Good morning friends, in the previous classes we have been learning about the different steps involved in making a green sand casting. We have learnt how to prepare the green sand and we have seen how to design a gating system and in the previous two lectures we have seen the different casting defects that could evolve during the what is a manufacture of a green sand casting. Now in this lecture let us see the melting furnaces and practice. Now before learning about different furnaces used in preparing the molten metal, let us see the melting temperatures and pouring temperatures. For any metal or for any alloy there will be two temperatures, one is the melting temperature at which the solid metal actually melts means that the phase change takes place. Now there is another temperature that is the pouring temperature means this pouring temperature is always greater than the melting temperature because if we just pour at the melting temperature then the molten metal cannot flow into the entire cavity. In order to ensure that the molten metal flows into each and every corner of the mould cavity the pouring temperature of the metal or the alloy should be little greater than the melting temperature. Now for grey cast iron the common melting temperature is 1370 degree centigrade and its pouring temperature varies between 1510 to 1590 degree centigrade and for cast steel the melting temperature is 1480 degree centigrade and the pouring temperature ranges between 1600 to 1720 degree centigrade. And for copper the melting temperature is 1083 degree centigrade and the pouring temperature varies between 1130 to 1200 degree centigrade and for nickel the melting temperature is 1453 degree centigrade and the pouring temperature varies between 1500 to 1590 degree centigrade and for aluminium the melting temperature is 660 degree centigrade and the pouring temperature varies between 700 to 760 degree centigrade and for zinc the melting temperature is 420 degree centigrade and the pouring temperature ranges between 450 to 480 degree centigrade and for lead the melting temperature is 327 degree centigrade whereas its pouring temperature ranges between 350 to 380 degree centigrade and for tin the melting temperature is very low we can see it is 232 degree centigrade whereas it is pouring temperature ranges between 280 to 290 degree centigrade. Now let us see the copper and 4% nickel alloy the melting temperature is 1175 degree centigrade whereas the pouring temperature ranges between 1220 to 1280 degree centigrade and for gun metal where the copper percentage is 85% tin is 5% zinc is 5% and lead is 5% and it is melting temperature is 1040 degree centigrade whereas the pouring temperature varies between 1100 to 1180 degree centigrade. So these are the melting temperatures and pouring temperatures of important alloys cast alloys. Now these are the important furnaces used in the melting one is the crucible furnace next one cupola furnace next one electric arc furnace next one induction furnace next one resistance furnace rotary furnace and reverberatory furnace we will see all this one by one first let us see the crucible furnace.  Now the fuel used in the crucible furnace is it can most commonly it is the coke or oil and sometimes even gas is used. Now here we can see crucible is kept here gas and mixture of gas and air will be passing here inside it will be burning and the charge will be kept inside the crucible after sometime the charge will be melting and the molten metal is ready for tapping. Now again there are 3 types of crucible furnaces one is the lift out crucible second one is the stationary pot means molten metal is to be ladled next one tilting pot furnace. Now here we can see this is the lift out crucible means say here there is a structure is there inside what say ceramic structure we place the crucible and we place the charge inside the crucible and we burn the fuel and the air mixture and after sometime the charge means the metal to be melted or the alloy to be melted that is the charge the charge which is inside the crucible will be melting then we have to remove this cover and we have to lift up the crucible. So that is all about the lift out crucible next one is the stationary pot means here we can see this is the what say ceramic structure and this is the crucible and this cannot be lifted one thing is we need to tap the molten metal from the stationary pot. Next one we can see tilting pot furnace here we can see yes inside there is a crucible is there and the system is such that this can be rotated by rotating this wheel this can be tilted one side or even to the other side. Now we put the fuel or we put the charge inside the crucible let the fuel burn after sometime the charge inside the crucible will be melting and it is ready for tapping. Now unlike in the case of the lift out crucible what we have done after what say melting is over we have lifted up the crucible and we were able to take it to a what say the convenient place of pouring but here we cannot lift the crucible means we have to bring another crucible and we have to tap the molten metal by tilting. So that is the tilting crucible furnace so this is the tilting pot furnace. So these are the what say three types of the crucible furnaces now these are the advantages of crucible furnaces one is the low installation cost there is nothing just a crucible and a structure to support it there is no high tech machinery and low melting losses. Now here we are coming across a new term called melting loss what is this is what is this melting loss means generally in every melting there will be loss of material suppose if we melt say 100 kgs of cast iron we would not get 100 kgs of molten metal maybe we may get 95 percent of molten metal means 5 kgs of melting loss is there so this is the melting loss but in the case of the crucible furnace the melting loss will be very minimum. Next one uniform heating of the charge this is not a very big furnace this is a small furnace that is why the uniform what say heating will be uniform. Now what is the application of the crucible furnace useful for melting nonferrous metals and alloys. Next one let us see the cupola furnace cupola furnace is the oldest and simple furnace cupola is derived from Latin word kupa which means cask or barrel it is like a long barrel it is very much like a blast furnace it is used to melt cast iron and steel. Now this is this is the construction details of a cupola furnace just now we have seen that the cupola means a cask or a barrel now here we can see there is a barrel kind of structure a cylindrical structure or a barrel. Now there is a steel ceramic shell will be there and this is the charging door charging means an entrance through which we place the what say charge the charge means the molten metal or the solid metal to be what say melted that is the charge we place the charge along with that we put the what say fuel and also the flux right so this is the charging door and this is the charging floor and here we can see the wind boxes. Next one tires this is the slag spout means through which we collect the slag. Now here we can see there are bottom doors and they can be dropped down so that the entire after the melting is over if any ash is present any unwanted what say material is present everything can be dropped down so that is the purpose of the drop drop doors or the bottom doors and here we can see this is a spark cluster means when we are burning the coke and we release what say air at a high pressure and because of that the hot burning coke may fly it is that time the spark cluster will prevent the burning coke to run away or to fly away from the cupola. Next one this is the preheating zone and the melting zone and here we can see again there is a what say tapping spout is there here sometime back we have seen this is the slag spout means through which we collect the slag and here it is the tapping spout means it is the spout or it is the what say entrance through which we collect the molten metal. Now it has a steel shell 6 to 10 meters high the steel shell is given refractory lining inside and the usual diameter of the steel shell is 0.5 to 2.5 meters it rests on a cast iron base plate and has generally 4 legs the cupolas are generally they have dropped down doors yes here we can see this is the shell and these are the dropped down doors at the bottom there is a tap hole to remove the molten metal we have already seen and there is a slag hole to remove the slag there will be tire tires to introduce air into the furnace the furnace has an opening of a that is the charging door the top of the slag stage is covered with a spark cluster that also we have seen. Now these are the steps in operation of a cupola one is the preparation repair of refractory lining the furnace might have been used previously and what is this furnace it is a very simple furnace it is a steel cylindrical shell and inside there is a refractory lining is there now it might have been used previously and the refractory lining might have been damaged now we need to repair it. Next one what about the what say at the things at the bottom there might be unwanted ash might be there or unbent coke might be there or sand unwanted sand might be there at the doors so those must be removed they must be cleared so that is the preparation and repair of refractory lining. Next one lightning and burning in the coke bed after we prepare the what say close the bottom doors yes we place the coke and we have to lighten it and we need to burn the coke bed while the coke is being burned charging is done charging means introducing metal coke and flux one by one into the furnace that is the charging so that we do after lightening the coke we do the charging then when we do the charging it will be melting yes melting will be going on starting of the then when the melting is going on starting the air blast we need to introduce the air and again we also need to do the charging charging means what say sending metal coke flux inside the furnace dropping and after sometime this will be the whole what say mixture or discharge will be melting after the molten metal is ready then we need to tap before that we need to tap this slag unwanted slag will be floating above the molten metal first that should be removed after the tapping of the slagging is over then we need to tap the molten metal into a ladle next after the burning is over then we need to drop the bottom means there will be what say unwanted coke will be there unburnt coke will be there unwanted sand will be there and ash will be there so all these should be released from the furnace then that is the dropping the bottom these are the merits of cupola furnace simple construction what is cupola furnace it is a gas or a barrel just a cylindrical shell low initial cost it is not very costly and it is simple to operate relatively very low operating cost it is a cost of operation is not high we need fuel may be coke or an oil and offers very high melting rate you see 1 to 35 tons per hour can be melted that much charge can be melted per hour it can be operated continually means what say it can be operated intermittently means today we have say 2 tons of what say charge is there we bring what say load that to 2 tons of charge into the furnace after it is melted after the molten metal is tapped you stop the furnace on the other hand you can keep on loading what say charging you can keep on charging and you can keep on melting and you can keep on tapping the molten metal that is the what say operation of the cupola furnace continually now most important thing is it does not require electric power no electricity is required that is the what say one of the advantages of the cupola furnace now these are the demerits of cupola furnace close temperature control is not possible suppose we are melting the cast iron and we require say some 1600 degree centigrade and you aim 1600 degree centigrade and you heat it and try to melt it accordingly finally you will melt or you will land up 20 degrees or 25 degrees more or 25 degrees less exactly it may not be possible to get 1600 degree centigrade that is the close temperature control is not possible next one carbon and sulphur pickup takes place during melting yes this cast iron contains carbon and sulphur let us see the composition of the cast iron so this is the typical composition of cast iron carbon is present say 1.8 to 4 percent silicon 0.5 to 0.3 percent manganese 0.15 to 1 percent sulphur 0.03 to 0.25 percent phosphorus 0.05 to 1 percent and the balance is iron so this is the typical composition of cast iron now here we can see sulphur is present and carbon is present and when we are operating the cupola furnace we generally we burn coke what does this coke contain the coke contains carbon coke contains sulphur and because we are burning coke inside the cupola furnace carbon from the coke will be entering into the molten metal sulphur