Yo, what's good Joshua boros back again with another video? So I'm about to head to a car cruise and I'm looking forward to this I'm a homie hit me up asking if I was going. I was like, you know what? I'm down to go haven't been to one in quite some time for those who don't know what car cruises are basically a whole bunch of people meet up at one location and we cruise to you know multiple pit stops until we get to our final destination and Today we should be ending off in Galveston, I believe so we're gonna start off in Houston Make a couple pit stops and then end off in Galveston. It should be a good time I always wanted to capture some footage of a car cruise. So I finally had that opportunity So I'm gonna be cutting in between my personal camera footage and the dash cam footage because I'm sure people are gonna be doing some runs Doing some races or whatnot granted I'm a chill for the most part only because the place where we're going to In Galveston the Galveston County police They are very very very strict like a lot of people that go down there You know saying in these nice cars a lot of times they end up with tickets or whatnot because they're very strict down there so Sooner like as we get closer to Galveston I may you know saying you know be on some more chill stuff because I ain't trying to get no ticket or get Arrested or anything like that, but it should be a good time The car cruises I've been on having had any instances I've actually done a car cruise to Galveston before a night cruise and everything was cool. So Hopefully more or less gonna be the same gonna be meet meeting up with my homies and a few and it should be a good time Man, I wanted to bring y'all some car content before the year end So I hope you guys enjoy, but yeah, man It's time for me to head out and let's see what cars we're gonna see out there today I'm sure we're gonna see a lot of Mustangs a lot of Chargers a lot of Camaro's and Challengers or whatnot. I'm probably gonna maybe be one of the only few forans out there and that's okay Somebody got to represent the Benz community the foreign community and I'm okay if I'm not representative. So I'll get you guys in a few Shout out to the homie gray pulled up, you know I'm saying I can hear him pulling up. I ain't no where he was pulling up from I just I can hear yeah I just I hope that's him.  Yeah, should be a good time, man Just pulled up. I was not expecting this many people Shout out to that uh that Kia that was Ripping and running you feel me facts I Was not expecting that bro That whole clean Now this is not his but it's all clean up facts Certified gold Right Tried it all right tried it and then it didn't work out for you Okay, I'm not the only one out here. I don't know if I can see it And there you go with the the new New Corvette was good, man. What's going on? Parking right behind How much you pushing oh what is it stocked up?  Yeah, you talking about the wonder. Yeah, I don't know that thing was like right behind me Yeah, I know The only thing is it was like it was one of the situations where it's like bro Cuz you know they got the narrow lanes cuz of construction. That's all I was like a bro like I'm pushing it And I'm I had no other choice cuz he's right ball and I'm like hey, bro I'm gonna need y'all to like cuz he I can see I couldn't even see his friend. That's how close he was Yeah, I'm like, hey, man Don't get it twisted. I can go it's just you know, these are some narrow lanes I wouldn't even try to it's just he's right behind me So I ain't got no other choice if I stop he gonna hit me. So that's all I should I gotta push it I got something for that nigga. Wait till we get wait nigga right here in the orange.   I feel bad for dude Cuz he really wasn't doing nothing. He was just driving. Yeah, he was just driving Yeah Yeah, nah, I saw Yeah, I saw him as soon as we was pulling up Oh Now there was a cop right in front of us they pull somebody over Yeah, I was like yeah, cuz we was right behind him and then we slow down Yeah He took one for the team for sure cuz he was just cruising like I ain't he wasn't doing nothing crazy Yeah Yeah, that's why I let off the gas Cuz now they have it where if you do get a rest they have to arrest you get they gonna pound your car now Because before it was just a ticket, but if they suspect you a race in So I finally made it back home I had a good time with the homies man It was cool seeing all these different cars and different bills boys definitely got the need for speed out here in Houston and There was no issues for the most part. Although we did see that one cop Which was kind of crazy end up pulling over somebody that wasn't even doing nothing a Range Rover That was just minding their business shout out to whoever you were you took the one for the team Unfortunately, but there was no issues for the most part. We had a good time and that's all that matter I think this was a great way to end off 2023 for me when it comes to the car scene and just being able to cruise around and Checking out other people's whips and it was it was fun. It was a cool time. Good vibe Hope you guys enjoyed this video more car content will be on the way in 2024 more cruise content as well I still got to do some more upgrades to my car, but my baby did well, man And it was cool to just be out there just you know cruising around In the streets having a good time man, but comment down below Let me know if you guys enjoyed this video Give me your honest Feedback here, man. I hope you guys enjoyed it and if you did let me know What was your favorite part from this car cruise? But I appreciate you guys all the love support you've shown me all 2023 we're going into 2024 with a bang And I'll catch you guys next time peace


In high school, middle school and high school, they learn other sciences, we hope. They learn geology. They know sedimentary rock is different from igneous. But neuroscience is not, last time I looked, which was a few years ago, but not that long ago, because I'm working with the Philadelphia School District. We have a new neuroscience course for grades 11 and 12. But in general, there is no standard neuroscience taught in schools. The AP biology curriculum does not have a section on neuroscience. So that's a problem. I mean, I think we need a basic level of literacy, you know, you could say the same of probably all sciences, but it's kind of strangely missing in the knowledge base of the sort of average educated person. Okay. The next one is ownership. What I'm talking about is who decides what technologies get made and distributed and, you know, precisely what applications they're adapted to. Traditionally, medical advances in neuroscience were funded in this country by NIH and other countries by the equivalent organizations. Basic neuroscience, you know, maybe a little bit still at NIH, National Science Foundation, again, other nations have their equivalent organizations. But research and development on non-medical applications of neuroscience are by and large not publicly funded, okay? So that means the people developing these technologies are not answerable to anybody. If we want to know things like how effective are they? What are the side effects?  If we think, well, you know, new forms of computer gaming through brain interfaces will be even more gripping on the attention of our teenagers. I mean, that's going to be a big incentive for companies to develop that, but the public, the society, that's not really in its interests to have that application, right? So I think the ownership question is going to be very important going forward because it will determine what gets developed for what purposes. And right now, without any public funding, it's all up to, you know, sort of the, you know, private enterprise, which is not necessarily, you know, evil, but I think a more kind of diverse ecosystem of, you know, supporting the development of these technologies would be good. Finally, I just want to say, I think there's a kind of nihilism that can creep into our thinking about ourselves and our world and humanity. The more we internalize this idea that we are a pack of neurons, right? We're a pack of neurons. We can, you know, make them work better for us in certain ways by taking this pill. We can activate certain sets of neurons to perform better in that way by putting electrode there. All of these technologies, and in general, just the fascination that our culture now has with seeing ourselves as essentially, you know, fancy biophysical mechanisms, fancy computational networks is hard to reconcile with traditional notions of, you know, meaning and personhood and certainly religious ideas about, you know, soul and body. And I think, I mean, I do think there is, you know, I think it makes it a little bit easier to fall into a kind of nihilistic perspective on the world where, you know, it doesn't really matter.  That's my two sense of philosophy in the end. So in some, where have we gotten? Well, I hope what I have presented to you is, you know, neuroscience is not giving us French pills and it's not controlling our brains. But it is actually here and now able to do certain things that affect our lives and perhaps the way we think of each other, these are the nihilism point, and, you know, clearly is on a trajectory to do more and more of that. The issues raised by these developments are, you know, not utterly unique and new under the sun, but I think they do raise some interesting new issues and I am going to, I think, end there. Yes. And thank you very much. A very good question. Can you generalize all the results to another geographical area, another environment, another culture that is comparative studies? Can you repeat the first part of your sentence, your question? Yeah. Yeah, that's a really interesting question. There are people working on neuroethics in very different cultures, in Asia, for example, I mean really all over the world, and I couldn't really tell you what is being learned about the differences. I suspect there are differences. Yeah, I'll just leave it there, but I think that's a good point. I mean, are there certain differences that you would predict or expect based on different cultures, for example? For example, the culture, you mentioned a different religion that can have another impact in the result, and you can compare with another society, the Western or the other. I'm sorry, my, so which of the neuro-science? The values, society, culture, religion, in another different society, for example, for Asia or for the inter-country to compare with here, the developed country or the developed country. No, I think it would be very, very interesting, and I mean, you could imagine very different attitudes toward enhancement, cultures that are, I mean, American culture is very individualistic, and it's considered to be a good trait to try to get ahead, right? Look for an edge, work harder and work longer, and distinguish yourself. But certainly in many Eastern cultures, they're less individualistic and more, I don't know, what's the word, sort of communal in their approach to, you know, judging behavior good or bad, and so some of the enhancement practices might be viewed differently because of that. I don't know, it's very, very interesting. Thanks for an interesting talk on a complicated topic. Getting back to your paper on the meta-analyses, it looked like all the individual findings were not statistically significant from what you showed, and that it was only after you manipulated the data that you'd find something significant. So is that just a product of just the meta-analysis? Well, I could try to go back and find the, but I mean, so what the individual studies show is, the effect size they found, and the, yeah, let me add that problem set, I'm going to read that whole history book today, but of course that's a non-trivial help, right? So widely used, probably more effective for improving your motivation to work than your ability to work for normal, healthy subjects, nevertheless, you know, a factor in normal undergraduate life and other kinds of students, other kinds of professionals, careers like, you know, everything from doctors to long-distance truck drivers. Now, there are other medications more recently, more recently on the market, and more recently used for enhancement, for example, Modafinil, a trade-name provigil, and there's some similar kinds of medications out now as well, that were originally developed as treatments for narcolepsy. They will, however, make somebody who has been normally, well, they will make somebody who does not have narcolepsy able to function with minimal cognitive decline and actually feeling pretty good with extreme sleep deprivation, okay, easily skip a night's sleep, maybe more, and some normal healthy adults who are adequately rested claim that it helps them concentrate and also gives them a little motivational boost, and there's some evidence from, you know, well-designed studies that's consistent with that. So this is obviously the boon to people who want to work, ridiculous amounts of time, right?  