Hey everyone, this is Dan with another episode of my weekly videos. Since the beginning of the year, S&P is down 14% and NASDAQ is down 23%. The market recovered for a few days after May 20th, but S&P and NASDAQ both dropped last Friday, closing the week slightly lower than the previous week. Will the market recover or will the market continue to go down? What are the major issues behind the market? In this video, we will look at those issues. We will also look at the charts for SPY, QQQ and a few ETFs that have been going up recently. Let's get into the details. First let's look at how the broad market has been trending. The candlestick chart is SPY representing the movement of S&P 500 and the blue line is QQQ representing the movement of the NASDAQ 100. As you can see, since the beginning of the year, SPY is down 14% and QQQ is down 23%. Definitely it's a very bearish picture. At this point, I'd like to suggest that you subscribe to my Twitter account in addition to subscribing to my YouTube channel. For example, on May 16th, I tweeted that I bought COPX, the Copper Minor ETF because the COVID lockdown in Shanghai and other cities in China will soon end. And then on June 3rd, about half a month later, I sold COPX at 8% gain. On June 2nd, I tweeted that I sold half of my TMV shares at 4% gain. TMV is the ETF paid to the 20-year Treasury yield. And then on May 27th, I sold 2 thirds of my UCO shares bought on May 19th at 9.5% gain. By way of my Twitter account, I share almost on a daily basis some of my trades as well as any news that are important to the stocks or ETFs that I've been tracking. If you like what you've seen so far, I'd like to suggest that you click the like, subscribe, and notification button that will enable you to receive notification when I post my next video. It will also encourage me to make more videos like this in the future. Thank you very much. Let's continue. What are the main issues behind the market nowadays? First of all, we have very high inflation rate running at 8.3% as of April. And that's the highest inflation rate in the last 40 years. And then because of the high inflation rate, the Federal Reserve banks will continue to increase interest rates and do quantitative tightening or reducing the Fed total assets. Since February, there's been a war going on in Ukraine. And also in China, Shanghai and a few other major cities have been locked down because of COVID. Because of the Ukraine war and China COVID lockdown, the supply chain issues that have been around for the last six months or a year have been getting worse, which also drives up the inflation. With regard to significant news in the last few days, we have on June 1st, the CEO of JPMorgan Chase, Mr. Jamie Dimon, said that there might be a hurricane coming over our economy. That's certainly a bearish prediction. And then on June 3rd, Microsoft lowered their earnings guidance because of the strong dollar. On the same day, Tesla announced that they would be laying off 10% of the staff. Let's look at where we stand with inflation. The inflation rate as reflected by the consumer price index was at 8.5% as of March. For April, it's 8.3%. The May inflation figure will be announced on June 10th, 2022. And I expect the number to be at least 8.1% to 8.3%. I'll explain why in the next slide. The US GDP price index was announced on May 26th, and it came in at 8.1%, which is about the same as the April figure. Historically, there's a pretty strong correlation between the GDP price index and the CPI. And therefore, I believe the May CPI will be as high as the April figure of 8.3% or maybe a little bit higher. And that will definitely continue to put pressure on the Fed to increase interest rates and to do quantitative tightening. Recently, the former Fed official, Mr. Bill Dudley, said the Fed might have to increase rate to as high as 6% in order to control inflation. In my May 22nd video, which you can find on my YouTube channel, I compared today's situation with the period between 1973 and 1976. That was when we had also 8% inflation rate and above. Back then, the Fed funds rate went up as high as 12.9% and currently were at 0.83%. The S&P went down actually 50% from its all-time high. Today, S&P went down only by about 13%. On May 22nd, it was down 18% yesterday since then it recovered a little bit. And then there's another time period when we also had more than 8% inflation rate. That was a period between 1978 and 1982. The Fed funds went up to 19.1% and S&P went down 27% from its all-time high. That's why I believe it's very possible within the next year that the market will be down 20-25% from its all-time high. We need to be prepared for that possibility. Where do we stand with the Fed funds rate? Currently, we're at 0.83%. And the Fed already announced that they will increase the Fed funds rate by another half percentage point in June and another half percentage point in July. And then by mid-2023, they expect to increase the Fed funds rate by another 1.25%. If you add up all these numbers, by the end of 2023, the Fed funds rate based on the current projection will be only at about 3.132%. Definitely, it'll be still too low compared to these two historical time periods when we have more than 8% inflation rate. That's why I believe the Fed funds rate eventually will be much higher than 3.233% before the Fed can bring the CPI down to the target of 2% to 3%. In the meanwhile, the Fed has also announced their plan to reduce the total assets. This chart shows the Fed total assets since 2021. As you can see, the Fed total assets has been going up at the rate of $120 billion per month. And that's the quantitative easing process, the QE. Now that the Fed wants to control inflation and reduce liquidity in the market, the total asset has been flattening and actually it's been decreasing in the last 2-3 weeks. According to the plan already announced by the Fed, it'll continue to go down. For example, for the month of June, July and August, the Fed assets will be decreasing at the rate of $47.5 billion per month. And after that, it will go down even faster. Starting September, it'll be going down at the rate of $95 billion per month. If you want to know more about the Fed total assets and QE and QT, you can refer to the video I posted on June 5th today on my YouTube channel. On May 31st, the European Union agreed on a partial ban of Russian oil imports to EU. When this program is implemented, this will reduce two-thirds of the oil import from Russia to EU. That will definitely continue to drive up the price for crude oil. In the meanwhile, the EU does not expect to be reducing the import of natural gas from Russia, mainly because they are already imposing the ban on oil and also because EU really doesn't have enough facilities to receive natural gas from other parts of the world because there's lack of facilities to decompress the liquefied natural gas that could potentially be shipped to Europe. And that's why reducing the oil import from Russia is much, much easier than reducing the natural gas import from Russia. This will have also implication as far as where the natural gas price will be in the next few months. We'll talk more about that later on when we look at the charts. The war in Ukraine has been driving up wheat prices recently because Russia and Ukraine are two of the world's biggest exporters of wheat. But in the meanwhile, as of June 2nd, it was reported that Russia is ready to guarantee safety of vessels carrying grain from Ukraine for humanitarian reasons. If this is implemented, that will certainly lower the price of wheat. After two months of lockdown due to COVID, Shanghai is now finally opening up. This will certainly ease the strain on the supply chain and also ease the pressure on inflation. Let's talk about a few ETFs that have been going up while the market has been going down. First of all, the ETF TMV, which is packed to the 20-year treasury rate, has been going up. We can look at the chart later. As well as the UCO, the oil ETF, and that's related to the Ukraine war. UGA, the gasoline ETF, also related to the Ukraine war. XLE, the energy ETF, that's related to Ukraine war as well. UNG, the natural gas ETF, also related to the Ukraine war. But I put three question marks behind that because it looks like the EU is not going to be putting any ban on the import of Russian natural gas anytime soon. And that's why UNG might actually go down in the near future. Weed, of course, also related to the Ukraine war. But again, I put three question marks behind that because if the humanitarian corridor is open to allow the export of wheat from Ukraine, it will certainly drive down the price of wheat. And then of course, while the market is going down, investing the inverse ETFs, SQQQ and SPXS, and by the way, these are triple inverse ETFs, very volatile and very aggressive. If you invest in these ETFs since the beginning of the year, certainly you have already realized quite a bit of a profit. As related to the China COVID reopening, the copper related ETFs, CPER and COPX, will be going up. And in fact, they have already gone up in the last couple of weeks. If you look at the chart for these ETFs, SPY is here. It's been down 14% QQQ. This line here, the blue line, it's been down 23%. All the ETFs that I picked have gone up since the beginning of the year, with UCO being up 134%, UNG, the gas ETF being up 126%, UGA up 92%, and so on. If you just look at the last month, the broad market as represented by SPY is here, down 0.79% and QQQ, right behind that, down around 3%. Then the best performer has been UGA, the gasoline ETF up 22% in the last month, UCO, the oil ETF up 20%, and then XLE, the energy ETF up 11%, then COPX, the copper miner ETF up about 6%, CPER, the copper ETF up about 5%. If you like what you've seen so far, I'd like to encourage you to click the like, subscribe, and notification button. As usual, I very much welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions. Let's look at the charts. First of all, let's look at SPY. In the following chart, I will show definitely the line for SPY. I have also added a few more lines. The blue dash line is the 50-day exponential moving average. The yellow dash line is a 100-day EMA. The purple dash line is a 150-day EMA, and the red dash line is a 200 EMA. Also, I've drawn the Bollinger bands, as well as the RSI, DMI, and MACD indicators. For SPY, I'm showing three panels here. On the left is hourly chart. In the middle is the daily chart, and on the right is the weekly chart. And for each chart, I've shown the volume here. The RSI indicator, DMI indicator, and MACD indicator. The hourly RSI is fairly low. And then three weeks ago, we hit a very low point on the weekly RSI, and sure enough, the price bounced up a little bit. But then, as of last Friday, the price dropped again. If you look at the daily chart here, the bull run for the last few days seems to have been exhausted, and it seems to be dipping at this point. And then if you