Many of the people in the audience have published at least one scientific publication. Can you raise your hand? OK. So you are all with me responsible for what I'm going to discuss today. Well, this talk, first of all, I would prefer to give it in front of a beer or a glass of wine or so just in a relaxing atmosphere. It's not a scientific talk. But the idea of discussing the topics started years ago when, well, this time really in front of a glass of beer or glass of wine with colleague of my age, we started to realize that the way of doing science has changed quite deeply from the time we started till now. And at a good point, I got tired to discuss the things. And I decided to look into the problem. And I discovered there is a lot of material which is published, a lot of debates, blogs, articles, books. And so I tried to give a dimension to this concept. And I wrote a book, the book which is in Italian. It was in Italian, so the title is in Latin. The book has been translated by Oxford University Press. And so they didn't like Latin. And so we changed the title. And the title is the title of the talks, The Overproduction of True. And the subtitle is basically Passion, Competition, and Integrity in Contemporary Science or Modern Science. Well, let me start from the time I did my PhD. So I was your age. I was in Berlin in 1980s, early 80s. And these are the instruments that we are using at the time. I don't think many people in the audience know what is this object here. This is a rotating head of an IBM electrical typewriter. For me, it was a miracle of technology because I could leave my mechanical typewriter, which was quite slow and not very efficient. At that time, we were still using carbon copy to produce copies of our papers. And we were corresponding with journals and other colleagues writing letters. Well, it looks long time ago, but this is when I started. And this is my dissertation, in which I wrote it entirely with this typewriter. So when I was in Berlin, I was used to go to the library almost every day. And I'm a physical chemist. And I was trying to read the literature. In particular, Journal of Physical Chemistry was my favorite. When I was there in 1980, one issue of Journal of Physical Chemistry contained about 30 papers per issue. And it was published twice, altogether 26 issues, about 800 papers, less than 4,000 pages in one year. If you go back in 1960, so 20 years before, Journal of Physical Chemistry was publishing one monthly issue, about 20 papers per issue, 2,000 pages overall in the entire year. Well, if you go now today, the same journal, Journal of Physical Chemistry, has been divided into A, B, C, and letters. It publishes something like 6,000 papers in a year and more than 60,000 pages. And this is just one journal. So you immediately want Journal of Physical Chemistry. So there are now many more journals in physical chemistry. This already gives you an idea of how things have changed in the time life of my career. This is another interesting picture, which goes even farther away in time. This is a famous Soviet conference in 1927, organized in Brussels. There are 27 people in the picture. And out of the 27, 17, they got the Nobel Prize. And the other 12, they didn't got the Nobel Prize. Their names is now in textbooks. So 29 people, small audience, like today, but extremely high concentration of genius. Now, if you go now today to a normal conference in less than physics, well, American Physical Society organizes four conferences per year. And the average attendance is 10,000 participants. Chemistry is similar. We go up to 18,000 participants per conference. But if you go to medical sciences, you can go up to 50,000 participants on a single conference. This already gives you the dimensions of science how this has changed over time. Well, the first person that started to try to give a dimension to this problem was a sociologist in 1960s, Derek DeSolla Price. He tried to do a very complex work at the time to figure out how many scientific papers have been published since 1650 until 1960, so in about three centuries. And he realized that there were about 2 million scientific articles which have been produced in these 300 years. This is the original paper. And if you look at this logarithmic scale, it shows the growth, which was already an exponential growth in the last century of the papers in chemistry, biology, physics, and so on and so forth. Now, if you look at this number here, it is 1910. 1910, so the beginning of last century. You realize that until 1910, the total amount of scientific papers was just a few thousand. Well, you can say, well, nothing really happened in the past before in the 19th century or before. But that is not true. If you go and you look what happened in the 19th century, the amount of science which has been produced is impressive and some very extremely important discoveries have been done. I mean, terbodynamics, electrodynamics, electromagnetism, x-rays, and evolution is everything is concentrated in just a few thousand papers. Well, this already tells us that things have changed quite deeply. This is a paper which has been published in science last year where it shows something that already the solar prize realized in 1960. So this is the exponential growth of the publications we are producing at an exponential rate. However, the people, the authors of this study, they try to do something more subtle. They try to find out, do are we producing also new ideas at an exponential rate? And what they did, they tried to looking at the keywords and, I mean, particular centers and so on. They find out that actually the topics which are discussed in these papers are growing linearly. And actually, they are growing linearly, which is the blue line if you are optimistic. Because if you do look at the data, we are almost leveling off. Which means we are producing a lot of papers, but not necessarily we are producing new concepts or new ideas at the same speed, at the same pace as we produce papers. Well, certainly what is true that we are producing now every year more than 2 billion papers, scientific papers. And by scientific papers, I mean papers by referee, we appear review, every year. So every year we produce the same amount of knowledge which has been produced in the 300 years from 1650 to 1960. Well, there are many reasons for this. Of course, one reason, sometimes are good reasons. One reason is that, for instance, the number of authors on a paper is growing. So we are collaborating more. And since we are collaborating more, of course, collaborations help producing more studies. So this is the number of papers with a given number of authors. And the number of studies with a single author, which was a normal thing in the 19th century, is decreasing. Some fields still have a single paper, a single author on a paper. But look at this. This is another phenomenon, which is quite recent. This is the number of authors or the number of papers with a given number of authors. For instance, 50 authors on a paper you see is steadily growing 100, 200, 500,000 authors on a single paper. There was no single paper with more than 1,000 authors until 2009. Now we have papers which have more than 1,000 co-authors. Well, do you know what is the largest number of authors on a single paper? Can you make a guess? How many? So yes, exactly. How many authors? You have no idea? I tell you. 5,954. This is a paper publishing the very prestigious physical radio letters two years ago. It's one of the Atlas experiments. While if you go and you will find that the paper has seven pages, text, and 24 pages, authors list. And another number of pages for the institutions, because there are 344 institutions. Of course, on one side, it is extremely impressive that you can coordinate 5,000 people for a single objective, for a single target, which is basically the experiment. But of course, it also raises the question, what is the individual contribution of this specific author to this specific paper? How can we compare a paper which has a single author on it and a paper which has 5,000 authors? Well, these are all interesting questions. But this is something interesting that I found in an editorial in 1968 in a journal which is called Advances in Catalysis, where editor wrote an interesting editorial, because he said already in 1968, the amount of papers which are published is growing exponentially. There are a number you can estimate, but it was quite clear already. So the number of papers published in every field is growing exponentially. But the time that I can dedicate to read papers, that is not growing exponentially. That is more or less a constant. So I can dedicate 2, 3, 5 hours a day, no more. So finally, the result is that the amount of information that I can get is the ratio between how many papers I can read, which is a constant, and how many papers are produced over time, which is an exponential. And this goes to zero. And this is extremely worrying, but that is true. The amount of material information which is produced is so large that what we can get is proportionately smaller and smaller amount. OK, that, of course, the growing number of papers is accompanied by a growing number of scientific journals. The number of scientific journals is growing exponentially. And we have something like 30,000 about scientific journals which are active in the world nowadays. And this opens a very interesting and important topic which is related to quality. Now let me spend a few words about quality. What is quality? Well, what you see here, these are essentially two liters of a solution of ethanol in water, more or less the same amount, 12%, 15%. However, you can go in a supermarket and you can buy this one for one year, or you have to go in a specialized shop and buy this one for 400 years. Why is that? Because the quality is not the same. And of course, we are ready to pay so much money, maybe I'm not ready to pay that money, but OK, somebody maybe is ready to pay because the quality is high. Now the same criterion applies to scientific publications. Now let me open the topic of open access, which is a very popular topic nowadays because open data, open access, open science, these are all very important concepts which have been introduced with the internet era essentially. And it's a very noble concept because the idea is that every paper is made immediately accessible to everybody. There is no copyright because the author is paying for the publication cost. At the moment, the paper is accepted. You know how it works, I guess. So you basically, because of course, in publishing a paper, there is a cost. This is an important concept. So the cost is paid by the author. There is no copyright. The paper is immediately made free. The number of open access journals is increasing and there is also a strong push to open new open access journals. And of course, from the purely economical point of view, it can also be a great business. I take here two serious open access journals, which is one is Scientific Reports and the other is Plus One. These two journals are quite popular. And for instance, Scientific Reports publish 25,000 papers in 2017, steady growing, Plus One publish something like 30,000 papers in 2015. Now the average cost of an open access article is about $1,500, $2,000 per paper. It is very easy to compute how much is the income. You see, 30 million, 45 millions is a huge amount of money. However, first of all, I'm looking only at these two journals, the number of submissions is now decreasing. These are data from 2018. It was a peak. And now, for some reason, people start stopping submitting to these journals. Why is that? Because the quality is not considered as high as it was considered originally. And this opens the key question of open access quality. There are many very serious, very good open access journals around available. But there are also a lot of what are called predatory journals. What are predatory journals? Are journals which are created only to make money and not to provide a service to the community. Now this phenomenon was highlighted by a very interesting study which was published by John Bohannon in Science in 2013. John Bohannon is a freelance biologist. And what he did was very interesting.  