Am I on? Can you hear me back there? Okay, great, so I think we'll get started today. So thanks for joining me here today at the Open IoT Summit Workshop. This is my, I think, third time speaking at a Linux Foundation event or Node.js Foundation event. And I always get a kick out of these kind of events because I come from the industrial automation space and so a lot of the technology that we present at these events is totally new to the developer community. And it's really cool to see a lot of the new ideas that the developer community, the Linux community comes up with when they look at the technology that we work with. And so one of the prevailing themes or ideas out there right now that just about everybody and their sister is talking about is this whole Internet of Things concept. And that's what we're gonna be focusing on today. Now, a lot of people talk about the Internet of Things. If you're from Germany or you talk to folks in Germany, they're talking about Industry 4.0. If you're the industrial space like I am, we're talking about the industrial Internet of Things, but they're all basically the same thing and there's a lot of activity around it. So to start us off, I thought I'd kind of walk us through some of the applications that I'm seeing come out of the Internet of Things right now because there's a lot of cool stuff going on. So for example, this is a smart connected refrigerator. This is an absolutely amazing piece of technology. 10 years ago, this would have cost an absolute fortune but today you can pick one of these things up for the small price of about $4,000 to $5,000. It's just about any best buy. The thing's absolutely amazing though, especially for that price point, it's got all kinds of sensors built into it. It's got Internet connectivity built into it. It's talking to the cloud and doing things like predictive analytics on when you're gonna run out of milk to make sure that you always have milk for your cereal in the morning, which is an absolutely amazing thing. This particular smart refrigerator though, and I'm sure everyone here has seen the commercial for it, it takes it a step further. It has an IP camera built into the refrigerator, which is a great feature, right? Because if you're at the supermarket and you can't remember if you have eggs in your refrigerator, you can pull out your smartphone, open up the app, log into your refrigerator and actually see in real time what's going on inside your refrigerator, which is great because sometimes your vegetables don't get along with your fruits. You gotta get in there, you gotta break the two up before somebody gets physically hurt. But absolutely amazing technology. This is another one I've seen a lot about. This is the smart connected barbecue. This thing is absolutely amazing as well because it's a really good idea to be able to light your barbecue when no one's around. Like let's say I get home, I feel like having a barbecue at the airport, I can open up my app and I can start the fire when no one's at home in my house. But the point is it's absolutely amazing technology, right? Not necessarily a good idea to start a fire when no one's around. This one though, I picked one of these up. I just found out recently that I'm gonna have my first baby, so I'm pretty excited about that. But I thought I'd get in shape, drop a few pounds, picked up one of these things, connected it to my home network, installed the app, the thing is an absolute spam machine. It direct messages me on Twitter, it endorses my LinkedIn profile, it likes posts, it sends me all kinds of notifications about dietary supplements. It's an absolute spam box. But when we take a step back and we look at this Internet of Things technology, it's absolutely amazing stuff, right? We've got smart connected scales, we can light fires when nobody's around and hopefully not burn the house down and we can see what's going on inside our refrigerator from wherever we are. So let's stop right there, because that is not what we're going to be talking about today. Definitely not consumer level devices. There's a lot of buzz around the whole Internet of Things concept, IoT, but I think we're missing a much bigger opportunity and that's what we're going to be focusing on today. So we're going to be talking about taking a lot of the technology that the Linux community is familiar with, like Makerboards and Open Technologies as standards. And we're going to talk about how we can apply those pieces of technology to industrial grade systems and what value we might be able to get out of doing that. Because I think that's how we're going to build the real Internet of Things or at least the real Internet of Things that I think the majority of us want to actually get to. So my name is Matt Newton. I'm the director of technical marketing for an industrial automation company named Opto22. We have a booth here at the show. We're the ones with the big white wind turbine, if you haven't seen us yet, spinning around. And we're going to talk a little bit more about that today, but three key ideas we're going to cover today is I think there's a much larger opportunity out there that we can all start tapping into. We're going to talk a little bit about the differences between industrial systems and consumer systems from a design perspective, from a technology perspective, from an application perspective. Because while there are some similarities and a lot of opportunities for getting more value out of these types of applications, there's some pretty big differences also. And then finally, we're going to get into the nitty gritty on what I think the developer community needs to actually start porting some of this technology over so that we can get more and more value out of these kinds of applications. So to make sure we're on the same page, because I come from the industrial space, a lot of people are here from the Linux space, to the open source space, I thought we should get on the same page about a few definitions. Because people throw around this term, Internet of Things thing all the time.  What exactly is it? It's such a nebulous term, but if you look at it and you boil it down, and yes, I do realize that the Nest Thermostat shows up in every single IoT presentation, but there's a good reason for that. If you boil it down, IoT devices, all of them have three key and very important characteristics built into them. They have the ability to sense the world around them. They communicate using standard internet protocols, maybe even programming languages, and they have the ability to control something in the real and physical world. So they sense, they communicate, and they control. Just like that Nest Thermostat. So it's installed in my hallway, I have one of these things, I love it, I paid way too much money for it, but it's still a very cool piece of gadgetry. But it's got some sensing built into it. It knows if I'm in the house with its motion sensor, if I walk past it. It's got a temperature sensor built into it. And it uses that information to communicate over the internet to talk to the Nest cloud and figure out what temperature does Matt like the house set at. And if it figures out that the temperature is outside of that set point that I've configured, it performs some type of control. So it'll flip on my air conditioning system or my heater using an electrical signal. So this technology is out there, we're using it all over the place today. But that's an internet of things device, at least for this presentation. It senses, it communicates, and it controls something in the real world. So what is a legacy device? And we'll get into why legacy devices are the massive brownfield opportunity that's in front of us all right now that we can tap into. A legacy device is something that's been installed for years, years and years, probably decades. Think about how long we've been building, shipping and installing devices that are powered by electricity. So there's all these things that are out there, they're sitting there, they still have a lot of value built into them. They're probably still performing the tasks that they were designed for, but they were designed rolled out, shipped way before this whole internet of things concept came about. So they don't have connectivity built into them. No internet connectivity, but there's still a lot of value in them. So third definition, what is a control system? Does anybody in here know what a control system is? Industrial control system? Feedback's a good one. But let's keep it simple for the purposes of the presentation. So if you think about your car, when you're driving down the road, you hit the desired speed that you want your automobile to travel. You push the button on the side of the steering wheel and the car's cruise control system takes over. Now, the system inside the car is gonna monitor how fast that car is traveling, and if it gets above or below the configured set point or speed that you want the car to travel at, it controls some type of input, right? So we apply the gas to speed up, we apply the brakes to slow down. That's the basics of a control system. We configure a set point and then it runs to make sure that that set point stays where it's supposed to. And if it doesn't, it does things to take over and bring it back to that set point. So control systems are used all over the place. This building right now it has a control system to run the HVAC system. We use them in manufacturing, we use them in process control. We use them for cool stuff like making beer, running nuclear power plants, they get used all over the place. We've been shipping stuff like this for years and years and years. Okay, definitions out of the way, that's the boring part. Let's get back to the fun stuff, the maker boards. So recently I started screwing around with Raspberry Pi boards and they are super cool. The amount