This is the SIG Auto Scaling Update, and we're going to tell you about a lot of exciting things that we've been doing since the last time we all got together. Take my mask off. OK. Why don't I guess we'll go through some introductions to begin with. My name is Michael McEwn. I work for Red Hat. I'm an engineer. We're all engineers who work in the SIG Auto Scaling community. This is Joaquin Bartosik from Google, Guy Templeton from Sky Scanner, and David Morrison from Airbnb. And so when and if we can get the slides going, we're going to talk to you about some changes that have been happening in the Horizontal Pod Auto Scaler. We've got an update about what's going on with the V2 API that's been released and the deprecation notices around V2 beta 1 and V2 beta 2. David's going to talk a little bit about the GRPC additions that have come into the cluster auto scaler recently and in specific about the GRPC expander that's been written. And we also have some more GRPC kind of provider coming as well. I mean, it's already there. And then Joaquin's going to talk about the changes that have been happening in the Vertical Pod Auto Scaler. And Guy's going to bring it home and talk a little bit about the community and how you all can get involved and give us bug reports or pull requests or tell us our documentation stinks. And we should make it better. We need more testing. So I don't know, how are we doing on the tech situation here? I guess, OK. Does anybody know any good jokes? We just can't win for losing here, you know? All right, well, so as many of you may or may not know, for several releases now, the horizontal pod auto scaler community has been working to release a V2 API. This work has been ongoing, I think, since before 1.22. It started off with V2 beta 1, migrated to a V2 beta 2 status. And just recently, we've merged the PR to make the V2 stable. And we've put out the deprecation notices for the previous versions. And so if you're using V2 beta 1, and I imagine probably most people are not, or if you're using V2 beta 2, you should be aware that we're coming up on 1.25, which will be the end of life for V2 beta 1. V2 beta 2 is also in deprecation right now. But I think it will exist until 1.26, and then it will be deprecated as well.  The serialization format has not changed from V2 beta 1 to V2. There have been some changes to the programmatic API interface. So if you're writing code that uses the HPA as a library, you'll probably want to look at the release notes on the PR and on the HPA so that you can know. There are a couple of functions, I think, that change name. That was all it looked like to me. But for the most part, it should be a seamless transition from V2 beta 1 or V2 beta 2 into the V2 API. Let's just see if this is going to end. So yeah, so if you're using horizontal pod auto scaler, you shouldn't really have to change too much. Oh, thanks. Yeah, that actually helps. Let's go back to it. Yeah, so no changes to the serialization format. And for all of you who are taking notes out there, if you're really curious about this, you want to go to the Kubernetes, Kubernetes repo, and look for pull request 102534. And that's where the merge happened. You can read the release notes there. Now, that's pretty much the end of what I had to say. And unfortunately for you all, I only had a couple slides with a little bit of text on them. David and Joakim have a lot of slides with more text on them and graphics. And I'm going to hand it over to David soon. But you're going to have to kind of imagine what he's talking about until, well, maybe? Just in time. So with that, I will hand it over to David to talk about, oh, come on, don't. If we have to present it for you, we'll just keep going. OK. It's right. Don't touch. So I'm going to hand it over to David. He's going to tell you all about cluster auto scaler and GRPC and all that cool stuff. So take it away there. Thanks. I was actually, like he said, my slides have a lot of text on them, which is not my normal deal. So I was kind of excited to not have to show you walls of text. But here we are. I'm David Morrison. I'm a staff software engineer at Airbnb. I work on the Compute Infrastructure team. And specifically, I do a lot with scheduling and auto scaling and cluster efficiency for all of our Kubernetes clusters. So today, I want to talk to you about the Custom Expander interface that we contributed to cluster auto scaler. A bunch of this work was actually done by one of my colleagues, Evan Cheng, who unfortunately wasn't able to be here, but joint effort. All of us, say, auto scaling folks, it's all good. So yeah, let's crack on. So just as a quick reminder, I want to talk about what is an expander. So this is a code snippet from the cluster auto scaler code. This is the scale up function. So first thing that cluster auto scaler does is it looks for all of the unschedulable pods, things that can't fit anywhere on the cluster. And then it looks at all of the different node groups that it has available. So a node group, if you're using AWS, for example, might be an auto scaling group. Just as a reminder, a cluster auto scaler, one of the requirements is that all of the nodes in a node group have to be identical from an auto scaling perspective. So they all have to have the same amount of CPU, same resources. If you're using things like pod topology spread, they all have to be in the same AZ, et cetera. Then what happens is it takes all of the node groups that can accommodate the unschedulable pods, and it passes it off to the expander. That's this line that's highlighted in blue right here. It calls this best option function. The expander does its thing. It computes one or more node groups that it wants to scale up and then hands that back to cluster auto scaler to actually do the hard work of adding new nodes. So we're going to be focusing today on the best option function here. So again, just as a reminder, what are the types of expanders that cluster auto scaler has available? The default is random. It does what it says on the tin. Pics a node group at random. Scales it up. Most pods and leased wastes are kind of complementary to each other. Most pods tries to pick a node group that will schedule the most unschedulable pods. Leased waste kind of does the converse. It picks a node group that will, once you scale it up, will have the sort of least unused resources, CPU, memory, et cetera. If you're using GKE, you can pick the cheapest node group, which is great if you're on GKE. And then the one that we've been using at Airbnb up till now is the priority expander. I think this is the one that a lot of people use in practice. You can specify a prioritized list of your node groups, and the expander will pick the node group that is the highest priority that can accommodate your unschedulable pods. So the one we're going to talk about today, the one that's new, is the custom gRPC expander. So let's talk a little bit about why we wanted to write a new one of these things. We were looking at what is available previously in Cluster Auto Scalar, and none of them quite did what we wanted to. We wanted to be able to sort of dynamically change things on the fly, and you can kind of do that with the priority one. You can update the priority config map, and it'll take that into account. But we really wanted to have more complicated logic here. So then we talked a little bit about, well, what if we just built a new expander and contributed upstream? We really don't want to be running a fork of Cluster Auto Scalar. We'd like to stay with what's sort of available to everyone else. But we couldn't really come up with something that was both going to solve our business needs and would also be appropriate to upstream. And so we finally settled on this gRPC expander. So this has a couple of benefits. The first is that it allows us to encode our business-specific scaling logic. So it allows us to do things like take into account our AWS contract, which might change as we renegotiate things. We're looking at trying to run more spot instances. And spot depends a lot on the time of day. Depends on the price. Depends on what else is running in our cluster. And so it's kind of hard to figure out how to generalize that. And then the other thing that we were concerned about is Cluster Auto Scalar releases, roughly in lockstep, with mainline Kubernetes. And we needed some more flexibility. So if our traffic patterns change, or if our contract changes, or anything changes, we wanted to have the ability to update our scaling logic. And so what we settled on is let's build a interface that allows us to sort of encapsulate all of our business-specific logic as a separate service. And it'll just talk to Cluster Auto Scalar over GRPC. So that's what we did. This is the one and only diagram in my section of the talk. So I hope you like it. On the left, you can see you've got a node in your cluster. Cluster Auto Scalar is running on it somewhere. And what we built is inside Cluster Auto Scalar, there's a GRPC client that conforms to the expander interface. So it's got that best options call. And what best options does is it translates the expander parameters into a protobuf, passes that over the network to some other service that's sitting somewhere else in your cluster that acts as a GRPC server. That service will then take all of the options that Cluster Auto Scalar provided to it, and it will do whatever business logic you want. And then it returns the choice back to Cluster Auto Scalar, where the GRPC client will then translate it back into Cluster Auto Scalar lingo, and it goes on from there. Let's take a look at just briefly what the interface looks like here. So this is the protobuf interface. It's pretty straightforward. So the function, it has one RPC. It's best options. It takes a best options request, returns a best options response. The request has all of the node group options that are available. And then it takes this map, this node info map, which describes what the nodes look like in each one of those options. And then the response just returns one or more node groups that it would like to scale up. So here's some really simple expander code. The goal here is kind of like, I want to show you what it looks like to write one of these things. It's not actually that hard. So you do your standard boilerplate to set up your GRPC server. You create a new expander interface. You register it. You start listening for requests from Cluster Autoscaler. And then here is an example of what the best options function inside your custom expander might look like.  I don't really recommend that you actually use this. This just picks the node group that has the longest name. So I guess that might be useful for somebody. But it's pretty straightforward. It takes in the response, or it takes in the request, returns a response, and you're done. The only other sort of tricky thing, and it's not actually that tricky, is configuring Cluster Autoscaler to talk to your expander service. This is pretty straightforward. You just have to pass in three command line arguments to your Cluster Autoscaler invocation. So the first one, dash dash expander. We actually, another feature that landed in CA fairly recently is you can specify multiple expanders. We recommend doing this when you're doing this custom expander. So here we're saying GRPC is your first expander. And then if something goes wrong, if there's a network partition, your expander service crashes for who knows whatever reason, then it'll fall back onto the priority expander. So definitely worth having a fall back there. And then the other two are just telling Cluster Autoscaler how to talk to the expander. So GRPC expander URL says, hey, this is where you need to send your requests. And then the second one, GRPC expander cert, says these are the TLS certificates that you need to use to encrypt that communication. So it's pretty straightforward. If you've done anything else like there's the GRPC provider, has a similar sort of pattern. If you've done anything with admission controllers and Kubernetes, it's all the same sort of pattern. So nothing too exciting or complicated here. So I'm just going to finish up with a bunch of links. You can download this from the SCED site. First is a link to our design proposal. The second is a link to the actual pull request that got upstreamed. Inside there, there's a readme. That's just a sort of text version of what I just said. And there's also some example code in there. So if this is something that's interested, that's a good jumping off point. Sorry, if this is something you're interested in, that example code is a good jumping off point for you. I don't think this