Hello everyone, this is Dr. Rupali Shalke from Walchin Institute of Technology, Sholapur working as an associate professor in electronic department. In this video lecture, we are going to discuss on a radar range equation. Learning outcomes of this video lectures are after completion of the session students are able to derive the radar range equation and discuss some of the factors affecting the radar range equation. Now, the basic function of the radar is to determine the range of the target that is why let us see how this range of the target is derived. What is exactly a free space? A free space it is assumed that a target and the radar are being located into the free space means there is a no interruption or a no obstacles between the transmitter of the radar and the target. It is a empty space and it is totally a signals which have been transmitted from the transmitter are transmitted towards the target, the radar range equation relates the range of the radar to the characteristics of the transmitter, receiver, antenna, target and the environment or a we can call is a media through which the signals are transmitted. Let us consider some of the entities for the derivation. Let us consider if Pt is a power transmitted by the radar transmitter and the antenna used for them is a isotropic antenna and R is a distance between the transmitter and the target. Then the power density given by Pd at the distance R from the isotropic source is given by Pd is equal to the Pt divided by 4 pi R square that is nothing but a surface area of the spherical surface by the radius R and the power density is measured by watts per meter square. Radars are usually employs the direct to antenna to direct the transmitted power Pt into some particular direction means radars are usually using the direct to antennas. In such case the gain of the antenna is a measure to increase the power radiated in a direction of the target that is why in the equation of the power density at a distance R a direct to antenna gain is considered. If you see that the above equation is modified by considering the antenna gain. The target intercept the portion of the incident power and radiate it into the various direction. The major amount of the incident power is intercepted by the target and re-radiated back in the direction of the radar and this area is denoted by the radar cross section of the target which is given by the sigma and which is measured in unit is meter square. The power intercepted by the target having the areas sigma is given by P of t that is nothing but a total power is given by the transmitted power into the gain of the antenna into the cross section area divided by the 4 pi R square. The total power is measured into the watts where it multiplies by with the meter square as it is multiplied with the area the meter square is not considered in this equation. The cross section area of the target is nothing but a characteristics of a particular target means it depends on the target it is characteristics changes and it is used to measure its size and shape when the size depending upon the size and shape of the target this value of the sigma is changing. The power density at of the eco signals which are received at the radio radar station is given by P t into P of d is equal to P t g sigma upon 4 pi R square into 1 upon 4 pi R square. To receive the signals the signal the signals are going to travel the same distance that is why 1 upon 4 pi R square is again multiplied with the power density equation. The radar antenna captures the portion of this eco powers that is reflected power. If the reflected area of the receiving antenna is denoted by a then the effective area then the received power by the radar is given by P of R which is nothing but a received power to which that is a effective area of the antenna is multiplied. The maximum radar range equation which is denoted by R max is a distance behind which a target cannot be detected. It occurs when the received eco power is just equal to the minimum detectable signal that is why we indicate the received power as a minimum distance that is P R is equal to denoted by S mean and R is a maximum distance that is R max. This R max is a maximum distance where we are receiving the minimum detectable signal. When you substitute this values the P R will replace by S mean that is received power and R is replaced by R max which is a maximum range of the equation in the equation number 5. After substitution just rearranging this equation we will get the equation 7 which is nothing but a R max equation where which is going to be P T G sigma A is upon 4 pi square into the S mean the whole raise to 1 by 4. This is a maximum range equation for the radar. On the theory of antenna if we know that G gain of the antenna is given by 4 pi effective area divided by the lambda square where lambda is a frequency depends upon the frequency of the radar or aperture area or effective area is given by G into lambda square upon 4 pi. By substituting either G or A into the equation number 7 we will get R max alternative equations for the R max that is R max in terms of A that is effective area and R max in terms of gain of the antenna. These are the alternative equations for the radar range equations. Now what are the factors affecting this radar range equations? What could be the factors? By seeing the equation let us pause this video and just think on the what could be the factors? factors affecting the radar range equations this is the radar range equations that is same as we have seen the equation number 7 observed. It is observed that the radar range equation depends upon the transmitted power P T it depends upon the frequency on which G or A is depend that is frequency in terms of wavelength and cross section area of the target that is sigma and the minimum received signals that is S min. How they are affecting? If the radar range is to be double then we have to increase the transmitted power 16 times since R is inversely proportional to the P of T by 1 by 4 means we have to 16 times increase the transmitted power P T has to be increased 16 times. Now the second factor affecting that is a frequency we know that R max is directly proportional to the 1 upon square root of lambda or R max is directly proportional to the square root of the frequency. This implies that the as the frequency increases the range increases the this is a conflict to each other that is why as the directivity of the antenna is depends upon the wavelength. The third factor that is a target associated sectional area this factor involves a multi scattering process that are depend on the operating frequency and dimension geometry and orientation of the target as we are discussing the previous slide that area of cross section that is sigma of the target is varies which is used for determining the shape and size of the target as its value changes based on that this values are also changing the range of the target. The last affecting factor is the minimum received signal the factor set the limits on the gain of the receiver sensitivity. This factor limits the gain of the receiver sensitivity then this can be controlled by using the no adjusting the noise figure of the receiver which is given by R max is directly proportional to P of t. These are the few references through which we are considered the wave equations. Thank you.