A paper where he describes a drug which can cure cancer and from a non-existing institution and an invented auto, completely fake. He generated something like 300 slightly different copies of the same paper. And he submitted to the paper to about 304 different open access journals. Well, after some time, half of those journals, 157 to be precise, accepted the paper without any problem. And the paper contains so deep error that every first year student should have been able to identify these errors. That was a clear sign the paper had not been sent out for any review. Of course, the bill was sent to the author once the paper was accepted. Please pay. Only 98 out of 304 open access journals, only 98, rejected the paper based on a report. And the difference, there are about 50 journals that didn't reply, didn't react. Simply were disappeared from the time of the submission and the time the paper of Boano was published in Science. This article, which became famous, has shown the very dangerous aspect of open access journals which are only created to make money. While Boano did also something else, he started to try to find out where are these journals located. He thought they were located only in third world countries from Africa or Asia. Actually, that's not true. A lot of these journals are based in the United States. So it is very interesting, but also very worrying. Now, I think everybody is getting this kind of maze. I got this maze every day, many a day. This I found it particularly hilarious. So I reporting here the letter, the mail. Here's a Franco-Pacchione, greetings and good day. I represent the editorial office of PsychoMed Publishing, PsychoMed. We came across your recent article, Thanks and Exciting Catalysis and Photocatalysis, hints from DFT. Publishing Topics of Catalysis, we feel that the topic of this article is very interesting, I agree. Therefore, we are delighted to invite you to join the editorial board of Fire Journal entitled Inside Civil Engineering. So the publisher of PsychoMed, The Jordanous Civil Engineering, I publish a paper in the tier of catalysis. Invite me to join the editorial board. Well, that is just one of the many examples and this you know better than me because you're probably getting similar things. So this is a very big problem. This guy, Jeffrey Bill, is a librarian and years ago, you know, in 2008, he started to make a list of predatory open access journals, journals which are not reliable. And he went up to a list of thousands of these journals. Then he had to close down this website and because his job became in danger. Because his university were under strong push from these publishers. They said, we are going to go to court. We're going to pursue you if you don't stop publishing the names of the journals which are predatory journals. And so he had closed, this website is no longer existing because it was going to be fired. But he wrote something which I think is completely right. The act of instituting a financial transaction between scholarly out or so, between us and publishers, the editor of the publishers, is corrupting scholarly communication. This was one of the great benefits of a traditionally publishing system. There is no monetary component in the relationship between the authors and the publishers. This is a very delicate aspect. We never, I never paid to have an article published. And I would never do before my career is finished. I mean, somebody has to pay, the system has to pay, but I don't want to have a direct bargain between me and the publisher. Because this introduces a bias. The publisher can publish whatever if you pay enough. That is a very dangerous, a delicate issue. We may discuss that later. Of course, with predatory journals, there is another growing phenomenon which is predatory conferences. Well, one day I decided to instead of cancel them as soon as they arrived to collect them. So I collected 24 hours. These are the dates, how many invitations I got. And I got 16 invitations on a single day, on 24 hours. So everything, biology and chemistry and the polymers. I never worked on polymers. First global transitions, conference, and all these kinds of things. I don't know what it is, but of course, you can pay. You can go there and you can put on your CV that you have been invited to talk in these conferences. OK, so this already is the first part of my talk which shows that science has changed completely. From the 19th century view, which was a few passionate people with a strong motivation and strong also insight and knowledge to the modern science, which is a large market because it has become a market where we are all part of this market. So the question I tried to answer first was not easy. How many people are forming the market of science today? And that was not an easy. I mean, it took me some time to find out. Finally, I came out with a number and we're using different estimates. And the different estimates were pointing to the same numbers. So we passed 10 million active researchers in the world. By this, I mean not only academic. I also mean not only scientists, also engineers, but people working in science to produce knowledge in science. That already also means that more than 90% of the scientists of all times are living today, are living presently. Another exercise I did was this was also not so easy. I tried to figure out how many scientists were active, for instance, in 1930. Well, in 1930, I came with a bizarre estimate. We were in the world, in the total world, something like 200,000 scientists. We were 2 billion people. So there was one researcher every 10,000 inhabitants. Then we had 1,000 scientists in 1960, 1 million scientists in 1960, 5 million in 2000. This is a real number. This is an exact number. 5,000 in 2000, 5 million scientists. There were 6 billion people. Already the ratio was 1 every 1,200. Now we are 10 million, and we are 7 billion people. So 1 researcher every 700. If we extrapolate now the growth rate of scientists and people, in the middle of century, we will have 35 million scientists and 9 billion people. So 1 researcher every 250 inhabitants, which it's a lot. And one day there will only be scientists in the world and we will continue that way. That would be good, but I don't think we will get to that point. Well, I mean, of course, there are many reasons for this, also good reasons. But there is one very important consequence. So the growth of scientists until now is exponential. But the growth of funding, world funding, in research and development is linear. So there is an increase in funding research, but not exponential. And we notice that very clearly because the competition for funding has become extremely tight, tough, difficult. So it is extremely difficult to get funded nowadays. And everybody is spending time writing applications to get funded because the success rate is decreasing. Obviously. Well, the dimensions of science with millions of actors also poses another question. How do we evaluate science as a global entity? Now, if you ask yourself, how people evaluate the success of a TV program? Well, in Italy, at least, they measure audience and share. That means how many people are watching that program. It doesn't say anything about the quality of the program. The program can be very high quality, but very low number of spectators. It's considered irrelevant. How to measure the success of a scientist in a market-driven environment? Well, you have to measure papers and citations. And right now, many papers and many citations is what characterizes a successful scientist. Well, again, you may think is something new. First of all, the citation, what is the citation? We know it's basically when in a paper we cite another paper from a colleague, it actually doesn't measure the validity of that paper. It measures more how useful that paper is. If I publish a paper which provides something which everybody uses, then it is highly cited. But it is imprecise, but it's robust because we will come to new indicators which are even more delicate. It's robust. It has plastic cons, but it's something that is very well-defined. Now, it was introduced long time ago because the person who invented the idea to use the citation as a quality measure was Erging Garfield, which recently died and is the father of a modern biometric and symptomatic science. He invented the web of science. He invented, you don't know it, current contents, other tools in the impact factor. Everything has been invented by this guy. But this was in 1955. So a long time ago, when introduced, he introduced this idea of the citation. Well, when I was your age, there was no web of science. There was no internet. Actually, there was a web of science, but not on the web. There was the citation index was on paper and was a huge number of volumes. Every year, it was published with different colors. And you were going. And the blue color was, I don't know, 1988.  Can imagine how much work was behind that. It's interesting. But that was before the internet era. Now, we all know what this basically means. What are these tools? This also led to another quality indicator, which is the impact factor. As usual, things are always cross-concept, good size and bad size.  