from the coke will be entering into the molten metal but this is the limit for the carbon 1.8 to 4 percent and for sulphur this is the limit 0.03 to 0.25 but because we are burning coke the limits will be increasing more sulphur will be there and more carbon will be there then finally what will happen the properties of the cast component will be changing sometimes what is a cast component becomes brittle and it will leads to cracking so that is one of the demerits of cupola furnace next one loss of iron silicon manganese takes place during melting due to oxidation yes iron is present in the cast iron silicon is present manganese present these are useful alloying elements in the cast iron now this iron will be reacting with oxygen and forms iron oxide and it goes along the slag same is the case with the silicon silicon reacts with oxygen and forms silicon dioxide and goes along with the slag same thing can happen with manganese manganese reacts with oxygen and goes along with the slag finally the component or the properties of the cast structure or the cast component will be different then what are what have been gained so that is what can happen that is the loss of iron silicon and manganese during the cupola operation next one precise control of composition is difficult yes why because we may aim certain composition but because say sulphur pickup is there carbon pickup is there and loss of silicon loss of manganese because of these things this will go without the knowledge of the operator or without the intention of the operator finally we aim some composition but finally we will arrive at some other composition so precise control of composition is difficult next one environmental pollution takes place cupola releases lot of smoke and because of that environmental pollution takes place so this is the sectional view of a cupola now let us see the electric arc furnace now this is the electric arc furnace and here we can see these are the electrodes and an arc will be created and because of the high temperature of the arc the charge will be melting so that is the simple principle of electric arc furnace now these are the what say different components that are inside the electric arc furnace and here we can see this is a steel vessel the whole furnace is a steel vessel with refractory lining inside this is a steel vessel with refractory lining inside and this has got a removable roof is there this is the removable roof and this is the charging door means this can be open and can be closed and charge will be dropped through this door to inside the furnace what is the charge charge means the molten what is a solid metal to be melted along with the flux next one here is the slag door these are the construction details through which we can separate the slag from the furnace and finally here is the tapping spot through which we can what say extract the or we can get the molten metal we can tap the molten metal from the furnace and at the center we can see these are the graphite electrodes are there and there is power supply is there to the graphite electrodes so these are the construction details of the electric arc furnace and here we can see the charge is what say kept here and because of the arc created the charge will be melting now let us see yes when these are what say electrodes come in contact with the charge what will happen arc will be created there will be initiation of arc now here we can see average electrode consumption is 1 to 4 kgs per ton of metal so this much of what say electrode will be consumed so here these are the consumables electrodes now arc is intensified here we can see arc is intensified so this is the furnace now the molten metal is ready for tapping now tapping of the molten metal is like this yes it is here we place a ladle and into this ladle the molten metal is tapped now these are the types of arc furnaces one is the single phase arc furnace and this is generally used for melting non ferrous alloys next one this is the three phase arc furnace and it is generally used for melting steels now let us see the advantages of arc furnace precise control of composition is possible in the previous case in the case of the cupola the greatest demerit of cupola furnace is that precise control of composition is not possible because there will be sulphur pickup there will be carbon pickup and there will be manganese loss there will be silicon loss because of that there won't be precise control of composition but in the case of arc furnace there will be precise control of arc what say composition next one close temperature control is possible again this is what say another demerit we have seen in the case of the cupola precise control of temperature was not possible due to several reasons but here close temperature control is possible next one high thermal efficiency quality of molten metal is high what is this in the case of the melting with the cupola furnace the what say quality of the molten metal may not be very high by there will be impurities will be there we are burning coke and coke contains what say ash and slag will be collected at the top and all these can mix with molten metal so that is how the molten metal coming from a cupola furnace is not very clean its quality is not very high whereas in the case of arc furnace the quality of molten metal is high molten metal can be melted in short duration next one these are the limitations of arc furnace high power consumption high melting costs very high power is consumed that is how it results in high melting costs next one high installation costs chances for oxidation of liquid metal next one chances for carburization of liquid metal why because we are using graphite electrodes because of that the carbon in this graphite electrodes will be entering into the molten metal that is how our carburization of liquid metal takes place carburization means addition of carbon into the molten metal next one let us see the induction furnace now what is the principle of the induction furnace it is the electromagnetic induction high frequency current is passed through water cooled copper coils this is known as the primary coil there will be what say primary coil will be there copper coil and high frequency current is passed through this coil then what happens secondary currents are induced in the metal charge by electromagnetic induction now this secondary current will be passing through the charge charge means the solid metallic blocks to be or solid metallic pieces to be melted now this secondary current will be passing through the these what say charge blocks or the metallic pieces then what happens the metal charge offers resistance to the process of secondary current and develops heat when what say current secondary current is passing from one piece to another it encounters resistance and because of this resistance heat will be developed and this heat will be utilized for melting the charge now this is the typical construction of an induction furnace and here we can see these are the copper induction coils and this is a refractory material and around the refractory material there is a copper induction coil is there now inside yes this is a structure and this can be closed there is a cover and inside we have kept the molten metal now when we pass the electricity high frequency current through this what say copper induction coils what will happen because of electromagnetic induction there will be secondary current will be passing through the charge charge is this one the red colored one is the charge now this will be passing from one piece to another and that is how heat will be generated because of the resistance that the current encounters while passing from one piece to another now here we can see there is a electromagnetic mixing is also there here yes manual steering may not be required and because of the electromagnetic induction there will be magnetic mixing will be there so mixing will be uniform and here we can see this is the actual photograph of an induction furnace and this is the what say copper coil and through which high current is passed and inside there is a what say refractory crucible is there and inside the crucible where there is a charge now because of the secondary current yes heat is generated and that heat will be melting the charge that is kept inside the crucible yes after melting is over yes we are tapping this is that is how it can be tilted by rotating a wheel it can be tilted and the molten metal is being tapped now these are the advantages of induction furnace narrow melting vessel low diameter to height ratio and less oxidation now here the what say diameter will be less height will be more for the crucible in which we place the charge because of that what will happen lesser diameter means lesser area is exposed to the atmosphere then in such a case there will be less oxidation will be there so that is the first advantage of induction furnace next one low crucible wall thickness and less expensive next one relatively small area of molten metal is in contact with the slag now one of the what say problems that can encounter in melting is segregation of the slag from the molten metal most of the times we leave some what say slag inside the molten metal or while collecting the slag we also remove the molten metal now what happens here the what say area of contact between slag and the molten metal is very low why because the diameter itself is low in such a case what will happen the chances of removing the molten metal along with the what say slag will be less no corporizing during melting down that is what we have seen in the case of the cupola furnace there was carbon pickup and even in the case of the arc furnace there was carbon pickup means extra addition of carbon into the molten metal which is not required that is the carburization or carbon pickup that would not arise in the case of the induction furnace next one magnetic stirring of the melt produces excellent uniformity of the melt composition the charge will be stirred magnetically that is how there will be excellent uniformity of the melt composition next one melting takes considerably less time within few minutes we can get the molten metal these are the limitations of induction furnace initial cost of the furnace and its auxiliary equipments is very high and it is not suitable for melting large quantities of metal may be it may be suitable for small quantities or the moderate quantities not very large quantities but we get molten metal of high quality now these are the induction furnaces types types of induction furnaces one is the low frequency induction furnace and it is used to melt nonferrous alloys and the second one is the high frequency induction furnace and it is used to melt steel and alloy steels next one let us see the resistance furnace now the what is the principle of operation resistance element is heated by passing high electric current that is the simple principle of resistance furnace there will be a resistive element will be kept inside the furnace and when we pass the electric current that will be heated up and that heat will be utilized to melt the charge these are the advantages of resistance furnace accurate temperature control is possible because we keep the thermostat control to hold the liquid metal sometimes we used to add say certain additives or what say some modifications we used to do to the molten metal we add certain things like grain grain refiners or alloy additions or inoculants we used to add that time we need to hold the furnace at a certain temperature most of the times this may not be possible to hold the temperature at a particular temperature but this resistance furnace has a thermostat control we can set the temperature at that temperature is the temperature will continue as long as we on the furnace and at that particular temperature we can hold the liquid metal after making the what say additions or after adding the modifications next one application it is used to melt steel and nonferrous alloys next one let us see the rotary furnace what is your rotary furnace it is a horizontal cylindrical shell you can see here this is a horizontal cylindrical shell the steel shell is lined with refractory material inside so we can see here there is a steel shell inside we can see there is a refractory material is there or the refractory lining is there inside now the shell is mounted on rollers and here we can see these are the rollers here is one roller and here there will be another roller this side there will be one more roller third roller one more roller will be there generally there will be four rollers will be there now these rollers will be rotating as these rollers are rotating this what say furnace also will be rotating at a very small speed low speed may be at one revolution per minute slowly it rotates now what is the fuel used in the rotary furnace pulverized coal or oil metal to fuel ratio is 5 is to 1 when