Just get another eight hours of time by not sleeping. Okay. Obvious downsides to that, you know, it doesn't protect you from the long-term effects of sleep deprivation on your immune system, you know, nervous system, and so forth, but extremely helpful in the breach. For this reason, the U.S. military, many other nations, militaries, use this medication with their normal healthy soldiers, right? But, you know, in the middle of a battle, you can't say, oh, it's 11 o'clock, time to go to sleep, you know. So this is, you know, basically another kind of brain enhancement, performance enhancement to work better or longer that we are seeing more and more normal healthy people use. There are medicines being developed for memory dysfunction, and here's just a screen grab from a website from Memory Pharmaceuticals showing that among the indications that they're working to address various disease states, nothing especially striking there, but age-associated cognitive decline, okay? That's by definition a normal healthy person, right? You know, when you get into your 60s, actually, before that, you start to remember less well. Wouldn't it be nice to have a molecule that reversed that, gave you the memory you had when you were in your 30s? Is there upfront about this being one of the goals? So again, this is not a pill that makes you able to speak French, okay? This is not a silly dream. This is something that a well-financed company is aiming towards. There are other kinds of enhancement that you might want to use yourself or on somebody else. For example, oxytocin is a hormone. It's a neuropeptide that, in this study that this data graph is from, increases a person's, a normal healthy person's generosity when they're playing an economic game relative to placebo. There are, you know, the effects of oxytocin remain to be completely understood. There are certainly cases where it has the opposite effect, but this is a chemical pathway that powerfully modulates people's trust and generosity. And that could be an interesting, you know, it'd be really nice to find the knob, wouldn't it, that you can adjust that up and down. Oxytocin has various problems that make it very inconvenient to dose with. I will, however, say, for those of you who are saying, okay, she's getting a little close to that French pill. What's his name? Tom Insel's advisor, Larry Young. Larry Young tells me that whenever he goes to conferences that have large numbers of psychiatrists at them when he's speaking at those conferences, he is always approached by practitioners who say, you know, this is great stuff. I use it with some of my patients. They get a compounding pharmacy to mix something up and it has to be inhaled through the nose. But there you go. This is now happening, maybe a little fringy, but it's now happening and clearly has great potential. This article, a little out of date now, what is this, 2009, exemplifies the search for other molecules that don't have to be snorted, that can be taken orally and cross the blood-brain barrier, that will modulate that same system. So it's not just cognition and work performance. It's some of our nearest and dearest interpersonal emotions as well. And finally, while we're talking about altering normal healthy brains, not necessarily nice brains, but medically normal and healthy, there is the prospect for brain interventions within their criminal justice system. There is a tradition of therapeutic justice in our society and many others where the goal of the sentence is not just retributive punishment and is not just, you know, as a system of incentives to dissuade people from breaking the law, but also to try to turn them around, rehabilitate them, make them better.  This is clearly a kind of brain intervention. And we know that SSRIs, other serotonergic drugs, are at least somewhat effective in combating impulsive violence and also because of the well-known side effect that limits the use of SSRIs for other indications, namely the sexual dysfunction that they frequently have as a side effect, they can also be useful for sex offenders. Okay, so again, is this like science fiction, Fringy? Well, I hope I've indicated by these examples that we are already seeing these things put into practice. And excuse me, and that there are, you know, at different stages, right, a few kooky psychiatrists. I hope I'm not offending anybody here if they actually use oxytocin. Let me just say a few, you know, non-traditional psychiatrists using oxytocin, but also the military, you know, all kinds of professionals using stimulants and, you know, the search for memory enhancing enhancement for older people. Is this science fiction? Well, I think those other examples I presented indicate that it's not, but interestingly, the American Academy of Neurology, you know, has created a committee to study what medicines their members should prescribe for normal, healthy patients who come to them saying, I want cognitive enhancement. Okay, they've already published a statement saying there's no legal or moral reason not to provide that for, you know, a competent patient asking for it. And now they are trying to synthesize the literature to see what they should actually be prescribing. Okay, conclusion. No, this is not the French pill. Okay, another newer approach to brain enhancement involves devices that involve current passing through the brain and changing brain function and therefore mental function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses magnetic field to induce the current in the brain. Transcranial direct current stimulation simply runs an electrical circuit, you know, through the brain, basically two electrodes and your brain completes the circuit with something like a 9-volt battery in between. These methods are, you know, widely used for research, used in some limited cases, TMS is approved for clinical use in certain very specific cases, you know, depression that has certain characteristics. And TDCS, because it is kind of low-tech and you can get yourself a 9-volt battery and some electrodes is used quite a bit by private, you know, do-it-yourselfers, do these things work? Do they actually, and we can ask the same question about them that we ask about, you know, Adderall, does it really make you smarter, better performing or do you just think you are? TDCS has been the focus of a lot of controversy in just the last couple of years. There have been a number of meta-analyses, mostly concluding that it doesn't do anything. This was the most kind of sweeping negative, there's nothing here, you're all fooling yourselves, study by Horvath et al. published in, I don't know, I think 2015. It, without taking you too much through like inside baseball, it had a lot of problems with it, this study. It's probably not, if you really want to give the technique a chance to show you what it can do, their methods of meta-analysis probably didn't give it maximum opportunity. Other people have done other meta-analyses, concluded basically the same thing, sometimes down very small effects. Right now, I think published online, not yet in print, internal cognitive neuroscience, my colleagues and I have a meta-analysis, we had to get into the act. We just focused on working memory and whether TDCS can enhance working memory because as you probably know, working memory enhancement is considered the key to enhancing general intelligence. It may or may not be a good assumption, but it's a widely made assumption and that's why there are all these working memory training programs around. Anyway, what we found was kind of like everybody else, not much of an effect. You can see this is what we call a forest plot that the diamond at the very bottom shows the sort of aggregate effect size taking into account all the different studies weighted by the power of their design. And you can see, you know, maybe like 0.2 effect, Cohen's D at 0.2. Let me say that this finding, weak as it is, has to be further qualified by evidence of publication bias using funnel plots. But again, we won't do inside baseball here, I think depending on the exact analysis that you do of these data, it hovers right around being just significant at the famous 0.05 level or not. One analysis that seems a little more promising, wait a minute, this is the same image. Oh, Dorn, no, no, it's not, excuse me. Okay, I just superimposed another forest plot. The smaller table on top is studies that used transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance working memory training. So I've already told you there's a lot of effort to train working memory ability. And of course the gold standard is, you know, you get far transfer, even near transfer would be nice, to different working memory tasks. It looks, and these are plotted up there, the effects of just on the effectiveness of training, how effective is training with TDCS versus without. And there I want to say, okay, we've got a little bit of an effect and it doesn't go away when you correct for publication bias. So I think in fact, and so this covered articles I think through the end of 2014, a few other things have come out in the meantime showing positive effects of TDCS on working memory training and training on other things. So my guess, here's what the T-leaves are kind of lining up to indicate right now. Again, if we've learned anything from this whole replicability crisis in neuroscience and psychology, it's don't draw any firm conclusions based on a small number of studies. But it looks as if this very low-tech, very safe method of TDCS can be very effective at boosting the effects of training or practice. So that really could have a big payoff. And not that they waited to see whether there was evidence that it could have a big payoff or not, but certainly some companies are getting into the act already, marketing such things. So again, you know, is this just silly science fiction? Well, you know, the investors in SYNC, T-H-Y-N-C, who invested, I can't remember the figure, many millions of dollars in selling this device. It's a beautifully designed TDCS advice, but they hired designers away from Apple to make it look really sleek. That's, you can have your own streamlined, beautiful, transcranial current stimulator that looks like that, or you can go to focusfoc.us, which also sells, you know, consumer to be used at home. Breed stimulation. And if you want to talk about the foundation of this, I'd be really interested to do that in the discussion section later. It's a strange story, but basically the FDA has basically said, oh, that's okay, you just sell it and we're not going to bother you. So these things are not science fiction and fringe. And in fact, there are even, you know, research and development attempts, obviously nothing that's being sold the way you think is, to alter people's psychology with multiple implanted electrodes and chips in the brain. This is the DARPA subnets program, which stands for Systems-Based Neurotechnology for Emerging Therapies. And they are making a very serious attempt to come up with systems of implanted electronics that will help to both diagnose, but more importantly, treat, and they say maybe even cure, psychiatric illness. So this is not here and now, and maybe what DARPA does is by definition science fiction, I don't know, but it's certainly something that our government is investing in. So that's my little, you know, bicycle tour of ways of altering human brain function, not for medical purposes, with maybe the exception of subnets, but for sort of pleasure and profit. Now let's just talk briefly about brain imaging. This is another technology that started out, of course, for medical practice and medical research, but is now being used for many, many other reasons, non-medical, and stands to, you know, affect the way we live our lives and the way our society works. This is a company with a wonderful name, NOLI MRI. And as you might guess, what it offers is brain-based lie detection. There's another company that until recently did the same thing. The company hasn't gone out of business, but it stopped offering the lie detection service, and that was called CEPHOS. And these methods, they're not currently used in the courtroom in the U.S. They're used for private matters, you know? Honey, I really was working late at the office, and I'll get into a scanner to prove it. But they have also tried to get into the courtroom. They've been turned down every time. The closest they got was a federal criminal case a few years ago, maybe two years ago, of a doctor who was accused of lying, committing Medicare fraud. And he claimed that he didn't realize that what he was doing was wrong. He didn't deny that he had filed certain claims for certain things, but he said he really hadn't done it knowingly committed fraud. And he got the people at CEPHOS to give them some scans, and they wanted to offer that as evidence in defense in his trial. And what's called a Daubert hearing was held, where Daubert hearings are to see if a certain scientific method meets the Daubert criteria for being admitted into a trial, and they got very close. And I'll tell you, it was a day and a half process. I actually went, it was neuroethics tourism, and really, like, fascinating, fascinating to see just all of the interactions between the attorneys and the judge and the expert witnesses. Basically in the end, the judge, too fam, said, you know, this is not ready for prime time. You haven't really satisfied the Daubert criteria. But, you know, here's what you would need to do if you want to do that. Basically set out a little blueprint for them. They may or may not be pursuing that now. But clearly this is one way in which neuro-technology imaging has been, you know, looked to to solve a societal problem. How great it would be if we actually knew when people were lying about high-stakes things. But then again, think about how disastrous it would be if we got that wrong in high-stakes things, right? Put people in jail, let people go free, you know. Okay, another use of neuroimaging in the legal system that has already made it into trials and looks, I think, much more promising, and from what I know probably still not really ready, despite the fact that it has been used, is imaging pain. An awful lot of legal cases involve pain. And of course, where's the objective evidence that somebody is in pain, right? It's very hard, if not impossible. Well, it is impossible to tell for sure, right? It's a problem of other minds, essentially. Well, it turns out that pain has a certain, what's called neural signature. I think now even the person who proposed that phrase realizes that it implies things are simpler than they really are. But there certainly are pretty strong correlates of pain on fMRI that, and even on structural MRI for chronic pain, that tell a lot.  