Welcome traders to the Tick Mill weekly market outlook for week commencing the 29th of August with me Patrick Munley. In the US it's really all going to be about the August jobs report and the focus of the trading world's attention for this week. Despite the US having been in technical recession through the first half of the year, the economy has created 3.2 million jobs year to date with 528,000 of them coming in July alone. Markets don't expect anything like that for August, though given vacancies have started to fall off and business surveys have suggested more caution on the economic outlook. Nonetheless, a 250k print would still be very respectable and will certainly keep the Fed in hiking mode with the unemployment rate set to remain at 3.5% and wages continuing to push higher. Markets favor a 50 basis point hike on September 21st rather than a 75 basis point move. However, should the economy add substantially more jobs, say 350k plus and the wage number posts a second consecutive 0.5% month on month increase or higher, then it could swing the argument in favor of that 75 basis point move, especially after we have that hawkish toad from Powell at the Jackson Hole Symposium on Friday. The data of note will be the ISN Manufacturing Report and Construction Spending, while August Auto Sales numbers will give an early indication of consumer spending. Also, watch out for a number of Federal Reserve speakers obviously following up on Powell's comments on Friday. So from a technical perspective, Dollar Index is a decent outside reversal on Friday, so I'm looking for a follow-through early in the week and ultimately we're looking for a move up through 110 to test into the 110-30, 110-50 area. From here I'm going to be watching for bearish momentum divergence to be maintained, to actually watch for bearish reversal patterns to engage on the short side, looking for a corrective move back into test support down to 104.50s before setting a base for the next push higher. Moving to the Eurozone, and it's a big week for Eurozone data with the August inflation reading out on Wednesday and an employment due on Thursday. With the September ECB meeting coming up, the debate between hawks and doves has become more heated, again as government council members are returning from their holidays. These figures will be key inputs for the meeting, while some supply side factors are currently bringing relief as input costs fade, gas crisis continues to push prices for consumers up at a very fast pace. Expect another increase in the Eurozone inflation reading for August. The unemployment rate will give a sense of whether the labor market is responding to weaker economic circumstances. Moving to the charts here, Euro rejected from resistance at the 10090s. Now looking for follow-through earlier in the week, and we're actually looking for a test down now into the year the S3 into this 9760 area. From there, as long as we maintain bullish momentum divergence, we'll be watching for bearish reversal patterns to actually engage on the long side, initially looking for a move up to retest trend channel resistance cited just below the 101 level. If we get through there we look for an extension up to retest that resistance area at the 10360s. Moving to the UK and lighter data week for the UK, we're actually only looking at nationwide house prices to be released on Monday, looking for a 0.1% print there. Then we also get Tuesday, net consumer credit looking for a 1.8 billion print there versus 1.6 billion print in the prior month. That really is the only data or a note coming out in the UK next week. Obviously attention still on political developments with respect to the new Prime Minister, hotly tipped to be in his trust at this stage. From a technical perspective, Sterling put in an outside reversal on Friday, bearish patterns. I'm looking for an extension down through these prior