look at the news, in light of the Tesla layoff, and what Jamie Diamond said about this potential hurricane coming over the market, I would say at this point, the sentiment in the market is still substantially bearish. Also, we need to consider the fact that the Fed is not done with raising interest rates yet, and then also quantitative tightening is just starting to kick in. Therefore, I believe the market will continue to go down in the near future. Although while it is trending down, it will still ping-pong up and down, just like what happened in the last few months. If you look at the next level of support for SPY, it will receive support at 407 here. And then at the 20-day-simple-moving-average, the motor-bowling-year-band here at 402. And then the next level down will be 392 here, next level support. And then the next level support will be this bottom at 380. For resistance, the next level of resistance will be definitely this line, 417. And then at 419 upper-bowling-year-band. And then the next level of resistance will be at 429 right around here. And actually 424 right around here, which is the 50-day-exponential-moving-average. And this historical level will also be a strong resistance point. I have been using the SPY chart as well as the QQQ chart to guide my trading activities for TQQQ and SQQQ. Let's look at QQQ. For QQQ, similar to SPY, it's been bearish since the beginning of the year. And then it tried to recover a little bit since May 25th. But then as of last Friday, it dropped again, right after the Tesla layoff announcement. For support, I see the next level of support at 299, which is a 20-day-simple-moving-average. And then the next level of support will be 290 here. And then this bottom at 280, which is another level of support. For resistance, the next level of resistance will be at 315, the upper-bowling-year-band. And then 318 here. And then 325, which is the 50-day-exponential-moving-average. And then the next level will be at 329. Again, I've been using QQQ and SPY to guide my trading activities for TQQQ and SQQQ. And since the market has been bearish, I've been buying more SQQQ than TQQQ recently. Let's look at TMV, the ETI peg to the 20-year treasury yields. For TMV, it hit an all-time high of 112 on May 9th, since then it came down all the way through the middle of the bowling-year-band and almost scratched the lower bowling-year-band and then it started to recover. After struggling for three days, it finally got above the middle of the bowling-year-band. So it's critical for us to see in the next two days whether TMV will get support from the middle of the bowling-year-band. I still own some shares for TMV. I sold some shares earlier to Lock In My Profit, but I still own some shares. If TMV will be supported by the middle of the bowling-year-band, then I will buy more shares. The next level support will be 97 right here, and then the next level down will be 93, and then the next level support will be the lower bowling-year-band and 91. For resistance, the next level resistance will definitely be right here. That's 103, and then 106 here, and then 108, the upper bowling-year-band, and then of course the all-time high of 112 will be a strong resistance. Let's look at UCO, the three times oil ETF. For UCO, it is a little bit above the upper bowling-year-band as of last Friday, and it reached an all-time high of 52.17, and therefore to predict where it's going to be, we have to get into the Fibonacci extension territory. But first, let's look at support points. The next level support will be at 48 right here, and then the next level support down will be 45, the middle of the bowling-year-band, and then the next level down will be at 42, the 50-day exponential moving average, and then at 38, the lower bowling-year-band. For resistance, the next level resistance will be at Fibonacci 23% at $60.70, and the next level up will be Fibonacci 38% at 66. I recently sold my UCO shares, locking my profit. At this point, I believe it's too high for me to buy in. I will wait for UCI to come down a little bit in the next few days before I buy more shares. Long-term, I'm bullish on UCO, especially in light of EU's agreement now to reduce the import of Russian oil by as much as two-thirds. Let's look at UNG, the natural gas ETF. For UNG, it's being hovering a little bit above the middle of the bowling-year-band. And if you look at the weekly chart, the RSI value is very high, and that's why it's being pulling back a little bit. At this point, because of the EU's reluctance to reduce the import of Russian natural gas, I think the outward momentum of UNG will be limited. Although, since it's so close to the middle of the bowling-year-band, there might be a rebound in the next couple of days. But long-term, I will probably not be buying a lot of UNG shares unless the EU starts to ban the import of Russian natural gas. For the next level support, I see 30 to the next level support. And then the next level down will be 28, which is the middle of the bowling-year-band. And the next level down will be 26 here. And then the next level support will be here, 23. For resistance, the next level resistance will be at 31, which is also the upper bowling-year-band. And then the next level resistance will be at 32, the all-time high. Let's look at UGA, the gasoline ETF. For UGA, it's at all-time high. And the price closed Friday a little bit above the upper bowling-year-band. If you look at the hourly RSI and the daily RSI as well as the weekly RSI, they are very high. At this point, I will definitely not buy UGA yet, even though I'm bullish about UGA for the next few months. It's just that there's a short-term overboard situation. I will wait for the price to come down a little bit. And then when it starts rebounding, that's the time when I will buy some shares. For support levels, the next level support is going to be right here, 72. And then the next level down will be around 70, the middle of the bowling-year-band. And then the next level of support will be here, 62. And then the lower bowling-year-band at 61. For resistance, we will have to use the Fibonacci extension diagram. The next level of resistance will be at Fibonacci extension, 23 percent at 87 dollars. And then the next level up will be Fibonacci 38 percent at 92 dollars. Let's look at XLE, the energy ETF. For the energy ETF, as you can see on the weekly chart, the RSI value is very high. And if you look at the daily chart, the RSI value is also very high. At this point, I will not be buying shares of LXC until it starts to come down a little bit and then start rebounding. For the next level of support, I see this level at 86. And then after that, I see 84, middle of the bowling-year-band as the support level. And then after that, we'll be here, which is at 79. For resistance, definitely the all-time high of 90.4 will be a resistance level. And then beyond that, it will go into the Fibonacci extension territory. Then for the next level of resistance will be Fibonacci extension, 23 percent at 101. And the next level up will be Fibonacci extension, 38 percent at 107. Let's look at WEAT, the wheat ETF. For the wheat ETF, it's been trending down in the last couple of weeks, mainly because of the possibility of this humanitarian corridor being open to allow Ukraine to export wheat. It's now approaching the lower bowling-year-band. I still have some shares of WEAT. If it continues to go down the next few days, I will definitely sell. And I'm not inclined to be buying more shares in the near future. If you look at the daily RSI, it's pretty low, so maybe there's a short-term rebound and that's probably a good opportunity for me to just sell my shares and cut my losses. For support, SC support at 10.5, the lower bowling-year-band. After that, the next level of support will be at 9.7, this line, which also happens to be the 100-day EMA. And then the next level of support after that will be right here, around 9. And then the next level of support will be the 200-day EMA at 8.6. For resistance, I see the next level of resistance at right here, the 50-day EMA, 10.9. And then the next level up will be 11.4, the middle of bowling-year-band. And the next level of resistance will be here, 11.9. And the next level of resistance will be the upper bowling-year-band at 12.4. Let's look at COPX, the copper minor ETF. For COPX, the early RSI hit a very high point and it started to pull back. And that's when I sold my shares to lock in my profit. The daily RSI is still fairly high. And as you can see, it hit the upper bowling-year-band, then it pulled back a little bit. So it might drop for one or two more days before it picks up again. And if it starts to recover, then that's when I will buy in again. For support, I see the next level of support at 39 here. And then the next level of support below that will be at 38.5 here. And then at 37.5, middle of the bowling-year-band. And then, of course, this bottom of 34 will be a strong support level as well. But I don't think it's going to get down to that level anytime soon, because the market is very bullish for COPX in light of the reopening of Shanghai and other major cities in China. For resistance level, I see the next level of resistance, definitely at the upper bowling-year-band of 42. And then the next level of resistance will be here, 42.8. And then the next level up, 45.4. And then we can see another resistance level right here at 46.5. And then, of course, the 47.2 all-time high will be a very strong resistance. Let's look at CPER, the copper ETF. For CPER, similar to the COPX, the hourly RSI hit a very high value. Then it started to pull back. And on Friday, daily RSI is still fairly high. And if you look at the daily chart, it went way above the upper bowling-year-band. And not surprisingly, last Friday, it started to pull back. So CPER might still drop for two or three days before it starts to recover. Overall, I'm still very bullish about CPER for the next few days because of the reopening of Shanghai. For support levels, I see the next level support at this level here, definitely 26.4. And then the next level down will be the middle bowling-year-band at 25.8. And then we see another support level at around 25.5 here. And then, of course, the bottom of 24.5 will be another strong support level. For resistance, I see the next level of resistance right here at 38.5. And then the next resistance here at 28.7. And then here at 29. And then ultimately 30, the all-time high will be a strong resistance level. I'd like to remind you that I'm not a financial advisor. I share my stock trading strategies and analyses for educational and entertainment purposes only. If you want to sell or buy stocks, you should make your own decisions and you should definitely consult with your financial advisors before you do so. This about wraps up my video for now. I will chat with you again in the next few days. In the meanwhile, I'd like to wish you the very best of luck with your financial investments.