That's the question. But as I said, already in use. Of course, there's neuromarketing, like neurosense, people using both brain imaging and I think this is also neuro-sense, which is an EEG-based method. There are also fMRI methods for neuro-marketing. Certainly, if any mental state is pretty reliably related to patterns of brain activation, it's the I Want It mental state, right? Reward system activity. So neuro-marketing on the face of things is somewhat plausible. It's pretty easy to predict what advertising messages, products, designs, whatever appeal to people. One of my colleagues from Penn, Emily Falk, in the Annenberg School of Communications, uses neuroimaging in a very similar way to study the effectiveness of public service announcements for improving health behaviors, quitting smoking, et cetera. And she can predict, by looking at a sample of people in the scan or looking at different anti-smoking ads, she can then predict what a population will respond to, which ads they will be most motivated by. So she does very clever experiments where she has different ads then actually shown on air with different phone numbers to call to get further information. And she can show that depending on the amount of nucleosacumbens activity, also medial frontal activity associated with self-related processing, the more you're identifying and thinking of yourself when you're watching this ad, the more you're likely to call when you see that ad. And the number of responses logged, the number of calls logged to the different phone numbers, bears that out. So clearly, neuromarketing and neurocommunications are onto something. And let me also say that it's not so clear with neuromarketing because the people who do this, they're doing it to make a buck themselves. They're not gonna be good, you know, Carl Popper, let's try to falsify our claims. But Emily contrasts, she pits the imaging-based prediction against the best you can do with behavioral methods and shows that the imaging actually goes beyond that. Okay. So in education, you can again find improved prediction of in this case, when a child is gonna be ready to learn to read using various approaches to fMRI, or to MRI, what am I looking at here? fMRI, behavior, classificate, okay, yes. So DTI doesn't do much for us. But you can see that BX is the sort of state-of-the-art behavioral assessment of when somebody's ready to learn to read. And you can see that pattern analyses of fMRI data, machine learning methods, significantly outperform the best behavioral methods. Not sure how practical it is at this point. You know, we're not gonna scan every kid on their first day of kindergarten, but, you know, this is translational research and clearly has something to offer in the future. And I seem to have mixed up my slide order. This is just another neuro-marketing company. You know, one thing I didn't mention that I would like to is in India, the courts do admit a kind of EEG evidence of... It's not exactly lie detection. Well, it's a form of detection of deception called guilty knowledge detection. So they present the defendant with details of the crime, examine their EEG activity, and infer whether that person had first-person knowledge of the crime. And that has been used in a number of murder cases to convict people. There's, like, no evidence of its validity online, which is a little distressing. Okay. And this is... Okay. So, oh, gosh, I am so sorry.  We're skipping that neuroscience worldview. But hopefully, you've now seen a bunch of ways of altering the brain, reading information from the brain that shows, yeah, there is some grist here for a field called neuroethics. There are some really new kinds of things that we're doing with neuroscience in society in general. What about the ethical issues that it raises, anything new? Well, I think the problem with this question, is there anything new here, is that you always have to answer, if you're honest, you answer it yes and no, right? Because nothing is new under the sun. Whatever happens, you can find some precedent that has some relevant form of similarity to it. Okay. And also, you can always insist that, well, this is really new, because it's different in this way. So I think what we have to ask is, not are the ethical, legal, and societal implications of neuroscience, the LCs of neuroscience, are they totally different from issues that have been discussed before in bioethics, but rather, are they substantially new? Do they, you know, do they differ in some substantial way? I think sometimes people who do neuroethics get danced into a corner that they really shouldn't let themselves get into by the challenge, what's really new here, right? Okay. So what is new here? Well, newness, uniqueness, always arguable, right? And in addition, I think this kind of categorical distinction is this qualitatively different from anything before. It's not especially important for understanding the issues or certainly for trying to make policy and how to deal with it. So let us move on and say, you know, I think a lot of the LCs, ethical, legal, and societal implications, are familiar.  I mean, we know from enough research now that I would say this is pretty reproducible that the higher you score on implicit racism, the more that amygdala activation differs. Okay, so now, you know, I just say, John, come into my scanner, or I say, ah, applicants for the police academy, we are testing your memory for faces because, of course, an officer of the law must be a good witness and be able to remember who he is seen. Just lie here, look at these faces, we're going to show them to you later, see if you remember them. Some of the faces are white, some of the faces are black. We can look and see how your amygdala behaves, right? I mean, that might be a good kind of information to have, I don't know. But it certainly would be an intrusion into, you know, somebody's psyche that they might not feel, they might even be ashamed of what their amygdala is doing right now. So clearly there are privacy issues, not without plenty of precedent, most notably in genetics, okay? But unlike genetics where certainly disease vulnerability for certain diseases may have a pretty detectable genetic signature, psychological traits don't.  But with brain imaging, you know, you can account for more of the variance at this point. It appears based on research so far. So there are certainly privacy issues. There's also hucksterism issues. You know, it will only charge you, you know, $8,000 to be scanned to prove to your wife that you are faithful, you know. Okay. Brain enhancement certainly has safety issues which, you know, may or may not really belong in a list of neuro or bioethical issues, but might. Freedom, however, you know, should you be free to put whatever chemicals you want into your brain? Should you be free to, you know, do better on your test because you studied super intensively with the help of Adderall? Some universities already have it in their honor code that that is a violation of the honor code. You are not supposed to get help in your schoolwork from chemicals. Fairness. You know, is it fair? I mean, that's why it's in the honor code, presumably. Is it fair to the kids who don't study with Adderall, you know, to be taking Adderall? Can a, you know, can a boss say, listen, everybody else in the office is pulling an all nighter once a week? You know, it's fantastic. You know, I'm getting six work days a week out of them. So how about it? Would you like to, you know, join the ranks of the super productive? In fact, he doesn't even have to say, please take ProVigil. He can just say, look at what all these other people are doing. That's fantastic. You know, there's lots of applicants who can do the same and not even mention the drug. Okay. So there are a lot of issues of freedom and fairness. Breaking out medicalization and agency, because I think they're a little less pragmatic and a little more philosophical.  Are we medicalizing effort and lack thereof? Are we medicalizing, you know, affection and trust issues? I don't know. And agency, you know, shouldn't you get ahead at work through your own agency, not by chemical crutch? That doesn't really, that question is just a question that I think can be asked. I'm not taking any particular side on it. So, but these are, you know, medicalization and agency are also things that we see in bioethics. I think it's worth saying, though, there are always new wrinkles with these, you know, new technologies. And I also want to emphasize that differences in degree can be just as important practically as differences in kind, right? I mean, you could say, yeah, but look, people drink coffee to study and, you know, so Adderall isn't any different. Why don't those universities lighten up and just not make it an honor code issue? But the thing is, Adderall or ProVigil can keep you studying and focused so much longer than coffee can that, you know, yeah, maybe it's not different in kind, it's only different in degree, but that is an important difference in degree, I would argue. Okay. Finally, there are some new issues for neuroethics, and this is pretty much where I'm going to end up. You know, one is neuroscience literacy. So neuroscience has really rapidly been taken up into so many different sectors of human life, right?   A lot of neuroeducation is, I think, pretty weak. But, you know, all the different examples I cited are cases where, you know, 20 years ago we were trying cases in court, fighting battles on land in the air, educating people, trying to be productive at work, all these different, you know, without the products of neuroscience helping, and now they are, and it looks like they're poised to enter more and more aspects of our life, and yet most people know nothing about neuroscience.  They learn geology, you know, they know sedimentary rock is different from igneous, but neuroscience is not, last time I looked, which was a few years ago, but not that long ago, because I'm working with the Philadelphia School District. We have a new neuroscience course for grades 11 and 12, but in general there is no standard neuroscience taught in schools. The AP biology curriculum does not have a section on neuroscience. So that's a problem. I mean, I think we need a basic level of literacy, you know, you could say the same of probably all sciences, but it's kind of strangely missing in the knowledge base of the sort of average educated person. Okay. The next one is ownership. What I'm talking about is who decides what technologies get made and distributed and, you know, precisely what applications they're adapted to. Traditionally, medical advances in neuroscience were funded in this country by NIH and other countries by the equivalent organizations. Basic neuroscience, you know, maybe a little bit still at NIH, National Science Foundation, again, other nations have their equivalent organizations. Research and development on non-medical applications of neuroscience are by and large not publicly funded. Okay. So that means the people developing these technologies are not answerable to anybody. If we want to know things like how effective are they, what are the side effects, you know, they don't have to tell us. If we think, well, you know, new forms of computer gaming through brain interfaces will be even more gripping on the attention of our teenagers. I mean, that's going to be a big incentive for companies to develop that, but the public, the society, that's not really in its interests to have that application, right? So I think the ownership question is going to be very important going forward because it will determine what gets developed for what purposes. And right now, without any public funding, it's all up to, you know, sort of the, you know, private enterprise, which is not necessarily, you know, evil, but I think a more kind of diverse ecosystem of, you know, supporting the development of these technologies would be good. Finally, I just want to say, I think there's a kind of nihilism that can creep into our thinking about ourselves and our world and humanity. The more we internalize this idea that we are a pack of neurons, right? We're a pack of neurons. We can, you know, make them work better for us in certain ways by taking this pill. We can activate certain sets of neurons to perform better in that way by putting an electrode there. All of these technologies, and in general just the fascination that our culture now has of seeing ourselves as essentially, you know, fancy biophysical mechanisms, fancy computational networks is hard to reconcile with traditional notions of, you know, meaning and personhood and certainly religious ideas about, you know, soul and body. And I think, I mean, I do think there is, you know, I think it makes it a little bit easier to fall into a kind of nihilistic perspective on the world where, you know, it doesn't really matter.  