It measures the average number of citations that the papers are receiving in a given journal. So it is a quality measure of a journal, not of a paper. It is an average. And of course, it can be very high in some fields, in some journals, it can go down. It's going to go down to very low values. And of course, if it is used improperly, it can also become dangerous or delicate. It's a negative. It has been created to evaluate the impact of the magazine, of the journal, not individuals. Nowadays, in some fields, in some countries, in some places, it is used to evaluate individuals, which is absolutely crazy. So it has a lot of problems because it stimulates the idea that you must maximize your impact through citations, which means work in fields where many people are working because you get more citations if you're working in a field where many actors are present. Escape from the research which are dangerous in terms of citation because if you work in a new field which nobody's working on it, nobody's going to cite you. And that is, of course, creating a lot of problems that were not existing 40 years ago. But of course, there is some truth. Why peep everybody was to publish in high impact factor journals? I think that is quite natural. Why is that? Well, this is the only example that I know where there is a kind of proof of the reason why we want to publish in high impact factor journals. In 2007, the same editorial, same text, has been published in eight different medical journals, exactly the same text. And a few years later, people went back in suit to see how many citations this article has received. And the number of citations received correlates exactly with the impact factor of the journal. So the journal which had high gain impact factor, the paper got more citations. The journal with the lowest impact factor got almost no citations. But it's exactly the same text. Well, that is a fact. Of course, we also have to say, and this is a sentence, not my statement, but somebody was said and I agree, that finally, the impact factor measures the quality of the journal. And more or less, it reflects the reputation that we have for the journal. I am a chemist. I mean, the most important journals in chemistry are Jacks and Angevante Kemi. And these have the highest impact factor in chemistry. So in some way, there is some correlation between impact factor and reputation and quality. Of course, well, this was the index to evaluate people has been invented. It was a few years ago, 15 years ago. It's an age index. I don't have to explain what it is. I think everybody knows. Of course, it doesn't work for young guys. You need it works. And it grows steadily with age. So it has. But what is interesting is that we are today or tomorrow and after tomorrow here to discuss how to use solar energy and produce new fuels and new energy. Well, there are scientists who are just studying how to measure science. So there are communities of people who are studying how to evaluate numerically other scientists. There are their own journals, which are called Scientometric or Journal Scientometric Research. There are various indices. This book lists more than 400 different indices to evaluate scientific research. However, there is a very famous economic law, the Goddard's law, which says, when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure. Because people are trying to maximize that specific index. And that specific index may not be any longer a good measure of what you want to measure. However, the evolution of times may be even worse. And when I say this, I always say, well, when this becomes the way to evaluate people in science, I want to stop. It's called altmetric. Have you heard about altmetric? Altmetric is the new way of evaluating the impact of a scientific paper. It's not based on the citation. The citation is another scientist which cites a colleague. This is based on how much a paper is resonating on the socials, how many times the paper is downloaded, how many likes I got you on Twitter, how many times it is cited in Facebook, or whatever. So it is based, essentially, on the web. And we know how easy it is to manipulate these kind of things. And that is, of course, dangerous. But if you go every journal nowadays, you can open every journal. You can find citations and altmetrics near every paper. OK, so let me come to the third and last and most important part of my talk. Because the growth of the dimensions in science are also carrying out a number of ethical problems, which are listed here. Bad practices which were almost unknown 40 years ago, but are now growing in terms of number or percentage. I will go through them quite quickly. Plagiarism, falsification of data, fraud, duplication of papers, irreproducible results, wrong or irrelevant results. Well, for every of these topics, there are very serious studies behind them. Let me give you, however, a first, very important message. Science is a very objective activity. It's still the most objective human activity. Because we don't trust something just because somebody is saying. We want to check. We want to verify. We want to prove things are in a given way. So objectivity is the basis of science. And it is also the basis of authority of science in the society. This is a very important message and a very important value. We have to defend this, in particular, in an era of fake news and circulation of a number of very strange notions. So science communication is a paradigm which integrates nature, people, theories, and so on. We have to defend this kind of very important concept. Why I'm saying that? Because the back practices are growing in importance. Plagiarism, OK, there is a lot of stuff about plagiarism. That is not really a big problem. Now every paper is scanned automatically to see if there are portions of text which are duplicated.  So we are talking 2%, 3% of the total number of paper published. But the clever plagiarism, what does it mean? If you change the text, if you change a little bit the figure, and so on, that is very difficult to spot. That is extremely difficult to spot. Interesting enough, plagiarism is not considered a negative or one of the most negative back practices. Why?  It's not that you say something wrong.  OK, falsification of data. This is something which is mostly analyzed in terms of interviews and statistical questions. Apparently, there are 2% of people who admit that at least once in their life have falsified data. But a larger number of people admit that at least once in life has forgotten a given data or just didn't give enough importance to another set of data or just try to adapt the reality of what you find to what is the working hypothesis, which is a very common and very natural attitude. We want to demonstrate something. We forget or we say, OK, we discovered this point because maybe the experiment was not clean enough and so on. That is a significant number. It's very difficult to put exact values, but there is something. But OK, among bad practices, this is something which is completely new and it has been spotted recently. And believe me, it's almost unbelievable, but it's true. This is a journal which is called Humor Biology, which is from Springer, which doesn't exist anymore. It has been closed. Why it has been closed? Because they have to retract 107 papers. And why they have to retract 107 papers?  So you are asked to put the names of some possible referees. Well, in this case, the authors were giving names of referees, which were nonexisting. They created false website addresses and false CVs so that the editors were picking up these false referees, sending the papers to the referees, but the paper were going back to the authors. Of course, the evaluation was extremely positive. That was in clinical research. And the papers, when they discovered that, they have to close down the journal and retract 107 papers. This was mostly in China. In China, government has taken serious actions against that. And I'm citing this only to show you the level of ethical behavior, where people can go, just in order to get the paper published. Well, frauds are very interesting topic, which we have no time to discuss. But actually, frowning science is completely stupid, because since science is based on the idea of verifying the results, if you say something which is not true soon or later, it will be found out. So if you try to basically behave improperly and you invent results sooner or later, if the result is important, sooner or later, somebody is going to repeat the experiment. Well, however, there are two kinds of frauds. This is a very, very famous fraud. I don't know how many in the audience have heard the name of Jan-Andrik Schoen, probably not the youngest. Schoen was a guy of your age, was just after a PhD. Brilliant. He graduated in the University of Constance. And he went to Bell Laboratories in the 1998, 1999. Very competitive environment. In the years where everybody was expecting the miraculous discovery of molecular electronics. Everybody was expecting the new transistor based on a single molecule connecting to. Then he started to produce a series of miraculous results. And he published his results in very important journals like Science and Nature, and blah, blah, blah. For three years, he produced impressive data. The story is reported. I have one chapter in my book, which is Summarize the Story. But I took it from this very nice book, which gives a full account of the story. After three years, people were not able to reproduce his results. And finally, they discovered that everything has been invented. And you know I was discovered that he was basically manipulating results. Because one author found out that he had in two different pictures, from two different experiments in two different journals, the same background noise, exactly the same background noise, which is impossible, statistically impossible. And from that we started. So he was basically manipulating the data to produce results that at that time were expected by the communities, where a community was believing. Now, this fraud was basically solved and concluded in three years. The damage was limited to the community of molecular electronics. There are frauds, however, which have a much stronger impact on society. And this is the case. This guy is Andrew Wakefield. I don't know if you heard of him. He was a medical doctor. I said he was, because he's still alive, but he's no longer a medical doctor. He has been radiated from the Medical Doctor Association in UK. In 1998, he published an article in the Lancet, the most prestigious medical journals, saying that there is a risk, or more than risk, that the vaccine induced autism in individuals and other diseases. This was later shown to be completely fake, but it took more than 10 years, because you need a long time in order to destroy a clinical study. A clinical study needs many, many trials and attempts before you can prove or disprove it. The news that vaccines induce outings spread very rapidly around the world. And there are countries, like in Italy, where there are still communities of people who are convinced and will never change their mind that vaccines are dangerous and they induce autism. And that was due to a fraud by this guy, which has been, as I said, radiated. But this, the damage you can still find on the web, people believe what he says. Well, this leads me to another topic, which is error irreproducibility. Again, this is mostly in clinical studies, but there are an increasing number of studies which are non-reproducible. Remember that to reproduce a scientific paper, you need a lot of investment with no gain, because if you are lucky, you reproduce the result, and there is no glory for that. If you are unlucky, you find that you don't reproduce the result, you may wonder what they did wrong and so on. So it's a lot of work for nothing. Our two companies in pharmaceutical studies, they tried to reproduce a number of studies and the success of the reproduction was extremely low, 10%, 20%. Because these studies are done with poor statistics, poor methods, poor data, and so on and so forth. And of course there is a huge cost in the medical research, so this is a very important warning. More and more, I found when being a referee, papers which contain basic mistakes, which we should not see in a scientific paper. This is a study which was published 10 years ago by this guy, John Scott, who is an expert of ferroelectrics, and he was tired to see people claiming ferroelectric behavior of materials. This is the classical hysteresis curve when you have a ferroelectric material. And you will find papers published based on curves like these ones. And what he did, he took a banana, he applied it in an electric field, and he said, look, this is the diagram of a banana under an