breakout session summary about some of the goals and some of the priorities that might be considered in the sense of genome sequencing in a clinical context. So, you know, in this session, I think what we're supposed to do is really to think about the mechanisms that might be employed by NHGRI and the different strategies for accomplishing some of those goals. I don't think that discussion of those goals is off the table, but I think that what we probably want to do is discuss mechanisms and structures if we can. Lucy and I and Adam spent some time trying to think about framing this discussion, so spend five minutes here just trying to frame things. It's important to recognize that there are these disparate clinical genome sequencing efforts that are going on now. They overlap in some ways. They hopefully complement each other in many ways, but they are emerge, which of course is designed primarily to take advantage of the electronic medical record, phenotyping that has been carried out in a clinical context, and engage in discovery as well as clinical implementation. Another is really a deeper kind of vertical dive into the use of genome sequencing, whole exome at most of the centers, whole genome at one center at least, to really examine its clinical role, its applicability, its impact, very significantly also with LC as part of that. The undiagnosed disease network, and I think I got that acronym wrong there. It should be UDN, is kind of self-explanatory. Insight is the effort to use sequencing in the newborn period to see how it might augment newborn screening, and then finally ignite are the demonstration projects. The questions that I think that we feel like ought to be considered, ought to be very front and center, include some very familiar questions that we've talked about for the last day and a half. One is what will the landscape look like if the NHGRI doesn't do this or doesn't do that? Also an affiliated question, where is coordinated action necessary, right? This gets to this point down here, which is one to think about organizational structures, and those can vary, for example, on really at least two axes. One can be investigator-initiated, all the way to consortia, but the other has to do with what the scale needs to be to answer these questions in terms of the number of people sequenced, for example. Something that has also come up in many contexts, and is definitely worth considering in something the NHGRI will have to grapple with, is when should the market be relied upon and when shouldn't it? There's some sentiment, but this is controversial to some extent, that when it comes to certain aspects of technology development, perhaps the market can take care of that. I would, for example, argue that especially in the clinical realm, where the dollar stakes are very high, that might be the case, but I think that obviously is open for debate. I personally feel there are other aspects where the market is particularly ill-suited to answering questions, and that has to do in some ways with just pure implementation. The market, if they can make a profit, will implement things. The PSA is a great example of that, even when perhaps from a rational, logical standpoint it shouldn't be implemented. Partnership opportunities with other ICs we've talked about, and that's really important to get at. LC integration is part and parcel in all of these efforts, and one of the geniuses really of genome in my mind is that it's made LC integration explicit, whereas in other dimensions and other ICs that hasn't been the case. What type of evidence is needed? Do we really need randomized controlled trials to roll out everything? Can we do implementation with evidence development? Are there other intermediate endpoints that can be used? The duration of programs is important. You don't want a situation where you create a program and it lasts forever. They have to be able to morph to meet new challenges. Where that's coming up in a very practical sense, and one that is kind of open for discussion, is the fate of Caesar. It sounds like there will be some kind of extension for a short period, but the fate of or existence of a Caesar 2.0 I think is a totally open question. Then finally, the really difficult thing in all this is you sit here and you listen for a day and a half, and you hear fantastic ideas that run the gamut, and they all almost all sound great. Unfortunately, then HGRI is going to have to make decisions that involve prioritizing, and opportunity costs are a really big deal. If you do one thing, you don't do another. With that, I will kind of, I'll end, and this isn't a group that is probably reticent to talk, so I don't think we'll have too many awkward silences. What are people's thoughts about both the goals and especially the organizational approaches to achieve those goals? Maybe I spoke too soon, okay, Howard. Jim, there's been a lot of question about how far into the clinic HGRI should go at all. To me, the reason why HGRI should be in there is because of the lack of direction that there is currently. The marketplace is not currently solving it. It's providing solutions in terms of sequencers. The groups that are providing the services are marketing based on very little substance, even things that we use, literally at our center, doesn't always have the greatest substance. It's the Wild West. As someone who was born in the West, the Wild West was not a safe place. It is very wild. Yeah, it's very wild. The Wild West was not a safe place. It was not a place you could have a well thought out lifestyle. What future do we want? I think some of these examples need to be done. We don't have to drive the whole field, but at least some of these need to be done. I would chime in with something that Sharon Platt has mentioned on many occasions. That is that once in a while you hear this idea that, well, everybody's getting sequenced. Everybody's going to be sequenced. Why does an HGRI have to have a leadership role in that? I would compare it to many things that have been implemented in medicine without data, without rigorous evaluation, that then we much later found out probably wasn't a great idea. The time to try to develop evidence to understand whether things are worth implementing seems to me to be early in the game. In my mind, that's a critical role for an HGRI. That's one reason that I'm fond of the idea of outcomes research with all the caveats that Eric brought up earlier, that we have to be careful. We aren't, you know, that isn't our bailiwick, and we have to partner with the right people, et cetera. I do think one thing we probably didn't talk enough about is the incredible potential for new types of sequencing or types of sequencing technology to drive clinical medicine. So if we think of non-invasive prenatal testing, which is now a huge industry, and rapidly changing how prenatal diagnosis is done, that was based on some very important or difficult originally bioinformatic approaches to next-gen data. And so I think we probably didn't talk enough at this meeting about are there other such really new or different approaches to sequencing or sequencing different clinically relevant tissues that could drive medicine that doesn't involve, you know, is it the early stage, not at the clinical trial stage that maybe NHGRI doesn't want to get into? So Jim, just to follow on on that, what's a little bit scary to me is if we look at non-invasive prenatal diagnosis, in fact we've gone backwards in what we could do. So when that was introduced by industry, it could fine try something 21, but it missed all the copy number variants. And even 13 and 18 couldn't be found. So we went backwards in what the technology could actually do. And that's what scares me about industry jumping forward with some of these technologies, not doing the science. Right. So I guess what I'm hearing is you feel there's a role for NHGRI in figuring out how these things perform and how they can really inform clinical care. Yeah. We shouldn't think, we should not forget also about the area of pre-conceptual screening, so we stop having to make the diagnosis of at-risk couples for lethal newborn diseases by having them have a kid with a newborn disease. Right. And for example, the CSER project at Kaiser is doing exactly that. And when I think about the penetration of various genomic technologies into the population, that's got to loom large. Even though 50% of pregnancies in the US are accidents, right? So immediately only half of pregnancies might be up for that. So the other thing that I would throw out there that we don't talk about much, my guess is that when it comes to genome scale or at least hundreds of genes sequencing, the oncology world will dwarf the germline analysis world. That's my guess in the next 10 years. Maybe we'll be in a world where everybody's getting their germline genome sequence, but I suspect we will be in a situation where most tumors are sequenced, and we don't tend to talk about that. And I don't know what the role can, you can speak to that. Absolutely. I mean, we've been chatting about that. I mean, the numbers of normal TCGA alone is huge, but the numbers at the centers right now are extraordinarily large for normal tumor comparisons. I was going to make the comment, though, in the context of this vision for NHGRI going forward. I'm on the advisory group for CSCR, so I have a good insight into that. I was very impressed at the meetings. But at least speaking in this format, with NHGRI and thinking of going forward, one of the things that I remember fondly about the early NHGRI LC projects, this is in the 90s, where you could be at the table of these consortia if you were not NHGRI specifically funded. And I've thought of this because the CSCR is operating as a very small, enclosed unit, and I may have a chance to say this in my advisory role at some point, but there are lots of others doing what's going on at CSCR. And I can tell you just among chats that I've had with folks here, many more exomes to communicate incidental findings have happened at some institutions in the Northeast, okay, that have happened in all of CSCR to date, and many of these are peer reviewed and funded IRB approved studies. So you may want to think, and this is what Eric was talking about, Eric Lander, in terms of the synergizing with other institutes in the context of the other groups, think about the synergies with NCI and other supported investigators doing the same sorts of things as you're developing these consortia, so that the consortia are not limited to the PIs of these few NHGRI funded projects. This will give you a much greater power to do this type of translation and not have to pay the dime, because much of this work, for example, at our own institution, we just have to do this. We have this incidental issue, it's not an option for us. And I think this is true of the other large cancer centers. So programmatically, I think with a relatively modest support, you could broaden the attendance and the involvement in CSCR 2.0, which is one part of the landscape, but I think a very important part, as we go forward and think where we're going to be over the next five years. Yeah, I just, I feel like we really do need to do a better job of engaging the oncology community, because I really do think, you know, if you think about a path towards clinical utility, tumor sequencing is you can really envision a path there, I think in many ways much easier than you can in a lot of germ lines. So I'll take that baton as a member of the oncology community, as well as the germless community. But the two areas that we've seen, and I think this was discussed in the session yesterday as well, that are the biggest areas of need where potentially NHGRI could have a big impact are first, the, yes, genomes and targeted panelists that are being sequenced, but there's no right now cohesive interpretive framework for, or even hypothesis, you