we are using the coal or 6 is to 1 when we are using the oil what does it mean means for 5 kgs of charge 1 kg of coal is to be used or for 6 kgs of charge 1 kg of oil is to be used now here we can see certainly this is a cylindrical shell horizontal now here we can see there is a burner is there inside which the what say fuel and air will be burning and there is a what say inlet fuel plus air inlet is here so through this inlet the mixture of air and fuel will be going inside it may be oil plus air or the pulverized coal or air will be going inside and it will be burning here now here there is an outlet is there so this is the exhaust outlet through which the hot gases and smoke will be going out of the furnace now yes the furnace is in operation we can see when it is being in on condition yes it is being fired and it will be slowly it will be rotating slowly it will be rotating yes we can see here we can this is the exhaust from a rotary furnace yes now this is the tapping of the molten metal now these are the advantages of rotary furnace molten metal does not come in contact with the fuel hence no carbon or sulphur pickup certainly we are using the coal which contains carbon and sulphur when we are using a fuel which contains carbon and sulphur certainly there must be carbon pickup and sulphur pickup but fortunately in the case of the rotary furnace no carbon pickup takes place no sulphur pickup takes place why because the molten metal does not come in contact with the fuel only we are burning the mixture of fuel and air on one side the hot gases will be just passing above the molten metal and they will be leaving but that they are not penetrating into the molten metal that is how no carbon from the coal comes into the molten metal no sulphur from the coal comes inside the molten metal hence there is no carbon pickup and there is no sulphur pickup whereas in the case of the cupola furnace we have seen there was carbon pickup why the carbon are the coke we are burning that is going the carbon from the coke is going inside the molten metal the sulphur from the coke is going inside the molten metal such thing won't happen in the case of the rotary furnace next one liquid metal from cupola can be super heated in a rotary furnace. Now one of the drawbacks of the cupola furnace is that the pouring temperature cannot be raised maybe we can just to heat the molten metal by the time we tap it becomes the viscosity becomes very thick high and it is very difficult to fill the cavity with the molten metal because the pouring temperature is not very high. So super heating this is known as the super heating means more what is a heating the molten metal above its melting point is known as the super heating. So sometimes super heating becomes difficult with the cupola furnace whereas large quantities of charge can be melted very easily melted in a cupola furnace problem comes with the super heating. Now this rotary furnace can be used for super heating now we can tap the liquid metal from the cupola furnace and that can be what is loaded inside the rotary furnace. Now you on the rotary furnace and you burn the mixture of air and the pulverized coal now because of that the temperature of the molten metal which is already inside the rotary furnace will be raising up we can what is a cause the super heating to the molten metal which we are bringing from the cupola furnace using the rotary furnace. Allowing of certain elements like molybdenum nickel chromium can be successfully done every time when we maintain alloy we add some additives these are known as for the purpose of the alloying. So these are known as the alloying elements so to get the required compositions we add maybe molybdenum is required we add molybdenum little molybdenum maybe little nickel is required we add nickel or little chromium is required we add little chromium so this is known as the addition of the alloying elements. Now what happens if we try to do it with cupola furnace yes we you add nickel or chromium these they will be reacting with oxygen and they become oxides and they will be removed along with the slag. So addition of the alloying elements in the cupola is difficult. Now fortunately we have the rotary furnace now you tap the molten metal from the cupola furnace and bring it and pour inside the rotary furnace. Now you add the alloying elements like nickel or chromium and you heat it during this time as it is rotating the alloying elements also will be melting and they will be mixed thoroughly with the melt and finally we get a very uniform composition along with the alloying elements. So alloying of certain elements can be successfully done using the rotary furnace. Now what is the application used to melt and superheat cast iron and nonferrous alloys. Next one the reverberatory furnace what is this it is a long rectangular structure with removable arched roof it is a all the most of the furnace are cylindrical in the what is in the shape but reverberatory furnace is rectangular is a rectangular structure with a removable arched roof. We can see what is the fuel used oil or pulverized coal. Now the flame and hot gases heat of the furnace roof and walls. Heat is reflected and radiated from the roof this heat melts and superheats the metal. Here we can see something interesting in the case of the what is a cupola furnace the fuel is going inside the melt and contaminating whereas in the case of the rotary furnace the fuel is not going inside the melt but just passing above the melt. But here in the reverberatory furnace it is the fuel is not even going above the what is a charge but first it is going and touching the roof and it heats the roof and from the roof radiation comes and because of the radiation there will be superheating of the metal or melting of the metal. So that is the most what is a interesting and special feature along with the reverberatory furnace and here we can see yes this is the what is a reverberatory furnace and here we can see this is the burner and fuel and this is the roof. This is the roof and here the hot gases will go and touch the roof and the radiation comes and strikes the charge and here we can see this is the stack through which the hot gases can escape and this inside chamber is known as the hearth and you can see here this is the molten metal and remember that in the reverberatory furnace the fuel does not come in contact with the molten metal. It even does not go above the molten metal as in the case of the rotary furnace it first strike the roof and the radiation comes and heats the charge that is the what is a interesting what is a phenomenon that can takes place inside a reverberatory furnace. Now these are the advantages of reverberatory furnace it is easy to operate no direct contact with the fuel yes that is what we have discussed just now. Hence carbon pickup and sulfur pickup are eliminated as the fuel does not come in contact with the molten metal no carbon pickup no sulfur pickup. The possibility of oxidation and melt loss is minimum it is used to adjust the composition of the metal from cupola. Yes again this can be used in conjunction with the cupola furnace just like a rotary furnace can be used in conjunction with the cupola furnace. What are the drawbacks of the cupola furnace the most advantage of the cupola furnace is its simplicity and large quantities of melt can be melted using a cupola furnace but accurate composition control is not possible in a cupola furnace but that can be achieved in a reverberatory furnace yes we can tap the molten metal from the cupola furnace and we can what is a pour it inside the reverberatory furnace and here we can adjust the composition of the molten metal what is required if some other element is required we can add here that is how we can adjust the composition of the molten metal from the cupola using this reverberatory furnace. And here lower noise emissions lot of noise is not generated as in the case of the cupola furnace or in the case of the arc furnace these are the applications of reverberatory furnace melting of cast iron melting of nonferrous alloys for duplexing operation with cupola what is this duplexing operation means say inside a cupola furnace say accurate what is a composition is control is not possible. So, have the molten metal from cupola and put it inside the reverberatory furnace then you add the required alloying elements that is the what is a accurate what is a composition of the what is a composition accurate control of the composition or temperature control inside a cupola furnace accurate temperature control may not be possible then obtain the molten metal from the cupola and pour it inside the reverberatory furnace. Now, you heat inside the reverberatory furnace the temperature of the molten metal can be increased to a required level or to a satisfactory level. So, that is the duplexing operation with the cupola. Now, let us see the selection of melting furnaces. So, how to select a melting furnace what are the factors that will be coming into picture the first factor is the initial cost of the furnace. So, what is the cost of the furnace what is your project accordingly this factor has to be considered. If the what is a cost budget is very less one has to go for the cupola furnace and fuel and operating costs. So, this is another factor what fuel is available and what are the operating costs. Next one kind of metal or alloy to be melted what is your metal or what is your alloy is it the ferrous or non ferrous accordingly one has to choose the furnace. Next one melting and pouring temperatures of the metal to be cast what are the pouring temperatures to be obtained. So, this is another interesting what is a important factor to be considered. Next one quantity of metal to be melted whereas, we know that cupola furnace can be used for what is a melting large quantities whereas, an induction furnace can be used for melting small and moderate quantities of charge. So, what is the quantity of metal to be melted accordingly one has to choose the furnace. Next one maintenance costs this is another important factor next one melting cost per unit weight of the metal how much what say melting cost per unit weight of the metal. So, this is another important factor next one quality of the molten metal what is the quality required do require high quality molten metal then certainly cupola furnace is not the right choice may be induction furnace is the right choice. Next one let us see the overall comparison of melting furnaces. Now, you can see here this is the crucible furnace and mode of melting is solid fuel oil or gas and application is most of the alloys except steel. Now, this is the second one is the cupola furnace and mode of melting using coke and oil and application it is used for melting cast iron and steel electric arc furnace again there are two types one is the single phase and another one is the three phase single phase in both the cases arc is utilized for melting the charge single phase is used for non ferrous alloys whereas, three phase arc what say furnace is used for melting steels. Next one is the induction furnace again in the induction furnace there are two types one is the low frequency and another one is the high frequency low frequency induction furnace in both the cases electromagnetic induction is the mode of melting whereas, in the case of the low frequency induction furnace it is used for non ferrous alloys high frequency induction furnace is used for melting steel and alloy steels. Next one resistance furnace is there now its mode of melting is resistance caused to the current flow of current and what are the applications it can be used to melt steel and non ferrous alloys. And next one is the rotary furnace what is the mode of melting by burning polymerized solid fuel gas or oil and this can be used to melt non ferrous alloys and cast iron. Next one reverberatory furnace what is the mode of melting solid fuel gas or oil and this can be used to melt non ferrous alloys and cast iron and remember that rotary furnace and reverberatory furnace can be used for the purpose of duplexing in conjunction with the cupola furnace means for adjusting the composition and for raising the what say super heating means raising the pouring temperature for these purposes rotary furnace and reverberatory furnaces can be used for duplexing. Accordingly seeing considering all these factors one has to choose the furnace. Nowadays the sophisticated methods have come the vacuum melting has come it is quite expensive, but one can get accurate temperature control very high quality composition without any impurities even these what say vacuum furnaces are, but however these vacuum furnaces are costly. So today in this lecture we have seen different furnaces and their construction details and their mode of melting and the their applications. And in the next class let us see the next topic that is the solidification. Thank you.