electric field. This is not a ferroelectric, it's a banana. So please don't publish if your curve looks like that. And he lists a number of studies which are wrong, simply because people cannot distinguish between these two kind of curves. Well, but this leads to probably the most delicate issue, which is papers which are not wrong, which are not fraudulent, are simply irrelevant. And here it's very difficult to provide real good estimates. But this is one study which is quite robust but is already quite old. Essentially it is based on citations. And what this study shows that 27% of papers account for about 80% of the total citations worldwide. So most of the citations are coming from one form of papers. And there are a large number of papers which I've never cited, which doesn't mean are not good papers, are certainly not so useful. I mean, that is according to the concept of citation. This is a problem because if you are producing too much papers which are not relevant or useful or important or whatever, there are two issues. One is loss of credibility. So we are basically producing papers, not producing knowledge. And the second is that the taxpayer one day could ask, what are you doing with the money that we are giving you? The answer is we are producing papers that the taxpayer in Italy they don't care but in the US it can be very aggressive because they go to jail if they don't pay taxes and so it becomes much more sensible. Why I'm telling you these stories? Because science is extremely important for the society. We know of the stories of pseudo science and fake news. Now in these days in Italy we are debating there is a congress on flat earth and I put this a little time ago because in the US the flat earth association is an association. It looks like a normal society. They have a conference every year. They have sponsors, speakers, sessions, and the big website. So it looks indistinguishable from any scientific conference but they discuss the fact that flat is earth. Sorry, earth is flat. This is another reason why I say it's very dangerous what is going on, on science. This is an open-asset journal which they published a few years ago, a paper, where the authors say that cold fly ash, what comes out from the engines of airplanes are done on purpose to spread chemicals in the atmosphere to change the climate. And this has been retracted because it's complete. If you read the paper it is ridiculous. How can the paper, who the paper get to publish is quite surprising but the paper has been retracted because there's no foundation but you go to a website and you still see there are many sites say, look, there is a scientific paper saying that you are right. The cold fly ashes are done on purpose by governments. So this provides support to the people who circulate this fake news. I'm at the end of my talk. I don't think many people in the audience have ever heard of this guy, Robert Merton. Nobody. Well, Robert Merton is like a rick-o-ferme for a physicist. So for a sociologist is the most important sociologist of science in the 19th century. He formulated some ethical principle of science which I'm going to summarize. Four ethical principle of science which are still valid. We are all using them without knowing it. The first is universalism. Everybody can contribute to science without distinction of race, nationality, culture, religion, of gender. This is very important, where science has always been open in that respect. And this place is actually a demonstration of what I'm saying. The second very important pillar of ethical science is science is not a private matter but is a shared property. We have to share results. We have to share, we have to discuss. We want to know what you're doing and do it together. The third is quite naive, if you look at it today, which is called disinterest. But there is a very important actually message. Merton said researchers must find their motivation in the pleasure of discovering new things, not in their careers, winning awards or funding. Well, we all want to have awards, better career and better funding. But a scientist must add another motivation. He must be driven by curiosity. He must be driven by the desire to innovate. They have awards, the funding is a consequence, not the target. And many of the bad practices I've shown you is just because people are reversing the order. We just put the career before the motivation, the passion. And the last is what we have mentioned already. Merton said, science is organized skepticism. Scientific community must always verify the truthfulness and solidity of each statement before off accepting it as a truth. This is really the most important pillar of science. Now I think we need to rediscover these fundamental ethical principles. And what can we do in practice? And this is my last slide. Not easy, not easy. Because when you are in a market-driven system, what is not easy to change? Here are just some very simple ideas. I think we have to, as we are doing today, I think to open a debate, open a discussion, and also ask that everybody, in particular the new students and so on, or when you get a grant application, you have signed or shown that you have passed some kind of courses or some kind of education basically about research integrity. Because research integrity is becoming a problem. So we have to introduce these courses at PhD levels at least. We have also probably to shift from quantity to quality. We have to ask for fewer papers, but of higher quality of higher impact. In evaluating people, we probably, we can also have a look at the overall production, but we have to concentrate just on what is really as becoming important. It's just driven a change in the field. So require that investigators submit only the top papers. And this may be difficult, but it's also, I think, in a given point it could become useful. We need to know that we are publishing journals which are robust, journals which are reliable, journals that provide a good service to the community. When you go to a bank, you put your money to the bank, but bank is certified that is basically doing good business, is not doing dirty business. We need something like that also for journals in order to discriminate between really purely commercial enterprises and journals which are providing a service. That's all what I have wanted to say. So thank you for listening, and of course we are ready to discuss. So thank you very much for this inspiring, and I mean sometimes tough also to listen. And now it's time for questions or comments or, so little, yeah. Hi, I really enjoyed your talk, thank you. You gave really compelling arguments against open access, and I was wondering, I mean we're all here because of a grant that came from the EU and the EU is mandating open access. How do you think we can avoid that, change it? Yeah, excellent question. I think we want to have a transition toward open access, but we want to be smooth and without counter consequences. I think the only way to go toward open access is that publishers and the institutions or nations are negotiating at a national level, a centralized level, how to proceed. We cannot leave single authors paying single fees to the publishers. So in some countries, this kind of regulation and agreement have been reached, recently also it's a year which is one of the most difficult publishers, I think in Norway or Sweden, Holland. So there must be a transition. Because remember, the way it was working in the past was very high quality control procedure because the librarian was saying, okay, we have a journal, maybe a new journal. How many of you is interested in this journal? Three people said yes, the librarian said no, I don't want to subscribe, it's not in. 30 people said yes, that maybe is interesting. This was a very clear quality criteria. The university were only subscribed to journals which were a high reputation because the community wanted to read the journals. Open access has this problem that I've shown you and which everybody knows and this clearly has been created because it's very easy. You open a website and you send out automatic maize and you can basically get, even if you get 100 papers in a year and you get 1000 for a year, for paper, your salary for a year is done, okay. On the contrary, a serious publisher has a very high cost. White has a very high cost. Let me make this point very clear. Assume you are sitting at the desk of, I don't know, the best journal you think, the Lancet, Nature, you get 1000 of paper every day. How do you select? You need people who read and try to interact with authors and discard what is not good. This costs time. If you do it quickly, well, you can do it quickly. Then you have to assign the referees. If you want to have the best experts in the world, it takes a huge amount of time. Yeah, yeah. I mean, since there is a cost in the publication process, which is what I was describing, the cost will be a part of the cost of science, no question about that. So this remains, somebody has to pay. Now the question is, exactly, open access will make all the knowledge available to companies for free. Nowadays, companies or private enterprises are contributed about 25% to the overall cost of publications because if Google want to know what we are doing, they have to pay the subscription. In the future, we open access, we'll have nothing to pay because everything will be for free. Well, I mean, tax payers, this is part of the, I mean, publication cost is part of the scientific cost.  So the tax payer has to pay one way or the other. So it enters into the cost of science. You cannot remove it, it is a part of it. If you want to remove it, then there is a, in my view, it's incorrect economic analysis from the beginning. If you want to pay tax payers not to be paying for the publication cost, that is impossible. Okay. Just to complete the question of open access because there is a very strong push to open access. What do you think about Plan S? We're talking, sorry? I am. What do you think about Plan S? I think it's a, okay, let me stay soft. If it is done in order to accelerate the transition, okay. If it is done, because I really want to implement it, it is a disaster. But let me finish because this will destroy, for instance, the academic societies. So it's in order to do something which is, in principle, it's very ideological. This has to be done in a smooth transition. And I'm very strong in favor of Europe, but this is a typical top-down procedure that sometimes Europe takes. And then in this case, there could be counter-consequences. Is it loud or you want to take open access? Okay.


On the OSF you can share your research and methods and have them be accessible to your peers. By default your projects are private and only you and your contributors can see them. But by clicking the Make Public button you can let others discover what you've been working on. As an administrator you have full control and so you can decide which components of the project you'd like to keep private or make public. For instance, you can make your methodology component public but keep your data component private. When you make your research public others will be able to search, use and cite your work. We provide you with the tools you need to measure the impact that your work is having. You can track how many people are visiting your project and how many people are downloading and forking your research materials.