That's my two sense of philosophy in the end. So in some, where have we gotten? Well, I hope what I have presented to you is, you know, neuroscience is not giving us French pills and it's not controlling our brains. But it is actually here and now able to do certain things that affect our lives and perhaps the way we think of each other, these are the nihilism point and, you know, clearly is on a trajectory to do more and more of that. The issues raised by these developments are, you know, not utterly unique and new under the sun, but I think they do raise some interesting new issues and I am going to, I think, in there, yes, and thank you very much. A very good talk. Can you generalize all the results to another geographical area, another environment, another culture, that is comparative studies? Can you repeat the first part of your sentence, your questions? Yeah, if there is any comparative study in another society, in another geography, in another different... Yeah, that's a really interesting question. There are people working on neuroethics in very different cultures, in Asia, for example, I mean really all over the world. And I couldn't really tell you what is being learned about the differences. I suspect there are differences. Yeah, I'll just leave it there, but I think that's a good point. I mean, are there certain differences that you would predict or expect based on different cultures, for example? For example, the culture, you mentioned a different religion that can have another impact in the result and you can compare with another society, the Western or the other. I'm sorry, my... So, which of the... The value of society, culture, religion in another different society, for example, for Asia or for the inter-country to compare with here, the developed country or the developed country? No, I think it would be very, very interesting. I mean, you could imagine... Yeah, I mean, you could imagine very different attitudes toward enhancement cultures that are... I mean, American culture is very individualistic and it's considered to be a good trait to try to get ahead, right? Look for an edge, work harder and work longer and distinguish yourself. But certainly in many Eastern cultures, they're less individualistic and more... I don't know what's the word, sort of communal in their approach to judging behavior good or bad. And so, some of the enhancement practices might be viewed differently because of that. I don't know, it's very, very interesting. Thanks for an interesting talk on a complicated topic. Getting back to your paper on the meta-analyses, it looked like all the individual findings were not statistically significant from what you showed and that it was only after you manipulated the data that you'd find something significant. So is that just a product of just the meta-analysis? Well, you know, I could try to go back and find the... But I mean, so what the individual studies show is the effect size they found and the confidence interval around it. Yeah, yeah. So here's the thing, if you have a bunch of things, a bunch of studies, all going in the same direction non-significantly, a meta-analysis will decide that there's an effect there, right? Because what are the chances that... But if all the studies show that it's not significant, then can you make a claim that there is significance even by putting them together in a meta-analyses? Strangely enough, you can. And it's because significant versus not significant is not simply like a zero versus one kind of outcome. And then the question comes up, is it really clinically or real world significant? I mean, that's the other issue. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly. So if it's a tiny effect, even if it's statistically significant, if it's tiny, who cares, right? I think that's a very fair comment. I also think it's the case that tiny effects kind of, you know, if they are in play day in, day out, can snowball, can lead to, in the end, substantial advantage? I mean, especially in sort of winner-take-all contexts where only one person gets that fellowship or something like that. But, you know, in general, I mean, working memory training programs, behavioral kind of studies, the effect sizes are small. But, you know, people have the faith that, and maybe it's just a faith, I don't know, that just, you know, amping up your sort of basic cognitive processes that you bring to bear on learning new skills, performing different tasks. If you're able to consistently just bring a little more cognitive juice to that, that in the long run, the benefits might be substantial. It's an empirical issue, and nobody has really looked to see how much, you know, that much improvement in, say, working memory translates into for things that we would really care about. So following up on that, I'm getting the impression that a cup of coffee or a ham sandwich wouldn't have done just as good? Yeah, I mean, you know, there were no coffee and sandwich conditions in these studies, but had there been, yeah. And actually, there have been, the military has run some studies of modafinil pitted against, I think, amphenamine and caffeine. And at least for some measures, their equivalent, so the coffee, is effective. But not for everything. Hi, Dr. Farah. Nice talk. I just have a question regarding, like, the effects of nootropics and performance and the ethics of that, considering, you know, that there's certain genetic endowments that certain individuals might enjoy over others. Say for instance, if kids who are in poverty showed to be leveled off with kids who grew up in enriched households, would that somehow justify the use of nootropics in those instances? Or should we still say that, no, it's not a level playing field. When we've seen the effect of enriched upbringings and inequality and the effect that that has on academic achievement. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, I mean, that's a great question. You're touching on something that's near and dear to my heart, which is the effects of, you know, childhood socioeconomic status on later cognitive ability. You also mentioned genetics, and that's a, you know, mostly separate issue. You know, as for, you know, might, let me try to reword your question and tell me if that's still basically the question you're asking. If it turns out that we could close the achievement gap between poor kids and well-off kids with a drug like, whatever, drug X, would that be a good thing to do? Would people who are against using drug X for enhancement say, well, that's okay, you can do that? I think that's a conversation you could have. I do think you're going to freak a lot of people out by talking about drugging poor children. And, you know, I think as a practical matter, we're so far away from knowing what could be helpful for, you know, really knowing, like, what is it about growing up poor that, you know, that changes kids' abilities. But I think as a sort of, you know, distant future thought experiment, it's an interesting one. Certainly the differences within the normal population in whatever abilities you want to talk about are partly genetic. We know that from, you know, twin studies and so forth. And so if somebody is against improving your abilities by using drugs or think or whatever, you know, you could ask them, well, look, you know, why is it okay for John to be better at these things just because he got the right genes in the genetic lottery, but it's not okay for me to be better at it because I have an electrode on my head. But, you know, just sort of to the point, you know, the comp T study with, like, people with a subtype allele versus the other, some people just tend to perform better exams than others, and they have something to do with dopamine concentrations, and if that could be altered somehow by no tropics, that would bring the genetic element. And I think you would also argue for, like, the exceptions, right, we have some people from this advantage background, so you don't expect to reach those upper echelons of achievement, and yet they do. And we somehow use that as an example of, like, well, he did it without any advantage, you should too. Right, right, right. And it's sort of, I don't know. Agreed. Since you mentioned you're involved with education, could I just ask about neuroliteracy, because it seems like, as well as formal public, it's kind of critical to any broad-based discussion about this, and yet most people seem to get their understanding from the movies. So how do you feel about the prospect of getting people better informed about these issues that you've been talking about? Yeah, well, I mean, like, I wish I felt more optimistic. You know, there's, I mean, you know, education in general has lots of room for improvement in our country, and science education even more so. I think neuroscience education faces an additional barrier because most science teachers do not know any neuroscience, right? I mean, if you're a science teacher, you presumably majored in science or math in college. You know, you probably took a class, you know, you've probably taken one chemistry class at least, one physics class at least, biology, maybe you took an environmental studies class, and so forth. You probably did not take a neuroscience class. They probably weren't even offering a neuroscience class unless you graduated in, like, the last, you know, five or ten years. So one of the problems that we found in Philly introducing this course into the schools is that there's a real barrier for the teachers to teach it. They're eager to, and we've actually, we've actually taught them, but that, you know, you can't scale that up very easily. So I think that's a real problem, yeah. Hi, I wanted to ask you what you think we've learned, if anything, from how these issues have played out in traditional psychology. So we have a longer history of using behavioral interventions and assessments, you know, the same issues, misusing them, using them in legal situations where they probably shouldn't have weren't ready for prime time. Yeah. You know, as you know in clinical psychology we have our own ethics about first do no harm, but what have we learned from that and how would that apply, and what's different, I know the issue is this new, but what's different about using behavioral measures to enhance from using psychotropics to enhance? Yeah, yeah. I mean, that's a great, great question or a set of questions. I mean, specifically in regard to legal contexts, I heard a wonderful talk at the Society for Neuroscience meeting this past year by Judge Jed Rakoff, who gave a talk on neuroscience in law and took an historical approach and basically talked about how, you know, first the law was entranced with psychoanalytic thinking and, you know, looked for, you know, evidence of, you know, psychodynamic things that would, I can't remember the details, and the judges were clearly very influenced by that. And then, you know, there was the next phase of psychology and I do apologize for not remembering more, I need that company to hurry up and make the memory pill, maybe behaviorism or something like that. And, you know, when he recounted all of the sort of blunders and really unfortunate decisions that were made by people thinking they were being guided by the latest, most relevant science and basically said, like, you know, let's learn from past mistakes and go very cautiously into the age of neuro law. And I'm told if you, we're not at neuroscience, I don't know if you caught this talk, it's very, very good as one of the neuroscience and society talks, but I'm told that Jed Rakoff, R-A-K-O-F or FF has an article in a recent New York review of books that sounds from what somebody was telling me like, you know, basically the talk. And so I recommend that to anybody who's interested. But yeah, in general, I have to say one of, you know, as I said, I have a love-hate relationship with neuroethics and, you know, one occasion when my hate feelings are, you know, riled up is when people ignore the similarity between some of the issues with neuroscience and more traditional behavioral methods. You know, the neuroscience, you know, the exciting new neuroscience developments are only of interest, only worth thinking about in terms of their impact on society if they can do something above and beyond what behavioral methods already do. And that's why I think Emily Faulk's work is great. John Gabrielli, who did the reading prediction work, because they say, what's the best we can do with traditional methods? Let's see if we can do better with the brain. But also, you know, we have a tendency to kind of think of the brain as this, I don't know, like, ah, it's in the brain, so it must be true, it must be objective, whatever. And of course, it's not inherently more true or more objective than any other kind of data about a person, so yeah, thank you for raising that really good point. I'm afraid we should wrap up, but please, during the thank you.