know, a sort of candidate interpretive framework that we can hand to an oncologist and say, use this framework as a decision tool to think about how to enroll patients on clinical trials based on the genetic information. Right now, they get the data in sort of a scalar report, and I kind of like the challenge yesterday, it basically is a PDF, and then it's more or less, with some descriptions, but then it's more or less up to the oncologist to figure out what to do. But in fact, there could be an entire, and this is true for not just cancer, but for other diseases as well, kind of a, one can imagine a Bayesian framework based on disease characteristics, et cetera, that sort of pushes up or down how seriously you take genetic alterations in the context of that particular patient, which is different than what we often do. We sort of just take it as a yes-no with ignoring kind of the disease context. But actually, clinical medicine is really based on context. You have the context, you have your patient in. You know, the test that you've done is either relevant or not relevant, depending on the clinical context. So we need a formalism for how to think about that, and I think that's something that NHGRI could conceptualize, could push. And am I right? You know, my impression is that a lot of the somatic sequencing efforts, like Foundation Medicine, for example, Commercial, that they actually eschew analysis of the germline, right? They don't want to go there, right? Well, absolutely. And actually, and for good reason. And because I think this is exactly the thing that comes up. When you look at possible or likely pathogenic variants or variants that are putatively damaging, I mean, it's one of these things where, unless there's a family history, as everybody in this room knows, you don't even, you want to avoid reporting something because you could easily open a Pandora's box, especially in the setting where you're taking care of a patient with advanced cancer. And now you're raising questions about the family. You don't even know the family history. So you'd like to go in the other direction. You know the family history. It gives you kind of Bayesian priors about things. And then when you see stuff, now you're prime. You think about it differently. The other area that's just emerging now, and it relates to Aviv's challenge talk last night, single cell sequencing. So when she described the cell atlas, that was sort of the normal cell atlas. But one can easily imagine a disease counterpart to that cell atlas. And there are a variety of diseases where the pathogenesis is still obscure. And it really can end up being cell state readouts that give us a clue how to think about both the biology and potential therapeutic implications. And you could imagine, this is something where it's, this is a longer term view, but the technology has arrived to allow us to start thinking about those kinds of questions. So that's an area that could be very exciting, very catalytic from NHGRI as well, but it's a longer term view. Right. Heidi. So in a lot of these clinical implementations, a lot of the clinical arenas, whether it be the physicians or the laboratories, look to their professional organizations to, in the end, dictate how this happens. And I think one of the weaknesses I have seen a little bit in some of the NHGRI funded efforts is really ensuring that there's a connection to the professional societies so that when the guidelines are developed and dispersed, that then to some extent dictate how things get implemented, that there's really a strong experience from these feasibility and demonstration projects that is informing the development of those guidelines. And I think really engaging in a much stronger way, and it's not to say this hasn't happened at all, but I think in a deeper, stronger way to help and have NHGRI actually participate in the development and the initiation sometimes, because a lot of these professional guidelines get developed a bit in silos, where it's the pathologist versus the geneticist versus the cardiologist, and an ability to bring these clinical communities together around genomics in a more cohesive way I think could be beneficial. Yeah, and I would just add that from the standpoint of individual programs, it probably is important for NHGRI to push those programs a little bit for where guidelines, where some consensus can be arrived at so that then the professional organizations have something to sink their teeth into. So we've got, yeah, Robert. So I think for the CSER consortium, which is the one I'm most familiar with, the most exciting scientific results of that are not even been seen yet. I think each of the individual nine centers in a bottom-up fashion have a specific set of questions, which are gonna be truly exciting and I think hopefully rock the country a little bit as these come out. And I disagree slightly with some of the formulations we've heard in that we can't hold back genomic sequencing. I think just as the way we've been surprised by the adaptation of sequencing technologies, we're gonna be surprised by the diffusion of sequencing into medicine, and we're gonna rail against it, but it's gonna be there. So what is it that we can do from the bottom-up? And I think that we can do novel ways to educate physicians, novel ways to create these sort of consortia-based registries, novel ways to automate variant classification, and things like that, that might function better from individual sites and even our one-type genomic medicine initiatives. So although I think themes can be set, I think we ought to rebalance slightly in the direction of investigator-initiated genomic medicine initiatives. Yeah, so I wanted to make sure and get there. I would mention that I don't think calling for evidence early on means holding back, right? So I agree with you that things will permeate the field and the market will drive things, but the earlier we can get a handle on evidence, the better we can stop an inappropriate train from gaining momentum. Again, I think of PSAs. So your last point I think is one that we should get some general feeling about. There's a constant tension about how much should be top-down directed at NHGRI, how much should be bottom-up investigator-initiated research, the history of the genome institute, of course, makes abundantly clear why there's a very heavy top-down emphasis, right? Start out with the Human Genome Project, it had to be. And I think there's a constant kind of reanalysis and recalibration of where that should be. Do people have, so Robert has expressed one opinion, and I certainly have sympathy with the idea that some of these hard decisions that are, after all, to some extent impossible, because we can't tell the future, could be eased a little for the NHGRI by basically enlisting the community by slanting a little bit more towards investigator-initiated research, but what do people think about that as a general organizational principle? Should we double down on the RFA's and top-down stuff, which have been very successful? Should things be recalibrated somewhat the other way? Yeah, sorry, I just wanted to remark that when I think about this question, when I think about this question, I think, so are there a variety of approaches that need to be explored? That's sort of one axis. And the other is, is this gonna get us where we need to go, or is it gonna be too diffused? So if you can think about that when you answer that question, it'll be really helpful, I think. Gail. So I think CSER actually has a very interesting model in that each site has a very different project that they are taking charge of, but yet there's this incredibly active group of work groups that are working on common problems. What about sequence quality? What does the report look like? What are the LC issues? And I think that nice balance, if you have everyone working independently, you lose that ability to learn from each other. And that's been an incredibly valuable component of CSER and then develop a common set of understanding to present to the community. So I like that model of the projects can be very independent in their aims, but that the investigators are tied together and thinking together in ways that benefit each other and then the global community. I just follow up on that. Jim, can I just follow up on that quickly? I completely agree, and I would say moving forward, probably the one balance we might want to strike slightly differently. I think we've all actually really appreciated that we could present the clinical challenge that we wanted to address. And the nine projects are all very different. It would have been, now that we've done this and we've all been involved in these working groups, it would have been good to early have identified common elements and common data structures just to maximize the sharing. But I think it's been incredibly powerful to allow people in the community to say, this is an important clinical question where genome scale sequencing could have an impact and not to have a central RFA that says, we've decided these are the, right? Because we all came up with different settings. I was just gonna echo the same thing. I think that's the right model, is to have a structure and some targeted questions and then allow investigator-initiated solutions around it. But if you just do individual RO1s, you have a scale problem and a cost problem that I think is gonna make it quite difficult to be competitive. And that gets to the other dimension of scale that I didn't put up there, but kind of the other axis is, how many people do you need to sequence to answer some of these questions, right? And we see even within these different projects some tremendously different scales. I think in CSER we're probably talking about, well, certainly it's gonna be fewer than, certainly fewer than what, 7,000 people among the nine centers, whereas others like the next iteration of Emerge we're talking about, they're saying 25,000 or so. So is that a question that you feel is answerable? Is that one that is addressable at this point? How many people denotes large-scale sequencing, right? Is CSER a large-scale sequencing endeavor, right? David's shaking his head saying no. Or does scale depend on what you're trying to measure, right? I think the other dimension to this, which is what we were talking about earlier is, how does NHGRI position itself to lead in analysis or at least inference from sequence genomes when it's maybe gonna control five to 10% of the sequencing capacity, right? How does it create incentives for data sharing or analysis tools or whatever that can, you know, eke out from the other 90% even if it's half of that or something like that. And I think that's part of the, you know, there's this huge amount of sequencing that will presumably happen in the context of care over the next, right? And years, and it would be a tremendous waste if we couldn't figure out how to make use of that in broader context. Yeah, so I think that's a perfect way of putting it, right? I think that we, NHGRI will account for a small percentage, but we have to make sure that it's a strategic quality kind of sampling, if you will, right? So it makes it meaningful. David, did you? No, I was just processing this discussion. One of these that strikes me that is going on, it was commented on earlier, and I'm wondering how it relates to the current activities. It may be, it is, and I don't know is, it seems like the thing that's happening really on its own is this prenatal sequencing. And it seems, my understanding is it's ramping up, and because- It's my understanding. It's my understanding, without actually NHGRI making it possible or without necessarily this community, maybe some people are, it's an interesting test of what happens when actually the market starts to succeed, and it's no longer can we promote the use and can we pave the way, but actually it just starts