoxide itself. So, that is nickel tetra carbonyl and then this stretching frequency is 2060. The actual stretching frequency in dichloromethane is 2057, but I have rounded it off to 2060 centimeter minus 1 and it is always convenient to have round figures in order for us to remember it easily. So, just remember that nickel tetra carbonyl has a stretching frequency of 2060 centimeter minus 1 and when you substitute it with the ligand, then you have a change in the stretching frequency and this stretching frequency is now something that we are going to call as Tolman's electronic parameter. When you have a ligand which donates a lot of electron density to the metal to the nickel, then the stretching frequency would go down. So, the greater the electron density given by the ligand when this electron density donation goes up, the stretching frequency would go down. So, the Tolman's electronic parameter has an inverse correlation with the electron donation from the ligand. So, this can be done for a wide series of ligands and Tolman chose NiCO4 because it was easy to do spectroscopy with it and it is also easy to synthesize these metal complexes very readily starting with nickel tetra carbonyl. So, here is the Tolman's electronic parameter given for a series of ligands. I have given here 3 different N-heterocyclic carbines and you will notice that this is the type of carbene ligands that we were talking about and this has got two nitrogen stabilizing the carbon atom bearing the lone pair, but you can also have a sulfur or an oxygen. Here, we have a sulfur and here we have an oxygen which is stabilizing the carbene carbon. In all these cases, in all these cases, you have the carbene carbon stabilized by a heteroatom and when it is complex to nickel tricarbonyl as in this complex that we are talking about, then the stretching frequency of these 3 carbon monoxides, the symmetric stretch goes down to 2060 centimeter minus 1 or it is close by as in the case of sulfur, you have 2061 and in the case of this N-n dimethyl stabilized heterocyclic carbene, you have a frequency of 2065 centimeter minus 1. These are very close to carbon monoxide stretching frequencies and so that is indicative of the fact that the pi accepting character of these ligands are similar to carbon monoxide. So, if you so if by comparing the Tolman's electronic parameter, one would be able to identify whether the ligand is capable of pi acceptance, whether the ligand is capable of pi accepting character, whether it has pi accepting character or whether it has sigma donating character and which of these characteristics is predominating in the complex. So, let us take a look at some of these complexes in the N-heterocyclic carbene, when you have a mesotyl group which is stabilizing the imidazole, then the stretching frequency in fact goes down to 2051 centimeter minus 1. So, here you see that it has gone down further from 2060 centimeter minus 1. So, the pi accepting character is indeed there, but nevertheless the sigma donation property of this imidazole mesotyl stabilized imidazole ligand carbene is better. The sigma donation is much better in the case of the imidazole ring which is bearing the carbene carbon. If you have instead of a mesotyl group, if you have an isopropyl group in the imidazole carbene carbon, then you end up with a frequency which is 2052 centimeter minus 1. You will notice that all of them, all of these three have got very close stretching frequencies and these are indicative of the fact that the imidazole group is capable of giving a large amount of electron density much more than carbon monoxide to the nickel tricarbonyl complex. Now, if you want to compare it with the phosphorous bearing complexes, then you will notice that the phosphines also have got good electron donating capability and they have poorer pi accepting characteristics compared to carbon monoxide. This is indicative of two factors. One is a fact that they are poorer pi acceptors compared to carbon monoxide and the other is a fact that they donate more electron density to the metal compared to carbon monoxide. So, here are a series of phosphorous ligands and all three of them are having very similar stretching frequencies except for pph3. This is triphenylphosphine which has got a stretching frequency much higher than the complexes that we had in the ligands that we are discussing here. Triphenylphosphine has got a stretching frequency of 20 69 centimeter minus 1 and that seems to indicate that in this particular instance you have pph3 which is giving less electron density compared to these ligands to the metal and it has got very good pi accepting characteristics as well. When you have an imidazole group which is flanked by two nitrogen's two nitrogen's bearing cyclohexyl group then the stretching frequency has gone down significantly below 20 60 centimeter minus 1 and it is 20 49 centimeter minus 1 and this seems to indicate that you have very good electron donation from the imidazole carbon to the nickel complex. So, this way of comparing a series of complexes and looking at the stretching frequency has helped in quantifying the type of electron donation or the type of electron accepting properties of the ligand. It is also possible for us to draw it or show it in a graphical form. Here I have tried to show it in a graphical form. The frequency is increasing in this direction in the direction of this arrow. So, the frequency is increasing in this side and the electron density is that is being pumped into the metal is increasing in this direction. I told you that there was a inverse correlation and in fact there is a inverse correlation between the electron donation and the frequency that you observe for the three carbon monoxides. So, Tolman's electronic parameter which is abbreviated as TEP is plotted here. This is TEP and it is increasing in the direction from right to left and the electron donation is increasing from left to right. So, if you have cyclohexyl groups these are cyclohexyl groups and cyclohexyl groups are obviously electron donating groups. So, they are present on the nitrogen then the electron donation seems to be the maximum and the stretching frequency has gone down all the way to 20, 45 centimeter minus 1. These are closed. They are rounded off to some close numbers. So, that you can easily remember them. Here is another one where you have an adamantial group, but the ring system that is bearing the carbene carbon has got some unsaturation. So, the frequency has got a higher number. So, as you have a change in the ring size then you have a change in the amount of electron donation to the metal atom. So, if you have a large ring the electron density that is moved from the ligand to the metal seems to be high. So, if you have a 7 membered ring here is a 7 membered ring that seems to donate more electron density compared to a 6 membered ring. Here is a 6 membered ring and then you have a 5 membered ring here. So, the 7 membered ring donates more electron density compared to the 5 membered ring. You will also notice that we can have unsaturation in the ring system and you can also have a saturated ring system. Both ways you can have stable carbene which are attached to the metal atom. But, in general as the angle increases as the angle n c n angle is the one that we normally talk about as this n c n angle increases you have greater and greater electron density donated to the metal atom. So, it is not always possible to prepare the nickel tetra carbonyl complex and so I have pictured here the iridium complex and the rhodium complex which can be easily generated. These are similar to Vascous complexes and you have 2 carbon monoxides attached to the metal atom and the carbon monoxide which is trans to the n heterocyclic carbene which is this carbon monoxide. This stretching frequency is very typical or is affected to a great degree by the ligand which is present in the transposition. So, that is the n heterocyclic carbene that we are going to talk about. So, depending on the electron density donated by the n heterocyclic carbene, this carbon monoxide stretching frequency changes. The advantage in using this metal complex or this metal complex