lows at the 1.1720. I'm looking now for price to test into 1.15. From there, watch for bullish reversal patterns to potentially engage on the long side, initially targeting a move back up into test the projected channel resistance coming in at 1.2050. At this stage, only a loss of 1.14. The downside would suggest that we have further to go to the downside in the next area of interest will be the 1.10 level. In terms of the yen and Japanese data next week, again, a little light on the counter. We do get a new composite leading economic index on Monday, looking for a 100.6 print there. We will also get the jobless rate on Monday. 2.6% is the anticipated print there. Then on Tuesday, we get retail trade, looking for a negative 1.3% month over month with a year over year of 1.5. We then get consumer confidence on Wednesday, looking for a 30.2 print there. We'll see housing starts looking for negative 2.2 in terms of housing starts. Then we round out the week with capital spending on Thursday, looking for a 3.0 print there. It's from a technical perspective, Dolly Yen being a bullish reversal pattern on Friday. I'm looking as long as we maintain support now, at 1.3570. I'm looking for an extension up to test 1.40 on the upside. From there, be watching for bearish momentum divergence, bearish reversal patterns to engage on the short side, looking for a pullback into the 1.3390s. Rounding out the week down under, all with Australia on Tuesday, we get building approvals, looking for a 2.6 print there, month over month. Then heading into Wednesday, we get private sector credit, looking for an improvement there, up from 0.8 last time to 0.9%. We also get private sector credit, looking for a 9.1 print there. Then we round out the week on Thursday with private capital expenditure, looking for a negative 0.3 print there. From a technical perspective, the Aussie Dollar bearish outside reversal pattern. Looking now for a test of this potential pitchfork support here, 6840s. From there, be watching for bullish reversal patterns to engage on the long side, looking for a move up into the high volume node at 7180s. At this stage, any close back through the 6840s will be bearish development. We did get an inside bearish week in terms of the weekly candlestick set up there. Any follow through through those 6840s, I want to be engaged on the short side, obviously looking for a test of the equality objective versus the swing high at 7660s. We are targeting a test of 6640s. We'll just wrap things up by checking in to see where Bitcoin is over the weekend. We have traded below the trend channel support, testing the 20K level, actually printing below 20K over the weekend. We will see now, as long as we maintain resistance at the 21,800 to 22,000 level, we are looking for this test of the major equality objective down to 12,185. That concludes the weekly market outlook for a week, commencing the 29th of August. As always, trade us, plan the trade, trade the plan, and most importantly, manage your risk. Until next week, thanks very much.


gut microbiota composition and levels of short chain fatty acids, SCFAs, and related metabolites are altered in Dutch and muscular dystrophy, DMD. These changes can be reversed by supplementation with sodium biturate, NAB, which has been shown to rescue muscle strength and autophagy, and reduce inflammation associated with excessive endocannabinoid signalling at CB1 receptors. This suggests that NAB could be used as a therapeutic agent for DMD. Additionally, this study found that NAB activates GPR109A and PAR receptors, which leads to reduced inflammation and increased autophagy in muscle cells. This research provides evidence that gut microbiota composition and SCF-based player role in DMD, and suggests that NAB could be used as a therapeutic agent for DMD. This article was authored by Hilal Kalkan, Esther Pogono, Deborah Parris, and others.