of computing power in these things is absolutely amazing. So originally they were designed for software education, they're making inventors and tinkers out of just about anybody that has $35 to pick up a Raspberry Pi. Personally, I have one at work. I used to be in the IT space, so I screw around a lot with trying to break into our wireless network at work because that's fun for me, that's what I like to do. I was amazed that this thing actually has a full-blown Cali Linux security penetration testing distribution available for it that I could just download, slam on it and go. So lots of cool things going on with the Raspberry Pi and the maker board community. I saw this one on the internet, I thought it was funny. It's an automated dog watering system, which is great. Make sure Fido's always got fresh clean water available, all powered by, I can't remember if it was a pi or an Arduino, but this is another one that I thought was pretty cool and kind of goes along with what we're talking about today, so to date myself, and I can't believe I'm already at the point where I have to worry about dating myself, that's a game boy, video game system. So I had one of those when I was a kid. Of course it's long since died, it's probably in the landfill somewhere, but this person took their old legacy piece of video game equipment with the Raspberry Pi, just basically breathe new life into that old piece of equipment, all using new computing technology, and that's kind of what we're gonna be talking about today. Again, going back to the bigger opportunity, so I have to ask myself, we've got like 10 million Raspberry Pis that have shipped and that's just the Pis, I think they're probably closer to like 11 million by now. But if you think about all of the engineers out there, the talent, the software engineers, the hardware engineers that are out there, having to blast, putting together automatic dog watering systems, I gotta wonder if that huge pool of talent, if we took it and we directed it at much larger scale applications, maybe industrial applications, what kind of value could we get out of doing that? Now to illustrate my point, and remember we're an industrial automation company, I thought I'd walk us through a quick case study. And this one was pretty cool. As soon as I found out about this story, I got incredibly jazzed because I've been waiting for people to start doing this kind of stuff for five or 10 years. It all starts around California's green grid. Now in California, if you take a trip back in time with me, say 30 or 40 years ago, pollution was a huge problem. Like my dad was growing up, he'd go outside, he'd run around, he'd play, he'd get into all kinds of trouble all day. When he got home at night, his lungs literally burned, like physically burned from all the pollution that he breathed in throughout the day. So it was a pretty serious problem. The good news is that we finally got smart. And about 30 or 40 years ago, we started growing out these green energy sources. So we have solar panels being installed all over the place. We've got a boatload of wind turbines that are out there generating electricity for us. And we've got a lot of hydroelectric dams that are out there. If they survive this torrential downpour we've been experiencing without washing away, we'll keep getting juice from them. So today, we're pushing about 20% of our daily energy requirement coming from green energy sources. So it's a pretty great thing. The downside though is that it's fairly new technology. So there's a few hurdles that we haven't quite figured out how to get over just yet. One is that they're based on natural sources, right? So if the wind's not blowing, our turbines aren't spinning, if the sun's not out, our panels aren't generating electricity. So, you know, they're not always there when we need them. The other problem is that we've rolled out this infrastructure, particularly the solar panels, so quickly that there are times during the day when we actually generate more electricity than we need. And that can be a problem for the grid and we'll get into that in a minute. But the crux of it is that the grid was designed for power transmission, not for power storage. It's basically one big circuit, right? So our grid is actually a pretty fragile system. We can't store that access electricity. So what we do is we try to generate just the right amount of electricity to meet demand at any given point in time. Because if we send too much electricity to the grid, you know, it's just like your Raspberry Pi. You send too much voltage to it, you melt stuff, blow stuff up, but this is on a much grander scale. So we're blowing up big pieces of industrial equipment, very expensive stuff. Now the flip side is, when we don't have enough electricity, we don't have enough electrical generation assets spun up and running to meet demand. That's when we run into blackouts and brownouts, which is a bad thing too, right? When I was a kid, I thought it was the best thing ever, lots of fun, get out the candles and get to play with the matches. But if you think about hospitals and our infrastructure that runs off of electricity, we need that set to be reliable and running all the time. Now the crux of the problem, in California particularly, but it's across the entire country, the entire world is that our demand for electricity fluctuates up and down all day. In the morning when we're all asleep, it's pretty flat. It's pretty easy for us to keep production where it needs to be to meet demand, but then we go to work and it drops. We gotta figure out how to keep the grid and balance at that point, but then a really terrifying thing happens in the evening. Right about the time we're all excited and heading home after a long day of work, we go home, we flip on our big screen televisions, we crank up that air conditioning, no matter how much our wives tell us we're freezing, they're freezing. But basically in the short span of two to three hours, demand on the grid skyrockets very, very quickly. And the energy producer struggled to figure out how to dump just the right amount of electricity on the grid to keep it in balance at any given point in time. Now, in California, we have a cute name for this problem. We call it California's duck curve problem because if you look at the slope of the supply and demand curve there, it kinda looks like the back of a very cute little duck, but it is not a cute little problem. So what do we do when we don't have enough electricity on the grid? Well, basically our utilities get on the phone to the energy producers and they say, hey, we need more juice, crank up that power plant, or flip the wind turbines back on and start sending more juice to the grid because remember we're trying to keep it in balance. What about when we have too much electricity though? And this is where the sad part of the story comes into the play. So if you think about our existing power generation infrastructure, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric dams, natural gas power plants, these are massive install bases of lots of industrial equipment.  So it literally takes like an entire day, about 24 hours to get one of these resources spun up to actually start generating electricity or to wind them down so that they're not sending electricity. Now the sad part is that our green energy sources like our solar panels, it's real easy to flip a switch and disconnect those things. So when we need to throttle back production, it's our green energy sources that are usually the first ones to get disconnected which sucks because then we're not getting to use those green energy sources, maybe we're putting the environment more, it's kind of a problem. So it's a really difficult problem to figure out and there's a lot of really smart people trying to handle it. In California it's the California Independent Systems Operator, they're basically the utility for the state. These folks have an incredibly difficult job because literally what they're trying to do is predict the future. They're trying to look at all different kinds of data sources, how much power was needed last year, how many resources do I have spun up generating electricity right now? Where are my green energy sources at? What's the weather gonna be like tomorrow? Can I count on my green energy sources? So they've got all these different feeds of data and they're mashing them up using these massive supercomputer systems to try to figure out what do I need to spin up or spin down to keep that green balance. So it's a pretty serious problem. Remember though, it's all about that circuit. We're trying to keep supply and demand in equilibrium at any given time. So one of the tools that CalISO has available to them is something called the spot price of electricity which is just a clever term for a market price. So it's the amount of money per kilowatt hour they pay to our energy producers to actually make and distribute energy for us. Now, it's a market price, so it fluctuates based on demand and supply just like any other price. So literally, this price will range, like in this case study, this particular customer, he was telling me that it would range anywhere from like $200 per kilowatt hour when we really need electrical generation all the way down to like negative two, $300, $400 per hour when we're real concerned about sending too much juice to the grid and blowing stuff up. So that's effectively a way that the CalISO can fine our green energy producers for sending too much juice to the grid at any given point in time. Now these folks in particular had several turbines. They've got a big wind farm, lots of them out there. They were designed and shipped. I think they'd been out there for like 20 or 30 years. This person got into the market because they thought, you know what? I can make a living off of producing green energy. It's absolutely fantastic. So we rolled them out there. They've been out there. Running, operating. These are our legacy devices that we talked about. But when they rolled out the spot price of electricity, these folks started getting hit with like a $10, $12,000 fine. Every single day they couldn't get to their turbines in time to turn them off. So literally what they were doing is they'd jump in a truck. You know, they'd radio a technician. The technician would jump in a truck and that person would drive around from turbine to turbine and physically switch the turbines off. And if they didn't get there fast enough, then they'd get hit with these massive fines. So imagine this. You're this person that got into this green energy space. You're hoping to make a living and maybe benefit the environment also. Yesterday, you didn't get to your turbines fast enough and you get slammed with like, I don't know, nine, 10, $12,000 in curtailment fees. And so you're starting to rethink, you know, maybe I don't wanna be in this green energy space anymore. Maybe it's not something that I can make a living at. That's kind of a downer. And remember, these things are rolled out what I call back in the dark ages before the internet because as long as I can remember the internet existed in some way, shape or form. These are not smart turbines. Remember, there are legacy devices, not a lot of brains built into them and they're designed to be controlled literally from the physical world.  