system is a fact that you have only 1 CO stretching frequency that needs to be observed. So, this stretching frequency has been measured for a series of ligands and if you plot the Tollman's electronic parameter on the x axis. So, this is the Tollman's electronic parameter and you plot the iridium complexes stretching frequencies on this axis, you find a linear correlation. So, that is just indicative of the fact that these 2 frequencies are related. The electronic effects that you observe in the nickel complex can also be observed in the iridium complex. If you have greater electron density donated to the metal from the n heterocyclic carbene, then the stretching frequency goes down. So, as the TEP increases, electron density donation decreases. So, you can in fact have these linear relationships quantified. They give us a very good confidence that in fact the type of relations that we are observing are in fact proper scientifically valid relationships which are very clear indicators of the electronic effects of the ligand. Now, it is possible to tune the electronic parameter in a variety of ways. A very ingenious way of tuning the electronic parameter is to not use electron withdrawing groups, but to remove an electron completely say using electrochemistry. And it is possible to do this in the case of this ferrocene stabilized ligands. So, in fact F c is indicative of this ferrocinyl group F c is indicative of this ferrocinyl group. And if you have 2 ferrocinyl groups substituted on the nitrogen, then you can have a very nice ferrocene stabilized carbene. And this ferrocene stabilized carbene can be attached to the iridium one complex. And you can look at the stretching frequency of this carbonyl group which is trans to the heterocyclic carbene. So, you can now remove an electron from this complex and this electron is removed from the ferrocene moiety right here. So, you can have a reduced species or you can have an oxidized species. This is oxidized species. So, this is oxidized species and this is the neutral form or the reduced form. So, you can compare the Tollman's electronic parameter or the iridium carbonyl stretching frequency. And you will notice that the oxidized form has got a difference of 11 to 13 centimeter minus 1 between the system which is neutral and the system which is oxidized. When you oxidize it, then the carbene becomes electron poor. If the carbene is electron poor, then it donates less electron density. If the iridium has less electron density, then less electron density is pushed on to the carbon monoxide. If less electron density is there on the carbon monoxide, then the stretching frequency is not reduced significantly and the frequency is increased. So, the oxidized form has got a stretching frequency of 11 to 13 centimeter minus 1 greater than what you have for the neutral form. So, the neutral form has got less stretching frequency or a lower stretching frequency and the oxidized form has got a higher stretching frequency. Another interesting complex has also been made and this is a similar iridium complex where you have a carbon monoxide trans to this ferrocene stabilized unit. But, this time the ferrocene units are in fact attached directly to the nitrogen. A very ingenious way of controlling the electronic effects, but unfortunately the difference between the oxidized and reduced forms are mostly in the range 11 to 13 centimeter minus 1 in all these cases. So, the type of electron density change that you have on the carbon, the carbene carbon is not very large. For comparison I have given here the change that occurs between P P H 3 and P C Y 3. C Y is cyclohexyl group and in fact it is much more electron donating compared to P P H 3 and that difference is also 11 to 13 approximately in the range of 12 centimeter minus 1. So, this is a surprising phenomenon, but nevertheless it is a very interesting factor that has been observed. So, people have been able to observe this electron density being donated from a carbene carbon to the metal in a variety of different ways. Another easy way to do it is to look at the carbon 13 chemical shift that you can observe readily for diamagnetic complexes. As long as you have an organometallic system which is diamagnetic and most organometallic complexes are in fact diamagnetic, you would be able to observe the carbon 13 chemical shift. And that chemical shift changes when you have a neutral carbene and when you have a complex which is where the carbene is attached to the metal atom. The chemical shift is usually shifted up field by 30 to 180 P P M and this chemical shift is indicative of the fact that there is electron density which is shielding the metal atom. The metal atoms electron density is shielding the carbene carbon and giving it some extra protection from the external field and that is why you have to go up field in order to observe these carbene carbons. This is in fact the type of chemical shift changes that you observe in the carbene carbons. Here I have two mesotile groups attached to the nitrogen and the only difference between these two ring systems is that this ring system is unsaturated and this ring system is saturated. You can see that there is about 20 P P M chemical shift difference between these two units and people have tried to derive an electronic parameter based on the chemical shift of this carbon versus the ligand which is present in the transposition. So, if you can look at vary this ligand and measure the chemical shift of the carbene carbon which is in the transposition, you would be able to derive an electronic parameter. But this is not being as popular as Tolman's electronic parameter. So, we will not discuss this further, but suffice it to say that the electron density changes are sensitively reflected in the chemical shift of the carbene carbon. So, with this we will close this lecture and we will discuss the scenic phenomena that is associated with an heterocyclic carbene in the in the next few lectures. I will now summarize what we discussed so far by going to end. We have discussed a series of an heterocyclic carbene. This is a neutral ligand with good pi accepting capability. It has got P orbital which is substantially large in character and it is able to accept electron density from the metal d orbitals. It has got good sigma donation properties and we have seen this from the Tolman's electronic parameter. Because of the steric properties which can be tuned which we will see later, both the electronic and steric properties are substantially modifiable. So, this tunable character gives it a very great advantage. The ligand can be easily synthesized in situ and that makes them the n heterocyclic carbene superheros as ligands.


Hi and how are you all today? I am Priyanka. The question says, find a positive value for of m for which the coefficient of x raised to the power 2 in the expansion of 1 plus x raised to the power m is 6. Now let us quickly discuss this question. Now the coefficient of x raised to the power 2 in the expansion of 1 plus x raised to the power m is c m, 2. Right? Now according to the question, the coefficient is 6. So we have c m, 2 is equal to 6. So we have m factorial divided by 2 factorial m minus 2 factorial is 6.  That is equal to 6. Now on cancelling out m minus 2 from the numerator and the denominator, we have m m minus 1 divided by 2 is equal to 6. Our 2 can be taken to the right hand side. We have m m minus 1 is equal to 12. Further this can be converted into quadratic equation and we have m square minus m minus 12 is equal to 12. On splitting the middle term, we have m square minus 4m plus 3m minus 12 is equal to 0. Taking out m common from the first 2 terms, we are left with m minus 4 and taking out a positive 3 from the last 2 terms, we have m minus 4 taking common out is equal to 0. We have m minus 4 common and on clubbing m plus 3 we are left with these 2 equations. That means either m is equal to minus 3 or m is equal to 4. Since in the question it just mentioned to find out the positive value of m, so our required answer will be m is equal to 4 since in the bracket we can write down m cannot be equal to minus 3. So this ends the question. Take care. Bye for now.


