almost lunchtime, so I promise I will not take longer and I will try to stimulate your appetite for the break. I would like to thank the organizer of this session, when I spotted the title of the after-automated enormous program, immediately I, you know, really enthusiastically had the idea to participate, to propose, and I thank them to have accepted my intervention. Not just because I am a specialist in rock cat architecture, but living and working in Sicily clearly make this something very common, something that the perception of the persistence of rock cat architecture in the landscape is very, very common. I'm a pre-stolic archaeologist and therefore I have to do with also with rock cat architecture, but with this presentation I don't want to concentrate on just a single site or a single phase, but I will try to give a kind of historical picture of what is rock cat architecture in central Sicily. We focus mainly on central Sicily, the area where I'm living and working, and also I would like to discuss the impact of rock art, rock cat architecture on the landscape both in the past for the communities of the past, how they use the water body we're using, rock cat architecture, and for the community of the present. I will try, if we have the time, to conclude with some remarks on the present day use of rock cat architecture. As I said, rock cat architecture has provided the key contribution to the shaping of the Sicilian landscape as in the prehistory and through the centuries up to very recently. The Isla communities developed very early the techniques necessary to cut and shape the wide diffused limestone, sandstone in my area, the ray also the flesh formation. This is where to realize cemeteries, cult places, military, outposts, habitation, productive facilities. Here I choose between the many opportunities that the Sicilian clergy provides two famous examples. One is Fantalica, the necropolis close to Syracuse with almost 5,000 graves cut in this large mountain. Clearly they are not all in use at the same time. The chronology goes from the Red Bronze Age 12th century up to the period, so the 7th, 6th century BC. While this one is this is a cataclysm and it's near Lagoosa, again in the South-Eastern Sicily, dating from the 4th century AD up to the Byzantine period, so the 8th, 9th century AD. But it is very important also for present day. This is the village of Sperling, guys, just one of the minutes I put another part of my area. Houses built inside the rock have been excavated since almost 40 years ago. People were still living there even now, people are living there, even if now only the more poor part of the population living in the rock cut. While other rock has been used as for animals, for others, use this. The persistence in the present day landscape of ancient rock cut architecture plays a crucial role in the understanding of the social and cultural dynamics of human occupation in the various parts of the island, even for those part that don't have clear archaeological evidence, the principle of rock cut architecture given idea of ancient occupation of the area. At the same time, however, this same persistence poses a series of interpretative limits to the definition of the chronology and the function of the rock cut structures. The techniques and the tools used to cut the rock are very conservative, remaining almost immutable through the centuries. Rock cut structures have often changed their functions with the overlapping different uses in the same place and the continuity of the same structures even with different roles has provoked the disturbance and the disappearance of the oldest and the photographic context. We can start to talk about rock cut structures in Sicily during the prehistory. The oldest evidence are dating to the early Copper Age around the 4th millennium BC with what we call shaft burials. So we have vertical shaft excavated in the bedrock and then excavated the footer chamber just on the side with the deposition of one or two bodies and the part of the statues. Okay, there is an evolution. We move from vertical shafts to frontal entrances. This is early Bronze Age and the third beginning of 2nd millennium BC. This is the Necropolis of Castelluccio which is given the name to the entire period. We have a single grave with a single cell but often they have also a kind of monumental front decorated with pillars, columns and this is a written 3D reconstruction of what could be the appearance of the early Bronze Age burial with the entrance closed with a slab deposition just in front of it. Coming to the area where I'm working, the Ere Aplan is a very wide hilly area placed in the eastern part of central Sicily in the red box. A different landscape situation. A series of rivers are crossing the entire area in the west-east direction toward the Union Sea. The area is delimited on the west by the Miramini Giunale which is the longest rivers in the area. In terms of geology, as I said, the area is characterized by the presence of limestone and sandstone mainly and in the other part along the southern part of the Neverea chain we have the fish which is kind of sand which can be compressed on the seabed and then emerged when the mountains of the northern part of Sicily emerged. As I said, we have a long history with different meanings and different uses of rock art architecture. Here you see a kind of a very schematic framework different from the rest of the island. In the early Copper Age, in the central part, we don't have any evidence of rock cat architecture. We start with the late Copper Age, which is a funerary meme I use, which goes up down to the Roman Byzantine period. From the Greek, rock cat architecture started also to be used in order to create the cult places. Things are to change in the medieval period. As we will see soon, rock cat architecture has been used in order to defend castles which would be created inside the cliffs and productive only very recently. As I said in the last four or five hundred years, rock cat architecture has been used for interpretation. We start with the late Copper Age. We have this series of necropolis very small, very