Remember a hallmark card when you'll carry enough to send the very best. Hollywood, the makers of hallmark greeting cards, bring you Van Johnson in John Segers The Long Love on the Hallmark Playhouse. Sweet Hallmark will bring you Hollywood's greatest stars in outstanding stories chosen by one of the world's best known authors. The distinguished novelist, Mr. James Hilton. Good evening ladies and gentlemen, this is James Hilton. Tonight on our Hallmark Playhouse we present our dramatization of a story by John Segers called The Long Love. The coming season of Easter, a happy and a hopeful festival, is an appropriate time to tell the story of a family whose affection deepened and increased with the years, not so much in spite of the troubles that cropped up from time to time as because of them. A happy marriage, Mr. Segers seems to say, is not the one in which the partners merely live happily ever after, but one in which they work together, forging their union out of joys and sorrows alike. To play the part of our hero we have chosen one of Hollywood's most popular young actors, Van Johnson. And now a word about hallmark cards from Frank Goss before we begin the first act of John Segers The Long Love. For every occasion important to your friends and loved ones, there are hallmark cards to carry your thoughts across the miles, across the years, often merely across the way. That's important in these fast-moving days when families and friends are separated on short notice, when a word of thoughtfulness can mean so much. On special days and every day, a hallmark card says what you want to say, the way you want to say it. And that identifying hallmark on the back, as always, says you cared enough to send the very best. Our guest tonight, Van Johnson, is currently starred with Jane Wyman, Howard Keele and Barry Sullivan in the Metro-Goldman Mayor production, three guys named Mike. And now hallmark playhouse, presenting John Segers The Long Love, starring Van Johnson. The gentle hills of Massachusetts warm themselves in the eastern moonlight, and the river winding its way through the town of Chedbury once again sheds its skin of ice. The first robins are sunning themselves on the ancient iron cannon in the middle of Chedbury town square. Across the street, the churchgoers in their Easter best are straggling from the big white building with the graceful steeple. As Edward Haslett lingers on the steps, his eyes go to a slab of grey granite which is set into the foundation of the building. He knows by heart the words inscribed there. Dedicated Easter, the year of our lord, nineteen hundred and eleven. Thirty years ago this Easter, it was a big day in Chedbury. Everybody in town turned out for the placing of that cornerstone. I remember Margaret's father made the dedication speech. That was because he was the most important man around here. The only one with money. In those days, everybody was a little oared by Mr. Seaton and his beautiful daughter, including me. But that didn't stop me from seeing her. Or from asking her to go on a picnic right after that cornerstone was submitted into place, we climbed Strawberry Hill and found the old apple tree already starting into bloom. I'm starving. Let's open the sandwiches. Not yet, Margaret. I want to have it settled once and for all. This is the last time I'm going to ask you. I really believe you mean it. I do. For the third and last time, Margaret, I'm asking you, will you be my wife? You always laugh. Why? What's the matter with me? Nothing. It's me. You're so good, Ned. But I'm not sure about myself. I'll take you as you are. I want a special kind of marriage, Ned. I want it to be fun. I don't want marriage to become a contract.  I can't stand jealousy. And you know I'm jealous. But I'd be jealous of our marriage. I'd fight for it. I'd make it work at any price. You never told me that before. Margaret, listen to me. No, let me say it, Ned. Will you marry me? Margaret. You see, I had to ask it because, well, somehow it makes me feel free. I didn't want to be captured. Oh, my silly daughter. Oh, my dearest. If I had any idea, you would have said yes. Now here I am without an engagement ring. Well, what a sapphire, Ned. A jeweler in New York has it put away for. What? Yes. I paid $25 down on it right after that first time I said I wouldn't marry you. Margaret. I was waiting for you to go up, Ned. And now you have. And now let's eat those sandwiches. She neither thought nor acted like any of the girls I'd ever known. That was the wonderful part about Margaret. And the frightening part too. What did she mean about being free and gay? My mother was one of those who thought she knew. I warn you, Edward, you'll have no happiness with that girl.  She's without proper decency. Oh, now, Mom. Those Seatons don't belong here. They have too much money for the rest of us. Yes, and Margaret will be just like all the other Seaton women. Marriage has never held one of them. Dad, you don't agree with Mom, do you? Our families have got to be friends now. Well, I've never been able to know the Seatons, Edward. Margaret's father makes his money in stocks and bonds in New York. And I'm just a small-town printer. I doubt your marriage will bridge that gap. Well, we love each other. That's bridge enough for me. I suppose you thought about supporting a wife. I have. I want to go into the printery with you. And I'd be happy to have you. But I'm not the only partner you know. That old man made that. I'll talk to him. I'll tell him about my ideas for the printery. Your ideas? Yes, the plan isn't using all its presses, Dad. There's room to print more than catalogs and pamphlets for Boston stores. Edward, your father and Mr. Mather have done very well on catalogs and pamphlets. And they can do still better with books. Books? Yes, books. Publishers. Printing the thoughts and ideas of men all over the country who'd never heard of Chetbury, but who will someday? Son, dreams are one thing, but we must be practical. And I say only dreams are practical. I remember how Margaret's eyes sparkled with excitement and approval when I told her my idea of the publishing business. But when I went to see old Mr. Mather to ask for a job with the printery, he told me I'd applied to the wrong person. He had just sold his interest to Margaret. At first I was dazed, then angry. Oh, I hoped you'd take it this way, Ned.  You should have talked it over with me first, Margaret. You didn't even tell my father you were buying you. No, no, no, I won't let you do this. But it's done. Oh, darling, you don't have to be afraid. I'm still dependent on you.  I won't be able to buy a ticket to Europe whenever I'm angry with you. Oh, Margaret. Margaret, will I ever be able to understand you? Don't try too hard, dear. Just be a good publisher. So Margaret had her way. And on Christmas Eve, all the hazlets and the sitans gathered together inside the new church. You'll thou love him, comfort him, honor and keep him in sickness and in health. And forsaking all others, keep thee only unto him, so long as ye both shall live. I will. For richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health. To love and to cherish, to beth us to love. And Margaret, you see that he writes to us from New Orleans. Why does everyone in New Orleans seem to stare at us and smile? Because they appreciate beautiful women. And probably because we look so happy. You are, aren't you? So blindly. Oh, we know it can speak, Fetler. I think the South always must have been in my blood. And mine, too. We must never let this excitement die in us. No, no. Promise me, Ned, we'll never settle into a rut and forget that our marriage comes first. Don't worry, darling.  You do hate me awfully for saying that. I could never hate you. I love New Orleans and the fun we're having. And yet I almost wish that I was back home getting our house ready for us. That's funny. And I was thinking about the printer. Margaret, what do you say? Let's go home and start living. Do we live life or if life doesn't live us? Whichever it is, Margaret and I experienced it all. The joys and sorrows and the times of neither joy nor sorrow. The children came, Mary and Tom and Sandra. My family was growing, but not the publishing business. We've got to give it up, Ed. You've turned out four books and lost money every time. And then the writers stopped submitting manuscripts. They were all in uniform. I'm glad the army won't take you, son. Your father needs you here. Then peace and prohibition and the return to normalcy. Ed, what are we going to take a vacation? Well, maybe next year, dear, right now, Dad needs me at the plant. He's speaking his first piece at school tomorrow, Ned. He wants you to hear. I'm sorry, Margaret.  Just a few days in New York, dear. Maybe next winter, dear. Right now I've got a new book to get out. This is the big one I've been waiting for. It was a book of war experiences. The first novel of Lewis Harrell. Almost overnight, he was famous. And the firm of Haslitt and Sun Publishers was on its way. Yes, dear. Couldn't we spend an evening just talking? I'm reading, dear. Oh? The beginning of Harrell's new manuscript? Yes. I like what I've read of it. How old is this writer, Ned? Oh, he was in the war. He must be fairly young. Oh, he lives in New York? Yes. I'd like to meet this Lewis Harrell. Maybe you will. You could invite him up to Chesbury to sign the contract. As a matter of fact, I have. What is it you like about his writing? He has a quality.  And yet almost violent. Margaret, I'm not so sure I like this interest about Harrell. Up with me.  