Hi, I'm Robin Rowe and we're here today to talk about using OpenAI GPT-2 for drafting technical documents. Give me a second here where I switch over my screen and here we go. Okay, well, first of all, thank you for the Linux Foundation for having us here today. We're going to be talking about complete a thought AI. This is where we give artificial intelligence a sample of the kind of text output that we would like and it tries to complete what we're doing. So a little background on us. Here's some past technology projects. I've worked in AR and VR cameras, traffic control, defense. We both live in Hollywood and so we also do technology behind the movies and cartoon series. So animation software and then also set-top box. So I'm the chairman of ANSI ISO 56007. This is a future world standard for innovation idea management best practices. Here are the countries that are involved. It's most of the world. And I'm going to back up for just a second. Why am I going to back up? Because he wants to talk about AI speech recognition starting in 1996. Okay, so the reason I'm going back in history here is that a lot of people find AI very confusing. It's hard to understand how it works. And in fact, nobody really understands how AI works because it has so much hidden complexity. But I founded the research lab or defense company long ago and we used hidden Markov models, which was an early version of what we have today. And it's a little bit easier to understand. So I'm going to quickly go through this or actually get real real. Okay. Well, first, it deduces hidden states and uses path probabilities. So the hidden states in this case are rainy and sunny. We know whether our people are walking, shopping or cleaning, but we don't know what the weather is. We're trying to deduce that using HMMs. And then they use predicts the next syllable. So that can predict each syllable and then each word of what is being said. So then it outputs SR text. Yeah, that's the speech recognition text. And it's precursor to the current AI that we have now. Yeah, and that is GPT dash two to complete a thought AI. Okay, so we now kind of understand how AI works. Here's the process. So all the experts are volunteers. So it's really hard to find a time to get people together and do all this stuff. Our document has to be about 50 pages in length. And so there's a process. We break it into sections and assign to writers different areas for them to take over. A blank page means writer's block, which means you don't know what to write. So you try to get help from other people. You can solo draft sections and they become LOR. That's one of the rings. My precious. Yes, we have, you know, it's it's very difficult to draft for a blank page for the group. So typically what happens is one person ends up doing the first draft.  You don't want to change. You never get like that, do you? I think everyone does. All right, so firstly notes. So and then we have problems of cohesion style repetition, bias skew, all kinds of stuff because we've got dozens of people writing different sections of this document and it becomes sort of a stew. So later through many drafts, years and years later, we have a standard. Yeah, five years later. Here's how we do it with GPT2. We draw a mind map first, which is free mind. Yeah, free mind is an open source program for doing mind maps, but there are a dozen different programs to do mind maps. And I'll show you a mind map in just a minute. We create table of content from map or Libre Office. Well, we do that in Libre Office. In Libre Office. The table of contents has sections and each section has topics. Write one intro paragraph per topic as text files. We have to go get GPT2, but don't get just any GPT2. Get my fork of GPT2 because I'm maintaining it. The version that is the one that OpenAI posted, they've gone into GPT3 and seem to have forgotten about it. So they're not updating? Yeah. And put our text intro files, one per topic in a folder, and then you edit example bash script to point to our data. Which I'll show you in just a minute.  Yeah, then go for coffee or go for lunch depending on how long your document is. It's pretty fast, but it just sits there and chews. It doesn't really do anything exciting to show you on screen. So here's the concept of a mind map. I'm just going to go over this in about a second here. And this thing in the center that we're looking at, that is what I call a big hero six diagram if you're familiar with the movie. This has a head and two arms and two feet. And this is just a way of thinking of a table of contents as being five basic things. Behind it is the actual mind map. And I'll show you that in just a moment. So here's Hello World. This is what we gave GPT2 just to make sure that we had it working.  