So what's our green energy producer supposed to do here? Let's think about that internet of things device definition again. It senses, it communicates and it controls. So we're sensing the world around us, we're communicating up with the cloud and we're doing some type of control just like that Arduino board can do, right? Just like a little maker board can do. What if we took that type of technology, those ideas, those concepts and we applied them to our wind turbine because it's got some of that stuff already. It's got some sensors built into it so it knows how fast the wind's moving, what direction the wind's coming from. It can change its blade pitch and move its head into the wind to generate the most electricity possible. So it's got a control system and it's got that sensing capability built into it but it's missing that communications piece which is critical for us to actually start building this internet of things that everyone keeps talking about. It needs communication. So what would happen to that legacy asset, that turbine if we actually added some type of IoT technology to it? What would happen if these things actually started talking to various cloud applications? They could bridge the physical world that they live in right now and the digital world and that's exactly what these folks did in this case study. They dropped a new control system into it that had internet connectivity and communication capabilities built into it and now these turbines are literally smart enough to peer into a cloud computing system, the digital world and figure out what they should do in the physical world. Should I turn on, should I turn off? What's the spot price of electricity on the website that I need to check to figure out if I should do that? And these things jumped in value literally overnight when they rolled out this control system. So that's one cool thing that they did. We've got them smart, they're figuring out what they need to do automatically, the poor person doesn't have to run around from turbine to turbine to turn these things off but these folks took it a step further and this is where the real value I think comes in these IoT applications. So they took all the data that these things are generating from all the sensors that they have on them and they're recording all of that and putting it into something that they call a turbine profitability report. So they've got all different kinds of turbines distributed throughout this wind farm and they can figure out exactly which turbines are the most profitable to be running based on historical maintenance costs, current conditions, the model of the turbine. So they're literally maximizing profit based on the big data that these systems generate. So they've got all kinds of reports, they're doing predictive maintenance, predictive analytics, they're trying to replace parts based on things like bearing temperature before something actually goes out and they've even got these things set up to do alert notifications for service calls when something gets out of whack. It shouldn't be, for example, if a bearing temperature gets much higher than it should be, these things will send them alert out and get an operator out there to fix it. So that's the real Internet of Things. Smart connected skills are great. Being able to look at your fruits and vegetables from your app on your phone is awesome but I think this is the real Internet of Things we all wanna get to is actually getting data out of these legacy systems that are out there and figuring out how can we match that data up with other data sources to maybe predict a problem before it happens, to actually get more value out of those legacy assets, get these things connected to the cloud and talking. So that was one application that I was particularly asked about. So the maker community, the engineering community, the software development community, what are some other opportunities where they might be able to engage in these types of applications. So back in 2010, does anybody remember the Gulf oil spill? We dumped about 3.2 million barrels of oil into the ocean, totally screwed up the environment.  The rig caught on fire, sank to the bottom of the ocean. Now as somewhat of a technology dork, I look at this kind of stuff and I wonder if there was some cloud analytics package looking at that rig, could it have figured out that all those previous evacuations that had to happen, all the safety issues that were going on, if we could have collected that data and then in the cloud through some analytics package, compared it to other rigs that were out there that maybe had a lower number of safety incidents, could we have identified a pattern where we might need to change something on that oil rig before something very bad happened, all through the data that it generates, all through cloud analytics. That's the kind of stuff that I think we have to start thinking about as the developer community and the industrial space, all of us. So that's another application. How about city infrastructure? This one is such a no-brainer to me. Flint, Michigan, right? We dumped a boatload of lead into the city's water system, a whole bunch of kids got sick. What if there was a sensor in the water that was reporting data up to the cloud and that cloud system was comparing it to other city infrastructures? What if it could have identified, you know what? The lead level in that water is way, way higher than it's supposed to be right now compared to all the other data sources that I'm gathering. How many kids wouldn't have gotten sick if we could have prevented that? That's the kind of stuff that I'm thinking about that I'm talking about. What about manufacturing applications? I got into the tech industry just as we started off-storing a ton of manufacturing. It was all going off-shore because cost of labor was cheap or whatever. What if in the US we could cut costs in manufacturing? What if we could identify ways to decrease waste by applying this type of technology? What if we could make manufacturing here more competitive? Maybe we could create more jobs. More jobs is always a good thing, right? So those are some of the applications. But the big opportunity that we're talking about here, at least from a technology perspective, is we want to bridge the physical world, literally the world where our legacy devices live, like our wind turbine. We want to bridge that world to the digital world of cloud computing, software as a service, application platforms as a service, because we have almost infinite computing resources up there. We just need to get our systems that are already out there, all the legacy equipment, the sensors, transmitters, closed loop control systems. If we can get that stuff cloud-enabled and actually communicating, I think there's a lot of value to be had in that. So it was super easy. We would have figured out how to do this already and we'd already be doing it, I wouldn't be up here.  