rolling along because there's some value proposition. What's our role in that? What are we doing to respond to that, if anything? Is anything needed? I'm just curious, because what if we found ourselves like three years from now, and it is happening, are we going to even have an evolving system that will make sure we're doing the things that matter as the use cases develop on their own? I would argue it took off on its own because there was this really clear, transparent need that people wanted it, right? Whereas I don't think there's a lot of sequencing where people don't have as, they aren't as driven to get that information. But at the same time, right, you can imagine that people would like some degree of clarity as to, well, what is the value of this sort of self-re-DNA? How well does it compare? The information that's out there largely produced by the companies, so of course they've got incentives. And what we're finding, of course, is that it isn't quite as good as we thought was, right? So that's a very good example, right? If one could create incentives for Netera to share their data or something like that because they would see value in opening it up for the community to develop tools so that it could improve and so on. The research, though, that's actually trying to... So it's occurred to me for a while that the thing that we can do is ensure quality. One way to ensure quality, it's great it's getting picked up in the world and often that means good things and sometimes it means that the lowest common denominator wins out. What this community could do and what I think some of us were thinking back doing at our place and it'd be good to do together might be to have some challenge problems that actually put out 10 genomes where we know the right answer. Yeah. And we just say, anybody who's hanging out at a shingle right now interpreting genomes, go interpret these genomes. But that's how you do. You may find that people are pretty embarrassed or you may find that some folks won't sign up to do it in which case they should be pretty embarrassed. So we can play a role of setting high standards. In fact, we've been talking about setting a challenge problem if others wanted to join in and a couple of groups wanted to set some kind of an annual QC exercise that would let groups know and thereby let patients know whether you should trust Fly By Night Genetics, Inc. to do this. Probably not. Well, yeah, probably not, but they probably have a better branding than that. No, or Google, or Google Genetics. Or Google Genetics, or anybody genetics. Yes. If we did that, we get to set a very high standard for the whole field. So I would like to propose that folks who want to discuss that, we could get a little group, whether NHGRI does or doesn't wish to be formally associated with that as it might be viewed as a regulatory role or complicated or might induce companies to go complain to Congress. Or on the other hand, it might be a really good thing for an NHGRI. I think NHGRI should work out whether it wishes to be in the middle of it or not. But certainly a handful of groups here running a well-defined challenge like that would ratchet up this field's quality a lot. Yeah. And you could imagine even sort of a component, like sort of like the genome in a bottle consortium that NIST is sort of setting up for sequencing, but sort of an interpretation. It's an interpretation one. And of course, it's different in context. Cancer is a very different problem than a newborn, than a newborn with some disease in the family. You could also imagine if we had a gold standard, eventually doing the same thing for variant adjudication. Right? Yeah. So there's an organization, excuse me, there's an organization doing this, the critical assessment of genome interpretation. It's basically they keep recused genome and send it out and different groups will interpret it. And Steve Brenner at Berkeley has run this for at least two rounds and it's ongoing. It's not been particularly funded. I know they've approached NIST about funding a couple of times. It's based on the CASP model where there's a sort of recused set of reference information about the genome and then. So it could be that by expanding a little bit the set of groups behind such a thing, it could gain traction. So Steve Brenner's running that. Steve Brenner. Steve and the dream competition as well. Steve's involved in that and they're coordinating with that effort. There's a great somatic mutation calling challenge going on right now that was supported by TCJA, ICGC, and deployed by the Dream Challenge organization and the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health is also working with them as part of a benchmarking and ongoing competition activity. Yeah, whether dream is the right branding is an interesting question because it may be that you want payers thinking about this and whatever, but it's the right place to start. You should get a conversation going. And the X Prize people had talked to some of the community about the adjudication issue, but that ultimately is a lack of a gold standard. I guess just one more comment and then we're out of time. I was just going to raise the point that I think came up is that I think one place that we really could have an impact is assembling cancer genomes and thinking about the large-scale structural variation in them. And it's a very, very hard problem and a very fundamental genomic level to put these things together. And I think that we could develop ways of doing that. All right. So it's all dollop NHGRI's problems now. That was easy. Thanks.


Away from Worker's Day celebrations, the Directorate of Baptist Mission Schools has reacted to the viral report by PLOS TV Africa, where the jam registrar accused the School of Extortion at a press conference held in Ibadon or your state. The directorate insists that the 8,000-hour fee is a combination of other charges which is known to all parents. PLOS TV Africa was at the press conference. Following the report of alleged extortion by the management of Baptist Girls School of Banikuru, the school authorities has come out to counter the report making the rounds that parents of the students in its post-primary institution are not aware of the differentials. Addressing newsmen in Ibadon, the Ohio State Capitol, the principal of the school, Mrs. Enola Okudebe, stated that the school pays 4,700 for UTME registration and not 4,000 Naira as claimed by Jam, and 3,200 is meant for logistics which include transporting the students for registrations, conducting mock examination for students, and refreshment. My staff, my colleague, was correct to have mentioned 4,700 and my student was also correct to have mentioned 80,000. What happened is that after we have finished with the jam registration, that is their own 4,700, we still have additional charges which is meant for the convenience of our students and their parents. It is not an eating affair. The parents are aware, they have sampled rounds before coming to the school. Director of Baptist Missions School, T.D. Olaleri, argues that the parents willingly paid the extra charges and maintained that the school cannot be blackmailed as it maintains its integrity in spite of all. But 4,700 is the main breakdown for the jam registration and he mentioned 3,500. If you look at it, 3,500 is for the registration itself. 500 is for recommended textbook and 700 Naira is for CBT. And I wonder how he just said 3,500 against 8,000 Naira. But I still repeat it, the morning for jam is 4,700. According to Directorate, Professor Ishak Oluidi assumed the role of a prosecutor and charged against the defenseless teacher, Kayo Deoluidi of Baptist Girls School, Obanikuru, who was on a scheduled assignment saying some elite schools in the country are compromising its admission process by collecting illegal examination fees from students for their unified tertiary matriculation examination, UTME. But if we take note in the jam charges, jam has taken care of itself. Jam has taken care of the CBT centers and jam has taken care of the publisher of the prescribed texts. But the question I want to ask is what is the provision for the school that will train the children, prepare them for the exam, take them out in the sun for the registration, for the mock exam, for the real exam? The school management, however, advised jam management to decentralize registration process as most of the schools have adequate computer system meant for registration process.


Until today, how you doing man? Ugh, hi jubilus. Where else is in the chat that I miss? The tomb challenges were easy. What took you so long? What took you so long? I? Didn't even think about the tomb challenges. It just happened. I just went out and free roam the dead world quest The hardest part for me with the tomb quest was actually getting to the tombs Because once I got to the tombs they're pretty much all done All right, what are we doing? Launch expedition locate summer in the manifold Learn that map is gonna be my challenge Subtle little ways you can and can't go I got my tea here stewin Steeping brewing I'm also thirsty at the same time. It's kind of weird. Oh, hey, there we go Looks like a big Stun the armor dude, I don't know. I notice he was staying around a little crazy, but it could have been like a laggy effect or something Somebody probably was getting hit by Mission scripting and stuff I was like Yeah Just bring back the manifold and summer as soon as you can it's wrecking I Didn't even know those guys were there and they were dead before I even see My Never leave a rare in the behind chat probably getting blue drop consistently. Are you that's good What level did you get to? Oh, you're talking about me. I don't even know They didn't have those those orbs in the beta It's kind of kind of cheeky of them to they did say the beta would be an abbreviated version of the games. Thank you Oblique should be standing right there. I only one died. I'm stuck. I'm something Stop in the corner. Oh, I'm dead again. I'm under leveled. I'm convinced. I am because like every time I've been doing stuff Everybody's been like 16 or 17. I'm like that was like 12 or 13 No skipping an entire freaking quest will do that I go like I don't know how to deal with these balls. I don't have you can't shoot them Like the other one time to think about it, please. Oh my dodging will help in some cases But they said like three at a time. I'm missing classes. They split. I saw the secrets The ball split show me your face Okay, I'll shoot it anyway. I love the sniper balls though. I could imagine that on hard Grab a shoot like twice as many balls. I Have the best post see 1916 and I'm freaking 13. I'm like playing from behind. I got a man. I'm like under level for all the missions. I Might have to go like the level. I'm after like do like the What's called a thing? What's it called? The stronghold I'm after like do that like 10 times. These are all things that I need I Think that was the end of it earwax color got it Oh doesn't like infected. Okay, I got it running too fast. I'm getting dizzy. Hey, but the ISIS is Okay, they were frozen like this in the demo guys remember that and they And you'd like talk to them and then nothing happened teeth are tinkling air tastes like Purple reality decay is getting worse He's fragmenting. How can I help? It's all right. Let me peace with it. This isn't just about you It's the end of all of us. We don't do something. There's nothing to do We don't have the answer. Maybe it was all supposed to end this way. Let it be Yes, that's it. You're genius Get the manifold Freelancer removed it from its original housing after it affected the Dominion soldiers And when we divide it you severed the connection again out of fear Courage hold on where are you going with this manifold needs more time? It needs to go through its full cycle. We're gonna have to let the manifold complete what it started Let