My presentation will focus on two important issues that I think are important. The first one is just general facts about urbanization in Ethiopia. And the second part that I'm going to share is how the government is approaching to have plan-led cities in Ethiopia. So as you know, Ethiopia is the most agrarian country in the world. However, the urbanization rate is increasingly. So the estimated number of population living right now in town is about 22%. But the rate of is 5.4% per annum. By 2035, it is estimated about 40% of the population will live in urban. The government will understand how urbanization will affect the total economic growth of the country. And this urbanization, if we manage it correctly and strategically, we can benefit a lot. On the other side, if it is not managed, there will be a lot of causes. So to achieve the middle income of our country vision, we have different plans based on our constitution. We have different strategies and activities. So as you can understand from the graph, Ethiopia is growing at 10% on average for the last years. And as you may remember, Ethiopia's GDP was in the 90s, it was around 6 billion. Now Ethiopia's GDP is around 80 billion. So you can guess how the government-led economic activities bring this development. So from those developments, 70% of total economic output is contributed by the urbanization. So as I mentioned, the government has many, many interventions through our ministry. I think I can, as you can see from the presentation, the first priority, the first priority is creating leadership in cities. Because we do believe that leadership is everything to the development of urbanization. These leaders that can lead changes, that can create policy standards and that can plan how urbanization will increase. And we have 11 pillars at national level, most importantly in creating jobs, urban planning, urban-led management and housing development. So those activities, we do believe that these activities or these strategic perspectives will lead us to create our vision that economically productive, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable cities in the longer term. Based on the, I mentioned earlier, we have National Urban Development Special Plan, which consists of those two issues, National Urban Development Scheme and Local Development Urban Design Plans. We prepared the first plan in 2014 and that will continue till 2037. Based on this plan, we have general plan for 12 cities in Ethiopia and that can be used by many other cities. We have, in case of Ethiopia, we have five main drivers for the urbanization. So the presence of new and large commercial farms and agro industries. The ongoing mega projects like dams, sewer factories, fertilizer factories, large infrastructure investments in major transportation areas, major inverses. We have, we do have many inverses all over the country. So cities are developing both based on the cities. Expansion of tourism also plays a critical role in urbanization. So right now, the development of urbanization in Ethiopia is very scattered and they are very small. They are not designed, they are not well managed. So to have well-managed and well-plan-led cities, we want to integrate both the economic framework and the spatial framework, which the economic framework, where the government have five-year plan, growth and transformation plan. Then with the special, with the prepared spatial framework, we can have plan-led cities. The major criteria for the selection of urban clusters. So we plan to have cluster-based city development or urban development in Ethiopia. So those are the major selection criteria for the urban clusters. The balanced regional development, existing situation in the areas, potential and present drivers, strong linkage with their rural hinterlands and draw the counterbalance of the primacy of Addis Abba. So cluster-based development should be implemented on this regard. So we do have those clusters, which we integrated with the rural development also. So by the integration of both the rural development and the cluster-based urban sector, we will achieve our vision. So this is how we integrate the rural hinterlands. In the case of Addis Abba, of course Addis Abba is the federal capital of Ethiopia and the international hub. And it has a great input for our development, generally in the city's development. And this will continue also for the next years. However, we need to balance the development of Addis Abba and the other secondary cities of the country. I remain with three minutes. In conclusion, we have those three fundamental preconditions to have plan-led urbanization in Ethiopia. So open the economic potential of their respective hinterlands and balancing growth among Addis Abba and other secondary cities. Also plan-led urbanization is very important to us. To realize this, of course mobilizing finance is very important. New coordination mechanism between the federal government and the regional government are very important. Capacity building, especially on leadership, on technical capacity is very important. And new urban planning tools is also important. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Jazer.


This is a session of African languages, African cultures within the School of Languages, Cultures, and Linguistics. And we have a packed program. I think we only have 45 minutes. And I have a little presentation just to give you an idea of what studying is so-as-is like and the stuff we discuss within the African language of African cultures. Then we can do a little bit of playing with Swahili. I have a little Swahili taste that is just from the textbook we used. And also Alice is here. She is a student of Swahili. She is in Kenya at the moment, actually. She can probably speak more authoritatively than I can. And then we leave a bit of time at the end for questions as well. And as Amani has said, if there's anything in between, just put it in the chat. And then we can take it from there. I'm going to share my screen because I have a PowerPoint presentation. You will probably not be surprised to hear, which is here. And I'm going to get off the pen. I'll leave the chat on, actually, as you can see. If there's anything in between, please put it in the chat to work OK. Good. And then I move that about so I can see as well. Yes. So my name is Lutz Martin. I am in the Africa section of the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. I'm also half in the linguistic section. So my interest is in African languages in particular. East African languages I started with Swahili. And I already noticed that many of you are interested in Swahili. And then worked more widely in Zambia and Namibia. And recently, also, we started working collaboration with Bayehu University in Kanu in northern Nigeria. And I'm going to talk a little bit through, if I may. First of all, welcome to the Swahili's virtual open day at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. And this is a little picture I put in some pictures just to make it a bit more lively. This is, again, some of you will know that the ferry ride from Dar es Salaam to Zanzibar. And there are still dowels going up and down, which is historically very, very significant also for the spread of Swahili. So if you study the history of Swahili, maritime trade is really, really important. And so I'm very, very fond of that picture. But of course, there's modern ferries also you can see in the background. So I briefly want to talk about SOAS and the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. Then I have a brief background on African languages. And then two more specific case studies, if you like. I want to talk about language and identity based on half of a Yellow Sun, the novel by Chimamanda Adityan, who many of you will have read. And a little bit on learning of African languages. And that leads nicely then into the Swahili taster. Good, SOAS highlights. We have 100 years or 104, I think, by now. Years of scholarship focusing on Africa and Asia. There's over 30 languages which are taught within the school. We have a national research library, one of only five in the country. And ours is specialized, of course, for collections relating to Africa and Asia. We have students and staff from over 130 countries. So it's a very international mix. It's a very diverse student population in terms of people's background, ethnicity, languages. And that for many students, I think, is part of the student experience. And of course, we have expertise in some of the world's key regions. Many of our regions are where things are happening, if you like, at the moment. The School of Languages, Cultures, and Linguistics focuses on Africa, which we have focused on today, but also near the Middle East. So we have Arabic as well, South Asia, Southeast Asia. And we have also linguistics and translation, I should add. And there's another department within SOAS for East Asian languages and cultures in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. And we work very closely together. So there's many links with that as well. And there's also young languages and cultures. We have History Department, Politics Department, Development Studies, Music, Arts, Art and Archaeology. And all these subjects are available to you through different study degrees. So in SLCL, we house the BA languages and cultures. And that is either a self-standing full degree, or you can combine that, the BA languages and cultures with something else. We have a BA linguistics with a combination. We have Arabic as well. And the other thing I can put that in the chat later, we have a very neat, I think, very nice series. We did spend the lockdown started last year, which is called Language for Lockdown, which is just short videos on the different languages we have. So you're welcome to have a look at that as well. Within SLCL, we focus on literature, film, cultures, and languages. We have a focus on Africa, of course. But also on Africa in a wider global context, that's important to us. We have a strong commitment to decolonizing education. That's a big agenda for us at the moment within the school and within SLCL and the wider source community. We have strength and translation of African languages. That's another key element. We have lots of people doing translation, including Swahili, which is our biggest language, I think, in students' numbers. And the languages we teach in the department at the moment, Ahmaric, Swahili, Yoruba, and Zulu. And we also, in principle, do house and Somali. But that's because of COVID. And that is paused at the moment. Good. A little bit of background on African languages. And this is a picture from Zambia. And you can see that it's a mobile phone company. And they say 72 languages, ethnic languages, actually, on one network, our network. So there is a pride in linguistic diversity, which is more recent. Maybe we wouldn't have gotten that maybe just after independence. And that's something which is really exciting in studying African languages. This is just a bit of demographic background, number background. So this is the number of the world's languages and