It's going on everyone Sam here with late and sports guards We're ripping 2022 Panini mosaic choice baseball 10 box break number one random team style Let me just switch the break title really quick for you There we go Here is looking at your random results as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as a Lincoln Chat good luck here everybody starting one Yeah, that's for a peacock here everybody. Good luck Progressive So we got our variations on the back first. We'll start with those that's gonna be Edward Cabrera and wander Franco very nice Yeah, three two sold out. Yep awesome 90 stars Cal Ripken Hermon Marquez as well got our autos are gonna be O'Neill cruise Going to Ed there we go buddy nice cruise not numbered. Let's go dude great way to start right there on The rookie autographs as well as a Kevin Smith numbered 63 out of 88 for the A's Followed by randia Rosarena rookie of the year not numbered and Ronald Acunha as well not numbered very nice start right there box to there's Connor Siebold and Edward Cabrera on the variation rookies We've got Roger Clemens 80 stars Logan Gilbert on the base Got autographs are gonna be Redetmers not numbered for the angels on the kind of the color match there and Curb and Castro 65 out of 88 for the Giants nice one there Giants on the combo spot hit Jeff M. Then we've got Mariano Rivera 2000 stars not numbered and Justin Verlander for the Astros as well not numbered You'll cruise silver there you go again Ed congrats, man Get our two variations off the back Hans Krause for the Phillies and Jake McCarthy for the Diamondbacks Got that's Dalton bar show next up. We've got Jaren Durand rookie auto for the Red Sox not numbered color match there got a peacock on the back here everybody Good luck followed by a lars new bar also not numbered Good luck on the peacock. We got a Chas McCormick. That's gonna be number are not numbered and nice for the Angels on the rookie a Brandon Marsh Congrats angels angels doing well at Joshua are nice peacock short print You throw this in the yeah peacocks are cool, man They're fun Fun little card to get Johan Durand Ronzi Contreras got Harrison Bader silver Vidal Bruhan rookie on the mosaic We've got our autos Eli Morgan going to the Guardians. That's not numbered As well as a gold Curtis Terry 52 out of 88 nice one there for the twins Minnesota Jeff and picking up another card We've got Nick Allen not numbered and Julio Urias both on your choice exclusives both not numbered Another peacock in this box. I believe you Bobby Whit rookie and Patrick Mazzica on your variations Silver Joey Gallo followed by an Albert Pujols 2000 stars. We got a redemption coming up as well as a Conor Siebold rookie auto not numbered for the Red Sox We've got Yon Moncada autographs choice fusion There she go white socks nice one there. Let me just double check. He is a white sock I don't see why he wouldn't be but We'll just make sure I would be absolutely.  Yep going to the white socks We have a Jake Burger rookie not numbered and our other peacock is Logan Gilbert Nice one there again not numbered on the peacock parallel. They are just short printed for the Mariners. Congrats Mariners Pretty awesome hit. You got a pen over there? Well if you want a sharp, did you write it with a sharpie? Reduptured. Yeah. Oh, yeah, that's right. I want to make sure you have a writing utensil Lately now one. Rosie Contreras, Kyle Muller Well, cuz I took that that's why I Want to make sure that I get it back to you JT Real Muto, Homs Krauss Autos are gonna be Casey Meis second year going to the Tigers Congrats to Troy not numbered and Mason Thompson for the Nationals not numbered as well. We've got Josiah Grant Rookie and Jake Cronin were not numbered as well on the choice exclusive Next box Matt Manning as well as Alejo Lopez variations Luke Williams Got Frank Schwindle Autos are gonna be Gavin sheets. Nice one there 43 out of 88 for the white socks on the rookie auto as well as a Elvis piguero for the angels That is not numbered Nice one here going to Houston Jeremy Pena on the choice exclusive not numbered And Tyler Stevenson for the Cardinals another reds the reds Tyler Stevenson is a Variations Brandon Marsh as well as CJ Abrams couple of nice rookies in there 150 points random to all at the end Nolan Ryan manning Machado Nice one here. Let's go into the Mariners Cal Raleigh on the rookie autographs Congrats Seattle Joshua are big dumper We've got Connor Wong rookie and Jose Abrey rookie as well Both not numbered choice exclusives Don six after three and two Yeah, we're gonna do it We go to war in a battle Casa one Yep as Aaron Ashby variations Chris Bryant AJ Alexi God auto of AJ Alexi for the Rangers as well as a rookie autograph of John Ashley Vargas for the Cubs We've got rookie of Jackson co are it looks like a black gold of Hoi John Park Six of eight on the black gold talk about a perfect color match.  You got Go worm He is Worm is the man if you haven't met worm gotta meet the guy Romy Gonzalez Josiah Gray, I have not either, but I know of him. I've talked to him Spencer Turnbull now he's in America Jake Burger on the rookie Drew Ellis rookie auto for the Diamondbacks nice one there color match and Thomas the Pucky for the Mets also on the rookie autograph our last few choice exclusives. We've got Andre Jackson and Logan Gilbert That'll do it for the break right there guys. Thanks again for the fill Let's do a quick recap or no, we'll do with the random first for 150 points. Let me get that copied over All right guys doing the random for 150 points gonna roll the dice whatever team is on top after four times We'll get the points. Good luck one Two three and four going to the Cubs Cubs getting the points Chicago Go back over to our recap got our autos and our peacocks Got Drew Ellis Diamondbacks Thomas the Pucky Mets Joneshwi Fargus for the Cubs Ajalexie Rangers Cal Raleigh Mariners Elvis Poguero angels KC Mice Tigers Mason Thompson Nationals Connor Siebold Red Sox Eli Morgan Guardians Lars Newphar for the Cardinals Jaren Duran Red Sox Reed Dettmer's Angels Kevin Smith rookie autographs to 88 for the A's Gavin Sheets to 88 for the White Sox Curtis Terry to 88 for the twins John Moncada autographed choice fusion White Sox Brandon Marsh and Logan Gilbert on your peacocks And then we add an O'Neill Cruz rookie optographs not numbered That'll do it for the break. Thank you guys again for the fill next up. We've got three and two


I'm Lyn McCaskey of the University of Birmingham. I'm Joe Renshaw from the University of Birmingham. Recent events at Fukushima have highlighted the need for effective, portable methods for radio-nuclide removal from contaminated waters. Actonites are problematic as they are long-lived, but a more immediate concern is vision products such as strontium and cesium. These are highly mobile in the environment and bioavailable. For example, strontium can be taken up into bone. Here at the University of Birmingham, we have been investigating the formation of biomunerals by bacteria as a method for removing radio-nuclides from contaminated groundwater and wastewater solutions. Our work has been focusing mainly on strontium and cesium because these are of more immediate impact in the aftermath of Fukushima. When we refer to biomineralisation as a way of removing radio-nuclides, it's possible to take these up into pre-formed metallic mineral deposits like metal phosphates, where they go into the biomineral by a process of iron exchange, which hoovers up the metals very appropriately from the waste. The problem is, of course, that when the material becomes full, it's saturated and it needs to be replenished. So, as an alternative approach, we've been looking at the concept of using biomineralisation as a way of removing radio-nuclides on a long-term basis. Of course, for this to be effective, the bacteria need to remain active for long periods in a radioactive situation. Hence, our first focus was on looking at the radio resistance of an enzymatic method for removing radio-nuclides. Now, this method, which is quite a good example, is the use of bacteria to liberate a phosphate from an organic phosphate donor molecule to make a biomineral precipitate of metal phosphate. Now, it's been known for some years that a species of Seratia can do this very effectively by making uranium phosphate out of uranium mine water, for example. Now, we wanted to look at the possibility of co-crystallising uranium, strontium and cesium by the activity of this bacterium. For this to be effective, it's not necessary for the bacteria to remain alive and viable, but it is essential for the mediating enzyme, which is a phosphatase, to remain active for long enough to deposit the minerals, that is, the uranium phosphate, together with cesium and strontium. So, the first series of experiments involved putting live cells in front of a gamma beam, a commercial irradiation gamma beam, in order to look at the effect of this treatment on both the cells and their phosphatase activity. And we also looked at purified phosphatase to see if it's possible to use an enzyme per se for this mineralisation reaction. What we found was that, as one would expect, the viability of the bacteria fell away very quickly and they were dead within eight hours. And likewise, the purified enzyme wasn't very radio stable. It lost activity within about the same period, eight to ten hours. But using whole cells, the activity of the enzyme was maintained for quite a long period at a total dose of more than 1,300 grey, and it still was fully active by the time and we'd finished the experiment. Now, actually, on its own, the enzyme was only about 80% active against the radio toxicity of the gamma source. But if it was supplemented with bacaptoethanol, that active does a radio protectant and gave complete radio resistance. So having established that the phosphatase enzyme is completely active in cells under irradiation to high dose, the next thing we did was to expose the cells to glycerol phosphate as the phosphate donor in the presence of uranium strontium and cesium. And it removed all of the elements, as one would expect, by incorporation of the strontium and cesium into the hydrogen urinal phosphate mineral matrix. The last set of experiments was to do this against a simulated waste containing radio-nuclide strontium and cesium, and those too were removed effectively into the biomuneral host hydrogen urinal phosphate. So taking these elements up into hydrogen urinal phosphate using real radioisotopes, the strontium was almost completely removed and the cesium was removed to the extent of about 50%, which saturated the hydrogen urinal phosphate host crystal, but of course that's being made continuously. So this approach has got the potential for long term decontamination on a continuous basis.