Now, the biggest challenge that I've seen is that it's really kind of a two-fold problem. There's a massive technology gap between the industrial world and the world of the maker community. Now, on the industrial world, this is literally where physical value creation takes place. This is where we wire up electrical loads and actually do something in the real world. We switch electrical loads to make hardware that builds other hardware, we produce electricity. These are applications that have been in place for a long time. A lot of the technology that was installed for these applications was designed for that specific application, which means oftentimes it's proprietary, which means it's very difficult to interface those types of systems with other systems. For example, our cloud-based analytics packages. But this is where our sensors, our motors, our pumps, all of our legacy devices actually live. Now, if we contrast that with the maker community, these folks live like in the software development information technology space. So they're constantly thinking about how can I get systems to intercommunicate better faster? It's all about data. How do I get access to more data? How do I move the data faster? Now, because of that, a lot of the technology here, it's open technology a lot of times. So we have TCPIP so that we all know how to talk to each other. We have HTTP so that we all browse the web the same way. Lots of technology that's all designed to talk to each other based on this all, open standards philosophy. But remember what we're trying to do here is get all the big data. When we talk about big data, we're talking about big data from our legacy devices. We want to get access to that information, push it up into our cloud analytics packages or whatever it is, whatever IT system, try to figure out how we can improve the world by pushing changes down into our legacy devices. Just like we did with those wind turbines, right? We started getting access to their data. We started figuring out how can we improve how they're functioning based off of that big data and we made a change to improve how they were operating. That's our objective here. The other problem is that there's a huge cultural gap here as well. In the industrial world, hardware gets installed and then it doesn't get touched for like 10, 20, 30 years, right? It's that attitude, if it isn't broken, don't fix it. So a lot of times, firmware never changes, software never changes. That's why in the industrial space we have incredibly long product life cycles that have to last a long time, grossly different than the maker community, right? We've had how many revisions of the Raspberry Pi in the past like three or four years? I think we're on version three or something like that. So things don't change over there very often but they change all the time on the maker side. So some of you out there might be thinking, at least I hope you're thinking at this point, why not use a Raspberry Pi? And that's a great idea, because you know what?  You can prototype with them incredibly quickly. They're really easy to learn. Remember they were designed for education. They're super cheap. I can't believe how much computing power you get for $35 these days. It's incredible. They're readily available. I can have one here probably by the end of the day if I absolutely had to. They've even got some GPIO built into them. So you've got a few pins on there where you can actually pull sensor data in, figure out what you wanna do with it, maybe even turn something off with that GPIO pin. And they've even got an SD card for storage.  How about some reasons why we might not want to use a Raspberry Pi? And if you haven't noticed the flamethrower coming off the rig there, that's exactly where we're going to install your Raspberry Pi. Now, the industrial world is a vicious and frightening place. There are all kinds of interesting characters that get pissed off when technology doesn't work and throw it underneath their tire and run it over. So the systems that get installed in these applications, they're incredibly rugged, they're incredibly tough because these are mission-critical applications. And remember, we're using high voltage in these applications, stuff that, if you walk up to it and touch it, it'll kill you. It's not like 3.3-volt digital IO here. This is life or death mission-critical stuff. So to combat those mission-critical applications, there's a whole bunch of stuff that gets installed or developed into industrial systems like IO channel isolation, which is where, if a piece of the control system blows up, it won't take down the entire rig. We have EMI resistance because we're squishing really high loads of electricity. We've got file system recovery, so let's say your Raspberry Pi for whatever reason loses power, are you 110% sure that it's going to boot up without some file recovery issue every single time? So my point here is that Raspberry Pis are super cool. They're great for software education. They're fantastic for prototyping. They're not necessarily designed to make sure the oil rig doesn't burn down. Because what's the real cost, right? What's the delta between that $35 Pi and that oil rig? If we catch the oil rig on fire, something might die at a minimum. We're gonna lose really expensive equipment that would be a bad day for anyone. That's the real cost. So what is the solution then? Because going back to the opportunity size, it is massive. Remember, how long have we been shipping electrical devices? There is so much stuff out there waiting to be tapped into, right? If you look at my company, we've been around for, I think it's like 42 years now, 43 years, something like that. And we've been shipping these little IO modules that basically do this physical world to digital world conversion. What you do is you wire up something like a motor or a pump to one of these cards. Now the cards aren't a one to one ratio, which means we have some cards that'll do all the way up to 32 devices or 32 pumps, motors, whatever it is you wanna talk to. Now if you multiply whatever number you wanna pick, one to 32, by the number of modules we've shipped in that time, which is roughly over 100 million modules, it starts to give you some idea of the number of devices that are out there that are waiting to be tapped into. But if you take a much bigger approach, much broader approach, Opto22, we're a fairly small company in that industry. We compete with massive juggernauts, like Rockwall Automation, General Electric, Schneider, Siemens, multi-billion dollar international conglomerates. Think how many devices they've shipped. But let's think about the bigger opportunity for a minute. Go back to Flint, Michigan and the oil rig. Those applications, those opportunities, we could literally start applying technology that could make the world a better place. So that's kind of what we're looking at here. Billions and millions of dollars, billions of devices that we could actually get out there, tap into and start doing some cool stuff with. So how do we do it? How do we bridge that gap? Because like I said, there's that technology and that cultural gap that we've gotta get over. Eventually, hopefully, the maker community will start migrating into the industrial space and we'll start seeing more open standards and programming languages built into that kind of hardware. We've gotta make the voltages and the currents of the real world, what those pumps, motors, sensors, relays, what those things speak. We've gotta make that available to these cloud applications. This means we basically need to digitize it into things like REST APIs, HTTP protocols and languages that the internet understands. Hopefully, industrial equipment will be designed from the get-go and shipped with that kind of stuff built into it, but it's going to take a long time. It's going to be a while. So in the meantime, what you need is some type of industrial internet of things platform. You need like a development platform that'll bridge the gap between the physical world and the digital world. Now, remember, it's gotta be able to translate what the pumps, motors, sensors, what those things communicate in to the digital world and it's gonna have to be super tough. Remember, when the operator runs it over with the truck, we don't necessarily want it to bring down the oil rig or whatever bad thing might happen. So it's gonna have to be able to thrive in incredibly harsh environments. Going back to the billions of devices that are already out there, we're gonna need a boatload of IO built into this thing. And we're not talking like 3.3 volt IO. We're talking about IO that can switch huge loads of electricity, which is what goes on in the actual real world. And remember, we want IoT communications and programming capabilities because there's this huge pool of engineering talent out there messing around with maker boards. If we let them get access to this type of industrial equipment, what could they do with it? So we need to have a hardware platform that communicates and understands the languages that those folks are familiar with. Things like Node.js, JavaScript. I've been at the booth all day. And as soon as I tell people that they can control a wind turbine with some JavaScript code, their eyes light up. It is the coolest thing I've seen in my entire career. The ideas that are flowing from people, it's just amazing. So let's say you're a diehard Raspberry Pi person, right? You absolutely can't get away from your Raspberry Pi. Or maybe you wanna quickly prototype something with a Raspberry Pi. And yes, this is my shameless product plug for the presentation. Let's get right out of the way. This is a Raspberry Pi daughter card. So basically you take the Raspberry Pi, you drop it onto the daughter board and then through the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi, you can control industrial grade IO modules and switch those high voltages, high currents all from your Raspberry Pi. So kind of cool. Something that's out there, we're testing it. So to recap, if anybody wanted the slides for the presentation, they're available at that URL up there. Feel free to download them. The market opportunity here is massive. The tools are out there right now. Remember the Nest Thermostat is shipping today, the stuff, we can do it right now. We just gotta get two very different groups working together. And I think it's gonna be up to the developer community to actually start making this stuff happen. So thanks, that's all I have for everybody. Any questions? Questions? Anybody? I know somebody's got one. It always takes one person to get the dialogue going. That's right. Well, that's where industrial specs come into play. That's why industrial equipment costs a lot more than a Raspberry Pi, as they go through all those testing, specification stuff. But without doing too much of a shameless plug, I can tell you there's already vendors out there in the market that are taking things like Linux and open standards and they're applying them to industrial grade equipment. So that stuff is out there and available in the market today. And for not as much money as you might think. Other questions? Anybody? It's the same kind of thing though. So on the consumer side, maybe like this building, right? The level of sensor that