reality settle but if it sells that means our division could Become permanent. That's so bad Certainly won't be told What do you say? Get for a new adventure. I love this quest so much. Yes To the funds it has finished its cycle. That's good, right? What a rush. I think it worked. I think it worked No chance of Liquifying time will tell but now we have enough to help out with your dawn shield really. Yeah, especially with the data summoner fan Does this mean Matthias will never be whole again That was creepy Good way Internal conflict personified That mentioned I love this was Talk to Faye What does Faye have to do with anything? Well, I'll have to talk to okay. I'll talk to Faye you twist my arm sup Hey girl legit cut scene here Check the connection to the crown everything is clear you got to be a glitch in the core you see anything It looks fine. Oh, no You think I can literally smack sense into it. Trust me It's an old freelancer technique. Hello, I got this How's that connection now? Nothing, I can't run it. They're taking another look at the crown. Something must still be busted. I've been over this a thousand times I Swear it doesn't despite me Halak Maybe it's not the javelin. This hunk of junk is putting our whole plan in danger You're gonna have to delay the mission until I get it working. Hello can find other Lancers to come with us Don't worry. How many freelancers went into the storm with us? You need everyone you can get back in you up in there. I'll either get this damn thing to run or I'll melt it down I'll make a real big paperweight How long has he been doing this daily at first then once a month? It's been half a year since his last try that long it isn't the javelin is it no almost control it sometimes nothing at all It's been a hard wait hard wait for what? 23 what that's how many freelancers went into the heart of race at final time 20 Lancers and three ciphers who were left catatonic by the anthem No one else wanted to try again after that Not that I blame them No one but me and Halleck. He used to be the best you were there you were there you remember. I remember Every single thing we lost I heard it Just one moment in the storm. I heard the anthem Moment I understood everything now every moment of every day since I've heard whispers Calling me back The red unraveling I'm glad you're here. I'll leave you with him. I got time for all this you take care of that She's like I've got them on you Now what build a dawn shield. I will build like give me that I see you Okay, maybe not sir exer Right showing some love to chat man. Thanks for the love Appreciate it dude. How you doing? I'm gonna build a dawn shield chat Watch me now have the dawn shield equipped Wait, no, no, I wasn't done. No, stop. Please don't I gotta equip all this other new stuff. I know I am yeah, so we got a problem when you say problem. You don't mean Well, that's ominous The dominion forces are converging on the heart of rage the monitor is making his move Even if it costs him an entire army, you're out of time. I need a solution. I got the seals ready But they don't work Explain Everything is a spec, but they don't activate on hell. I know why Something's missing from the design. There is no time for this I am two seconds away from sending every sentinel in the fort after the monitor. You can't send them You know what happened to the freelancers. It'll be a bloodbath their sacrifice could save everyone else We are all dead if the monitor succeeds in weaponizing the cenotaph Their deaths won't stop the monitor.  I'll get the seas to work if it kills me You'd better They can race the monitor through the storm and wind, but the sentinels will still fail They have no training with shape orelics. No knowledge of the cenotaph We do We spent years on this. We're the only ones that can end this cataclysm and you know it Give us time. Look you two called me for help I could have left you at princess zim's court.  You're done. Well, she's motivating I want to help now Corvus didn't track you down. You contacted them We were getting so close to the anthem and once we'd finish him's job. We'd need a freelancer I am a freelancer.  I know you can't both of you stop.  Just


Good morning everyone. It's the last day before we get home. We're swinging by home on our way to Esteban, Saskatchewan. I live in Southeast Manitoba. And I picked up this load of farm equipment from East Maline, Maline, that is Malini, East Maline, Illinois, which is Davenport, Iowa on the Illinois side. So we have about six or seven hours left to drive today yet. Like I was telling you yesterday, I'm very fortunate that for most of our lanes and our roads, I live pretty much right in the middle and I pass by home on every trip. Sometimes I stop in, sometimes I don't have time to stop in, other times like this when it's a long weekend coming up. And I can't deliver this rate until after the long weekend. Well, instead of waiting in my truck all weekend, I can just swing by home and wait there. But it's a good setup. That's where we're gonna be. This freight has to be delivered in Esteban, like I said, that's about six hours away from Winnipeg into the next province to the west in Saskatchewan. So I can leave like Monday afternoon even. I'll probably leave around Monday noon and get there Monday evening and I'll deliver Tuesday morning. And from there, we're gonna stay busy the rest of the month. February is a short month already and I need to get the wheels turning a little bit faster in February to make the same living in less time. There's cars beside me, cars beside me. Nope, they let me in. Thank you. Three kilometers, take CR7 CR75 in Augusta. Gotta get back in that lane, I'm exiting right away. So I stayed in Clearwater, Minnesota last night. And I'm just going down the road here to St. Cloud, Minnesota, it was about 10 miles. So grab us a coffee and make a beeline for home. I got almost the full tank of fuel still. So it's really cold. I don't wanna run my tanks pretty low, but I wanna get into Canada to fuel with Canadian fuel tonight. Supposed to get down to minus 28 tonight while I have this truck parked and I don't want my fuel gel again. Alexandria, Minnesota. Sounds so royal, you know? Alexandria, Princess Alexandria. I've arrived at your destination. On the left side, pilot travel center number 134. 134, in Princess Alexandria. Her royal highness, Princess Alexandria. I don't know, it just sounds like a royal name to me. I don't know, probably just me. Hey, where to park, where to park, where to park? I just wanna park in front of the pumps. Oh, like all the pumps are closed. Wow. Okay, well I don't wanna block the pumps, so I'll go find a parking spot. I'm gonna just park here for now, just for five minutes. You know what? Yeah, there's parking lots of big gong show again. Yeah, we're just gonna line ourselves up here along the curb and just run in, grab a coffee, run out.  Let's go get our coffee and then hit the road. Are you sure about this, man? Someone might hit you. That would be devastating. It would be, yes. My greatest fear is being backed into or hit in a truck stop, but I don't see any swift drivers around here anywhere, so I think we're okay. Sorry, Swift. You just have that name for yourself. Everybody knows, everybody knows. To Winnipeg and another driver's gonna deliver it on Tuesday, a peg for me. That's taking me back down to Minnesota and then I have a load in Minnesota that's taking me to Vancouver, British Columbia. Surrey, sort of the same thing. It's all the same to me, put in a big city. And that's a three day drive from Minnesota. That's my next week. I gotta leave on Sunday instead of Monday now. I'm gonna book it home tonight. I'll be home till the Sunday. Sunday morning we'll leave. Take that lumber down to Minnesota to deliver. First thing Monday morning, we're to our reload. Get reloaded so that I can start booking it towards Vancouver, because they want me in Vancouver. 7 a.m. Thursday morning, and it's a three day drive, so it's Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. 7 a.m. Thursday morning, I've gotta be there. It's gonna be a rushed week. Money-making kinda weak. Got through customs from back in Canada. Entering Manitoba. 400 meters, can't go left on. Board Selkirk Highway, Highway 75. Oh, and the scale's open. 300 meters, can't go left on. Board Selkirk Highway, Highway 75. I'd love to listen to you, Karen, but I can't. You'll see it up ahead here on the right-hand side. There's a white sign, amber flashing lights above it. That signals all truck drivers and commercial vehicles to go in for a little closer look. Do you want this road for 15 kilometers? Why do you? I know. I know I wanna keep going. There's a sign right here on the right. Stop flashing, stop flashing. Doesn't look like they're doing inspections. I guess they're just looking our trucks over, making sure the freight's secured properly, making sure the lights work, making sure all our stickers are valid, plates are valid. Let's go say hello to the good people. M-O-T, Ministry of Transportation. Same thing as DOT and stays there. It's a department down there. Department of Transportation. Up here, it's a ministry. Makes it sound like a church ministry, you know? They're doing the work of the Lord here. Apparently. In 600 meters, turn right on Fifth Street West. Karen definitely doesn't wanna go anywhere near these people. I think she's an atheist. Sorry, we gotta go talk to the good ministry people, the good ministers. Maybe we don't gotta talk to them, but they wanna see us at least. They have a bunch of different names up here. Like in the U.S., it's just DOT. Department of Transportation, that's it. Coast to coast. Here it's like we got the Ministry of Transportation, but they're also known as Motor Carrier Enforcement. In some provinces, they're known as Commercial Vehicle Safety Enforcement, I think, C-V-S-E. This guy doesn't know how to work the scale. It says next axle, my friend, next axle. That means you put your next axle on the scale. There you go. See, that's a green light. That doesn't mean you stop. In 300 meters, keep to the right on, King Street and then turn left in 50 meters. All right, telling us next axle. I'm not nearly overweight, but they're gonna check all my stickers. Run them through their computers, I'm sure. Make sure everything is hunky-dory. And green light, green light, green light. Thank you very much. Didn't really wanna talk to you either. So let's get out of here. We have about an hour back to the yard. 200 meters, keep to the right on, King Street and then, turn left in 50 meters. What are you talking about? Not even close, Karen. Good try, though. We gotta drop this trailer, take all my equipment off of it. Leave just enough on there so that the wind doesn't blow anything off. Head on home. I'm gonna go find my next trailer. It should be in the yard already. I'm gonna throw my tarps on that. Tie him down so I don't have to worry about taking my tarps all the way home. Still can't believe how wrong I was about this Flying J location. It is always dead here, whenever I get here. Thought for sure. This was the best, this is where I would have put one. I stop here every time. I don't know why no one else seems to. It's a perfect location, but everyone still wants to go to Heading Leap and Winnipeg, you know? And it's always packed there. You can barely ever find parking. Everything is jam-packed. You gotta walk way further to get to the building. We're at the Flying J in St. Agath, Manitoba. It's my favorite, actually, because it's in the perfect location. I guess just no one has really figured that out yet. Gonna grab ourselves some fuel yet. We're gonna put some more conditioner in there just because it's supposed to get down to minus 30, minus 45 with the wind chill the night. And I don't want my fuel doing anything funny while I'm parked for the weekend. I need it to start up for me Sunday morning.