A study has investigated the use of low-temperature sol-gel technique to fabricate nanocrystalline titanium dioxide, TiO2, in cotton fibers via ultrasonic cavitation for superior ultraviolet resistance. Tetrabutyl titanate, TBT, was used as a precursor, and functionalized cotton fibers were characterized by various techniques including SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, PHESEM, EDS, TGA, UVV spectroscopy, and XRD analysis. The results indicate that TiO2 NPS at size between 17 and 19 nanometers with anatase and rutile structure was successfully synthesized and deposited in mesopores, lumen, and surface of the cotton fibers, providing durable protection against ultraviolet radiation. The study suggests that low-temperature sonochemical synthesis of metal oxides nanoparticles and deposition in porous textiles has significant prospects for a broad range of functional applications. This article was authored by Mohammed Nizmour Shed, Cialintian, Freedam Deb, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Welcome to Woodland Hospice House. Located in Mount Pleasant, our 8-bed facility focuses on privacy, tranquility, and individualized care for our patients. Here at Woodland, we offer on-site hospice services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Here's a look at just some of the features our facility has to offer. A cozy family room with a fireplace, grand piano, and space for gathering with family and friends. A welcoming family cafe to cook home-styled meals and celebrate special occasions. Each room includes a 400 square foot privacy suite with French doors, a patio, private bathroom, and fold-out sofa for family members to stay with their loved ones. A comfortable sitting area that allows patients to visit with family members. A walking path with tranquil scenery, including a gazebo for our patients to enjoy. We take great pride in caring for your loved ones. Call<PHONE_NUMBER> to schedule a tour to learn more about Woodland Hospice House. To learn more about Mid-Michigan Home Care Hospice Services, please visit www.midmichigan.org-hospice.


Welcome to a new week of the rundown. On this episode, a program that shares the story of sailors with millions of Americans. The Navy launched a program to help you with your taxes and how to help lessen the chances of you and others getting sick. The Navy launched a program designed to better help Americans understand the role of the Navy, its mission, and contributions to national security. It's called American Connections Media Outreach Program. Since the program launched, more than 9,400 stories, photos, and other content have been shared with newspapers, TV, radio stations, and blogs, reaching over 180 million Americans. The program replaced and modernized the Legacy Fleet hometown news program by making it easier to share sailor stories to the public. Commands are encouraged to send stories and photos to navyoutreachatnavy.mil. Find more information in the story or visit outreach.navy.mil. The Navy now has a program designed to help you file your taxes as we approach tax season. The program is called Volunteer Income Tax Assistance, or VITA. VITA pairs individuals or families with trained volunteers and tax software called Mill Tax. Together, the program will help sailors understand how to file their taxes so they can quickly receive a refund. The program is free and is available to all sailors through the Naval Legal Service Command. You can get started by visiting a VITA tax center near you. Find one by visiting military one source at the website below. No one likes getting sick, but sometimes it's out of our control. A story from Naval Hospital Jacksonville provides information on the cold, flu, and influenza and how to best prevent getting sick and spreading it to others. The flu has been reported in every state across the continental U.S. according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. If you are sick, it's important to get rest and drink plenty of water. To reduce the risk of getting sick, wash your hands often with soap and water. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands, and simply stay away from people who are sick. Read the story on Navy Dot Mill for more tips on how to protect yourself and others. That's all for this week. For any questions, you can send us a message at usnpeople.fctandnavy.mil. For the Chief Naval Personnel, I'm MC2 L.J. Burleson. Thanks for watching.


This is the SF Productions Podcast Network. The Court is now in session. From the Pop Culture Bunker, I'm Mindy. And I'm Mark. You can check out our audio podcast, How I Got My Wife to Read Comics on iTunes, or on our website, SFPodcastNetwork.com. So we just wrapped up our history of the movie studios, and a common event for all of them was the impact of the United States versus Paramount Pictures Incorporated in 1948. This Supreme Court decision forced the studios to divest themselves of one of their most profitable divisions, the movie theaters. Just as studios are currently spinning up their own streaming services, Peacock, HBO Max, Disney Plus, there was a desire for what we call today vertical integration. By owning their own theaters, studios could ensure availability of screens for their films, control where those films were shown, and avoid splitting profits with independent theaters. In fact, most of the studios actually began as exhibition companies going all the way back to the Nickelodeons, not the kids' cable network. They then expanded to creating product for their own theaters. This is why, even today, you often see downtown movie theaters with names including Warner's, RKO, Fox, Lowe's, which is MGM, Paramount, etc. Once the studios were well established by the 1920s, a question started to come up. Should studios legally be able to own their own theaters? If you ran a theater not owned by a studio, your choices were fairly meager.  You might be forced to accept a set of movie shorts you didn't want, a practice known as block booking. You also might be forced to accept films before you even get a chance to see them in a preview. This is called blind buying. By 1938, the Justice Department was getting enough complaints about these trade practices that they sued Paramount, who was the primary defendant as the biggest studio at the time, with the other studios as co-defendants. The initial case was settled two years later with a consent decree from the Southern District of New York. It gave them a year to implement the following. No more block booking of shorts. Blocks of full-length films were limited to a set of five. Blind buying was verboten, replacing this with trade-showing, special screenings of films every two weeks for the theater industry, and the creation of a board to enforce all of this. The studio's response was the unity plan, where larger groups of theaters would get blocks of films, but individual theaters could then reject them. At this point, a new organization came into being, the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers, SIMP. This group, many of whom came from United Artists, was using more indie producers than the other studios at the time, had a goal of advancing their own interests by stopping anti-competitive practices by the studios. One of their first moves was to implement an antitrust suit against Paramount Detroit theaters, which basically controlled that market's exhibitors. Between this and the studio's refusal to comply with the consent decree, the government resumed prosecution in 1943. A decision came down two years later in favor of the studios. It was then appealed from the district court to the Supreme Court. It took three years to reach the highest court in the land, which ruled against the studios, forcing them to divest themselves of the theaters. This was an enormous blow to studio profits, just as television was starting to become a factor. It forced studios to drop long-term contracts with their creatives, which they could no longer afford, sell off studio real estate, ending the studio system they had lived on for decades. Without a guaranteed mechanism, a.k.a. their own theaters, to re-release older hits, something that was common at the time, studios sold off some of their older films in the 50s. Much of this was quickly sent off to the maw of television. Speaking of the boob tube, the decree forced Paramount into two companies, Paramount Pictures and United Paramount theaters. The letter would merge with a nascent TV network spun off from NBC in a separate legal decision and become what we know as ABC today. The studios took greater advantage of location shooting and independent production becoming more like distributors. This further diluted profits, and it would take until the 1970s and the modern blockbuster to regain much of their former luster. So why is this important today? Because the decree that kicked all of this off has been terminated by the courts. The Department of Justice has begun to review decrees without an expiration date, as this one was, to see if they are still valid or not. In November last year, the DOJ announced they would seek to terminate the Paramount Decree, giving the studios a two-year sunset clause to prepare. The court just granted this in August, so the clock is running. So what does all this mean? Considering that the mega studios currently own the entire life cycle of a film, except for the actual screening of them, it's a good bet they are eager to buy out the theater chains once they restore their profits post COVID. At the same time, theater chains are in dire shape due to the COVID shutdown, so they are ripe for the picking. Get ready for Comcast AMC, Disney Regal, etc. and a lot of synergy. It could also mean further pressure on independent theaters to join one of the chains in order to ensure access to the films they want, which is one of the reasons why the decree was there in the first place. What's to stop a studio from keeping a tent full film in only their theaters in a specific market, for example? However, it seems unlikely the studios will be able to keep movies solely in their own chains nationwide, because there's no true nationwide chains. Maybe AMC, but it's mostly regional chains. If they want everyone to have access to them, they're going to have to share with the other chains. Or buy out more than one chain. I suppose they could do that, that's true. We shall see what happens. Yeah, so we have nothing to watch on television and difficulty watching things in the theater, so go listen to our audio podcast, how I got my way through comics on iTunes, or on our website, sfpodcastnetwork.com. From the Pop Culture Bunker, I'm Mindy. And I'm Mark. Thanks for watching.