close to the sites, to the villages with multiple chambers. There is a number of graves. Then we move to the early Bronze Age, where the necropolis is always placed near the village, but not anymore in a strict connection, but just above, dominating from above the village. The number of graves for each cemetery start to increase, until to reach what I said in the late Bronze Age that I just showed you first, the panthenic necropolis. This one is a necropolis near Enna. It's a real Mese. It's almost 350 graves preserved. In the Greek period, we have rock cat graves, which have the typical square while doing the pristo in proto-history. The shape of the graves, rock cat graves, are circular. In the Greek period, they are rectangular. They have benches for the position and open the roof of the grave. It was double-pitched. But then we start also to use to have rock cat cult places called Sumatvica in Enna itself, as the site excavated just on the eastern fringe of the Enna proto. And this is what we as community excavated in 2008, and it's possible in area dedicated to the cult of the limiter, because we found a series of elements indicating this. As a bot cross with the position, we found a series of female statuettes inside this. And then we have this vertical side, which has been carved with a series of niche which are known in other Sanctuae dedicated limiter in Agri Gento and Syracuse and in other areas. It is a kind of room. It is a rectangular room, probably used for ritual buckets. Moving from Greek to Roman period, in the early period of the Roman period, we are on the second and third century. We have a series of onbaria. Clearly there's been a lot of debate on these funerary or others. Consider this is the urban cave. It's been found by Paolo Orsi back in the 30s, last century. And it's called the Grotta della Spezzeria, which means the spicy cave, because at the beginning they were thinking that there was something working with spices and using this niche to put all the products. The other one is Canalotto, it's a few kilometers away from Enna. And the Peleons were the more exponential. But here, which of the onbaria moved to Enna before one of its important excavations, he was able to excavate the lower part of this Caesarea. Yes, and he found one slab closing the niche with the dedication in Latin, so this was approved that this was a funerary area. In Rome, these are dedicated to the Betti, which are the slaves which had been freed. It's a typical in Rome around the second and first century AD. And this is the period which Sicily was the granary of the pipe. So a lot of expansion of agricultural work and possible the diffusion of this. I just put some examples, but in all central Sicily and some of the eastern Sicily, these are quite common. It can be connected with this passion of cultivation of the area. Later on, in late Rome, we are talking about 4th, 5th, 6th century AD, we start to have complex catacombs with sub-girot graves, rectangular graves excavated on the floor, and with archosoli, so graves excavated on the vertical sides. During the Byzantine, we have only sub-divo graves, but Canalotto is a rock-cut village. Clearly, we have some evidence that this has been used already since probably the prehistory. Some prehistoric rock-cut tombs are still preserved in the area, but the maximum expansion started with a Byzantine period and continued during the Islamic period. Islamic period has been evidenced by Aldo Messina, a colleague from the Trieste University, that in one site, just in the northern part of the area, he located along one of these cliff sediments where he could jail, and he interpreted one of the possible rock-cut mosquitos. The passage from the Byzantine to the Islamic, and then after Islamic to other periods, is well evidenced by the presence of a series of castles, which have been realized cutting the rock, the most famous in Spellinga and Gagiano, that our structures were quite big, very complex, completely cut inside the bell rock, the deflation meeting. I want just to conclude, just to give an idea, what is the complexity of study rock-cut architecture with the story of a single cave, a cave which has been found in and during the Sanctuary we are located in the 8th. This cave, which is just dug aside, the side of the niches, was first of all a grave during the Greek period, because we have clearly the remains of the retangular entrance, typical of the great graves. During the Roman period, the way we're inside has been escalated to the city of Arcosoli, and the dimension was very small, so probably children, still the same use of funerary, but different ritual. During the medieval period, it was not used anymore as a funerary space, but as a productive space. We have a series of pits filled with middle-late medieval pottery. So the same cave has changed to the Sanctuary's meanings, uses, and function. I want just to conclude saying that we need clearly more attention to the technological, many of the papers this morning are very instructive for me, but I give a lot of ideas that can be used in order to start projects on focusing on the study of rock architecture, escaping a little bit from the typical cultural material approach used in Sicily. It's important that the persistence of this rocky landscape is used today in order to propose projects in which these caves, these graves, these cathedrals, became part of a shared identity and used by local communities to produce new acts of construction of the Sicilian mass. Thank you.