has gone live yet. But we have written a blog post about the expander work that we've done, as well as a few of the other contributions we've made to Cluster Autoscaler. I think that's going to go live on our blog either today or tomorrow. Not sure exactly when. I will update the slides once that blog post is live. For right now, that's just a generic link to our engineering blog. But hopefully you all can read that and get some interesting information out of there as well. So that's all I have to say about expanderers. I'm going to hand it off now to Joachim to talk about VPA. Thanks. So I'm going to give you updates about VPA. I have a few things to talk about. So first, I'll be talking about what VPA does. Then I'll talk about enhancements, which we introduced to VPA. And finally, I'll talk a little bit about our releases. So what does VPA do? We do three things. And corresponding to that, we have three components. And we have three modes of operation. So first thing we always do when you create VPA object is to generate recommendations and record those recommendations in the VPA object. And component responsible for that is recommender. Second thing we do is that you might want to apply those recommendations. For that, we have admission controller, which applies recommendations to pods when they start. And it operates only in auto and initial modes. So we can turn this off. And finally, we have updater component, which evicts your pods so that when they are recreated by controller, admission controller can apply recommendations if you want. So you can turn that on by choosing auto or recreate mode. If you want your recommendations applied automatically. Now on to the first improvement. We made alternative recommender support. So why did we introduce this enhancement? Because it's very hard to write an algorithm that will generate very good recommendations for all possible workloads. For example, many workloads have weekly usage pattern. And for those workloads, that default eight-day window of data, which we're looking at, will be enough. But different workloads might have longer patterns, for example, monthly. And for that, eight-day window will be too short. But on the other hand, we don't want to extend the window to be very long, because then our reaction would be slow. So it would be good to choose different windows for different workloads. Similarly, workloads which answer user queries might want to be able to react very quickly, even if there is a load spike. On the other hand, some workloads don't need to react very quickly to spikes and can spread out their work and conserve resources. So to allow that, we allow you to choose from multiple recommenders now. So you start multiple recommenders, and then you can set choose, which one to use in your VPA object like that, by simply specifying the name of the recommender which you want to use for this VPA object. So like you can see here, multiple recommenders would read the object, but only one would actually write the recommendation. But to choose from multiple recommenders, you need to actually run multiple recommenders in your cluster. And to do that, right now, you have to implement your own recommender. I hope that this will change, but for now, we have to write some code. And when you do, it's very important to remember that only one recommender should recognize any name. Because if two recommenders try to write to the same VPA object, then the recommendation will change very quickly, and it might not work very well. On the other hand, one recommender might recognize multiple names. So for example, the default recommender writes recommendation either if there is no recommender name specified, because that was the behavior before, or if you specified that the default recommender should write the recommendation explicitly. OK, the other enhancement we introduced is per VPA object min replicas. So by default, VPA will evict your pods only if there are at least two running pods in your controller. We do that because if there is only one pod running, then it's pretty likely we will disrupt your workload if we evict the only pod. But it's not a good behavior for everyone, because if you have only one running pod in your controller by design, then we will never apply recommendations, and this might not be what you want. Before, there was an option you could set to change this behavior for all VPA objects in your cluster. But again, this might not be what you want, because you might be running different workloads. For some workloads, you might want to wait for multiple pods to appear, so that at least some will be working. For other workloads, you might want to evict the only pod to apply recommendations. And the other problem was that sometimes you're not controlling your cluster, somebody else is, and then you couldn't set the option. So this is changed to an updater component from before. And again, using this is pretty simple. This time you don't even have to write any code. You just specify how many pods you want running in your controller before we start evicting them, and it will work. Finally, we used to do releases ad hoc, and this resulted in some pretty long time durations between our releases. Going forward, we would like to do releases every time there is a Kubernetes release, so three times a year. And if you would like to learn more, I linked to Caps about the enhancements I talked about. Also, if you want to help, we have some ideas. I would like to make it possible to configure pass parameters to recommenders when you specify them. It would be nice to make it possible to expose multiple recommendations in one VP object so that you can preview what different recommender recommends before you actually make the switch. And it would be good to make the default recommender more configurable so that you can use it as a multiple recommender by writing multiple instances without writing your own code. And with that, I'm handing over. Thank you. So you've heard a lot about the new features, new extensibility that we've shipped over the last year and a bit. However, this is where we need your help. You've heard, obviously, ideas for future improvements to the VPA, cluster autoscaler is improving its extensibility. People can write their own GRPC expanders now. So we need your help. We own a lot of projects, like you've heard about the HPA, you've heard about the cluster autoscaler, VPA. We only have a small number of maintainers. We can't do all that we want to do just with the number of engineers we currently have and contributors. So we want your feature requests, implementation, bug reports, what's not working for you, what you would like to see work better. And we also need your help with bug triage and response. We don't have enough contributors at the moment to triage all the bugs that we get reported. We'd really love to improve that, as well as infrastructure improvements to improve the testing around all of our components to make it easier for US end users to contribute. And we definitely want to expand our maintainers as well. At the moment, we know that there's different, for instance, in the cluster autoscaler, despite the extensibility now with GRPC expanders and GRPC potentially cloud providers. At the moment, most of the big cloud providers are baked into cluster autoscaler. So we need maintainers for those cloud provider implementations. A lot of the big cloud providers do support that, but we need more to improve the responsiveness, improve how often we're releasing cluster autoscaler as well. And as you already heard, we want to improve the extensibility so that you're not dependent on us cutting releases, but you can, if you want to bake in business logic, whether it be an expander or a cloud provider implementation, that you can do that out of band as well. We've got links here to our community charter, if you want to get involved. We've also got a mailing list. That's not massively active, however, we also have. That also enables you to edit our officers, put things on the agenda. And we're also fairly active on the Sig Auto Scaling channel. There's also a Sig Auto Scaling API channel for discussion about things like the HPA, V2 API, and potential other future improvements to the API side of things. And we'd love to have you involved. Any questions? Stone style. This is awesome. Say that out loud so everyone can hear that, sorry. So yeah, my question was you can use like VPA and HPA, but you have limitations due to the VPA. So I was just wondering if there's like some roadmap on that, some dates. So there is some work on making VPA and HPA work together, but it's very early as well. So I wouldn't wait, hold breath for it. Any other questions? Thank you for a great presentation. The cluster outscaler now has the custom expanders. It's that pattern you're looking into for the VPA as well. So I haven't thought about it yet. But if you have ideas, you know, feel free to come to see, can talk about this. Who else? The main replica feature in the VPA, the new one is for disruption purposes, right? And if it is, can't we just use the both disruption budget for that value? Okay, so VPA also respects both disruption budget, but there are extra measures in VPA. So if there is only one pod running in your controller, VPA wouldn't evict this only pod, even if part disruption budget would allow it. Okay, does this answer your question? Okay, I mean, if I have the both disruption budget like three, and so the only way where the benefit if it is only one. Can we get a little community effort here? Yes, so if you have pod disruption budget and you want pod disruption budget says you want at least three pods running, then this lag will not change anything for you. Like this is extra check we do in VPA in addition to really following whatever restrictions pod disruption budget sets, right? So you have both, but you could have pod disruption budget that allows to evict all the pods. But even then before this change VPA wouldn't do that because we had an extra check inside VPA and we would say, hey, there is only one pod and we wouldn't even try to evict, okay? So we have a couple online questions as well. And the most voted one right now says is there a predictive auto scaling algorithm? And in my opinion, predictive auto scaling is a very complex topic. And we do not have anything like that currently, but does anyone else wanna talk to predictive auto scaling? It involves a lot of machine learning and a lot of mistakes and those kind of things. So no, we do not have a predictive auto scaler included in any of this stuff right now. I've seen many attempts over the years for people to try to use data science to analyze the usage patterns in their clusters to create models that they could then predict like how they're gonna auto scale. In my opinion, you'd probably be better off just looking at like the traffic logs for whatever you're doing. And it's like, well, we know that Friday at 9 p.m., we get hit. So we already know the prediction. Friday at 9 p.m., add some more nodes. To do things in a more dynamic way is a little more complicated. Did you wanna speak to that? Yeah, go ahead. I've actually tried to write one of those predictive auto scalers in a past life. I guess I'll say there's a reason that I've switched to using cluster auto scaler and just watching the number of unschedulable pods because it generally seems to work better, in my opinion. So. Cool, thanks. So there are a couple more questions here. One question is where can we find the slides? I don't think they're on the sketch page yet, but they are. Okay, so look on the sketch.org or sketch.com page for this presentation. You can download it. It's got all the links in there. There's one other really cryptic question, and maybe this is a good one to end on because it seems kind of maybe an existential question. It just says, what about node auto scaling? What about it? Yes. I'm not sure how deep to go. There is a cluster auto scaler and it does node auto scaling. Maybe this person was asking about some sort of like vertical node scaling or something. Something like Carpenter. Yeah, right, exactly. Something like Carpenter where you've got different auto scaling primitives and whatnot where it's selecting machines in a different way than the Kubernetes cluster auto scaler does. So what about node auto scaling? I think as a SIG, we think node auto scaling is pretty cool. We like it. We'd like to see more of it. We'd like to see the community coming and telling us what they want to see in it. Whoever made this question, if you have suggestions, open an issue on the Kubernetes slash auto scaler repo and yeah, maybe that's a good place to end it.


Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Samasa in Paninian Grammar. And this is the first course on Samasa. We begin our lecture with the recitation of the Mangala Charana. We are dealing with the Tattpurusha Samasa, which is one of the major compounds in Sanskrit. We have also said that the biggest basket of sutras is devoted in stating the Tattpurusha Samasa in the Paninian Grammar. The structure of the Tattpurusha Samasa is shown in the form of an equation in this particular manner, where x and y are the two constituents which augur independently and they could be interrelated. When they are interrelated, they could be merged together, they could be integrated together and one output can be generated in the form of x, y. And in this, y is highlighted primarily to show that y is the head of this particular unit x, y. But the main idea is that it is one undivided unit in the form of meaning as well as the word form as well as accent. We are right now studying the Vibhakti Tattpurusha, which is the first classification under the Tattpurusha. In the previous lecture, we studied the Chaturthi Vibhakti Tattpurusha. Now, in this lecture, we study the Panchami Vibhakti Tattpurusha stated in the sutras 2137 to 39. The sutra 2137 is Panchami Bhayena, Panchami Bhayena. There are two words in the sutra. One is Panchami and the second one is Bhayena. The word Panchami occurs in the Prathama Vibhakti. This is one slash one. And so, the word in the Panchami Vibhakti is termed as Upasarjanam because of the sutra Prathama Nirdishtam Samasa Upasarjanam. And because of the next sutra, Upasarjanam Purvam, the word in the Panchami Vibhakti will be having Purva Nipata. That means that the word in the Panchami Vibhakti will occupy the initial position in the compound. Then we have the word Bhayena, which is instrumental singular, three slash one, with the word Bhaya. The words continued are Sup from 212, Subha Mantriti Parangavatspare, Sahasupa from the sutra Sahasupa 214. Obviously, Samarthapada Vidhi from 211 is very much there. So, we have the structure of this particular compound stated by this particular sutra is the following. There is the Purva Pada having the Panchami Vibhakti at the end, and the Uttarapada having the Pratipadika Bhaya and the Pratyaya Su. Now, the output generated is the Pratipadika in the Purva Pada and the Pratipadika in the Uttarapada, namely Bhaya. This will be the output. Now, the first question is how is there the interrelation? How is Panchami related to Bhaya? And the answer is given by the sutras of Panini, namely 2328, which says that the Panchami Vibhakti denotes the Karaka Apadana. Panchami is prescribed by 2328, Apadana Panchami, to denote Apadana. And what is an Apadana is defined by the sutra, Bhitra Arthanam Bhaya Hetu, which is 1425. What this sutra means is that the Hetu, that is the cause of Bhaya, when the verbal roots Bhitra and its synonyms, they are used, is termed Apadana. And this Apadana is expressed with the Vibhakti called Panchami. And here we have the word Bhaya, which is derived from the verbal root Bhih. And now the sutra Apadana Panchami will add the Vibhakti Panchami after a Pratipadika, after which there is Bhaya Hetu, that is to be denoted. So, this is how the semantic relatedness can be explained. And once this is done, the compounding process will begin. And we have, namely, meaning fear from the thief, that is Chorad Bhayam, that is the Laukika Vigraha. And this will be converted into the Laukika Vigraha, namely Chorad plus Nasi, plus Bhaya plus Su. And now this becomes a Samasa. So, this becomes a Pratipadika. And then the Su and Nasi, these are the two Sups which become part of the Pratipadika. And then Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho applies and deletes both the Sups. And so we have Chorad plus Bhaya. And the finally derived compound output would be Chorad Bhaya. Chorad Bhayam is the Laukika Vigraha. And Chorad Bhaya is the compound output generated by the application of this particular Sutra that we are studying right now. Panchami Bhayena. Now there is a statement that is found in the later commentatorial literature, which says Bhaya Bhita Bhiti Bhibhir Iti Vakta Vyam. So the Sutra mentions only the word Bhaya, but the commentary says that along with Bhaya, there are some other words that also undergo the same process. They also have fear as the core meaning conveyed by them. And these words are Bhita Bhiti and V. So instead of just saying Bhaya Na, why not say Bhaya Bhita Bhiti Bhibhir. That would be far more appropriate and far more capturing the realistic data. This is what is proposed. So along with Bhaya, other words Bhita, Bhiti and V. Bhiti and V means fear. Bhita means one who is afraid obviously because of fear. So they also get compounded with the interrelated Panchami Vibhakti. And thus this will generate forms like Chorabhita, Chorabhiti and also Chorabhi along with Chorabhaya. Chorabhita is someone who is afraid of a thief. Chorabhiti means fear of thief and Chorabhi also means fear from the thief. Let us now look at the next Sutra. Apeta, Podha, Mukta, Patita, Patrasthair, Alpashaha. This particular Sutra has got two padas. Apeta, Podha, Mukta, Patita, Alpashaha. This is 3 slash 3. And the second word is Alpashaha. Alpashaha is an indeclinable. It means little. What this mention means is that in an option. The tradition interprets this as option. What it means is that the forms generated by this Sutra are found only in a small domain. Suggesting thereby that there is a big domain of usage which does not use this form and does not do this process which eventually indicates an optional usage. A small domain doing this process, making the compound and a big domain not doing this process. Obviously in some case there is this process happening and in some other case the process is not happening which eventually leads to the optional implication. Thus Alpashaha is interpreted to mean an option or optionally. The words continued are Sup and Sahasupa. Samarthapada Vidhi is obviously always there. The other word continued is Panchami from the previous Sutra and Panchami occurs in the Prathama Vibhakti. Thereby it becomes the Upasarajana by the Sutra Prathama Nirdistam Samasa Upasarajanam. And by the Sutra Upasarajanam Purvam the word appearing in the Panchami Vibhakti occupies the initial position of the compound Purva Nipata. So the structure of the compound derived by this Sutra would be something like this. We have a Pratipadika at the end of which there is Panchami and there is another Pratipadika where we have Apeta, Apodha, Mukta, Patitta, Apatrasta, etc. and followed by Su and the output generated is the Pratipadika in the first Subanta along with Apeta, Apodha, Mukta, Patitta and Apatrasta. What is the semantic relation between the two Subantas? And that can be said to be the Apadana which is stated by 2328 Apadana Panchami which says that the Panchami Vibhakti expresses Apadana. And how Apadana comes into the picture? The Apadana is defined by the Sutra 1424 as Dhruvam Apaya Apadana. And in all these words Apeta, Apodha, Mukta, Patitta and Apatrasta which are the Kradantas the verbal root denotes the motion and therefore there is scope for Apadana. And then this Apadana gets expressed by Panchami and that is how these Subantas are interlinked with the Subanta ending in the Panchami Vibhakti. So there is Samarthya. Now let us look at the examples. The meaning is that one who has gone away from happiness, Sukhat Apeta. The word Apeta is derived by adding the suffix t to the verbal root i with the proverb or the upasarga, upa i. Upa i means to go away. So Sukhat Apeta. So the Alawkika Vigraha over here is Sukha plus Nasi. Nasi is the Panchami suffix plus Apeta plus Su. Now this becomes a Pratipadika. This becomes first a Samasa and then it becomes a Pratipadika. And then Nasi and Su are the parts of the Pratipadika. So Supodhatup Pratipadika Yoho applies and Nasi and Su, both of them get deleted. So we have Sukha plus Apeta and then we join them together. Do the Sandhi, Parasavarna. Do the Akasavarna-Dirgaha Sandhi and we get the form Sukha Apeta. Sukha Apeta is the output generated of the Alawkika Vigraha Sukhat Apeta. Meaning one who has gone away from happiness. Similarly, one which is removed from imagination. Kalpanayaha Aphodha. So here we have Kalpana plus Nasi and Aphodha plus Su. So Kalpana is linked with the word Aphodha through this Panchami suffix. Kalpana is the Apadana and it is expressed through the Panchami Vibhakti. Now Kalpana plus Nasi and Aphodha plus Su. This is the Alawkika Vigraha and so this gets the term Samasa over here. And once it gets the term Samasa, it also is termed as Pratipadika. And Nasi and Su are parts of this