What is it? What's happening to us? I don't know. I'm not sure. We could only go back. Back to what? Twelve years ago. Easter. We were on Strawberry Hill. There was something about that day. Everything seemed so right. Everything was possible. That morning in church, the minister was telling us that Easter was a new birth of hope, a new beginning of life. It was just as if you were talking right to us. And darling, I felt that our lives were beginning. And then later up on the hill. Oh, Ned, maybe it's not too late. We can never go back, Margaret. We shouldn't want to. We can live that Easter always. Everything can be right and possible so long as we love each other. And I do love you, my darling. I love you. In just a moment, we'll return to the second act of the long love starring Van Johnson. You know, there's a fascinating history surrounding the word hallmark that has its parallel in the public's preference for hallmark cards today. It started about eight centuries ago when the silversmiths of England used silver or gold, on which a group of men worked. Until then, a cup or a vase or any article was the complete work of one man, and he was responsible for its artistic design, as well as the purity of the metal itself. But with many different artists contributing special talents to a design, it soon became necessary to have laws to assure that the proper amount of gold or silver would be used in an article. And so in the reign of Edward III, the hallmark law was passed, requiring that every silversmith identify hallmark. The hallmark of a particular group became famous and respected in direct proportion to the skill and artistic abilities of the people who made it. And today, collectors of old English silver can quickly judge the worth of a piece by looking for the hallmark on the back. Also today, discriminating people recognize hallmark on the back of a greeting card, because they have found through the years that hallmark on the back of a card has a meaning of its own. It represents the skill of craftsmen who for years have designed greeting cards with but one thought in mind. To give you a card, you'll be proud to send and one that will be received with pleasure. Because it says what you want to say, the way you want to say it. Because the message is surrounded with beauty and presented with the good taste you demand of anything that bears your personal signature. That's why hallmark on the back of a card has come to mean you cared enough to send the very best. Now back to James Hilton for the second act of John Sedger's The Long Love, starring Van Johnson. Mr. Sunday's services are over and the people of Chedbury are drifting homeward. Edward Haslett still stands there on the church steps. His tears are to gray slab of granite he's cried with a few words and he remembers. We were married here. Our children were baptized at the fount just inside those doors. This building means a lot to me. Though for a time everybody thought it was because I published those books of Lewis Harrow. Oh yes. He was a troublemaker from the day he came to our house. This is Lewis Harrow, dear. Harrow, my wife. I hope you don't mind my saying you're beautiful, Margaret. Well... No, not at all. Harrow? How did you know her name was Margaret? I know a lot of things, Ed. You feel you've seen me before, don't you? Oh, my wife or I? Both of you. I feel you're wondering. Oh, nonsense. It's my business to feel what people are thinking. Well, you have seen me before. Well, Mr. Harrow? Right here in Chetbury. Wait a minute. There is something about your face. Yes, you used to see it all the time. It was generally dirty like the laundry. Our old laundry?  Well, now explains it. I watched all your lives through the back doors of your houses. Even yours, Margaret. Well, I... I'm afraid I made a very dull subject. Not to me. You were always something fine. Something... I hope to know better someday. And now... Well, now I've come home. Out of all the possible publishers, you sent your manuscript to us. You chose us purposely, didn't you? The hometown boy has his revenge. Chetbury was pretty cruel to the boy from the wrong side of the track. The cruelty may have been in your own mind, you know. Perhaps. Anyway, it's my turn now. In my next book, I'm going to let fresh air into this place. Now, show up all the smugness and the snobbery. All you people are afraid to live. Afraid to feel fire in your veins. What makes you think we're afraid to live? You don't really want me to answer that, do you? Power in the man that made me uneasy. For myself and for Margaret. Something was going to happen. I could feel it coming. Within a month, Harold finished his new novel. As I read the last 75 pages of the manuscript, I was first surprised and furious. He had added a new character, a woman. A woman I recognized as Margaret. I sent for him at once. All right, all right. I admit it. I patterned her after your wife. You've got to drop her out. I won't publish it this way. I won't change your words. Listen to me, Harold. We didn't ask you into our lives. You can't come here to destroy. I won't let you. To destroy what? Your illusions, your stupidities? Go on, show me one single word of mine that hurts Margaret. That's beside the point.  That's a pretty sad confession to make, Ed. Don't twist my words. Ed, I worship Margaret. Yes, yes. I said worship. Because she's something I... I had hoped there might be in the world. Something I've never had. Something I'm grateful to know exists. That's what I was trying to say in the book.  Don't try to own her. No man can. She's an eagle that will fly at the sight of your net. Ned, Lewis, you're not quarreling. It's all right there. I'll talk to you tomorrow, Ed. Goodbye, Margaret. It was about me, wasn't it? Oh, he's put you in that book of his. I see. Are you in it? Yes, I'm in it, too. He's made me out to be... Oh, well, it doesn't matter. It's not very flattering and I refuse to publish it. Why? Why? Margaret, don't you realize? Harrow is in love with you. That doesn't bother me. It doesn't. Ned, I want you to publish that book. Never. Harrow may be right about us. Ned, you are afraid that's something I can't live with. Margaret, you are in love with Harrow. No. A marriage can't be wrecked from the outside. It crumbles from within. We can't be held together by a contract, Ned. They have to be through freedom. How freedom to love each other without fear and without jealous. All right, I am jealous. From the very start I felt so lucky to have you. That's why I worked so hard at the business. I wanted to give you money and the things that would show my love. I wanted the world to know you were mine.  I've been your prisoner. Oh, Ned, I don't want you to be my jailer. Help me to break free again. That seems to be Harrow's job. You still don't understand, do you? I was interested in Harrow at the start because he lives life. He knows freedom. I wanted me to remind you of all the things we've forgotten. But you didn't remember and that frightened me. He hasn't been Harrow frightened me. Oh, darling, he was like the ghost of our old days. All our plans and our hopes. All the things that we did and promised each other on our honeymoon in New Orleans. It's strange, isn't it? Another man's love for you has made my own stronger and better. I wanted to hear. I'll publish Harrow's book. I owe it to him now and after that, my dearest. And let's run away and find ourselves again. We went to Italy to Venice. We spent long, lazy, wonderful evenings in our balcony overlooking the Grand Canal and the gliding shapes of passing gondolas. Can you hear it, Ned? Yes. Coming from that gondola over there, I think. No, no, I mean the streetpear. Streetpear? Dear, this is Venice. And I'm back in New Orleans. Oh, remember the funny little old man who was so watermelon, watermelon red to the rind. If you don't believe me, just pull down your blinds. I sell to the rich. I sell to the poor. I'm going to sell the ladies standing in that door. Oh, I remember. Open this. Do you know why I'm so happy? I think so. Because we've learned that it isn't New Orleans or Venice. Our honeymoon is a state of mind and we've got it back. It's here in our hearts. A long time ago in New Orleans, I said something it's time to say again. Let's go home and start living. Not long after that, Dad died. And then it was simply Edward Haslett publisher. Every couple of years, there was a new bestseller by Lewis Harrow. He covered everything. The stock market crashed, the depression, the recovery. The children are no longer children now. Sander went into medicine and Mary was engaged to one of my young authors. And there was Tom, my only boy. Tom just phoned from college. He's graduating at the head of his class. Well, in a way, dear, I'm not surprised. Maybe it's something else. He says he isn't going on to New York. He's coming home to stay. You know, my dear, when I took that sign down over the plant, I hoped someday it would go up again. Haslett and son publishers. Looking out here, dear, the minister wanted to talk to me about some committee work. Yes! You are impatient with me. Dear, I'm afraid I was just wool gathering. I was looking at the cornerstone over there and remembering. Why, it's 30 years ago this Easter. You haven't forgotten. How could I? The dedication of the church. The picnic on Strawberry Hill. It seemed such a little while ago. Just yesterday. You know, while I was waiting here, I was watching the young people come out of the church. I kept wishing I could tell them, oh, by the way, dear, would you like to take a little walk? I'd love to. After all, it's Easter. I should promenade with my best bull. Now, what did you want to tell the young people? Oh, they'll learn it all by themselves. That the things they worry about now and think so important won't really matter in the end. We've learned a lot of things in 30 years. That life is something like Easter. Easter means a new beginning. And Easter is every day. If you haven't already selected Easter cards for all the folks you want to remember, you still have time to do so between now and Sunday. At the finest stores across the country, you'll find hallmark Easter cards that say what you want to say. The way you want to say it. Cards with words so expressive of your feelings, your friends will imagine they've had a personal chat with you. Cards with colors and designs as fresh as springtime itself. Cards that express the deep spirits will joy of Easter. Cards that tell your friends and loved ones you remembered and wanted to share the happiness of Easter Sunday with them. Tomorrow when you're looking for cards, remember to look for that distinctive hallmark on the back of the card you select because on Easter, as always, you'll want your friends to know you cared enough to send the very best. Here again is James Hilton. It was grand to have you with us this evening, Van Johnson. Thanks for a first-rate performance. Thanks for inviting me, Mr. Hilton. I feel that I learned something, too, because I'd never heard the history of hallmarks explained as well as Frank Goss did it tonight. And I was glad, too, of the reminder about Easter. Because I remembered some folks that I want to send some hallmark cards to myself. I hope you have a happy Easter, Mr. Hilton. Thank you, Van, and on behalf of everyone in the Hallmark family, I should like to send Easter greetings and the hope that you and all your friends will have a fine holiday. Thank you, Mr. Hilton. What story have you got selected for next week's show? Next, we shall present Margaret Irwin's Elizabeth Captive Princess, the true story of a future queen who was once in prison in the Tower of London. And to play the role of the young princess, we shall have that brilliant young actress and this year's contender for the Academy Award Anne Baxter. Our hallmark playhouses every Thursday. Our director-producer is Bill Gay. Our music is composed and conducted by Lynn Murray and our script tonight was written by Leonard Sinclair. Until next Thursday then, this is James Hilton saying, good night. There are so lonely in stores and carefully selected to give you expert and friendly service. Remember a hallmark card when you carry enough to send the very best. The role of Margaret tonight was played by Lorraine Tuttle. Gerald Moore was Lewis Harrow and others in our cast included Margaret Brayton, Ted Osborne, and Peter Leeds. This is Frank Goss saying, good night to you all until next week at the same time when Hallmark Playhouse returns to present Anne Baxter in Margaret Irwin's Elizabeth Captive Princess. And the week following, Blanche Henry Perrin's rest and be thankful. And the week after that, Lori Hillier's Time Remember on the Hallmark Playhouse. This is KMVC Kansas City, Missouri.