Oh, it's meme time. Hey, it is my favorite time of the month, a week. How often we do these now? Hey, NBA 2K21 demo came out a couple of days ago, and so of course I had to ask the question. I need your best 2K21 memes. I guess it wasn't really a question. It's more of a demand. If y'all new to the channel you haven't already, we make daily 2K21 content, be sure to subscribe. Second channel link in the description because we do NBA memes over there on that channel. But let's get into it. I expect these to be great. First meme from Tony here sends this picture. Look guys, it's the Spider-Man duplicate. I can't tell which one is the which one meme. This is an inaccurate meme here, buddy. If we look really carefully, 2K19 and 2K21 are on very different planes, right? Whether or not 2K20 and 2K21 are on the same plane has yet to be determined but is likely to be the case. It's just inaccurate. I do see a little bit of funny in it, but it is an outplayed meme, you feel me?  I'm giving you a three out of 10. This video is brought to you by Postmates. Postmates is the beautiful food delivery app you can use to deliver yourself some food when the Toronto Raptors are in the playoffs and you don't want to leave the house. Because that's the situation I'm in right now. I can't leave. It's a playoff game. I'm stuck here. It would be so convenient if there was a solution. There's plenty of local restaurants on Postmates. You can have the food delivered right to your door. Postmates also has a no-contact option. What I like to do is stand on my side of the door, wait for them to approach, drop the food off, and leave the vicinity. And then I go up in there and grab my food. Ooh, it's time to eat. And for any new users on the screen right now, use my code. You'll get $110 in delivery fee credits. Look at me, man. Help me save y'all money. Ooh, I need a platter. I'm hungry today. Look real closely. Actually, nothing's happened yet, but I think it's gonna happen any time moment. She's gonna cut the corner. Post is clear. Wow, thanks. Wait, wait, let me see. Thank you Postmates for this delicious meal that is not mine. I genuinely feel like he's about to eat my food, so I'll leave a link in the description. Download Postmates, use the code on the screen. New users, you get a seven-day, $110 delivery fee credit. Again, a huge thank you to Postmates for helping sponsor this video. Oh wow, someone added to it. They added 2K18 in here. No, 2K18 was the worst 2K of all time. 2K19 was a really good 2K. I don't wanna say really good, but it was up there. 2K20 was just dry, real dry. And 2K21, hopefully, is more moist. I don't need this to be as equally as dry as 2K20.  That's a really good way to put it. The whole 2K community, every time Ronnie speaks, look guys, it's the Squidward and Hailing Cat meme. Now, this was funny a long time ago. Is it still funny now? Ah, maybe you reignited a little bit of funny because he got back to capping, ladies and gentlemen. But I'll say this, it's just not enough funny for me to give it anything more than a five out of 10. Everyone, when Playoff P comes to, this is an NBA meme, what the hell is this doing here in this video? This belongs on the second channel, link in the description.  Just ignore him, ignore him, Joe. Ah, it sucks, cause I actually genuinely like Paul George, but man, is he not playing good right now. Wow, that's a funny meme. It got a lot of funnier than your field of view. I'ma give that one a six and a half out of 10. Me waking up early this morning, expecting 2K's demo to be good. We got the clown Vegeta. Is that right? I don't watch anime, so y'all just gotta comment. Is that right? Vegeta or Goku, one of the two, sitting at an old computer meme. I said that to trigger y'all, I know that's not a Goku. This caption is good because it's fresh in everyone's minds and it's very true and accurate, but it just didn't really match. The matchism wasn't there with the photo. The top comment though, was only pain. Which is a service that some people subscribe to when they buy the game every single year, just to be disappointed. Me after shooting with the new shot stick. This right here fellas, is a quality meme. Plenty of funny, plenty of accuracy. We don't even have to sit here and debate about the situation, et cetera, et cetera. This right here is a 10 out of 10. Hey, I'm not really opposed to it though. I know a lot of you was freaking out about the whole shot stick thing, but I'm actually excited about it. Hopefully it pans out and it's not ass, but I genuinely believe it has the potential to make the game more interesting to play. Me when I load into the same park on launch day. Is this the way he said it, I think? Yeah, that would be tragic.  Cause we experienced that in 2K17 and in 2K20. So man, I'm really hoping we don't have to run it back this year. Ah man, that brings back some sad emotions, ladies and gentlemen. This meme is good though. It's an eight out of 10. It's a different game this year. Trust us guys. And here we have the Danny Green shooting a brick meme. Not only is the photo funny, but the caption is funny. The only thing is the caption don't really match the photo all that well, man. And you know when we're talking about elite memeism here, we need those two things to be in synergy with one another. So they coincide in a way that makes the meme really funny and accurate. Here you didn't do that. Five out of 10. Everybody's face when they see an old my player builder. Now you could have chosen better photo for this because this caption has a whole gang of potential. I feel like you whiffed on a potentially 10 out of 10 idea. And you know, it wasn't bad, but it was really a six and a half out of 10. You could have made it a 10 out of 10 if you just paid more attention and you stayed in class. Same school kids. They'll help you with your memes. 2K developers when they made the green window smaller. Pose mad. I guess. I guess, I guess. The top comment is man got 48 likes and said since this blew up. Did he say that? Or did he say that? Since this blew up. Gotta love those. Ronnie 2K thinking he can continuously lie and still keep his job. How come I've never seen this video used as a meme before? This is brilliant. Think so, pal.  I don't think so, pal. That's not how it's gonna go down. That's a quality meme. That's a nine out of 10. When 2K21 drop and we load into the same neighborhood for the third year. Oh, please no. Hey yo, what the? Now is this a yo, what the? Meme played out? Yeah, yeah, yeah. A little bit. But did he add a? He did. And for that reason, I can't help but get this meme a seven and a half out of 10. The top comment to that meme was how I'ma look loading in. Look guys, it's the monster's ink no facial expression meme. This is good. This is quality. Is mid quality as high? Is above average? A little higher than mid tier quality? I'ma give this one right here, guys. A six out of 10. 