you buy to track temperature inside the building isn't going to be the level of sensor that you buy for making sure the oil rig doesn't catch on fire. It's the same kind of thing. It's all about risk, right? What's the associated risk if there's a failure and it's much larger in an industrial scale so you're going to pay for that? And there are a lot of different sensor companies out there in the industrial space. But again, you're paying way more for that kind of stuff than you are for a consumer grade sensor. So hopefully at some point in time, we'll see the prices come down on the industrial stuff and sensors will start getting rolled out all over the place. Yeah, absolutely. You might have to choose whatever sensor you need for your specific application. Whether it's industrial or consumer, commercial, whatever it is. That's very true. Sure, you do. You do. I don't know that it's so much an option anymore and it will be for a certain amount of time. But a quick show of hands in here. Who knows what ladder logic is? So we've got a few. Who knows what JavaScript is? There we go. So the developer community, the software engineering community, there's a shift going on. It's happening at an educational level. Like I talked to one guy today. He was a mechanical engineer and he said he had one class all through college where they taught him any kind of IEC languages whatsoever for the industrial community, like ladder logic or something like that. There's just a shift going on right now. In fact, if you go to like, like I was at an industrial automation conference back in 2015 and they brought an education specialist in to talk about how we've basically like lost that group of people. We don't have people that are, you know, highly paid HVAC engineers or industrial engineers anymore. Those type of schools are kind of going away somewhat in favor of, you know, higher level, almost like theory level learning. So it's less about actually doing something and more I guess about like, you know, talking about how it might be done. So I think there's a shift happening though. Part of the problem that we're having, at least from my perspective right now with this whole IoT thing and industrial internet of things is a lot of people are struggling to figure out how to do a return on investment study on this stuff. Because you're applying totally new technology to a problem that has been alive and then we just accept it for a long time. So one of the things that people struggle with is if I make the investment into some type of new technology, how long is it going to take for me to actually recoup my investment? Now, I'm not necessarily saying that Maker Board stuff should be deployed in mission critical life and death applications. But you know what a Maker Board is awesome for is prototyping an idea really quickly, right? Like that's what these hackathons are all about. We get a bunch of software engineers together, we throw them some boards, they hack together some stuff and we figure out what technologies do we need to marry together and actually solve a problem.  Does that can answer your question? I totally missed the mark there. All right, what is that? It's a Raspberry Pi. Ah, yeah, so it is, you're 100% correct. SD cards are awesome these days, but would you want to drop that $5 board on that oil rig? I mean, you can get around it. It's just how comfortable are you with the risk associated to it. That's what it comes down to. The other. Like JavaScript and on-compile languages like others. Sure. When you got to be like a baby. You're 100% correct. Absolutely right, absolutely right. So what if I had an API directly to the industrial IO? What if I could program in C or whatever language you want and I could talk to real-world electrical levels? Yeah, it's good. Fairly good, yeah. But the idea, the whole idea here that I'm trying to convey is let's give the developer community access to the stuff using the tools that, yeah, that's what I want to get to. Because I think there's a whole bunch of cool stuff out there. There is always a boundary that is very important. You're absolutely right. Yeah. Industrial development, I've been working and still working. Yeah. Well, that's what he was saying. That's what he was saying about the $5 board. It's just, it's your level of acceptance of risk is whatever you're going to do. Yeah, I mean, everybody wants a margin, right? That's a great question. I don't know if this is the theater for that. Sure. So there's two things there. There's this concept of edge computing or people talk about, like Cisco talks about fog computing. Basically what we do is we take some intelligence and we push it down to where something's actually happening. And that's where the control system lives. Because it has to live there. Because if the clouds down and the oil rig catches on fire, we can't interrogate the cloud to see if we should perform the control to turn on the fire system. So you got to have some control and smarts down there at the edge level. But when we're talking about getting access to data from billions of legacy devices, we've got to have the IoT stuff, the protocols, the ability to program it with software developers. That has to start transitioning into industrial equipment if we're going to do this. So it's not, it's happening right now. But to get data from an industrial asset into IBM Watson, today, I mean, it's not a trivial task, but there's things like Node-RED out there where you can wire together nodes without even having to write a line of code and move data from the real world right into a predictive analytics system. So it's possible today. It's just that we're right at that point where we're starting to adopt this kind of stuff and do that kind of stuff. Well, that's a good question. I don't have a good answer for you right now, but I'm getting a high sign back there. So if anybody else has any other questions or you want to talk about that further, swing by the booth or I'll be here after as well. Thanks, everybody. I appreciate your time. Thank you. Thank you.


All right, we'll be beginning our class for today. The on-campus students have gone on a mission trip, so they would not be here to join us. But then, of course, we will have our Google Classroom students joining in. So we'll get started. If Nina is there, yeah, you are here. Yes. If you could start with a word of prayer, and then we can get into our class. Yes, please go ahead. Gracious Loving Father, are you able to hear me? Oh, yes, yeah, go ahead. Gracious Loving Father, thank you for this day and for this time that you have given us, Lord, to come to your feet and to learn from your word. Thank you, Lord, for all that we have been learning in the classes that have gone by about the person of God himself and all the wonderful things that we are learning to grow in our relationship with you, to know you more. We commit today's class into your hands. Come at Pasadipika and all our other online students who will be joining soon. We pray that we will have a blessed time, learn from you, and grow in you. In Jesus' name, we pray. Amen. Thank you so much. Yes. So we've covered a whole bunch of doctrines so far. And today we will be looking at the doctrine of angels. So if you were to look in your notes, we would see that we've almost reached the end. So doctrine of angels is what we are looking at today. Now, the Bible does not say much about angels. So we don't have too much detail. Yeah, I just wanted to make sure that the recording is on. In case I make any mistakes regarding the recording, please, if you can keep an eye on what I'm doing and make sure that I do it all right. Yes. So yeah, now when it comes to just general folklore and the belief systems of the different religions, there are all kinds of things said about spirit beings, about angels and all of that. But what scripture says is what we would have to accept as true. For instance, in story books and movies from the West, we have this vague idea, I know, presented that when a little child dies, the child turns into an angel and this kind of floating around. They have this idea that very good people who have died, they turn into angels. I mean, all this must have been picked up from some, you know, from some, from some religions in the middle ages, I suppose. And then they were popularized later through fairy tales and all of that. But the Bible never gets human beings and angels mixed up ever.  They don't turn into angels.  They are two separate types of creations that God has made. And so, you know, we need to get that very, very clear. Good people don't turn into angels. Little children who pass away do not turn into angels. They go into the presence of God and they enjoy His presence, but they do not turn into angels. So that's just some kind of folklore that got popularized over the ages. So let's look at what actually scripture says about humans and about angels once they are inhabiting heaven, once they are in the New Jerusalem.  So if someone could please read out Hebrews chapter 12, 22 to 23. Hebrews chapter 12, 22 to 23 please. But you have come to Mount Zion to the heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the living God. It's 11, am I reading the right word? Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Yeah, yeah. Hebrews 12, 22 and 23 please. 23. You have come to thousands upon thousands of angels in joyful assembly to the church of the first born, whose names are written in heaven. You have come to God, the judge of all men, to the spirits of righteous men made perfect. So here, when we look at this particular passage, we see that in heaven and also in the new Jerusalem, which would be, you know, coming, we will have thousands upon thousands of angels. And then it talks about the church of the first born, which would be the believers. And it goes on to describe them as spirits of the righteous that have been made perfect. So these are separate beings.  