Roedd o'r cyfnodd i chi'n gwneud o gyda Ieddaeth, y cynhyrchu ar gyfer Ieddaeth yn cael ei wneud i'r cyfnodd o'r ffyrdd.  Rwy'n fynd i'ch ei wneud i'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd. The Bill 6, to introduce stiffer punishments and punitive measures to combat and prevent kidnapping in Nigeria. Joining us to discuss this are legal practitioners Tungi Abdul Amid and Ngozi Akandu. Thank you very much gentlemen for joining us. It's a pleasure to be here. Tonight we've had so many lawyers on the show so it's interesting. I'm going to start with you by Sarkandu. A lot of people are wondering what this particular bill would change in the scheme of things. Now I'd just like to let you know that states also have some form of anti-kidnapping bills or other acts and laws that are already somewhat tailored to deal with the issue of abductions and kidnappings. So the first question is what difference would this particular bill, if it becomes law, make? To be honest with you, I do not expect much difference to be made, especially in the aspect of availability of laws or acts to take care of the problem of kidnapped terrorism or so on and so forth in Nigeria. Much difference would not be made because we already have a lot of laws, a lot of acts that have to do with this particular problem in the country. The only way or aspect where we would expect something to change might be the angle of enforcement. If only enforcement can become more pursued with respect to these situations in the country, I think the expected change would have taken place. If the enforcements are not enhanced or made better than they have been in the past few years, then I don't think any difference should be expected. Let's look at the states and the laws that they have. Now, we know that Anambra, Nugu, Abia or your cross-reviate or by also bolchi states, they already have anti-kidnapping bills. At the state level since 2008, many of these state governments have already introduced their own anti-kidnapping laws in an attempt to combat the crimes. But looking at what this bill, which has gone past its second reading on the floor of the National Assembly, is seeking to do, it wants to eliminate the present timeframe for reporting and prosecuting defilement cases in Nigeria, as well as remove gender restrictions on the offence of rape by further educating on propensity of rape on both male and female victims. Now, this is one of the bills that is going to be under this anti-kidnapping, and that's mostly for rape. According to the senator that pushed for this, he's also saying that because this is a major security challenge across the country as we speak, he's also pushing that the punishment that used to be, they call it light. They're saying they want it to be stiffer for those who are kidnapping, but I still ask the same question. Can the ones that we already have not be amended instead of rewriting a new one and making it law? I think they are not writing a new one. They are amending the current criminal code ads. That is the position there. In other words, what I'm trying to tell you is that we have criminal code, we have criminal code. The criminal code applies only to the southern part of the country. Why the criminal code applies only to the northern part of the country? The proposed amendment now only relates to the criminal code as the southern part of the country, not in the entire country. The law, as it is now, will only affect the southern states. I think the proposed amendment in that bid is important amendments, but I am of the feel that that amendment or even a new one cannot cure the problem on grounds. Because our problem is not about a lack of law. We have so many laws like my colleague said. But we haven't seen many prosecutions in terms of these abductions. Let's start by the very famous kidnapper in Nigeria, Evans. Where is he? Where is his case? So maybe that's also part of the problem. That's exactly where I'm going to now. That the problem is not about law. We don't lack law. We lack enforcement. That's our problem. Even if you have a law that now brings a death sentence and a life imprisonment or whatever, it may not even change anything. Because we have a law already on grants that will get in a death sentence in terms of the amrobrey and the murder. People are sickly people. So you see the problem we have in this country is about enforcement. We don't enforce our law. We don't punish people for the crime. I'm sorry, I want to disagree with you a little bit. Evans has been arrested. He's in custody. He should be having his day in court. In fact, by now, it's taken years. By now, shouldn't he have been sent? So should we be saying that the problem is with the judiciary system? Because I don't know if we can place this at the foot of the police who are the law enforcers. They have done their part. They've done their bit. Every single Nigerian was holding on to that string of hope that when Evans is made to hang, using the word hang loosely here, it might have set some precedents or become some form of deterrent for whoever wants to go in that way. But we're seeing more and more of these abductions because someone like Evans is still yet to have his day and justice is yet to have its course. You're agreeing with me. I'm agreeing with you. That's what I'm saying. There are some enforcement. It's slow, even where there is. And we're even talking about Evans. Is he only Evans that we have? People in the north, there are kidnapped students and whatever. How many of them have been arrested? How many of them have been prosecuted? We have so many of them. What they are doing is kidnapping. Those who have been carrying our students and all those. That is kidnapping. How many of them have been arrested? How many of them have you seen? How many of them have been paraded? We are being told by the ministers that they will not declare their names. They are declining names of those who are in debt and who are corrupt. The law is there that they remember the law that the law says you cannot publish names because they have not been convicted. But in terms of a kidnapping, those who have been kidnapped in the north or in the other part of the country, they say they will keep their name to their chief. You see that's why we are having the problems. The problem is that those who are in charge are not enforcing the law the way it should be enforced. They are not taking proper action in terms of punishing people who have been committing crimes. That is why people are being encouraged to do more. The issue is not about the law. If you like one who does the law every day and makes it decented every day, nobody will not change anything. If you don't have the will to enforce the law. The problem is about enforcing the law. Changing of the law. Like I said, the proposed amendment is very important. In defyment and rape matters, we have time limits. We are faced sometimes with people from bringing out a case after a while. It is very important. But now we stand in that. That will not change much in terms of kidnapping in this country. Because we are not dealing with those who are kidnapping. We are seeing them with levity. We are even considering amnesty for people who have been kidnapping people. Who have been killing people. So sad. I don't have any hope that they will see or anything. Let me go back to Baisa Khan. Baisa Khan, you want to come in. Go ahead. Something slightly. I want to add slightly to the events example. I think the events situation is a portrayal of the enforcement problem we have in this country. We begin to look into these things or begin to concentrate on a particular case when suddenly it becomes sensational. It becomes too public to be ignored. That is what the events case has shown to us. We calm down. We become silent. We settle down. We become like a bicycle to enforcement of all these laws and all these acts until something very sensational happens. Then you see them begin to make noise all over the place. It is not as if we don't have a plethora of instances where kidnaps and all these crimes are taking place. But it's just that when somebody becomes unlucky enough to come into the eye of the public. You see it becomes sensational. Noise is being made all over the country. This goes to show the problem of enforcement we have in this country. We don't enforce laws until something goes out of hand and becomes a public knowledge. Then you see the whole world becoming aware of it and then we can't run away from it. That is what the events thing has shown to us. To borrow your own words, get out of hand. The number of abductions and even kill deaths that have resorted from these abductions. Have they not gotten out of hand? The question I wanted to ask you before you chimed in on the issue that Abdulameed raised. What do you think the challenge is in terms of enforcement? Is it lack of expertise? Is it drain drain? What