2K YouTuber is trying to get info on 2K21 from the devs. What are you guys talking about? Are you talking about who's doing the break-ins? If you know, you can tell me. I won't tell anybody. Jasmine, are you wearing a wire? Ah! Pop, blue! Hold on, hold on, hold on, guys. Hold on. Wait right there, be back. Wait right there. Excuse me, we'll leave. Can you give an instant replay of my face when I realize how much potential this meme just here had? Jasmine, are you wearing a wire? Thank you very much. Guys, I can't make this stuff up. That was such a high quality meme I was in awe right there. And if we look real closely, fellas, for the first time in the history of this show, this meme gets a 12 out of 10. Oh my God, guys, wow. That was so, first of all, I've never seen that video before and I've watched the whole series so clearly I have a horrible memory. But second of all, is that accurate or what? It's kinda random though, to be honest with you. Can I watch that again? 2K YouTubers trying to get info on 2K21 from the devs. Are you talking about who's doing the break-ins? If you know, you can tell me. Oh my God, I've never seen a meme so perfect. It just, it's never happened to me before what's going on today.  Hey, I'm mind blown right now.  This is the greatest meme I've ever seen and I've done like 20 of these videos before. So, oh man, I can't stop smiling. That's such a good meme. I need something to get my mind out for this. Did iPod send a meme? iPod, I hope you send a meme, man, cause I can't be this happy. This makes no sense how happy I am right now. iPod didn't send a meme. Oh, the only time I wanted him to send a meme.  Me in 2KU using the pro stick.  What does it sound? Oh my God. That was like that one meme that was like Paul George's bricks sound like a 12 gauge in the arena. I'm kind of f***ing it up by like re-saying it like that. Hey, that's a really good meme. I haven't been in 2KU just yet and I'm actually about to hop in it as soon as I finish this video. But is this what it sounds like when you miss shots in 2KU? Y'all is crazy today, man. This is so high quality, I can't help but give this a nine and a half out of, no what, a 10 out of 10. Oh no, oh no, I see this one coming, fellas. Me contacting PlayStation when the 2K21 demo wasn't available in the PlayStation store. Customer service. Customer service, give me straight to the... Toasted, please don't mess up the street. It's going crazy right now. Us, I wonder if 2KU will care about current gen. 2KU. I'm here to tell you right now, we don't care.  Oh no, Toasted, you just brought a very mid meme. After a 12 and a 10 and a 10. After coming off of a whole gang of 10s, you feel me? Like a five don't even feel the same no more. Is we're talking different levels here, fellas? Yeah, yeah. Okay, that being said, this is a five out of 10. 2K, hearing everybody talk about how trash the game is, knowing they're still gonna make billions. Isn't that crazy? It's actually billions, that's a crazy number.  Where's the violin? Why aren't they zooming on the world's smallest?  I watched this episode, where is the smallest violin? I don't even see it, must be that small. That was good. It was just, it's just solid. That's just a solid meme. After all, this is a seven out of 10, guys. Oh, this has potential. When you've pressed all the right buttons and successfully greened using the stick. Oh my God, but you should have done something other than Hadouken.  But there's way more complicated combos, you feel me? That being said, this is brilliant, I love this. This is so high quality of a meme, I can't help, but give it an eight and a half out of 10. Man, y'all killing it today. Oh man, all right, man. Hold on now, RDC burner. I haven't seen you with just yet. How everyone was shooting on the NBA 2K21 demo. Not here. Single room, maybe. Why is the rim, why is the rim commentating?  Where is this? Is this in Japan? What kind of building is this back here? Bro, how did this video become pixelated and gray-skilled?  I know he didn't drop it in this quality. Hey, this is a quality meme, though. It's a good meme, man, eight out of 10. Your rage is burner this time, sends this one, me driving to the 2K headquarters once I find that I pre-ordered the same game. Rage, man, you must've been driving real fast there. All right, man, that's an eight out of 10. Mike Wang, you need at least a 75 three-point rating to shoot consistently in NBA 2K21. My my player with the 83-point shot. Look, guys, it's Dashie, Danny, Green combination meme. Yeah, it's funny, because it's Dashie. I don't know what it is. Everything naturally about Dashie is funny. Is it accurate? Yeah, it is. So ladies and gentlemen, for that reason or for that reason alone, I can't help but give this meme an eight and a half out of 10. Hey, this is my most enjoyable meme video today. You know what I'm saying? Very enjoyable experience, very much enjoying this. Thank you guys for sending these memes here. Wait, hold on, we got a rating.  Is it funny? Yes, is it accurate? Why'd you spell it like that? Is it accurate? Absolutely. I give this, I bet you thought I was gonna rate it. I'm not authorized to rate memes yet. I'm still in training. 609 Superman, my good citizen sir, you are officially authorized to rate memes. Your willingness to display extravagant amounts of discipline, even though you clearly wanted to rate the meme here, was truly outstanding. Blown me away and the board of directors, ladies and gentlemen, Superman, congratulations, you can now rate memes officially. As for the rest of you guys, nope, you're not allowed. You're not on the board and you're not an official meme writer. We wouldn't want people to really take your meme rating seriously, because obviously you're not qualified. You know what I'm saying? Hey, that being said, hope you guys enjoyed. You guys, did you enjoy? Drop a like, cause I enjoyed this a lot actually. Subscribe to the channel. Daily videos here. We'll catch you guys in the next one. I'm out.