It's fleeces white as snow. And we get the output of she hated snow. She hated snow. She hated. How does GPT2 do know that? Charles was reportedly so terrified during the incident that he ran to his girlfriend and began weeping. Yeah, we're not going to read the whole thing to you. But you get the idea here. It's written something very bizarre, but it's written something. It's written something. And it's written in the number of lines. And we've specified in the settings how long it'll write until you tell it to stop. So we've said how much we wanted. And here it is. Okay, so we're going to exit that. And we're going to call up our script. How are we doing in time, Gabrielle? We're at a little over seven minutes. Okay, so we're halfway here. So here's our bash script. I wrote this script. It has a number of variables at the top, which are things that we set. The main thing that we care about here is the model name. These are the standard models that come with GPT2. They're humongous. And we can also create our own models. So we've got the 124 meg model here. And these are the corpus of documents that have been ground up and made into sausage that GPT2 goes through and uses to decide what to write. Then the number of samples, I'm going to have GPT2 take 12 tries at writing something. Each try has some random to it. So I get 12 different tries instead of doing one long try. And you'll see why in just a second. This top K, don't worry about that. The length is how long, you know, I'm going to do 300 characters here. The temperature is how random the thing is. The higher the temperature, the less random it is. Here's my Python script I'm going to call. This thing is mostly in Python. And then this is the extension that I wanted to write in the name of my file. Then we come down here and this is just a bash for loop that is going through and chewing on each of those files that we put in our input folder and writing a new file to the output folder that includes that concatenates what we wrote with whatever GPT2 wants to write. Okay, so what does that look like? Now we're getting to the good stuff. So here's the human input. This was written by one of our experts, probably me in this case, but maybe not. And it says this is the people section and we're going to talk about culture. So, organizational culture is a set of shared attitudes, blah, blah, blah, blah. And then we come down here. So here's what GPT2 thinks we want to write next. So sample number one. Sample number one is culture. This word has two meanings. It refers to the culture of people and the organization, e.g., culture of the company, and is a set of cultural experiences that help guide actions and decisions by employees. Keep going? Yeah. Okay. The word can also refer to the culture of persons in an organization. Cultures are a set of shared values, attitudes, and beliefs that enable individuals to participate in and contribute to the organization. Okay, so we'll stop there. You'll notice that at the end of sample one, it says cultures have different, okay, different one.  Now, in the samples below, I've got to head and finish the sentence because I can anticipate where it's going, but I just wanted to show you that this is a feature that it doesn't know to cut off at the end of a sentence, although we could probably have to do that. It's just cutting off at whatever word it is, and that's fine. So here's sample two, read a sentence about. Cultural competence is the ability to recognize, understand, and influence others. Okay, and then three? Three is it is important to understand the roles that culture plays in a business, its objectives, and its business purposes. Culture is an important aspect of organizational development. The organization is what it is. This is the one I love. How does GTT2 know this? The organization is what it is. I mean, this is like really inviting now. We're getting like kind of new agey. It is, well, I was going to read the next sentence. It is what it is to be defined by its culture, by what it is to be defined by its members. It is getting a little bit new agey there. Okay, six is the culture of an organization also informs the way members respond to their circumstances in the world. This looks like it went back. Yeah, it often does this, because remember, we're doing random. So it doesn't remember that it's already done something here, and it could hit something that is essentially the same. Right. One important aspect of cultural organization is the belief in shared values and norms. Sorry, we're checking. Yep. We're coming up on our time here. Yep. There's eight. Cultural change is made by changing values and attitudes to conform to values and attitudes that are more appropriate in a new environment. The key to understanding organizational culture is that it has a deep and pervasive, pardon me, impact on people who participate in it. The cultural component of an organizational culture is very important. Yeah, that's kind of lame. That would just kind of repeat itself. Okay. So here you see that sometimes it's better than others. Let's see, I love it. That's why we're doing 12 samples, because some of these are going to be lame, and we may just delete them. Right. For example, the value of a team culture in the workplace may be defined as the organization's attitude towards teams and the individuals who are associated with them. That sounds like double talk, but okay. Yeah, it does a lot of double talk because it doesn't actually know what it's saying. It's using probability, like we talked about on the slide, to predict what the next word should be, but it doesn't actually understand anything that's saying. And number 12 is the culture can be understood, not as a behavior of individuals, but as a collection of experiences of value. That's a collective, like the boy. I'm sorry. As a collective, I was looking ahead, I'm sorry, but as a collective experience of values, beliefs, methods, and tools. Yeah. So basically, in management, people culture is a board collected. So that's very logical from GPT-2 standpoint. Yeah, that's the board collective at 12. And so that's it. We're out of time. We hope that you've enjoyed GPT-2. Go to GitHub, to Robin Rowe, GPT-2. If you want to download and play with this, it should run on just about any operating system. It is extremely tweaky to get GPT-2 to run. Just make sure that you follow the instructions there because I've walked through everything we need to do to make it actually work. Have fun with it. Bye. Bye. Thank you.