They also inhabit this new Jerusalem, but they inhabit it as, you know, people who have now become part of the church and who are now enjoying eternal life in Christ. So in no way do people become angels at any point of time, okay? So they are described as two separate types of creations. And what else can we look at? Efficience 119 to 21. Yeah, you know, today there would be a lot of Bible verses, simply because, I mean, we just depend upon these verses to know a little bit about angels. Beyond that, we do not have much information. So, you know, thank you, Nina, for reading. But then if others also could pitch in, you know, if we could have different people reading out different verses, it just makes it easier. So if someone could read out Efficience 119 to 21, please. I guess, you know, the first year Google classroom students are not very used to having their Bibles with them.   Efficience 119 to 21, please. Yeah. And his incomparably great power for us who believe. That power is like the working of his mighty strength, which he exerted in Christ, when he raised him from the dead and seated him at his right hand in the heavenly relish. For above all rule and authority, power and dominion and every title that can be given, not only in the present age, but also in the one cookup. Yes, here it's talking about the position of these beings, you know, these angelic beings. And over here, it's talking about how Jesus Christ has been now seated at the right hand of the father and he is far above all rule and authority and above every power and dominion. And the third phrase that is used over there, you know, in different versions, you have different wording, but the third phrase basically is something like this. It says every title or every name that is every title that is declared, every name that is invoked here, it's talking about humans who invoke certain names. You know, they call upon certain beings and ask them to use their powers on behalf of humans.  So people invoke their name, they call upon them rather than calling upon the creator God, people choose, they call upon this title, you know, in Paul is saying in Ephesians, Jesus Christ is seated far above all rule and authority, including all these names and titles that are invoked, you know, by humans. He is seated above all of that and he will continue to remain superior to them, supreme over them, not only in the present age, but also in the age to come. You know, is how it describes Jesus. So again, saying that Jesus is some kind of a superior angel also would be a very false teaching. There is absolutely no connection.  Okay, so that's another thing to keep in mind. So another scripture which talks about his, his supremacy, that would be Colossians 1, 16. If someone could read out, Colossians 1, 16. By him, all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers, all things were created through him and for him. Yeah, it says over here, of course, the visible realm, you know, what we can see, what humans can see in the natural realm. Those have been created by Jesus Christ. Over here when it says him, it's talking about Jesus Christ. So Jesus Christ is the one who created everything that is seen by us in the natural realm. And what about the things that we are unable to see, the things which are there in the spiritual realm, those two have been created through him and for him is how it describes it over here. So even these supernatural beings have been created through him. And if you notice, this is being written to the Colossian believers. And if you were to read all of Colossians, you would discover that they had some problem creeping in. You know, there were some people who were kind of promoting angel worship. You actually see that term mentioned in chapter two, Colossians chapter two. And so there were some people who seemed to be under the impression that these angelic beings are in some way very great and to be worshiped. And so over here, you know, Paul is very clearly clarifying and saying, you know, what even these things that you think are so great, they too were created through him and for him. You see, even these angels were created for God. They were meant to submit to him and only do his will. And so the fallen beings, the fallen spirits that chose to oppose Jesus, opposed the Godhead, what they did was not right because they were created for God and for his purposes. And so we understand that even Satan who became a fallen angel, when he was originally created, he was created through Jesus and he was actually created for Jesus to submit to his purposes, I know, and to serve God. That was the original purpose. Maybe we could actually look at that, you know, those verses which talk about that, that would be Ezekiel 28, 14 to 15. If someone could please read out Ezekiel 28, 14 to 15, please, yeah. You were anointed as a guardian, Cherub, for so I ordained you. You were on the holy mount of God. You walk among the fury stones. You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created till wickedness was found in you. So it is very clearly saying over here, from the day you were created. And so over here, even as this passage is talking about Satan, it says that he was created. He did not exist from the beginning. So he's just a mere created being and what was he created for? It says in verse 14, it says that he was anointed as a guardian, Cherub. He was meant to guard the holy mount. It says that you were on the holy mount of God. You walked among the fury stones. So he was actually created to be like a guardian to watch over the holy mount, to uphold it, to honor God who is ruling from it and all of that. So that was what he was ordained for. So even he was created by Jesus for Jesus because Jesus is the ruler, the supreme sovereign ruler over all created beings. And so when the angels rebelled, it was a very deliberate conscious rebellion against the one, for whom they were supposed to be serving, for whom they had been created. So they chose to rebel against that. And that is why we are told in Colossians very clearly that we must not indulge in worshiping these angels, whether the holy angels of God who did not rebel or the evil fallen angels, we are not supposed to worship any of them. And this is what Colossians 2.18 says about angel worship. Colossians 2.18. Let no one cheat you, is that it? Yeah, yeah.  Yeah. Let no one cheat you of your reward, taking delight in false humility and worship of angels, intruding into those things which he has not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind. Yeah. So here it talks about people who are boasting about the things that they have seen in the spiritual realm, okay? And based on what they have seen, they are thinking that now they are very full of knowledge. Their unspiritual mind does not even realize that what has come to them is evil. I mean, it's not even godly. So they don't even understand that. And they have started worshiping these things that they are seeing, that they are interacting with in the spiritual realm. And so, in fact, they are criticizing these believers over here in the Colossian church and they are saying, you don't have any such visions. You're not getting any such visitations. So, you know, you people are not really the chosen ones of God. We on the other hand are being visited by angels and they're giving us secret knowledge about things which are not written in the scriptures. And so they were boasting about it.  And he goes on to say that these people are getting puffed up in their unspiritual minds because they don't really discern the truth. They have allowed themselves to be deceived and led away. And so it is so dangerous to depend on just a vision or a message that you have received in some supernatural manner. We would immediately have to go back to scripture and see whether whatever we have been told in that vision is perfectly in line with scripture or not because if that is not the case, then there is a danger that what has come to us is not from God and rather it is just something evil. And so we are told very clearly not to worship angels, not to very naively accept messages that come to us through these kinds of supernatural means. Now let's look at two passages where you have John. John was a highly respected leader. He was basically functioning out of Ephesus at that time. Long after all the other disciples had passed away, he continued living for a very long time. And so he was one of the main leaders of the church. So from Ephesus, he was basically looking after the mission operations in that entire Asia Minor region and all of that. And so maybe because of that, God chooses him specifically to write to the churches, to the seven churches. He says, send these messages to the churches. So what does it say about him? Let's just look at a couple of passages. We will maybe first look at Revelation 19 versus nine and 10. If someone could read out for us Revelation 19, nine and 10 please. Then he said to me, right, blessed are those who are called in the marriage supper of the lamb. And he said to me, these are the true sayings of God. And I fell at his feet to worship him, but he said to me, see that you do not do that. I am your fellow servant and of your brethren who have the testimony of Jesus. Worship God for the testimony of Jesus is a spirit of prophecy. Okay, so it's the testimony of Jesus, which is the true prophecy from the spirit. So when this angel is revealing the true words of God, the angel is a messenger who is conveying the true words of God. The words that are being spoken are so powerful and so amazing that John, I mean, John who would obviously know better than anyone else, he is unable to control himself and he just falls down at the feet of this being and tries to worship it. And immediately this angel speaks and says, don't do that, I am just a fellow servant with you and with your brothers. So I too have been created to serve Jesus the same way all of you are serving Jesus. So all of us together are just servants of this Jesus. And so he says worship, worship him, worship God for he is the one, Jesus is the one who has the testimony, the true words of life which we need. And so all worship must be directed towards him. So even if we get any messages from angels, they appear in our room and they deliver a powerful and beautiful message, we must remember that the words which they are carrying are just words from God, he is the one to be worshiped. This is just the messenger and the messenger is not to be worshiped. Even when a holy angel comes, we are not meant to worship that angel. We are only meant to receive that message which has been given to us. And the surprising thing is it happens twice, again in Revelation 22, 8 to 9, when John is interacting with one of those angelic beings, it says over there, and when I had heard and seen them, I know that the visions which this angel was revealing, he says, when I had heard and seen these visions, he says, I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who had been showing them to me. And again, that angel says, don't do that.  