Ladies and gentlemen, from time to time, radio programs of vastly individual and divergent types are presented to advertising agencies, sponsors, and the broadcasting networks. Each of them striving to achieve a definite and conclusive effect. There is, for example, the mystery show. Programs of this sort are presented for thrill, suspense, intrigue. Then there's the comedy show.  Why did the chicken cross the aisle? You give up? Because it was a crossed aisle chicken! Programs of this sort are presented for laughs, for rib-tickling mirth, for genial good fellowship. The program you're about to hear, Father Knows Best, starring the eminent actor, Mr. Robert Young, is presented for the next 30 minutes. In an average town, Springfield, on an average street, Maple, lives an average American family, the Henderson's. The husband, Jim, is very much in love with his wife, Margaret, and they're both quite fond of their three children, Betty, Bud, and Kathleen, which I should say is average way for parents to feel. On this particular morning, which is an average sort of day, the Henderson's are ready for an average sort of meal, breakfast. Well, they're supposed to be ready, but you know how it is. The average mother calls... Jim! And the average answer is... Kathleen, come in and start your breakfast. Oh, breakfast. Don't you understand, Mother, this is a crisis. How can I go to school without my skates? Eat your breakfast, dear, and we'll look for the skates later. Oh, but I have looked for... Vanished, Kathy. Did you look in the hall under the telephone table? Mother, that's practically the first place I looked. Well, how about the service port? They aren't there. They aren't anywhere. I'll run out to the garage and see if you left them there, and don't use too much sugar on your cereal. Look, way in the back... All you ever get around here is oatmeal. Ask you not to leave your skates on the stairs. I came down the stairs on it. Oh, Jim, you're poor Jim. Isn't it wonderful, Mother, Daddy? I did not fall down the stairs. Please, Jim, hold still. How can I fix your Jim? I will not have that child telling people I fell down the stairs. I tripped over a count-founded skates. Is that the only place she can find to leave them? Well, she's very sorry, dear. Aren't you, Kathy? Oh, sure. Um... Daddy! Not now, Kathy. Have some coffee, Jim. It'll make you feel better. Other people have children, and they have skates. But other people have discipline in their homes. Old-fashioned discipline. The kind of discipline we had in my home when I was a boy. There was a place for everything and everything... Mom! Hey, Mom! I'm sorry, dear. We'll try to do better. What is it, Bud? I can't find my other shoe. Where'd you put it? Look under the dresser. Okay. Is that where you generally put his other shoe? Sometimes. How do you want your eggs this morning, dear? Daddy, I was just wondering... Kathy, this is a very bad time to bother your father. We'd better let it go for a while. Shall I scramble them, Jim? Oh, it's important, Mother. It's the most important thing in my life. What is? It's really nothing, dear. All right, Kathy. Stop looking like Ingrid Bergman and tell me what it is. I need two dollars, Daddy. I'm desperate. I've got two dollars. What for? Wings. What did she say, Margaret? She said wings. That's what I thought. Why does she need wings? I have to be an angel. I told them I would. I did all of them. It's the school, play, dear. Kathleen said she'd be an angel. Well, I can see they're certainly not casting the type. Kathy, you get an allowance, don't you? If you can call it that, a quarter. When I was nine years old, I had to work for every penny I got. I couldn't walk up to my father and say, I want two dollars for wings, and it certainly was not. Well, then, you didn't need wings. All right, then, find a way to sprout wings without my two dollars. Won't discuss it any further, Kathy. Your father knows best. Oh, I face them without wings. Morning, everybody. How's it? What happened to the squirt? Oh, just a minor tragedy. Drink your orange juice, bud. Say, Dad, I was just thinking... Not now. Let your father read the papers. Not now, dear. Please. But I have to. Gosh, how much time have I got left? You don't mind if I get in on this, do you? How much time for what? Well, Dad, we're going on a picnic tomorrow.  Have a good time. He can go on picnics, and I can't even have wings. Treat me like an orphan around here. Nobody even loves me.  Everyone loves you. Sure, but not two dollars worth. Your brother's not asking for two dollars. Your brother's not asking for anything. Except permission to use the car. Except permission to use... Except what? Well, that's what I was going to ask you about. You see, we're all going out in the country, and I told everybody... You're not going to use the car. Well, but, Dad, if I don't, how am I going to go? You have a bicycle, haven't you? When I was your age, I was traveling all over the state on my bicycle. With a girl? How can I... How can I take a girl on a bicycle? Jim, I just thought that... One moment, Margaret. James Henderson, Jr., you are 15 years of age, and young men 15 years of age do not go traipsing around the country with girls in my car. But everybody else does, Dad. I mean, they get to use their father's car. Joe Phillips uses his father's car, and he's two months younger than I am. I wouldn't care if he was three months younger and had wings. You may not have the car. But you know your father doesn't approve of children driving automobiles. Children? If I want the car, I'm too young. If I want to go to the circus, I'm too old. I wish somebody around here would decide how old I am. We've decided you're too young. Now, that'll be all of that. I'll be an outcast. That's what I'll be. I'll be poisoned with every hunk of date bait in the school. Me and a bicycle.  