Every man cave begins with the space. The entire room is 54 square meters or 581 square feet, which includes a bathroom and a walk-in closet. The cave is thus a self-sustaining pod in which I only need to go down to get food or to top up my coffee. My room is located on the second floor of my parents house and is enshrined in a tall glass wall which overlooks the street. Sometimes after walking my dog Bagel, I stand outside looking in as though the room is some sort of confused minimalist museum exhibit. It also gives me a different insight on how best to rearrange the furniture through an outsider's perspective. The effect is greatest at night due to how well lit I made sure to make the room. I am a big fan of the lighting found in museums, thus I made sure the cave is illuminated by 16 LED track lights which are controlled at the entrance and at my bedside. If you are renovating the lighting of your home, I highly recommend just switching to track bars because they are inexpensive, modern and a minimalist approach to providing great lighting. These were installed 14 months ago and not a single one of them have gone out. Admittedly the number of lights is excessive, but I would rather have more light when I needed then being stuck with less light. The benefit of a lot of glass is that it lets in a lot of natural light which changes the character of the room depending on what time of day it is through either the dim gentleness or the fiery intensity of the sun. Sunlight plays with the natural colors of the wood floor and cladding of the room and so the room looks and feels as though it is undergoing unnatural metamorphosis throughout the day. An unexpected freebie of having a glass wall is that I get to enjoy the coconut trees and the other lush greenery of my neighborhood with the backdrop of the city skyline. I never thought I'd look forward to the scenery of my window every day, but at 5.30pm I always make it a point to check out the orange glow of the buildings and the sky. Manila carries an average temperature of 80 degrees Fahrenheit or 26.6 degrees Celsius and so one of the primary concerns was how to deal with the heat of the room because of all the sunlight. The solution was smart construction design. Our contractor and architect Cocoa Leyva counteracted this by making sure the orientation of the room never received harsh sunlight. Meaning while the room does get sun, the most it hits directly is a couple of feet, something I prefer in case I want the occasional sun without having to leave the room. Secondly, I was provided with a lot of ventilation options. Eight jealousies were installed in the middle layer window which has a bug screen in between. It's a long process, but I use a crowbar in order to close the jealousies and then after that I use a ladder to close the blinds. I don't really do this every day, only when I feel like I want to change up the mood for the week or the month actually. But especially during summer, it's very important to have as much ventilation as possible while keeping the electric bill down. Third, the curtains and the roller blinds are constructed to block out the sun. I mean, it really wouldn't be much of a cave if I couldn't make it dark enough during any time of day, right? Fourth, there is a sliding glass door next to the real door which I can slide open anytime I need additional ventilation. I absolutely love this because from my desk I have the option of checking out the view to my right and to my left. The latter of which treats me to a view of our garden and the living area. Thus making my already large room feel even larger because of all the extra transparent room I can see. And the glass sliding door gives me my only chance to see the RGB of my computer as the wrong panel is facing me. I do prefer this because RGB sometimes becomes distracting during work. Finally, the room is decked out with an overhead remote-controlled ceiling fan from Hayes which circulates enough cool air to cover the room wherever I am. On particular hot days like the Philippine summer months of April and May, I rely on the 3-horsepower inverter air conditioner from Daikin which I must say is an absolute beast. After checking the electric bill for 11 months, I can conclude that it is very cost-efficient. I am genuinely surprised at how quickly it can turn the hot room frosty. In case I want to further get the electric bill down, one very useful trick I thought of was to use the fan mode of the AC and combine it with the ceiling fan, the jealousies, and the sliding door. Thus significantly bringing electric costs down while being able to cool the room more naturally. Something my PC thanks me heavily for. The flooring, doors, and the cladding on the wall above my bed are recycled Nara and Giho wood planks from the original 55-year-old house I grew up in. At one point during the construction phase of our house, the garden was turned into a sawmill. This was so that the wood dismantled from the old home could be redone on-site in preparation for installation.  