exactly could it be because we have our police, we have the soldiers, we have the joint task force. These people are all working together to read us of these bandits and abductions and kidnappings. What do you think the challenge is? Because one minute we see a Shagumi going into where these bandits are having meetings with them. Now we even hear that some security personnel accompany him. But then we hear that we cannot find these bandits. We do not know where they are. I really do not know what is the challenge really with the enforcement and making sure that these people are brought to justice. It is not difficult to throw away the possibility of compromising things like this. There have been suggestions all over the place of people gaining from what is going on. Even though we may not be able to point hands at one or two persons. In the past few weeks there have been expositions of names of people who are one way or the other connected with these bandits. You see the federal government not playing to our expectation of bringing these people to look. It raises questions of complicity. When you expect the federal government to do something, they appear to not be that serious. I think we are having connection issues with Barysa. I am going to toss it back to what Dylan made. Are you with me? Okay, you are back. Great, go ahead. We lost you for a second. We have an instance of a few days ago. I think I read it. Oh dear, the connection is on again. I am saying some more. Are we still having the connection issue? Yes, we can hear you now. Okay. We had an instance a few days ago. I was reading the Guardian newspaper where Barysa Femi Falan and some other lawyers were my friends. We are talking about how the federal government is being slow in prosecuting terror suspects. Even though the federal government a few months ago, before the judicial worker strike, said that it was only the judicial worker strike that is holding them back or delaying them from such prosecution. Now, the strike has been over for over two to three months. We still haven't had anything from the federal government. It goes to show that sometimes you begin to ask questions. Is it that we are not interested in getting these people prosecuted or there is something we are missing? There was also this instance of... Do we have to wait for the federal government? Look at me as a greenhorn now. Do we have to wait for the federal government to prosecute these said people? Because it's out there. There is a list of people. Even though the federal government is saying they are not interested in naming and shaming, but I remember vividly where the AGF said that they are more interested in bringing them to justice. So even if there is no public naming and shaming, if these names are with the... Take for example, the attorney general, can people who are through the FOI or something not get that information so that these people can be prosecuted? Again, look at me as a greenhorn. I do not understand the processes, but maybe you can help us. Yes. The process of criminal justice or prosecution starts with the requirement of charges against suspects. And only the attorney general of the federation or the attorney general of the state has this power to commence prosecution procedure. Or somebody to whom a threat to commence or proceed with such prosecution is given or awarded. Without those things happening, without the attorney general of the federation commencing this procedure, it cannot happen. And then he knows he or the attorney general of the states know they have these powers which they can exercise or refuse or fail to exercise. So the powers they have are so strong and almost absolute that if they sit and say, we will not prosecute, nothing happens. And they have the law to back them up in that line of thought, in that line of action. So they can decide not to prosecute and nothing can happen. That is why we are looking up to them, looking onto them, say, do this with the law says you must do. Why are you not doing it? You made a promise that you're going to do this. You have not done it yet. But he has been promising. I think there was an interview he granted recently where he said that modernities are being put in place to make sure that these things will take place. These prosecutions commence and conclude the way they were expected to. But we still haven't seen anything yet. That is why these lawyers, we all have been complaining. Why the delay? Why are you not prosecuting these people? That's a challenge we are having. Finally, Tunji, in the absence of them not doing this or if they decide not to or they do not follow through as we have seen many times, what then happens? Because we're all on the one hand trying to put an end to the abductions. We're trying to put an end to banditry. We're trying to make sure that people leave safely in this country and we can go about our businesses. As you can see, as we all know, there's trickling effects of this banditry and the abductions and the kidnappings. We're having issues of food shortages. We're having problems with food and traders travelling from one part of the country to the other. There seems to be some form of chaos and it's going to have more and more trickling effects. Governors have decided in the southern part of the country that there will not be open grazing again. That's also an issue. Measures are being taken but if all of this does not happen, like he has said, if the AGF does not one way or the other make sure that these prosecutions take place, what then do we do? There's nothing we can do. The only person that can prosecute is the AG. If he has the right to determine who to prosecute and who not to prosecute and when to prosecute and when not to prosecute, it is his responsibility. We can do something but we can protest. We can raise issues, we can make it public and let people know what is going on in the country about the number of prosecutions people have been killing people. My problem with the problem is that there is no political way on the part of the government. There is no political way.  They say they are missing or whatever, they are taking them into the society. That is not the way to go. You see, when we are not talking about only if there is some fear on Evan, for him to be in custody now, to be even facing trial, when we have people, bandits who are killing people up and down, I'm not aware that Evan was alleged to have killed anybody.  So the issue we are having is there is no political way to punish for crime. The sentiment of ethnic sentiment, a lot of sentiments are clubbing our inch, not allowing us to do what we are supposed to do. So the issue is until we have people in government who do things without fear of people, that is why we can get it done. We can like go and do law. We have to go. I wonder how many more people have to die for us to find that political will within our government. I want to say thank you. Thank you for being part of the conversation. We will take a short break now to see what Nigerians have to say about the new anti-kidnapping law in Nigeria. Stay with us. When we come back, I will be giving you my goodbytes. Due to the fact that there has been a high rate of kidnapping and people have been to extort money from other individuals trying to struggle up and actually make themselves a living. So I think getting kidnapping laws will try to reduce it. I think we need it to tell the insecurity issue because most people are turning kidnapping into a huge business right now, coupled with what is happening with the food and the health men. They are going crazy about that. We need to free them. Other parts of the country are serious insecurity issues in the west, in the east, in the south and in the north. So I think we need to have anti-security law to penalise every kidnapper. Sure, sure, but there is existing law now. Kidnapping is a capital offence. There is existing law. Unless you want to... Now that it's very rampant, they can review it and then increase the punishment. And let government look into unemployment. The problem with Nigeria is not laws. It's the willingness and the political will to carry out the law. I can give you assurance that if these laws are passed today, they will still mess it up. It may not be effective. So the most important thing is to have the willingness to implement the law. Just two days ago, the Taliban government in Afghanistan executed Kidnappas. But what do you see in Nigeria? We'll give them amnesty. Integrate them to the national security forces. Is that how to go? So I'm giving assurance that even if these laws are passed today, it may not be effective. If we don't have the political willingness, sincerity, the temerity to forge ahead and make sure that it's implemented. Let's hope, rather, that our governments will find that political will and do what's right for us as Nigerians. I'm Mary Anna Cohn. Have a good evening.