What a time to think about eggs. Dad, how would it be if I... No. But I was just going to... No. But you don't even know... No, whatever it is, no. Oh, fine. The way I'm treated around here, you'd think I was an orphan. Copycat, I said it first. Quiet, Squirt. Kathy, leave your brother alone and finish your milk. But I... And he's an old copycat. I am not. I wasn't even listening to you. You were, too. You heard me say it, and then you said it. And you're an old copycat. I am not. You are so. I am not. You are so. Quiet, both of you quiet. Oh, Margaret, why can't we ever have a peaceful breakfast in this house? I'm sorry. I don't think it's asking an awful lot. I was a boy, we had wonderful breakfast, quiet breakfast, peaceful breakfast. We had respect for our elders. Sure, but you didn't have a kid's sister like the brat. I'm not a brat. You're a brat if I ever saw one. I am not. You are so. I am not. You are so. Quiet! What's the matter with her? She's looking out the window at a bird. It was sitting on an egg. How'd you ever tear yourself away? A lovable little morrow. Strange this morning, is anything wrong? Wrong! Oh, mother, how can you even say that? In this lovely, wonderful world, how could anything be wrong?  This one's gonna be a pimp. Family without your assistance. Kathy? Yes, Daddy. As your father, I'm quite capable of handling my own financial affairs. Maybe a strain, but I can manage. Yes, Daddy. And I would prefer that even in moments of stress, you refrain from addressing me as, hey, Pop. Okay, Daddy. Finally, I believe I am as well qualified as you to recognize the devious roots employed by your sister in leading up to the announcement that she needs a new dress. That's telling her, Pop. What? I mean, Daddy. You're all very amusing, but I don't need a new dress. Dear, are you sure you feel all right? I feel fine. Betty, you don't want any money? No, Father, why? You don't want to borrow the car? Of course not. Well, at least there's one sensible child in this family. Betty, I'm proud of you. Thank you, Father. Yes, sir. What this country needs is more children who leave their fathers alone at the breakfast table. I think I'll have another cup of coffee, Margaret. All right, dear. There you are. Thank you. Well, Betty, what's the good word in your little world? Oh, just the most wonderful thing has happened, Father. I'm going to be married. Well, stop beating me on the back or I'll never be all right. Oh, but Mother told me... I did not tell you to break your father's spine. Well, you told me to pound him. With your hand, not your books. I get it. Come on, Kathy. Come on, where? You're going to school. I don't have to leave for 10 minutes. Oh, that's what you think. Hey, stop calling me you brute. See you later, everybody. All right, Betty.  You dropped into the middle of my coffee. What? Oh, you mean about getting married. Isn't it wonderful? Margaret, did you know anything about this? It's not a word, Jim. I still don't. Betty, you're joking, aren't you? Joking? Mother, do you think I joke about the most sacred thing in a woman's life? Jim, she isn't joking. That's right. Betty, you wouldn't mind giving us a little more information, would you? You know, just in case we want to get in touch with you later. I don't know what you mean, Father. Well, just for start, who is it? Who's who? The boy, my prospective son-in-all. What's his name? Billy. He's wonderful. Oh, Betty, not Billy Smith. Just wonderful. Which one is he?  The one Betty thinks is aesthetic. Aesthetic? The one I think it is. The new way of spelling anemic. Father, Billy is delicate. You have to be delicate if you have a beautiful soul. Well, that's exactly what this family needs, somebody with a beautiful soul. Margaret, I have to get out of the office. Explain to Betty that she'll be happier if she waits. Make certain. You know, the usual woman-to-woman talk. All right, Jim. Oh, you don't have to worry about us, Father. Billy and I talked it all over last night, and we both decided against a hasty marriage. We intend to wait. That's fine. I'll be home for usual time, dear. All right, Jim. We're not going to be married until Saturday. If you... Saturday? Uh-huh. Saturday night. We were going to make it in the afternoon, but we decided to go to the basketball game first. This is an emergency. Put your hat down. I'll put more than my hat down.  Father, you mean you don't approve? Now, there's the first intelligent remark you've made since you got up. I most decidedly don't approve. But I don't understand. You've always liked Billy's father. You mean Hector Smith? Of course I like Hector Smith. He's one of my best clients. Why don't you marry him? Betty, your father and I've always thought... Just a moment, Margaret. I'll handle this. Betty, you're 17 years of age. You're in your first year at the university. You will not marry Billy Smith or anyone else until after your graduation. That's final. Graduation? But that's three and a half years. I'll be over 21. Why the best years of my life will be gone? Well, darling, we can always have Bud push you up to the altar in a wheelchair. You're laughing at me, and I think you're horrid.  You've forgotten what it is to be young and in love. You don't seem to understand that things are different now. Oh, Betty, nothing's any different. Things like that don't change. They do, too. Things change all the time. People change, customs change, everything changes. Only you won't admit it. Oh, darling, why don't you listen to your father? Things are no different now than they were when we were your age. The young people wore different clothes, and they sang different songs, but fundamentally they were the same, and even then boys and girls didn't rush headlong into marriage, not until they were ready for it. You bet they didn't. They listened to their fathers. They were willing to benefit from a lifetime of experience. Why, when I was courting your mother, I remember one... Mother, how old were you when you married father? Well... I... Yes, mother. I was 17. But that was different. Why? Well, because things were different in those days. The, uh... The people were different. The times were different. You said they were. Well, they were. Uh, some of them were. Some of them weren't, and some of them were. Only the ones that weren't were more than the, uh... Margaret. Betty, um, don't you think it would be a nice idea if Billy and his family were to have dinner with us tonight? Oh, mother, would you? Really? Margaret, I don't want to Smith for dinner tonight or any other night. I think the idea of a dinner for the Smiths is not only ridiculous, but unnecessary. I forbid the marriage, and that's bad. Oh, Jim, you know you like having people in for dinner. The Smiths are very pleasant, and you might be able to sell Hector some more insurance. Yeah, that's right. I might have that. But look, Margaret, I'm going to have a tough day at the office. I couldn't take a dinner tonight. Let's make it next week. Uh, next month. Dear, we can't put it off for even a day. I'll call the Smiths and see if they can make it. Shall I tell them dinner will be at 7.30? 