there are about 7,000 languages in the world. And there's problems with counting. But as a bold figure, that's probably OK. And of those, about 2,000 are spoken in Africa. So Africa is very language rich, if you like. That's about a third of the world's languages. And the other third is spoken. Or another third is spoken in Asia. This is a map representation. I'm just showing that every little orange dot on the map represents a language. And you can see that the language diversity of Africa is clustered in the center of the continent. So Nigeria, Cameroon, and in the corner in West Africa. Also Tanzania, Kenya are very rich. And then there's less diversity maybe if you go further north and further south. A little bit of historical background during the colonial period, African languages experienced marginalization, suppression, and negative attitudes that was part of the wider cultural colonial enterprise. And then after independence, many African countries adopted a one language policy, and often promoting English or French. So sometimes you still hear people talk about Anglophone Africa and Francophone Africa, which of course, there's some reason to it. But on the other hand, it's misleading, because mostly English and French are just one language amongst many others. And I think people have moved away from that a little bit. So then the 21st century has seen the onset of what's sometimes called an African language renaissance, or the revalorization of African languages. South Africa has now 11 national languages. Uganda has a very progressive language policy. They're called main area languages. Ethiopia and the move to federalism again promoted multilingualism. So you have across the continent a development of multilingual policy in education and public discourses. And you're also at the birth of new varieties. So if you're familiar with East Africa, you will know Shing, which people say comes from Swahili, Swahili and English mixture. But that's a new urban variety. It started out maybe as a youth language, but it's not very widely spoken. In Nigeria, there's Niger or Pidgin. And in Southern Africa, people talk about trans-languishing, bringing different language together in a new creation. And I have examples here, if I may. I may. The BBC now has a Pidgin, the BBC News has a Pidgin series. So there's news in Pidgin geared towards the Nigerian market and the diaspora communities, of course. And that's on the top left there. Then at the bottom left, this is the African Academy of Languages. It's a branch of the African Union, Aqalan. They are very active in the middle. A book of a colleague of ours who has now just moved to Kenyatta University in Kenya, Ansheng, the Swahili vernacular, he calls this in Kenya. And on the right, just a picture of one of the outstanding language activists in the African context, Neville Alexander, and who promoted multilingual education in South Africa and he passed away a few years ago. This is just Swahili, again, because it's important to us. And there's lots of things to be said. So this is Swahili in the 21st century. You can see how vibrant it is. So on the left-hand side is, again, a mobile phone. I've got Louraier to Faharier to our language, our pride. You can see the link between language and national identity in Tanzania, very strong, interesting topic to study. Then in the middle one, this is in the campus of the University of Nairobi in Kenya. It's an advert for an ATM, a cash machine, in partly in Sheng, partly in Swahili, and partly in English. On the top right, that's Yomo Kenyatta Airport with bilingual signage. You can see Swahili in English there. And at the bottom right, that's a colleague of ours, Clara Mumanji, who is addressing this in many several underconferences. But this is one of the annual Swahili conference of the Kenyaki Serial Association. So you can see how rich the discourse is on language is at the moment. I briefly want to talk about language and identity, because it's important to many things we do. And I want to focus on Shimamanda Adichi, or Ngozi Adichi, in part because she is an honorary fellow of SOA. So the top right-hand side corner shows Shimamanda and she is walking after the SOA's graduation ceremony when she became an honorary fellow. So we are closer in a sense. But you will be familiar where she is a very, very famous author by now. Purple viscous and half of a yellow sun are the two big early novels, which she is famous with. And I want to focus on half of a yellow sun where the lead character, Olana, uses Ibo to claim ethnic and political identity to confront the negative attitudes of a man she sits next to on a plane journey from Cannot to Lagos in 1966. And that's a bit of a long text, but I want to share that with you. So we are in Nigeria. We are in the mid-1960s. The political situation is tense just before the Biafra war. And that's a plane journey. Of course, people traveling on the plane at that time, you can see also there's a particular social element with these are quite a lot of people. And flying from Cannot to Lagos in the north of the country I've given you blue notes in the north of Cannot and then back to the main biggest city Lagos. And then Adichi writes that Olana, the main character left on Saturday, the man sitting next to her on the plane across the aisle had the shiniest, darkest ebony complex since she had ever seen. She had noticed him earlier in his three-piece wool suit staring at her as they waited on the tarmac. He had offered to help her with the carry on back and later asked the flight attendant whether he could take the seat next to hers since it was vacant. He offered her the new Nigerian asked, would you like to read this? He wore a large opal ring on his middle finger. Yes, thank you, Olana took the paper. She skimmed through the pages, aware that he was watching her and that the newspaper was a way of starting conversation. Suddenly she wished she could be attracted to him that something mad and magical would happen to them both. And when the plane landed she would walk away with her hand in his into a new bright light. She has relationship problems. She is not in good terms with her boyfriend at the time. So that's part of why she went to Canada. So there's an emotional romantic element to it as well but nothing happens to that as you can see in a moment. So then the man says, they have finally removed the evil vice chancellor from the University of Lagos, he said. Oh, it's on the back cover. Olana turned to the back cover, I see. Why should an evil man be the vice chancellor in Lagos? He asked and when Olana said nothing, only half smiling to show she was listening, he added. The problem with evil people is that they want to control everything in this country. Everything. Why can't they stay in their East? They own all the shops, they control the civil service, even the police. If you are arrested for any crime, as long as you can say Keda, they will let you go. We say Kedu, not Keda, Olana said quietly. It means how are you? The man stared at her and she stared back and thought how beautiful he would have been if he had been a woman with that perfectly shiny, near black skin. Are you Igbo? He asked. Yes.  Olana shook her head, ah Igbo. The man mumbled something that sounded like sorry before he turned away and began to look through the police briefcase. When she handed the paper back to him, he seemed reluctant to take it and although she glanced at him from time to time, his eyes did not met hers again until they landed in Lagos. So what I want to do with that is I think this is really nice because the background is that we have a very political tense situation. That's 1960s Nigeria. We have the Balfour about coming 67 to 71 in which the main Igbo speaking Southeast attempts to gain independence from the rest of Nigeria and then fails. So that's the end of the war, but this is before. But then here in this context, Olana uses language to position herself in the specific space of the 1960s Nigerian political discourse. Correcting his Igbo greeting while he gets it wrong, she claims identity, linguistic identity and cultural ethnic identity and creates distance to him by correcting him. So we say K do not K do. And so the language here corrects the man's mistaken idea about her ethnic identity which was based on her physical appearance. And the example shows nicely, I think that language here is a powerful means to negotiate and express different identities. So this is something just a small example, but this is something which we are quite keen to explore in the program in different contexts how language relates to all kinds of different aspects of human life and in this particular case of ethnic and political identity. Good. I want to move on to learning Africa language. That's my second case that let me check for the time. I think we're okay. So this is just a general reasons for learning languages. The three C's is sometimes called it. So there's cognitive one C cognitive pedagogic and pedagogic reasons for language education. So bilingual and multi-lingual learners have cognitive advantages that long discussion about it but by and that's learning languages is good for your thinking I guess. And knowing several languages increases interpersonal and intercultural competence. Then if you go down to the right or move to the right and there's culture that's the second C culture identity and social cohesion reasons. So language serves as an important vehicle of cultural identity. We've just seen that language embodies cultural wisdom. So many people have seen there's lots of discourse and language endangerment in the moment over the last couple of years. And people are really worried that with the loss of languages we also lose cultural wisdom and cultural diversity. And acknowledgement and promotion of multi-lingual realities increases social cohesion. So there's also real social development aspect to it. And then finally, the third C is commercial political and business reasons. Understanding of and better interaction with different global societies, politics and markets works on the basis of speaking different languages. So I have a quote here. Actually it's an alleged quote. It's not quite your words from but many people are still using it with me. From Nelson Mandela, the South African independence leader and then first president and he allegedly said, he says something along those lines, at least. If you speak to a man in the spirit of the time, a person he means, if you speak to a person in language they understand, you speak to their head. If you speak to a person in their own language, you speak to their heart. So this, if you like dichotomy between the language of aspiration and social advancement and the language of identity and social cohesion, that's really quite important in many different contexts. And again, it's another reason for language learning. And the other reason I want to focus on now is that what we call sometimes expanding your world. So each language contains its own semantic and epistemic system. So the way we structure the world, think about it, relate to each other. In part it's related