Okay, well good afternoon everybody and welcome here to Roger Williams University. Really appreciate that you've taken some time out of your day to come learn a little bit about our university and we're very glad to have you here. My name is Rob Hancock. I'm on the enrollment management team here at Roger Williams University and I'm really excited to talk about what makes our university unique and really give you hopefully a great sense of what an experience here at Roger Williams would be like. I want to just introduce Joe. Joe is one of our admissions staff. He's also the counselor of the day so he's here all day to answer questions from anybody who comes in to learn a little bit about the university. So after you take your tour, if you come back you have additional questions, want to learn a little bit more about a specific program or about the admissions process or financial aid. Joe will be here. I'll be happy to answer your questions and connect you. If he hasn't had the answer, you can connect with the right people to make that happen. So I had a chance before to get to know a few of the folks in the room. I think we have a couple of folks that are interested in biology, I think if that's right, some business and marketing folks, engineering perhaps. So we've got a whole range of majors and interests today so I'm going to try to touch on those a little bit. But I also want to see if there's any particular questions that you have that you want to make sure we cover in this information session. At Roger Williams we try to make sure that the education our students receive is really personalized. We want to take that same approach here. So does anyone have any particular questions? At the start you're going to have a chance to answer them later, ask them later. But any particular questions about programs or anything else you want to know about? Like I said, we'll come back to it as well so if I don't cover it, if you have a question you're not sure about, we'll go back to that. So you're here today to learn a little bit about Roger Williams and be thinking about what your four year time here at the university or if you're transferring in a two, three, whatever years you want to be filling in here and then you're trying to think about what that experience is going to be like. You're also wondering about the admissions process, applications, getting into college, what it's going to be like to be here on campus. You may not yet be thinking about what happens after, maybe a little bit. But that's okay because that's what we really focus on here at Roger Williams University. We start at the end. So what you're going to need during your time here on campus that is going to prepare you to have a great career and to have a successful and meaningful life. And we approach that based on research. A couple years ago, the Gallup Organization, who does a lot of polling around the country, asked 30,000 college graduates what were the key factors during their college career that helped lead to success afterwards. They identified these six factors, professors who make a difference, opportunity to do hands-on projects, a chance to have connections with mentors on campus, to be involved in activities and programs that are happening around the campus community, a chance for internships and really experiential learning opportunities, and a focus on preparing you for life after graduation. So these are the six factors that were critical during your college career to help you be successful afterwards. What was interesting about that poll is that only 3% of those students said they got all six of these in their college career. So these are the six things they need and only 3% said they got it. Well one of the things we did as a university is we looked at those and we said we have all of these things on campus and really focused on making sure that they're an integral part of every student's education here because we want to make sure that you have a great time on campus as a student but that when you leave you're well prepared for your career, for your life and all that is to follow. And that's the approach we take. Today's presentation I'm going to go through a little bit about who we are as an institution, how we approach our work and how we're committed to your student's success in that process. We're also going to talk a little bit about admissions and the information you need to know for that process and then also to dive into scholarships and financial aid information as well. This part of the presentation will be about 20-25 minutes then you'll get a chance to go out with our great tour guides. They're really going to dive into a lot of the campus life, student life activities, things that are happening around campus. They're also going to show you all the different, a lot of the different buildings on campus as well. So I'm going to leave some of that stuff to them but other questions we'll be able to cover here as well. So a minute ago I talked about how we're really focused on making sure that you as a student have what you need to be successful after you graduate. The world is changing incredibly fast. In just a few weeks the iPhone X is going to come out to celebrate the 10-year anniversary of the iPhone, which means 10 years ago smartphones, iPhones didn't even exist. And now there's entire industries that are centered around that. Social media marketing, app development, totally changed computer science development. All of these things have changed just over that 10 years. And so we're focused on making sure that the education you get today is going to prepare you for the world tomorrow that you're going to walk into. But also that you get the core foundation of critical thinking, of problem solving, that you need to be versatile in the marketplace of 10, 20, 30 years down the line. It's that approach today that moves you forward. And we do that because it's aligned with our goal as an institution of building the university the world needs now, that we are prepared to be ourselves nimble and flexible to make sure that we're meeting all of those needs of students and that those students when they graduate are able to meet the needs of the workforce in the community. As an institution, we are, as a university, we are a little over 6,000 students, spread out over eight schools and our division of university studies. That includes our 4,000 undergraduate students, our about 400 graduate students, about 400 law students. We have the only law school in the state of Rhode Island who really specializes in public interest law and also hands on experiential learning and clinical externships, as well as our school of continuing studies, which services a wide range of students primarily out of our Providence campus. So we're about 6,000 students. As a university, we're spread across those two campuses. Most of our undergraduates are based here. There are some programs that might utilize our Providence campus or are doing projects out and about the community. But that's who we are as an institution. What that means is that you get the resources of a university. When you head out, you're going to see our wet lab in our school for marine and natural sciences, where, actually interesting enough, just last week, fish that were raised in that wet lab by our researchers and our students were released into the New England Aquarium to help restock their giant fish tank. But it was been to the New England Aquarium. It's got a giant tank in the middle. Well, our researcher has raised a particular kind of fish to be released out in there. So we have those large resources. In architecture, it's our design center. If you go to our business school, you're going to see that we're enlarging the facility for our cafe program, which is a program where students manage real world portfolios, a quarter of a million dollars. Students are managing and investing and trying to generate positive returns on. So we have those university resources, but what you won't see when you walk around campus are big lecture halls. We really don't have any classes over 60 students. Most of our classes, almost 90, 95% of our classes are less than 30, because it's important to have that balance of those university resources and that close personal connection. All of our classes are taught by faculty, not graduate assistants or teaching assistants. So they are experts in their field or in their profession, and they're bringing that knowledge here to campus to share with our students. So you really get a chance to develop those personal connections to connect with those faculty that make a difference, and that's what we can offer. We have, you're going to see a little bit from the different schools that are available, business, humanities, arts and education, social and natural sciences, which includes biology, psychology, political science, anthropology, architecture, art and historic preservation, our engineering, computing and construction management, and then our school of justice studies as well. Our division of university studies houses our interdisciplinary programs, like our popular public health program, is based in that center as well. So this is kind of who we are as an