I'm on a bit of a quest to make them my writing tool of choice now anybody who knows me Knows that I'm not a developer or programmer of any type Any of that stuff that I get into is merely me dabbling for fun What I do for a living is I actually write historical papers and I would love to be able to use them to actually write that stuff and I've tried over the years many times to actually do that, but It hasn't been successful, but I've started looking into some plugins and stuff that would actually make it possible for me to do that and I have started going through and making notes and stuff and then by using like them wiki and things like that So today what I thought I'd do is go over five essential plugins for people who are like me who use them Recreationally if that's the right way to put it people who aren't the Vim Gods and goddesses out there who can go through and just do everything like it looks like magic But people who use them and they know how to quit out of them and maybe a few other things But they don't know everything so that's what the purpose of this video is so today I'm going to cover five essential plugins for the everyday Vim user. Let's go ahead and jump in So the first one that I'm going to cover is nerd tree now Really what I'm talking about here Doesn't necessarily mean you have to use this specific plug-in This is the one that I use but there are several out there that are like this and basically what they do is They allow you to bring up a file picker or a file manager right inside of them so that you can change quickly between Files without having to exit Vim go find another file and then go back into Vim and that's what nerd tree does There's one for Ranger. There's one for via them. So basically you use one that you If you're familiar with a file Terminal file manager, you could probably find a Vim plugin for that file manager. Nerd tree is just the one that I use So let me show you how this works So here I am in a Vim buffer and let's just say I wanted to change directories to a different File or something so right now I'm in my Vim plugins file Let's just say I wanted to go to the general settings file for My end Vim config in order to do that and use nerd tree I'd have to use control n and that brings up nerd tree and then I can just navigate using the traditional file structure to where I want to go so I wanted to go to general and General Vim here and that just changes it and then I can quit nerd tree as simple as that It's really quite cool. There are some additional features so it can show you can set key bindings So you it'll take you to a certain directory every time You can use your traditional Vim key bindings in order to go up and down the file tree So, you know capital G will take you to the bottom gg will take you to the top and so on and so forth And then you just obviously you would navigate using hjkl Just like you would in regular Vim you could also use the arrow keys if you're you know a heathen like me And I still sometimes use the arrow keys. It's just it's ingrained in me a little bit, but I'm working on it So that's nerd tree. It's like I said, there are several of them out there that are like that. There's a ranger one. There's via them There's one called like net true or something like that. I'm not really sure what that is I've never used it, but they're all good and that tree is just one that I use The second one I want to talk about is called Vim last place and basically what this does is allows you to reopen files at the last edit position in Vim so let's say you were editing this file here and you're on Line 21 Okay, or on 20 or whatever it doesn't matter and you quit this and then you reopen it up So we're actually have to go into This file here and then into general Vim and it'll actually what them last place place will do is will open up the Vim Buffer in the exact place you left it in this particular file and it saves it for every file It's just part of the buffer that it saves This is essential for me because almost universally if I have to get back into a file like right away I want to be where I was when I left especially in like a config file chances are making some changes in the config file and I don't want to have to go through and actually search for where I was before And I could take you know a lot of time So this allows it just to reopen exactly in the place where you left it There may be a way of doing this without a plug-in. I'm not actually sure This is just what I found and this is what I use. So Yeah, that's them last place the third one I want to talk about is called Vim wiki and Vim wiki is a note-taking tool slash wiki making tool slash markdown tool Thing it's very complex and very powerful and I only scratch the surface of what it can do but and I've actually made a couple of video about it before and I'll link that up in the cards, but Basically what Vim wiki is is it's a note-taking tool. So that's at least that's where I've been using it So if I wanted to access my Vim wiki, I'd have I do leader WS And then I just checked the Vim wiki that I want to use because I have two of them And then it would take me into Vim wiki and I'm not gonna go through all the features of Vim wiki Because like I said, I've made a video about that before but basically this just allows me to create nested Notes and categorize them. However, I want so these are links or whatever two different pages within the Vim wiki and I can just enter them like so and you know Just keep going like this and you know whatever and it leads me to my notes. It's great. Like I said, I've only a very Done very superficial in terms of the power of them wiki. There's a ton of stuff that you can do with it It uses markdown. It has its own weird markdown Contacts, but it's mostly markdown and it's just great if you want to take notes in them I highly recommend Vim wiki the next one. I want to talk about is called go yo now This is mostly a frivolous plug plug in that provides no useful benefit outside of being Way to make it so that when you're writing something you're you have fewer distractions Really, that's all it does It's not something that you absolutely necessarily have to have but I like it because I'm like I said before at the beginning I'm trying to transition into using them for writing and in order to do that I really don't need all the frivolous things that them does and I kind of want my writing to be front and center So let me show you what go yo does So let's just say I'm in this File here again, and I wanted to get rid of the extraneous stuff. So I could just do this by doing Control G is what I have this set up for and basically what that does is it moves everything to the center gets rid of the line Numbers and stuff like that And you can set it up to do pretty much anything because as you can see here in my go yo settings with it if you Once you enter go yo, I can go through and pretty much put any Vim Setting in those things so I could remove syntax highlighting. I could remove the cursor line I could do pretty much whatever I wanted to do So that go yo looked the way I wanted to do look when I'm in it and then when I go back out of go yo I could just go back to my regular Neo Vim or Vim config and that's really cool I haven't done a ton of like formatting of go yo yet, but I can see once I've transitioned into actually using Vim as a you know a writing tool being able to go through and like turn off syntax hiding highlighting turn off You know Auto pairs turn off all these things I could go through and do that and make it just so that just my writing is front and center The final one I want to talk about is called Auto pairs now auto pairs is more of a tool for people who do a lot of coding But if you spend a lot of time in configuration files You might be able to find some use out of this So basically what this does is Whenever you use something that comes in pairs It automatically completes them for you. So let's say you use parentheses It'll automatically provide you an open and closed parentheses as you can see here same thing with curly brackets and same thing with square brackets and same thing with Single quotes and double quotes now the double quotes here and vim are a little bit or in the vim syntax Like when you're in your vim configure a little bit difference because vim uses quotation marks for comments So it'll only give you a single one if you want a second one You kind of have to do it yourself But as you can see there it actually gave me the double pair there. So that's auto pair It's really quite great for when you want to go through and do some edits in your configuration file because most times in a configuration file you'll need A matching pair of something and also prevents you from you know missing one of those things So nothing's more frustrating than getting into like your x-monad configuration file and realizing you're missing a A curly bracket or something because you forgot to do it this way You always have pairs of the things that you need pairs of it's great So those are the five Plugins that I consider pretty much essential for every vim user now There are obviously tons of other vim plugins out there that are really good And it doesn't mean just because I chose these five that those other ones aren't great as well But these are the ones that I use that I use every day Uh that I just probably couldn't use them without and they'll probably end up being more of these as I go through And try to transition to using them more So in the comments below, let me know what vim plugins you consider essential So if you have a Essential plugin that you just have to have let me know and if you're one of those vim purists that don't use plugins at all Shout out in the comments below and tell me why you don't use plugins I'm sure that you'll be able to convince me not to use my beloved plugins That's not gonna happen Anyways, thank you for watching this video. You can follow me on twitter at the linuxcast You can follow me on uh facebook at the linuxcast You can support me on patreon at patreon.com slash linuxcast before I go I'd like to take one to thank my current patrons devon marcus magland donnie spen east coast web mitchell merrick camp and chris Uh, I have this in a different order now because mitchell re-upped Are up till his position a little bit and now they're out of order So it felt really really weird there from those like I did I miss one? No, I didn't. Uh, thanks everybody for your support Thank you for watching. I'll see you next time