Guys, I do not want to waste much time. We're hopping right into full middle alchemist brotherhood part two episode nine backs in the distance I don't want to waste much time because last episode ended on a pretty big cliffhanger I know a lot of you guys are excited to see I mean pretty much everyone's colliding so I'm gonna hop right into it There's a recap. Oh shoot That's how you know, what's going down at and now work together with Ling to draw the murderous ishfallen's attention Ever to lure out the homunculi Mm-hmm, and they did but me. I just like how there's several separate fights before long the homunculi wrath and gluttony appeared Bradley right alongside him Thanks, so she dead dead. Oh well Not yet clever. Whoa.  I was going to say like he's not gonna let her go down that easy for me that easy. Yeah I feel like this shows a lot of how I see you know stranger to combat skilled Ling is he's carrying a full body Do you know how much dead weight? He's trying to stay in my blind spot like dead weight is insanely heavy That's actually really fast regeneration by the way his entire head was gone like they chopped his head in half We should have some privacy in here. Yikes. If you don't mind I have some questions Oh, he actually wants to talk to him first I'd like to know who you people are and how you I guess he doesn't know Ling very well Yeah, you might stand a fair chance of getting away If you'd only abandon the injured girl because she's just excess bad you to this point Excess not to Ling. I can see all those stars on your uniform You're the ruler here if you're King Bradley unless I'm mistaken a ruler's duty is to his people without them He is no king at all. Tell it to him, baby. I mean Bradley probably doesn't care a single bit not now or ever Naive boy don't you understand that there are no true kings in this world. Yeah, it's much deeper than that Help me they get away. Someone's gonna be there. There's the exit judging by the job Keep going nice try put your flash bomb did it succeed in blinding this side, but keep going. Why do you stop running? Oh, is he like frozen in fear? Oh, no, we won't be away too long. You be a good little girl Okay, take care of things while we're gone. Oh, she's daydreaming Here we are We found out that scar was the one that killed her parents. They were the two noble doctors. Well, um Ed found that out. I don't think really anyone else knows he realized I he pieced the parts together. Oh, she visited the Hughes Grape That day was like the last time I saw mom and dad You'll come and visit once in a while But she sees Ed that way like I think he's gonna die every time he leaves We wouldn't want him to get lonesome here. Yes, of course.  What are we doing? Oh, no, it's just like the scar fight and MPs have been running around like crazy. They're in another fight Good grief. It seems they're after that guy who's been killing off-state alchemists. They haven't caught him yet What is the military waiting for? Many people talk really loud. Oh What did I say? What did I just say? Oh, man, please Wow She probably sees that when Ed walks away Scars not someone you can just kind of distract for a certain amount of time I mean, it's way too fast way too powerful Boy, that's a desperation move to Fred The giant Because in this game you are minuscule with a gun They don't realize how bad it's gotten because they know how strong They're trying to get scar on their side The name of your god to just to find out I suppose you believe you were doing God's work then too You too sell that abomination as well. Did you alchemy created that tragic creature? So that's the science you would spend your life's following Look at your brother Messing around with somebody's life that Kamara was made because a man thought he could create when creation is the province I like how he's actually giving them the light of day to talk.  He stole what little life? Foolish as you are you must still have known that Kamara could never have returned to her human state I mean, I was fine with him putting her down because dude who wants to live like I don't know Yeah He's actually giving them a good perspective because he understands them in a certain kind of way I mean, he's dealt with a lot of loss especially but also in terms of alchemy. Wow. I wouldn't react to the other really fast No Those doctors saved your life and you killed them. Oh There's a gun on the ground It won't matter though. He's gonna defend himself.  I know the animosity you feel but your vengeance will only sow the seeds I'm wondering what he's thinking of this Because it's true. It's it's sowing seeds of revenge. I think this is a very clear example to him, too Maybe this will change this path the right shooting me would be justified. Wow, he would just take it I mean, he's brother. Listen the armed forces have almost arrived Yikes, it's just no time to be looking at your notes just a minute more I'm almost there of those tattoos for basis of alchemy is understanding deconstruction and reconstruction right arm deconstructs my left arm reconstructs I studied the alka history they use in the east and then added my own touches the alchemy of this land is quite unusual None of that stuff matters anymore. Didn't you hear me very first look at his exposure to alchemy? Like his brother's involvement with it.  Your brother is the only one who can stand against the state alchemists. He's figured out their power with his He could find a way to annihilate the military the threat to us would be ended kill them before they can kill us Take them down with alchemy will beat them at their own game. Hey them back in blood This is where the his seeds were sewn for you see this brother His eternal life science that you had spent your life following me think it's for the greater good You don't even see the evil you're creating But he ended up Falling on it is the exact same time this is brother and his brother.  They have to fight it somehow, right? But he's like if they all learn it then it'll just go back and forth forever I guess brother's gonna be dead. Sorry. I'm late. There were some important notes I needed to compile here. I want you to hold on to this and that's how he learned These are my research notes. This is all that I was able to bring if anything happens to me I don't want my research to have been for nothing. Why don't you just take it and run away yourself?  This brother is a very realistic person. You will survive Is that a soldier Look at his hands Like how we're actually getting more like perspective for scar though My god, don't you die you can start to reconstruct stop the bleeding. Where's my brother's arm father Mother someone Anyone his own cheese scars brother is insane That's why he's there today keep fighting. It's the last thing you remember Why did you protect me anyone who can move on their own go now and there's the scars He's away the bandages the blue eyes move or you'll open up your wounds. I wonder if that's to signify like Definitely not from the shavons that all it's the Rockwells to move around on your own yet Same people This is show that he sees them exactly the same even if he's saved by them And They In his perspective They spared him in light of his brother in sacrifice of his brother It's just so like goes to show it's not always as black and white as you think it is though Man house is gonna end with Winery though You can't like explain your worldview from experience just like that casually unless you see it like this The moment you pull the trigger. There's no going back. You will be my enemy Kind of reminds me of me until one of us dies the cycle of pain from Nara. So yeah Very similar thing ever forget it was the Amestrians who first pulled the trigger during the Civil War It was your people. We're gonna see Winery's Don't shoot maturity If you can't shoot then do as the boy told you here in my way Now what if she shoots in defensive? Why do you stop? He's changing his first car. Oh, it's survived. Okay back that he hesitated there shows There's a chance for him still I thought he was so far gone to the point Why he was gonna live his entire life like through this path. I don't know Let go of the gun.   That was the first episode where I Originally when I saw scar I was like I kind of get it like if my entire people were just Watered it's different, but that time we got a very good look at that and I was like wow I mean yeah, like I get it in the fact that both he and Winery Hesitated shows a lot of like I feel like it's a very good sign for the future the both of them like ending up not on good terms But existing I coexisting so my goodness also where did the girl with the panda go? She was with scar and now we have this cliffhanger with King Bradley That's probably gonna be next episode. My goodness this dude it gets better and better. I'm glad that's been semi resolved I'm not sure where scar goes from here, especially since he hesitated. What's it? Dad's whole place and all this once again. He said like the countryside is doomed basically Thank you for hanging out with me for another episode of full metal outcomes brotherhood as always I love you guys so so much and I'll see you guys next time


So then let's just start, because I heard we have a tight schedule. So my name is Jan, I'm here to present some quick research I have done for the German Aerospace Center on generic polyphase filter banks on a GPU with CUDA. So yeah, I'm working for a German Aerospace Center in the satellite navigation, communication navigation institute, it's the satellite networks department and I do mostly software defined radio. So short outline of the talk, so we start with the mandatory motivation, then I want to give a short introduction into the CUDA system, short introduction into polyphase filter banks, what they are and why they are so cool or not so cool. Translation of the polyphase filter bank from like you have the DSP, how do you get it to CUDA and then some results and then some release plans for a library that is open source that actually does that. So motivation, once upon a time there was a space project that I've been working on, it was kind of a multi-frequency random access scheme, so we have some, several numbers of carriers, in this project it was like this, a 15, 30 or 45 carrier and on the receiving end we have to separate them somehow. So I remember Tom's talk in Karlsruhe like years ago, like hey let's do the PFB thing, that sounded cool. So I did some calculations and if you have 45 carriers the problem is if you have all of them at once, you have like 45 times the bandwidth, so that could be a lot. And also for the actual channels, the restrictions were quite tight, so we only had 12 to 15 percent guardband between information signal and then the next channel, so this is quite steep. We needed oversampling, here it says at least three times oversampling is needed, this is where we are right now, at that time we had to do at least eight times oversampling. So it's quite a lot, so when we did the filter design, why did the filter design, we came up with up to 1500 tap filters, so if anybody knows something about FIR filters, that's a huge filter. So I did some tests, I wrote a generic CPU version of that, yeah that was me when I figured out what I had to do. So I wrote a generic CPU implementation of that, I just used a thousand taps filter, just