I was browsing on things and I came across 3D Print Bunny's Hexamesh material. I dropped it in the slicer, loaded up some TH3D Spaghetti on Agent Smith and it came out amazing! We'll get it off the bed. This stuff moves around and it's fun and it's all held together by the stringing in the center. One of the coolest things about that TH3D Spaghetti filament is its different colors from different angles and I love how it came out in this Hexamesh. 3D Print Bunny, you knocked it out of the park with this one. Keep them coming. I can't wait to print more of your stuff. Don't forget to hit that subscribe button for more 3D printing, laser and CNC content right here on the edge of tech.


We're back. It's still the breakfast in Plus TV Africa. Glad to say we can now look at what the papers have for us this morning, our guest analyst, legal practitioner, Tunde Kolawale, is standing by to readjust this to the headlines of the pages of today's National Dailies. Tunde Kolawale, thank you very much for your time and good morning. Have a good morning, Father. Hope you have a good night. Yes, it's a new day. We thank God for a new day. And how about you? How about you? Well, it's okay because the electric power supply is still affected now. All right. Well, Barus, I can tell you that there are some parts of legal that are enjoying near 24 hours power supply or 24 hour power supply. Do you not know what the magic is for them? I don't know how that is. But we just pray that things get better, you know, things get better, especially in the face of the high cost of petrol. We pray things get better. All right. Let's start by looking at the stories on the front page of the punch. Quite colorful as usual, and it has a focus on the new Naira deadline. Today is the 25th of January, counting down to the 31st of January. Let's not forget yesterday after the the monetary policy committee meeting at the post MPC meeting briefing, the CBN governor said he has no good news for those who want the deadline to be extended. But the headline on the front page of the punch, Kanu, Ondo, Anambra, Depositors, Flood Banks with old notes. CBN Sean's National Assembly insists on January 31, cash swap deadline. AFCC, ICPC want to arrest huge depositors, says Amifiliations, bank customers, so people can take their billions to the bank. Nobody will be arrested. Central bank officials, POS agents set up real cash exchange points. But I heard somewhere from the CBN yesterday that POS agents are not allowed to do the cash swap. I don't know how that relates with this recent or latest headline. More from the punch, FG raises a 14-man panel to end fuel scarcity. Interest rate hike, job losses, crisis loom, warns OPS. They increase the rate, the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points. They increase the benchmark interest rate by 100 basis points to 17.5% yesterday. More from the punch, traders lament as Okowa shuts markets for Ateku. Ligas projects 7.5 million train passengers monthly, quite interesting. Labor knocks governance, states reject local government autonomy. I think they're talking about labor unions and not labor party. Islamic teacher bags, life jail for defiling eight pupils and world health organization worries over fresh 170,000 COVID-19 deaths. A picture on the front page of residents of Kautungu and Dambata local government areas swapping their old Nara notes with new ones in Gombe and Kanu states on Tuesday. The CBN official in Gombe state had earlier alleged that banks were hoarding this money because they said they had enough for the 3.5 million residents of Gombe and there needs to be no scarcity from the banking angle. Let's go on to the next paper this time, Daily Trust. With the following headlines, Buhari chair's 14-man committee is fuel scarcity worsens. Buhari chair's 14-man committee as fuel scarcity worsens. DSS customs, EFCC, others members. President racing against time experts. Hawkes sell petrol for 500 Naira per liter in Abuja and 600 Naira in Ondo. I can tell you for free that someone told me, a member of the public told me last night that he saw 900 Naira per liter at a petrol station in Ondo. Will the sky fall on our heads? Only time will tell. As far as this committee is concerned, the paper says that President Buhari is the chairman of that steering committee. The Minnesota State for Petroleum Resources, Timmy Press Silver is the alternate chairman of that committee. I think that says one or two things about what the president will be hands on with that committee or not. Let's go on. Constitution review. State assemblies reject financial autonomy for local governments. New Naira notes. National Assembly may fairly defer on deadline extension. Go and make governorship. Court dismisses PDP suit seeking to disqualify Governor Inua. PSC orders retiring police officers to go. CBN debunks 89 trillion Naira stum duty claim. Says 370.686 billion Naira collected by banks. Buhari Centurial District, Keita Daura set for epic battle. And a funny one from the Daily Trust. Woman quits marriage. Murray's daughter's boyfriend in cattle. Wonders shall never end. Alright, let's go to the next paper. The nation goes big with a political story on its front page. The lead headline there. Senators reps draw battle line with CBN over Naira notes. Lawmakers seek six-month extension. Tuesday deadline. Sacrosanct, if expand, insists. More from the nation. Legislature, judiciary, autonomy bills ready for Buhari's ascent. Legislature, judiciary, autonomy bills ready for Buhari's ascent. Wiki, we won't campaign for Artiku. Wiki, we won't campaign for Artiku. I think we may have already known that some months ago. I don't know if I guess you'll agree. We hear from him. Governor Aburah Saks-Saks provost. Retire if you do. PSC orders, DIGs, AIGs. Abia to enjoy export hub. Export hub status says Tinibu and Tribunal fixes Friday for verdict.  Some of the stories on the front page of the nation. The final paper this morning is a Guardian. And the lead story there, like the nation and they go with the CBN new Naira or old Naira deadline. It says old Naira notes. CBN insists on January 31 deadline. Shans calls for extension. Buhari appoints Rase as PSC boss, as a former IGP. Amit Fiorori over IGP's Tenna elongation. FG reinstates COVID-19 travel protocol. More countries restrict Chinese travelers. Expect earlier than normal onset of rainfall floods in 2023. Amit warns. Dango to refinery, not part of projects for Buharis commissioning. IPCC safety for journalists ahead of 2023 polls. And Buhari keeps mum. Buhari keeps mum. Commissions, blue line, rail, J Randall center. I can find out more from the paper by what they mean by Buhari keeps mum. Anyway, maybe they mean that he didn't say much at the commissioning. Like we saw in the tip there. To the color, over to you. What are your thoughts on the way the nation put the Guardian put it? You know, they highlighted the fact the president didn't say much when he commissioned the blue line rail and J Randall center. I think that can be a two-step step for a neutral process. Which when there are a monogamy, what should the government do? They can do the concept. We love the metro. We love the money we pay for the metro. And then we also take it to Amit Fiorori for where the federal government allows for future contracts. If in the second corner of the monogamy, we are not actually on the way. The blue line, they can't see. I think that's the norm of the metro that is not under like that. But let me also say, the project is not moving as far as the world we are facing. Also, my best friend Mum, who is an open aspect, Mum, why do I say this? A country like Egypt has wanted a contract for a bullet and a train. That is the kind of program I think is the investment and not responsible for most people and technology. Nobody is using the technology they gave you. France is even doing a new trade now. Which is fair to the fact that in a real place, such that in the near future, most people will be part of the problem, in the new trade that the French people are together with. But here I have the resources to go more than that. And when you invest in international technology, you are setting yourself back at a condition, at a country that is more than 15 years, which is very likely to be the case. But well, this is the forward movement, so to say. Because I am not specific authority to invest in modern technology, I am not so much into technology as far as it is possible.   But now we see we have been making money now, to do a job, and then to spend it. For economic activity, in all this First, the legos would have to come down from the center of the stomach and then they go to the left pressure on the rows. In every busy spot, the private tools and other would not allow those rows to last. And what are they supposed to last? Those busy materials, those good things are not supposed to be carried by road. They are better carried by road or by driver. Thank you very much. Let's stay with the Guardian, the lead story on the front page. St. CBN is assisting on the 31 deadline, shunning the call for extension. The National Assembly is inviting, I think the Senate invited, the House of Reps or the Senate, one of them invited yesterday is inviting the CEOs of commercial banks, private sector banks, to come and tell them why they don't have a Naira with them. Either of the House of Reps or Senators is saying also that the CBN should extend it to July 31. You know, this was plenary yesterday. Senator Talim Dume said he hasn't seen the new units, even as a senator, he hasn't seen them. So what are your thoughts? Immediately addressed the press and he says he would like to apologize, but he's sorry to disappoint anyone that he has no good news for those who want an extension of the deadline. He also said that 90 days was more than enough for anyone who has an old note to return it to the bank and exchange it for a new note. Now, we can joke-suppose this with the fact that, yes, people are complaining that they can't see the new notes, but officials of CBN in different parts of the country, like Podhakot, like Kano, like Gombe, are saying that they've put billions of Naira into the system and the banks have the money. So should we be, what are your thoughts on all this that's playing out so far? Yes, like I said before, on behalf of the program, it is shocking to me that the people is investing in the design of the new Naira money or providing the new terms to the new Naira money. I thought, even from the home program, whether to be pursuing the cashier's policy, which is the main thing early in the world today, people are now using plastic money and some other forms of the money that are more durable, that are easy to carry and that are easy to move around and also transfer this money. But in the wisdom of the CBN, we have decided to invest in the design of the new money or the new Naira money. Well, we've started the project already. What we want to expect from them is a program that is going to be easy, that is going to be convenient to all Naira, and that is also going to have some value to the Naira that will certainly be in Nigeria. But from the way you think, I'm not to show that the CBN has done its own work properly before I'm backing on this project. Not like you said, when you still go to some of these banks today, it is the old Naira note that the ATM machine is expensive and when you make employees in those places, they will tell you that the CBN has not been able to finish him with a note of the new or a note of the newly designed Naira note. So you can say that at the time of January, the deadline, and you are not making the new Naira note available, how will you be able to improve the deadline? Well, it might be that it's fair that maybe the CBN is trying to use this name, the designing of the new Naira note. So in a way, it might be an instrument to really tackle the inflation that will have the new Naira note. So you can say that the new Naira note is the old Naira note and when they use the name, the old Naira note, that means less money in population. So in a way, it might be an instrument to really tackle the inflation that will have the content. The CBN will have the information that there may be too many people and so much Naira note, who can start to use it and not put it in that place. It is also not important.  