So the thing about having dreams and visions and all of these supernatural events happening to a believer, the danger in that is that you can get misled. You may get attracted to the phenomena itself, where you think, oh, wow, all these things are happening to me, I must be in some way superior to all the others. And in the process of having those wrong thoughts, you may also end up being drawn to these beings that are coming to you, saying, oh, wow, how lovely it would be if I could have one more angelic visitation, if I could have them come into my room and make everything shine and all of that. So never allow your heart to go after the angelic beings. Never worship them. Never let your interest be drawn towards them. Let your focus remain on the Lord. And of course, one day when we see the Lord, we will discover that he's far more glorious than these angels. Angels are just created beings. On the other hand, he who is the creator is infinitely beyond anything, beyond anything that is just created. So at that time, we will realize that there is a very clear difference between him and angels. Right now everything shiny and bright looks very divine to us, but it is good to understand and remember that even holy angels, even though they are good, are not to be worshipped. So worship of angels, very clearly forbidden in scripture. In the same way, at the same time, blasphemy of angels, whether good or evil, good angels and bad angels, blasphemy of angels is also forbidden. What exactly does that mean? Let's look at a couple of passages which talk about that. If we could maybe first read 2 Peter chapter 2 verses 10 to 12. 2 Peter 2, 10 to 12. This is especially true of those who follow the current desire of the flesh and despise authority. Bold and arrogant, they are not afraid to heap abuse on celestial beings. Yet even angels, although they are stronger and more powerful, do not heap abuse on such beings when bringing judgment on them from the Lord. But these people, blasphemy in matters they do not understand, they are like unreasoning animals, creatures of instinct, born only to be caught and destroyed, and like animals, they too will perish. All right, so we are not given much detail about what exactly was being done over here, but the warning is very clear. It says, you know, even the holy angels don't do this, you know, don't participate in this kind of behavior. So we humans also should not be doing that. And almost the same wordings are again used in Jude. Jude, you know, Jude has only one chapter. So in Jude verses 8 to 10, almost the same thing is repeated. It talks about ungodly people who have polluted their own bodies and it says reject authority and heap abuse on celestial beings. It's talking about this ungodly people who are rejecting authority and heaping abuse on celestial beings. And then it goes on to say, even Archangel Michael, when he was disputing with the devil about the body of Moses, did not himself dare to condemn him for slander, but just said, the Lord rebuke you. And then it goes on to say in Jude 10, yet these people slander whatever they do not understand and the very things they do understand by instinct as irrational animals do, will destroy them. And so almost the same thing is repeated in 2nd Peter and in Jude. And you know, there are different theories about what exactly these, what kind of wrong behavior these people were indulging in. We just see that in both places, in both passages it says that they were despising authority, that they were being bold and arrogant and that they were heaping abuses on these celestial beings. And we get to know that these celestial beings are ungodly, they are sinful because it talks about how the holy angels are bringing judgment upon them. In Jude, we see that it is Michael, Michael the archangel, the good angel who is disputing with the devil, the devil who is evil.  They are rebelling against God. These are not good celestial beings. They are evil celestial beings, but the people are being told to be careful in how they interact with them. And so, one assumption is that maybe these people who were, these are basically a part of the church, right? Ungodly people in the church who are using, who are mixing up godly scriptural truths with other wrong teachings. So it looks like these people are trying to use their spiritual authority in all the wrong ways. So rather than being careful, they were being bold and arrogant and misusing the godly authority given to them. Because it says here they were despising authority. Jude says they were rejecting authority. God has created all of creation in a particular way with a certain order and we are supposed to respect that order. We can't go addressing whatever creature we want to in whatever way, no. There is a way in which God has established things and we are meant to respect that. So speaking in that context, maybe these people were misusing the spiritual authority that is granted to the true believers. True believers can take a stand against an evil being in the name of Jesus if that evil being is doing something that goes against the plans and purposes of God. So we do not randomly go about abusing the demons and having conversations with them and saying whatever comes into our head against them. No, we do whatever we do, we do it only in the name of Jesus with his authority and only with regard to the things which he has given us authority for. So we have to be very careful in the way we are using our spiritual authority. We cannot just simply randomly go interacting with these demonic beings however we wish because it says even Archangel Michael when he had to dispute with the devil, it says, did not himself dare to condemn him for slander but said the Lord rebuke you, okay? So we do not know the full details of what exactly those people were doing, what it is that Peter was addressing and what it is that Jude was addressing, we do not have the details but at least we get this much warning that whatever we are doing must be done keeping in mind the authority that has been established by God. So if God has given believers certain authority to be used in a particular way, we only use it in the way that he has permitted and we do it in a way that honors him and his plans for his people and for the kingdom. We don't go fighting demons in our own strength using whatever method comes into our own heads. No, that would be dangerous. We may not be abusing the celestial beings in the way these people did because we're not very sure what exactly that was but we would be putting ourselves at risk, okay? So worship of angels, most clearly forbidden, unauthorized interaction with angels where you are doing trying to declare your authority over them in the wrong manner that also is strictly forbidden and not to be indulged in. So we have to be careful about these things and of course any wrong doctrines that these angels are trying to give us that also is of course very much forbidden. Maybe we can look at a couple of scriptures regarding the false doctrines which angels bring. If someone could read out 2 Corinthians 11, 13 and 14 please. 2 Corinthians 11, 13 and 14. But men are false apostles, deceitful workmen, masquerading as apostles of Christ and no wonder for Satan himself masquerades as an angel of light, it is not surprising. Yeah, so it's here, it's talking basically about the false teachers and it talks about how they are pretending to be messengers of light, teachers of light. And so here Paul is telling them when Satan himself sometimes comes to people as an angel of light, pretending to be bringing the truth, you need to be on the watch out for people who will also do the same thing.  