used 35 dB rejection which is, might be okay, might be not okay, I did the original nine times oversampling and I came up with two mega samples per second, well I needed four, so it was not fast enough. I tried to look into how I could optimize it for, or optimize it even more for x86 processors, but actually the filtering was all like maxed out from optimization already. I could have optimized the FFT somehow because I could not use FFTW which kind of sucked, but that would be like way too much time, so I just, let's try it on CUDA, I had some experience with it, so let's do it. So CUDA, what is it? CUDA is an NVIDIA framework for general purpose programming on graphics processing units, it's mostly used I think for scientific computing where you have a huge problem that you can somehow paralyze a lot and you don't want your simulations to take years or a month or whatever, yes it uses the massive amount of available compute cores inside the GPU, so for example the GPU that we're using has like 2,000 CUDA cores, which is way more than x86 or so has, yes. So how is a GPU built? So normally GPU has, for NVIDIA in this case, has several streaming multiprocessors, these you can think of as like the CPU you have in your normal PC, but you have several of them. In our case it was seven, I'm not sure how far they go up, but you can get one streaming multiprocessor in the low end graphics card, the high end one have seven or eight or something like that. Each of these streaming multiprocessors has lots of cores, like your normal CPU on your PC, but instead of four cores, the CPU that we used had 192 cores, if I'm correct, so also a lot more than your normal x86 CPU. Destruction that they use or the structure is a single instruction multiple threads structure, so basically what they do is they take one instruction, they broadcast it over several threads and all the threads do the same instruction at the same times. Also you have some different kind of memories on your GPU that are actually really important that you know what they do and how they do it, you have the global memory which is what they will sell you on the box, this is like you get the new GTX 970 with four gigabyte RAMs which are actually just three dot five gigabyte, this is really slow, it's way faster than DDR3 or something like that, but it's for GPU it's slow. Then you have to on ship memory, this is tied to a specific streaming multiprocessor so all the cores in the multiprocessor share all this memory which is faster, way faster than the GDR5 RAM and then of course you have to register like any CPU structure that are blazingly fast and way faster than anything else. So CUDA tries to use that architecture as best as possible, so first thing what it will do it will build up a grid and probably I'll just go to the next slide, so this is how CUDA structures the threads that it will run to match the graphics card architecture. So you have here this grid, this is what you have to define in your program, it can be up to three dimensional, it can be two or one dimensional that's up to you, for visualization I took the two dimensional case so we have an X dimension and a Y dimension. Each position in this matrix you could call it consists of a thread block. A thread block is also just a compilation of threads that will run on one streaming multiprocessor and inside each of these thread blocks then you have the individual threads that execute the instruction that you want them to execute. So the way this works is that each of these blocks has a unique ID inside this grid so you can access block 22 or access block whatever two dimensional ID that you give them and each thread inside the thread block also has a unique ID within the thread block. So if you know the ID of your thread block and the local ID of your thread inside the thread block you can basically access a thread inside your program. What this thread scheduler now does and how he executes those threads is he will collect the thread blocks, assign them to one stream multiprocessor and then it will further group these threads inside into bundles of 32 threads and they are called a warp and these 32 threads are actually the threads that are going to be executed simultaneously and you have to be a bit careful we will come to that later how you do calculations or anything inside those warps because the interaction between them is kind of special so yeah that's that you have some performance bottlenecks that you can run into very easily while doing your GPU and then you put your program into the GPU and you think well it's not really fast so these are some of the problem that you have first one is global memory it's not really fast so you want to minimize the usage in any case but even if you have to use it and you have to use it at one point you have to make sure that all your reads and all your writes from to the memory are coalesced what does that mean is that consecutive threads access consecutive memory because then what the architecture can do is it can load just one cache line for all the threads that need data and then distribute the cache line to all the data inside the cache line to all the threads this will be one load for several threads if you cross the cache line then of course it has to load two cache lines which might be way more loads that you would actually need for your instruction or whatever and then you just waste bandwidth so be careful about that then if you're using the shared memory you have a similar problem so shared memory can also be accessed in parallel if you access several banks in parallel and how the graphics card will structure this memory is that consecutive 32-bit words are in a different bank so if your threads or consecutive threads just access a 32-bit word that is where the memory is consecutive they can also load all the data in one go if two threads access the same memory bank then of course you have two loads and you're wasting memory bandwidth then branching is also a difficult topic because it's a single instruction multiple thread architecture so you want your threads to or the threads have to do one instruction that is the same on every thread inside a warp so if you have a branch it might be that one thread inside a warp has another instruction than the others so these threads then would have to be executed in serial because which branch which instruction would you execute them so yes these are the three main performance killers that can come up when you do GPU programming and when you if you're wondering why this may code not run as fast as I think it should go to this list so now polyphase filter banks what are they so basically polyphase filter banks are used for example if you want to reduce computational complexity within resampling filters in general whether you decimate or interpolate it really doesn't matter but they're used for that then what you can also do if you have a scheme like we had in our project where you have separate channels you can separate one channel with a polyphase filter bank but you can also separate all channel at once in one go which is the cool thing about these polyphase filter bank channel as us what you can also do is you can take several separated like information signals and then distribute all of them into a wider spectrum this is what synthesizer does which we also have implemented but in this talk I'm going to concentrate on the channelizer because there is already enough stuff to do so what you would normally do if you would extract a channel that has one nth of the total bandwidth of your of your of the signal that you recorded this well you could first mix your signal to base band and then do a low pass FIR filter over it because you have to do this to get rid of all the aliasing when you're down sample you can also switch this you can for first do like band pass filtering and then do the down conversion of course and then you can down sample the signal the problem as I said with this is if you have a small channel compared to the overall band with your filters will get very steep and they will get very computational heavy polyphase filter bank somehow help in that respect so the polyphase filter bank what it does is it basically takes your your filter tabs or your filter impulse response and then splits them into the end different phase shares or the phase parts that the filter has which I will show you in a second so this is like a tap representation of your filter right you have 16 tabs from tap zero to tap 15 and normally you would just like shift your signal through that in one go like serially and then you get the output so the P now we had the PFB will split these into other tabs so you have like the first phase part is are the red tabs and then the blue ones are the second phase parts and so on what you can do then is you can read or reorder those tabs and then basically serve build new filters that are now for four tap filters so in totally you still have 16 tabs but you have four yeah they only have four taps and you have four filters this will help in a regard that if you know how computational complexity grows within the filter it's if you want to sample a signal is n square so now we have basically n divided by 4 square times 4 which is way better than the usual filter complexity we actually have divided the computational complexity by 4 so what we will do now is we will get samples from from your source the first sample will go to the the first filter the second sample will go to the second filter and so on which is switch through all the filters when we are down we go up again basically what you can think of it in a simple way or how I always visualize it is if you down sample the signal what you actually do is you compute all your 16 output samples and then you throw away 12 of them and this is and if you would map that to your filter operation it's like you kind of just do a snapshot of your filter every four computations and this is actually what it does in the end everything gets added together and then you have your resampling filter already so if you want to now extract a channel you basically have to know where your channel is and then down convert the channel by applying a multiplication with a complex wave if you do an FFT after your filtering you get all the channel at once and yeah basically you do just one filtering do one FFT and get all channels that you want so yeah you can also do some different things you can over sample the output of the channel which is basically you manipulate this commutator so instead of for example if you want to over sample it by a factor of two you don't shift every input basically the the first sampler goes to a t0 and then get shifted to t4 no then it gets shifted to t2 actually yeah if you want to synthesize instead of channelize you can basically do the same operations but you just reverse it you first do the FFT then do the filtering etc. so how you could translate that into CUDA so if you're familiar with how CUDA works and you want to do all this basically consecutive memory axis all you do is gonna shuffle so the channelizer as we saw consists of four operations we have to shuffle the input stream from a serial stream to this parallel stream we have to do the polyphase filtering we have to do the FFT and after the FFT we have to parallel to serialize the signal again so input shuffling actually I