We made sure that the natural colors of the wood remain thus you can literally see the darker hues of Nara and the lighter colors of Giho co-mingled together. The different color of wood grains and even the imperfections of the wood add character and a uniqueness to the room. In order to emphasize the wood and keep costs down, I had the room painted a minimalist gray yet layer the wall behind my bed with planks. The room would be too dark if I had placed wood everywhere. Hey, if you like what you're watching so far, please consider liking and subscribing to Hardware Sugar where we generate regular tech content. Chairs. I have spent an unhealthy amount of time researching chairs. In fact, I have such an obsession with chairs and couches of any kind that I was the only person in the world who thought Facebook's first advertisement was genius. Chairs are for people. And that is why chairs are like Facebook. Comfort is important to a man cave, but so is style. My 7 year old office chair, 7 year old top green leather lounge chair and 6 month old top green leather lazy boy sofa were chosen not only because they are immensely comfortable, but also because I felt that they completed the design aesthetics of the ultimate bachelor pad. Top green leather is the second best kind of leather you can buy. In general, the hierarchy is full green leather, top green leather and genuine leather. Genuine leather is a term which means it is made out of leather, but it probably isn't the best kind such as when manufacturers gather discarded leather and then glue the scraps together. To me, leather will never go out of style and if you know how to take care of it, the material can last a lifetime. My lounge chair with footstool, also known as an ottoman, has shown very little signs of aging in spite of it being 7 years old. Leather chairs are far more comfortable and look more grand the older and more broken in they get. The creases on leather create a formal yet relaxed image. The chair's main feature is that there is a small lever at the bottom which allows you to recline into various positions. It also has a swivel which allows me to orient myself to the view of the glass walls of the cave. Something I like doing because it makes me feel more intimate with the view. I got the Dexter Lazy Boy sofa less than a year ago and while I was researching, couldn't find a single YouTube video review of the sofa. While it is a lazy boy, it does not have a footrest which is fine with me because I actually don't like the look of lazy boys. Most of them look very comfortable but at the cost of being tacky. This Dexter sofa drew me in because the maroon reminded me of the classic blood red British Chesterfields. Unlike the Chesterfield however, there is a headrest and the overall padding of the cushions are in between firm and sinking. When you sit on a couch, you don't want it to be as soft as your bed but you also don't want it to be as firm as your office chair. The Dexter comes in a three-seater but that would take up way too much room and the two-seater is long enough for me to lay down on it resulting in both my head and legs being elevated. So far the leather is holding up well however I was surprised at how quick these butt crease marks form. I'll make a separate updated review on the Dexter in the future. I laid out the sofa and the lounge chair in a way that made sure I didn't block any paths and that there was no dead space. My seven-year-old mesh office chair is one of my greatest prizes. It is my first mesh chair and after going through a total of two office chairs with PU leather prior to this, what I discovered is that mesh outlives PU leather dramatically. It is also extremely comfortable. Something I was originally surprised to discover since I was originally used to the softer foams of an executive leather red chair. I bought this chair from Dimensions and it doesn't have a specific brand. However, I did find one which looks exactly like it online. To be frank, I don't think I'll be changing this chair anytime soon because it has aged considerably well. In fact, I recently upgraded the wheels to casters which result in less floor scratching and makes it three times easier to roll around with. In fact, I even gifted these same casters to a friend of mine who uses a Herman Miller chair and agrees that casters are definitely a very cheap but extremely noticeable upgrade. My desk sports an IKEA inspired Lin-Mon desk which I have talked about in greater detail in my past videos which I'll link up above. I say inspired because I had these made to order by a local furniture maker and conclude that it is most probably a lot more durable than the IKEA Lin-Mon. For one thing, the countertop is made out of 3.5 inches of pure mahogany and after six months, there is not a sign of bending in the middle. The Lin-Mon countertops are not made out of solid wood, instead they are made out of honeycomb particle board. There is quite literally gaps inside its structure. Particle board is made out of wood scraps which are glued together in order to make something which is sort of wood like how Frankenstein is sort of human. The Alex drawers also provided by Axewoods are made of MDF which so far have given me no cause to worry if the two can support my PC and the mahogany countertop. The extra drawers are fantastic and to be honest, I still haven't fully utilized them because of all the drawer space. Unlike most of the IKEA inspired desks found online though, I contacted my supplier to construct an MDF drawer with the same mahogany countertop in order to create the illusion that the already lengthy table is actually even longer than it actually is. Doing this allowed me to place my computer on the drawer instead of the desk, thus reducing more weight and tension on the desk and clearing up more space for me to add a plant, my