Pratipadika. So Supodhatup Pratipadika applies and we get Kalpana plus 0 plus Aphodha plus 0. And then we join them together. Do the Svaradirga Sandhi and we get the form Kalpana Aphodha. Which means the same thing as Kalpana Yaha Aphodha. Something that is removed from imagination. Kalpana Yaha Aphodha. Then we have freed from the cycle Chakra Muktaha. This is the Alawkika Vigraha and here Chakra plays the role of an Apadana with reference to the action of freeing. Mucha denotes this action. So Chakra is the Apadana and this Apadana is explicitly expressed by the Panchami Vibhakti suffix Nasi over here. So the Alawkika Vigraha is Chakra plus Nasi plus Mukta plus Su. This becomes a Samasa and so it becomes a Pratipadika. And then Nasi and Su they get deleted because of the sutra Supodhatup Pratipadika yo ho. And so we have Chakra plus 0 plus Mukta plus 0. And so we have the finally derived output of the compound namely Chakra Mukta. Chakra Muktaha. This is the Alawkika Vigraha. Chakra Mukta. This is the Alawkika Vigraha. Chakra Mukta is the finally derived compound output which means the same thing as Chakra Muktaha. We shall be also studying that there are some other words which when appear in Panchami, that Panchami Vibhakti does not get deleted. So there is a look like for example stokha etc. And so we get the output stokha Muktaha and so on. But this we shall study little later. Let us proceed further. The meaning is fallen from the heaven. Svarga Patitaha. This is the Alawkika Vigraha. And the Alawkika Vigraha is Svarga plus Gnasi and Patita plus Su. The verbal root Patta means to go. And obviously Svarga is the Apadana intended by the speaker over here. And so this Apadana gets expressed by the Panchami Vibhakti suffix Gnasi. And so we have Svarga Patitaha as the Alawkika Vigraha. Svarga plus Gnasi plus Patita plus Su. This is the Alawkika Vigraha. And this becomes a Samasa. So it becomes a Pratipatika. And then Supodhatu Pratipatika Yoga applies and deletes Su and Gnasi which are part of the Pratipatika. And so we have Svarga plus Patita. Svarga Patita as the finally derived output of the compound. Svarga Patita means the same as Svarga Patita. Svarga Patita fallen from the heaven. We also note that the word Patita also gets compounded with the word ending in Dvitya. Dvitya Sritatita Patita. So Svarga Patita can in fact be interpreted in two manners. Either Svarga Patita or Svarga Patita both ways it's possible. Finally one who fled the waves. Tarangat Apatrastha. Now Tarangat is the wave and Apatrastha denotes an action of which Tarangat is intended to be an Apadana. And so Panchami Vibhakti expresses this Apadana. And this is how Tarangat is semantically related with Apatrastha. And so there is compounding. And so we have Tarangat plus Gnasi plus Apatrastha plus Su. This becomes a Samasa now and Samasa becomes a Pratipatika. And once it is a Pratipatika, Gnasi and Su. These are the two Sups which are now part of the Pratipatika. So they get deleted by Supodhatup Pratipatika Yoho. So we have Tarangat and Apatrastha. So we join them together. Do the Savarnadirga Sandhi. And finally we get the output in the form of Tarangat Apatrastha. So Tarangat Apatrastha, this is the Laukika Vigraha. And we get the compound output Tarangat Apatrastha which also means the same thing. One who fled the waves. Now we have the next Sutra, Stokantika Durartha Krachrani Ktena. 2, 1, 39. So Stokantika Durartha Krachrani Ktena has got two words. Stokantika Durartha Krachrani, this is 1, 3. And this indicates that this is the Upasarjana. By the Sutra Prathama Nirdistam Samasa Upasarjanam. And obviously because of Upasarjanam Purvam, there will be Purva Nipata. Ktena is also part of the Sutra, which is 3, 1. And it means with the suffix Kta. Words continued are Sup and Sahasopa. Samarthapada Vidhi is obviously there. The other word continued is Panchami. And this is also in 1, 1. Now Panchami in this case is stated by 2, 3, 33. So the meaning of the Sutra is the following. The Panchamyanta Subanta, whose Pratipadika is either of the following. Stokantika Durartha Krachrani is compounded with the interrelated Subanta, whose Pratipadika ends in the suffix Kta. I repeat, the Panchamyanta Subanta, whose Pratipadika is either of Stokantika Durartha and Krachrani, is compounded with the interrelated Subanta, whose Pratipadika ends in the suffix Kta. So the format would be of the following kind. Stokantika Durartha Krachrani as the Pratipadika plus Panchami. This is the first Subanta, followed by another Subanta, which has Kta as a Krt suffix inside and followed by Su. And the output generated would be Stokantika Durartha and Krachrani. And of course, the second Pratipadika ending in Kta. Here is an example. So the meaning is, one was released only a while ago. Stokad Maktah. This is the Laukika Vigraha. And so we have Stoka plus Nasi plus Maktah plus Su. This is the Laukika Vigraha. And so the process of compounding starts here. So this becomes a Samasa. And so this becomes a Pratipadika.  But here, Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha 632 applies and says that the Panchammyivakti, after the word Stoka, etc., is not deleted. So Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho in this case applies only in case of Su after Maktah. And so Nasi is retained. So we have Stoka plus Nasi plus Maktah plus Zero. And so we get the form Stokad Maktah. And by doing the Sandhi, Yaro no Nasi ke no Nasi ko Va, we get the form Stokan Mukta. This is the finally derived output. Stokad Mukta is the Laukika Vigraha. And Stokan Mukta is the finally derived compound output, meaning the same thing. One was released only a while ago. The next example is one who came from proximity, Antikad Agatha. This is the Laukika Vigraha. And the Laukika Vigraha is Antika plus Nasi plus Agatha plus Su. And this becomes a Samasa. So it becomes a Pratipadika. And then Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho applies. But a 632, namely Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha says that the Panchammya Vibhakti after Stoka etc. is not deleted. So Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho applies only for Su. And so we get Antikad Agatha.  One who came from proximity. Both of them convey this same meaning. Similarly Duraartha, that is the word mentioned in the Sutra. And so we have Duraad Agatha, one who came from afar. And the similar meaning is expressed also by the words Viprakrishna Agatha. So we have the same process. Duraad Agatha as the Laukika Vigraha. Dura plus Nasi plus Agatha plus Su as the Laukika Vigraha. And the term Samasa applies here. So it becomes a Pratipadika. And then Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho applies. But Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha 632 says that the Panchammya Vibhakti is not deleted after Dura etc. Stoka etc. And so we get the form Duraad Agatha which is the finally derived compound output. Which means the same as Duraad Agatha, one who came from afar. Also we get the form Viprakrishna Agatha in the same sense undergoing the same process. We also have the next example. Namely something obtained through hardship. Kracharat Labdha. This is the Laukika Vigraha. And the Laukika Vigraha is Krachara plus Nasi plus Labdha plus Su. And so this becomes a Samasa and so Pratipadika. So Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho applies. But Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha says that the Panchammya Vibhakti after the words Stoka etc. is not deleted and so we get the form Kracharat Labdha. And then thoroughly is the Sutra that applies and converts this D into L. And we get the form Kracharat Labdha as the finally derived compound output. Meaning the same thing as Kracharat Labdha, namely something obtained through hardship. We have been mentioning about this Sutra, Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha. What it means is that in the environment of Uttarapada which follows, the Panchammy which comes immediately after the Pratipadika's Stoka etc. is not deleted. That is the meaning of this particular Sutra. So if we have Stoka plus Panchammy plus Uttarapada, the Panchammy is not deleted, which was otherwise stated by Supodhatu Pratipadika Yoho. So the output generated would be Stoka plus Panchammy plus Uttarapada. To summarize, the Panchammy Vibhakti Tathpurushar is also accounted for by a very few Sutras, just as Chaturthi Tathpurushar was mentioned. The interrelation is through Apadana and Karana between the Subantas. There is also the case of non deletion of Sup, that is Aluk stated by Panchammyaha Stoka Divyaha. These are the texts referred to and we shall study the Saptami Tathpurushar in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.