7.30? What's the matter with 6 o'clock? I'll be starred by 7.30. Jim, it just isn't done. Well, it's going to be done tonight. We'll have dinner at 6. I'll ask them to be prompt, dear, at 7.30. Hey, Mother, can we dress? I mean, can I wear my new dinner gown? Can I, Mother? Oh, please, can I? Betty, there will be no dressing for dinner. But, Father, I... Mother, please. I'm sorry, darling. You know I never contradict your father. After all, your father knows best. It's been a long day for the Henderson. The specter of a fair young child, married and gone before her time, has hung like a paw throughout the day. It would have, that is, if the Henderson's hadn't been so busy. Jim, you see, had a hectic day at the office. Six, why, you robber? How about the two strokes in back of that tree? And don't tell me those snakes followed you over from the last hole. Uh-huh, at the office. Bud has been involved in the intricacies of a higher education. But, Margie, it's helpful riding on a bicycle. What? Look at all the fresh air you'll get and the beautiful muscles. We could even... Margie? Hello, Margie? Kathy has been involved in serious plans for the future. What do you mean they don't take girls in the foreign legion? Margaret? Well, Margaret has been very busy cooking an extra special dinner for the Smiths. And if there's one thing Margaret can do, it's cook. Yes, sir, Margaret. If there's one thing you can do, it's cook. That's what I always say. You see, now we can proceed. Uh, proceed. Thank you, Hector. Would you care for another piece of pie? Margaret, please. I've already had two helpings. You have three. Kathy. Another cup of coffee, Hector. Nothing like a cup of Margaret's piping hot coffee. Well, if you insist... Hector? I guess that better not, Jim. You know how it is, doctor's order. Oh, sure. Well, how about you, doctor? One cup of coffee is quite sufficient. Well, I'm a two-cup man myself. You know, I was reading just the other day. Jim, it's not that we don't enjoy your informative little talks. But I was under the impression that this dinner had, shall I say, a more or less definite purpose. Oh, you mean... Oh, sure, absolutely. You know, I had a long talk with Hector before dinner. Jim, dear, I hate to interrupt, but don't you think it would be a good idea if Bud took Kathy to the movies? In the middle of the week, I certainly do not. I think... Oh, I see what you mean. Bud, how'd you like to take Kathy to the movies? Oh, Bud! I wouldn't. I can't think of anything I'd rather do less. Well, that's fine. Here's a dollar. Have a good time. Oh, Dad, do I have to? Yes, you have to. That'll be enough of that, Kathy. But I'm surprised you ought to be glad to take your sister to the movies. I'd rather go with a gorilla. You don't know what she's like. She never even looks at the picture. She sits around backwards and stares at the people. Well, you can come home right after the show. If I'm still alive. Good night, everybody. Come on. Hey, stop pulling! They're children. They mean well, I think. Oh, the mother... Yes, Betty? Mother, Billy and I have been talking and... Billy, you tell them. Um... Yeah... Would it be all right if we went to the movies? Oh, no. Oh, I should say not. We're here for a purpose. A very definite purpose. Yes, sir. We have a problem to discuss and we're going to do it right now. Frankly, I think the whole thing is idiotic.  We're not children, mother. We're quite adult. We have adult minds, adult bodies, adult passions... William! Before, Hector and I had a long talk just a little while ago. Right, Hick? Right. And we're in complete agreement right? Right. We both feel that open discussion is the only sensible procedure in a matter of this sort. Right? Right. Hector... Stop being so agreeable. Right. I mean, yes, dear. Myron, Elizabeth... Hector and I have agreed on what we consider a very sound solution to the entire problem. We have decided to permit Betty and Bill to be married immediately. No! Holy cow! I've never heard anything so outrageous in my entire life. Hector, get your hat. William, we're leaving this instant. I'm not going, mother. That's Elizabeth. I'm 18, mother. I've got a mind of my own. I love Betty, and we're going to be married. Wow! I never... All right. Now that's settled. You're going to be married. Oh, mother, isn't it wonderful? I don't know. Yes, sir. Nothing like marriage and responsibility to set a man straight. Where do you kids figure on living? After you're married, I mean. Oh... Well, we sort of figured we'd... Mother, couldn't Kathy move in with Bob? Then Billy might be able to... That's ridiculous, Betty. You've got to have a home of your own, a place for your roots to take hold and grow. Right, heck? Right. Well, gosh, that'd be kind of expensive. And on my allowance... Oh, don't worry about your allowance, Billy. Married men don't go around taking allowances from their fathers. They don't. Of course not. They're too proud to be supported by their fathers. I'm... Sweat and slave, but you come home every week with a juicy pay envelope for your little wife. Isn't that sweet? But I don't know how to do anything. That's not so. Poets make a living and Mother, he writes the most beautiful poetry. I'm sure he does, dear. Billy, recite the one about my hair. It's just wonderful. Oh, Betty. Well, it is. Raven tresses on a lofty brow, swept by the winds of time. Isn't that beautiful? Well, you could get a small house, a poet's size. See, Jim, I saw an apartment advertised