pens, and some valuable personal items. I thus have almost unlimited drawer space for me to hide my junk in. Having so much counter space also allows me to put my feet up and recline if I want to take a quick break. I made sure the height of the table was high enough that it was leveled without my office chair's armrests as well as giving me room to cross my legs just in case I prefer that position over long periods of work time. Legroom underneath is usually overlooked which it should never be. My PC is an RTX 2080 Ti and Ryzen 73700X. It has a Corsair H115i liquid RGB cooler, Corsair Vengeance 3 200 MHz RAM, and Teamgroups RGB Delta Max. All of the lighting of which I don't directly see because I have the side turned to me, which is alright with me. My speakers are a 15 year old Altec Lansing set with subwoofer. To be honest these still sound amazing and I'll be releasing a review on what 15 year old speakers sound like. My headset is a Corsair Wireless Void or Pro RGB headset which we also made a review of recently. My keyboard is the K70 Mark II with blue switches which has been a blast to use so far. My mouse is a Corsair Wireless Iron Claw which reminds me of the Batmobile. When I got this mouse 3 months ago a number of people commented on Facebook that their scroll wheel literally either stopped working or came off. So I'm gonna take my time with this before I review it. So far though it's great for basic multitasking and is precise with FPS gaming. My biggest problem with it is the weight but ergonomics fits my hand like a glove. My microphone is the Blue Yeti which I am immensely impressed by. I was originally using a 6 year old mic which made my voice sound tiny. Ever since I switched to the Yeti it sounds much clearer and more professional. I have two monitors. A 32 inch MSI Optics Mag 322CQR with a max refresh rate of 165Hz and a Samsung Ultra Wide 34 inch S34 Echo 790C with a refresh rate of 60Hz. The MSI Optics is great value for money. It being priced at around the $28,000 Peso mark or around $450 USD. I got mine just 4 months ago and it has been a blast to game with especially because of how large the screen is. My Samsung Ultra Wide was my previous daily driver which I got in April 2016. To be honest I missed the extra space in editing videos and I plan to have it mounted after I finish up our review on these 3 crazy games. The ROGs with 360Hz monitors lent out to us by Asus Philippines. Big shout out to them for letting us fulfill our sickest desires. If you want to know more about my monitors please check out my link in the description box below. How does the cave get internet? The router is located in the gym which is not only on a different floor but is separated by the room through distance, steel and glass. All 3 of which contribute to severe signal degradation. Our architect yet again created a design solution. Instead of wiring up the house with Wi-Fi signal boosters which are always unreliable and which require you to switch between a different hotspot each time. He wired up the house so that each room including the cave has its own access point which connects to the gym via CAT 6 Ethernet cable. In short, every room in the entire house has the same Wi-Fi speed as though you were right next to the router in the gym. Each access point broadcasts the same network address so if your device is already connected you can quite literally move from room to room. Or even the garden and your device will automatically connect to the nearest access point all by itself and it would feel like the router was right next to you wherever you went. Starting a video called the dining room and then moving back to the cave is practically seamless and it really does feel like magic, albeit nerdy magic. The access points I use are the Ubiquity Unify AC light which I got off Amazon. I'll leave the links to everything in the description below. My main computer can therefore connect to either the access point on my ceiling or through the Ethernet cable outlet. In summary, the cave's wireless internet strength comes from wires which have already been embedded into the construction of the house. Alternatively, you can also trail an Ethernet cable and just staple it to the sides of the wall. Wires are necessary but they amplify anxiety for their existence of being eye source. Cable management is vital. When people ask me what I am most proud of, I always tell them that it's the two cheapo charging stations which I place at both ends of the room. It is just a simple rubber cable holder which is stuck to the furniture of your choice by double sided tape. In this day and age, we always need something charged.  The best thing about it is that you can just pick the cable you need and place it back after you're done. No more digging around at the back to see where the cable fell to. These are also extremely inexpensive. Life is noisy. Especially during the age of COVID where mostly everything is just negative noise. I found myself extremely reliant on lo-fi music to get me through the day and sleep stories through the call map to get me to overcome anxiety so I can get my 8 hours of sleep. The Harman Kardon Bluetooth speakers are exceptional. I am not a specialist when it comes to audio quality but I am more than satisfied with the beats coming from this unique pod. In fact, I never listen to music on my computer or my earphones anymore. It's all through my Harman Kardon. The minimalist design of a matted black finish matches the steel frames of the cave and because the cave has such a high