to language. So different ways of seeing and analyzing the world around us. Different categories and expressions to come to term with our shared human experience and different histories and culture memories. So learning a different language now helps us to understand these systems different from the ones we are used to. Through this, we are better equipped to understand our shared experience but actually also ourselves. And I have one example here from my own language learning experience which goes back quite sometimes in 1994 which is probably, yeah, me before you guys were around. In 1994, I started learning Oceerero, a language of Namibia, if I'm not just now under the tutelage of Professor Yilku Akavari who wasn't a professor at the time. We were both students at source. But he taught me and then we continued working together for a very long time, we were still in contact. And one of the things that he taught me, I learned were numbers. So this is a background on Oceerero. So the pictures are what it looks like. It's North Namibia, you can see it's very arid. It's very desert-y but there's also water, there's cattle. So it's lively communities. And there on the map it shows the little orange circle that's roughly where we are geographically. And then the images here, this is me in younger days as it were, sitting together with Yilku Akavari that's just a meeting we have in Botswana, I think. And then we also published a little booklet on Oceerero, a grammatical sketch and the pictures there on the right. So the numbers I was learning was Imwe for one, Imbari for two, in Dahtu for three, if you speak Swahili, Dahtu, Tahtu, you can see that these languages are related. And then the 10s and the 20s and the 100s but then I also learned 1,904. Ayubirinwe, Nomathere, sorry, there is an ambulance passing the house. Nomathere, Muvunahine, that is 1,001 and 100s, nine and four. So then why was I learning 1,900 at once? It seemed slightly random. But there actually was a very good reason for it. And that is, it's not 9,909, 1,904, 1904 and 1904, it's a number which is, it's a year which is inscribed in Herero cultural memory. So on the 11th of August in 1904, it's the date of what is called the Battle of the Waterback. The Waterback, that's the mountain you'd see that top right. And that's when the German colonial, Namibia was South West Africa at the time, under German colonial rule. And the German troops began what is called the Herero War or the Kaiser's Holocaust. There's a very good historical reconstruction of that by Olusoga and Ericsson, I can share the reference. Unraveling that, but it was a very brutal and very vicious onslaught really on the whole of the Herero community. And that has been really very important for Herero history and cultural history. So this number is really important in the cultural context. So what that means is that numbers refer to dates and dates often then change the destiny of the people. So 1904 in the Herero context, it's a bit like 1066, maybe if that means something like the Norman and Bayesian and English cultural history, or 9-11 more recently, the Twin Towers or if in the Chinese context, 1949, the communist revolution, these numbers mean something. They're not just numbers. And by learning them and engaging with them with the language, it's an entry point. It says these are entry points to different semantic and cultural networks. And so you can see on the right-hand side, that's the Watterberg, and this is the page on the little grammatical sketch with it, where we also have the little note on the 19th. Good. So that brings us to language learning. African language is at source. We have six African languages for currently running. I'm Harik, Swahili, Yoruba and Zulu. At undergraduate and master level, sometimes she will be together with both levels. We aim to integrate language study into discipline, so it's not self-standing, but it interacts with other things she do. The languages are entry points to culture and literature in the way we've just seen. We also think language study and language research is part of a wider decolonizing agenda. If you accept that people speak different languages, you learn these languages with a much better way of talking to them at the same level, if you like. And African language is also as a commitment to African values and multi-limbable practices, so there's a political right here as well. That was it on the slide. Thank you very much. As Santini from Swahili, there's these are little impressions from us. I'm going to stop sharing the slides now. I hope that gave you an impression about the academic discourses we have. If you're happy with that, there is a question that we can have a little question. I think we're okay. There's a question from Daniela. Is African studies languages offered at both undergraduate and post-grad? Also, would you say it's harder to learn language, especially one as Swahili, as a degree and also as older teenager? So African studies as a program is offered at master level. So there's an MA African studies. At undergraduate level, the program in which it's embedded is called BA Languages and Cultures. Or indeed you can learn African languages in other degrees. I think any source degree actually allows it to take African languages. But the degree in which maybe these things I talked about are contextualized. That's the BA Languages and Cultures. And that has the African language stream in it. At the moment before African languages, hopefully you can get the six languages back up running. Is Swahili difficult to learn? I don't know. Actually, that's a good question. I have a little bit of practice. Yes, we have a few minutes. And I'm just going to share that. So you get a sense of whether you think it's difficult or not. And then Alice can actually talk better about it than I can. But I'll show you one of the textbooks we use. I want to be here. I'm so sorry. Here. So this is the book. It's called Colloquial Swahili. And this is actually an older edition, but that doesn't matter. So our language learning and teaching is quite interactive. So it's communicative language. We learn grammar, but it's really also about building vocabulary, being able to use the language. So this is quite hands-on, if you like. And it would be things like this. So this is a short dialogue. Nick Brown, a German consultant working for the Tanzania Zambia Railway Company, Tazaara and Cathy Euston, an American overseas student, are both based in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam. The two visitors have decided to take short break from work and study to go to Zanzibar Island, 50 miles from the coast of Dar es Salaam. After arriving by ferry, they are now approaching the Harbour Customs Office. And if you've done that, it's quite an ordeal. There's lots of promotion, lots and lots of people. And you have to get your passports stamped by these authorities. And it's sometimes a bit difficult to find the office, but it's also, it's entertaining in a sense, because everybody's quite good-natured about it. So this is the situation we are. And then Cathy says, Haudi, which means, I wish to enter, really, that's what it means. I'm entering a room, you say, Haudi, can I come in? And the Customs Office says, Karibu, meaning you're welcome, yes, please come in. Cathy says, Asante Habariakobana, thank you. How are you, how are your news? How are you? And the Customs Office says, Zuri, I'm fine, Karibuni. Karibuni means you're welcome to two people because it's both Nick and Cathy. So the Customs Office says, Karibu, first just here in the knock, and then Karibuni with a knee at the end, two people. And Cathy next say, Asante, thank you to the Customs Officer. And the Customs Officer asks, Hamjumbo, are you okay? How are you both? They reply to that, it's Hatujumbo. Then Nick asks, Nawebe, and you, who jumbo, Bwana, how are you? Bwana, meaning mister. The Customs Office says, Minisi jumbo, I'm fine, I don't, there's nothing wrong with me, I'm okay. How is your news, the two of you? And Cathy and Nick then say, Zuri, our news is fine. And even if it wasn't fine, you really have to say, I'm okay, before you then can say, actually, there's some issue. You probably have come across jumbo, that's quite famous. There's a little song, jumbo, Bwana. And also, I think the Lion King has some Swahili words. So this is, some of it might be familiar. So this is the translation, we've just seen that. I can briefly show you a little exercise. I mean, this is like the first lesson, so that's at the beginning. But this is about the talking to one and talking to many. So this is, sorry, there's a question chat, I can't do that quickly. It's Swahili course available for students, BSE International Relations, Politics. I wouldn't quite bet my life on it, but close to, I should think yes, but that's easy to find out. All our programs should have a language option in them. So you should be able to do this Swahili as in the International Relations as well. And then so you have like, the exercises like that. So the question is, this is about Karibu and Asante. And what we're after here is speaking to one and speaking to many. If you talk to one person, you say Karibu and Asante. So Karibu means you're welcome, Asante means thank you. But if you spoke to speak to many people, you have to put a knee in the end. So in the first example, the customs officer says to Nick and Cathy, two of them, Karibuni. So the question is, Swahili, what is the answer? What do Nick and Cathy say to the customs officer? Anybody wants to put it in the chat? The key here, so they're going to say thank you essentially, but the key is that they are speaking to one person rather than to many. So the, aha, thank you, Derek, Asante, thank you, Asante. So Asante is the answer because it's one person. Now, the second one is Nick and the customs officer say, and the customers say, ah, so say Karibu to Cathy and Cathy says to both of them, what does she say? Ah, Asante, thank you. Very good, because Nick and the customs officers are two people. Three, Cathy says Karibuni because Nick and the customs officers are two. And then Nick and the customs officer say to Cathy, please help me. They say to Cathy, Cathy is one person and they would say to her, for you guys, you think it's not fast enough, just bear with me. Karibuni, Yanni, Nick and the customs officer say to Cathy, one person. It is Asante, sorry, sorry, sorry, no, no, no, no. I think maybe this is too complicated. Asante is perfectly fine because they talk to one person. Yanni, Cathy says Karibuni because Nick and the customs officer are two, me, but then they say to her, Asante, because she is one person. So it's about how many people you are addressing, not how many people you are. So in four, Cathy and the customs officer, there's two of them, they say Karibu, because they say to Nick and Nick is only one, but then Nick in return says, what to Cathy and the customs officer, because Nick is now talking to two people, Chiara, ah-ha, plural of Asante, Yanni, Asante, me. So this is what we had, I think, in two already. And then the final one, five, is Cathy, Nick