So you have Satan doing that who sometimes pretends to be an angel of light. And so that is why it says in Galatians 1-8 it says, even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preach to you let them be under God's curse. So when we receive revelations about scripture in visions and dreams, we need to be very careful. Is that vision or is that message which has been conveyed in line with scripture or not? If it is something that is clashing with other aspects of scripture, then we have to accept that maybe this is actually a demonic being that came to us masquerading as an angel of light but it has actually brought something to us which is contradicting scripture. So it's good of course to be careful in all of these things. And then just moving on to the hierarchical structure that we see, the same way here on earth we have hierarchical structures which help us to do our administration better in the same way even in the spiritual realm also there seem to be different hierarchical structures and orders. So if we were to look at 1st Peter 3, maybe, yeah okay 1st Peter 3, 21 and 22. If someone could read out 1st Peter 3, 21 and 22 please. On this water symbolizes baptism that now saves you also, not the removal of dirt from the body but the pledge of the clear conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ who has gone into heaven and is at God's right hand with angels, authorities and powers in submission to him. It seems to refer to three categories of these spiritual beings. It talks about angels, it talks about authorities and then it talks about powers and all these three categories of beings are now in direct submission to the Lord Jesus. You know even as he's sitting there at the right hand of God, these different creatures are in submission to him. They take orders from him, they go and fulfill whatever plans he has sent them on. So they do those things. So it seems to be some kind of a hierarchical system where you probably have the angelic beings like the archangels probably coming in on the top and then under them you would have other authorities which are functioning and below them you would have the powers which basically take care of the day to day running of things that need to be done here on the earth. So in the same way in Satan's kingdom you have a hierarchical structure. Even here in heaven also there seems to be a kind of hierarchical structure where you would obviously have the arch angels right at the top and then below that you would have different levels of authority. So also apart from these angels among the good creations that chose to hold on to the Lord we have these other beings. They are not angels because that's not the word used for them. You have different words used for them and so you basically have something called cherubim. And the cherubim seem to be performing one particular kind of function. So maybe we could just look at one scripture, Genesis 3, 24 where you actually have a cherubim mentioned. Genesis 3, 24 please. So he drove out the man and he placed cherubim at the east of the Garden of Eden and a flaming sword which turned every way to guard the way to the tree of life. And so they say that maybe the cherubim are some kind of guards. They are these kind of warrior beings that will protect and defend and keep and look after because if you notice even earlier, I mean when we were talking about Satan he too was created and ordained to be a guardian cherub. Which was the worst seem to have lost it. Yeah, where was that Ezekiel 28 verse 14. So he too was actually created to be a guardian cherub. So the impression that we get is that these cherubim were specifically created to serve as guards, guardians. And so they would probably be extra powerful because they know the purposes of God. So they are not angels. Angels are a separate kind of creation. Humans are a separate kind of creation. Humans of course are extra special because they are created in God's image. Then of course you have even the cherubim who have been created to maybe guard different things. And then we have the other term that we are familiar with, the seraphim and maybe one example could be Isaiah 6-2. If someone could read out, Isaiah 6-2. Above it stood seraphim. Each one had six wings with two he covered his face, with two he covered his feet and with two he flew. So these are beings that are literally there near the throne of God. So are they meant to be worshipers? Is that their special purpose? I mean, we do not know because we don't have any details mentioned about them anywhere else, but it looks like these are probably creatures that were created specifically to be in God's immediate presence. Maybe that is their role and purpose. And then in Ezekiel, we have these popular creatures that are talked about. We also have them mentioned in Revelation as well. So in Ezekiel, we have a more detailed description about them. Maybe we can just look at verses Ezekiel chapter one. If we could just look at verse five and six that should do, I suppose. Yeah, Ezekiel one, five and six. And then the fire was what looked like four living creatures. In appearance, their form was that of a man, but each of them had four faces and four wings. Their legs. So yeah, yeah, it goes on to give very detailed descriptions about what their legs looked like and what their, you know, how many eyes they had and all of that. So I mean, if they seem to be having a human form, because that's what it says, in appearance, their form was human. But then it talks about them having four faces. But then in Revelation chapter four, verses six to eight, when they are described over there, again, the same term living creatures is used over there. Over there, they seem to have only one face each. So I'm not exactly sure how it works, but anyway, so this is another category of creations. So even though we're talking about angels specifically, it is good to know that angels are not the only kind of creation that we see in the supernatural realm. We also see these other types of creations that God has made and each will be having its own function and purpose. Okay, so this is regarding some of the things that we see regarding the good beings. And then of course, there are the fallen ones. So when we come to the kingdom of darkness, which Satan established, I know after he cost some of the other angels to rebel along with him. So in his kingdom of darkness, also we seem to see a hierarchical system. And that is actually described to us in Ephesians 612. So yeah, if we can just have someone read out, Ephesians 612 and look at the different levels of authority that are described over there. Ephesians 612. For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this age, against spiritual host of wickedness in the heavenly places. So the first one, I mean, different versions are English Bibles, different versions have got different terms, but in the original, in the Greek, the word that is used for the first one, whether it's called principalities or in NIV, it says rulers, whatever the term may be in English, the original term that is used over there is arkas. You know, that's basically an arkas, like in archives, something old, something ancient, archaic, archaic is again something, the word is used for something that's very ancient. So the word that is used for these beings is the term arkas, which literally means ancient ones. So probably it's referring to the highest level of demonic powers. You know, the ones which originally, when God created them, they are the ones which held the highest level of power, probably. Maybe that's the reason why the Greek word that is used to describe them is the word arkas, which literally means ancient ones. So they are probably at the highest level and then come the next one. Again, different translations will use different words. NIV uses the word authorities to describe the second level and the Greek word is basically exusia, which basically means, you know, they have authority and it looks like this is delegated authority which has been given to them by those, by the ancient ones, the ancient ones which are right at the top, they delegate some of their authority to the next level of beings and this next level of beings have to follow their orders and do whatever they are asking them to do. At the third level is basically what you have, the powers of this dark world. So that would be kosmo kratos. So that word kosmo kratos literally means kosmo is world, kratos is rulers. So world rulers. So this may be the third level where, you know, you have the different sections of the earth being given to different powers and they have authority over that particular territory. So which is why people talk about territorial spirits and all of that. All that is just based upon this one single word but the term that is used over there kosmo kratos.  Now when you come to Colossians 116, you again have something similar mentioned. Paul doesn't use the very same terms. He uses certainly some different words but again he talks about four categories. Of invisible powers where he talks about thrones, powers, rulers and authorities. So maybe in the kingdom of darkness there are these four hierarchical levels operating. So that's just that little bit of information that we can extract from these verses. Now coming to the fall of the angels that chose to rebel. We have some scriptures which talk about that. So why did some of the angels fall? Why did they rebel? What was the cause? We see that nicely described actually in Jude 1.6. If someone could read out Jude verse six. And the angels who did not keep their positions of authority but abandoned their own home. See he has kept in darkness bound with everlasting change for judgment on the great day. Yeah, it talks about how there are some angels who did not keep their positions of authority. They abandoned their proper dwelling. They were meant to hold a certain position. They were meant to serve God in a particular way but they did not want to keep their position of authority. They tried to abuse the power given to them and it is these angels upon which judgment has come. It talks about these angels being tied up somewhere in a dark place and being held in bondage over there. So obviously these particular angels are not freely moving around on the earth doing whatever they wish. So it looks like as if some angels have been left for a while to operate as they wish but while others have already been kept in bondage and they are not wandering around the earth as they wish according to their free will. So we probably would need to look more into detail regarding these things after the break. So right now we will go for a break and then if we could all log back in. All right, yeah, thank you so much.