Ladies and gentlemen, the manager of the Recruit Training Unit, Inspector Darren Carnes, will now take command of the parade. He will now receive the parade host, Assistant Commissioner Paul Wilson, Education and Training Command. He will be met by the commander of Recruit and Policing Skills, Superintendent Andy Morrow. He will now be the Commissioner of Police, Mr. Ian Stewart. He will be greeted by the parade host, escorted to the dice, and received by the parade with a general salute. The parade will now receive our principal official guest, the Honourable Mr. Jack Dempsey MP, Minister for Police, Fire and Emergency Services. He will be met by the Commissioner, escorted to the dice, and accorded the general salute by the parade. Ladies and gentlemen, would you please now stand for the Australian National Anthem to be sung by Recruit Jack Maguire. Police officer is in uniform and directed to salute. Three joys for we... Fog soil, ah... Please be seated. The Commissioner will now formalise the graduation of the police dog into the service. The police dogs and the handlers have undertaken a 14-week training course at the Queensland Police Dogs Club, where they have been trained in general-purpose duties and will be deployed within metropolitan and regional locations. The course is completed in Brisbane under the guidance of the State Coordinator, Senior Sergeant Frank Renaro. Police dog Saber and his handler, Senior Constable Matt Mayo, is stationed at the Sunshine Coast District dogs quote. Saber and Matt will perform duties as a general-purpose police dog team. Police dog Ensign and his handler, Senior Constable Wayne Eldier, is stationed at the Gold Coast District. Ensign and Wayne will perform duties as a general-purpose police dog team. Police dog Zoomer and his handler, Senior Constable Rob Richardson, is stationed at the Gold Coast District dog quote. Zoomer and Rob will perform duties as general-purpose police dog team. Police dog Fitzen is handler Sergeant Bill Johnson, a station at the Gladstone Dog Squad. Fitzen Bill will perform duties as a general-duties police dog team. Police dog Eli and his handler Sergeant Clint Thomas are stationed at the Brisbane Dog Squad. Eli and Clint will perform duties as a general-duties police dog team. Police dog DJ and his hammer senior constable Justin Murgaard, a station at the Sunshine Coast Dog Squad. DJ and Justin performed duties as a general duties police dog team. Police dog Bosco and his hammer senior constable Kane Seymles, a station at the Cavulcher Dog Squad. Bosco and Kane will perform duties as a general duties police dog team. Police dog Gizmo and his hammer senior constable Phil Carraza, a station at the Brisbane Dog Squad. Gizmo and Phil will perform duties statewide in the drug detection unit. Undoubtedly, the highlight of our program is the imminent induction of the Queensland Police Service to the recruits on parade. I know that many of you have traveled long distance to be here for that very reason. Before a person begins to perform duty, there is a formal process to be applied in accordance with the Police Service Administration regulation. This practice requires the individual member to plead to his or her loyalty to our sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II. He or she then signs the oath or affirmation of office in the presence of a commissioned officer of the service. This segment referred to as an induction is a transition from the learning environment to being a sworn officer in the Queensland Police Service. As part of the procedure, each member is presented with a wallet containing his or her identity card and official badge. Table officers, please fall in. Ladies and gentlemen, would you please now stand for the administration of the oath and affirmation of service? My colleagues, to reaffirm their allegiance to our sovereign by residing the oath or affirmation of office in unison with recruits on parade today. Preface by the word, I, state your given names and surname in full. You are to repeat your oath or affirmation of office after me. Swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve my sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II, her heirs and successes according to law in the office of Constable. Or in such capacity as I may be appointed, promoted or reduced without favour, affection, malice or ill will. From this date until I am discharged, that I will cause Her Majesty's peace to be kept and preserved, that I will prevent to the best of my power, all offences against the same. And that, while I'm a member of the Queensland Police Service, I will to the best of my skill and knowledge discharge all duties legally imposed upon me, faithfully and according to law. So help me God. Thank you. Thank you, Commissioner. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, please be seated. Table officers, please be seated. Today we are inducting 67 recruits into the service. They commenced training here at the Oxley Academy on the 24th of June, 2013 and completed 25 weeks of recruit training. This included instruction in the areas of driver training, physical skills education, computer training and firearms and officer safety. Parade Sergeant for today's parade is acting Senior Sergeant John Donaldson. Acting Senior Sergeant Donaldson has been a facilitator with a recruit training unit since 2007. He completed his training at the Police Academy as a member of the last intake of police cadets in December, 1990. He has served as the general duties officer of Ruchidor, Coloundra, Winnum, Emerald and Gladstone stations. Before joining the RTU, he was an instructor with the firearms and officer safety training unit for two years. The party for today's parade is composed of facilitators from the recruit training unit. The members carry the Queensland State Flag on the right and the police service flag on the left. The flag party commander this afternoon is acting Sergeant Cole Flaherty and the flag bearer is the Sergeant Kath Brady and Sergeant Charmaine Lee. The facilitator is involved in training her police officers with operational experience complimented by staff members who have an academic background with the skills required to teach in accordance with the education requirements for this training establishment. We would like to acknowledge our award recipients and their achievements during the recruit program. These recruits are David Mengel, Emma Jenkins, Corey Lubbock, Mark Gibson, Carl Neumann, Aston Bell and Jessica Dixon. Congratulations to all our award recipients. The next parade will take place in the 6th of February, 2014 here at the Tom Malloy parade ground. On that parade, we expect to have 96 recruits inducted into the service. Thank you table officers, please fall out. Ladies and gentlemen, Commissioner Stewart will now present the executive award. This honour is given to the individual who has achieved excellence, competency and professionalism in the recruit program. Assessment is accredited on individual conduct, leadership qualities, skills performance, academic results and to the ideal principles of service to the community. The commissioners award for intake five of 2013 is Constable Beau McNamara. Constable McNamara will be presented with a perpetual shield donating his achievement by the commissioner. Ladies and gentlemen, Constable McNamara. Queensland Police Service Statement of Ethics supports our vision and purpose to deliver quality policing services. There's a commitment that every member of the service undertakes in accordance with the standard of practice, the code of conduct and the functions of the service. It underpins our vision, purpose, priorities and qualities of the organisation namely courage, fairness and pride. The Statement of Ethics is a standard expected by the commissioner of police, colleagues and community and acceptance by the individual to practice high standards of conduct and behaviour as a police officer both on and off duty. Now I invite Constable McNamara to adopt the Statement of Ethics on behalf of the Constables on parade. On behalf of the new Constables, I am pleased to adopt this Statement of Ethics. As a member of the Queensland Police Service, I have the duty to protect life and property, preserve the peace, prevent offences, help those in need of assistance, detect and apprehend offenders. At all times, I will carry out my duties without fear or favour, malice or ill will. I will act honestly and with the utmost integrity. I will make every effort to respect and uphold the rights of all people in the community regardless of race, social status or religion. I will strive for excellence and endeavour to improve my knowledge and professionalism. I will keep confidential all matters which I may learn in my official duty, in my official capacity, except as necessary in the course of my duties. I will practice self-discipline in the word and deed both on and off duty. I will resist the temptation to participate in any activity which is improper or which may be construed as improper. I will not misuse my offers for personal gain. I will accept the responsibility for my own actions and for the acts in which I may order. I accept the desirability of these ethics as an integral part of my personal and professional life. Thank you Constable McNamara. Please chaplain remember that Andrea Robertson will now offer the blessing. Lord God, we know that it is through establishing process for justice, peace and good order that a caring community works to keep safe those who are vulnerable and innocent. For this reason, we ask your blessing upon these newly graduated officers as they become sworn members of the Queensland Police Service. We thank you for their willingness to serve the community in this way and we are thankful for the hard work and personal application they have given whilst preparing themselves for the duties of being a police officer. We pray that they may always exercise the powers of their office with responsibility and that they may be aware of the influence they are entrusted with as police officers. Lord empower these new officers with courage when they are confronted by danger. Give them integrity when confronted with ethical choices and douse them with compassion when assisting those suffering and victimized. Grant them impartiality when enforcing the law and bless them with a willing graciousness to accept assistance when needed. Be present with these officers in the challenges of their new profession so that at the end of every shift they may, with confidence and pride, know that they have served with honour. Thank you, Reverend Robinson. Ladies and gentlemen, Commissioner Stewart will now address the parade. Well, good afternoon, everyone. Minister for Police, Fire and Emergency Service is the honourable Jack Densey MP. Our minister, minister, thank you for taking the time to be with us this afternoon on such an important occasion. To Dr Ken Levy, chairperson of the Crime and Misconduct Commission. Mr. Kelman Anderson, director general, public safety business agency. All members of the senior executive of the Queensland Police Service, but in particular, Assistant Commissioner Paul Wilson, our host here today, thanks Paul. Mr. Brian Wilkins, the Queensland Police Commission Officers Union president. Mr. Eir Leed as president of the Police Union of Employees. All other members of the Queensland Police Service. Distinguished guests, including our great friend, Mr. John McLeod, who's