I'm right here with Dr. Teri Ezekia, who's always the CEO of MCSK, that is Music Cooperation Society of Kenya. How are you with Dr. Teri? Well, we are celebrating our legends tonight. Indeed. It is lit. How does that make you feel, Dr. Teri? Because we've had this leading sportsmen for a long time, but we haven't really had this moment just to celebrate them. How do you feel about all this? I think it's a national shame that 60 years down the line. This is the time now we are celebrating them. But at the same time, it's a great moment to see that we have a CS who is beautiful, both at heart and physically, and who is pushing, who is opening new doors to recognize our musicians, to appreciate them, to recognize our sportspeople, to appreciate them, and to open opportunities for them to feel celebrated. They say give people their flowers when they can smell them. Like the CSR said, there's no point of really going for funerals and ordering big funerals for artists and our legends, our sportspeople, when they die. We need to celebrate them now. And like you said, these are our greatest ambassadors. They put the Kenya's name on the map day in, day out. It's a great moment. We can say here that all night, even tomorrow, and celebrate them. I mean, Dr. Teri, I know we have so many of them who have achieved a lot. The sportsmen. But I would like to know who is the greatest of all time according to you? Just one. For me. For me, it's an old man who is not here. He's called Mashu Muluwa. Mashu Muluwa was the coach for Rambestars in the 80s. And I was a child. And I would steal my father's radio and go to look after cows with the radio when Rambestars was playing. The days of Josford Molera, Dr. Joma Singer, the likes of Peter Dowell, he has never left my mind. And they would carry him shoulder high. That time we used to celebrate our sports. And when we won, when Rambestars won, even the president would issue a statement. It was great. So for me, it stuck because that time there was no support, really. It was very minimal. But he mended a team that won't even produce players that went on to win even the African Cuff. Yeah, through Goldmire. Now, Dr. Terry, you were mentioning to me behind the scenes that you know now the CMOs and the ministry are working together. And I know people have always been blaming the CMOs. But now we have a new page. How excited are you about that? So excited. You know, two days ago I went to State House. The first lady was hosting some of these legends. And I was so happy to see and recognize them. You know, recognize them one by one and giving them the time even to give their history and to be able to be a State House. You can see what the CS is doing. For me, it is refreshing. It is incredible. It's incredible because more than money, these great legends and veterans need our appreciation and they need to be given their appreciation now. So for me, it is exciting. We have opened a new chapter to collaborate and engage with the government agencies and the private sector to ensure that we put money in the pockets of these musicians and the great athletes and sports people in this country through to Landahela. I'm a champion, actually. I told the CS that I'll be the champion. We are turning around this industry within a very short time. Right now, there's appreciation of our music industry. There's appreciation of our athletes. And you can see what Fred Kepiagon is doing, what Ferdinand Omanera. But more importantly, in a very short time, you're going to see great music coming out of Kenya. We've been beaten by Tanzania, by Nigeria, by South Africa. But I can tell you this will produce other Grammys and Oscars like Lupita Nyong'o out of the music industry. We are going to have other great people in this industry. What they lacked is leadership and that's what we are providing by bringing professionalism, by ensuring that the artists themselves are the most critical component of our operations and that they take credit. And if there is money, it goes to them, not to us. So we are putting them first. In fact, if you look at the balance that you have done, they say MCSK Niyawasani, Wasanindio Wenyechama. Wasanindio Wenyechama. Now, Dr. You know, like you've mentioned, Tanzanians, Nigerians are overtaking us especially when it comes to Kenyans listening to their music. Kenyans don't seem to support, you know, the Kenyans are artists. What do you think is the problem that we have? Like Diamond is the most streamed artist in Kenya. Why do you think the problem is? I think first of all, lack of this kind of celebration and appreciation because it must come from us and leadership comes from the top. Because if the government appreciates them, the society appreciates them and we begin to celebrate them. The reason why we have been inviting Diamond is because he's loved even in his country, but more importantly they see the opportunities available in Kenya that our people don't see. We don't love our own. Most of the times we don't know. Some of the legends you have seen here, like Paul Terragat, people like David Rudisha, I have gone with them to London and in the streets of London you are stopped and a crowd is kneeling around you because they have seen a champion. Those guys work in Arabia. We don't make as much celebration for them. So what we are bringing back to the sport and to the music industry is the excitement, the fun. It is the appreciation, it is the celebration and this is what makes countries great. The whole sport industry, the whole music industry is about celebrating the spirit of resilience, teamwork, you know, discipline. This is what we need to celebrate and these values can be inculcated to our young people to know that you don't just, there are no quick fixes. You don't just wake up and you win. You don't become a champion.   