ceiling, the acoustics are wonderful. I never move it from the spot next to my bed unless I want to take my tunes with me somewhere else which leads me to my other point. It is wireless and has a battery which lasts a good 5-6 hours. It's perfect for when you have a party because it looks cool, is easy to carry around and delivers wonderful audio. I no longer use my daily driver cell phone as my home music device. Instead, I use an old phone which in this case is an iPhone 7 Plus and use it as the music controller. The benefit of this is that streaming music all day no longer sucks battery from my main phone and you won't need to worry about a phone call interrupting your tunes. It's also handy to download music straight to the old phone since the space isn't being used for anything important anyway. In case you also want to unplug completely from the internet, this is what I do when I go to bed at night. I download bedtime music and sleep stories and disconnect from the web so that I am not tempted to surf. My Samsung TV and soundbar have some mileage on them and since I don't intend to get a Playstation anytime soon, I am not pressured to replace it with a higher-fresherate TV. My widescreen TV coupled with the ultra-fast Wi-Fi coming from my access point brings out fantastic quality from Netflix content. When I feel like I want additional mood lighting, I switch the channel to the Chromecast wallpaper and treat myself to a surprise each time since you don't have control over which wallpaper Chromecast will put up. Nevertheless, I find most of what they put up quite pleasant and adds a different dimension to the cave. The soundbar is Bluetooth compatible however it isn't portable, nevertheless it delivers crisp enough sound for whatever I am watching. I also have a Switch which I honestly haven't found enough time to game on it with but it's always good to have. At the end of the day however, life isn't lived inside a cave. Work which can't be done through my computer needs to be done in person such as wrapping up orders and waiting for them to get picked up. Nevertheless, I want to highlight what a fantastic job Architect Cocoa did with creating the vision and executing it into a reality. If you live in the Philippines, look him up if you need a contractor or architect. If you're looking for a supplier and installer of glass for either your windows or your shower enclosure, you can message Ostville through Melody. They have a very hard working and reliable team who move quickly. If you're looking for great quality air conditioners with the best price, I haven't encountered anyone more affordable than Jor and Aircon Services who you can reach through Lin. I highly recommend the Taiken brand. And we want to give a special shout out to our top fans. Liam Magnaje, Ian Meru, Richard Ronkinko, ITX Addict, John Ocea, and Christian Espinosa. Again, thank you so much for your support. It really helps us out a ton. Thank you so much.


Why is this not working? All right, everybody, welcome to your Unbrook show. Sorry, I'm not sure what's going on with the music. Can you guys hear me? Hopefully you can hear me. Hopefully sound is working okay. Not sure what happened with the opening music. For some reason it is not working. All right, just give me a thumbs up that's all good. Great, I'm told that sound great, that's good. Let me just do this. So yep, everything's good. All right, today we're gonna jump into the news here. Don't forget, you can ask questions. You can use the super chat feature to ask me questions and steer the conversation in the direction you would like it to go or ask questions about items going on in the news or philosophy or anything else that you find of interest. So just jump on and let me know if you have any questions that way you can support the show. Remember value for value. All right, let me just do something here. Sorry, just trying to get this done. We can do that. We can do this and we can delete them both. Let's jump in, first item, interest rates. The 10 year interest rate, the 10 year, the interest rate on the 10 year Treasury security, Treasury bond, this is a key interest rate. A lot of mortgages are linked to this, a lot of loans are linked to this and the 10 year is a reflection of kind of long-term, kind of the long-term prospects for interest rates pushing out into the future. The 10 year interest rate just hit a 16 year high. It hasn't been this high in 16 years of 4.5%. Now, 4.5% historically if we go to 16 years ago and before that is not that high. But the reality is that a 4.5%, this is the interest rate that if the government wants to issue new debt and the government has to issue new debt because the government is running massive deficits, this is the interest rates they're gonna have to pay on that debt. And this is a reflection of the idea that interest rates, a reflection of idea that, you know, that what this is representing, if you will, and what the Fed is basically confirming is that interest rates, which are high right now relative to the last 16 years, the short-term rates, the Fed funds rates, the rates that banks lend money from the Fed, the banks lend money from each other, the interest rates that the Federal Reserve controls, the interest rates that the Fed pays the banks on reserves, those interest rates are all high and the Fed has been indicating that they are going to stay high, which is what this new record in the 10-year treasury indicates.  