In the final years of the 19th century, engineers, inventors, and entrepreneurs began to discover the wonders and the promise of the electromagnetic wave. It allowed for the seemingly miraculous transmission of sound over the air, an error we now refer to as zero G. More than a century later, the world is on the verge of the fifth generation of wireless technology. So what is 5G? How does it work? And how will it make your life better? The first generation of commercial wireless technology debuted in Japan in 1979 before reaching Europe and the U.S. in the early 1980s. Every decade or so since, there's been a new generation of wireless technology that's meant new guidelines, tower upgrades, chip advancements, software developments, and handset improvements, all with the promise of a faster, better way to send and receive communication. 5G will be exponentially faster than what's currently available, between 10 and 100 times faster. In 1947, engineers at Bell Labs set out to fix a problem that eventually evolved into modern cellular networks. One was divided into hexagonal cells, each with its own short-range radio tower. By the 1990s, these cellular towers were popping up across the country. In preparation for 5G, carriers are now dividing up land into much smaller cells and rigging them with clusters of tiny antennas to essentially beam a signal and a straight shot to each and every device. Many of these assemblages will be as small as a shoebox and fitted on building rooftops, telephone poles, and other existing structures in more conspicuous places than ever before. Transmit super high-frequency waves that can carry more data faster, but only travel short distances with no physical obstacles. So what does it mean for you and me? First, incredible speed, where downloading and streaming is more or less instantaneous. Autonomous cars could exchange real-time traffic alerts and communicate with stoplights. Power grids would be able to receive information from buildings and streetlights to better apportion electricity. Appliances could communicate with utility companies to save on monthly bills, and surveillance cameras will be able to stream directly to home security companies. Fast connections could revolutionize healthcare through telehealth video services. Ambulances will transmit real-time information on patients' vital signs so hospitals can prepare for their arrival. The differences between traditional TV and streaming will be minute, upending the broadcasting business that first utilized that revolutionary electromagnetic wave all those years ago. So with 5G live up to the hype, the inventors, engineers, and entrepreneurs of today are betting billions that it will.


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more topic for today's types of fpd and prosodontics So fpd is also known as bridge So as per definition Fpd is a partial denture that is cemented to natural teeth or roots which furnish the primary support to the processes So it is being fixed to the natural teeth or roots So we have various types of fixed partial denture or bridge. There is conventional Bridge cantilever bridge spring cantilever fixed fixed partial denture fixed movable partial denture fixed removable partial denture or removable bridges Modified fixed removable partial denture all metal metal ceramic and all ceramic So in conventional fpd, they are the most commonly used type of fpd So the design involves fabrication of a fpd which takes support from abutment on either side of the edendular space So the design may vary according to the conditions of the abutment But the abutment on either side should be able to support the fixed partial denture So this is the most commonly used conventional fpd. We take support from either side so that is our conventional fpd Next we have the cantilever fpd So we know cantilever bridges. So similarly cantilever fpd is used when support can be obtained only from one side Okay, so this is both side And cantilever get support only from one side One side of the edendular space So these dentures have compromised support because this has support from both side of the apontic But this is having support only from one side. So there's high chances of dislodgement So the abutment teeth on the supporting side should be strong enough to withstand the additional torsional forces. So Support can be obtained from more than one tooth on the same side of the edendular spaces So cantilever fpds have the advantage because it is sacrificing just one tooth Unlike the conventional where it sacrifices two teeth But it has got many disadvantages So the basic Advantages are it is very conservative design as I said especially when a single abutment is involved When secondary abutments are used parallel preparation can be easily obtained because abutments are Adjacent to one another because we are taking from only From one side of the tooth and it is very easy to fabricate But the main problem with this cantilever fpd it produces talking forces on the abutment Because there is no balancing forces It is just talking forces and it cannot be used to restore a long span edendular spaces only one tooth replacement will be done by this cantilever and Minor design error can affect the abutments in a large scale. So it is very technique sensitive one Now we have spring cantilever Fpd. So this is a special cantilever bridge Exclusively designed for the replacing maxillary incisors, but these dentures can support only a single pontic so if one central incisor is missing we can go for spring cantilever fpd and Support is obtained from posterior abutments usually a single molar or a pair of splintered primolars The main advantage is it can be used for diastema cases metal crown retainers that requires minimal tooth preparation Can be used in posterior tooth to replace missing incisors, but the problem with spring cantilever fpd The connector bar this connector bar may interfere with speech and mastication and Deformation of this connector bar may produce coronal Displacement of the pontic and there may be food entrapment under the connector bar, which may lead to tissue high-placy on the palate So that was about our spring cantilever fpd now we have fixed fixed partial denture So the term denotes fixed partial dentures with rigid connectors. So this is having rigid rigid connectors So the design of these dentures is more Conventional since the connectors are rigid there can be no movement between the connected components and these are the most Commonly used fixed partial dentures designs. So there will be rigid connectors between this the main advantages of fixed fpd It is very easy to fabricate. It is economical. It is strong easy to maintain and It has good retention and strength It helps to splint the mobile abutment and it can also be used for long bridges along with predominantly weak abutments But what are the problems with this fixed fpd Since the connectors are rigid there will be unwanted stress and lever forces are directly Transferred to the abutment which produces considerable damage And it also requires excessive tooth preparation to achieve a single path of placement And it is difficult to cement on multiple abutments and it is contraindicated for fire abutment Now we have fixed Movable partial denture So it is defined as a fixed partial denture which is having one or more non-rigid connectors, okay? This is having non-rigid connectors fixed Fpd or fixed fixed partial denture is having the rigid connectors and this is having Non-rigid because it is movable partial denture So here a non-rigid connector is used or fabricated to connect the components of the fixed partial denture and Commonly used non-rigid connectors include the TMC that is tenon mortise connectors Loop connectors or split ponte connectors and cross pin and wing connectors So the advantages of this movable partial denture They act like stress breakers while transmitting unwanted leverage forces that are fixed fixed partial denture And the abutment is moisturized only during the occlusion loading At and so it improves the health of the abutment and the tooth preparation need not be parallel to one another Each abutment tooth can be prepared independently According to its requirement and it also allows minor movements between the components because it is non-rigid connector between the teeth So the problem with fixed movable partial denture is the design is very complex Pre-fabricated connector components are very expensive It is difficult to maintain and these movable parts tend to wear out under constant usage And it cannot be used for long span bridges and there will be a complicated lab procedures and The templization also is difficult with fixed movable partial denture Now we have fixed Removable partial denture or removable bridges. Okay, this is very confusing. This is fixed movable partial denture This is fixed removable partial denture. This is also known as removable Bridges so one of the major disadvantage of the long span FPD denture is that if one abutment fails that is fixed fixed partial denture I'm talking about the main disadvantage is that if one abutment fails the entire processes has to be Sacrificed to overcome this disadvantage fixed removable bridges were introduced So these dentures cannot be removed by the patient but can be easily removed by the dentist So this is a removable one. This is mobile because of this non-rigid connector. This is removable With the help of a dentist. Okay, so this is to avoid the problem with the long span Dentures where one abutment fails the entire processes will be lost. So in such cases, we can use this fixed removable partial denture Whereas the next one So you can see the picture here the removable bridges Next we have the modified Fixed removable partial dentures. So that is a modification of this one So they were developed by Andrew and they are also known as Andrew's bridge system This is modified fixed removable partial denture So these dentures are indicated for a stainless ridges with severe vertical deficit So the process is consists of a fixed component and a removable Component so it is having a fixed component and also a removable component So you can see here. There's a fixed component and there's a removable component Now we have the common all metal Fixed partial denture or fpd these ranges of applicator using just metal and They are indicated for replacing maxillary and mantibular posterior teeth because of this aesthetic will not be a problem for the posterior teeth and They have the maximum strength and durability because the mastery category forces are mainly on the posterior teeth Now we have the metal ceramic fpd So in metal ceramic fpd What happens is the core the core of the processes is made up of metal and the external surface is fabricated using ceramic So this metal is bonded to the ceramic chemically mechanically and anically so metal ceramic fpds Can be of two types and the first type so this is Can be two types the first type the metal is surrounded by porcelain on all the surfaces In the second type the lingual and occlusal surfaces formed by metal Whereas the labial and ginjavel surfaces alone formed by the porcelain So these restorations are termed as porcelain phasing or porcelain veneer porcelain phasing so that is Where the labial and ginjavel surfaces formed by porcelain rest paida that is a lingual and occlusal by metal in the first type The metal is surrounded by porcelain on all surfaces porcelain surrounding all surfaces Okay, so that is metal ceramic Now we have Before that the advantages of this fpd that is metal ceramic fpd if you are using a all porcelain That is it is aesthetically pleasing. It is stronger metal Substructure is there so it has got good