don't like the slide and I don't like how I implemented it in my library so I took the easy road and said okay I wonder if you basically shuffle stuff you either read a core list or your write core list there's nothing you can do one of the memory loads will be uncoalesced so I decided that I coalesced my read because this is somehow the more logical or what's more logical to me and then write like scattered the problem with this is if you want to read then coalesced you basically take your thread blocks and then you have an X dimension in your thread blocks that is the number of your channels and if you remember that the scheduler tries to bundle the 32 threads to a warp and then execute them and it starts on the X time actually in the first dimension of the thread block if you have less than 32 channels you are not gonna end up with a whole warp so in my case we are at 45 channels it probably didn't make that much of a difference but if you have less than that 32 channels it might make a difference so I'm gonna revisit that and see if it stays like that so filter operation yes we have a basically two-dimensional grid and two-dimensional thread blocks the first dimension in the block computes basically several input samples because we want to maximize our GPU and just calculating one sample output we would still have a lot of threads idle so yeah these are compute several inputs input samples at once process several input samples at once the second dimension the wide dimension takes care of if I want to out over sample the output this is taken care of in that one and the first dimension of the grid basically represents how many channels I want to have and the second dimension of the grid is just there if we don't have enough well don't have enough threats already executing then those will provide additional concurrency just one thing I want to show you how that the code for that looks like so the actual filtering is shit wait yes the actual filtering is just these lines the rest is just shuffling sorry this is shuffling up what so no marking so this is shuffling of the memory and all the rest is just finding out in which thread I'm actually so yeah this is basically all what you do inside your code in CUDA you've tried to find out where the hell you are so yeah if you're a couple of other things for the filter operations we go to shared memory we try to avoid bank conflicts which is not that easy because we have actually complex samples which are 64 bits so not the 32-bit words that we would need for the loads from shared memory as far as the compiler output concerns we don't have any registered or shared memory spills that's always good the FFT is just a Q FFT which is provided by CUDA I mean minutes fast it's convenient so why not use it the output shuffling is because I was actually lazy implemented on the host CPU for now this might change as well I don't expect much of a performance boost maybe in one percent or one digit percentage per area but it would be nice to have everything on the GPU for me at the time it was plenty fast enough so we have some results so this is 32 channel separations with no over sampling the prototype filter was a 437 tap filter so rather small and here we see we as benchmarked a GTX 970 against the trusty old new radio polyphase filter bank and actually the polyphase filter bank of new radios doing very good this is for GPP really remarkable what we see we got to 160 mega samples with the with the CUDA implementation which is roughly four times as fast as the GPU CPU version this is the actual filter that we use in the projects for the 45 channel case so we have three times over sampling 45 channels 1501 tabs so we see this this time we actually have three GPUs there is also the GT 720m which is a laptop early really low-level laptop a GPU with just one streaming multi processor and you see we still get above 100 mega samples with the CUDA implementation on the GTX 970 720 GT is a bit worse or far worse with 14 mega samples with which would still be okay in our use case and then the CPU version is actually not that much slower than the GTM 720 so Martin also said that I should tell you something about the release plans and open source strategies at DLR well to be sure there is no open source release strategy at DLR at least no global one so if you work at DLR and you think I want to release something you just go to your superior and ask if you can do it then you have to go to whoever is supervising the project and ask if you can do it and then just put it on GitHub or whatever maybe if it's like for for the military you have to ask for export export control services but in principle it's your own personal choice so it's still not released we still have some bureaucratic hurdles inside DLR because we do not have a formal way to do it it's also still dependent on some project code and I want to get rid of these dependencies but I can tell you the license so we decided it will be LG PL 3 and it will be on on GitHub probably in a group K and San which is our department communication navigation satellite networks if you want some news on when it's released probably it's the best to check my GitHub because I don't think that there will be a German aerospace and news about that so that's it thank you for listening to me we have time for questions yes yes the longest sorry I'm actually too what's the biggest so the biggest that I tested was roughly 1700 tabs and it ran I think 80 mega samples per second so yeah that could be so the limitation I think for the filter not because they go to this local memory the way you can store these like constant stuff so if this memory runs out then you might be in performance trouble but I have not come to that point yet so I think there is plenty of space for even longer filters yes so there's obviously been several efforts and examples and implementations of GPU offloading from within good radio yes something that we honestly want to get into the main lines as possible the major point of concern is always that the GPUs are super high bandwidth but also high latency yeah yeah based on the work that you've done what I guess what is your opinion of how feasible it would be to basically drop a GPU block in the global radio flow graph and how would that impact your way your flow graph operates in terms of streaming performance streaming performance whoo that's a good question because there is also another problem with at least with most of these like DSP problems on a GPU you have to buffer first a buttload of samples to get to this parallelism that you can actually exploit a GPU so I would guess that the latency from buffering these samples would be higher than the latency from getting them to because also this this 180 mega samples okay it's throughput it's not latency it's measured with with the data copy from host to GPU so we have to stop yeah okay then sorry but I'm be hanging around so this is the most important thing you're gonna hear all day


S.H.M. After this we go to S.H.M. Focus. I will share with you what is S.H.M. Focus. Continuous distribution of mass, moment of inertia. Continuous distribution of mass. Think with discrete masses. What is the discrete mass continuously? Look at it. It is not a point mass. It is not a point mass. So how to find moment of inertia of this continuous mass distribution that is what we are going to do now. You remember center of mass of continuous mass distribution? Remember that I understood that by dividing the entire mass into small small masses of mass dm each. Similarly distributed mass can be divided into point masses of dm each. And let us say its distance from the axis is r square, dm r square. Summation I have to do. So this summation becomes integral. For a continuous mass, if we have discrete masses then simply I do m1 r1 square plus f2 r2 square. But if it is continuous mass, if infinite such masses exist, small small dm. So I cannot do summation. I have to take help of integral now. Understood? So now we are doing objects and we will apply this formula of integral r square dm. Right? What are you talking about? What is that? m and radius r. Correct. What is the correct question to r? I cannot just say find the moment of inertia of ring of mass m and r. We have to ask about which axis. Okay? So we are determining about the axis which is passing through the center and perpendicular to the plane like this. What is the moment of inertia of this ring? It is very easy this one. Into small small masses. Right? So this is the small mass. Let us say this is the small mass dm. What is the moment of inertia is integral of perpendicular distance which is r square into dm. Is r 1? Yes. The perpendicular distance of all the dms are same only. So r square will come out of integral. This will become r square integral of dm. Integral of dm is what? Some of all the masses, total masses. Okay? So we have got moment of inertia of the ring. About that is passing through the center and perpendicular to the ring. And so let's say we got it. How much it is? It is mass. Mass. If the entire mass is located distance r. m r square. Simple. If the perpendicular distance of all the masses is same.  It is the moment of inertia of ring and hollow syrinx are same as you mean masses are equal. Right? Yes. This end will not be equal to that end. Okay? So we have got the moment of hollow syrinx till now. Okay? Now please write down moment of inertia of the disk. The space of mass m and radius r. About the axis. Shh. About the axis passing through the center and perpendicular. How do you analyze this? How your dm will be? Yeah. dm will be ring. This is about the size. So I will just give you a hint. You need to assume shh a ring of radius r and width r. Small r and your small r will change from 0 to capital r. This is the moment of inertia of the dm in terms of r. The mass thing we have done for the semi disk. Similar way you have to do here as well. How you have half disk. The way we will pi small r square.  Inside that ring. You can take this strip and make a ring in terms of dm. This is mass per unit area into area of the strip. Yes or no? Mass per unit area into area of the strip. What is the idea? This is my dm. And the same thing we have done. Center mass also for the semi disk. What is the idea? This is my dm. And the same thing we have done. Center mass also for the semi disk. And mass per unit r square. You cannot escape this. If you think that you will ignore and actually exam. You will not learn. If you have any doubt ask. About an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the disk. Exactly same thing we have done. When we calculated the center of mass of the semi disk. So, what are you facing? Difficulty. Difficulty. When we calculated the center of mass of the semi disk. So, what are you facing? Difficulty. And this difficulty will continue. If you do not do anything of school work. This will not going to help you anyway. If you are not doing this. This will not improve. Isn't it very straightforward? And in class 12 same mass could become charge. So, you have to find charge per unit area into the area of the strip. It will be again total charge q divided by 1. Then it will come and hit you hard in the exam. And you will not get zero. You will get negative. Minimum part is not zero. What? Minimum part is not zero. Can you go further? Minimum part is not zero.