What we're seeing right now is a clear indication both in the marketplace and from what the Federal Reserve is saying that the expectation for zero interest rates or the expectation for one, two percent interest rates in the future is a false expectation or at least an expectation that the Federal Reserve and the market now does not share. And that is gonna cause people to have to change their attitude towards investment, towards the way they think about projects and it's also gonna change our attitude towards the status of the Federal budget. We'll get to that in a second. So first, why does it affect the way we invest our money or more importantly, the way businesses invest in new projects? Well, when you invest in a new project, you think about the cash flows that you're gonna get in the future, you discount those cash flows to the present and if the sum of that, the sum of the profits of the project adjusted for interest rates, adjusted for the time value of money exceeds the cost of the project, then it makes sense to go ahead and do the project. The higher interest rates given particular cash flows, the lower the income, the lower the profitability in a present value sense is going to be, fewer projects are going to be invested in, fewer projects make sense. Indeed, projects we invested a year or two ago when interest rates were really, really low might not make sense. The same project might not make any sense anymore once interest rates have gone up and now kind of the threshold to make a profit is much higher given the cost of debt that we have to pay. So I expect we're still gonna feel quite a bit of economic pain as a consequence of higher interest rates. It is still gonna be true that as we move into the next few months, the next few years, they're gonna be projects, companies, investments that make sense at one or two percent. But don't make sense at four, five, six percent. Jamie Diamond today, oh, yesterday in an interview hinted that he doesn't think anybody's really ready if interest rates go to seven percent. And I think he's right. And I think the dislocation, the restructuring, the number of bankruptcies, the number of firms that will have to completely restructure themselves is going to be dramatic as interest rates continue to increase here. There was a point in which interest rates seem to pause and weren't increasing any further, which bewildered me. And I think what was happening was the market was again expecting this quick recession and then reducing interest rates quickly back to the old days of one or two percent. The markets realize that's probably not gonna happen. And this is just if 4.531 is what it hit today, this could just be the beginning. And that means we have to revalue.  That means commercial real estate, that means industrial plants, that means any investment, that means stocks, that means bonds, that means everything comes down. As interest rates go up, asset values come down. Interest rates of 4.531, maybe that's already been priced. I don't think interest rates at five and above is being priced. So we're in for some harsh economic times in our future and it doesn't matter at that point who the president is. There's very little a president could do at this point except what no president will do, which is a dramatic cut in spending because this is the other aspect of this. As interest rates go up, the government has to spend more and more and more on interest payments on the debt. That in and of itself creates greater and greater and greater deficits. It's a kind of a self-fulfilling prophecy. More and more and more deficits cause interest rates or causally when assumes linked to higher interest rates but higher interest rates make the deficits go up because the government is spending more and more on interest payments. And this is a spiral that can be devastating. I mean, we're getting to the point where it could be that 50% of discretionary spending is going to be spent on interest payments. It could very well be that within a few years, 100% of all discretionary spending, all spending that Congress controls, all of it is spent on interest payments. It could be that all revenue at some point is gonna be paid out just on interest. No defense, no welfare, no healthcare. I mean, Medicare and Medicaid, you could argue have their own so-called trust funds. You could argue that Social Security has a so-called trust fund, but even those, very hard to see where the money comes from. Anyway, we're in for very turbulent times, very turbulent times in the United States, in Europe, in the rest of the world. And just as the Chinese economy now is struggling, I expect into 2024 the US economy to struggle and the rest of the Western world. This is probably good news for Donald Trump. It probably is only gonna increase the unfavorable ratings of Joe Biden, which means get ready for another Trump presidency in very turbulent times with the president ill-equipped as we saw during COVID to actually deal with turbulent times. All right. Wow, I've got a lot to cover today. Okay, Ted, I'm sure you've all heard about TED Talks. TED Talks are kind of the premier, kind of public speaking forum. Everybody important has done a TED Talk. I have not, maybe that tells you a little bit. But anyway, TED Talks are an amazing place to kind of catapult your career. You get exposed to millions of people. You get to take your message, a condensed, all talks, I think, can tell you about how long they have to be, 17 minutes or something like that. They're all in a particular format. They're all approved in advance. And they are, they're well-promoted and people