institution, that university resources, but with a personal connection between students, faculty and staff. When you're thinking about your academic career at Roger Williams, we think about it in thirds. If you take all the credits you need to earn, you divide it into three parts. One is going to be your major requirements. What classes and courses and experiences you need to complete in order to satisfy the major you're looking for? The second one, and I'm going to dive into this a little bit more in a minute, is our core curriculum, a foundation that all students get that provides support for critical thinking, problem solving, cultural understanding, and really connects them and gives them that versatility and flexibility to be successful professionally, personally and beyond. And then about a third of your classes are what we think of as personalized coursework. So it might mean that you're majoring in engineering, but you also really like music, so you want to take some classes in music. It might mean that you're interested in a major in science, but you might want to try and see if you also like business. So you get a chance to kind of try a couple of things. For some students that are undecided, they're sort of exploring that opportunity to find what majors really going to fit for them. So those are the three main components. I'm going to talk about the core here for just a minute, because it is really that foundation that all students have, and it's centered around providing you the opportunity to be flexible, nimble, and prepared to really succeed. There's two central components that allow you to do that. Our five course interdisciplinary core is a series of classes that include things like the scientific method, arts, human behavior, and a couple of the components that really ground you in an understanding of the world around you and how to really leverage your specialized knowledge in your major to make a difference in the community around you. We also have the core concentration. This is a unique aspect of our core where students can get a complementary skill set in a different discipline than what they're majoring in. And students have been really creative in how to use that. For example, we had a marine biology student who did a core concentration in photography because they were interested in underwater photography, and they actually ended up working with National Geographic. We have had a marketing of a business student who was really interested in music, so got a core concentration and then actually, I think, turned it into a minor, which is usually just one or two more classes, in music technology, using our music technology lab, where you can do digital music and really analyze it. So now he's prepared to be an entrepreneur in music and business and combine them together for a successful career. So there's a lot of different ways that you can use that core concentration. And a lot of students, like I said, with just one or two more classes, will turn that into a minor. A few more classes, they might turn it into a major. We do have a few classes that are just our core competency in math and writing. A lot of students can test out of that, based on what they've done in high school. And then we do wrap it up with an interdisciplinary senior seminar, which is really meant to bring together all of the things you've been learning across these different areas to prepare you for life after graduation. So this is a little bit about our degree. One of the things that's central to everything we're doing, all of these components, is hands-on learning. And hands-on learning is based in two premises. One, it's a great way to learn concepts and ideas that you're being taught in the classroom. But it's also really critical to build up your skill set, your resume, to be prepared to really thrive. Starting for our students, hands-on learning starts before they even take their first class as a first-year student. All of our first-year students participate in something called Community Connections Day, where they head out in the community and do projects and initiatives with community organizations. It might be working with a social service agency. It might be doing research. It might be planting trees. It could be a whole range of things that you're doing. But that's happening before they even step into their first class. And it lays that foundation of hands-on learning and also that foundation of commitment to community. For a lot of students as well, they participate in a program through the Community Partnership Center. This brings together faculty, students, and community groups to solve problems. A lot of faculty will actually align their class to include a project through the Community Partnership Center. An example, just yesterday, there were engineering students at a fort in New Bedford that is out on the tip of the peninsula in New Bedford, right on the ocean. It's a fort that's been closed for many years. And they're out there doing structural analysis to determine what needs to happen for that fort to be able to reopen to the public. It might also include doing our business and marketing students and web development students actually did a project for a community arts organization who needed a new website. So they came together with those three things, came up with a marketing plan and a new website for this organization. So it not only builds a skill set, but students actually can leave Roger Williams with a resume of accomplishments that they can share when they're starting to look for their career after college. So these things happen a lot for first and second year students as students move on, there's a lot of other hands-on opportunities. Internships, where you are spending a semester more working closely with a business or a non-profit organization, whether it is in, and really this goes across all of our disciplines. Student faculty research. This is really common here at a university-sized school with predominantly undergraduates. Undergraduates get an opportunity to do research that they don't get to do at other places. There are some students actually in math and in, I think biology and psychology that are currently doing research to do mathematical models of the impacts of Parkinson's disease. So they are looking at using mathematical models to understand how our brain works normally and how it works if you're afflicted by that disease. So that's research that students are involved in specifically. And then there's also the opportunity to study abroad, to get beyond our campus and really be involved in projects. And it's not just going to another country and experiencing the culture. Students do very active programs in these initiatives. We have a group called Engineers Without Borders where students have gone down to Dominican Republic and other countries to help facilitate getting clean water to the residents and the citizens there. So they can be project-based and they can be connected with a major, our architecture program. Students go to Florence, Italy or to Barcelona and study there. And biology or marine biology will sometimes go out to permute us. There's a whole range of programs that are built into the structure. So here, Rajuins, we're going to challenge you. To prepare you to thrive after college, we know you're going to need these in-depth experiences. You're going to need high quality education. We're going to challenge you, but we're also going to support you. It's two parts to that process. Today on your tour, you'll probably step into the University Library where we have a whole range of support and advising services from our peer mentoring program to tutoring, to student advising, and also on campus we have our career and professional development. So we have a whole range of ways in which students get the support they need to be able to be successful here on campus and beyond. It starts with little things. So our peer mentoring program, where all first-year students are assigned to a peer mentor, the day before classes start in the first year, they go around and help students find where different classes are and different buildings are around campus. So they can actually start the first day and know where they need to go. So it's a small feature that can really make a difference in getting folks prepared and connected and getting going on a successful career. So that's the way we approach it. You wanna make sure that you have the challenging curriculum, you have the important projects. You're on cutting-edge research, but that you're also getting the support you need all throughout the process to succeed and thrive. When I started in this presentation, I talked about those six main factors that the Gallup poll indicated. So those professors made a difference, hands-on projects, mentors, campus involvement, internships, and I said, this is what we're focused on. Well, I don't want you to just take my word for it. I want you to be able to see an example of that. Let me just move this back here, whoops, come on back, nope, I'm going the wrong way. There we go, nope. And I'm gonna show you an example from our construction management program. And when you watch this, I want you to look for some