t you're kind of going against the optics of an overused word, but you get my point. Thanks. Okay, thank you. I'm Mr. Hurd. Thank you, Mr. Diggins. Thank you, Mr. Chair. So I'll take a second crack at my amendment. I still do think there should be amendment because again, there are multi facets of this committee. So I can work with Attorney Heim, as Attorney Heim said, well, this is kind of a rough outline of what the final language can look like, but I'm okay amending my motion to amend for language that would say it is a prohibition against any current members of a police department. However, the wording can specifically state that or former members of the Arlington Police Department. And that way, however we can work in the potential for other law enforcement officers that might have valuable insight or retired police officers from other jurisdictions, as mentioned, that could have valuable insight, can work, can potentially, aren't required, but potentially serve on the board. They're not excluded from. So to amend, well, to reiterate the amendment is again, the exclusion would be for any current members of a police department or any former members of the Arlington Police Department. Thank you, Mr. Heert. And Mrs. Mahan had seconded that earlier. Mrs. Mahan, do you still wish to second that? Yes, thank you, Mr. Jared. I think I'm ready for hold on, I don't know, Mr. Helmholtz gets a last say or you, thank you. Okay, well, anybody who wants it on the board, if they have anything further to add before we vote, but we have a main motion by Mr. Helmholtz and we have a now an amended motion, both of which have been seconded. And as Attorney Heim said, there are some things here that are gonna change in terms of some changes that Attorney Heim's gonna work on, definitional references, some other things. So this will come back before the board again for final vote on all the languages, on all the language rather. So with the two motions before us, is there any further comments from any member of the board? Mr. Heert, did you want to say anything? Okay, Mr. Diggins. I just have a question to understand the implications of voting for me. So if this vote fails, then we are essentially saying no action on this article. No, I think what we're doing is we have Mr. Helmholtz's motion and we have an amendment to, again, it would be sub part B to B, it might come back to us in two sub parts. That's the amendment that Mr. Heert had made. So if Mr. Heert's amendment is successful, then we will vote the rest of the proposed bylaw as amended. If the amendment fails, we will still, we will vote the proposed bylaw as submitted to us by the committee. Got it, thank you. Okay, all right, so I think we are ready for a vote. So I'm going to start with the amendment by Mr. Heert. And again, bear in mind, this is going to be parsed out. It may end up being four sub parts now to those who aren't eligible. So on a motion by Mr. Heert, seconded by Mrs. Mahan, attorney Heim. Mr. Heert. Yes. Mr. Diggins. No. Mr. Helmholtz. Yes. Mrs. Mahan. Yes. Mr. DeCorsi. Yes. It's a four to one vote on the amendment. Okay, so now as amended on a motion by Mr. Helmholtz, that was seconded, I believe by Mrs. Mahan on the bylaw as amended, attorney Heim, proposed bylaw as amended. On the proposed bylaw as amended for positive action, Mr. Heert. Yes. Mr. Diggins. Yes. Mr. Helmholtz. Yes. Mrs. Mahan. Yes. Mr. DeCorsi. Yes. It's unanimous vote. Great, thank you. Thank you members of the committee again. Thank you Chief Flaherty. Thank you Ms. Harvey. And thank you for all your work that you have done just an amazing job. And we appreciate you joining us here this evening. Okay, now if I can find my place here for the next warrant article hearing. The next item is a bylaw amendment for tree preservation and protection. Now it looks like we have Susan Stamps to speak on that article. Okay. Good evening Ms. Stamps. Hi there. And also Mary Ellen Arano should be on the screen if you can also give her access. She's co-chair of the tree committee. Do you see her? Yep, she should be coming in right now. Okay, great. Oh, there she is. Good evening Ms. Arano. Thank you. And thank you for the materials that you sent in. But if you wanna give us an overview of the proposed bylaw amendment. Yeah, I'll do it. I'll do it very quickly. That last one was a hard act to follow. So basically we're suggesting four changes to the tree bylaw which will make the tree warden's job and the tree department's job a lot easier. And hopefully free the tree warden in particular up for doing a lot more with trees in Arlington instead of arguing with people over what's a demolition and what isn't and did they take trees down or didn't they? So the first one is to, we completely rewrote the definition of demolition in the bylaw because the bylaw applies if either there's completely new construction on an empty lot or there is a renovation that increases the size 50% or more of the original structure or if there's a demolition. And before, as you can see from, I've got a red-lined copy of like, I've got it already for the select board report. That it used to say that demolition was any act of destroying, pulling down, removing or raising a building or commencing the work of total or substantial destruction of a building. Well, that word substantial has been a thorn in the Arport Tree Warden's side ever since he's lived or worked with us. What is substantial destruction? Who knows? So we have lost a lot of trees in town because the builder even sometimes even made that decision that well, what they weren't doing what they were doing was not substantial destruction. So they take the trees down and then later on when they file for the building permit, they're told, well, you know, actually that was a demolition you shouldn't take them down. So there's a lot of instances like that. We worked really hard with the Tree Warden, our wonderful new building inspector Mike Ciampa and also Jim Feeney. So I think everybody feels really good about this very detailed description which I think is going to make it very clear to everyone whether something is a demolition or not. And any questions about that? It's basically removal of the roof. If you remove the roof, that's a demolition. If you remove more than half of the wall area that's a demolition or obviously complete destruction. But we also, the other problem that the Tree Warden has had difficulty with, which really didn't understand this until very recently, that the Tree Warden does meet with the Tree Committee at our monthly meetings. And he's such an upbeat guy, very positive. He doesn't complain to us very often. So sometimes it takes a little digging to find out what's really bothering him. And it wasn't that long ago that we found out that what really was bothering, one of the things bothering him was people would come in with their tree plans and they had just kind of drawn the trees on the plan themselves. And were they the right size of the bylaw applied at the time the bylaw applied to, currently the bylaw applies to eight inch trees or bigger. And they'd come in with a plan that had a couple of trees identified and okay, these are bigger and then Tim would, the Tree Warden would go out to the site and there'd be a whole bunch of trees that qualify for the bylaw. And nobody were not blaming anybody, but now with this amendment, the Tree Plan will be signed by a, somebody who knows what they're doing, by a landscape professional, which would be a registered landscape architect or a certified arborist. So that should take care of that problem. So our Tree Warden is gonna save a lot of time there, not having to go out to the site and do measurements himself. And the third thing that's gonna save him time is that sometimes what happens is that somebody, especially if they haven't done work in town, I mean, not every town has a tree bylaw, more do than when we first had ours, but there's still a lot of towns don't.  Yeah, no, I don't know. That doesn't, no, I don't know about that or it doesn't apply or whatever.  So this is a very simple requirement that as part of the building permit, which Mike Champa said he'd be glad to do this, there's just a little affidavit which says, I the builder certify that the tree bylaw does not apply. And what that does is that it puts them in the position where they really have to be aware of it and really make that decision. And if they've ignored it, then there's, you know, that's not a good situation for them. So I think that's going to save the Tree Warden time also. And then the fourth thing is to simply increase the number of trees that are gonna be saved under the bylaw where we're following our area towns who have tree bylaws who have reduced the size of a protected tree from eight inches or greater to six inches or greater. So we wanna reduce it the two inches to six inches and that will save a lot more trees. That is the two area towns that were just about the only towns in the Commonwealth we could find back in 2015 when we were first writing our bylaw were Wellesley and Lexington. And we used much of their language for our bylaw. And that's where we got, they were at 10 inches and we were at 10 inches, then we reduced to eight and now they're at six. And two new towns since then have new bylaws and they're at six conquered. And is it Somerville, Mary Ellen, I think it is? Yeah, Somerville six inches. So we're a very dense town. We really can't, every single tree is precious and we feel that it is something that the town is gonna want is to save the trees that are down to six inches. Am I forgetting anything Mary Ellen? I think those are the four. Okay, great. Thank you very much for the presentation and also for the written materials that you submitted to us in advance of the hearing tonight. So I'll turn it to board members for any questions. I'll start with Mr. Herd. I don't think I have any questions on this one. I think the tree by, oops. Sorry, I didn't really realize I took my video off. I think the tree bylaw has worked very well in its existence. And I think these are simple changes to make the process easier for our tree warden and to make it more efficient for homeowners and persons that are looking to work on property in any way that we can to increase the awareness in town of the tree, the existence of the tree bylaw. I think it's very important. I have had instances where people have taken down trees, not because I mean, it's a permit process and that's great. I don't know what the solution is but sometimes people do site prep work before they pull a building permit. So to whatever extent we can to disseminate information about the tree bylaw, I think is important. But I think the proposed changes are certainly steps in the right direction and move the tree bylaw forward to where it really needs to be. So I'll move favorable action. Thank you, Mr. Herd, I'm Mr. Diggins. I will second that and the rationale I read was very clear, left no room for questions being I am totally supportive of this. Thank you, Mr. Diggins. Mr. Helmuth. Thank you, yeah, really happy to support this. I think this just makes a lot of sense. And I really appreciate how smart these components work together so that we are adding some additional restrictions to components but we're lighting the load of our staff. So I think that that has a good chance of being effort neutral or even better and protect more trees and get more clarity for the contractors and the homeowners. So it's a win-win-win-win. And thank you so much for your work. Thank you, Mr. Helmuth. Mrs. Mahat. No questions, thank you. Okay, and I'm happy to support this as well and thank you for the presentation. It is a public hearing, I'm just wondering if there's anybody who wishes to be heard on this warn article here. Kristen Anderson. Okay. Hi, Kristen Anderson, 12 up on the road west I just wanted to thank Susan Stamps for bringing this to a