You don't need to be a minister. You don't have to be a politician. You can be famous and you can live in this country celebrated and honored as a sportsperson, as a musician, as a footballer. Any field of sport or music can make you famous and be loved by Kenyans. As I wind up, Doctorie, I always like to reference what you told me that you want to make Kenyan artist billionaires. What's the progress, Doctorie? Because I'm still seeing them sending screenshots on social media. I don't know what's the progress. We were collecting from places that have changed. The ecosystem of music has dynamically changed. Fundamentally, we used to collect from Kenyans and salons and restaurants. There's no money there. Since COVID, a lot of that economy has crumbled. Money is in the digital platforms. Money is in the Thalanda hella. We have now identified three areas where we are going to raise money. One of them is the new media, the digital media, TikToks of this world, YouTube's of this world. We are working with the minister. We are signing new MOUs. We are at 1.7% of the Kenyan repertoire on YouTube. We have raised that to 16.5%. Then there is something called blank tape levy. I don't know if you've heard about it. A small tax that is levied on end gadget at the port of entry that it has capacity to record copyrighted material. That can raise about 6 billion per year. Then we are looking at broadcasters and they are growing in their numbers. We want to ensure that they are also on them because they can't function without music. We are looking at the areas with huge streams of revenue rather than harassing kioses in the village. It is actually more routine after those guys when, for example, Schizatune is raising 1.8 billion but a lot of that money goes to the brokers, their PRSPs. Now we want to work with them and see how most of the money, the big chunk of the money can go to the artist. Through the blank tape levy, through broadcasters, through the new media, we are going to raise a lot of money. We have committed to the president, but on December MCSK will be at the forefront in giving the highest amount of money because 12th December of Jamuri Day, this year is dedicated to the creative economy. So it will not be stories. It will be real appreciation and real checks. So the stories of 600, the stories of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 is over. The president will issue the checks himself. We're not going to be sending through M-Pesa because that's what has been happening. So we have streamlined the entire ecosystem because we didn't have licenses for many years. CMOS did not have licenses. Tariffs were lowered in 2019 by 90%. Now they have been published by the minister just two weeks ago, raised them to 60%. We have now this collaboration that we are doing. I can tell you, those stories will not be there anymore. But they need to give us time. Rome was not building a day. We needed to put in together those structures and then lay the program to ensure that by December we can be able to distribute a lot of money. Now this reminds me, Dr. Harry, I saw that the new tariffs have been gazetted and the hospitals are paying more in licenses as compared to clubs and salons and all that. How so? These things went through public participation. So there is a reason behind it because everybody had a chance to argue their case. You know some of these places need music more. If someone is in the hospital, they need music. Music is needed even in funerals. Music is needed in hotels. So there was conversation and all the stakeholders were brought on board. So if you see someone paying more than the other, it's because that's what was agreed in the public participation sessions. So it's not imposed on them. This is what was agreed on but we are going to implement it in a sequential manner and refuse they are doing the right thing and they are not being forced to pay. They are paying because they understand why they should pay. Because I want my daughter and my son to be proud to become musicians because they can see a billionaire musician. Now when they see us bringing diamond platinum because these hotels are not paying, broadcasters are not paying, I think it's a shame. It's a national shame. We are turning around that situation and we believe by December you will see a difference. Yes. Last question. What is that one thing that Terry, people misunderstand you about? I'm very passionate. I love my work and I give it my best. People mistake it for self-aggratization and self-preservation because it's always a common notion that if you're in government and you are so passionate, you must be benefiting. When they see me dressing well or doing something, driving a nice car, they think it is managed to learn from them. I actually give more than my salary. Every month, particularly the last one year since I joined the music industry because of the situation there, I give my money. I attend launches of albums and I spend my money. People don't appreciate that. They think we are there to steal. Even some of them, if you check on Google, you'll find stories of theft and so on. Even when I was KFCB, when I was living, they wanted to do audit and investigations. They always think you can't be straight if you are hoarding, you're in charge of millions. I've been a school captain and I see you chairman since my childhood. All through. They don't know that I used to it. So they mistake you for another corrupt government official and they think you are there to steal. It pains me, but that is what you need. When you are in leadership, you must be strong and you must develop thick skin to be able to be resilient to overcome until you understand. A year ago, I could not attend a meeting like this. Can't believe it. Musicians would be shouting everywhere. Now, we are being recognized. I was speaking at State House as the chief guest of the first lady two days ago. Things are changing. That was Dr. Ezeke Mutawiz, the CEO of MCSK. There you have it. Thank you for watching. My name is Miss Kitty.