Hello everyone, welcome to NPTEL course on Rural Water Resources Management. This is week 10, lecture 4. In the past week, we looked at rural water resource infrastructures to manage water and store water using engineered solutions. We noticed that not everyone can afford engineered solutions. And it may have some impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, in this week, we are focusing on alternative engineered methods which are including natural resource management through nature-based solutions and decentralized or low construction resources. These infrastructure have been widely used across the world. And most importantly, they have been traditionally used. However, the recent decades, they are not being used much. And therefore, in this course, we are highlighting these different systems. In the last class, we looked at check dams, rainwater harvesting through rainwater gardens or rain gardens. We looked at sponge gardens and we looked at multiple other methods that are all purely nature-based solutions. There is little construction, but still it is less impact on the ecosystem. Let's continue our discussion on the same line. But before that, there is always land cleared from forest for agriculture. We need to understand what has these agricultural expansions done to forest. Because in today's lecture, we are going to see forest as an alternative nature-based solution for improving water resources. It is mandatory to understand that there is difference between forest and agricultural expansion or forest and agricultural differences. To quantify that, it is very important to look at what is a forest and how it has been cleared for a new cultural expansion. We all know what a forest is. Forest is a composition of good soil, good trees, especially native trees, and the harbour, wildlife, birds, insects, and all the other abiotic factors including rocks, water, etc. So even though we know so much benefits of forest, it has been unsustainably cleared for agriculture and settlements, which becomes part of the rural entity. So now in a rural area, which was originally a forest, if it was cleared and then converted to agricultural land, how are you going to minimize the impact on the ecosystem? Or how are you going to capture more water using different methods is the question. So we will go through some of these methods. After we see how the unsustainable agricultural expansion has been devastating the plants. Once forests are cleared, the soil quality is degraded rapidly because trees and plants improve the soil condition. They break down the soil materials. They also let water go in through infiltration through the root zone and percolation. And importantly, they provide the important biomass and take part in conversion of gaseous nutrients into soluble nutrients through the root zone activities. So there has been a lot of good soil quality because of forest because soil is not just the rock material which has degraded. It is with living organisms, nutrients and water. So all of these are removed from the soil when you remove the forest. Without good soil, the water retention is also reduced. There's not much water that the soil can hold if it is not healthy. If there's no biological activity in the soil, then the water retention is reduced. Then you have more floods. This is what you see on barren lands. Barren lands, the soil is not conducive for agriculture or anything to grow. So now when rainfall occurs on the barren soil, all the water goes off as runoff. If it has trees and plants, then water goes into the root zone and goes infiltrates. A lot of negative environmental impacts happen because of removing the forest. And all of this have been widely documented and studied. For example, this forest, you could see that the surrounding forest is very lush and green. The soil quality is good. But once you cut down the trees and or burn here, they could have burned the trees or done something to reduce the trees, cut it down. Then what happens is slowly the soil loses its tendency on the slopes. They tie it together. They don't have anything to bind them together like roots normally bind the soil together. So in that case, you are actually losing the soil, losing the trees and all the other plants that are supporting it. So by clearing this forest, you're also endangering the forest nearby. And when there's sudden rain, what happens is all the soil will be washed away because there's nothing to hold the soil. So you can be sure that removal of forest and conversion of them into agricultural land is not long-term sustainable. However, the damage has been done in most regions. Let's look at deforestation in Malawi and the impact. In Malawi, you could see 1990 to 2010, there has been considerable loss of forest. The forest is in green color and mostly the northern part and southern part you see a lot of forest. And all of them have been cleared or most of them have been cleared to support cropland. The cropland is in pink. You can see the water body size also shrinking every 10 years because of the loss of forest. And wherever there has been a good amount of agriculture, there has been some development of a village or city, we call it as a settlement. So urbanization can also lead. The major part is you see all these blue water bodies are lost. These blue water bodies are lost. And these major water bodies also shrink in size. Initially, you see an increase in the water. Why? Because forest take a lot of water. And when you cut them, suddenly what happens is all the groundwater which was going to the trees are not taking up anymore. So it comes to these water bodies. So initially five years, six years, you see a flush of water coming into the water bodies. But then after that, there is not much water that can go into the groundwater because you have cut down the trees. So thereby reducing the infiltration, reducing the net output into the rivers and streams and also no shades for the water body. So a lot of evaporation and water loss. So this has been documented as highly unsustainable. In the classic cases in Bangalore, you would see a lot of lakes have been converted, a lot of good trees have been cut, converted to cropland and cropland converted urban cities, etc. So in the rural setting, it is not a sustainable way to cut all the forest and then convert to cropland. There has been some balance. There needs to be some balance between a forest and agriculture coexisting together. And that is what we'll be seeing in this lecture. So we have understood that forests have been degraded, have been cut down unsustainably on the name of agriculture and rural development, but that cannot be sustainable. Sooner or later, the same forest that you cut and converted to agricultural land, the clearing of the forest would lead to the loss of the agricultural fertility also. All the land, all the sand that is under the forest, which have been cut, will surely lead high because the land is highly fertile because of the forest. Now, if you cut the forest and then put an agricultural land, the fertility will be gone quickly. So there should be a balance, a give and take, a win-win situation. Let's see what can be done. As I said, the water bodies have drastically decreased, especially in this area where the forest and other areas are, and mostly this area. Conservation of water and soil in degraded forests. Now we're going to start with a degraded forest in a rural setting and see what can be done to save them, save the forest or regenerate the forest and also bring back the water and soil conditions. First, let's look at the afforestation. What do you mean by afforestation? So we'll go through a lot of terms that are discussing about increasing the forest cover. Our goal is to increase the forest cover, increase the water conservation activity and soil conservation through the forest cover. So the first we will see is afforestation wherein conversion of barren and degraded land to forest. This happens in a land which has been barren without any crops growing and degraded land into forest. So you take a patch of land which has been not good for supporting plants and any type of life form.  This is called afforestation. Reforestation is the replantational trees in a deforested land. Suppose you have a forested land and you have cut it and then you convert it to agricultural land. Now, after you know the importance of the land, you would go back and do reforestation, which is replantational trees in the land where the forests have been cut. This is what tribals do mostly. Tribals don't own a lot of these forests. What they do is they'll go to a patch of land. They'll clear the trees for some small patch where they do agriculture. They grow the plants, crops to feed like rice, millet, whatever it is. And then after one or two years, they would move to another patch. They'll just leave and then go. Since it is inside a forest land and since the forest is still active, it will reforest itself. There is plants and animals. The birds will drop the seeds. Animals will drop the seeds. Then what happens is the forest which was cleared in that land would regrow again by itself because it is surrounded by forest and all these animals, plants, earthworms all help together. That is called reforestation. It can happen naturally but very slow. What we are asking here in the conservation world is you need to do it by yourself. Go to the land, make sure the land is proper, bring some water, initial stage, bring some shade and also high variety native seeds both require considerable management and periodic maintenance.  Here since the entire area is now converted to agriculture or plants, it is necessary to maintain periodically. And for that maintenance, since it's expensive and people don't readily come together, it is required to have a community participation. Wherein all the people in the village will come together helping reforestation and afforestation activities. Remember the entire village would get affected because of floods, flash floods if your forest is removed because of low water content, because of low soil fertility. So it is important to bring all of them on board who are directly or indirectly impacted and ask them for community participation. In some villages, every house should have to send one person a day to maintain the forest, at least until the forest can take care of itself. But doing that also increases livelihood options. That is what we are seeing in some villages in India, like a model role model they are very aspirational, very inspiring. Where these community participation have created the forest and through the forest they have created some livelihood options. It is a win-win. The community gives time and the forest gives it back by giving options. Some of them are like the trees and the branches that are falling down naturally are taken up by these community people for firewood and other resources. The grazing of their livestock is available. Fruits and other essential things for food can be taken and then used considerably and considering the sustainability. In some livelihood options of herbal medicine, folk medicine, all that can be possible. Let's take an example how a community takes part in community management of forest. Here you could see the locals actually nosing the fire, which means forest fires can pick up by itself. A lot of factors relate to forest fire. And once the fire hits, all the trees are burnt and then the soil is exposed to sunlight. So there is erosion. So what these locals do is find locations where these kind of fire could start forest fire. Basically, a lot of dry leaves and a lot of places without shade and a lot of sunlight due to climate change. If it heats too much and the leaves are very, very brittle and dried, quickly they could catch fire. All it needs is a spark. So it's very important once it happens, they know how to put down the fire. There's something called prescribed burning where they would open up fire in some locations to cut down the fire. So all these are being done by some limited training and traditional knowledge by the locals in a community participation network. Then we go to a forest station. As I mentioned, a forest station, you create a forest from a barren land. Native forest and grasslands can aid in increasing the soil activity, especially infiltration and percolation for groundwater management. Especially the native, I put it in the big because a lot of people have started using invasive or quickly growing trees. For example, eucalyptus. Eucalyptus may be native for some regions, but for many regions it is not native. When you put those trees, you disturb the water quality, you disturb the water quantity. Same pine trees, they put it on the slope. The pine trees can turn the soil acidic. It can bring the soil acidity up and then all the soil becomes acid content. So it is very important to bring the local trees from the local knowledge. It turns aids for the moment and storage of soil and groundwater. Because the native forest can build the soil profile. Remember the soil is built by breaking up of the rock material, parent material, and the action of soil microbes, nutrients, organic matter, sunlight and water. So all these things mixed together to make the soil and organic matter is given by these forests. Community participation can help. Many rural communities are actively participating in a forest station. The previous I said is forest maintenance. Here, a lot of people are actively participating in the forest station efforts. The government can give free nursery, small saplings. How you use it to get across on a hill slope or a barren land is through community participation. Basically, every house in the village would collect these plants, go and plant them and maintain these plants for some years, two, three years. And then these plants will take care of themselves because they will become more mature. I'm going to talk about the very successful Japanese model, which has been practiced in many, many countries, including India on barren land or deforested land. Basically, how do you convert this land into a forest? It is called the Miyawaki's method. Very, very famous and many, many countries are taking up. Let's see how they start. You start by collecting seeds and seedlings just after germination. Germination is when the seed starts to have the small plant growing up. That is the active seed which has been germinated. So they take up the germination from a natural forest, not an artificial forest, not from your park or garden. You can go to a forest setting to make a forest. So you first take these germinated seeds, bring them to a greenhouse where you put them on a bed and let them grow. Because most of these saplings will never grow full height because already the trees are full. So they'll just grow and then die within the soil and then convert to organic matter. You bring them to these greenhouses, basically an isolated area with sunlight and water where it can grow. So you let it grow to two, three leaves budding. When it starts to budge, now you put it in the soil and then when it starts to three leaves coming, then you transplant it into a pot. Each plant takes one pot. Full shade. Here there is full shade, not much sunlight coming. Then you go to a 60% shade. You can see the shade is reduced and each of these plants are kept. You nurture it. Nurture it means basically giving water, some nutrients, natural nutrients that you can give. And then slowly after two to three months, you shift it to another location where the shade is only 30 to 40%. So what you're trying to do is slowly you're increasing the sunlight coming in. First it was no sunlight just your normal room temperatures and lights that can let the plants grow slowly and strongly. It's competing, it's competing and then growing and then 30 to 40, 60% shade. Then you shift it to 30, 40% shade and then you put them into a natural environment. In an existing forest, you take it to a forest and then you put these in the small pots. You put them under the trees, near the trees for one or two months. And then these seedlings, these small plants are taken and put in the barren land where you want to do the forest. Plant seedling into the plant site. Maintenance is necessary for one to three years. Necessary, it is very necessary. You cannot just plant and grow. You'll have to nurture it for three years. After that, nature will foster, no management is needed. So what you're trying to do is you're not just taking a seedling and then putting it in the land. You're taking it, letting it grow healthy initially by panthering it, by taking care of it and then you go and plant it in the forest. It's a long process, but a very sustainable process because after two, three years, you can come out happily and the forest will grow by itself. It has been very successful in many countries, including India. In fact, IIT Bombay also has one. So you should try it and see how this can work in the rural setting. What happens here is the afforestation is done to increase forest from a land where the forest was not available first, was a barren land, etc. Whereas reforestation, we're going to create a forest on a land which was originally a forest. You can call it reforestation or regeneration of forest. Let's see one by the NMS of Guru Foundation, which I've covered a lot using the lift irrigation schemes. They also indulge in reforestation because they understand that to get the water to the lift irrigation, to get the water to check down, you need to have a healthy forest. The forest is the one which actually helps in condensation bringing good water down to the earth and then converting it to groundwater and wastewater. So what do they do? Let's see. Replantation of trees in deforested land. See, this was initially a forest and then they slowly started to take those saplings which I showed you in some of the previous slides. This is not the Miyawaki. This is much, much before. So they just take saplings given by the government or their own small, small seedlings, etc. Native forest saplings and then they'll come and plant it and all of them take care of it. Need to understand the local hydroclimate and environmental setting in choosing a species. If you don't know the long-term hydroclimate and environmental setting, it is best to use the native tree types because the native tree types already was there. So you'll be happy to use it. Need to bring the forest as close as possible to initial conditions. Never redo it to the original condition because change has been done. When the forest was removed, the soil has changed. The soil depth has changed because some of the soil would have been eroded. There's no forest to hold the soil, soil would have been eroded. Look at here. All these erosions and etc. You can bring it back to original state but you can bring it as close as possible to sustainable level. And that is through good reforestation. Community participation is vital as I mentioned. Capability is the key. They hold the process when they understand water is important and for water good soil is important, good trees are important and they bring all of them together. There's also economic gains in doing a forest, not only water gains. Yes, water would increase your agricultural activity, your domestic drinking resources. But it also improves your life quality by giving good air. How can you put a price on good air? Now during COVID situations, people understand air is very important. Air quality is very important. But forests give you naturally. So this is where the life changes, health changes, water quality changes, soil quality changes by growing good trees. And all of this has been documented scientifically. So if we can engage the communities in managing the forest, they'll do a very good job in improving the soil condition, improving the water condition and improving the economic viability. I'll see you in the next class on with more different types of forestation for increasing the forest cover and we'll be wrapping up. Thank you.


What is 600 I hate people you follow at most to get a follow now. How do you do this? How do you do this follow at most two times number of users following you?  That's that right. You can follow at most two times number of users following you plus a hundred You're currently following a users Number of users and be users are following you. I could follow at most two times B plus a hundred You're currently following a users. How many extra users can you follow extra users follows five hundred? I'm not reading this. They just changed the problem statement. Okay. That was really weird. What the They just change a problem statement. Oh my gosh Yeah, wow Okay, that's this Okay, so we have these we have this what do I need to do now the numbers are Mod by eight minus four. Let's see thirty-two minus Twenty-four is a multiple eight seven six eighteen plus six is twenty four six plus two Six plus three is nine Take that away Thirty-two minus eight is 24 This is so difficult. Oh my god 24. How do you do that?  I don't know what I'm doing I'm current some plus equal to this Let's see if oh boy, and then after this then if you get four Just doesn't make any sense Hmm, I don't understand. I don't understand Thirty-two minus six Yeah, I don't know guys, sorry, I cannot solve this problem Recover subscribe and check you guys out at peace


For the beginning of the term I was able to get some basic materials to essentially beautify my classroom so that the girls were not comfortable and could feel more welcomed coming in at the beginning of September. So the allowance was a positive move. For my classroom I enjoy having a beautiful setting in my classroom so I made sure that I went even more out for my students this time. So some of the things that I invested some of the funds into purchasing of curtains, putting up personalized rules for the classroom so I bought the materials for me to get that done. I set up a reading corner I got rugs for my desk for the students so in terms of beautifying the classroom I was able to do that and I think that the girls felt welcomed when they came in in September. I'm a big fan of reading I love my students to love reading so I think it helped me to make my library a lot better. I got to order some more books that my past students were very interested in and so I got to replenish my library a lot it's much better and so I did that. The allowance has positively impacted my teaching experience in a number of ways for example there was an instance where there was an accident between two friends where one through one's lunch down and so I was able to have that student purchase lunch again because it was an accident it wasn't something malicious and oftentimes we are left to be the ones to supplement whatever it is that the students have already been given if they're not able to purchase on their own if they're missing money if an accident happens it's left to the teacher to give them the support and so it helps me in that way. I'm grateful, very grateful actually. Yeah, everything that we have today.


DIY Glofian Do you ever ask yourself why you might be carrying certain clubs in the bag? Nd in this case a three-w saber Or perhaps you've got some clubs in a bag that actually gather in dust and they wondering quite why you're carrying them on Maybe a five-w saber for example Well in today's video I hope to provide you some data that gives you some answers to those questions ddyn nhw'n gwneud hyn o'r gondol o'r bag i'r bag, i wneud hynny, neu gallwn nhw'n ymddangos.  Felly gweithio'r cwysydd digwydd? Yn gyfyniad y dweud y cwysydd 5, gyda'r ddwy ffrwyng hwn yn y bag, ac mae'n dweud yn gweithio'r ysgol 4. Felly mae'r cwysydd yn gweithio'r ddwy ffwrdd. Mae'n ei ddigwydd yn gweithio'r ddwy ffrwyng hwn yn ei ddwyf yn gweithio'r ddwy ffyrdd. Mae hynny'n ei ddwy ffrwyng hwn yn gweithio'r ddwy ffrwyng hwn. Ond mae'r cwysydd yw, felly mae'n gweithio llawer o ddwy ffwrdd? a roeddwn ni'n rhaid i ei bod yn gwellaeth o chrysliau ar ddod y bai? Dysgrifog ddataeth yn ydy'r cyflydd, ac mae'r meddwl ygoel i'r sgwrs? Dwi, dwi'n gweithio ffordd o'i ddweud, ddiddor yn y gallu, yn y byddwyr i gydweithio, wedyn hwnnw'n gweithio ddataeth. Fe'n dda eu bod yn ddod, ond efallai yn fawr. A oed o'n ddwy i'r gwellr, ac ydw i'n gweithio Ifo Lle Shoulder Leung, is data going to be reality when we get out on the golf course. Right, so really interesting data collected there and trust me you want to stick around to see what that data tells us. But like I said what I want to know is what happens out here on the golf course. Does that data ring true and if it does, well there's a big decision to make and a pretty obvious one. Right so that was in fact a five word that I've just played off the second tier at Cardin Park and the test that we're going to do out here on course is quite simple. I'm going to hit each club side by side from the same tee box. We're simply going to find where they landed on the fairway and what impact they had on overall results in playing holes. So what you've seen is the five word now what's the three word pulled a little bit more down the left not as straight as I hit the five word. The question is where did they finish in terms of on the fairway? Let's go and find out. Right before we get a downpour I'll try and briefly get this in. We've looked at a second scenario and that's playing from the roof and see they're both pretty, they're sitting up quite nice and not nestled down but the three word you watch is a very piercing penetrating ball flight. Now arguably a good ball flight in certain conditions and when obstacles are in the way that's seen. So in this case we've actually rolled on you can see probably another 15 yards further again ended up in the bunker, very low ball flight. Then watch the five word and the difference in a ball flight is hugely different. Far greater than the loft difference suggests at least and we've come up just behind me just short. No ball is better than the other in terms of how it's got from where we started to how we finished but ultimately the question would be or you need to ask yourself and I'm asking myself which ball flight did I prefer if that ball is nestled down just that little bit further again which one do I fancy out of there would I be in the three word or what I'd be going from the five word and for me the answer is undoubtedly the five would be the club for me to choose at least anyway. Right interesting off the fifth tee we go with three word first. Now okay this wasn't a great strike a little bit of left to right in it a bit cutty. It's come to rest five feet from where I am now just hung on to the fairway. We see the five word as well this time around gain 15 yards on the three word again significantly different ball flight I suppose arguably a significantly different strike as well in terms of the quality of swing. But once again not huge differences between where those two balls finished up each with a different ball flight each with a different weight of getting A to B and again which would you prefer? Right so if you want to get involved in the comments section then this is how to do so. I simply want to know are you playing either three word or five word or both? What are your thoughts? What are your findings from out on the golf course? Are they the same as mine? And that basically is at this moment in time not a huge amount to separate them in terms of their distance travelled but they get there in completely different ways and I'm questioning do I need either of them in the bag? Both of them or maybe just one of them? Right before we talk about these two shots and where they landed let's hop back a hole and on to the sixth hole one of my favourite here at Cardin Park. A lot of well risk or reward the tighty go to that left hand side the closer you are to the hole. So we started off with three word I said to hand it probably the best shot I've hit on that hole for quite some time. Lovely bit of shape started off down the right and drew it back as close I was prepared to that water. And then the five word and in all honesty it was matched in terms of the quality of swing and strike and again a bit of right to left shape probably finished close to the hole due to the fact that it was a tight line that I took but ultimately as you can see where they come to rest not a great deal to separate them yet again. And then we move on to this hole really tough tee shot. Ball flights could not be any different three word which finished up there. You can see as a really low ball flight landed I would suggest probably 40 yards shorter where it actually finished up. Then you watch the five word and I just cannot believe out here on the course just how much difference. When we talk about data later on in the video you'll know what I mean but I can't believe how much higher the ball flight is visibly out here on the course compared to what data says. This ball was pretty much landed where or finished where it landed. And again comment to Hannah just off camera was this is okay playing in the summer. That's just got 40 yards worth of role if we play the same conditions and it's soggy under foot. The natural fact three would stops down there and the five would that wouldn't have been affected. Anyway, interesting stuff out on the course. We've got 115 into the flag. Let's see if we could have made any good from this this position. I'm really happy with the strike. I'm still trying to grind in this new swing but that's down the left hand side. There's no use zooming in on because we pulled it a little bit left. I wasn't happy with that wedge shot so we're going to have to have another go from where the three would landed. That's a better swing hand. Didn't force it. It's centre of the green. That's quite a bit better. So unfortunately we were cut a little bit short there and our summary will be done indoors as you can see. We're absolutely pulled down at Cardin Park and that was the end of our filming for the day. Essentially what I found out on the course was what I found in terms of dry ball data that I collected earlier on in the day but we'll go through it very briefly. If you take a look up on screen now what you're going to see is the numbers I collected first of all with the five would. The interesting bit for me is just go down to the averages and 205 carry 135 ball speed, a spin rate of 35. Launch angle really important is 11.6 and a descent angle of 37.8 degrees. Then I'm going to throw up straight away the three would numbers. 206 carry 139 ball speed 2724 spin launching at 8.6 27 degrees land angle. Now the important factors for me there are the carry distance was almost identical. The spin number was different and the launch angle was different as was the descent angle. What it basically means is as we've seen out on the course that the three would is a lot flatter of a ball flight. When it lands it will potentially run on a lot further because it's a lot less steep of a descent angle. As was said throughout the video what you've got to ask yourself is what do you want from each of the clubs. For me my summary is quite brief. I'm literally dumping the three would from my bag for good. They're just not an option that I get a lot of use out of in terms of a golf club in the bag. It is so one dimensional that it just doesn't serve enough purpose for me. Not when I can get very similar results from the five would and in fact I prefer the results from the five would. I prefer the higher ball flight. I prefer the lost address that gives me a bit more confidence. Just everything about the five would is preferable and then you've got a bit of flexibility in terms of where you can play it. Like I said I've no problem playing it from the T in the same positions I'd use a three would from the T on a par four. But then when you're playing from the fairway or from out of the roof I would much prefer the loft that the five would presents. So for me it's an absolute no brainer and I just think for you ask yourself that same question. With those similar videos before I've never seen it so clear cut if you like in terms of both data and visible on the course where the difference that the ball flight produces from the five would for me means it's an absolute no brainer. I just thought the question I was about to ask you was what happens with your club, your three would if you've got one in the bag. Just have a think about how many times you actually use it and would you be more or would there be more benefit in choosing a higher lofted fairway would. Perhaps even a four would five would even that seven would again maybe an option in terms of giving you more flexibility in that golf bag and just making life a little bit easier. Right as ever that's only my opinion. You might think things completely different than I do and by all means stick your comments in the section down below. I love to get a conversation going between all you golfers out there. Thank you for watching and I'll see you all very soon.


Hi everyone, Shawn with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2019-2020 Panini Contenders Optic Hobby. Two box break. Pick your team number 43. These are two of the last four boxes from this case. Let's see. Let's wait and for us. We're also giving away $300 in break credit in this break. Here's our list and everything. We've got it already printed out. I did not print it out. Come on. What am I doing? I'm just excited. It's almost Christmas. This gives you a whole new feeling. So for the $300 break credit giveaway, the way we do this. How to be entered. Buy two or more teams in this break. Get entered to win. No max entries. Buy two teams. Get one entry. Four teams, two entries. Six teams, three entries, etc. If you only buy one team, good luck with that team. But you don't get entered to the break credit. Top five names each. $60. So let's see. Here are our four boxes that are remaining. The last two, whichever two we don't do right now, are gonna be for break number 44. We've been doing them as rows, not left or right on this one. So we'll keep doing that. Top two is going to be one, two, or three on the dice. Bottom two, four, five, or six. Good luck. So we're going with the bottom boxes. Those top two boxes will be four. Number 44. Huh? I'm not sure what you're talking about. What you're talking about, Jack? So here's our final list. Mark Haraki, last spot mojo, Cleveland, Cloud of the Ears on the list. I wasn't reading what you were saying. As far as if we have them? No, we do not have those right now. Cool. Good luck, everybody. Neil, I've got one, probably one more break after this, which is it looks like a case, full case, two box, or two briefcase break of flawless basketball, and that'll be it for the night. It looks like. First up. Historic slams, Washington Wizards, John Wall, Joshua Idlitz. Historic slams, cracked ice for the Atlanta Hawks, Spud Webb, Mark Haraki. Tobias Harris for the Philadelphia 76ers, Juan Izara, season ticket. Season ticket silver or hollow, Victor Oladipo. Indiana Pacers, Joshua Idlitz, and season ticket red, Gorin Dragich for the Heat and Joshua Idlitz. Charlotte Hornets, Cody Zeller, NBA Inc. Otto, Joshua Idlitz as well. No, I know, Neil. I think it's probably already sold out. So we're going to be done with case breaks for the night after that break, most likely. But you can take a look and see what is available at the website pinned above my head. Jaspy's casebreaks.com right there. You can go to that website and see everything that's available. We've got a redemption on the back as the auto. Get your guesses in. Jackson Hayes, lottery ticket, New Orleans Pelicans, Shawn Matic, Hakim Elijah-Wan, winning ticket for the Houston Rockets. Joshua Idlitz, I'm guessing Chase Young. I'm going to go ahead and say you're wrong. You're wrong. DeMontes Savonis, season ticket base for the Pacers, Joshua Idlitz. And season ticket hollow, Mike Conley for the Jazz, Joshua Idlitz. And season ticket blue, Buddy Heald with the ridiculous tip in at the end of the night, last night, end of the game, game winner. Sacramento Kings, 97 out of 99. Kings going to Joshua Idlitz. And our redemption, rookie variation, season ticket red. Card 106. Does anybody remember this? Who this is? You can say it with me. J-A Space, M-O-R-A-N-T. Jamerant, Memphis Grizzlies, Joshua Idlitz. There you go, man. Variation, season ticket red auto. Well, why did I put J-A? His name's already on there. I need to put Memphis. There we go. Nice way to end it. Congrats, Joshua. There we go, guys. That's the break now. Time to give away $300 in break credit. So to do that, we're going to copy this customer list over to a second tab and alphabetize. So Joshua Idlitz with 16 spots gets eight entries into the randomizer. One gets one. Mark gets two. I'm going to use one of them as your last spot, Mojo spot. Give you some luck there. Nick gets one. Nick K gets one. And Ryan gets one. And Sean gets one. There you go. It's an auto, Jack. That's why it's a redemption. Yeah, it's only an auto if it's a redemption. I mean, it's only a redemption if it's an auto. If not, it would be a regular card in the set. So we've got 14 people in on the randomizer. Sean Matic backed up to Joshua. Dice roll. Top five names after four and three, seven times. One was seven, right? Four and three, seven times. So that's six. Seventh and final time. Congratulations, Joshua Idlitz. Joshua Idlitz. Ryan Case and Sean Matic and Mark Rocky. Last spot, Mojo. U5 now have break credit coming to you. Thank you very much. That was 2019, 2020. Panini Contenders Optic Hobby, two box breaks. Pick your team number 43 from jaskyscasebreaks.com. I'm Sean, jaskyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for hanging out and we'll see you next time.


I was just saying, like, I was just a label move at first. But really, like, basically, like, Waka Flocka wasn't approving it. Like, like, he was on some, like, like, this my baby, this my first song that got me lit. He wasn't approving it until in the league, I don't know. So it was a go from there.  Nobody wasn't even, like, you know? Or Waka was on some, like, I, wait, hold on. It's my, hold on, like, what y'all doing? This my baby, y'all messing with it. So, and then leave out, in a sense, yeah.  Are you cool of samples now, being at that happen, or you think you still want to do something? Yeah, well, I'm cool of samples, but y'all know I'm the sample king, right?


The average person today has a fridge full of condiments beyond the wildest dreams of even the richest king in the past. This full arsenal of options to add extra flavor and zip to our foods is severely limited if you were to rewind yourself back a few thousand years ago before globalization and industrialization made all these worldwide options available to anyone. Putting ourselves back in the ancient world of the Greek and Romans, we find ourselves short on many modern condiments, but in its place is a different type that was used as widespread as ketchup might be today. Made from fermented fish, garum is pretty similar to many modern fish sauces, common in east and southeast Asia. Massively popular in ancient times, it eventually fell out of flavor with the collapse of the Roman Empire. Over later in the 18th century, a Chinese fish sauce was brought back by sailors to Europe and became the origin of what eventually evolved into modern day ketchup. A few videos ago, we made a fishing pole complete with a silk fishing line and reel, as well as a fishing net to try and catch some fish. For this condiment, we're going to put them to the test and try and catch our own fish as the key ingredient to a garum. The other key ingredient to help it ferment is salt, which I've collected straight out of the earth in a salt mine in Utah. To get more information on the sauce, Lauren reached out to Max, from Tasting History, who recently also recreated his own garum sauce as well. Especially after watching your video and learning how much it's going to smell. From your video, I got that we just need fish and salt and maybe some herbs or something. You can't really do it wrong as long as you have fish and salt. Those are the only two necessary ingredients. A lot of the recipes say to add certain things, different herbs, so you could add things that were around at the time like rosemary or marjoram or oregano or really whatever you want that's going to kind of impart a little special flavor to it and layer it together for a while. Some of them say no more than eight weeks, some of them say four months. It probably depends on what the conditions are and everything, but then at the end, you should have garum. How do I know that it's not going to poison me? The thing that should stop you from poisoning yourself is the salt and that's what you want a lot of salt. That's going to stop it from putrefying. There's a slight difference between putrefaction and fermentation. You want the latter and you should be able to smell the difference. Neither of them are going to smell good.  Something has gone terribly wrong. Yeah, and really you'll know that it's done too when most of it, if not all of it is liquid because it simply says to leave it in the earthenware jug for up to eight weeks and then stick a tap in the bottom or stick it in the bottom and let the juice flow. Okay. If there are any chunks in there, strain them out. You don't want those. And it goes on everything and you can even put it on like a salad so it's not even cooked. The flavor ends up being so different from what it smells like going in. Just give it a taste. It's not going to hurt. To see Max's suggestions, Lauren got one last thing to throw in for some extra flavor. Oregano. All right. Yeah. We're going to make it in this bowl so you can see the layers as I stack it. Now we're going to take 20% of this guy's weight and salt. So I'm going to layer it all, putting it in there, adding salt, adding oregano, more fish, salt oregano, and hopefully it'll ferment the fish, kind of disintegrate them until there's nothing but bones left. Let's go. Cover it with some oregano. Now the other layer of fish. So lovely. The next step is to let it sit in the Mediterranean sun for 15 days and let it ferment. You know what time it is. It's time to break into the tank. The Mediterranean sun's been cooking on this bad boy for a whole day. We're going to give her a stir. A little behind-the-scenes action. Honestly, not. Okay, there it is. This is really something. Okay, the bottom layer of the fish is definitely getting goopier. Okay, there's his head. This does not smell great. I told you that much. Andy, Andy's like on a beach somewhere having fun. Okay, this is horrible. That's enough. Okay, I'm just going to add more salt because it can't possibly get any worse. All right, back in jail. I absolutely hate this. I'm going to stir. I'm going to do some stirring. Oh God, I'm scared. Okay, you know what? I don't love this.  I need to make a spoon. One nice thing about garum is that it can be used to make a salad dressing using two of the ingredients we've also sourced. Olive oil. And apple cider vinegar. With our ongoing salad project, being able to also make our own salad dressing from scratch is a nice bonus. Make a simple salad dressing. Love this. Okay, well, the day has come. Straining the garum. Here it is. Okay, so there is definitely some liquid in here, which is good. That's what we want. That's the part that we will use. So the salt did keep it from putrefying, which is good. That's what we wanted, but we'll see if we have any liquid in here to enjoy. Glad I have long arms. I almost said it doesn't smell best, I thought. But then I actually smelled it. Success. Oh, this is awful. Getting poked with fish bones. Ouch. It's sharp. I'm going to get some sort of rare disease. Yuck. All right, so I made a nice lunch, and only way to make it better is add the garum. They use garum for a lot of different things. Here I have some bread, noodles, fries, my favorite, corn dogs, and a salad that I'm going to mix the garum in with the oil and vinegar to make a dressing. Yum. And they, just in time for lunch. Which we try first. What's the bread? In the top. Smells like fish. Tastes like fish. It added something. I will say that.  It's very fishy. It definitely tastes like garbage can juice. So I would say it does taste like a fish sauce. What a coincidence. Yeah, I don't really put that on bread, but you do often put it into different noodle dishes. So we got some noodles. Okay, well maybe that was just too much, so we can try diluting it. Shall I do the honor? Yeah. Too much. Here you go. All right, so there's no seasoning in it except for our fish sauce. Stop making fun of my fork. It's fishy, but it is a flavor. It's definitely an improvement, I would say. I would, but I'm eating quite a lot right now. So we got the salad dressing. See if it has a little something else to it. Maybe it'll be a little better. That's pretty good. Really? Yeah. I think combined with other flavors, it's a lot better. By itself, not so much. And then we have some modern things you normally put a condiment like ketchup on. Yum, it tastes, uh-uh. The trick is to get just a little bit. It's actually kind of good. Just a hint of it is a trick, I think. It kind of takes a second to really sneak up. It really stays with you. Yeah, that part I'm not so fond of. That's a lot. Do you love it? I don't hate it, but I also don't like it. Well, should we get a real expert over here? But do you want some? Well, you heard of here first. It's great. It's great. Pretty good spread, made even better, with gum. So I can see where this is really revolutionary for the time. It has a lot of flavor to otherwise pretty bland food. But for me, it's a no. Yeah, in the salad dressing, it was way better. When it's mixed with other flavors, it kind of dilutes the fishiness and brings out more of the just saltiness. I think it's probably more of an acquired taste. Condiments have really come a long way. I would not eat this again. I would not buy it. Don't make this. Follow us on Instagram from our behind the scenes of how we made this. Support us on Patreon so we can afford more ketchup. Thanks. If you enjoyed this video, be sure to subscribe and check out other content we have covering a wide variety of topics. Also, if you've enjoyed these series, consider supporting us on Patreon. We are largely a fan-funded channel, and depend on the support of our viewers in order to keep our series going. Thanks for watching.


Jesus Christ, dude, the whole stadium froze!  This is some of the players last game. He's going to the fucking... I don't know where he's going. We're starting the season with the animation! Yeah! I thought they were going to do the whole animation thing. What's he doing? Look at all edgy. Japan! Japan himself! Aoba jousai wa oikawa ii ga ii yowai.  Yowai? Week? Yeah, you lost to the week. Eijou ga yaseta tochi nara. Oretachi wa... Oh, that makes you lower than the dirt.  Oh! What are you doing?  Uh-oh!  Ha ha ha ha ha ha! Konkuri to shushin. Hinata shoyosu. Who's a Konkuri, boy? He's a... he's a crow. Ah! Anata wo buttaoshite.  Oh, my God. Last season, he was shaking at his boot from the players on the other teams, man. Now look at him!  Ah! It's a race war. Black and white. Who will win? Yo! That fire lit inside of him!  Saoko? She's packing. Who is this? Nah, she's new. He just recruited her. She just recruited her. Oh, no, she's shy! Yachi hitoka desu! Okay, yachi hitoka. It's like Hisoka but Hitoka. Hinata mo maneja? Dekai hitoka yaru no ka to omo tte. Walebu no hitoka.  Ore ichi wo negiru no ka to omo tte! It's a red W racism. What are you doing? Dekaku nakutemo. Ore wa toberu.  Is that blonde guy with earrings? He's a murderer. The Rizmaster, Rizara.  Why can't they be putting on clothes? Why didn't they be taking it off? What are we doing?  Can I look? Yeah, why do you want to win, Hinata? What was that stare? Oh my god, it's so good.  Wow, they did what I said they would do. They blew them out. Go to her job and tell her. I love this. Hinata's bringing her. What's she gonna say? We're getting a little boy job from her. Yeah! Right in front of the world, this would never happen in Japan, but...  It's better if they go dying. I see, do your best. I think it's called... Matches at the manga panel. It's on the fucking... Oh! I'll never get tired of that flag, bag. I saw the little giant. Oh! Hinata's in love. Shit. Asahi has an adult to match with. Akashi! Shit! That's a living room. My god! I don't know what you would expect from this character. Watching greatness enter the room. Look at this entrance.   What is that? Gamu Gamu Vest? Hinata, when you look closely, it's so small. You don't say that.   I can reach the ceiling. Can you do that? Hinata, I like it. I like Russian. Come on. Hinata, show Russian man what you're about. Oh, he learned already.  He became a wall immediately after knowing what he could do. This guy learned within one point. Bring it.  You took a back seat since that one episode you had. Do something. What are you doing, Hinata?  Now we're gonna get a picture of a nest. But when he's in good condition, he looks like a slow-motion. He slows down time. Yeah, I didn't think so. No, I saw it. I saw it clearly. I saw the other side. I saw the view from the top. I saw it. Say it. He has bird eyes. The bird eye view. You're fighting by yourself. It's crazy. Yeah, oh, he can. Who's the third one? A small titan. You could even go, oh my god. Beg him, beg him. Oh, that's great. Called him Kim Jong-un.  Look, wait, I said the next one. Look. They're completely different. And this is how they're gonna love each other once they finally do it.  Oh my god. Yeah. No.  Mustard head. Keep pushing him, bro. He's gonna say no. Oh, wait. Oh, no, he's actually mad about that. Yeah. There we go.  Okay. Oh, that's it. Oh, you just blew the fuse. No. Suki. Shit, it's because... Alright, alright. That just happens right now.  He read his aura. Let him go for it. There we go. Nice. That was growth right there. He read his energy. Wow, the fact they're even asking that. Yeah, he sees him on the bench. Imagine his brother's like in the stands. No. Yeah. Yeah. Because Yamaguchi's hero is Suki, man. Let's go. The voice actor killing it for no reason, man. He smiled. What? Yamaguchi was gonna be the turning point for him. You're really cool. I did good at volleyball. I guess. Oh, he said just flat out no. Oh. He did the shanks on him. I love so many Japanese words. I love Japanese general. 100, 20% or everything.  Put the flying numbers. I just... That was good. That was good, Suki. And now he needs to learn. He knows what's better. He knows what to do now. Hit it. Hit the umbrella. What are you doing with an umbrella? Bigger tip, so it goes up, man. Oh, he has to apply that when he fight, when he's on the team, doing it real mad. That better happen in the game. But today, and not as the king. Yes!   A little compliment right before he flies. Ah! Let's go.  Fuck, it's on him. Bust a good move. Come on! Come on! Oh my god, the incredible... Don't do a flashback. That's how you do it. They just wanted to get better. They were so angry when he... Not at each other, but at themselves. The defiant dude was back in action. Like, we need to beat this team by a lot.  Same time. Come on. In unison. Yeah! See, that was the Gear 5 sound.   Why did you throw it at me?   I want this to be a fair fight. Sasa!  The ball literally deflated. Why is he doing the lay-ah? Get me. He's gonna be on the team in the future. And high-q next generations. Bi-q. You didn't even have to go to the game. He just saw them, the running attack. The fast attack. Like, welcome to the new art. This is where it gets serious. We're back in the game.  That's the way he said that. That delivery. It is easy. Oh, yeah. Be intimidated. Yeah, Shoma was done. Oh, that's great. I just want to advance.  I literally said this was gonna happen.  He got better this guy. I am proud of him for doing that, learning. But now I believe it. What? There's no way he's getting this.  Ready? It didn't work. Oh, my God. He's so slow. Oh, my God. Look at this. They're gonna start fighting in the air. The way he just... They're fighting for the death right now. Negative tempo.  You don't win just because you said that. Oh, my God. The way he talks to him, I love it. We're all smiling. Motivated and ready to win. We're done losing. Yes! Mad Dog. I think I know why they call him Mad Dog. He looks mad and he looks like a dog. He never said that. Oh, my God. That was scary, man. Look at... He's a scary mad dog. He's a dog. He screams all the time. Beautiful. Look how he's optimistic. He's hopeful now. He wants to fight. Damn. He wants to send him home. Oh, I want that so bad, man.  The battle at the dumpster again. Please.  Look at that smile on the way down. Man, man.    They're pulling out the kick move this early on. It's Spider-Man. That was a four-person move. Motherfucker. Nope. They better finish this game, this match. They better. We're gonna 2-0 them. We are really gonna 2-0 this team.  Stop! This is where this anime goes to...  They're probably already clipped. Round two, you fuckheads. Oh, wait, wait, wait. He's switching it up. That's all they got. They are simple actions. They're the most simple team I've seen. They don't have any... Any tropes. That was right. It did feel... It looked perfect, too. Oh, he was right. They did the Kageyama another. Are they copying? Thank you. Always putting me in a good mood as long as they don't lose. Did it? Ooh. Oh, Hinata versus him. Back and back. I like this guy.  Hinata's like, enough with the games. I'm ready to show them why they researched me. Oh, my God. I'm sorry. The force of God was in that hit. I'm gonna tap it. Oh, he got it.  It's a captain versus... Did they clash? He hit his face mad hard, man. Oh, no. Oh, he's gonna hold himself again. He's gonna feel bad. He said sorry before he was able to say it. What a leader, man. I'll be right back. Hold the fort until then. Let's go. Oh, that's good. A push, Asahi. Look at that look.   We haven't seen him like this yet. Asahi is a beast, bro. He is a tank. Come on, bro. Pinch it. Pinch it. Bro, this is your moment. Come on, I'm wanting to have this moment so bad. I want to do it. Yamaguchi, Yamagat it.   What? Can he fly? Oh, my God.  He ran from one end to the other. Don't get injured, bro. We already have one on the list. There's no way he just caught himself like that. Oh, that... He did the penguin swat. Slide.  That was a close call.  It all depends on him. He can think so fast. He bounced it off of him.  Let's go. He saw his eyes. He saw what he was doing right there. Wow, he got... The torch passed down to him, essentially. Wow. He gave me goosebumps, he said. He's crying, bro. Let me do it! I want to see this guy prosper. I can't wait to go against Oikawa. Come on, Oikawa! I forgot to tell you. I'm still on the Oikawa's team. Shit! Uh-oh. Damn, you made him shape us. Oikawa brought us back. He resolved it.  I love that!  Even though it's not going to end tomorrow, it's probably going to be eight episodes long.  Dyson's ready! Watch, you're going to score this one. Ready? I bet you're alive.   Are they about to score the... Dyson's right back. Did he really just... 20 points to go. Oh, here we go. The impact frames are coming. I can smell it.  It's coming.  Oh, come on, come on, bro.  He did it last time.  Break through the glass. Oh, that wasn't nice.  I'm calling it around.  It's what we do in New York, bro. Everybody else is animated normal.  I've never seen that before. Everybody was normal.  Okay, only this guy's animated like this. Oh, this looks beautiful. What are they doing? That was nice.   Oh, my God. That's what it should be like. Look at him. Yeah. It's like a spike to the face.  He's one of my top five characters in the show. What are you doing? What is he focusing his anger into the...  This guy was like... Body back. Body back. Yes. Do what you want to do. Stop being so scared. Yeah.     Look, even the team is like, Why?  There's no way to do it again. Oh, my God. He did it again. There's two points. Wait, is he about to do that? Is he about to do five things?  No way. He did that on command. If he wins this, I swear to God. I'm joking. Score 10 points. What? Oh, no, let's go.  Oh, no, no. Man, I want them to win now. Time to pass the torch, Oikawa. However, what? As long as I'm around, you're invincible. How does that not hurt Hanata in the episode with a point? Hanata, this is going to work in your favor. Look at Oikawa. Let's go, baby. Yeah, yeah. Hanata, come on.  Yo, heave. Yes. Dude, the whole stadium froze.  He's already...   They didn't win, though. They didn't win. That was one point. They're up by one. Ooh, looking down on him. Is this what watching sports is like? Aikyu, Bululak. These are my sports.  Nope. He really just jumps out of it.  This boss... Oh, I really want... I really want Kageyama to win this one. I really do. Win it with that one. Win it. This is it. This is it.  Man, you were a great ace. We were playing at God level. Look at that. That hat was essential.   Am I dead? I wish you would join our team, man. I love him that much, but we already have our Kageyama. We don't need Oikawa. Imagine hearing that from behind the pillar? My junior. There he is. He's dangerous. He probably felt just like this. I'm excited.  Dude, we're really starting season three on Monday. We're done.


In a bid to champion inclusivity and equity in education, the British Council has commenced a three-day annual inclusive education conference in Nigeria. Educators, policymakers and stakeholders from across the country are gathered to discuss and come up with solutions addressing the theme, fostering inclusion and equity in education. Nigeria's Minister of State for Education, Dr. Yusuf Tanko Sununu, who was represented by his special advisor Atiku Wapubaka and the British Council country director Lucy Pearson emphasized the need for sustained efforts to dismantle barriers to inclusive education, ensuring that no child is left behind. The Council reassured the federal government of its commitment to fostering collaboration and sharing best practices. Recognizing the diverse needs for our students, we need to continue to strengthen and expand inclusive education programs and provide services that ensure that no child is left behind. Our mission as a ministry is to dismantle existing barriers to the attainment of these goals and ensure that every child's right to quality education is attained. Being inclusive isn't about applying professional treatment. It's a way of being a state of mind, an approach and a set of values that are put into action in a many. And when all stakeholders work together for inclusiveness, all children will thrive in their schools and their societies. Persons with disabilities are an equal source for the brunt of educational exclusion. We therefore need to rethink the way in which we conceive education and how we implement learning programs. We need to transform our education systems, schools and learning centres and make them accessible to an equipped for persons with special needs and those who face societal obstacles and prejudices. Speakers, including Professor Ismail Junaidu, Executive Secretary of the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council, NETC, and Ojeni Olayiton, who represented the head of National Office, West African Examination Council, Waeg, addressed critical issues and expressed optimism about the impact of the conference on shaping future educational policies. We also note that implementing the framework needs a holistic approach within the framework of effective partnership and the collaboration. Just as the initiative done by the British Council, we need to collaborate. We need to partner. With the commencement of WARS from paper based to computer based method of assessment, it has become imperative to include candidates with special needs in electronic assessment approaches. They have created an enabling platform for them to participate in lessons and our exams. Effective collaborative engagement between diverse stakeholders is vital to supporting the development and educational opportunities and outcomes of special needs. Other development partners, including the Nigerian Governors Forum, represented by Dr. Louis Beniza, James O'Donoghue of the United Kingdom Development Office, and Linda Achaulu of the United States Agency for International Development, USAID, also emphasize the importance of inclusive education as a catalyst for societal development. However, the organizers say workshops and panel discussions or sessions have also been designed to provide a platform for attendees to explore innovative approaches, ensuring that education caters to the diverse needs of the learners. To foster inclusive and affordable education, devoid of discrimination and deprivation, I encourage you to provide solutions and recommendations to improve inclusive and quality education for children with special needs for national, socioeconomic development and for our own nation building. In the Netherlands, a positive learning environment, an environment where all children feel included and involved, it improves academic achievements and justly needs to be guaranteed in society. So these are others, I mean some of the reasons why the British Council in our pursuit to create an environment where everyone is left behind, nobody is left behind in the artificial system that were committed with sources, committed in time, and then also encouraging you all to join us in this. The conference aims to inspire actionable steps towards creating a more equitable education system in Nigeria, engaging participants in quality discussions, promoting the establishment of networks that will facilitate ongoing collaboration and setting the stage for tangible changes that will benefit the students of all backgrounds across the country. Aligning with global best practices.


So our second speaker is Dr. Stefan Schmitz-Valkenberg, who is incidentally, he said incidentally, also moved to the Moran Eye Center from Bonn in Germany. In Bonn, he was the assistant medical director of the Department of Ophthalmology, where he specialized and still specializes in clinical and surgical treatment of macular retinal diseases. He also co-founded and directed the reading center there. Which so, and the Bonn Reading Center was one of the major, not the major reading center in Europe. He's an expert in retinal imaging and as director of the reading center, he's developed and implemented many standard methods for people to grade images. He really is at the forefront of AMD research and he's widely recognized as a major player in the field. He currently holds the John A. Huntsman, sorry, John Huntsman's chair, and he moved to Utah to lead U-Read, which will be the Moran's own reading center. Thank you very much, Musa. Good morning, Moran, dear Randy, dear colleagues, dear ladies and gentlemen, before I continue with the topic AMD Revisited, I would like to take the opportunity to thank all of you for the very warm welcome here in the States, in Utah and Salt Lake City, and particularly in the Moran. Monica, the two boys and myself, we are really enjoying our new life right now. It's a wonderful experience and saying this, I also have to mention that the second half of last year was quite tough for us. We were separated and these are some impressions of our two boys separated from their mother, just with their father and he's trying to get them used to the US-American culture. So in October, I brought them over to Salt Lake City in the custody of their mother. I think that a great time, my time was not so good, I was pretty alone for almost three months in Germany, and these are some impressions from our fair wilderness with my team, with my post-graduates and Bon and the team of the reading center. Saying this, today it's a great pleasure for Monica and myself to be here at Grand Rounds and present, and actually we had a great discussion at home, what should we present? And there were lots of topics on the table, and one of them is, which was abandoned very fast, was that I should maybe represent some surgical cases from my collection. And preparing for this talk, I thought I should show at least one surgical video and this is this retracting me of a giant rental tear, which went quite good. And at the end, when I looked into the eye, and I have to say I didn't do this by purpose and this was just as nature gave me the case, I saw this laser at the edge of the tour and it was actually the first letter of the first name of my wife. So these are my disclosures. And when we talk about AMD, I think we have to mention drusen because drusen are the hallmark of the disease because drusen, they lead to atrophy and atrophy is a cause of visual loss in this patient, the most common cause. And today with multimodal retinal imaging, we can better monitor the evolution of the disease from drusen to atrophy. Terms like nascent geographic atrophy have been introduced. Different patterns leading to atrophy have been described. So multimodal retinal imaging, and this applies of course not only to AMD, allows us for the non-invasive mapping of disease evolution at higher resolution. And in the last two or three years, we have learned with artificial intelligence that actually multimodal retinal imaging is a perfect playground for AI. However, at the end of the day, the most important question that remains is actually, what is the impact on function for all these morphological changes? Because this is essential for the affected individuals and patients, and also, and this should be not forgotten, of importance for regulatory bodies, caregivers and payers, particularly when we are trying to introduce a new theoretical intervention. And in this context, I would like to introduce today the term inferred sensitivity, which is the AI-based estimate of local retinal sensitivity from retinal structure as detected by multimodal retinal imaging. Inferred sensitivity has been already applied in a few conditions, including AMD, and it has been also suggested that inferred sensitivity may serve as a crazy functional outcome in clinical trials. And then before I will talk more about the prediction of retinal function based on morphology, I would like to share with you a clinical case. So this is a 51-year-old female, relatively young, diagnosed with AMD. And please imagine this is a typical patient seeing other doctors coming to the university setting for a second opinion, and the patient is really eager to get involved into a clinical study. Reports of slow deterioration of both eyes more on the right and the left, and the general and family history is basically unremarkable. In colors, we see substantial pigmentary changes, vitreiform material, hypo-pigmentation, as well as large and small drusen, including particular drusen. These later changes come much more prominent with the force in the geography, but we see the typical stars in the sky pattern. Of course, we also, we are in the era of OCT, so of course we're also doing OCT, and there's one particular finding which catches our attention, and this is his cleft. It's a separate little pocket there. So what are you going to do with this? Anybody? I don't see any hands, so of course we didn't do this because I showed you the flow scene, there's no leakage. But this is actually very, very some, so should we treat this? And what is the prognosis? Of course, they have to fear that this may collapse, but the question is when will it take month or even years? Will we see atrophy? And thus, I was coming back to my first question, will the patient lose vision? So, we observe this patient, this is the picture one year later, and you see there's still separate fluid, and the time cost goes on, actually it goes over seven years, and indeed at year five you see the collapse, but this looks pretty normal to me. This is so who is serious again, you see the pigmented between attachment to collapse and almost normal retina. At high resolution, we can actually appreciate that at the time of the collapse, the outer retina looks pretty intact, the external limiting membrane is continuous, and they only settle iterations below at the outer retina. What was the visit at this point? How well did the patient see at this point? You were, this is my next slide.  The title of my talk is Drusen and Function. So I have to talk about this. All right, all right, all right. I stand correct. But this is for the people, not for us, the people who don't believe us. This is a dense OCT scan showing you again that there's indeed a collapse and etc. So what about visual functions? So the next question, this is best corrected visual acuity, and it's actually getting better. You know there's some noise in this assessment, so I show you now the visual acuity as assessed in our clinical trials unit, it was a natural history study, and there's not so much noise, because also reflecting if you do this EDTRS assessment, it's much more accurate. We also did low luminance visual acuity. I'm not sure if everybody is aware of it. It has become recently more and more popular because it picks up changes in AMD patients, which have typically troubles, low light conditions, contrast sensitivity. We started this the last two years, but in this case, it doesn't give you much signal. Basically I have to say low visual, low luminance visual acuity assessment is based on BCVA assessment, the only differences is that you put a neutral density filter in front of the eye of the patient. But we're also a little deeper into this, and now we are coming to fund this controlled perimetry, or also called microperimetry, which allows us to project stimuli at certain metal locations in real time to assess retinal sensitivity. So this is one year after call-up, second year and third year, done with a NIDIC MP1 device. And to a very high level, if you have green colors, this is good retinal function. If it's red, it's bad, it's a loss of function, and yellowish is somewhere in between. And actually again, it's getting more greenish, so it's actually getting better over time. Probably also reflecting learning effects of this test. When we look closer to this, and this is now getting a little bit more into detail, I highlighted here the points at the side of the lesion, which were by random at this very location of the PED. And the red colors are showing you the points which show a loss compared to normals over five decibels. And if you compare this to the overall sensitivity for all 56 test points, there's no difference. So on a rough estimate, there's no difference between this very specific lesion on the retinal and the overall sensitivity of this eye. We also did scotopic testing. And here, there's a larger difference. The area involved has more points with a reduction, severe reduction, as compared to the overall sensitivity assessment of this eye. So showing us that there might be a signal in scotopic sensitivity, it might be more accurate to assess functional deficits in these kind of patients. Saying this, I would like to talk more about fundus control perimetry. And I have to say as retinal specialists in the community, this has a very bad reputation. We are not used like the glaucoma specialists to do visual field testing. It's complicated. And we are spoiled by multimodal retinal imaging. It's so easy. It's so fast. And it's so accurate. In fact, our fast resolution of fundus control perimetry is about two orders lower as multimodal retinal imaging. It takes more time. It's not seconds, it's minutes. And also, it's a subjective test. So patient cooperation is highly relevant. We have to take into account patient-specific factors like test time, wrong pressure events, and other behavioral factors. And basically, there's a trade-off between test time, spatial resolution, the number of stimuli you can project in a patient during one session and a point-wise test accuracy like the chess strategy. So again, I'm not sure if there are any glaucoma specialists here, but this is the far you can go with retinal specialists on this topic. So this is a case of geographic atrophy. Let's have a look again. This is a typical multimodal imaging, even OCT, eye resolution OCT. And now let's have a look from the patient perspective because we're talking about function today. So we have to turn around the lesion because the patient sees outside down, so to speak. And if he looks at the chart, this is a typical finding. I'm sure you've seen that before. You have the four ways of sparing a patient can pick up single letters on the chart while they're at the same time reporting of difficulties while reading. So if you apply retinal, the fundamental perimetry in this eye, and this is a typical standardized grid, these points are not really picking up the problem, the lesion. The individual distribution of atrophy spots is not recognized. The result is that we have a limited and variable number of tests similarly in relation to atrophic areas. And particularly the assessment of function changes over time is challenging. So to overcome these limitations, we have introduced what we call patient-tailored perimetry grids in geographic atrophy. So basically, we're taking the imaging data and then we are generating individualized grids. So we design eyes or holes around the atrophic lesions like an onion-shaped pattern. And in order to maximize the number of test points in disease-relevant regions, so in the junctional zone of atrophy, this is showing you the GA, and then you have its predefined distances to the border, tests to be placed up to about 800 microns away. And at the same time, we have an overall number of test points is limited. And this is showing you some data. So this is done with a Maya device. It's a different device, it's a nighting device. It has three different types of testing, so mesopic testing under room light conditions, and two DAC-adaptive tests, sine and rat. This allows us to better discriminate rod-from-cone function. So DAC-adaptive sine testing particularly shows us rod function. And this is a GA border, and we're going towards the periphery in all three types of testing. And as you can see, the sensitivity is, in this test, the lowest. So indicating that rod function exceeds cone dysfunction. Point number one, I was a little bit too fast, shows you that all these three curves are going up, so there's an increased sensitivity away from the GA border. And even this is only cross-sectional. This also suggests, because the curve is much flatter for DAC-adaptive sine testing, that rod dysfunction precedes cone dysfunction in this disease. So now we're taking this data and applying it for its sensitivity. So we would like to investigate the AI-based prediction of retinal sensitivity based on retinal microstructure. And particularly, I would like to examine the importance of various imaging features and also the potential influence of behavioral factors, as well as looking more into these potential differences between rod and cone function. So this is data I presented at the Macular Society. This is a study where we looked at 41 GAIs with a mean area of 6 square millimeters. So multi-modal imaging was carried out in addition to fundus-controlled perimetry with patient telecrits using this Maya device, involving mesopic testing, DAC-adaptation, and both DAC-adaptive red and cyan testing. So lots of battery of tests to get a good overview of morphology and function in these patients. We also included data for the healthy eyes for standardization to patient data. This shows you an overview, high level of the analysis strategy. So with all this data acquired, first we generated thickness and intensity maps of different retinal layers and imaging modalities. So for OCT, for each slab thickness and intensity maps were generated. Then this data was registered to FCP results. So the Goldman III circle area, for each circle area we have morphology gator. And this was used to employ patient-wise one-out cross-validation with random force prediction models in order to assess the absolute error for prediction accuracy of retinal function. So in other words, we generated functional maps of the retina and then could compare at each location the predicted function to the actually psychophysically measured values. And this slide shows you now the prediction accuracy in different scenarios. Or again, for the three types of testing, mesopic, DAC-adaptive side, DAC-adaptive red testing. This is a mean absolute error and we looked at six different scenarios for each of the three types of testing. And we'll go into details in the next slide, but you see that the accuracy varies between roughly five decibel to about 2.6 decibel. So going into more details, and this is only shown from the topic testing, we looked at different scenarios, as I said. So in scenario 1A, we have an unknown patient, so we haven't done any fundamental perimetry in this patient. And then we apply our model based only on imaging features. So there are 26 markers like thickness of the O and L, the reflectivity of the outer plexiform layer, et cetera. And if you apply the model, we can predict the function with a mean error of 4.6 decibel. If we include in the model B and C behavioral factors like wrong pressure events or even fixation, there's basically no further improvement in scenario 1. In scenario 2, we assume that we have done a short funders-controlled exam, 50% of test points to be precise. And then we can improve our error to 3.1 decibel and even can further improve it with behavioral factors to about 2.9 decibel. So in other words, a certain retal location, you can predict the function in this disease with a mean error of 2.9 decibel in the best model. This is actually substantial difference compared to the first model. So what is the most important feature for prediction? The most important morphological feature and this is the outer nuclear layer thickness. This applies for all three types of testing. And I think, I believe, actually, this is highly biological plausible as well because either the photoreceptors fall out second and third are full retinal thickness and either the inner retinal thickness or the RBEDC thickness. Going a little bit more on the data, this is more complicated. If you look at the structure function correlation of the outer nuclear layers for the most important predictor of morphology, again, for all three types of testing, this is normal O and L thickness. And if the thickness is increased, the curve is flat. So an increased O and L has similar sensitivity as compared to a normal O and L. If the O and L gets reduced, all curves go up. So this function goes down and this steepest curve is seen for the dark end of the scientist, suggesting that the strongest degree of functional loss is seen from the wrong function, again. Fitting in this model on this current understanding that we have earlier and more pronounced broad versus curve function in the disease. So this is the case to better illustrate you this model. This is a typical color funders photograph of a GA lesion. And here below we see the sensitivity map, so the generated maps of function as calculated by the model. And there's a reddish and bluish color at the location of the large patch of photography. So the model picks up that there is dysfunction. And the model can even do more that two red or two blue spots above here. And these are tiny spots of photography. You can hardly see them on the colors. You actually need the OCT to see this Coroidal Hyper Transmission and the loss of the outer layer. So the model can also pick up the functional loss of these two small foci. And furthermore, there's a rot free area in the very fovea, which also is of course biological plausible. So inferred sensitivity, and this is now looking broad on the topic, can be used potentially in the future at the quality functional surrogate endpoint in future clinical trials. And I think a meaningful application would be that we have test data sets. So a small amount of patients where we did, as we did in this study, extensive psychophysical testing and volumetric multimodal retinal imaging. Then we apply AI to apply this data, this models to larger cohorts. This was allow us to predict retinal dysfunction based on non-invasive retinal imaging. Why the FCP testing would only include a limited number of test stimuli or is even completely waived. So in conclusions, retinal sensitivity may be inferred from structural retinal imaging using AI algorithm, such as random forest regression and patients with geographic atrophy secondary to AMD. It may be also applied to other diseases, but of course we think that this is all disease specific. In contrast to burdensome FCP, this approach provides sensitivity maps, which surface the limits of psychophysical testing in terms of the area covered and the spatial region. And finally inferred sensitivity may serve as a crazy functional surrogate outcome in clinical trials, especially in the consideration of retinal regions beyond areas of geographic atrophy. And I would like to close with a final case to close this morning session today. This is again a patient with geographic atrophy. Monica has shown this patient before and this is not just pure geographic atrophy. There is this little area here which is by essence CNV lesion and the phobia. So this is the part you really would like to rescue in your patient. And if you now apply microparimetry, you can actually see that retinal function is just preserved in this area where we have the QCNV location. Thank you very much for your attention. So, Stefan, again, have you looked at some of these differences? That's part of the beauty of obviously being here because we have so many of the genotype between homozygous risk at one and homozygous risk at 10. Is that starting to correlate with some of these other differences that you're seeing yet or is it just too soon? We're just beginning to dig into that. I think we are at the very beginning. This is not the end. This is maybe the beginning at the end of the beginning. I think in the chromosome one cases, you see more drusen and it's probably more likely that you have this QCNV cases in this group. In terms of function, maybe the markers are different. So in the chromosome 10 patients, I think we see more severe autorental thinning. And we've certainly seen homozygous 10s that have no obvious drusen at all and have got a geographic atrophy for sub-retinal new medicines. They have severe coroidal thinning and they have severe autonuclear layer thinning and they're actually struggling. If you ask them, they are struggling with vision and low light conditions. So particularly here being in Utah, I'm impressed about all the stars at night. I'm sure if I will ask patients, they may say the first time I noticed I have a problem was that I couldn't see the stars anymore. Fascinating. So have you approached the regulatory authorities either in Europe or in the U.S. with this idea? So far with quasi-functional yet or not? Do you think they'll be receptive to it or not for approval of drugs or anything? I think that there will be. Monica can maybe say a little bit more about it. I have been discussing not with regulatory authorities but several pharmaceutical companies and they're very interested in this. And again, the biggest struggle at the moment is to transfer this application from a uni-center setting to a multi-center trial. And this has been, I think this is the next step that we perform a multi-center trial to demonstrate that this method can really be applied. So I'm sure Monica, if you would like to add something. Yeah, so Paul, this is of course one of the main questions. So we are actually at the beginning with bringing micro-parametry or funders-controlled parametry as an accepted primary functional outcome measure into trials in AMD. And actually, we got a signal by the FDA that if we show some more data, this could be accepted as a functional endpoint. So we saw central visual acuity does not work, not in geographic entropy. It does not work in early or intermediate AMD because the lesions are not always in the very center, in the fovea. And so visual acuity, best corrected central visual acuity will not guide us or will not help to prove a therapeutic effect because it does not pick up the disease progression. This is why actually we, but also other people worldwide, are working now on bringing micro-parametry forward that this gets accepted by the FDA and the functional outcome measure. But as Stefan mentioned, micro-parametry does not have the best reputation right now because by using other devices, there was extremely high variability. And the test did not take into account the lesion area, the lesion size. And so all the results were not really comprehensive. And this is why we worked and we are working now on patient-tailored grids or lesion-tailored grids. And we generate data on reproducibility, retest data. And so we hope that this will help the FDA accept this as a functional outcome measure. Thank you very much. Have a great day.


Okay, folks, this is Larry Pesavento giving you the mid-afternoon update at TFNN, and it's pretty much mixed up here. We've got the metals up, at least gold is up pretty good, silver is up a tiny bit. There was, I don't know if it's still up or not, but the main one to look at here is the stock market. We've been here pretty hard. I posted the chart in the Tigard Inn today of the chart of Quetta Swiss Bank. It is the largest bank in Switzerland right behind UBS, United Bank of Switzerland. I've been able to tour those banks over the years, and these are really big operations, folks. But as a big surprise today, as you can see, they came out and they're basically kaput, tapioca, as they say in the trade. They'll be taken over by one of the large Swiss banks, most probably UBS. They have it in their charter in Switzerland that if any of the banks go, they stand behind each other, one for all and all for one, and they'll take each other as they go over. This will be absorbed. What's important about this, folks, that's the second biggest bank in the country that doesn't have a lot of political stuff, so we ought to pay attention to what's going on. That's mismanagement is basically what that was. Now as you can see from this chart, I know it's going to be difficult to see, but you realize it's been going down for two years, and now they're telling us there's something wrong, then you wonder why I'm a technician.  That's the reason right there. I'm going to give you one other reason, too, folks. I think you're going to really enjoy this one. This was posted to me by one of my friends who happens to be an oil trader. You're going to get a kick out of this one. This is from just about, oh my goodness, it was about a year and a half ago. One sacks came out with their annual report, anytime the price of oil reaches 120, they came out with this report that says, look at this, look for 140 in the gold market. You see the little red mark there? Folks, gold hit $67 a barrel today, folks, in the midst of a war in Ukraine. Something's not right in Denmark, so pay attention, folks. These markets are trying to tell you something, and it's very, very important. So stay tuned for 24-7 Fibonacci live, and we'll try to make sense out of this, but this is just getting started, folks. When they hit Switzerland, the next will be somebody else, the next will be somebody else, and the next will be somebody else. Anyway, we'll see what happens. It's going to be the greatest buying opportunity since March the 5th, 2009. We'll be right back.