So to be able to address some of those issues, the mayor of the engagement with the new Naira note and then to talk about the exchange of the Naira note on the 31st of January, 2003. Then with the tango, that is the note which is the national assembly, and also the CBN and NOSA. I have said this time, it is out in Namta. The new Naira note, especially the Naira note, and the house of the president, is the most powerful of the Naira note. They are even more powerful than the perpetrators. So when the Naira note is out of place, they say to me, I am of the deputy of Naira, you will not rise also, I am of the deputy of Naira. So it came to answer for whatever cause that is coming from the national assembly. When you dissuade the national assembly, the entire Naira will be dissuaded. Like I say, the ground known, that is the office of authority, the utmost power of the federal republic of Naira, rise with hands for the national assembly people. This is not a captain, he is taking his electricity, for that anybody should be solid, for that anybody should not take their calls. When they make a call, for the post office, the time it is out in Namta, we are thinking of disresigning the national assembly, without your questions, following those decisions. And the national assembly people that can't do it. But I explain, when people dissuade your calls, when people dissuade your service for you, when you treat a subject of people out of the victim of something, if I have something that they refuse to pay, then you apply the rules, so that you will know where the utmost power lies in the federal republic of Naira. As some of you say that to mention, this is not just us, in places that are quarreling, there are so many remote villages, that don't even know how to pay, that the Naira has been and that they require to take the whole Naira note to the bank, and they change it for the new ones and whatever. We also remember, that there are so many villages and rural areas, that they don't have banks, they don't have the community funds, but the law and the rules, due to our ability to sustain the situation, all those community funds also, change and all that. It's a very serious problem that I think the situation is listening to the people in the Naira and also listening to the people in some of the parts of Naira, the government in the north and the parts of Naira, so that people will not be there at any minute. It's a very serious problem that I consider to work, when monies are even paid, they have to take a little hand on your own note to keep taking it to their bank and to take it to hold it on people that... Let's move on. You've said it all. I'm sorry I have to move faster because of time, so you can give us your expert opinion on other stories. But you've said it all, that the Sibian needs to listen to the voice of the people as well, try and have some balance in all of this. And I think you've painted a real picture of the rural areas and how the truth is that people will lose out because of their non-availability of banks, financial institutions and even the Naira notes where you have banks and even Naira notes. Let us move on to another one. I'd like to take your thoughts on what's going on between the police service commission and the Niger police force. So the front page of the Guardian, it has a story at the bottom. Puhariya points Arasi, that's former IGP Arasi, as PSC, police service commission boss made Fuhariya over IGP's tenor elongation. If we swipe to the nation newspaper on the top left corner, you can see a story there. Retire if you are due. PSC, orders, DIGs, AIGs. What are your thoughts on this issue, the ongoing issue between the police service commission and the police? It's not the first time we've had something similar, but this time it's about tenor elongation. Can I mention this? If you are the leader of PSC, when you are ten years old, if you are ten to sixty years old, if you are ten to sixty, if you are sixty years old, when you are ten to sixty, the boss says you must respect that law, you must obey that law, and bar out of this study very quickly. Without timely ways you have to begin to ascend your tenor. You have to begin to ascend your tenor and all of this. They argue that the law is better, that they are out of 12 million years old. They are no other capital person and can repeal them. And I think the answer is no. Out of every single time that 200 million years old, 200 million years old, they see they are cheese. When they say this is українish from the senior party, this is the same from the senior party, and the special position in the central of the civil society is not selected at all. As regards the, you can see I mentioned the, I mentioned the police and all that. I think there's a better top of the field. Really, we say that the ultimate authority is the police and the police commission. Why the IC is here today, the police and the commission? This is my imagination. You will remember when you were going to the Supreme Court of Youth and Waterloo, the IC went to the police and this is in the Supreme Court of Youth. That refers to the police and this commission. And the police and this court of youth, they went to the court, and then they locked up the airport and then they went to the Court of Appeals. And I think the Court of Appeals finally accepted and said that right here, the police through the court to the police and this commission, whatever said, they wanted to see the rest of the court men, for example, to see the rest of the empire law and the media police. The case is over and over because of the potential. So, the outcome of that case, because of the ability to take on the police. This is where they know, this is where they send the law of the law, to know and see the rest of the life. Then we said the appointment of the law of the police man, at the term of police and the commission. Honestly speaking, I am not comfortable with it. I am not happy with it. This is what they know. I would have to die in situation with the retirees. But this is a commitment. Why do I say this? Is it short of you to accept a balance? Because of modesty in place. You mean no. The retirees got jobs. No about laws. Not about fundamentalism. I would know how to apply the law when it comes to the decision and the motion of the rank of high policemen. But with the AI and with the IT, we will be looking at the issues. The situation perspective of the police act, not from the conflict. And then not from the precedent that are coming from the different cause. That we want to see a situation with the law. And then with the court thought, or a senior lawyer, who has been made to work with the commission. In fact, I am not the pros and cons in the fact that nobody to be made an area commander, nobody to be made a commissioner of police, or AI, IT, IT, IT. Without the input of the community, we still want to start. We see too much of this. We see too much of traction on the fundamentalists of the engineering people simply because the police are not accountable to the engineering people who have paid their salaries and then they are given this work. We must be able to call this community that is coming from the police. And then we can call the community we can make sure that the security of the police is as much as the security. When there are breakers at the area commander level, when there are breakers at the area, and then the commissioner of police, or whatever I say, what are these? Position should be advertised and people should apply whether civilians who are in law or similarly, who are in religion or not. And we should conduct that to conduct that. And wherever we call this the day. No failure. This is the name of the police. Every order of the police is administrative. For example, the forensic department of the Nigeria Police. You don't have to be a policeman to be able to hear the forensic arm of the Nigeria Police.  This is the name of the officer who is a professional policeman to be able to hear. Like I continue to say, once you put the police in the hands of the Nigerian people, you're never going to have a police that is accountable, that is responsible, that has to serve the rule of law. All the physical feelings that we need to see, all the other places will not affect until you now begin to put the police in the hands of the Nigerian people. Thank you very much. Thank you so much, sir. We're out of time. We wish you had the time to take more stories as a couple of stories I really would love to get to. But we will definitely have the pleasure of your presence next week right here on the breakfast. Thank you so much. Thanks for having me, my brother. Thank you very much. Absolutely, absolutely. It's three days and 50 hours, 54 minutes and about 18 seconds to the deadline for the PV's collection. I think we'll have time to discuss that with you and the next news report review segment, hopefully. Thank you so much for your time. We have to take a break. Thank you, sir. We have to take a break. Now when we return, we will look at our first major conversation. Very, very important discussion on tax collection. We also have a discussion on, say, vital cancer and on the problem. So the breakfast, please stay with us.