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So hello everyone and welcome to my presentation build your own k3s ready operating system like a pro and I'm Rohit and I work as a software engineer as Susie software solutions here at Vancouver So today I'm gonna walk through what is elemental toolkit, which is a set of tools to manage operating system images Like booting an operating system or upgrading an operating system and so on and then I'm gonna explain how to build this operating elemental operating system using the elemental toolkit that we have and So this elemental toolkit manages the elemental OS like installing or upgrading or resetting the OS images at your machines and then I'll show you a demo of how to build this specific elemental operating system Using the toolkit and then you know boot a virtual machine using that operating system And at the end I'll give a brief overview of how to manage This elemental OS at your edge locations through rancher manager and elemental toolkit so So what is this elemental toolkit? Elemental toolkit provides a build time and runtime framework in order to boot containers either in virtual machines or cloud or bare metal So what does this mean? So basically there are two steps involved here The first one is building a container image based out of a Linux distro almost every Linux distro provides Operating system a container operating system like open source Ubuntu or Fedora and Then we add elemental toolkit to this Docker file to this base Linux distro operating Base image and then build it and the result would be an OS operating it OS Container image with elemental toolkit inside it obviously not only just elemental toolkit you can add much more packages inside it So it's basically a docker docker file So this is basic docker stuff, but the interesting part comes here Where in the toolkit would convert this OS container image into a bootable OS container Container image so that you can boot into your bare metal or cloud or virtual machines and The toolkit takes an argument that is the cloud in it config files and Let's see what This cloud in it config files is So what are these cloud in it config files cloud in it config files are like operating system templates where you can define things like Okay, I'm at the Yeah, here cloud in it is an operating system templates for your machine Like when you when you want to boot your operating system into a virtual machine You want to have something pre-installed like your username or create a bunch of user names and passwords for them or Inject your SSH key once You know the server the operating system is booted or you want to start some binaries even before the server boot Server is up so you can use this templates the config files And you can Elemental toolkit can run these config files at different stages of the boot stages. That is in it RMF RMFS or boot or network or You know even upgrade and here upgrade is a special kit. What do you mean by upgrade upgrading is the Upgrading of the elemental operating system in your virtual machine. So generally, how does upgrading operating system work? So when you upgrade for example Ubuntu or open source you upgrade the packages each individually But using elemental toolkit the upgrade happens, you know by booting into the new bootable container image that you get So you have a new bootable container operating system image And what elemental toolkit does is at the server location is it would boot it would Discard the currently running operating system image and then boot into the new OCI artifact that you get in So you might get a doubt here like how is the data persisted? So for that I need to explain how elemental the layout of elemental OS So it contains the elemental OS contains this five partitions and let's concentrate on the persistent partition So you can specify some directories that you can say that these need to be persistent Like if you're running a single node Kubernetes cluster the data related to the cluster You know, you know the directories you can tell that these need these are persistent and these needs to be in the persistent Partition so when you upgrade or boot into a new operating system It would not you know touch that partition and it would do it in the state partition There are other partitions as well the anatomy of an elemental OS you can I Would recommend you to look more into this into the docs the links. I'll be providing at the end Okay, so now you might get a feeling that this is very opinionated like elemental Who has a specific number of partitions and this is elemental toolkit that that's used to boot this images and the upgrade process You know, you don't upgrade the packages, but you boot into a completely new Container image. So yes, this is opinionated But this is very useful, you know in the cloud native ecosystem And but it's also important to note that this is not coupled to any Kubernetes This is just a toolkit to build your operating system images and you know boot and upgrade Operating system images at any bare metal location or a virtual machine or anything and it's not tied to any specific Linux distro and This toolkit is provided as a Golang CLI and so it's easy to distribute and deploy and This CLI has the sub commands that is installing the operating system or upgrading or you can even say if your edge location is not Responding you can just reset the operating system And then there's this other command called build ISO wherein you can convert the you know general docker image into a bootable docker image so ISO is the installation media using which you can boot your operating system in virtual machines so here I have a demo wherein I'll be showcasing how to build this elemental OS using the toolkit and Then I will also create a virtual machine with the OS that we just built So here the first step that is a docker file, you know having all the required packages and elemental toolkit inside it so this is the elemental toolkit that I'm taking in and This is the operating system base image open-source leap. I'm using open-source leap. You can use anything and Then I'm also having k3s inside it So k3s is this minimalistic Kubernetes cluster the smallest possible Kubernetes cluster that you can deploy at your edge locations and I'm I'm installing some packages that are required for booting, you know making this container image bootable And I'm also copying this cloud in it config files as I tell you as I told you cloud in it config files are the operating system templates like you can you know tell at various stages of boot to do to run some scripts or you know create users or Anything and then a drag code is for you know, automating the boot process Yep, so I will run this docker build. It's very simple just docker file with the right packages in the docker build And now I have the image Container image, but the thing to note is this is not bootable in a virtual machine Because it doesn't have the required thing. So the what elemental toolkit does is it would convert this container image into a bootable container image So I have the elemental CLI and you can see the sub commands build ISO Install the image upgrade the system or reset the OS and This is a manifest file that it takes so for the grub name So when you are booting it, you need a grub name and that's derivative installer You will see this name at the when I'm booting into a new virtual machine When I'm using this ISO image to boot into the virtual machine and this is the cloud in it config files The operating system templates like as I told you at each stage you can tell You know you're operating by the boot process is going on You can tell the machine to do some things like you know, for example here after the init rmf rmf stage you can say Set up a custom user like as soon as the operating system is booted I need a user named Joe and the password would be Joe And also you can also inject some SSH keys. So as soon as the operating system is up you can just you know SSH into it and Remember, I told you that you need you need to have some directories that are persistent So while elemental toolkit is upgrading this operating system, you know, this partition is not touched and the data remains safe Yep, here's this interesting part. So as soon as the operating system gets a network I would tell it to start k3s the Kubernetes cluster So now I'm using the elemental toolkit build ISO sub command to convert the container image into a bootable container image This is gonna take some time. So I just skip So you can see it converted the Rohit sakala elemental demo into an ISO image And then now I will use this ISO image to create a virtual machine So that this ISO image is booted into it. So I'm using word install with KVM virtualization And you can see her the CD ROM is the elemental dot ISO. So it's starting As I told you that's the grub Entry name Install and this is just booting up. Oh, let me skip this. These are just logs and you remember we Specified username and password and cloud init config file named Joe and the password Joe So I Would use that to as a search into it Yep so you also remember that we used you know after the network stage we wanted our k3s to be up and running and So this is the first time I'm doing an SSH into it.  You'll have everything up and running So yep, this was demo Okay, so what we have seen is we Created an elemental OS using elemental toolkit booted into a virtual machine with I mean the elemental OS has everything inside it All the commands to run beforehand everything now What is this useful for what is the use case? Imagine you have an edge location where you want to run you want to run your cloud native app That is a Kubernetes pod at your edge location so that One important aspect about running about in an edge edge is you need to have the smallest footprint plausible So you can achieve that using k3s and sleep micro rancher OS image So k3s is the smallest Kubernetes cluster like the smallest footprint You can have to create Kubernetes cluster at your edge location with the operating system sleep micro rancher Which is the minimalistic operating system? You know the basic kernel and the basic packages required to run this k3s So this is the smallest possible embedded OS with k3s in it with the Kubernetes pod in it and then you can Run run that at your edge location now. There's a problem here How can you upgrade or manage your Kubernetes pods running at your edge location or your how can you upgrade the OS? At your edge location. So here comes elemental stack. So that's possible using rancher multi cluster manager so rancher multi cluster manager is you know a software for Managing your clusters. You can create multiple clusters. You can tear them out You can install some things in it using the apps in marketplace And then for the OS layer for you know upgrading the OS into a new thing you have elemental operator running inside the rancher manager that connects with All the elemental OS the edge locations that you have that are running elemental OS and this elemental operator will manage the life cycle of that OS and this rancher manager will manage the Life cycle of your k3s the smallest Kubernetes cluster that you can have the pods running inside it So this is a complete solution for your edge location like the smallest You know footprint that that is required to run your cloud native apps And these can be managed remotely using this elemental stack that you have so yep these so with this I end my talk, but This is just one use case that I've shown you and this is just single note k3s class k3s cluster you have but You can have more use cases because this is not tied to anything and it's it's all everything that I showed you here is open source and For the elemental stack these are the links that you can go and check out and for elemental toolkit, which is a CLI These are the links you there There's a slack channels as well where you can go and you know ask your questions or doubts So thank you so much


Well, Frank Ohm is an expert on North Korea at the United States Institute of Peace think tank. He also served as a senior advisor for North Korea at the Department of Defense. Thank you very much, Frank Ohm, for joining us. Was this anything more than a superficial photo opportunity? Well, first of all, thanks for having me. I understand that there are legitimate criticisms about this being a photo op, reality TV show. But that being said, there is a big takeaway from this meeting, which is that President Trump and Kim Jong-un agreed to begin working level negotiations. If we were to believe the word of President Trump, they agreed to return to working level negotiations in a few weeks' time. So I think it remains to be seen whether they can actually make progress from those negotiations. But that is significantly an important step given the stalemate that we've been experiencing for the last several months or so. Right. And do you think working level negotiations, if you can hear me all right, do you think working level negotiations, as they mentioned today, on the key issues are helped by big telegenic moments like we saw today? I think, first of all, we have to see if they actually take place. Remember about nine months ago, special representative Stephen Began was named as the U.S. lead for working level negotiations, and they just never really materialized except for a few times leading up to do preparatory work for summits. So until we actually see those working level negotiations, we don't know whether all of this patentry of summitry has actually helped. Isn't it deeply worrying that a despot presiding over a country with one of the worst human rights records in the world is being given this legitimacy? That may be the case. I certainly think that there are significant human rights issues. And we have to be mindful of that. At the same time, we make peace with our enemies, not our friends out. We have to deal with Kim Jong-un in order to address the tensions on the peninsula and ultimately achieve North Korea's denuclearization. Is this the only way that that could be achieved, do you think? Well, I don't know of any other way. You need to be able to meet with the leader. Certainly in a case in North Korea where the top-down process seems to be more appropriate because no other people within the North Korean system have the authority to engage and make decisions. So you need to have the ability to get Kim Jong-un's trust and make sure that he is fully bought in into the process. How optimistic are you about the forthcoming months and any chance of progress? That's unclear. I do think that both sides are committed to diplomacy. We know about Kim Jong-un's imposed deadline for salvaging diplomacy by the end of the year. I think Kim Jong-un and President Trump both have a vested interest in reaching a deal by the end of the year. So I think that there is some hope, but again, we just have to see how it plays out. Frank Ohm, thanks very much indeed for joining us from the United States Institute of Peace in Washington. Thank you.