fourth withstanding power But the main problem is tooth preparation need to be in more depth that is around 1.52 mm Preparation is there for metal ceramic or with metal base So it is more expensive and there can be brittle fractures can occur due to the failure at the metal ceramic junction So for more better aesthetics the facial margin of an anti-restoration is often placed sub-ginjavely This increases the potential of ginjavel Destruction this is comes with metal ceramic fpd Now we have the all ceramic fpd in all ceramic fpd The dangers of fabricated using only ceramic there is no metal all ceramic are less fracture resistant Hence, they do not render as a good retainer. However, aluminum reinforced porcelain have sufficient strength to be used as a good retainer So the best property of all ceramic is the superior aesthetics and excellent translucent It will be almost like a natural tooth and it requires just slight preparation because there is no metal in So around 1 mm preparation would be fine So the appearance can be influenced and modified by the selecting different colors of the luting agent So we need to be cautious about the luting agent But the disadvantage is reduced strength due to the lack of reinforcement with metal The main advantage is the aesthetic properties, but disadvantage is there is no metal So the strength is reduced, but it is mainly used in anteriors And it is very difficult to obtain a well-finished margin because the ceramic edges tend to chip easily And these crowns cannot be used on extensively damaged teeth because they cannot support these restoration And since these porcelain are brittle in nature, large connectors have to be used Which usually tend to impingement of the interdental papillae This increases the potential for periodontal lysis and there will be wearing of opposite natural teeth So after all ceramic, there are materials like acrylic FPD is also there, but it is very rare nowadays So it is only indicated for long-term temporary or interim Processes, it can be used for making fixed periodontal spleens It has got very poor wear assistance, but it is easy to fabricate and adjust And also there is Vennies Vennies are there Vennies we know, which is just a layer of restoration placed over the labelled surface of tooth They are primarily used as an aesthetic adjunct to the discoloured or fractured teeth It is mainly for aesthetics, people who are more concerned about their aesthetics Public speakers, people in film industry, they commonly use these Vennies Because just a layer of labelled surface is replaced So types of Vennies, it can be ceramic veneer or acrylic veneer is there So ceramic veneer is the most ideal veneering material because of its good aesthetics So mostly all ceramic restorations will be used in veneering Also acrylic also is there, there is another option Acrylic tooth-coloured material can be used with metallic restoration as a veneer But they are not considered as a permanent material due to the poor wear resistance We have some another type of Bridges too That is short span Bridges So these are simple FPDs, which replaces one or two teeth And the teeth on either side are ideal abutments So these dentures are considered ideal because they have minimal talking forces For example, first molar replacement, there is a short span Bridges Also we have long span Bridges So in long span Bridges, which denotes a condition where two or more teeth have to be replaced And more than one abutment has to be taken for the support on either side So long span Bridges are the potential for producing more talking forces on the bridge and the weaker abutment So that is a long span Bridges And lastly we have two more types, that is one is fibre reinforced composite resin Bridges And the next one is resin wanted FPDs So this was abut the types of FPDs So we had various types, that is conventional FPDs Then the cantilever FPDs, then we have the removal FPD, that is a fixed Modified fixed removal partial dentures and fixed removal partial dentures Then we had fixed partial dentures Then all metal ceramic, metal infused or all ceramic Then we have the short span Bridges, long span Bridges So it is commonly asked a short essay or sometimes just the cantilever FPD will be asked as a short note But in all the cases always try to draw pictures to express the ideas Hope you understood the concept of types of FPD and the various types and its differences So I will come up with a new topic in dentistry and more, thank you


Hello everyone, I'm Noah Schneider coming to you from the SiliconANGLE News Desk powered by theCUBE. Today's story, Apple has entered into an agreement with Broadcom to purchase wireless networking components worth billions of dollars. The deal will span several years and involves Broadcom designing and manufacturing various types of wireless components for Apple. Apple's purchase of these components already supports over 1,100 jobs at Broadcom's Colorado plant. As part of the agreement, Broadcom plans to invest in automation technologies and employ upskilling. While Apple is a major customer for Broadcom, there have been reports suggesting that Apple intends to reduce its reliance on the chip maker in the future, including plans to replace a Broadcom-developed chip with an internally designed alternative. Apple CEO Tim Cook emphasized the company's commitment to investing with the larger plan to invest $430 billion in the U.S. economy over five years. From the SiliconANGLE News Desk powered by theCUBE, I'm Noah Schneider. Thanks for joining us.


What's up guys ruxen 34 back and today we have a power tool dragon tin. This is gonna be a fun opening I decided to do this one because we have not actually opened this on the channel I did give one away in the 10k opening and Bad news for this guy good news for you He never claimed the prize So I still have the power tool dragon tin that I just tried to give away So what we're gonna do is I'm just gonna give it away again in this video So one of you guys have a chance to win it and this time Hopefully you will claim your prize by the way if you don't know giveaways are announced on the YouTube community tab every two to Three weeks I do all the videos that have happened since the last time so make sure you guys go check that out I'll have it pop up on the screen and show you guys where you can see the winners. Yeah, so this guy did not claim his winnings Pro it's probably because that was not it probably wasn't a usual viewer because that video got way more views than normal So it's possible. He doesn't still watch the channel. So maybe that's why he didn't see it I don't know but you guys have now have another chance to win that and in this video We'll be opening up this tin and we'll open up some judgment of light and dimension of chaos We still need the star eater ghost and ultimate we need the odd eyes vortex dragon ultimate rare also You guys will be seeing this the day before I get the next part of the 20k opening I'm gonna be showing you guys this tomorrow what it's gonna be. It's gonna be pretty awesome It's gonna be coming in the mail. It's gonna be pretty cool So make sure you guys check out tomorrow's video for that and to check out the live stream we did on Saturday It was pretty awesome We open up an entire case of Battles of Legend Armageddon and we got fire So make sure you check that one out and have that linked up there and let's get into this opening. Where's my knife? Okay, let's pop this thing open. I have opened one of these tins I opened one just to get the crimson crisis unlimited pack for the 10k opening I had to open one up because I was desperate and I needed all the packs And we had to go find that fusion enforcers in the other one. So Here we go. This one is actually like Okay, I wasn't sure if it was like the double wrapped one I think it actually is double wrapped because they had put the 25% off over top of the regular wrapping Okay Power tool dragon. Oh, I just opened that up before I I guess I'll pull our packs out first since I did that Let's go ahead and check out our promo and see how the power tool dragon looks and then we'll open up all the packs at once Here we go. This is like a two. I think a 2009 10 So this power tool dragon looks pretty good actually Maybe a ps a nine candidate with that centering Probably not a 10 but still really nice So that's a nice promo.  I don't want to do that Well, let's pull all the packs out. You do get first edition ancient prophecy Which is one of the best things about this 10 you get the first edition packs So hopefully we can pull first-ed Ghost rare. Okay So we got crimson crisis raging battle and we have first edition ancient prophecy. So let's set this in the back And let's go ahead and open our dimension of chaos and judgment of the light Hopefully we can pull a star eater even though that's not really the goal of this video But it's always a goal for us. Here we go We might run into some chikolates on the way Caesarception flying sea and the atmosphere It has been a while since I've opened a 10. So I know you guys like 10. So this will be fun Hopefully we get something cool Fire formation yako fish for a garter bougie wolf. So there's a super rare fire formation yako There's a nice pull.  So let's see if we can keep it up Super soldiers soul rank up magic raid force. That's a good one. Great old eagle Let's put this yada or not yada. I said yada because there was a yada in that pack Okay Well, can we pull out a judgment of the light cheap cheap cheap fencing ferret limit dragon and bouj infidel Can we pull the star here the ghost rare? Let's pull a ghost rare. We have a lot of ghost rare changes in this video How about that? I take it trap tricks Bermelio. It's a good one. So we're defense and umbral horror uniform Let's go another dimension of chaos and hopefully pull the odd eyes vortex the only ultimate rare I have not pulled out of this set. We pulled everything else yada cradle and another yada double yada pack Judging the light three packs left until we hit that epic 10 and get those first edition ancient prophecy packs Yellow dustin machine turtle confronting the sea Intercept tomato. That's a good one. Yeah, that's a pretty cool card so far. No My dolce chick a lot taste. Yeah, very sad. I know cheap cheap cheap Brotherhood of the fire fist xyz agent and bouj infidel Last we only have one more pack of the chance at the chick a lot taste. Let me know guys In the comments Oh, I forgot to say what you guys need to do for the giveaway So for the giveaway to win the 10 all you have to do is like the video be subscribed and let me know your favorite 10 From 2000 from the 5d's era. How about that? Not a specific year from the 5d's era. Let me know your favorite 10 Toon barrel dragon and that will suffice for entering the giveaway All right judgment of the light Let's see what we can pull Okay, let's pull some fire. Here we go Number 104 miss bird colossus Okay There's definitely somebody yelling outside. So hope you guys can't hear that It's crazy. Okay It's time to get into the tin. We have raging battle crimson crisis and three first edition ancient prophecy Let's go one crimson crisis. See if we can pull red dragon arch feeding assault mode Pretty epic card Here we go Psychic sword ebon arrow. We're trying to mix up descending lost star arcane apprentice Secret rare. I didn't I thought that was just a common because we got a rare Oh Tet this goddess of light secret rare Whoa, I don't know if I've ever seen this card, but it looks awesome That is incredible Secret rare. Okay, then we got a sling in Spell reactor are either.  