and the customs officer say Karibu, to you in this case. And then you reply to them, so you are addressing Cathy, Nick and the customs officer. So that's many people. And that is Asante, me, with the knee at the end, because it's one to three people. So if I'm talking to one of you, I say Asante, but because it's many of you, it's Asante, me. Asante was the form I had at the end of the slide, because I assume this morning that there will be a group of you. Good, I think I should stop here, because we have 10 minutes left for questions and answers. So I'm going to stop sharing my screen. And now we are back. Ah, there's both the chat and the QA. And the question from Chelsea, is Swahili question for students? Yeah, oh, sorry, that's sorry, that it was both in the chat and the QA. I think the answer to that is yes, but we can follow that up. I can make a little note. And Chelsea, actually what I'll do, answer live. I don't want to answer live, I stopped that. What I'll do is I go to the chat because I want to put my details. I'll put in the chat, my email. And then if you have questions afterwards, please get in touch and we can have an email conversation. And I also double check about the politics, but I'm fairly certain that that should be possible. If you have other questions, please either use the QA or the chat. And otherwise, I wonder whether Alice, maybe we can briefly go to you and if you could talk a little bit about your experience, and that would be helpful as well. We've got one question that's just come in just before we go to Alice. They've asked, how is the translation product for third years like? Ah, very good, very good. So again, Alice probably, you know, you can talk about it, but it's typically, it's both small texts and then sometimes also people work on longer texts. So I'm very sorry, actually, there's a very esteemed colleague of ours, Ida Hachevayanis. She is teaching a lot of Swahili, but she is unwell today, so she can't be with us. But she has just finished, or last year finished, translating Alice in Wonderland, you know, the Lewis Carroll one. And you can imagine, because Alice in Wonderland plays a lot with language, you know, there's the scene where somebody says, oh, you know, whenever I say something, it means that, and that, it means. So it's a real challenge, so she can talk a lot about the intricacy of translating that into Swahili, but her translation really has been quite popular and famous and people really like it. So there's long tradition of people doing translation work here. And we have a very strong center for translation studies as well, the other project we do actually, it's very different. We are translating an app, which is called Farm Smart, which is an app to give information about agriculture type things, which crops to use and which fertilizers and how rain works. I'm not a farmer myself, but that app was developed in English and we had the big project translating that into Swahili. So that would be a much more, if you like, applied translation. So it depends a little bit, it's project-based, but it's fairly hands-on in that there will be translation, you know, exercises and practice throughout the module. And we also just appointed actually a professor of practice, Wanguri Wangorosh, who is also translating, she's a language activist, but also translator. So she also contributes to that as well. And then we can check on the website that should tell you how the module is assessed. I'm not sure whether it's one translation or smaller bits, but I wonder whether Alice knows that, actually. I'm doing the module like Swahili translation. I don't know if that's what you're talking about. Sorry. I think so, what's that like? Okay, yes, that's what I'm doing. Sorry. Is it enjoyable? It's great. It is an amazing teacher. Yes, she really makes it enjoyable. She really, well, it is amazing at teaching both all of the subjects she teaches. She just has such passion for Swahili and translation, and she has lots of anecdotes from when she translated Alice in Wonderland about how it all works. Yeah. I can talk a bit about languages and African studies if you want now as well. So as I said, I'm third year BA African Studies, which is now BA Language and Culture. So I have studied both Swahili and Swahili, so I did Amharic too, and then I've done Swahili one, two, and three now in the third year and also doing Swahili translation. I really enjoyed both languages. I really love Amharic and I love Swahili. I know someone asked early in the chat if Swahili was hard, something that really bugs me about Swahili is every time you say you're studying it, everyone's like, oh, that's a really easy language, isn't it? And I don't find it particularly easy. But like every language, it's really like what you put into it is what you get out of it. And there's definitely a lot of resources that are so, like, so as you have students from all across the world, so you definitely find people to practice with and there are different resources. Oh, I've forgotten what it's called, but there's something where you can talk to someone who speaks your language online so ask them a couple of sessions. What else is there gonna say? Oh, yeah, so as part of my degree, I was meant to have a year abroad in my third year, so it was meant to be a four-year degree. Unfortunately, that didn't happen due to corona, but I would definitely recommend looking into that if that's something you're interested in. I did it myself, so I'm now, because everything's online, I'm doing it from Kenya and I was in Tanzania. So it's a great space to practice and I know people that have been on the year abroad in previous years, not just to East Africa, but different year abroad with different courses and they loved it so much. And it's really beneficial, you get to know the community and definitely practice your language skills so much. What literature does the course cover? I don't know if that's for me, but I can answer that. Derek, so I did a module last year which I definitely recommend called, what was it called? Wow, anyway, I was like, I just wrote it to my friend. Oh my God, okay, never mind. It's called African Literature or something like that and you cover so many different books and it's really amazing. And I was just talking to my friend about it, about how your readings for each week aren't, as she would quote, like boring political readings. You get to read like a novel and read literature about written by an African author and it's really enjoyable. So there's like different modules you can do on literature. You can even do, I'm guessing, ones from other courses with your open modules. You don't have to, like even if you're studying African Studies or something very specific, you'll probably have open modules so you can look at literature and languages from other areas of the world. Yeah, does anyone have any other questions? I think there's two that come in that are very similar. How does learning a language in a, what's learning a language in a pandemic like and how has COVID impacted the core? So either of you wanna take those? So I can say briefly and then Alice you can come in. So I think, so all our teaching has moved online and my experience with that has been quite good actually. So what I've done, not so much in the languages but in the thematic courses and actually in the languages I think people do that as well. We have a prerecorded lecture. So I record the lecture and that's available and anybody can watch it at any time and students really like it because they can pause or come back to have a cup of coffee in between and you can do it whenever you like. So you don't have problems with time zones or with work schedule, caring responsibilities. So your social life is completely fine. And then so it's a find that's an hour recorded lecture and then we have an hour interactive seminar. And so that's also online but it means that really there's a lot of student input. So typically there might be like some worksheet, some data we look at or some discussion points. And then there's maybe breakout groups of people going smaller groups, come back plenary. And that has worked very, very well for me. And there's also the assessment, there's mitigation. So for the exams there are now open book exams. So you can take them at home. But I think you have like a day or two to answer the questions. So on balance, I think it works well. For the year abroad we have to see whether we can run that. But what Alice mentioned, we have an arrangement. We try to set that up again with a charity called Chatterbox. And that is group sessions with speakers of the language. And that's also quite exciting because these are not language teachers. These are historically the migrants, refugees, people in this country. So and now it's broader. But essentially these are people from all walks of life. And it's really, really interesting to meet them. It's a little bit like a small year abroad in an online environment. Alice, do you want to follow up on the COVID online? No, I agree with what you're saying. Definitely it's really great being able to watch the lectures. Like I don't have any lecturers that do pre-recorded ones, but they are all recorded so you can watch them after and you can go back to them. If you're writing an essay, you can be like, what did they say and all that stuff. It's definitely really great that it's recorded. Yeah, I found it. Okay, in the pandemic. Lovely, we've got like one moment. If there's any more questions, I'm going to come through. If not, like Professor Lutzer, please put his email down if you want to contact him after the session for any questions that you might have. And I've also just put the link to the language for lockdown. I mean, I think we did that last May or something. It's a bit old, but it's still fun to click through. And there's two Swahili things. I'm not sure if there's, you might have an Amharic as well. But there's lots of other source languages as well. But yes, I mean, you know, Esamani said, please be in touch if you have questions. And also, you know, I think we run more open days in the next couple of months because I think Ida, our Swahili lecturer, well, she will be back as well. And there's Bukola as well. She is West Africa, Yoruba specialist, literature specialist. Yosef does Amharic. So actually it's a much bigger team. It's just today we are, you know, to me, Shikwana and Nha, Nha, Nha, Ugonja. You know, people are unwell. There was different planning issues. So that's what people couldn't make it. But if you come to the next one, which I think there's a series of them, I'm sure you will meet other people as well. And, you know, everybody, I'm sure is happy to talk on the email. Okay, brilliant. I want to thank everyone for coming for our panelists as well. And I hope this has been a really useful session for everyone. Like you said, feel free to contact Professor Litz after if you have anything about admissions in particular, feel free to reach out to our admissions department and they'll get back to you. But yeah, thank you everyone for attending. Very good indeed. Thank you. Asanteenee. Bye.