of those factors. Look for those professors that are making a difference, the mentors on campus, the hands-on projects, the preparation for life after graduation. And this is just one example from one major, but it really applies across all of them. It's just a few minutes, I just want to show you. Folks from Roger Williams, who have come here and work here really have fit in so well. Really smart, bright students and graduates, but also practical, thoughtful, and really well-equipped to join the working world, particularly in construction, which is an intense business. Could it be more delighted to be here tonight? It really is an honor. The Shaman design and construction has provided us with a relationship and been a partner to us throughout the last 17 years that I've been there. Roger Williams is a great technical program that balances your education with a liberal arts program, which really gave me a well-rounded education. From day one was a very, very good balance of both work and hands-on. All the professors, it's clear that they have all worked in the industry. They know what they're talking about. You get to kind of see the holistic picture of what actually happens in the real world. The first step in preparation for careers is to ensure that we're teaching a curriculum that meets the needs of the industry, which our graduates will serve. Roger Williams just has so many great relationships with companies like Shaman that there's so many opportunities for you as a student, especially for internships. You know, I remember my first internship. I had no prior experience in construction, and I went for it. And you know, thanks to Roger Williams, the relationship and who they know and the alumni, I got my first internship at a construction company and I knew nothing. And that internship was definitely rough. But you learn from it and you grow. You graduate, you get your diploma, and you know a lot more than a competition. So again, this is an example just from one of our majors, but this type of thing happens all across the board. So whether it is our business, our marketing students that are working with business marketing agencies while they're still in college, doing internships or experiences, whether it is students doing research that is gonna get published and is gonna get shared and is gonna end up in the community, whether it is creating web-developing projects or apps that help move forward different organizations like the small nonprofit I talked about. These are the types of things that we are focused on to make sure that all of you can be prepared. You're gonna leave prepared for the world that follows. So we're gonna dive into some of the admissions and financial aid information in just a minute, but I wanted to pause for a second and see if you had any questions about what I covered so far and or anything else that came to mind. So you don't have any questions? Would I have any of the admissions stuff? About any majors or programs or projects? All right, well if you have any questions after too, you can check with me or Joe or your tour guides as we go as well. But I wanna just dive in here to some information about the admissions process.  You're not a single number. You're not a single stat. So we take a holistic approach to admissions. We wanna look at all of the things that you think really make you special and stand out as a student. So there's a couple of components that are part of our application, but we really wanna be looking at them in a real detailed way. So we use the common application. So you go ahead to the common app and make sure you add us in there as a school and that's gonna be your method for applying. You do need your high school transcripts in there and when we look at your transcripts, we actually will take a program specific view. So if you are thinking about engineering or if you're thinking about science, biology, if you're thinking about architecture, there may be a focus on specific math and science requirements and things, what classes you took there. There's also going to be if you're interested in a humanities course. So I looked more closely at writing and language skills. We're also gonna take in consideration not just the grades, but also the rigorous nature of your course load. So it's not just the GPA, it's also what classes you were taking in that process. We're looking for a letter of recommendation, one at least you can offer more. So I include that in the process and also there will be an essay as part of the application process. I don't think we had anyone mention any of these majors, architecture, visual arts, creative writing or dance. They do require a portfolio or an audition. If you have any questions about that, we can talk about it as well. One thing we don't require is standardized test scores. So we are test optional. So if you don't think that, if you took a standardized test and you think it's a good representation of your skills and your abilities, go ahead and submit it as part of your application. If you didn't take it, or you did and you didn't feel like it's a good example, then just say don't consider it. And that's fine. About half our students submit them, about half the students don't. And it makes no difference in the admissions process, who gets admitted and who enrolls. So it's really up to you in terms of what you think will best show your skills and your abilities as well. We have two key deadlines. Our early action deadline is November 15th. Just by a show of hands, I don't think I asked this before. How many folks are juniors in here? Do we have any juniors in here? Nope, all seniors, okay. All right, so early action deadline is November 15th. So the nice thing about that is you get your application in, you get your materials in, you're gonna hear about six to eight weeks later. So you actually can hear before the end of the year whether or not you've been accepted to the university. So it's a great chance to get that information in and get that quick response. And then we also have a regular decision deadline of February 1st. Either one of those, either one of those was binding. So you do have until May to make your final decision, but you get to have the answer earlier and get to start planning things together. You're also gonna hear about any merit scholarship award that you might receive as part of your application process when you get your admissions letter back. So that's a great chance to get that information sooner, start to be able to plan things going forward. If anyone's interested in our honors program, which provides a great opportunity for more in-depth programming and classwork, we recommend applying for the November 15th deadline. That gets you in consideration with the full set of honors students. You can apply later. You just might have to wait to see if there's actually space left in that honors program. So just get your information in there. You can indicate that on the common app. So I'm interested in the honors program. I'll ask you a few additional questions and that will be considered. And that's typically for students that have around like a 3.7 GPA above or ones that are really aligned with the honors program. Any questions on the admissions process that I didn't cover? I just had a question concerning the letters of recommendations. Is it preferred that it's come from a teacher or possibly an employer? I'm curious more, Wade. Neither of those give any way, right, Joe? I mean, generally a counselor's gonna submit one anyway. But my sort of recommendation to a student is anyone who can give us a unique perspective. So if a counselor's already writing one and the teacher's already writing one, at the end of the day, two or three teachers writing letters, it's likely they all know the student from an academic perspective. I'm gonna glean the same information from each letter. But from a supervisor in a workplace or a community service project or something, that's a unique perspective. An athletic coach. An advisor from performing arts groups or something like that. Anyone who can tell us something different about you from a different perspective, you're encouraged to write it. And in that case, I mean, I'll be five or six letters of recommendation about a student if they each tell me something different. But three letters from all from teachers, eventually they kind of start to sound the same. But it's not necessarily that we value one over the other. Truly, as long as we're learning about the student, about that person, it's valuable. Okay, thank you. Yes? Typically, if you apply early action, do you find out about married age earlier or do you still have to wait until after the regular decision? So you find out about merit-based aid with your acceptance letter. So you would get a letter. Yep, they would notify you on your missions and you would get the married aid with it. And I'll talk about this in the next slide. I'm going to talk about financial aid. If you are then applying for need-based aid, that will depend a little bit on when the FAFSA gets filed. But the merit-based scholarships, you'll hear about with your decision letter. Yeah? Yes? All those requirements, like, so required for transfer students? Yes, that's