This is not good. All right Raging battle Let's see if we can pull a power tool dragon. I have pulled the ultimate rare first edition How about the ghost share unlimited? That'd be pretty cool tuner capture Immersory of pandemonium blackwing moha b striker. That's a super rare So this tin is going well so far. We pulled a secret rare and a super rare B striker that's pretty cool. Okay, that's He goes with a moha card. I didn't know that so he works with this card that we pulled He says if you you can discard one card a special summon one of these so we got them both in the same pack That's pretty funny Trap son mind trust rose tentacles. We're trying to prepare unit. These are definitely euro print cards Okay, we're gonna do the last crimson crisis then we'll go into first edition Ancient prophecy and hopefully we can pull something epic. Let me know if you guys enjoy these 10 videos Let me know what you what you want to see in the future We're working on going towards 20k So make sure you subscribe for that first edition lob and to be announced tomorrow the second part And we might have a third part as well But the the first two parts are gonna be really cool and not different videos same video just two different parts Okay hydroviper blackwing struco the dawn fake explosion assault counter star blast Assault teleport prevention star ivy shackles and summon reactor sk By the way, if I miss a really good comment, make sure you guys let me know in the comments So I can pull it out Okay, so so far we pulled a secret rare right there. That is insane. We pulled two three superiors. So we're doing all right Our promo was in good condition so far a successful video Let's see what the ancient fairy dragon pack can do. Can it bring us the ancient fairy? We have pulled an ancient fairy from a 10 before only the ultra though So if we can pull like an ultimate or the secret be crazy. So here we go fishport blaster brain research lab pixie ring flame vell counter Suripod brachian Water hazard damage translation at one with the sword. It's pretty cool card and fairy winds of nothing in the first ancient prophecy pack We have one more pack Give us the luck guys. We need this All right Make sure you guys check out my tcg player and ebay affiliate links below if you want to support the channel We also have patreon down below We're interested in doing that and all that supports goes towards epic openings And I really appreciate it guys. So oh look this says en on it interesting They do that on the dark crisis en packs at a glass special edition So that's pretty cool okay ancient fairy dragon here we go armored axon kicker release restraint wave iron core luster hydro pressure cannon flame bill fire dog And a white potent. Okay, so we just got a regular old common white potent So that's Pretty successful 10 overall though, even though we didn't get anything out of the first dead packs. Let's go over what we did get So for the decent rares, we got tombariel dragon trap tricks mermelio rank up raid magic force We got a miss bird colossus super rare fire formation yako beast striker super rare Secret rare tethis goddess of light. That was definitely the highlight of the video. That's a pretty sweet pull And a power tool dragon secret rare. So that was pretty good pretty good 10 for the most part We had some good pulls So make sure you guys like the video for a chance to win one of these tens as well Like and comment down below your favorite 5d's 10 Because someone dropped the ball and the 10k didn't claim their prize. So you guys get a chance to claim it Yeah, so hope you guys have been enjoying the videos Make sure you let me know down below what you think what you want to see Her future videos and I'll make sure and I check those out and try and pick up some awesome stuff for you guys Thank you guys for watching. See you guys later. Peace


Britain prepares to send storm-shadow long-range missiles to Ukraine. The UK apparently wanted to send some long-range missiles to Ukraine. The American newspaper The Washington Post writes about this, citing a document posted by the International Fund for Support of Ukraine. In a procurement notice posted by the International Fund for Ukraine on May 2, the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom asked for an expressive interest in providing strike capabilities with a range of up to 300 km, the article says. As journalists noted, a British official said that no final decision had been made. At the same time, he refused to confirm to the publication the type, timing or number of weapons in question. According to the newspaper itself, the requested characteristics closely match the British storm-shadow air-launched cruise missiles. In addition, journalists citing Pentagon documents leaked to the network specified that earlier US intelligence had confirmed Britain's plans to send several storm-shadow missiles to Kiev.


Hi, I'm Richard Soner. I'm presenting a brief demo, more like a highlight of this neuroimaging, data sharing, processing environment that we've been working on with the neuroimaging data sharing task force for INTF. Essentially what we've done is we've put together a loosely coupled system based upon the NIDM data structure to enable users to quickly query a semantic graph to visualize some of those results, identify a cohort they want to filter or they want to look at more, and pass that on to a remote or local processing environment. We really don't care. We've provided a nice environment for heterogeneous computing that can be run on your machine, that can be run on a remote machine on Amazon EC2, and in the future we'll tie into INTF data space for hosting the data. Some of the key parts that we've come up with, in addition to this NIDM data model, are how you actually want to pass information and how you want to encode provenance in this data set. So take an example, for instance, where I run a brain extraction on some remote data. That data is run through a standardized pipeline using NiPype. The provenance is captured, encoded, and then stored back in this virtuoso graph DB. From there, anyone else is able to query this database and see what's been done, see what's been run, and actually get access to my files because there's a service exposing them to public IP addresses. We're still working on authentication, we're still working on authorization, and there's still a lot of rough edges for this. But as the NIDM grows, we'll actually have a very nice, robust processing environment that can be used by researchers around the world.


welcome back to the channel. If you haven't yet make sure you subscribe to stay up to date with all the latest content that we put out. Pretty much at this point we've got content going out every 48 hours so don't stay stuck with your coaching business. Subscribe and if you want to get in contact with me to talk about your soccer training business then there's a couple of ways you can do that. Visit the description below. You can either book a free 15 to 20 minute call with me where we jump on zoom. I can ask you a couple of questions about your business and I can show you some actionable steps to take this week to grow and scale. You don't want to do that in semi-questions to make money coaching sports at gmail.com. I make your mission every single day to help coaches in our industry so don't stay stuck reach out to me and I'll be be happy to help you. Now today I want to talk about how to pay your assistant coaches. So yesterday I was on a call with a coach who is in the soccer training industry and he asked me a question he said Leo how do I pay my coaches or what is the best system to pay coaches. Now there isn't a best system to pay. Now it all comes down to a number of things. It all comes down to how many hours your coaches are working for you. It comes down to what system you have in place to pay those coaches and it also comes down to how committed that coach is. Is it just once a week? Is it twice a week? Is it every single day? So what I want to do I want to share with you a technique or strategy or whatever you want to call it a system that you can use in order to pay your part-time or full-time coaches. So wherever you are in the world most of the coaches that we work with and we speak to on a regular basis are either based in in the UK or in other parts of the world such as the US, Canada and we get a lot of coaches from Australia reach out to us. So what I want to share with you is a few ways you can do this right. So if you have a coach or assistant coaches that help you out and they might only do maybe two between between two to five hours of coaching per week with you then maybe one of the best ways to pay them is as a self-employed coach. Right and what I mean by self-employed coach is it's very simple what they do is you might come to some agreement with those coaches and once a month right they get paid. So the way I do it with my coaches is basically a coach fills out an invoice of the amount of hours they've worked that month so for example we are in September so say my assistant coaches they fill out all the hours they worked in September and then come the 7th of October is when that invoice will get processed and that coach will get paid for the hours they've worked. Okay some coaches might want to do it monthly some coaches might want to pay their coaches every two weeks. It really depends how you want to do it. I like the month to month because it just it works a lot better and it's easier for me to manage. Okay so that is my system so the coaches will create their own invoice what I normally do is I give them a template of how I want that invoice to look so it should include what location that coach has worked at how many hours that coach has done what was the agreed hourly rate okay and what is the total amount for the invoice. Also included in that invoice is obviously the address of the company that they're sending that invoice to their own address and details and also their bank details so they should all be included in that invoice and that coach should be sending it out at the end of the month so the way we have it processed or the system that we have is the coach will re will send that invoice before the first of the next month so if September has 31 days at least for example then that coach should be sending that invoice in by the 31st of September okay with all the hours they've worked that month okay now you have to have a system on your end to make sure that you're tracking the hours that your coaches are working as well okay because sometimes coaches might add hours in that they haven't really done okay so you must have an agreement in place you must have the number of hours agreed that coach is going to be working and also the hourly rate that you are going to pay them for their hours okay so if you want to do it month to month the best way to do it make sure they fill out that invoice they send it to you before the first of the next month so that gives you enough time to then be able to process it or if you want to do it bi-weekly so every two weeks it's the same process okay so if you want your to pay your coaches every two weeks then what I would recommend is instead of so for example the coach will track all the hours they've worked on from the first to the 15th okay of that month right but that invoice has to be in mid midway all right so that invoice has to be in by at least the 10th or the 11th in order for it to have time to be processed okay so it's the same process again right so that coach will fill out an invoice if you decide to pay them every two weeks okay you might want to pay them on the 15th or the 14th of each a month so they must make sure that their invoice is in by at least anywhere between the 7th to the 10th so it gives them gives you enough time to go through the invoice process it and have the payment it paid to them okay so if you want to do every two weeks you can aim by doing having the coaches invoice you the hours they've worked from the first of the month in between to the 15th and the same process from the 15th to the 30th so that way it's broken down into two payments now if you start to get a lot of coaches working for you and you're the one managing and handling the whole payment system what I would recommend is moving towards the monthly okay because the bi-weekly does get very difficult and it might become a lot for you to track right so that is why I always recommend if you start to get a lot of coaches that you're hiring and you're bringing in okay the move your your your payment system month to month okay have those coaches fill out all the hours they've worked that within that month and then send it to you before the first of the next month okay so if you need more help with this make sure you get in contact with me a couple of ways to do that visit the description below this video okay you can reach out to me with any questions that you might have about your payment system how to pay your assistant coaches okay this is something we specialize in we help coaches every single day with their business okay we've been doing this for a very long time now so we have systems in place that we can share with you we have strategies in place that we can share with you and we can also share you some actionable steps that you can take this week to grow and scale to the next level okay so make sure you subscribe and I'll see you on the next video