I'd like to welcome everyone to day two of Tech On, and for those of you who were here yesterday, what we call the post-Kieberian one trillion era. Hopefully those of you who are here had a chance to get to see some of yesterday's keynotes. I thought they were all pretty interesting. There's a lot of stuff in the press already about it. We've got a really big day scheduled here for day two. Day two is traditionally when the exhibition hall opens, so the expo hall will open at 10.30. And I hope you can get a chance to get over and see that. There's a lot of obviously tech talks going on as well. But for this morning, we've got a couple other keynotes that we're going to have. Simon Seegers is going to come back on stage a little bit later this morning and talk about the connected community and everything that's going on with ARM. But before that, if you read Moss's and Simon's presentation yesterday, you saw Moss talking a lot about vision and the importance of that in the future. And I think it's timely that we're going to have Jim Davies with us this morning to talk about vision and imaging and how that kind of plays into ARM moving forward. So, Jim, who's been with ARM a lot of years, really smart guy, ARM fellow, VP of Technology for Pixels, and truly a question. Jim is actually not his real name. Stick around later and you'll find out what it actually stands for. But with that, I want to introduce Jim Davies. He said he was going to say something about me, and I'm bigger than worrying what it was. So, now we know. When you see this picture, what do you see? Do you admire the wonderful color rendering of our new projectors? Do you see them only? Do you still wonder who she was? Images create strong responses in people. There's an English saying that a picture paints a thousand words. And we know that people use vision as one of their most important senses. Psychology experiment after psychology experiment shows that so much of the communication between people is non-verbal. It's done by seeing each other. We know we are very visual creatures. But in 1503, just like today, imaging technology development was key. In this case, it was oil paints on canvas. And what Leonardo da Vinci did was to add beeswax to the oil paint to stop it drying so quickly and then cracking. Fast forward over 400 years to 1969, and the image capture technology has changed to large form of color film. But the power of a picture to become one of the most iconic images of the 20th century remains the same. Now, today, this might be shot from the drone. Back then, it was a man up a stepladder whilst a policeman held back the traffic. Something's changed, something's stayed the same. Oh, and for the younger members of the audience, I'll be around later to explain what film was. Fast forward another 50 years, the technology's moved on again. Another famous subject. And King's College Chapel. But this time taken on a more mobile phone. The image capture technology, of course, is now a seamless image sensor. The display of the captured image is now on screen with fantastic quality and resolution. Critically, the ability to create powerful images is now in the hands of just about everybody on the planet. Truly, the technology that all of us here create has changed the behavior of the world and will continue to change. So capturing and displaying great quality images has become absolutely vital to businesses based around more consumer electronics devices. The sort of technology that you create that arms products go into. Now, if you work in fields such as mobile, then the relevance of all of this is, I'm sure, completely obvious to you and you're already bored. But if you work in other fields, like embedded or IoT, then I'm here to tell you that this is going to change your world. This is going to transform your business. Since you will be pushed to deliver more interesting, visually capable devices. And I'm, of course, here to help you with that. In May of this year, we announced the acquisition of Apical. It was my big acquisition. Of course, I've been somewhat upstaged on that recently, but it's a little pungent loss over there. Apical was a global leader in embedded imaging and computer vision technology, and their technology is already embedded in one and a half billion smart devices in the world. They have an image sensor processor, an ISP, which is essential to turn the data that you get out of a sensor into something recognisable as a picture. So we now have a range of ISPs for the full range of devices that we go into from low resolution, right out to the highest megapixel sensors, using world-leading capabilities in dynamic range management, color management, noise reduction, all the usual. So we can now capture great images. We also have the technology to display great images. Assertive display adapts the display to ambient light conditions, producing a better viewable picture, and also producing the power, typically by about 30%, and it increases OLED lifetime. It's used by all the leading OEM handset manufacturers and is shipping in numerous devices. In fact, you've probably got it in the phone in your pocket right now. Assertive display is a display engine that fits within a display processor, and the Mali display processors from Mali DP550 onwards have a co-processor port, which was specifically designed for it. We've been partnering with that record for some years. So it just drops in. It's ready to go. We paired it up and integrated it and shipped it to several of the partners here today. So you can see now we can capture and display great images. Now let's look at the next leap in computing, how we interpret those images. Computer vision or teaching computers to see would be revolutionary. It's going to change everything. And let's just pick up what I mean by revolutionary. There are communication barriers between the digital world and the real world, where we humans live. Now touch screens were revolutionary and it did reduce those barriers. Along with mobile phone technology, we opened up the internet to a generation of people who couldn't access it through old desktop technology. But really, all we did was teach people new tricks. We taught them how to stab their fingers at screens and see what happens.  And that, I believe, will be revolutionary, as Masa was talking about. Imagine life without those barriers between the digital and real worlds. What would that mean for you? What would that mean for your businesses? And what would that mean for the products that you create? See what I mean by revolutionary. We do, however, have a small problem. That well-known saying I mentioned earlier that a picture paints a thousand words. Well, Professor Stephen Hawking has added a modern twist to that. That same picture also uses up a thousand times the memory. And it's not just a well-known phrase. Look at these statistics to back this up. More data means more storage. A modern cheap hard disk drive is about a terabyte or so. So an exabyte is a million hard disk drives. This is a lot of data. My favorite of these statistics is the ratio between the duration of video uploaded to YouTube per unit time, currently running at 500 hours of video every single minute. Just think about the data. Even with better compression from things like HEVC, a single 4K 30 security camera will fill up the disk drive in about 24 hours. So storing pixel data is a problem. Transmitting it to be processed elsewhere is even worse. I mean, we just cannot afford bandwidth for the power. There's too much surveillance video being created to sit, watch, and interpret it manually. Certainly not reliably. So can we interpret those images on device to extract meaning from them automatically? If we can do that, we can reduce this data size considerably. Now, as you have a visual impairment, seeing is easily, as Massa was talking about from the Trilobytes onwards, just about every big living creature manages this. Now, science has very good understanding of what happens on the left-hand side of this picture, where photons hit the eye and electrons go down to the autopsy nerves. But I'd argue that what goes on in the right-hand side of the picture, what goes on inside the brain, is still pretty poorly understood. It's a topic of very naive research. And of course, if we don't understand how the brain does it, it's very difficult to copy that and model it on a computer. In 1966, at MIT, they started a summer project for undergraduates to connect a camera to a computer and get them to interpret the images to see what was in those images. They thought, well, we would do it. It would take about two weeks, so given that it's students and they've got to do experiments, write out some papers, we'll call it a two-month summer project. It took about 40 years, actually, before it really started to work. And 50 years after that experiment in nano-2012, when Alex Nets beat humans in the ImageNet Challenge, supercomputers finally became better than humans at recognizing the contents of images of identifying them correctly with fewer false positives. Today, in part, he's taken computer vision mainstream. We're taking it down to all sorts of devices, battery-powered devices, and that's going to change the world. And, of course, this isn't just, you know, future magic. We have real use cases presented up here. fully autonomous cars obviously get all the press at the moment, but they have very well-defined use cases, and if we can do that, then we'll also need the ways of the future for other market use cases, such as robotics. And it's not just those motive. Computer vision and imaging technology is fundamental to many other use cases. Augmented reality and virtual reality are also very high in profile. Augmented reality is really virtual reality plus computer vision. And many other partners here today are already having great success with devices based on our technology. Now, you may have some concerns about everybody walking around wearing helmets, and perhaps I share some of those concerns, but I think this is very much version one of this technology. And the ultimate applications are going to be huge.  