town meeting and express my support. Great, thank you, Ms. Anderson. Before you go, Ms. Anderson, you are the last warn article hearing. The hour's getting late. I wanna give you an option. I'll put you on first from March 7th, if you want. I don't know how much longer we're gonna go, maybe a while longer if you wanna wait. We're gonna try to shut down by 11 but if you wanna go next meeting I will put you on for the first warn article hearing if that works for you. But if you wanna hang in there and come on later, I'm happy to do that as well. I'm happy to do what is best for everybody here. Okay, all right, so let's see where we are in time. If we don't get to you before the end of the meeting I will put you on first next time. All right, thank you. Thank you very much. Okay, so that concludes the public hearing. We have a motion by Mr. Herd, seconded by Mr. Diggins for favorable action. Turning time. Mr. Herd? Yes. Mr. Diggins? Yes. Mr. Halman? Yes. Mrs. Mohan? Yes. Mr. Dacorsi? Yes. Mr. Anderson, let's vote. Thank you both very much. Thank you very much. Thank you. Next, hearing is a article on a vote to establish a committee on insurance cost and issues with Mr. Indra Fisher is presenting on that. I have a route canal tomorrow morning at 8 a.m. and it hurts. I'm not feeling well and I would ask to postpone. Okay, no, no, that's fine. I will coordinate with you and if you can make it to the next meeting we'll put you on for the next meeting. Okay, thank you very much. Okay, all right, good luck, Mr. Fisher. Thanks very much. Okay, all right. Next article is a resolution for town meeting for support of the Mass Fair Share Constitutional Amendment. I believe Linda Hanson is she presenting? Hi, are you ready for me? Here, here. My name is Hanson, sorry. Good evening, everybody. And thank you for allowing me the chance to speak with you about the Mass Fair Share warrant article and the hour grows late so I will walk you quickly through the big ideas behind this amendment. So this proposed state constitutional amendment has been in the work since 2015. It began as a citizen's petition and then morphed into a legislative proposal. It has passed the requisite to constitutional conventions. So it is now on the ballot for November 8th and if passed this amendment would allow the Commonwealth to impose an additional 4% tax on income over a million dollars. The first million dollars would be taxed at the flat tax rate of 5% and only income above that amount would be subject to the surtax. The Mass State Constitution currently mandates a flat income tax. So in order to make this kind of change a state constitutional amendment is required. The amendment would mandate that the additional revenue be spent on public education and transportation. It would raise an estimated additional $2 billion in revenue every year and the fact that it would be sustained funding is incredibly important. What could this mean for public education? It could help pay for universal pre-K for working families. It could allow the state to fully fund the Student Opportunity Act for K-12 students which increases state funding to municipalities to more accurately reflect the cost of educating students. Finally, it could help the state reinvest in public higher education including community colleges, state colleges and universities and allow young people to graduate without crushing debt. On the transportation front, it would serve to maintain and improve our public transportation system. It could support climate resilient transportation measures and allow us to invest in alternative transportation modes like protected bike lanes. In terms of income inequality, it's really increased dramatically over the past several decades. The top 1% of income earners in Massachusetts now collect 24% of the total income in the state and you need to make well over $500,000 a year to be counted among the top 1% of earners. So this measure would affect less than 1% of mass residents. By asking a little more from those in the best position to support increased state revenue, we can make transformative changes in our state's public education and transportation sectors for our families and workforce for generations to come. This additional revenue would support citizens across the state and importantly it would benefit our municipal budget. I hope you will join me in supporting the resolution in support of the fair share amendment. I did submit draft resolution language and it's linked in the documents for tonight's meeting. I'm not exactly sure what happens next in terms of specific resolution language on a final vote but I'm sure that will be made clear over time. Finally, I wanted to thank Mr. Hyme for answering my questions along the way for this process and thank you again for carrying me out and I'm happy to answer any questions you might have. Thank you, Ms. Hanson. And I will turn it over to board members for any questions, start with Mr. Herd. Thank you, Mr. Chair and thank you Ms. Hanson for the presentation and your work on this. We did have a conversation a week two back where you explained the fair share amendment to me and did so in great detail as you did here tonight. So I'm happy to move favorable action to send a resolution along to Tommy. I'll take it, Mr. Chair. Thank you, Mr. Herd. I'm Mr. Diggins. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'm happy to second it and I'll say that this is a good start on the big problem which is poverty. We really need to solve that problem more than anything else because there's so much that's left on the table by having people who just don't have enough to thrive and it would just really increase in the overall GDP so much more if we could get rid of poverty. And as I often say, the wealthiest people's share of the pie would be smaller, but the pie would be bigger, and they would make even more money. So hopefully we'll realize with this, if it passes, that instead of getting fewer millionaires or have to pay a little more in taxes, we'll actually have more because people will get a good education. It'll be easy for them to travel. The GDP will increase, the money will be in the economy, increasing the velocity of money which will make things even better. So I'm all supportive of this and I hope it's just one of the next steps towards us becoming a society that has no poverty. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Diggins. Mr. Helmuth. Thank you. I was proud to sign Ms. Hanson's original voter petition this summer at the farmers market and I'm happy to support this now. I do think, and I say this as a town meeting member as well as a select member that town meeting would do well to be judicious in its resolutions and think about scope and think about what really affects the town of Arlington and this really does. This is one of those where I think it is well worth some time in town meeting to contemplate and give town meeting an opportunity to weigh in with what I personally hope will be a strong vote of support because of everything Mr. Diggins just said and regarding economic justice and the specific aching needs we have in education and in transportation. So I appreciate Ms. Hanson your work very, very much on this in Arlington and statewide. I know that you're very active in the effort and I urge my colleagues to send this on a town meeting where I hope that you tell me colleagues will endorse this strongly. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Halas and this is Mahat. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Ms. Hanson, Linda, for your time on the phone where we had a really good discussion about this as well as I've also signed with the Mass AFL CIO and the Greater Boston Labor Council which is also working on this effort. Definitely happy to support not only this resolution hopefully a unanimous passage of town meeting but also Ms. Hanson has informed us all and has I think in the link documents that there are more steps besides just a town meeting vote for this resolution in terms of the statewide effort and the mass fair share as Linda told me has really gotten organized with individual leaders across the state as well as a campaign. So this is a very serious effort. It's not just a feel good vote and nothing happens after that. So first step is hopefully a unanimous vote of town meeting for this resolution but then whatever myself and my colleagues and anyone else in the town or state wants to do to continue on with the effort after that there's an organization out there it's organized and even if you just want to contact to get information that that's a great thing to do too. So thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you, Mrs. Mohan. Yeah, and I have a few comments. I will support this for going before town meeting. I will say I had a little bit of a concern in terms of taking a vote as a board on something that is gonna be on a referendum in November not because of my personal feeling about the merits but just as far as setting a precedent for other resolutions that come before us. I think as we look through this however our legislative delegation voted in two successive constitutional conventions to put this on the ballot in November. The last vote of the entire legislature both House and Senate was believe 159 to 41 in favor of doing it. And this is a change that is required of our constitution as Ms. Hansen said because right now Massachusetts can't have a graduated income tax is that the article 44 is a so-called uniformity requirement and there have been several attempts over the years to create a graduated income tax. They have all failed as recent as 1994. This is a new effort. And I think it makes sense in terms of what is trying to be achieved here what the legislature did. Any reluctance I'm expressing is more institutional on what I feel we should be voting for recommending as a board. I think it's perfectly appropriate that this goes before town meeting and I hope there's widespread supported town meeting. I just had some internal conflict as to whether this is the type of thing that we should be voting as a board. We certainly shouldn't be holding it up from going to town meeting but given the comments of my colleagues I'm gonna support it as well. But I wanted to just get that across and thank you for the information that you provided to us. So on a motion by Mr. Herd. Oh, actually before I do that is there any members of the public that wish to be heard? No, no hands are raised. Okay, so on a motion- I think they went to bed. Yes, yeah, excellent. Well, thank you for staying up with us tonight. So on a motion by Mr. Viggins, did you have another comment? So I just want to say this in support of what you just said now because I don't know if outside the context of this resolution it'd be appropriate for me to address it, but I hear where you're coming from on that. And I'd like for us to maybe explore that later on, maybe a new business item sometime later on because in all honesty, I have some regret about the letter that I asked the board to sign in support of the enabling legislation for the real estate transfer fee because I have concerns that we don't want to become a body that is approving doing letters to me for everything that comes up because there are a lot of good causes, lots of good causes and we do really have to focus on on board business for Arlington. So I hear where you're coming from on that. And so, so thanks for bringing that up. Okay, thank you, Mr. Viggins. Mr. Helmuth, did you want to say something? It just very quickly, just to suggest to Mr. Chair, I agree with your caveat. And I wonder if Mr. Heim might want to, it kind of plays final votes and comments come up with some language, kind of clarifying that at least naming your position and maybe my colleagues would be comfortable with that that we, we have personal support for this. We think how many should do this, but we're respectful of our role