the other day. Be just right for the kids. A hundred and a quarter a month furnished. Of course, that's without utilities. You know, gas, electricity, telephone. And food. Don't forget food. That's right. And laundry and cleaning. Oh, they won't have to worry about that, Jim. Don't you remember when we were first married, I did all our laundry and cleaning and cooking. I'm sure Betty will want to do at least that for Billy, won't you, dear? I guess so. Betty? Yes, Billy. Could I talk to you for a minute? Privately? Of course. Can you excuse us, please? We'll be right back. It's all right, kids. Take all the time you need. We're in no hurry. Are they gone? I think so. Jim, we did it. Yes, sir. My golly, we did it. Oh, it was nothing, really. Jim, stop looking so smug. What was nothing? The psychological attack I planned for tonight. You see, I felt our wisest possible course from a tactical standpoint. Lay in a faint to their left flank and it drives through the middle. Do you follow me? Yes, dear. Right up to the part where you started to talk. Margaret, the whole thing is elemental. Yes, and very clever. We pretend to give our consent. That's the faint. Believe me, I almost did. Then we hit them with both barrels. The cost of living, the struggle for existence. They retire in disorder. Their armored units are smashed. Their rear guard is demolished. What a fight. Dear, dear, the enemy is back. Oh, uh, come on in, kids. Everything all settled? I think so, Father. Pretty much settled, sort of. That's fine. Now, uh, what did you finally decide? You know very well what we were forced to decide. We have to wait. Why, Betty, I thought that you and Billy... Mr. Smith, you don't have to continue the ridiculous performance you and my father were putting on. Betty. Oh, Father, you can be so juvenile at times, really. A part of it. A hundred and a quarter a month. We know some kids have one for 45. You older people ought to get straightened out on the simple facts of life before you start fooling around with psychology.  Oh, well, uh... Now, see here, both of you... Just a moment, Jim. Betty, exactly what do you and Billy intend to do? Well, as long as our families are determined to exercise parental prerogatives, we'll just have to wait until we're financially self-sufficient. Right, Billy? Right. Well, I know. Betty, how about how long do you figure it's going to take you and Billy to become financially independent? A few years. Well, that gives us a little time to look around for a wedding present, eh, Hector? That's right, Jim. A couple of years. It's a long time. A lot of things can happen. Hector, how about another cup of coffee? Oh, thank you, Margaret. I think I can use one. You know, Margaret, I'm very relieved. I'm so afraid of hasty marriages. Don't mind us, Mother. Just go on talking as if we weren't here. Oh, I'm sorry, dear. It's just that I was so afraid you were going to make the same mistake I did. Oh, I wouldn't exactly say you made a mistake, Elizabeth. Heck's a pretty nice guy. Well, thanks, Jim. Now, you can send me a check in the morning. I suppose I have been fairly fortunate. But of course, people aren't always that lucky when they marry beneath them. I suppose not. But when they what? Elizabeth, we'd better go. It's getting late. Wait a minute, Hector. What was that crack you made, Elizabeth? Well, after all, my mother was a styluson. And I certainly... In other words, you think Betty isn't good enough for your son. I'm sure that isn't what Elizabeth meant, Jim. That's what she said. Well, isn't that what you said? Lizzie? Dare call me Lizzie. Why not? Your daughter isn't good enough for that puny excuse of a son. Nah, just a minute, Jim. Writing poetry. What makes you think he's such a bargain? My boy has a fine head on his shoulders. What shoulders? I've seen better heads on a small beer. That's all. This is what comes from slumming. Slumming? Now you listen to me, Elizabeth Smith.  And he wasn't lying down just because he was tired. I'm going to faint. Hector? I'm going to faint. Go ahead, dear. I'll catch you.  Vulgar?  If you were my son, I'd vulgar you so hard you wouldn't sit down for a week. Fortunately, I am not your son. Peasant? Peasant?  Don't you dare. Well, that's what he is. He is not. He certainly is.  Don't you call me a pipsqueak? I will if I want to. Pipsqueak. Peasant? I never want to see you again as long as I live. Well, you won't if I can help you. You're just a napkin. Just a minute, dear. Say, Jim. I, uh, sorry. I lost my temper, heck. Oh, that's all right. Say, Jim, that, uh, that thing about Jim, that thing about picking Elizabeth's father out of the gutter is, uh, is that true? Sure, it's true. Why? Oh, oh, oh. Oh, oh, oh. She pulled that stuyvesant stuff on me again. Well, uh, thanks for a lovely evening, folks. Uh, Lizzie. We started with breakfast and we might as well finish the same way. Let's drop in at the Henderson's at breakfast time the very next morning. The average children are still getting dressed. The average mother is racing around the kitchen and the average father. Jim, where are you going? I got a rush, dear. I can't stop for breakfast. It's just time to catch the bus. The bus? Never mind what I said. Just tell Bud if he gets one scratch on that car, I'll bring it. All right, dear. I'll be home at the usual time. Be a good girl. I'll try, dear. Oh, Jim. Yes? The car keys. The keys? Oh, they're on the dresser. Uh, on top of Kathy's two bucks. Jim. Now what's the matter?  I'm a dope. You are not. I've got witnesses. Oh, well, why should I argue? After all, father knows death. Others of our cast are Robert Young is Jim Henderson. June Whitley is Margaret Henderson. Rhoda Williams is Betty. Ted Donaldson is Bud. Norma Jean Nielsen is Kathy. Robert Young will soon be seen in RKO's Baltimore Escapade. Ted Donaldson may be seen in Warner Brothers' Decision of Christopher Blake. Others in tonight's cast were Virginia Gordon, Herb Bygren, and Sam Edwards. Music was written and conducted by Roy Bargay. Father Knows Best was conceived and written by Ed James. Entire production under the direction of Herb Samford. Bill Foreman speaking.