Just imagine that done properly, rolled out almost everything you do. Perhaps more seriously, we've also recently seen an AR-based system which presents a truly virtual presence at a conference table where you can talk to your colleagues from around the world. And this would surely be very attractive to many of the people in this audience who do rather too much travel, as I'm sure some of many of us do. Security and surveillance and video analytics are marked information in hundreds of millions of units now. And it's not all big problem. Finding spaces in car parks doesn't need sensors under every parking space. It'd be cheaper and much easier for a much smaller number of cameras and some vision sensing capability. Detecting overcrowding in the metro, raising alerts to stop people crowding onto station platforms. These are things that are all happening now. We can even use CV to detect people falling onto the floor without streaming video of your grandmother around the internet and all the possible security concerns you might have over that. And some use cases enable other features invisibly, a bit like art. Photography is a huge use case for computer vision. People in face detection can be used to drive three eggs, auto focus, auto exposure and auto white balance. Most people, most of the time have faces of the people in a frame to be correctly focused and exposed. A camera that can do that or that can identify a child and that's actually rather easy to do. You just compare the ratio of headlight to body height and then auto focus on the child's face in that frame will produce pictures that, again, most people will think of great images. And this is all happening now. And there are a number of reasons why this change is happening now. Mobile devices, mobile's key for mass market technology adoption. We've seen this many times before and we're seeing it now with computer vision. Only a few years ago, the capture of great high quality images would be just for specialist cameras very expensive. But now this is in the hands of just about everybody on the planet, even in cheap phones. And there are some effects of that. There are now between four and five billion cameras sold every year. If you think about one for each face of a camera or a tablet, throwing laptops, digital cameras, surveillance cameras, you get up to those sort of numbers. And as a consequence of this the economics of using a camera as your sensor of choice in your new gadget becomes absolutely overwhelming. This is all creating a perfect storm. First take the economics of mobile and add in the process of developments that we all know and understand bringing tremendous computing power into very small battery power devices. Add in the technologies like deep learning and neural networks and computer vision can now become completely transformational. Now for us, this means we need to ensure we have the right IP. For you, this creates a massive opportunity for companies looking to tap into growing markets or indeed to define completely new markets. A recent Traxica report put this, valued this at $38 billion for market opportunity by 2018. This is real money. So to be clear though capturing and displaying great quality images and also interpreting images even when those images have been taken in difficult conditions. Think about your car in the daylight in the dark, in tunnels, in bright sunlight will be at the heart of so many of the devices that you build and that you develop applications for. Whether those are personal computing devices or intelligent autonomous machines, the effects of this on all of your businesses will be profound. So how can we help you with this? Most of the original research took place on supercomputers and mega servers and what we've done is we've optimized those CV algorithms and machine learning algorithms like TensorFlow benchmark them on ARM CPUs and Mali GPUs analyze those workloads to see where they should be most appropriately run. We wanted to see what you can do in a sensible power budget not just on water-cooled machines. And unsurprisingly, some of this code is better suited to running on a CPU and some to running on Mali GPUs. The Mali G71 GPU based on the new Bifrost architecture is a big step up in performance for this neural network code. And as the algorithm has changed from 32-bit floating point used on servers down to 16-bit floating point or even 8-bit integer down in devices further increases in performance will be obtained. And we're always looking to improve the CPU and GPU capability as time goes on where we get one of these very important use cases like neural networks and computer vision. But we can also take this one step further. And so I'd like to talk to you now about ARM's new engine that was designed specifically for computer vision. In fact, just take a look at this video. The third element of ARM's new IP portfolio is a small silicon-area IP block with embedded firmware to enable on-device computer vision at really low power. It takes in video or raw sensor data of the scene and converts it to a full digital representation of key features recognising elements in the scene like people calculating which direction they're facing and identifying them if it has seen them before. It's capable of identifying an unlimited number of objects in the scene in real time and is highly suitable for battery-powered portable devices. That video showed us running the CV engine in FPGA in the atrium at ARM Cambridge, detecting and tracking people, including a mystery guest you might have spotted. This high resolution full frame rate capability coupled with extremely low power actually enables new use cases, things you couldn't previously do. And new device categories can be created with new businesses associated with them as well that weren't possible. The IP's been licensed by multiple SSC vendors for next generation smart cameras and smart sensors. So now let's look at how this all fits together. We now have a fully integrated suite of IP including the new additions from the acquisition. We have a assertive camera, Mali camera, we have a assertive display and of course it all plugs together using our cashcode here in interconnect and it all works together very nicely as you might expect. Of course that's not all. We're working hard behind the scenes. We've already integrated the IP but here's just a flavour of some of the things we're going to do to make it even more effective. Of course we'll introduce compression Of course we'll introduce special optimised paths between the ISP, the GPU the CPU and the vision engine and those special optimised paths will reduce power, reduce bandwidth and reduce latency of course. We're already using the computer vision engine to do people and face detection to drive our video encoder. The region of interest encoding capability enables us to maximise encode quality where it matters and reduce the size of the video stream and of course more in due course. I want to give a shout out for a number of other sessions that are going to be here today. Later on today I'm going to be sitting at an analysed round table talking about some of these things and answering your questions. This afternoon there's a great session from some of our guys talking about computer vision and deep learning. I encourage you to see Judd talking about all of the IP that came from APICL now the imaging and vision group and Thursday afternoon, tomorrow afternoon there's a great session on VR and you really will see that. So now let's look at the big picture. How does this affect you? There will be new opportunities for the ARM ecosystem arising almost daily to make more interesting and compelling devices with new capabilities. I can hardly think of any markets where the demands for better imaging and vision capabilities will not be felt. From traditional camera markets through new devices like drones right down to the internet of things where the economic implications of being able to fit a low cost vision sensor and some CV capability makes that a sensor of choice for low cost devices in IoT. So if you're a silicon partner or an OEM if you're a software developer or a service provider you'll be able to create new devices that will become contextually aware that will do different things depending on who and what is near them. And you'll be able to create new businesses based upon those devices. You, the ARM ecosystem will have an amazing range of new opportunities and I look forward to seeing you create your own masterpieces.


And you should not watch this movie I'm about to talk about, The Evil Dead Rise. Sorry for yelling at you. Right out of the gates, it starts up, firing on all cylinders. There's blood, there's drama, there's scares. And then it just continues on that track. For an hour and 30-some minutes, it doesn't overstay its welcome, it has a nice clip. These are how movies are supposed to be, folks. It's dark, it's disturbing, but it's also fun at times. It's playful at times. It really gets The Evil Dead mantra down. Now, I opened by saying if you get queasy early, this definitely is not a movie for you. There is throwing up, there is cheese grater to skin. There's eyes popping, there's flesh peeling. You know exactly what you're gonna get. A gory good time from start to finish.