with the legislation. Yeah, thank you for that suggestion, Mr. Helmuth. And we will be receiving comments from, or proposed comments from returning Heim. And I think he can work that in and we can see if we can agree on that. Okay, great. So an emotion by Mr. Heard, seconded by Mr. Diggins, attorney Heim. Mr. Heard. Yes. Mr. Diggins. Yes. Mr. Helmuth. Yes. Mrs. Mohan. Yes. Mr. DeCorsi. Yes. It's unanimous vote. Thank you, Ms. Hansen. Thank you. All right. Well, we are to the last war nautical hearing, a resolution that ill life brook is a valuable natural resource. I had given Ms. Anderson an option. So if she chooses to join us this evening, we will go forward. Have to be honest, I didn't think we'd be getting to her at 1027. I'm not sure either. I was hoping it was before 1025, but that's where it goes. Hi, Christian Anderson, 12 up on the road west. And you want me to go really fast, right? I want you to make a presentation that you want to make to us. So don't feel wrong. All right. Well, mainly I'm here just to express gratitude to everyone. Thank you, Mr. Chair DeCorsi and Select Board for considering the ill life brook war nautical. David White from Arlington Conservation Commission and its water bodies working group is here with me this evening. I think maybe he's still here. We are save the ill life brook and we thank you for your concern about climate change and how it will affect the problem with sewage, water discharges and flooding in the ill life brook. We are also grateful for the work that you did in putting together a meeting on Valentine's Day with the executive director of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority to discuss the ill life brook CSOs. Thank you, especially to select board member Diane Mahan for her communications. We also greatly appreciate the support that we received from select board member Eric Helmuth and town manager Adam Chapdeline at the MWRA's final CSO report briefing last week. We really appreciate the support. At that meeting we saw a turnout of approximately 90 people almost all were there to support ending sewage pollution in the ill life brook. We made a very strong statement. There were a few takeaways from that Thursday MWRA meeting. The biggest news from that meeting is that the Somerville CSO is not in regulatory compliance. And this is very important. We also have some flood news to share after meeting with senators Friedman and Brownsburger yesterday. A meeting is planned with DCR to determine next steps for hardening the Amelia Earhart Dam downstream in the Mystic River so that it can withstand storms throughout the century, through the end of the century. This is something that's terribly important for Arlington and something that we support. Regarding the warrant article, Town Council Doug Heim helped us to draft the language of the article. Thank you Mr. Heim for that help. It is a non-binding resolution that seeks to collect town-wide political support to clean up the ill life brook so that it is a safe place to live near and a beautiful place to enjoy for area residents. Thank you. Thank you, Ms. Anderson. I'll turn to the board and start with Mrs. Mahan. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you, Ms. Anderson and Mr. White and everybody else, I could probably be here another 16 minutes. And that would be a very happy 16 minutes because save the owl wife and Chair, Mr. DeCoursey, Town Manager, and my colleagues are definitely tuned in on this issue of the owl life, of getting it to a clean waterway. I think while this is a resolution, it certainly is a good step and is sort of another tool that we can have in our discussions with state officials, with the MWRA. And thank you, Kristen, for pointing out about the summable CSO that's not even in regulatory compliance. But having said that, all these pieces of meetings and boats that we're taking are really to get everybody together for a constructive conversation, not so much to point fingers, but to kind of put everybody's brains together and brainstorm on how we make this better because thankfully versus 15, 18 years ago when we were going through a similar process with the NPDs permit hearing in the cities of Somerville and Cambridge and the MWRA, it was a big strike out on having any, even talk about eliminating CSOs. And I think now here in 2021 and 2022, I don't think you'll find any of the stakeholders who will say, no, we think it's a great idea to continue discharging sewage into the owl life. So the next step is, which at the meeting that the chair and the town manager called with Fred Lasky and I wanna say five or six other officials from the MWRA, once we finally got 45 minutes of the PowerPoint presentation and we got the rest sent to us because individuals wanted to speak to that. I think everybody understands and we need to continue to have the conversation to say, I think we all agree on eliminating CSO discharges. The next step is how would we do that in terms of the technology and waterways and scientists and the like that would say this is what the plan would look like to do that, then look at the cost and then look at how we get to eliminating those CSOs. So while this is a resolution, I think it's very important in all the work that we've been doing, whether it's meetings, resolution at town meeting, moving forward. I did with the chair and the town manager today sent an email to the MWRA just to ask for some backup documentation on three of the specific areas of information that we received at the Valentine's Day meeting to get the backup data. And I know that Ms. Anderson and Mr. White and others are very interested in that information. We did ask for it, but I was sent today. I think 412 asked for the end of week, if not next week. And again, it's just to really get a handle on making sure that as we go through these exercises and talk about eliminating CSOs to make sure we have the correct backup data to actually plug into that so that whatever we do moving forward is as close to perfect as we can get. So sorry to be so wordy on that, but I'm just really excited and thankful for my colleagues, the town manager and saved our wife and the Cambridge groups and Senator Brownsburger and others just getting into the city of some role. So I'm really excited about this and let's keep the momentum going. And thank you to my colleagues for giving me, although you were captive, you had to listen anyways but appreciate you listening, me taking all this time. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Thank you, Mrs. Mahan. Mr. Hurd. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I will happily second the motion. Thank you to Ms. Anderson for this warrant article and all the work that you do on this issue. And I can't say it any better than Mrs. Mahan, so I won't. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Hurd. Mr. Diggins. Thank you, Mr. Chair. I mean, I'm happy to be able to favorable action on it too. I've done a lot of reading. I read a hefty part of the draft report that came out like the first four sections. Section four I think was the most relevant to what's going on with, I think it's CSO number six, the one in Somerville. My take from it was that most of the pollution going into the alewife is not coming from the CSO. I mean, sure, the CSO is a problem. I mean, it has to be good to take care of that but from what they say, being most of the pollution that we're seeing in the alewife is coming from other sources. So we're going to need to find some other solutions to get the alewife to the point where we want it to be. And so I hope this resolution, is another step in the process of us figuring out what it'll take me to get the alewife to where we think it should be. So thank you. Thank you, Mr. Diggins and Mr. Hela. Thank you. I am quite confident that my colleagues have covered all the bases. I appreciate your work very, very much. As you know, and we've talked about many times. So keep it up and I look forward to a positive vote. I hope it tell me. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Helmut. Yeah, I'm also happy to support this. And I want to thank Ms. Anderson for all the work that she has done and it certainly has our attention. It has had our attention for a while and Mrs. Mahan has been involved with this for a long time as a member of the board and others are involved now as well. And I think we're in a place where we're going to keep monitoring this, keep advocating and try to find solutions collectively to this. So I'm happy to support the resolution. Just want to confirm, Mrs. Mahan, I had you down for the motion, but if you could reconfirm the motion for favorable action, I have the second by Mr. Herd, just so that we're clear on our minutes. Yes, thank you, Mr. Chair. I'm in favor of the election. Okay, thank you. So on a motion by Mrs. Mahan, seconded by Mr. Herd. Oh, before I do that, are there any members of the public that wish to be heard? No, there is not. Okay, all right. So on a motion by Mrs. Mahan, seconded by Mr. Herd, attorney Hine. Mr. Herd? Yes. Mr. Deans? Yes. Mr. Helman? Yes. Mrs. Mahan? Yes. Mr. DeCourson? Yes. Mr. Annemar's vote. Great. Thank you, Ms. Anderson. Thank you for staying up late night at the select board. Thank you very much for your support. Good night, everybody. Good night. Bye. Okay, well, that ends the warrant article hearings this evening and onto items 11 and 12, correspondence received. I will refer to them both and then we'll take motions. Item 11, traffic concerns on Newland Road during school hours. Item 12, and that's from Laurie Pescatori. Item 12, request for removal double pull at Berman 128, Mount Vernon Street. Mr. DeGuns? I move on receipt of the letters. And I had told Ms. Pescatori that I would ask me that the town manager considers sending her letter to TACC. Yeah, okay. Yeah, so if we could have a referral to TACC on that, that would be great. And then on the second one? Oh, on the second one, I move receipt and I will defer to you, Mr. Chair, as to what we should do with that one. Why don't we refer to the town manager and he and I will work, we're working on some things that you get on the town's website. So maybe we'll refer to the town manager on that one. Okay, so I'll refer to the town manager on the double pull letter. Thank you. Mr. Helen? Second that, thank you. Mrs. Mahan? No questions, thank you. Mr. Hurd? And no questions, but Mr. DeGuns, I do share that sometimes I can get nerve wracking during referrals of these items of new business as to where they're supposed to be because you don't want to say the wrong thing. So when in doubt, refer to the town manager and he can handle it. Okay, all right. Thank you. Okay, thank you, Mr. Hurd. Yeah, and I support this as well. So on a motion, motions by Mr. DeGuns, seconded by Mr. Helmut, Attorney Heim. Mr. Hurd? Yes. Mr. DeGuns? Yes. Mr. Helmut? Yes. Mrs. Mahan? Yes. Mr. Corsi? Yes. Anonymous vote. I know the hour is late. I almost opened up a public comment on the correspondence received. I caught myself. Okay, so that leaves new business, Attorney Heim. No new business, thank you. Okay, Mr. Chapter Lane? No new business. Mr. Helmut? Thank you, I have one item. So we're coming up on an important anniversary of sorts. On March 9th was the day of the first confirmed positive COVID test in Arlington and two days later, the World Health Organization declared the pandemic. And I would like to suggest, and I had a previous conversation with the chair about this today, that perhaps at our next meeting, which will be very close or on that date, that we invite selected members of the Department of Health and Human Services, in particular the Health Department, to come before the board so that we can express our appreciation to them. They have done an incredible amount of work. They are very, very tired. They have taken a lot of difficult input and feedback from the public over various issues. Not all of it fair, but they have done their jobs. They have performed magnificently. They have gone over and above what most other communities in the Commonwealth have done with putting on vaccination, testing, climate clinics, and they have not complained. And I would very much like to have the opportunity for us to just thank them because they don't often get their turn in the spotlight. So that's my new business and I'll leave it to the chair and the town manager to discuss future agenda item on that. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Helmuth. Mr. Diggins. I'll support that, but please have them on the agenda first, since they are tired and we don't want to keep them up late.  So, also, you can do it. Agreed on both points, or agreed on the first and thank you on the second. Thank you, Mr. Diggins. Mr. Hurd. Yeah, I just want to mention there's been some talk about Town Day, particularly amongst the businesses and at our Economic Development Task Force meetings. So me and Mr. Diggins have been dividing and conquering to try to get it going and there'll be, we're going to start reaching out to people in town, but it isn't on the works. And we've missed it two years in a row because of the pandemic, but there's been an outpouring of requests and support to bring back Town Day. So we're working on trying to make that happen and I'm sure we'll be tapping all of you to help out as well as everyone will be willing to do so. So that is in the process. I just wanted to mention more to hold our own feet to the fire to make sure that we're working on it, but that is going to be a process. And then I did just wanted to, I didn't know, see that the, I don't want to congratulate Coach Missouri and then I was like, boy, is that a 4-0 win in their last regular season game today that a great season. And I don't miss many of the home games, but I'm here with you all tonight. And I just wanted to mention to anyone that's listening that was wondering why I fell down the bleachers on Sunday at the game, which I did in front of the entire Arlington crowd. My six-year-old spilled a blue slushy on the bleachers in front of me and it caused me to lose my footing. There wasn't any nefarious reason why I was falling down the bleachers. So certainly within character for me, but it was, I recovered well. I think I recovered well. So, but I just did want to thank them. They had a great season and look forward to the playoffs. Great. Thank you, Mr. Herd. Maybe next time, just stand along the boards to watch the game. Noted. Mrs. Mahan, we may have lost your feed again. Oh, no, here we go. No new business. Okay, thank you. And I do not have any new businesses. So while I guess briefly, I did speak to Mr. Helmut and we will work on the health and human services recognition for the next meeting and we will do it early in the evening for sure. So with that, I will take a motion to adjourn. So moved. Okay, a motion made by Mr. Herd, seconded by Mr. Diggins, attorney Heim. Herd? Yes. Mr. Diggins? Yes. Mr. Helmut? Yes. Mrs. Mahan? Yes. Mr. Diggins. Yes. It's your honor's fault. Thank you, everyone. Thank you. All right, bye-bye. Good meeting.


I think the restart project our community repair events is a very useful first stop for people to understand what's wrong with their device and in many cases be able to fix it at the event. But sometimes more is required. If they do want to find a commercial repairer, how are they going to find one they have confidence in? And this is something that we feel is important. We worked in four London borrws and in those four borrws we found 152 businesses. We tried to develop some criteria for whether those businesses should be included in any kind of list. The first was that the business should have a trading address in the area. The second one was whether they offered any kind of warranty on the repairs that they did. And the third one was whether they had some decent online reviews. In the end we came up with 23 businesses that we felt met our basic criteria. So that reflects a little bit I think on the state of the repair economy. I think this kind of resource could be useful for people to actually get some confidence in using those businesses.


Hey everyone and welcome back to a brand new backroom's video on the Broogly channel. Of course I am your host Broogly as always and in this video I'm going to be talking about a very very dangerous backroom's level called Level Ashes to Ashes. This one is extremely creepy and very very unsettling and I think you guys are going to enjoy it because you tend to like creepy and unsettling things. Thank you for watching and let's hop right into the explanation of this level but first I want to announce that I do have a third channel called Spoogely where I go over SCPs, real-life cryptid encounters and missing people in national parks so if you dig that kind of creepy stuff go check it out. I think you're gonna enjoy it. The first couple videos are already up and now let's get into this backroom's video shall we? So Ashes to Ashes or level negative 319 is classified as a class 5 difficulty and is very very unsafe and unsecure and it's really dangerous because of non-entity hazards so you don't really have to worry about creatures or stuff like that attacking you it's the level itself that's gonna attack you. The level takes place inside of a really old and broken down house that's all covered in a thick layer of dust ash and other kinds of trash and waste there are three bedrooms in this house one and a half bathrooms and there's also a basement an attic a living room and a dining room as well as a kitchen and office but you can't even get to the basement or attic so that's kind of lame. The temperature inside of this disgusting house is always pretty cold it stays around 47 degrees Fahrenheit or negative 8.3 degrees Celsius and on top of it being cold it also feels really damp and it smells dank and just awful kind of like mold as you can imagine. Now no one knows what the outside of the house looks like because every exit is sealed with some kind of impenetrable material and from what you'll see in a second you don't really have time to try to exit the house like by going at the door so no one really cares or knows what's outside. When this level was found there was a big note carved into the table in the kitchen that pretty much says who was there and why they think they won't make it out of the level alive one of the wanderers was 13 one was 16 one was 25 and one was 31 and that 13 and 16 year old were siblings but that note includes some really creepy details and honestly just some terrifying stuff about why this level is dangerous. I'm just gonna read you the last paragraph and it says I do not want to be forgotten so find a way out this place ages you by one year every five minutes I timed it I've been trying to find a way out for six hours now I watched my sister unalive about 30 minutes ago and she since has crumbled into ash and dust I'm not too far behind but I'm exhausted I understand now what my grandfather was tired all the time I'm going to unalive here I made my peace with that I'm too tired to go any further I guess I wrote this to beg you to find a way out when you get out of here tell the others not to come to level negative 319 if they happen to find themselves here tell them to find an exit as soon as possible uh so yeah just like that note said this level makes you age one year older every five minutes that passes when you're there so if you stay in the level for six hours you'd be getting older really really quickly and this anomaly is why there's ashes all over the ground because when you unalive you literally disintegrate and fall into ash and add to that ash pile so that is that that's so creepy I'm like wow that is disturbing there's also been some researchers that got stuck in this level after that first note was left and they left some information on the walls written in blue crayons apparently most people unalive at around age 85 according to this note but one of these explorers colleagues was actually earlier than that and they unalive that age 60 from diabetes which means that this level can make you have illnesses that you'd get normally while aging in real life but you get away faster here because it ages you so much quicker the researcher who wrote those findings on the wall apparently developed some kind of illness themselves and it was some kind of heart disease because of the rapid aging and well you can guess what happened in both of them the weird thing is that this aging isn't just for humans because it affects entities that are here too one wanderer went to the bathroom on this level and found an old hound in the bathroom ran away from it and then the hounds started chasing and then just disintegrated because it was so old and he just watched it turn right to dust so yeah now the first person to ever make it out of this level alive and to escape and stuff was named wanderer bb and apparently he was 14 years old when he got sent here and when he left he was 38 years old because he was trapped in the level for two hours which made him become 24 years older than he was when he got here he still has no idea how he got to this level but the good news is he does know how he escaped the way he got out was he went to the upstairs bathroom and found the mirror there and the mirror was covered in dust and ash obviously so he wiped the mirror down cleaned the ash off and then got no clipped instantly to level zero he was 24 years older but he was alive which is better than what everybody else could say there's no way to tell how many wanderers have actually gotten to this level and never escaped because the entry is still unknown like no one knows how you get here but it is imperative and very important that the second you get sent here you run upstairs to that mirror and you hope that it works to send you out because if it doesn't you can age 24 years in two hours so yeah and that wraps up the video of level ashes to ashes i hope you enjoyed this one i really like levels like this that are just absolutely insane and just have these crazy ways that you can run alive hope you did enjoy it and thank you for watching i also want to thank you so so much for 340 000 subscribers i just hit that while i'm recording this audio on the 29th of june so thank you so much for that the channel's on track to hit 400 000 subscribers by the end of july and that would mean so much to me if that could happen that that would literally be insane like some kind of record surely a record for the channel definitely but as you all know i am buying the full backroom's outfit the shirt the pants the hat the socks buying them all at 500 k and we are almost a 400 k which means we're almost a 500 k so we're inching closer by the hour and i hope you all are ready for that uh if you're watching to the end thank you so much i really appreciate you all and i thank you so much for everything you do for me you have allowed me to do my dream which is youtube and i just thank you so much for that i love this and i love you all and i'm so passionate about this and i have so much planned that i hope you guys are gonna enjoy make sure to check out my second channel if you want to see some reactions and some gameplay stuff and just more of me we're just relaxing over there vibing and make sure to check out my new third channel where i talk about scp readings and cryptid encounters and just stuff like that that's a really creepy channel for the people who enjoy that sort of stuff but thank you so much for watching and commenting and subscribing just everything you do thank you so much if you have any levels that you want me to go over just drop them down below as i look at all of the comments that i get or i try to at least and if i pick your level well that's that's pretty cool thank you for watching and supporting me and i'll see you in the next video peace