here today, I think for the first time. But I also acknowledge all of the family and friends who are here today, ladies and gentlemen, and of course, the most important people on this parade, our 67 newly sworn constables. It's with great pride and pleasure that I extend a warm welcome to all of the families and friends of our graduating officers, as they have been appointed first-year constables during the ceremony here today. I thank you all and ask you particularly to continue to support these fine officers during their careers, as they serve in locations across our great state. From experience, I know the job is demanding, not only on a serving member, but for family and friends. I also know the very real benefits in terms of places seen and lifelong friendships established throughout their careers. To all of our newest constables, you are entitled to feel very proud of your achievement, as today marks the end of your initial training and the beginning of so very much more. Every police officer, those both retiring and retired and serving in this place today, remembers their swearing in parade like it was yesterday. So please cherish this moment. Within this place, you have been inspired with high ideals and encouraged to achieve your very best in this honourable career. Your sense of duty, loyalty and service to all Queenslanders has been enhanced and strengthened. Remember, Queensland is a great state with great opportunities. You are well prepared for the challenges that lie ahead in your career as a police officer in a rapidly changing environment. You are about to impress upon the community of Queensland, your commitment to your oath of service. Enjoy it, make the most of this wonderful experience. You will be stationed all over Queensland, including in the North, in Central, Brisbane, Southern and South Eastern regions. Additionally, today, we acknowledge the swearing in of eight police dogs, seven of which were general purpose dogs. You heard that these dogs were serving Gladstone, Caboolture, the Sunshine Coast, Gold Coast and Brisbane. And can I tell you, as the commissioner, it's always nice to get to this part of the event and still have all my fingers. There are many expectations placed on the Office of Constable and my expectation is that all our people work together every day to support each other, to stop crime, make the community safer and build relationships every day. Delivering on these objectives requires people of the highest calibre and commitment with a unique combination of qualities such as are held by those before you here today. As our US Constable, you should remember that you are now the public face of the Queensland Police Service and I expect of all of our people to act with courage, fairness and pride. You should have the courage to always honour your oath of service and the statement of ethics that was adopted on your behalf by Constable Beau McNamara, who was the recipient of my award today. You should display fairness and be professional at all times, acting objectively and without bias, remembering that every member of the public is to be treated with dignity and respect. Every interaction is an opportunity to build relationships and achieve a positive outcome. You should take pride and place a high value from teamwork, people, our performance and our partnership with our community. Policing, though, can be a dangerous job. You need to accept that there is always an element of risk in police work. You will need to remain vigilant to minimise risk, avoid complacency, stay alert and be aware. You will see the good and bad sides of people. You will encounter some of the worst kinds of human behaviour but I ask you to remain positive, stay focused and ensure your actions are always just and fair. At various points in your career, you will all be physically, morally and intellectually challenged. Have no doubt that if you were not up to that challenge, you would not be standing here today. I'm extremely confident that the future of policing is in good hands with the newest constables that are here in front of me today. Let me conclude today by sincerely congratulating you all on your graduation. You follow in the footsteps of great officers who have set the standards of courage, fairness and pride. You will add to our rich history. Be confident that you are well prepared for the future and enjoy the challenge and opportunities in having one of the best careers in the world. Well done to you all and good luck. Thank you. Thank you, Commissioner Stewart. May I now introduce our principal official guest, the Honourable Jack Dempsey. Good afternoon, everybody. First of all, I'd like to obviously acknowledge Commissioner Ian Stewart, Deputy Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners, members of the Police Executive, all police officers, one and all here. Representatives from the Police Union, from the Police Credit Union, from the Commissioned Officers Union, members from the Defence Services, Brigadier Greg Brilton, it's great to see you here today. And this public forum, I'd just like to not embarrass you, but acknowledge you for the great work and the support that you gave to my community in Bundaberg during the floods and the rest of the Queensland. And we're all this proud occasion of giving an opportunity to say that officially here. But all representatives of the police family, Peter Flexman from the Pipes and Drums, mums and dad, brothers and sisters, young children, why I wanted to mention all of you, including the Retired Police Association, is because of you, the 67 recruits that we have in front of you. To say that all of these people believe in you, they want to see you succeed, they're proud of you, they trust you, they know that you've got the heart and soul inside of you to make great police officers and to do good for this great state. Here today, on this, what we call the sacred acre, you're the last lot of recruits for this year, almost 800 between this academy and the Townsend Police Academy. You're part of over 11,500 police officers statewide. And on your shoulders lays a great deal of tradition from both past police officers and police officers to come. You've sworn an oath here today. When you leave this parade ground, you leave the same authority as the number one police officer, the commissioner and police here in this great state. And with that comes a great deal of responsibility. That oath to serve the people of Queensland with our favour, affection, malice or ill will. That's a great deal of responsibility. With that doesn't come the power of a crystal ball or hindsight or the time to think and make quick decisions. But the training that you have received over the months and the teamwork makes you be able to make decisions based on ethics, professionalism and on the good of the people that you serve, the people of Queensland. And that is a great deal of authority that you leave here today. But we understand that the training that you have completed, the guidance and support that you'll get in your years to come through the police service will keep you in good stead. Next year it's a celebration of 150 years of policing in Queensland. And you can imagine all the great stories but all the great achievements that many officers have achieved over those 150 years. So you are the new beginning, the last lot of recruits this year but the first constables to be going in the new year to take this Queensland Police Service forward to being the best police force in the whole of the world, not just in the whole of Australia. And I make that commitment as the police minister and I know as the police commissioner here to go do whatever we can to leave no sort on turn in that endeavour. And you are part of that. Because as we learn as police officers to serve the community, we cannot do things alone. We have to get through those difficult times of work with our companions, our friends, but also these people around you, your family and friends. As the commissioner said, you will see the worst of the worst. You select it as the best of the best to do an incredible job. But you need the support of your families and I'd just like to thank your families and your friends and your children here for those hard times that I no doubt am assured you will go through. It will be difficult but with their support it'll give you some comfort as will the police chaplains. So please do never leave home on a sour note. Always leave on a happy note. You never know what's ahead of you because as we know in policing each day is different. So you put your hand up, you've risen up to the challenge, you're united, you believe in what you do, you're determined and you've got a great deal of commitment. So I wish you all the best in the years ahead. Try everything. Remember, life's about grabbing onto it and chewing like crazy.  All the best. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Bensie. The parade will now retire and reform in preparation to complete the final segment of the ceremony. On the eve of the ceremony, the parade will advance in review order. This movement involves the constables marching forward in line, concluding with the general salute. This is performed with no offensive spirit and is given as a mark of respect to the principal official guest, commissioner of police and members of the executive leadership team. Parade commander Inspector Darren Karnes will now resume command of the parade. The parade will now call for the parade sergeant and hand over command. Ladies and gentlemen, the flag party accompanied by the Queensland police pipes and drums will now march off parade to Black Bear and Scotland the brave. Ladies and gentlemen, will you now please stand? Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, please be seated. The constable starters of recruiting take in June were trained in three individual groups. They will now form a united intake in preparation to serve the community of Queensland as police officers. The parade sergeant will now call for a member of the graduating intake to assume command of the new constables. His final gesture recognises the individual for his performance in the leadership role throughout the training program. Ladies and gentlemen, I present to you the new constables of the Queensland police service. Before the new constables dismiss, I thank you once again for being here with us this afternoon. At the conclusion of the parade, please feel free to move onto the parade ground to congratulate the men and women who will now join their colleagues serving the people of Queensland in law enforcement. The parade host assistant commissioner Wilson now invites you for light refreshments to be served in the Academy dining room. For half the members of the Queensland police service senior executive may I thank you for your attendance and wish you a very good evening and a safe journey home. Constable Nye will now leave the new members in thanking you in their own special way. He will then dismiss the parade.