a great question. Do you know, Joe? So it's a streamlined process for student transferring in. We actually, we accept the common application for students applying as first time and first year freshmen. For transfer students, we actually, though the Common App now has a new application for transfers, we actually have our own that lives in our website. It's called the transfer rapid application. And it sort of streamlines all of this down quite a bit. So we just require a transfer from every institution of higher education that a transfer student, a transfer student would have applied from. And then instead of that letter of recommendation, what's called a college transfer report. It basically just let's us know about your academic and the currency of your standing in the institution that you're transferring from. Any other questions? Yes? We have this handout on engineering, and it says early action in November 1st on here. So we just adjusted our deadlines for this fall to move to, I think we previously had two deadlines for early action, so it's now November 15th. Yeah, it does have two. One here, November 1st and December 15th. Yeah, so that's what it was last year. So now it's just the single one, November 15th. Yep, you got it. Any other questions? All right, so we'll move to the second part of this process, which is also talking about financial aid. And Roger, as we think of it as, we wanna make sure that you have access to an excellent education. That what you come here and get is gonna be really an outstanding experience when you're here, and as I've mentioned, prepare you for life after graduation. But it's also equally important to make sure that it is affordable, and it is comfortable, and that it's something that can work for you and your family in that decision-making process. So our approach to financial aid is also to be very personal and be very focused. And everyone's situation is gonna be different. Everyone's family situation is gonna change, it'll be different, and we wanna make sure that we put together the right type of aid package that will work for you. There's a couple of key things that are available to everybody. The top one that we have there is our four-year tuition guarantee. That means that the tuition, the first year tuition stays the same for all four years that you might be here. So it doesn't go up three to 5% as it does a lot of institutions. What you pay the first year's tuition is gonna be the same every year that follows. And that's part of our affordable access guarantee so that you can plan and be prepared for what carries out there. As I mentioned, when you get a decision letter, you would get information on merit scholarships that can range from 5,000 to 20,000. So you have that information right there in hand as soon as you get that accept letter. But there are other options for additional need-based aid. For Raju Ames, what you need to do is submit the FAFSA, the federal application for student financial aid, which is available in two days, October 1st, right? Yeah, so set your alarm clocks for early Sunday morning to be able to get that. So the FAFSA is available to submit. And if you submit it around the time of application, you will probably hear about any need-based aid as part of your package within a week or so of receiving your decision letter. So we wanna make sure that you have all of that information available to you. And that would be in the form of state or federal grants as well as any loan opportunities. And then on campus, we have lots and lots of student job opportunities. These can be work-study opportunities here. They can actually be some with community organizations. So they're an additional way for you, for students to be able to cover the costs of college. And oftentimes get a lot of great experience from that process. I work in the marketing department. We have student staff that are part of our work and they're actually doing marketing work for the university, whether it's shooting videos or writing stories as part of that process as well. So those job opportunities not only provide support for you financially, but can also really help round out your education. Any questions on the financial aid?  But I wanna thank you again for coming and visiting us today and I encourage you to come back and visit us again throughout this process. We have open houses that are happening in October and then again in November. There's a flyer here that talks a little bit about it. We also have, you can come back and do a shadow visit where you sit in on classes, talk with coaches, talk with faculty members, get to know a little bit more about the program that way. And if accepted, you can also come participate in our accepted student days, which happened in March and April, which give you a much fuller understanding of the programs, the experiences that are there. So please come visit us again, keep in touch. We're gonna be checking in with you, but you can also check in with us if you have questions on the admissions process on financial aid, on specific programs, we can get those answers for you. And then also we encourage you to, the Common App is ready. It's out there so you can get moving forward on that. You can also keep track of us on social media, our RW admissions pages, provide a lot of tips and suggestions for applying, not just for Rudge Williams, but for other places as well. So I'm gonna turn it over to our tour guides. They'll tell you who's lining up with who and what's that? Okay, just figuring that stuff out.  And as you mentioned, if you come back, you have questions, Joe will be here. He can be happy to answer them. And again, thank you for your time. Thank you. Yeah. Hi, I'm Danielle DeRosa. I'm a sophomore, I'm a psychology and eye double maker and an history and French double minor. Hi guys, I'm Jay, I'm a junior this year from Townsville, Massachusetts. On campus, I'm part of EWB, which is Engineers Without Borders. So we're actually going to equity this year to install our filtration systems, which is pretty cool. I'm also part of the American Society of Civil Engineers. I also play on the hockey team and I'm a tour guide on campus. Hi, I'm Chris. I'm a junior, I'm an accounting major with a double minor in Craft and Design and Marketing. I'm from Shrewsbury Pass and on campus besides being a tour guide, I'm the PR chair for Campus Entertainment Network and Secretary of the Folk Club. Hi guys, my name is Ava. I'm a senior here at Roger Williams. Very sad to be leaving. I'm from Riverside, Rhode Island. So it's about 20 minutes down the road. I major in biology with minors in public health and chemistry. I'm on campus besides giving tours. I am a chemistry tutor. I do some research in the Marine Natural Sciences building. I'm working on my senior thesis right now. I'm in the honors program and I work at the Missouri Aquarium Rescue and Rehabilitation Center. So hi everyone, last but not least, my name is Courtney. I am from Trust Your New Hampshire. It's about 20 minutes north of Boston. I am also a senior this year, a public relations major, international business core concentration and marketing minor. And other things I do besides student work on campus. I'm the general manager for the campus radio station, 88.3. And I'm also on the executive board of public relations student studies in America. Cool. All right, good. So I'm going to be taking Corinne and Brittany. So if you guys wanna follow me this way.


Today, I'm speaking about the topic of electoral cycles in macro-prudential regulation. And what I'm trying to address is the fact that when we think about how we can prevent future financial crises, people have spent a lot of time thinking about the kind of technical details, or should you be thinking about monetary policy or macro-prudential policy, what can we do to prevent these crises, and what are the nitty-gritty technical details? A lot less focus has been on the politics of actually implementing such policies. So when you think about macro-prudential policies, what people usually have in mind is something like tools that might cut off people that want to get a mortgage from actually getting that mortgage, especially if we think that those people might be particularly risky. But of course, those same people are also going to vote in elections. So obviously, for politicians, there might be a political economy constraint in actually implementing those types of policies. And so what I do is I look around the world at around 60 countries and 220 elections over a 15-year period. And what I find is that there's a very clear pattern in the data that in the run-up to those elections, so in the quarters immediately before elections, particularly when those elections are closed, so when the outcome of the election is unclear up front, you see that macro-prudential policies, especially those targeted at households, seem to be systematically looser. And so the kind of takeaway, I think, from my paper is that we have to think very carefully not only about the technical details of how we can prevent financial crises, but also what is actually implementable in a way that works with the politics.


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