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com, coming at you with a nice one here, 2022 Panini National Treasures Football, one box, pick your team, three. Really nice stuff here and a very big thank you to everybody for making this group break happen. And Ron picked up all the spots. Scared money don't make money folks. Good luck Ron, Ron got all the R&B spots, the random number block spots. His name is filled in there. Darren, you got official last bot mojo with the Dolphins. All right, now remember some of you may remember Jason accidentally opened this box. He thought that accidentally grabbed, thought it was for college football, almost a disaster, but we can still you, you can go to the video for proof. So thanks Jason for leaving us that little note. So that's why that's open right now. And I'll just show you really quick, still sealed up. All right, he almost opened the whole thing, but that side's still taped up. So, let me see if the diet picks it. We'll go one, two, three for the top box, four, five, six for the bottom box. And it's one top box. So we'll save, I'll load this after I do this break. So we'll save this for pick your team four. All right, well, let's see what we got here, ladies and gentlemen, the dye has decreed that we do the box that was almost opened up. Still sealed on this side. So let's officially open that up. Let's see what we got, kind of a thicker box, which generally means, which is generally good news because that means no redemption. Oh no, there is a redemption on the bottom and another card stuck in here. What's going on here? Oh, these are pretty cool. Wow. All right, empty box, there is a redemption, just a lot of extra thick hits. Interesting, all right. So first off, we got that gold rookie card, Aidan Hutchinson in here. Like, actually gold. That's pretty awesome. It says one gram of 24 karat gold. I think these are actually gold cards, right? That's pretty nice. So Detroit, Steve with that one. All right, that's pretty sweet. All right, now let's see what we got in here, I'm gonna put the blank card right on top there and let's see what we have for everybody. We got Jerry Rice, 13 out of 24 for the Niners. That's for Ron. We got Jared Goff, 25 out of 35. Another lion for Steve. We got a dual relic, Danny Gray. Two color dual relic, seven out of 49 for Ron. We'll find his teammate in here somewhere. We got Jalen Tolver, 14 out of 25. Three color dual relic. We'll be for Dallas, Eric Kay with Dallas. 81 out of 99, dual relic, Tara McLauren, and Jahan Dotson, both commanders. Going to Steve H. Another dual relic, that's Drake London, six out of 99. For Atlanta, Edward with the Falcons. And there's an autograph, and D'Angelo Malone, 44 out of 49. Lionbacker for the Falcons, Edward. Couple more than the redemption. We got a Darren Woodson. Lasting legacies, two color patch. An autograph, two out of 25. There you go, nice lasting legacies, nice Woodson. That'll be for Eric and the Dallas Cowboys. Couple more here, we have, we have a Raider, nice. Nice two color patch, silver and black patch. On-card autograph, 79 out of 99. Did a nice job filling in for Josh Jacobs last Thursday and that epic beat down of the Chargers. Kevin with my Raiders. I don't think this guy a little work, I can't, you know, Josh Jacobs is great, but mix this guy in too. That's what I say, nice little Raider Joe mojo. All right, the redemption is a Rookie Patch Autographs Midnight, which are pretty cool looking cards and we have the letter C, H, R, I, Chris, Christopher, Chris, Chris Olave, saints. That'll be for EA and the saints. It's in the game, nice. Those midnight perils do look really sharp. And that's that boys and girls, got another box, another one box break that I'm gonna load up. We should run it back, let's see, let's see what we have in that final box. Maybe Brock Purdy's in there, who knows? Let's find out together, jaspyscasebreaks.com, I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye bye.


Good morning guys. Welcome to today's vlog. Good morning. Good morning. We're heading home from Sherry's little staycation here. It was fun. Valerie made a fun Facebook posting, as she would say. And I don't know where the day's gonna take us. I think we're going. Valerie Jane Crabtree on Facebook. Yeah, if you want to see really embarrassing pictures of me. Valerie Jane Crabtree on Facebook. Check it out. She likes following followers on there. She's not very active on Instagram, so yeah. But she's pretty active on Facebook. So follow her on there if you want to. But right now we're going to go to the garage. I think it's called Ford's Garage. It's a, I don't know why she's having a moment over there. Car repair and rest. Car repair and rest. That would be great. But I got a goodie bag from Valeline. So if you haven't seen that, check my TikTok. I posted it on there. But yeah, I got a goodie bag from Valeline. It was fun. So we're going to go eat lunch and then we're just going to head home. Oh, but I'm going to take this picture in this egg chair. I'm actually wearing this outfit because, why am I wearing this outfit? I was going to wear my oversized t-shirt with these biker shorts, but the thing is with the shirt, it has some stains on it and I didn't really want to look like a slob today. So I decided to just wear this shirt again because the other t-shirt, I'm hoping that I would spray it with spray and wash and it'll come out. Like I don't know. I remember that actually was on there for quite a while because I got solid dressing on it. So anyway, that's the thing. I know. I know. No, I've been horrible because my white jacket, the Define jacket, I've gotten so much stuff on that. I got stuff on the pants. Fabletics sent me, like, I don't know what's going on. Anyway, Sherry, how was your birthday? My birthday was fantastic. Oh, but we did forget the pillows. So that was like really depressing. We forgot the pillows. It was a little hard, but it was a great birthday and you can look at Alex's vlogs or at Valerie's Facebook. True. And she has all the pictures on Facebook. Yep. Okay, so we're in the car now. I didn't get the egg photo, the egg chair photo because there was this little girl in the pool and it's like, she was on the egg chair, like one of them. And it was like, I didn't want her to be in the photo, obviously. So no egg chair photo. There was some chairs inside, but there was like a whole family like occupying them. So I was like, okay, I give up. No egg chair photo. No egg chair photo. I'm not even in a swim attire. So it's fine. It wouldn't have made sense anyway. All right. So you made it to Ford's garage. We love eating here. We've eaten here like one other time. It was pretty good. So we're going to eat outside. Luckily, there's like a shady area. Look at this handle. So cute. All right. So we got our food. Well, that's cute. Wait, did they angry? They like burn yours? Well, no, it's not burn.  Yes, a brand. That's the word I was looking for. So Valerie got a hamburger with a side of corn soup. It's like a corn. Then I got three sides of the size. They're like really big. I'm like actually living for it. So I got some fries because I always need to try the fries. Then I have some mac and cheese and then just inside salad and cherry also bought a hamburger. All right. Valerie's looking at pictures of herself. Look how good I look there. Who is that? Happy birthday, Valerie. Then we got this dessert that we're all just going to split. It's a brownie, like with some more toppings. Sherry's idea? Or a brownie or a brownie score. Yes. Yes. Looks so good. All right. So we're going to sing happy birthday to Sherry. Sherry kind of knows. So anyway, I'm going to carry this in. Come on, Valerie. Ready? Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday, dear Sherry. Happy birthday to you. Oh, yum. Make a wish. Thank you. Make it good. Yay. Thank you. Thank you. So I'm just coming on to in the vlog. I went to cycle bar this morning and I got my nails done because I was scheduling. It just worked out that I just go today because they were all booked for next week and my nail was shipped anyway. But I did these little cute flowers like near the tips. And I just wanted to have something like fun and more like summer vibes. So I like them a lot. And then when I was finished getting my nails done, I saw this fire and I was like, what is what is all that smoke coming from? Like, it's crazy. I have the video on the screen so you guys can see, but it was so crazy. And I was like, what is going on? Like, I was trying to think positively. So I'm like, Oh, it's probably like, you know, I don't know. But it was clearly a fire because two seconds later, there were ambulances and then there were there were fire trucks speeding down Fairbanks Avenue. So crazy. But I hope everyone's okay. I don't know any details about it. All I know is that like, it was definitely a fire. I'm going to get this vlog up like right now pretty much because I want to go to the pool and I have to do my taxes. So I'm going to do my taxes. I'm just going to use my phone. I don't want to bring my whole computer to the pool because like, sometimes I have to leave my stuff to like go to the bathroom or something like that. And I just don't want to leave my computer out because there's other people at the pool, especially given like it's a Saturday and stuff. So I think that is what I'm going to do. Yeah, I don't know. I have to shower and stuff. And I was going to try to make this video a little longer, but I'll just start a new video tomorrow or maybe later today. I don't know. But we'll see. I kind of wanted today to be just like a me day, but like I have to do my taxes this weekend.  And I love it. So I don't want to like put it off and stuff because I think that if you love something like you should do it, whether it's a job or not a job. So yeah, I'm going to stop rambling now. I hope you guys enjoyed this video as much as you could. My mom was in it and we were still celebrating her birthday a little. If you guys enjoyed this video, make sure to give it a thumbs up. Don't forget to subscribe and I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye.