Good morning everyone. Good morning to our students online as well. Let's just quickly begin this time with a word of prayer and we'll get into our teaching. Let's pray. Father, we thank you for this time Lord and we thank you for your presence in our lives. We thank you for what you've done for us Lord, even as we come together to learn about our identity, who we are, a new Lord. We pray that everything that we learn will be seeded, sold in our hearts to God, to bear fruit in our lives. We thank you. We thank you Lord for everything that you've done and everything that you're doing in our lives Lord. We give you all the praise and glory in Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Alright, so last class we did quite a few chapters and so we stopped at, I think it was chapter 15, that we are new creatures in our spirit. We look at what the Apostle Paul said in 1 Thessalonians 5, 23. He says, May the God of Peace sanctify you completely, your spirit, soul and body. So we also established the fact that as believers, the Holy Spirit can speak to us, minister to us in our spirit, soul and body. So we are three-part being, we have a spirit, we have a soul, we live in a body. So the Holy Spirit, every time we pray, every time we worship God, we are spending time in God's presence, he can speak to us through any of these three means, spirit, soul and body. Right? We can feel a physical sensation of the Holy Spirit. He can minister to our soul, which is our emotions, our mind, our will, our emotions and then he can minister to us to our spirit. Right? And then we also very importantly looked at last class, the Apostle Paul writes in Ephesians, he says, we have to put on some things, remember the jacket? How many of you remember that example? Right?  Right? Okay, let's go to chapter 16, new species. Right? Second Corinthians 5-17, therefore, if anyone is in Christ, all things have passed away and all things have become new. Now, there are two main Greek words used in this passage. Right? The first Greek word is Kainos, referring to something new in quality, in nature, in character. So, when the Holy Spirit comes into our lives, when we become believers, our character or our quality changes. Right? Everyone say character. Character is who we are when nobody is watching. Right? That's, that's our character, our real character. Now, front of people, we can say Jay Masiki, praise the Lord. But our real character is who we are when nobody is watching us and we're alone in the room. What are we? That's our real character. Right? Now, in the old, when, in the old person, when we are unbelievers or we were not, you know, walking in line with God's Word, we would follow the things of the flesh. Right? We had a different character, our nature, our essence was different. Right? Picture this.  You get really angry. You start a fight. But after becoming believers, all of a sudden, you don't want to fight. Okay. It's okay. Let it be. I don't want to waste my time arguing. I don't want to, what happened? The same thing before was, you know, ready to get angry and shout. Let's just start a fight. But the same thing here. Why? Because the nature has changed. Right? The character has changed. That's what it is. The first one is Kainos, which is your nature, your quality, your essence, your character. If your character, after becoming a believer, has not changed. Right? Now, I'm not saying that, you know, immediately you'll see a change. Paul says in Romans 12, he says, we have to, we are changing. We have to conform ourselves, not to this world, but transform ourselves by the renewing of your mind. But very important point is a very important factor to keep in mind is that if I am still, if I still have the character of that, when I was an unbeliever, I must make the change.  I have to change. I have to take this out. It is not from you. Right? Now, for example, 20 years, right? Example, a 40 year old man, right? Or anybody, a 40 year old person, for 20 or 30 years, he's been a person who would always speak bad language. Just an example, right? 20, 30 years is speaking bad language. Now, what has happened is become a believer. Right? Now, after becoming a believer, because he's been using bad language for 25, 30 years, it may come out naturally. Right? Naturally, those, sometimes those bad words come out. Now, if there is no conviction, if we feel that, okay, it's all right to use these bad words, then there is no change in character. There's no change in quality. Right? But if, if a believer of a person who's 20, 25 years, we've been using bad words, but suddenly a bad word comes out, what happens if there's conviction? God, this is something I should not have said. Please forgive me. Help me to control my tongue. Help me to speak what is important. Remove these bad words from my mouth that comes out automatically. Help me to speak only the words of truth. Speak of God's word, because death and life are in the power of your, of my tongue. When I do that, all of a sudden we'll notice that bad words won't come. It may take time, but eventually your character's changed. Your friends would have seen you using hundreds of bad words or saying wrong things, getting angry every time. The same friends will see you and say, what happened to you? How come you don't use any bad words? How come you're not, you know, you're not coming out with us. You're not, you know, mingling with us. What happened? Your character's changed. You say yes, because Kainos, when the Holy Spirit comes, there's a change in nature. There's a change in character. There is no change. You really have to question yourself to go back and ask God, God, change me. Change these things in my life. Right? And the second word used is Nios, right? Nios referring to something new in time, young, younger. And both these words refer to a new creation. What is the first Greek word? I mean, you don't have to know the Greek word, but the meaning of it, the essence of that word is very important. Become a believer, Kainos. Everyone say Kainos, which is new character. And then there is Nios, which is a new in time, being young. So when you and I become believers, what does Paul say? He writes to the Corinthians and he says, you know, our baby's in Christ. Right? So in the Spirit, they are young. They are new. They're just born. It's a new birth. We become a born again believer. Right? Now, imagine this, there's a born again believer. I make them sit, make that person sit and I start teaching them revelations. What is going to happen in the end times?  If I start teaching, what is going to happen? It's like taking in the natural. It's like taking a baby and giving chicken to the baby. What will the baby do? The baby doesn't have teeth. Even if you shove chicken, put chicken into the baby's mouth and it goes into the stomach, there's going to be a problem because of indigestion that the baby can get choked. The baby can have severe stomach pain and many things can happen. It can also cause a lot of damage to the baby. The internal organs are very weak. So what do people do with the baby? Liquids, milk. And then once the baby is six months old, you give one biscuit. Right? Now, when I had my first son, I was 26 years old. 26 years old, I didn't know what to do with the baby. I really wanted to do this baby. So milk, right? Milk.  Then you have all these other foods, baby foods, according to age. That's in the natural. In the spiritual, it's the same thing. The more I eat and drink of the Word of God, the more I'm going to grow stronger.  What will happen? It will very easily die. The baby will pass away because they need nutrition. That is very important phase. The initial phase is very, very important. Now, if I don't read the Word of God, if I don't spend time in God's presence, if I don't pray, I'll remain a baby. And who would want to be a baby all our life? The word here is saying you're born again.    And then we grow. We study God's Word. We spend time in God's presence. We develop ourselves. None of us can say, after becoming believers, Oh, I understood everything. None of us can say that, right? Even, you know, we may be 30, 40 years in the Lord, there is still so much to learn from God's Word. But we grow into the things of God. Then the next Greek word is Kainos used in new creation. Kainos means new man, a new inner man. We're not talking about a physical man, but an inner man. And you look at the scriptures and the New Testament teaches us that the Holy Spirit is, that the Spirit inside us is called the inner man. This is the outer man, the body, the body, the inner man, the spirit. Remember, we talked about it. We are spirit living in a body.  This is just the function that we have. The mind, so for example, if we look at the CNS, the central nervous system in our body, we have the central nervous system, right? If you want to open your Bible, I'll say, okay, open John 316. It goes straight into your central nervous system. Now, what does the nervous system do? It'll say, move your hand, open the Bible. All the nervous system is saying all that. The nerves in your central nervous system is telling you, move your hand, open the Bible and open to John 316. Once you find it, what does your central nervous system say? Read. But some of us will say, no. But you say, okay, read and you begin to read. What is that? That is your central nervous system that's functioning your whole body. In the same way, you're inner man. There's an inner spirit. When we read the word of God, when we pray, what's happening? We are activating that central nervous system. We're telling the Holy Spirit, minister, speak to my spirit. Remember this, okay? What is of the flesh will give birth to flesh? What is of the spirit will give birth to the spirit? When we do things in the flesh, it will not result much. Even if it does, in God's presence, it will burn away. But what is of the spirit will have eternal fruit, right? Here, the word new man is the new inner person inside of us. The old man began back in the time when Adam was sinful in nature. The new man begins in Jesus, that is in the nature of God. The old man, Adam, God created Adam and Eve and he didn't create them as sinners. Yes, right? He didn't create Adam and Eve and say, okay, you're all sinners now, but because I am here, you're all holy. No, created them and there was nothing wrong with them. The Bible says that God would meet with them in the cool of the evening or in the cool of the day. He would meet with Adam and Eve, meet with Adam, right? But here, after sin, there was separation. Again, this new, this inner man that we have right now is the nature of Jesus. Everyone say, I have the nature of Jesus. Online, online students as well, you can say it in your rooms, wherever you are. I have the nature of Jesus. Say it again. Yes, why? Because the spirit of Jesus, the inner man carries the new nature, not the nature of Adam, but the nature of Jesus. What is the nature of Jesus? How did he walk? He walked in power, he walked in love, he walked in authority, he walked in compassion, right? Nature is in us. But some of us may say, but I'm, you know, I know many believers, they're not walking in the nature of Jesus. That's because we have opened, you know, the doors to the enemy to come and work, but we have that nature. You have to build on it, right? So our genetics, the word genetics means something that is already in us. So for example, the genes, you know, you look at a gene, the DNA of a person, right? You've got parents, the children, they'll have the same DNA, right? The genes will be the same. Why do you think a child born can look like the father and the mother? They look like both of them. One angle you see, they look like the father. The other angle you see, they look like the mother. Why? Because the genes is mixed. The genes of the parents are there. Right now, you and I have a natural gene. We may look like our parents, but we have the genes of Jesus. His DNA is inside us. His presence is inside us. And he calls us his children. We have the DNA. We have to walk as children of God. Okay? Let's look at the next one. Again, a new identity. Now, a lot of this may be repeated, but I want us to read Ephesians in the book of Ephesians chapter two. Let's read this powerful chapter, right? Ephesians chapter two. I'll just give you the words. Yeah. We can do one, two, maybe, let's do one, two, 10, and then we'll read 11 onwards as well later on. So let's do Ephesians chapter two, one to 10, and we'll break it down. Anyone can read. And you, he made alive, who were dead in trespasses and sin, in which you walk according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who works in the sons of disobedience, among whom also we all once conducted ourselves in the lust of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and where by nature, children of wrath, just as the others, but God who is rich in mercy because of his great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in trespasses, made us alive together with Christ, by grace you have been saved and raised up, placed us up together and made us sit together in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus, that in the ages of ages to come, he might show the exceeding riches of his grace in his kindness towards us in Christ Jesus. For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourself, it is the gift of God, not of works, lust anyone should boast. For we are his workmanship created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them. So he goes on to talk about what happens. Now what is happening here? The Lord Jesus, when he gives us an identity, new identity, he makes us something that we are not. Now imagine this, just an example, just to help us understand. Imagine you are not a police officer, and we are not a police officer, right? But if you put on the police officer's dress, the entire uniform, and we, you know, and we meet with people, they'll think we're a police officer. That's identity theft, but I'm just giving you an example, Jesus made us something that we were not in what sense. Are we sinners? Are we righteous? Are we just as if we haven't justified? Are we yes or no? No? Are we justified? Have we sinned or no? Are we righteous? If you look at it in the natural sense, are we righteous? Are we sinners? Yes. So now Jesus is saying, Hey, in this new identity, you are righteous. But it's not, right? Actually, we are not righteous because of what has happened. We are sinners. So, but when Jesus gives us this identity, he's changing it. He's saying, in the natural may not be, but what I am saying as a new identity, you are righteous.  So what does Paul is saying here? He's talking to these believers and Ephesus.  There's prostitution. There's, you know, there's, if you look at acts, we see that Ephesus was a harbor, right? So there was a lot of business trade, a lot of, you know, a lot of evil in that place. Now these people have become believers and they're going to church.  You were dead in your transgressions and sins, but I've made you alive. You're no longer dead in sin. You're no longer living in sin. I made you alive in Christ, right? What is the next one he says? Let's read Ephesians 2 13. But now in Christ, Jesus, you who once were, were of, have been put near by the blood of Christ. Yeah. But now in Christ Jesus, you who were once far away has been brought close through the blood of Christ. Now, do you all have Old Testament survey going on? Are you all studying about the outer courts, inner courts and the most holy place, all of that, right? So there was separation between God and man, right? Man could not just go and say, God, please help me. No. There was a separation at that time. Now, through the blood of Jesus, we who were once far away from God are brought close to Christ. Now, who did it? Jesus did it, not our work. Jesus did it, right? So if we look at it in the natural, we may feel, you know, when we sin, how many of us feel we are far away from God? Oh God, I've sinned. I shouldn't have done that. We feel far away. In the natural, we may feel that way. Our life may feel that way. But in the spirit, Jesus is saying, through the blood, I have brought you close. I brought you to me. I've gathered you to me. But He's again changed our identity. But let's look at the next one. Ephesians 2 19. Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and aliens, but fellow citizens of God's people and members of God's household. You are no longer foreigners. You are no longer aliens. You're no longer people who are strangers away from Christ, away from the kingdom of God. But now, as believers, you have been brought close and you are part of a family. You are part of them. You are members of Christ. We are new creations in Christ and at times we backslide. So how do you address that? Yes, that's a very good question. Now, we know that the enemy is doing his work. He's an accuser of the brethren. He accuses us. He tells us, you know, hey, you did this wrong. You did this wrong. And it's a natural feeling to say, oh, yes, I did this wrong. So that is the time when we have to stand not on our own strength, but we can stand on God's word. Now, why do people backslide? Why do people give up?  They say, hey, I don't believe in Jesus now. Why does that happen? Whose work is that? It cannot be their own work. It is the work of the devil that he puts these seeds into our heart. It is very easy for us to not believe in Jesus. Don't you feel that? Yes or no? It's very easy. Imagine some people come and say, you know, Jesus, it's not true. Where's the proof? Where's the proof about this? So it's very easy for the enemy to bring accusations to he's a master in deception. Picture this. Adam and Eve are there, right? What does he say to Adam? He says, you can have the fruit. You have it, you'll become God or maybe God doesn't want you to have it because you'll get all the power of God. He's a master of deception. He knows how to divert our thoughts and our minds. But remember this, he who is in us is greater than he that is in the world, right? So when people, especially believers, they backslide, it is not their own doing. Now, we know that the Holy Spirit is there, right?  He who is in us is greater than. Yeah. He who is in us is greater than he that is in the world, right? So the choice is ours. The Holy Spirit will not force us. You know, you have to believe you already took water baptism.  Don't go. He's not going to force us. He's never going to do that. So it is up to us. Always remember this life is a choice, right? We choose what we want, whether we want to go do this or whether we do that and God gives the choice. So when it comes to backsliding, the most that we can do is, you know, it's painful to see people backsliding, but we can pray for them that the Holy Spirit will minister to them. But if they are, you know, and remember that God is able to restore no matter what, but we cannot force them. The Holy Spirit also will not force them, right? Because they know everything, but it's all, you know, covered up that the enemy tries to make that person not believe in this word. So it's, it's, it's sad. It's sad to think of it when people are backsliding, but we can only pray that the Holy Spirit ministers to them, right? Okay, let's read Ephesians 5-8. For you were once darkness, but now you are light in the Lord. Walk as children of light. You were once darkness. So now walk as light, right? So how does it feel to live in darkness? We once darkness in the sense we were living in sin. Sin is living in darkness. We can't see the light. What did Jesus say? You will be the light to the Gentiles. You are the light of the world, right? Now, when we say you are darkness, doesn't mean you'll be sitting in darkness the whole time, right? It means in the spiritual realm, you're in darkness. You got the enemies trying to do everything that he can, right? To keep you in that darkness. He doesn't want you to know about the power of the gospel. He doesn't want you to declare God's word. He doesn't want us to do this. So he'll keep us in darkness. He'll keep us. What's he doing now? You know, when we look at around us, we have all, all kinds of things happening. You know, what's, what's the sad part? Now the enemy is not looking at age and all. He's targeting even children, seven years, eight years old. Just two weeks back, I got a call from one of our, one family and a couple of weeks back. And this mother said, my daughter is nine years old and she's addicted to pornography. She, she watches pornography. What do I do? How many years old? Nine. You think the devil cares about age? And he wants to keep people in that darkness. But once we become believers, he takes us out of that darkness and puts us in the light. But if we are more interested in the darkness, we can go back and sit in the darkness. That is called backsliding. Now in the darkness, there's nice lot of enjoyment. You can fulfill the desires of your flesh, fulfill, you know, enjoy life. Good fun. Now in the light, there's no fun. Maybe we can't go out for party. We can't drink. We can't do this.  That life was better. If we run back to the darkness, whose fault is it? Is it our fault or is it, can we blame God? Right? So he took us from a place of darkness and he put us into light. Look at that list there. We were once sinners, but now in Christ, we are saints. We were once guilty, but now in Christ, we are justified. Right? We were once the unrighteousness of, but now in Christ, we are the righteousness of God, the right standing before God. We were condemned, but now we are justified. The old covenant is the covenant of condemnation, right? It's a covenant of condemnation. What is condemnation? You are like this. You will never be holy. You will never do well in life. You will always be a failure. That is called condemnation and you will never be able to sing. You will never be able to be fruitful in life. You will always be poor. You will always have this kind of life. You will never be prosperous. That's called condemnation. Teachers can bring condemnation. Parents can sometimes bring condemnation. Friends can bring condemnation. The devil's work is to bring condemnation. He always says, you are nothing. Or if we are living in sin, sometimes he'll say, okay, you do whatever you want to do. He'll not bother us. Anyways, he's living in sin. So no problem. But now in Christ Jesus, once we were condemned, now we are in not in condemnation. Nowhere will Jesus say, this is what you did wrong. He brings conviction, but not condemnation. Remember the example we talked about last class about Peter? Did Jesus condemn Peter and say, Peter, why didn't you do this? Why didn't you do that? Why were you not there? When the Holy Spirit ministers to us, he brings conviction. Let's read this verse. I forget where it is. Romans 8, Romans 8, Romans 8, chapter 8, verse 1. There is therefore now no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit. Yeah. There is therefore now, everyone say now, not tomorrow, not one week later, not one year later, not till, you know, till water baptism, not till you get the gifts of the Holy Spirit now. Therefore, now there is no condemnation. This morning, we may have sinned. You may have sinned, we may have sinned in the tea break. Now there is no condemnation. The Holy Spirit will bring conviction. Are you understanding the difference here? You'll say, hey, what you said was wrong. You shouldn't have said that or what you did was wrong. You shouldn't have done that. Okay, Jesus, I'm so sorry. Please forgive me. Once you ask for forgiveness, there is no condemnation. And the devil will come and say, but you did this wrong. Last week, you did that wrong. And the previous month, you did this wrong. You say, devil, now there is no condemnation. Use the word of God to attack the works of the enemy. Right?  He will try to expose you.  You say, I may feel that way. But what does it say? By faith, I'm receiving that I'm righteous. I'm sanctified, justified. I'm the righteousness of God. I'm not living in darkness. I'm living in light. We have to say it. We have to speak it. Right? So never as believers, one of the most common thing that believers say and do is they say, oh, it was too much. The temptation was very strong. So I could not bear it. Now, true, temptation was, temptations will come. But there's a choice in use God's word. Jesus set the example, use God's word, and he was able to defeat the enemy. Let's read the book in revelations. There's a verse there in revelations. Revelations. Forget the verse. I forget the verse, but it says the book of revelations. I'll give you the chapter and verse later, but it says, we overcome the enemy by the blood of the Lamb and the word of our testimony. Okay, I'll give you the verse later. We overcome the enemy by the blood of the Lamb and the word of our testimony. So the enemy will come. We can overcome him by the blood of the Lamb. We can speak the blood of Jesus.  I cover my thoughts. I cover my body.  You speak the word of God. You speak your testimony. What is your testimony? Don't say, I was working in the fields. The Holy Spirit came. No, that's not your testimony.  You have a new identity. You have all of these things which God has given to us. That's your testimony. Now, the best part about testimony is we must believe that this is our testimony. I don't believe the testimony. What will happen? I'll be of no use. You'll not even know that this is a testimony. We will overcome the enemy by the blood of the Lamb and the word of our testimony. And later on, you'll also learn how to overcome temptations and all of that. Yes, Revelation 12, 11. Thank you, Sam. Revelation chapter 12 was 11. It has it there.  Okay, so the Apostle Paul instructs that we must live according to our new identity. Let's read Ephesians 5.8. It says, For you were once in darkness, but now you are in the light. Walk as children of the light.  Live your life as if you're children of the light. Align yourself to the new identity. Change your self-image. Don't look at what you are in the natural. Don't look at what you have material belongings or the clothes you wear, the car you drive, the bike you have, the house you have. All of that is important, but that is not your identity. Align yourself to the identity which God has given you. As people of who are in Christ, things have changed. We have a new identity and this is something that we must understand and we must embrace. What's the word embrace means? Embrace means to hug somebody. When you hug somebody, you're embracing them. So, you must embrace your new identity. For example, it's your birthday. And when it's your birthday, they'll say, Okay, make you stand. Okay, cut cake. Sing a song. Happy birthday song. What do you say? Hey, no, don't sing for me. It's not my birthday, but it is your birthday. So, don't sing for me. I don't want to, I don't want birthday. Now what's happening? You're not embracing yourself. It's your birthday. You're not identifying, you're not understanding it's your birthday. I know it may be a weird example, but it's true. Now, if I know my, what I have, I will embrace it. I know that I'm a child of God. I know that sometimes I may make mistakes, but I can go run back to God's presence. I know that I have to, you know, that God has given me the authority. I know that my standing is in the natural. I'm here, but I'm with Jesus. I'm seated with Him. I know that the Spirit inside me is greater than the Spirit that is in the world. I know the authority that Jesus is giving me, but I'll have to embrace it. What is the meaning of authority? Jesus says, no, I've given you the keys. Keys means authority. And let's look at this example. Imagine all of us were outside, right? And I gave one of you the keys, right? The Bible college keys and it's locked, right? And so, all the students have come and we are waiting outside, right? Because the key is locked. We can't get in now, right? But one of you has the key. So what's your name? Moses. So Moses has the key, for example, right? And Moses also standing there with everyone. Who has the key? They said they gave it to Moses. Moses, where's the Bible college key? I have it with me. So why aren't you opening the gate? No, no, I have the key. I have the authority. I will open when I want to open. Does it make sense? It doesn't make sense. Why? He has the key. He has the authority, but he's not using it. All of the students are standing outside. One is you'll tell them, hey, you give the key to me. I'll open it. Or you'll forcefully take the key away from here. The point is authority is given, but we have to use it. Jesus says, I've given you the authority. Don't keep the authority in our pocket and say, I have the authority. We've got to use it. You get what I'm saying, right? We have to use that authority. And then we'll begin to see the work of God. Otherwise, how will we see the work of God? But you'll be a believer? Yes, that will not change. But God doesn't want you to just be believers. He wants to do, He's giving you authority. He's giving you something more than that, right? It's not that, okay, I can enter heaven and okay, my life is done. No, He's giving you dominion. He's giving you authority over the devil. When you see the devil being defeated, right? When you overcome temptations, it's like you're telling the devil, you're defeated. I have defeated you. Right? So, God is pleased with that when we use the authority. If not, God would have said, okay, Jesus would have said, you just believe, you'll get the Holy Spirit, then I'll see you in heaven. That's not what He said. He says, hey, I'm giving you the authority. Go do what I did. Go use the authority. Use my name, right? And so, when you and I understand this, we begin to embrace things of God, working of miracles, the things that God can do. He can speak prophetic words. He can minister. He can, He can, He gives us the strength to overcome things in life. But we have to use it, right? Recognize and embrace your identity and inheritance as new creation.  God is saying you are a child of God. Don't say, God, I'm a worm. I'm a centipede. I'm like a red ant that is working everywhere. That's not what you are. You may feel that way, but Jesus is saying you're a child of God. That's your identity. Don't say, oh, I'm so bad. I don't know what to do.  I don't know this. I don't know. Don't say what I don't know. Say, God, I don't know, but you're going to teach me. You're going to empower me. You're going to make me do things by your spirit, right? You get what I'm saying, right? So don't go by the natural. Go by what God can do in your life, right?   It's Christ dwelling inside you. Every morning when you wake up, you may be having a bad day. Now God's attitude does not change. God is the same. God doesn't get up with bad mood, right? He gets up the same way. He loves us every day. The same way he loves us. It doesn't change. Some of us here, you know, we'll get up one day angry. We don't want to talk to anyone. We'll get up one day. We want to talk to everyone. You get up the another day. You don't want to see anyone because we have emotions. We are like that, but God is not like that. God is the same. You sin. I sin. He still loves us. He still cares for us. When he sees us, he sees us like he's seeing Jesus in us.  Christ in us. When God sees us, he sees Christ in us, right? So you know your identity. Walk in your identity. Okay. All right. Any questions? All right. So let's close and thank you students online. Thank you so much. We will meet next week.


Sorry. So if your clipper is eating your batteries very quickly, the batteries are supposed to last the whole semester. So if they're not, you should go to the same site in the library and fix your firmware or don't use your clipper. So apparently it's 26. Okay. Oh. Yeah. So my office hours are in my office typically, which is math 5, 112. That's room 112 in the fifth floor of the math building, which is the closest corner to over here. And actually as we go outside, you can see it, right? So face is this way. On Thursday mornings, which is tomorrow, I have office hours in P143, that's the ground level of the site coming in. That's the plaza level. It's the ground level where physics is.  It's across from the elevator at 10, 10 to the light of 11, 20. Okay. So if people mostly answered this, yes? Anyone need more time? Yeah. A little bit more? Okay. I'll remind you, we have this fun thing. Tomorrow night, 8.30 PM. And it's in those three different rooms. So most of you are in Earth and Space Level 1. A couple of you are, some of you are in Old Engineering 140 and you're in the other lecture, you're in Old Engineering. Please bring, so as far as the exam goes, please bring your ID, leave a photo ID, preferably your ID card, but at least something with your picture and name on it. Also, while you don't have to do your answers in pen, if you want to say this was graded wrong, it has to be in pen. So I would recommend that, you know, you work out your problem on the back of the sheet and then you write it nicely in pen on the other side of the sheet because, you know, we've had issues where people will say, you know, you're marked wrong and they'll take your paper home, they'll fix the answer and then they'll come back and say, no, no, this was graded wrong. So you have to do it in pen if you want to be able to test your grader. Yeah. Everything we've done is set up as well, you know, stuff. So there is a page on the class website that has five sample exams which will have five different, some of them are exams, some of them are samples, with solutions. Any other, any more questions? Sure. So any rules of all, of various sites, various types, improper in the rules, area between curves, what else did I guess? That's what we've done. And I'm not going to use the graphic number here. No. You have to use this thing. Any other questions about the, yeah. There are nine. You have an hour and a half, there's nine questions. It's like seven or eight in the rules and, oh yeah, Simpsons rule or Trappers rule and stuff like that. So something like that. It's mostly in the rules. So one thing, if you haven't used paying attention, every problem is worth the same amount, whether it's easier or harder. So the first thing that you want to do is look at the exam and decide what's easy. Do the easy problems first because those are easy points. What you don't want to do is find the hardest problem on the exam, work on that the whole time, only get halfway through and then get 10 points out of the 100 and 8, that would be bad. Okay. Other questions? Okay. So it should be done with this by now, I hope. Yeah. Anybody need more time? Well, it's a very interesting distribution on the answers here. I'm stopping both of these. So it seems that people didn't really understand what we did last time. I don't know, 32, 30, 24, 14. So 32 percent, I think this is the answer, 30 percent. I think this is the answer, 24 percent. I think this is the answer and 13 percent. I think this is the answer. So that means a lot of you got it wrong. So what is the idea here? The idea here is that the volume is the integral of the cross section, the area of the cross section. D, the way you're slicing it. In this one, the base looks like, so we just draw the picture again. We have a thing, looks sort of like a wedge of cheese. And when I cut it at a given height, like here, I get a triangle. And it's an isosceles triangle, which means that this distance is the same as this distance. So my picture is, I guess, a little bit, I get a triangle that looks, well, it doesn't have to be that way. I get a triangle like that. And this curve here is y is 100 minus x squared. That means that where is this? This is when x is 0, so this is 100, this is 0, 100, so this height is 100, and this height, or this distance here, is 10. Because when x is 10, we get y equals 0, right? So what is the cross section of the slice? Well, if I cut it this way, it's the area of this triangle. What do I need to know? This is the triangle that's half a square. It's a 45 degree triangle. So right triangle here. What's its area? He knows the area of a half a square, half base type, if the base equals the height. So if we call this distance, I don't know, x. This distance is also x, so it's 1 half, well, x is a bad choice. Well, x squared is the area. That's a horizontal slice. If you slice it vertically, the problem is a lot harder. If you slice it horizontally, the cross section is nice. It's a triangle. It looks like that. And so its area is a half of x squared because this is half of a square. So what is x at this given height? So if I pick a y value here, how do I figure out x is? If I tell you y, how do I figure out what x is? x is 100 minus y, well, that's x squared. So x is the square root of 100 minus y. If I tell you that the height is 7, then the width, the side of the triangle is the square root of 93. If I tell you that the height is 64, then the width of the triangle, what's 100 minus 64? 36 is 6 and so on. So the area is 1 half x squared. So that means that what we want to integrate is 1 half of this square. So the volume is 1 half the integral of square root of 100 minus y squared dy from the bottom, 0 to the top from 100. So that's half of the integral from 0 to 100 of 100 minus y. So that's, now I know some of you did volumes before in high school or wherever, but when you did volumes before, it's quite possible that your teacher emphasized that remembering the formula for volumes of rotation or things like that. I really don't want you to remember formula.   To memorize the formula, it's not like two years from now when you're engineering class, they're going to say, okay, this is a volume of surface of revolution, so what's its volume? That's not what happens. What happens is you have something that is you need to calculate a volume or something that's like a volume and you use the idea here, the integral of the cross-section is something you know. You integrate the area to get a volume. That's what's important. It's easy to figure out, if you think a little bit, it's easy to figure out what is the volume of a surface of revolution because you just figure out what does the slice look like, slice looks like a circle. What is the radius of the circle? Okay, we're good. Yay, happy time. Okay? So, well, whatever. So the reason volumes are, even in this class, is not really because volumes are important. It's because the idea that when you integrate, cross-section, you get a volume. That's what's important and surfaces of revolution have easy kinds of angles to figure out. So let me do a few more. For any questions on this, are you okay with this? I know a lot of you are saying, well, this isn't on the exam, I don't need to think about it. It will be on the next exam, so this is about to be so good. Okay, so let's do this a little bit. So at the end of the last class, I mean, it may seem like I'm choosing very easy functions. I am choosing easy functions because, does anyone need me to do that integral? That's like a trivial integral, right? It's 100y minus 1 half y squared, so it's 100 squared minus half of 100 squared, so what's that? I don't know, 100 squared over 2. Well, it's half that, 100 squared over 4, so 25 something. Okay, so let's, so at the end of the last class, I have something like this, which I rotated around the axis to get a horn shape, and I calculated the volume inside the horn. I want to change this problem just a little bit, so I don't want to do this same one again. Instead of this being this horn shape, I'm going to use the same shape, except instead of filling it in, I erased it with, I have this curve y equals x squared. Let's go out to, well, it doesn't matter what we go out to, and another curve like y equals x, and now we want to rotate this area in here around. Again, I will get a horn shape, but now the horn, it's a little hard to see. I get a thing that looks like a cone, well, it's a cone with an inside like that. I think the outside is a cone, and the inside is that volume that we found last time. People understand what this shape is? Okay, so how do we figure out what is the volume of the material here? What is the volume of this area? So, I mean this region, so that is I want to rotate the region between y equals x squared and y equals x around the x axis, and what's the volume? So what do I do? What do I need to know? The point theater segment, okay? Let me just draw the same picture again, and just keep drawing the same picture. Now, what's this point? Zero, zero, what's this point? Where does x squared equal x? One, and what's the y value? One, so that's easy. This is the point one, one, okay? I need to know that. Then what do I need to know? The shape of the cross section. What is the shape of the cross section? Good. So what is the shape of the cross section? Circles. So which way am I going to cut it? This way or this way? Am I going to cut it horizontally? Or vertically? Horizontally? So, he likes me to cut it this way. They don't want me to cut it this way. We can cut it that way. We can do it both ways. Let's do it both ways. Yeah, I'm going to do it both ways, but let's do it. So we can cut it that way, or we can cut it, no, that's the same way. We can cut it this way. Since there's three of them over there, I'm sorry, they're a little cute with a new one. I'm going to go with them. I guess that I shouldn't say. Actually, he's really cute. Are you going to be late? No, sorry. Okay, so if we cut it this way, and we rotate this thing around, we get something that looks like a ring. So let's do this side. First, when I rotate that around, the cross section is a ring. And actually, it's a very, it has a width. This width is dx. All right, so I took this wheel shape, and I turned it, and I laid it down. So I have a little washer. The thickness is dx. I need to know two things. I need to know the outer radius. Let's call it big R. And I need to know the inner radius, little R. So I'm cutting this at a specific x. Let's just call it x. This is x. So when I cut it at x, what's the outer radius? Okay, that's good. And when I cut it at x, what's the inner radius? X squared. X squared. Oops, not big R. So that means that this volume, when I do it this way, is going to be, well, the area of the cross section. So the area is the area of the outer circle, which is pi big R squared, minus the area of the inner circle. All right, so the area of the face of the wheel is pi big R squared minus pi little R squared, which in our case is pi big R is x squared minus x squared squared. So that's our cross sectional area. And we integrate this as x goes from 0 to 1. This is an easy integral to do. The integral is pi times 1 third x cubed minus 1 fifth x to the fifth, which is pi times 1 third. What did you want? Yeah, 1 third minus 1 fifth. So that's easy. So that was not a hard problem. That's not for me. Now we'll go your way, we'll cut it the other way. So if we cut it this way, it's a little harder conceptually, but it's still doable. So I cut it this way. Now what does my cross section look like? No, it's still revolving this way. But for some reason, I wanted to cut it horizontally. You wanted to cut it horizontally, if I could. Right. So what I'm going to get is something that looks like that. It's a very thin cylinder, right? So this is what I get. Something that looks like, that's a terrible thing. A very thin cylinder. Yeah. I don't know. Hey, very thin. You can turn it a little more. Sorry. That's what I get. Now I need to figure out what is, so this is really, when I said it's not really the integral of the cross section, it's the volume of the little slice. This little slice, this times its thickness. In this case, now let's label the bits. This distance is what? Well, when does this curve? Well, first off, notice that my slices go from very thin to very big. I go from a little cylinder to a very big cylinder. The radius of the cylinder increases. Right, so everyone see that? So what do we need to know to figure out the volume of this thing? We need to know it's radius. We need to know it's thickness. So the thickness is easy. That's d y. And what else do we need to know? If I want to find, well, so what else do I need to know? Huh? The shape of the cross section is this. It's not a flat thing. It's a cylinder. I want, I have very thin cylinders, d y thick. I want to figure out its volume. What do I need to know? The radius? Okay, what else do I need to know? If I'm going to make a cylinder out of gold, so it's going to be expensive. I'm going to make it very thin. And I make it one inch high. The radius is, let's say, one. I make it one inch high. Is it going to cost me the same as if I make it 10 feet high? No. So what do I need to know? A height. So what is this distance? Well, so this curve, this curve here is y equals x squared, which is the same as x equals y, as you said. And this curve is y equals x. So this distance, as you said, is square root of y minus x. I'm square root of y minus y.  So this distance is, well, this point here is the square root of y, and this point is y, so the height, well, it's really the width, but square root of y minus y. And what's the radius? Does nobody have a clue what I'm doing? Okay, this one's easy. The other one's okay for this. Okay. Let me draw this picture again. Look, you have to know how to do this. It'll probably be on the next exam. Won't be on this one? And you will definitely have homework problems. You just did the easier one. Okay, you want me to give you the only way it works, is the hard way? Okay, so I'll do that next. There are some where the hard way is much easier than the easy one. So the hard way isn't hard once you understand it. So let me just finish this problem. Okay, it's just that it's not clear to me that you understand what I'm doing. So we have a little cylinder. I want to figure out this cylinder. So I have a cylinder. Let me turn it sideways. Looks like this. You know what we're doing now. It's a cylindrical shell. Yeah, now you know what we're doing. I have a cylinder that looks like this. It's height is square root of y minus y. It's radius here is y. It's thickness is dy. And I want to figure out the volume of this little slab. Well, the easiest way to figure out this volume is to actually cut this thing open, lay it down. So I have a cylinder here. And I cut it open. And I lay it down. And I get a shape that I know of that. I have a heart, a difficult object whose volume I want to calculate. It's thickness is dy. So it looks like this. And I cut it. And now I want to open it up and figure out what it is.  It's a rectangular slab. Yeah, that's what I'm trying to say what that is. When I cut this open, I need to know this distance around. Well, this distance around is the length of this. Well, I cut it open. So this distance is 2 pi r. r is y. So it's y. And this distance, since I took this guide and laid it this way so I can look at it easier, this distance is square root of y minus y. And this thickness is dy. Now, yeah. I just want to understand why square root of y is y. Okay. Well, I know you're going to say no, I'm going to draw the picture again. But I'm going to draw the picture again. We have a thing that looks like that. Where are you? There you go. Okay. And the thing that looks like that. We're going to cut it. This way. And I get a little thin piece. I revolve that thin piece around the x-axis. It gives me a cylindrical shape, which I'm going to pick up a little bit here so I can look at it vertically. Because it's easier to draw a cylinder vertically for some. Okay. This piece is at height y above the axis. So the radius of the resulting cylinder will be y.   I guess when I revolve, it will be bigger than the one I've written. So when I revolve this around, I get a ring that goes like that. How tall is the ring? Well, it's the distance between this curve and this curve. This is the curve y equals x squared. And this is the curve y equals x. So if I tell you y, it's one quarter, and I want to find the distance between here and here. Well, this is the point, one quarter, one sixteenth. And this is the point, wait, sorry, y is one quarter. So this is the point, one quarter, one half. And this is the point, one quarter, one quarter. I tell you y to know x, you must take the square root. This is the same as x equals the square root of y.  So I take the square root. For this curve, I tell you y, I've told you x. The distance from y goes a quarter. The distance from a half to a quarter is a half minus a quarter. The distance from this curve, which is x is square root of y, this curve, which is x is y, square root of y, y is y. Does that make sense now, sort of? You know, just rather than that. So that's the size of the thing we want to integrate. Yes. Think about the shape. The shape is the cylinder. I don't want the volume of the cylinder, I want the area of the cylinder. The surface area of the cylinder, 2 pi r, r is y, because I'm going around the x-axis. 2 pi r, the height is the distance between curves. Yeah, but that wasn't what the question was. No, I'm going around the x-axis. I'm doing the same problem I just did, a hard way. Because we wanted to do it the hard way. Because we've got to do it the hard way. That shows you, like, much. Okay? So this resulting integral, so I know this is a little confusing. Resulting integral, I integrate from 0 to 1. I'm letting y change. So I'm going to integrate p y. This thing's going around here, so I'm doing horizontal slices. And what I integrate, 2 pi r, the height here is root y minus y. And I'm integrating it d y. So this is the integral 2 pi. So y root y, which is y to the 3 halves, minus y squared d y. So this is 2 pi times 2 thirds of y to... No, I'm sorry, what am I doing? Y to the 5 halves. So it's 2 fifths. Y minus 1 third y cubed from 0 to 1. Uh-oh. What did I do wrong? So something's wrong here. Yeah, it is. What does it say? 2 fifths minus 1 third times 2. It's the same as 1 third minus 1 fifth.  So this is 5 fifteenths minus 3 fifteenths is 2 fifteenths. And this one, 2 fifths is 10. No. 6 fifteenths minus 1 fifth. Hold on a second. Good. So this is still 2 fifteenths, 5. So there's a second. OK. So this is a... Yeah. With the bottom... No. So let me change this problem a little bit. Can we do a different problem? Can you say that it's a problem? So he has a urgent question. So yeah. Because the cylinder changes as I move up and down. This is the volume of the... This is the surface area of the cylinder. The volume... It's not the volume of a filled cylinder. It's the volume of the thin cylinder. All right. So I'm going to make a sculpture. I'm going to make...  I'm going to make this piece of pipe out of lead. And it's going to have a diameter of 2 feet. 6 feet. How much lead do I need? And a width... I'm sorry. A width of 1 inch. How much lead do I need? That's the question we're asking. I'm going to need one-twelfth of diameter of 2 feet. So the radius is one foot. So one-twelfth of 2 pi out of 6. 2 feet. That's what we're doing here. This is the height of the cylinder. This is the circumference of the cylinder. This is the thickness of the cylinder. What is the volume of that object? It's a thin thing. So her question.  It depends on what the question is. Suppose that in this case, instead of making this morning shape, I'm going to cut the end off.  It might revolve a shape like this. Well, here I'm going to revolve around this line. So the inner radius will not go to zero. So I can't start at zero. So I don't go all the way down to zero. Okay. Why did I do this? I did this because I wasn't planning to do this, but he gave up and asked me. I don't know. Because he said go the other way. You could do this either way. If you are not a masochist, you will do it this way. But if you're feeling masochistic, you might do it this way. However, there are some shapes. For example, suppose I had something that looked like this, a bump. And now I'm going to revolve this bump around the x-axis. And let's say this bump is not symmetric, so the bump that I'm using is 2x squared minus x cubed. It actually looks like this. So say I have a bump like this that I'm going to revolve around the x-axis to get something that looks like the y-axis. Sorry. Whatever his name is today. So I get something that looks like the top half of one of those donut beaches. Right? It looks like... Does anybody know what I'm talking about? The donut beaches? They look like, they look sort of like the top half of the donut, but the business... Now that looks obscene. Okay. I get something that looks like a bowl. But the bowl is a big, right? If I look sort of from the top, it has a dimple in the middle and it goes around like that. Like a butt cake.  Right?  So I made a butt cake, but I overfilled the mold and so like I made some little cake in the middle, too. So it looks like that.  Now, if I try and slice this thing this way, these slices are nasty. Because even though the slices are nice rings, so if I try and slice my butt cake horizontally, my cross-section will be a ring that's easy to figure out. If only I know where this is. But solving this equation for X is nasty. It's doable, but it's nasty. I don't want to solve this equation for X. Well, it's much harder to figure out where these points are.   I have a stack of rings to cut it up. So in this case I take my cross-section like this and I revolve it around the wire. So in this case it's actually much easier to cut it vertically to do your volume by shelves. That's the secret word. So this one's hard. This is the cross-section. But the radii are tough to find. So I need to solve Y equals 2X squared minus X cubed for X. It's icky. It's a formula, but it's nasty. I don't want to do it. So instead I do it the other way. And that means I do it like this. So this problem is actually if I slice it let me get rid of that. If I slice it the other way if I slice this thing the other way if I pick an X value and revolve this thing around the Y axis it will give me a cylinder that looks like that.   So the radius is in this case X. It's the distance from here to here. My height is just the value over X. It's f of X. f of X is 2X squared minus X. So the volume is well, my X is going to start here and walk to here. So my volume is the integral of Y times the radius. That's the circumference of the resulting cylinder times the height of the cylinder which is 2X squared minus X cubed and the thickness of the cylinder is DX. This is not a hard integral. The other one is nasty. This one's not hard. And X starts here at zero and it goes out here and this thing hits the axis so I need to know when is 2X squared minus X cubed equals zero. I can factor out an X squared 2 minus X so it hits it two. So I integrate from zero to two. That's actually much easier than trying to make a washer. Because finding the radius of the washer is tough. Now I was going to use this one to introduce this if you wanted to do it the hard way. So we did it that one both ways just when I'm not going to do the other way. So the general theme here is the same one to find a volume.  Here my thin little things are pieces of pipe and I have to think a little bit to figure out what their area is. But it's not hard. Okay, that's it. See you Thursday night on my own TV4.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here? Yes The Jeepers creeper store is coming out sometime later this year. It was announced today courtesy of Variety I didn't know this was happening. Honestly. I know I made a bunch of videos talking about it It made some videos speculating on it being released this year to in time for an anniversary Maybe for the first film since this will be the 20th anniversary variety broke the news earlier today We have a new director new person pending the script Timo Vero Vero in sola is the director Not really familiar with this guy's films and I hope he adapts well to this But Variety said the latest installment in the series is from director Timo Vero in sola Who previously oversaw the iron sky films as part of a planned new trilogy? The film is written by Sean Michael Argo and produced by Jake seal of aural studios and black hanger studios and Michael Hoven of infinity films right off the bat. I've looked up information about this guy He seems to be more in line with Science fiction films so not really too far out of his realm But hopefully he adapts well because this is be his first outing his this is his fifth feature film according to him But his first outing in the horror genre, so hopefully he did an amazing job here And I hope this works out well for him And we did get an official synopsis attached to it It doesn't seem like anything has to do with the old film But it says the film unfolds as the horror hound festival holds its first ever event in Louisiana where it attracts hundreds of geeks freaks and diehard horror fans from far and wide among them is Fan boy chase and his girlfriend Lane who is forced to come along for the ride But as the event approaches Lane begins to experience unexplained Permanentions and disturbing visions associated with the town's past and in particular local legend urban myth the creeper as the vessel Arise and the blood soaked into entertainment turns to a frenzy Lane believes that something unearthly has been summoned And that she is at the center of it now Already sounds like a Jeepers Creepers film with those premonitions now The new director did also go on Twitter to confirm that Victor Saville will not be benefiting from this in any capacity or not be Attached to it at all Victor Saville is in no way associated with this production and not benefiting from it in any way The creeper and the script are completely new creations. So a lot of people that wasn't enough for them They're still digging they want receipts that he's actually not the right holder anymore. So I can say this Actually, I'll say this because up what's coming up next is some behind-the-scenes images I found I found these from the director. He has a website where he journal He's basically journaling his filmmaking career and he shared these behind-the-scenes images of them apparently working on what I assume Is Jeepers Creepers 4 title Jeepers Creepers were born. That's the official title. I hate that title just throwing it out there and Yeah, it looks like a lot of green screen work is going on It looks like they they apparently shot Partially in the UK and partially in Louisiana Most of the time they were at that a lot of it was done in a studio that that hangar studio that I brought up back in when the video initially started and It looks like they had fun. Honestly, it looks like this is what's going down They're shooting Jeepers Creepers 4 if I'll leave a link to this journal that he creates or that he keeps for his filmmaking So you guys can see what he's all about because he's been prepping this for over a year according to him But they all shared their excitement for it They can't wait to revamp this franchise and make it fresh make it more in line with what's going on today in the horror community Whatever that means here. We have an image of what could possibly possibly be Our to lead protagonist that was mentioned in that synopsis the girlfriend and the boyfriend So it seems they're trying to go back in tow with what we saw the simplicity of that first film So hopefully we get a good movie out of this from that now a lot of people already speculating Where's Gina Phillips? Where's Jonathan Breck? Where is all of these other things that we've come to know in love? I did reach out to some people Certain individuals one of the individuals who are the owner of one of the creeper trucks They are not involved at least their truck isn't involved. They had no idea about this and what I was gonna say about Victor salva Victor salva because again, I have contact with What is his name? I just went brain dead Stacey lanking camp the nephew of Heather lanking camp He was originally supposed to be in the once titled Jeepers creeper's Cathedral. He was gonna play Trisha's son dairy He's been in contact with Victor salva ever since then Victor was was apparently thrown off by this news today And like I said before I've made claims in previous videos where Victor is been adamant that he's not involved with this project He has no nothing to do with it, but that's not enough for some people They want to know that he has sold the rights. I believe he has I believe screen media Somehow got the rights or something something was done during the production of Jeepers creepers 3. That's what my guess is I think I think something was done there But Victor salva they're saying he won't Have any benefit from this so if you want to take their word for do you want to go out and support this film? Go go nuts go crazy anyone who does not want to support this film you you don't have to do that either I Expect of course ongoing bickering From now until this movie comes out probably sometime after so that's just how Jeepers creepers is now it brings up a lot of controversy Blings up a lot of bickering now Jonathan Breck. I did not see anything mentioning Jonathan Breck reprising his role as a creeper So that has me a little concerned more ways than one Anyone can do a good job in the role, but I feel like we won't be Welcoming to this person. I feel like most people will kind of Be negative towards it. If it's not Jonathan Breck a lot of you I did see you reached out to the new director to ask him if Breck will be involved He's claiming that announcements for casting will be made later on in the year They're already working on the trailer for the film So we have stuff to look forward to and they're planning to release it this fall. So Jeepers creepers were born based off of that synopsis. It doesn't sound like we will be getting Trisha Jenner or The Taggers that doesn't mean they won't be involved at all, but it doesn't sound like they aren't going It doesn't sound like they're gonna be here and I did find it interesting that they wanted to highlight that This is in Louisiana. So are they confirming that the area what because what we've been doing because this movie was shot in Florida This movie was shot in Florida. So what the first one? Anyway, a lot of people have been assuming that this is taking place in Florida But could this have in fact be taking place in Louisiana? If that's what they're gonna confirm in this film I'm fine with that and then the other thing could be we could still be in Pujo County We could still be in this same universe. It could just be 23 years later It could be set after the events of all three of the first films. Hopefully it ignores the third film I hope it does and it's just set 23 years later This could be taking place after the events what we saw at the end of JC to but we're just not gonna have those Characters back. Hopefully we do though because he's being As he should be he's being very tight-lipped about who's involved in terms of the casting when people ask him about Gina or Jonathan or any of those characters. He's being tight-lipped. He doesn't want anything to come out once no spoilers to come out He's very excited about what he has to offer here and hopefully this is a this is a film that Lives up to what came before it in terms of the first movie the second one's okay. I Loved all of the movies outside of the third one But let me know what you guys think about this down in the comment section below What are you expecting from Jeepers creepers for are you excited about it? I can I can just say this don't expect anything Spectacular don't expect that but again, let me know what you guys think about all this down in the comment section below If you haven't already make sure you subscribe turn on post notification numbers video in the description I have links to my social media accounts my Facebook Twitter and Instagram you can message and be there of course Movies news or reviews you like me to cover in the future with all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


In this course we are going to sell a put option. So a put option is a flat to bullish strategy because when we buy a put we are bearish. Therefore when we sell a put we are flat to bullish. We are flat because if the stock doesn't do anything we will still benefit from time decay and we can capture the full profit if the stock does not move. So for this strategy I have picked Goldman Sachs as the candidate. We are going to study the trade rationale. We are going to look at the chart for Goldman Sachs and we are going to also look at the different expiry series. We are going to look at the choice of moneyness. This is the A chart of Goldman Sachs. It's a one year daily chart of Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs has come down from a high of 153. Now it's currently trading at about $113. It reported earnings a few days ago and it seems to have reported good earnings in fact $3.92 a share. But somehow I think it's been taken down by market pressures and therefore it may be a good candidate to sell a put option. So if we can sell a put option somewhere in the 100 strike price or the 95 strike price what we are saying is that Goldman Sachs will not drop below 100 or 95 whatever strike price we choose. And we can see that Goldman Sachs has reported good earnings but still the stock has not reflected those good earnings into its price.


There's no force in the universe in the cosmos in all the galaxies That can that can limit love that can limit that happiness if you are determined to have fun There is nothing that can take your fun away You have the power to laugh at everything And that's how the world will end the world will end in laughter when you when your laughter grows so strong inside of you That there's no force that can come against your laughter and then you've reached the state of heaven


15 Idiomatic Expressions You Can Use At Work From EspressoEnglish.net 1.  Delay or procrastinate a task. I put off writing the report until the last day and now I have to work overtime to finish it. 2.  3. Increase or become popular very quickly. Sales have really taken off and the company is making record profits. 3. People person. Someone who is extroverted with great social skills and who loves interacting with people. Ashley's been promoted to Director of Human Resources. She'll do a great job. She's a real people person. 4. Crunch the numbers. Do a lot of calculations. After crunching the numbers, the accounting department informed us that we don't have enough money to buy the equipment. 5. Have a lot on your plate. Currently have a lot of work and responsibilities. Sorry I didn't call you back sooner. I have a lot on my plate right now. 6. Selling like hotcakes. A lot of customers are buying the product fast. The new product is selling like hotcakes. We'll need to produce more to keep up with the demand. 7. Think outside the box. Think in a creative way that is different from usual. We need to come up with a really good idea for an advertising campaign. Let's try to think outside the box. 8. Win-win situation. A cooperative arrangement that's good for both sides. This partnership will bring them more publicity and us more customers. It's a win-win situation. 9. Test the waters. Try something new to see if it will be successful or not. We're testing the waters to see if changing the product's packaging will increase sales. 10. Bang for the buck. Value for the money. I think we should run online ads instead of TV commercials. They give more bang for the buck. 11. Learning curve. The time it takes to learn an activity or system. Our database system has an easy learning curve. You'll be able to use it perfectly within a day. 12.  An estimate in that moment made without checking the information. Off the top of my head, I'd say we spent about $400,000 on training last year. The phrase off the top of my head shows that this number is not exact. It is an estimate. 13. On the back burner. If a project is on the back burner, it means it is less important at the moment. The preliminary market analysis is on the back burner because I have some other more urgent projects. 14. If a company is operating in the red, it means it is operating with debt. If a company is operating in the black, it means it is operating with profit. Our company ended the year in the red with a loss of $5 million. 15. Ramp up. Increase. We need to ramp up our efforts to find new customers. To learn practical phrases and essential vocabulary for your job and career, take the Business English course with 30 lessons that will help you learn the English you need for work. Thanks for watching English Tips from Espresso English. If you liked this video, please share it.


chocolate, beauty, or the beast, or both. Although cocoa itself is frequently found in foods like chocolate, which can contain high levels of fat and sugar, the cocoa powder itself may have beneficial effects in a number of chronic disease conditions, including heart disease. Flow-mediated dilation, mentioned in the main artery of the arm, which is about the same caliber as our coronary arteries, is considered one of the best measures of arterial function, a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. A little bit of cocoa doesn't do anything, but a little more or a lot more gives one a significant boost in arterial function within hours of consumption. How much does it take? Not much. Just a teaspoon of a natural cocoa powder, which would be like a tablespoon or more of Dutch cocoa. Now, it makes you a little suspicious that the author works in Hershey, Pennsylvania, at the Hershey Medical Center, and indeed has accepted money from our largest chocolate manufacturer's Center for Health and Nutrition, conveniently located in the intersection of chocolate and cocoa avenues. Putting together all the best available science, though dozens of randomized controlled trials, arterial function was significantly improved within hours and after weeks and months of chronic cocoa consumption. It's always difficult to tease out a fact from fiction when such powerful financial interests are involved. Many of these studies were funded by industry as well, and as in all areas of research, evidence suggests that industry funding is associated with pro-industry conclusions, but even after removing those studies funded by industry, they found the same protective effect. The reason they measure arterial function in the arm, rather than where you really need it, the coronary arteries of the heart, is that that would require an angiogram, which is a little more invasive. But if you were able to find people already scheduled for an angiogram anyway, here we go. Double-blonde randomized trial finds that dark chocolate actually opens up coronary arteries themselves, and when they did what's called a cold presser test, where they plunge your hand into a bucket of ice water, which normally causes your arteries to constrict, but after dark chocolate, they dilate it. Dark chocolate may also improve blood flow to the heart of our kidneys.  Furthermore, most chocolate products are manufactured with milk, a compound known to influence antioxidant capacity in our blood. Even if milk chocolate had the same flavonoid phytonutrient content as dark chocolate, the antioxidant effect of cocoa was potentially weakened in the blood when milk is consumed. So not only are there triple the antioxidants in dark compared to milk chocolate, but the milk actively works against the effects in the human body. So eat dark chocolate and get a nice spike in the antioxidant power of our bloodstream within an hour. Milk chocolate? Nothing. And if you eat that same dark chocolate with a cup of milk, the benefit is suppressed. The addition of milk, even in either in our stomach or in the chocolate itself, inhibits the within-body antioxidant activity of chocolate and the absorption into the bloodstream of one of the target phytonutrients. Sugar isn't good for a sale either. Sugar impairs arterial function. One bottle of soda's worth of sugar can temporarily cripple artery function. That's why sugar-free cocoa improves arterial function better than the same amount of cocoa with sugar added. So eliminating sugar appears to amplify the beneficial effects of cocoa. Bottom line, although the positive effects of chocolate and cocoa products seem apparent, precautions exist when we're talking about the calories fattened sugar in chocolate. Cocoa powder then offers the best of both worlds.  And you can make them tasty, as I note in my healthy chocolate milkshake recipe and my healthy chocolate ice cream video.


Namaste, welcome back to our course on Costs and Management Accounting. In our first session, we discussed about what is cost accounting. There are three steps involved, Assertainment of Costs, where we will record the cost in details, then we will go for analysis of cost. So the total cost is broken down on variety of basis to get the details and then that cost breakup or that analysis is used for preparation of cost statements, which help in cost control. They also help in taking variety of decisions like make or buy decision or like outsource or not type of decisions. This is broadly the cost accounting is, this is the particularly the decision making part of it is particularly for the use of management. That is why we have got an umbrella concept known as management accounting. In this course, our focus is going to be on cost and management accounting mainly on the techniques which are used for decision making. We also discussed what is cost and then we went into classification of costs. So let us start with the cost. I think, So there is no need of any definition. We have to pay for it. We have to incur expense. We have to sacrifice our time or we have to give up an opportunity. All this is added together and is called as a cost. Now the classification, this classification is very important because it leads us to variety of concepts within cost and management accounting and a few of the techniques to control those costs or this classification is used by us for providing the information for decision making. Now the first classification is by elements which we have already discussed. So do you remember now what are the important elements of cost? I think most of you know first one is material, next is labor and third is expenses. This is the oldest form of classifying. So all tangible cost, item related costs are included in material. Human related costs are classified into labor and service purchases related costs are expenses. Now this is a very basic classification from where we have evolved and we go for a further classification as per the function. So important business functions like production, administration, selling distribution, R&D, the business is normally divided into units as per the functions. So the cost is also classified as per the function like production cost, admin cost, marketing cost and so on. Then there is another way of classifying the cost that is by direct and indirect. Do you remember what is direct cost? This is very important for cost control viewpoint. I think you are remembering direct costs are those costs which can be attributed to a particular cost center or a product. At least keep this example of fruit pulp in mind. That cost of fruit going into production of fruit pulp, you can identify it. You know that raw material like mangoes are purchased and you are making mango juice. So the mangoes purchased will be directly charged to production of mango juice. But all costs cannot be directly charged. Remaining costs which cannot be charged directly are considered as indirect costs. Suppose we have a fruit pulp making unit, we have got 4 types of fruits and we make 4 types of pulp. So any fruit purchased we charge to these 4 units. Apart from that what are other costs which are indirect in nature? Suppose for our factory which has these 4 units, we pay common rent. Rent will not be for just for 1 unit. It is the total rent for all the 4 types of pulp units. So it is going to be an indirect cost. Same way security, insurance, maintenance, these are typical examples of indirect costs. What about manpower cost? Is it direct or indirect? Suppose there are employees who work on a specific pulp making unit. Let us say there are 15 employees who are only working in mango unit. Then their cost you know that this is specifically identifiable to mango pulp making, then that will be considered as a direct cost. But the cost of the supervisors who are supervising all the 4 units, it will be an indirect cost. Cost of production manager indirect cost, cost of helper who help in moving items from here to there, but not identifiable to any 1 unit, then that will be an indirect cost. Like that, whether it is material or labour or overheads, those costs now are being reclassified as per directness. If they can be identified exclusively, if it is possible to relate them easily to a cost centre or a product, we will call it as a direct cost. And those which cannot be related very easily like rent or like security, they would be considered as indirect cost. Now we need to charge this indirect cost also. Direct cost we can easily charge, but indirect cost we cannot charge directly. That is why there normally a rate per unit is calculated or a composite rate is calculated. Technically, we call them as absorption rate. So we take total of indirect cost, suppose we divide it by number of hours we will get rate per hour. But this is a very basic method, there are advanced methods like activity based costing. So this is how indirect costs are charged to products or to cost centres. There is another way of classifying, that is classification based on controllability. Now controllable costs are those costs which can be influenced by the action of a specific person. So if you have got a factory manager, who can decide to take purchase or not purchase certain categories of mangoes, who has the authority to decide certain day to day actions, then those costs which can be attributed to his or her decisions would be the controllable cost for that level. Will the rent be a controllable cost? Mostly no because the decision of rent would have been taken already by higher levels. The decision on wage rate might have been taken by higher levels, then those costs will be considered as non controllable cost. Now this particular classification is not very sharp, it will go on changing as per level of activity. Like say supervisor of a particular unit may have certain decisions within his or her power, factory manager may have more decisions, a general manager may have more level of authority to take more decisions. So for each level of management, the controllable cost changes. Now the advantage of this classification is, when we segregate controllable cost we can make that particular person responsible only for those costs which are controllable within his or her decisions. Otherwise, every manager will say I do not have much authority, seniors are taking decision, other departments are incurring more expenses, so I cannot control my expenses. So out of all these costs, most of the costs, so the controllability becomes identifiable and classification of control becomes difficult. That is why under controllability classification, all costs related to that department or unit are classified into two types, one which are controllable, others which are not controllable. And we will try to hold that particular person responsible only for controllable costs. As the name suggests, this technique is very much useful for cost control purposes. Now the next is classification as per normality. Now for a certain level of output, certain costs are considered as normal. But if the cost exceed that level, then that will be considered as abnormal. For example, if you go to petrol pump, they are dealing with petrol or diesel. Now these items are meant to be evaporated. So suppose 50,000 liters of petrol is sold in a day, it is known that 0.3 percent of that is likely to be evaporated. That is considered as a normal evaporation. So whoever is in charge of sale of petrol, nobody will ask if the loss of petrol is limited to 0.3 percent. But if actual loss exceeds that, then the person will be questioned whether there was any unbuilt sale or something like that. So any extra loss will be considered as an abnormal loss. Same thing is true also for goods which are kept in storage. So for different types of losses, we divide them into normal and abnormal and normal losses are treated differently. They are charged to good units produced because they are bound to happen. Whereas if there is an abnormal loss in excess of that normal percentage, we will charge it to that particular department or to the manager, we cannot charge it to the customers. Now the next type of classification is as per variability. Now here the base of classification is slightly different. The earlier classifications which we studied were mainly for cost control purposes. Now classification as per variability is mainly useful for decision making purposes. So how will you classify this cost? The cost will be classified into fixed variable and semi variable. As the name suggests, variable costs are those costs which change or vary. Here when we say vary, what we are thinking of is variation as per level of output. More the usage or more the production, that cost goes up in a linear proportion that is called as a variable cost. Costs are direct wages, direct materials. If a vehicle is being operated normally as per the use in kilometers, the petrol cost would go up or fuel cost will go up. So that will be considered as a variable cost. As against this, there are certain costs which are known as fixed costs. Fixed costs are those costs which are related to time and they do not change with volume or with the level of activity. For example, if we take example cost of the car, more the operation or more the running of car, fuel cost will change, it is a variable cost. And the insurance cost is most likely not going to change or depreciation cost of the car is not likely to change, hence that comes as a fixed cost. Other examples as you can see here include rent or property or taxes. These are also examples of fixed costs. Now this table gives a summary classification. So variable cost in total change with the level of activity. If you calculate it on per unit basis, they would remain constant on per unit basis. As far as fixed costs are concerned, they are going to be constant at a total. But on per unit basis, they go on reducing for every extra unit because they are common in total, they will go on reducing for more units, got it? Now there are certain costs which are in between. They have some component of variability, some component of fixed. So that is called as a semi-variable cost. Example is telephone bill. Nowadays, I think most would not even have seen this type of telephones. These are old fixed line telephones, not like mobile phones which we use now. They used to have a fixed rent and for every call you have to pay extra. That is why it is a semi-variable cost. The rent part is fixed, call charges are variable. Even today, even for mobile phones, normally there could be a fixed charge and extra amount if it increases as per calls, it becomes a variable cost. Of course, if you have got unlimited calling plan, then variable cost is 0. You only have fixed costs. Similarly for electricity or for maintenance also, there will be a fixed component and variable component. So total cost will vary but not in the direct proportion. So it is considered as a semi-variable cost. Now here is an example. Now for 2 months, let us say July and August, for first month the units are 1000, for next month it is 2000. Now you can see here costs are given and you have to identify them as fixed variable or semi-variable. Now the first item is direct material. It will fall in which category? As you can see, the cost of material has increased from 50000 to 10000. So it has doubled. Number of units have doubled, the cost has also doubled. That means it is an example of variable cost. Direct labor, again same, 28, 56, so it has doubled, it is a variable cost. Second of the factory unchanged, so it is a fixed cost, power 35000, 50000, it has changed but not in the direct proportion. It has not become 35 and 70, so it is not variable, neither it is fixed, it is a semi-variable. Maintenance same way 17 and 26, so it is a semi-variable cost. Are you getting? It is simple but this classification is going to be very much useful when we go for variety of decisions and in coming sessions we are going to in-depth look into those use of this classification. But right now we will go to the next classification that is as per the relevance. Now relevant costs are those future costs which differ between alternatives. So if you take a particular decision, it changes certain costs in future. Those costs will be called as relevant. While sunk costs are the costs in the past, irrespective of decision they cannot change, so we call them as sunk cost. Now what is an example? Suppose you have developed a product P, for development of the product you have incurred research and development cost of 10 lakhs. Now the question is shall we launch the product or not launch? If we launch the product the cost of manufacture will be 25 lakhs and we are expecting a revenue of 30 lakhs. I will just repeat the figures again, R and D cost is 10 lakhs, manufacturing cost is 25 lakhs, the revenue likely to be generated is 30 lakhs. Now shall we launch the product? What is a relevant cost and what is a sunk cost? I think most of you are getting it, we should launch the product because relevant cost is a manufacturing cost which is 25 lakhs, we are going to get 30 lakhs from the sale. That means we are making a profit of 5 lakhs, sunk cost is 10 lakhs which we have incurred on R and D. SABM product, that is why it is a sunk cost. So R and D is a sunk cost, manufacturing cost which we are going to incur, we may or may not incur because of the decision of launching or not launching. That is why this launch, this manufacturing cost becomes a relevant cost. Now while taking decisions you should only look at the relevant cost and not look at sunk cost, are you getting it? So this classification is very much useful for decision making, it is not very much useful for control purposes, they are different classifications which we have seen earlier like direct, indirect or controllable, non controllable, this is primarily for decision making. There is another variant of this cost that is known as differential cost. So if you have two alternatives and if you are going to incur any extra expense by that alternative then it is called as a differential cost. So if we take route A the cost is 100 rupees, if we go by route B the cost is 120 rupees. So difference between the two alternatives is 20 rupees, that is a differential cost. This is also useful in decision making. Now the opportunity cost, now opportunity cost is not something which you pay in cash, that is why many people get confused. This is the cost of lost benefit. So if something is in short supply, we choose alternative A, we cannot go for alternative B. So the benefit from B is lost, that is the opportunity cost. So suppose you can either watch the video of this course that is alternative A, alternative B is you watch, you can watch a movie. So which one will you choose? Aplo Becher is scholarly student, so you have chosen to watch this boring video. So you have sacrificed watching a movie, that is opportunity cost of seeing this video. Are you getting me? Maybe you are not paying anything in cash but your time is limited. See time may up video dek sakte te, you are sacrificing it, that is the opportunity cost of this. Suppose you join a college and you are paying fees of 50,000, if it is a MBA college maybe 5 lakhs. So you are paying a fees of 5 lakhs for 2 years, so 5 lakhs into 5 lakhs, it is a 2 year MBA course. What is the cost of doing MBA? In monetary terms it is 5 into 2 10 lakhs plus maybe some other expenses of 2 lakhs, so 12 lakhs but you also have an opportunity cost. If you are doing a job and you are getting a package of say 10 lakhs, then 2 years 10 lakhs you are losing. So 10 into 2 you are losing 20 lakhs that is the opportunity cost. So cost of doing MBA is opportunity cost of 20 lakhs plus cash cost of 12 lakhs. So total cost of doing MBA is 32 lakhs. Now if you are getting commensurate benefit you should take a decision to do MBA, otherwise maybe you can go for a part time MBA where your fees is a cost but you are not losing on your job or on your salary. So that is how for making variety of decisions, we need to consider the benefit which you have lost and that is called as a opportunity cost, are you getting? Now here is an example that suppose you want to start a business and if you go for doing it from your own premises from your own house maybe, you are not paying any salary now sorry you are not paying any rent now, so rent cost budget that becomes an opportunity cost for you got it. Now the next one is marginal cost, this is the cost of making one extra unit, later on we are going to study marginal costing where this will be very much useful. So for 100 units if cost is 1000 rupees, if you make 101 unit and the cost is 1000 phi then for 1 unit the extra cost is 5 rupees that is a marginal cost of 1 unit then there is average cost. So you take the total cost divided by number of units you get average cost, this is also useful but mainly for control purposes. Now the last classification is product cost versus period cost, if you calculate the total cost for manufacturing or for purchase of a product it becomes a product cost, it is inventoriable because you can add it to the inventory as against this there are period costs these are more related to time for example rent for example salary, it is being incurred for certain time not much for the number of units so they are considered as period cost. So today we have discussed important cost classifications starting from elements that is material labour overheads then we have seen control related classifications we have also seen decision making related like relevant cost or like variable cost or differential cost etc. Now these classifications are very much useful and in coming sessions we will be solving certain problems or solving certain cases using this classification right now let us stop here. Namaste. Thank you.