watch the videos all over the place. Anyway, A Common Hughes. A Common Hughes is a black conservative, young guy who works, I think still works for the Manhattan Institute. Super articulate, super smart. He's a conservative, so I don't agree with him on everything, but he's a very reasonable guy and quite, again, very articulate and advocates on the issues of race for basically for color blindness. Well, last April, or this last April, he gave a talk at TED, at a TED conference in Vancouver. This is the big TED conference and he was excited, obviously, because this was a way to, again, catapult his career, which is already going fantastic, but has the potential for even bigger and greater things. And he's actually got a book coming out on the topic of the talk, which is basically color blindness. So he's talking about color blindness. And so he gave this talk in April at the TED conference. The talk had to be, by the way, this is from an article that he published today on Free Press, Barry Weiss' publication. So this is from Common Hughes' publication. So this is from Common Hughes' perspective. I have not gone out and talked to Ted about what their perspective on this is. Anyway, he gave a talk, well, the talk was approved in advance. Every aspect of it, the slides, he practiced it, they reviewed the practice, everything was approved. He gave the talk, clearly some people in the audience were unhappy with the talk. They frowned, but generally the audience was very pleased. They cheered it, there was a few people stood up, and it was generally well-received when given. In the closing session of TED, right at the end, where they kind of asked the audience, what did you think of the conference? The first two people standing up were people who said that they found the talk to be racist, dangerous and irresponsible, and, you know, willing to, and quoting from one of the speakers, willing to have a slide back into the days of separate but equal. Okay, so, and at the same time, he received an email from the head of TED, telling him that there was an employee group that's called Black at TED. That should tell you everything you need to know about this employee group. And he said, and they were upset by the talk. They were very upset by the talk. Well, of course. I mean, he's calling for color blindness, and they're proudly announcing that they're Black at TED. So he had some conversations with the head of TED, and they agreed that Coleman would meet with the Black at TED employee reviewer. And he said, well, he agreed that Coleman would meet with the Black at TED employee resource group and have a discussion about their concerns. Well, he agreed they did not. Conversation never happened. Later on, two weeks later, the CEO emailed him and said there was blowback about his talk, and that people, that people while TED, you know, likes viewpoint diversity and stuff that they have to say, the progressives have to say. People were really upset by the talk and there was a lot of internal angst and the social scientists had written them that there were real flaws in the talk and this went again, some journal article that was published. Of course, Coleman read the journal article. Journal article is much more supportive of a colorblind society than of anything else. So he wrote back to Anderson, back and forth and going on. Anyway, you know, again, TED basically wanted to withdraw this talk. Coleman stood his ground, wouldn't let them. They then said, OK, we'll release the talk, but we'll release it together with a debate that you do to present the other side. And like Coleman was going, why is my TED talk different than everybody else's talks? Why do I have to have a asterisk which says a debate? I said nothing wrong. So they went back and they went back and forth. Ultimately, the compromise was that they would release the TED talk on video on the channel and then two weeks later release a debate that Coleman had with some New York Times correspondent or something. And Coleman agreed to that and they released that. But then it turns out that even though they had promised to treat the talk just like they treat any other talk, it was not being promoted. Or at least it seems like it was not being promoted. And the outcome was that Coleman's talk, which you would think would get a huge number of views because it's controversial, it's about an interest. It's a current cultural topic. It's about something people talk about has almost no views or not almost no views. It has about, you know, a fifth of the amount of views that other talks presented at the same conference released at the same time as his did. In other words, today for the progressive movement to be colorblind is to be racist. To be colorblind is to be silent. To be colorblind is to be ignored. I mean, Martin Luther King could not deliver his colorblind, famous colorblind speech. Martin Luther King would be shunned by today's progressives. It's pretty disgusting. It's pretty offensive. All I can say is in support of Coleman and not just in support of Coleman, but in addition, in opposition to Ted and in a slap to Ted, this is what I'd like you guys to do.  I'd like you to find Ted's videos, YouTube channel. I'd like you to find Coleman Hughes's video. I'd like you to watch it. I think you'll be entertained and getting value out of it anyway. And then I'd like you to share it as extensively as you can. Let's get those views up. I mean, I'm sure they're up already because of the pre-press article that he put out, but let's do a little bit of small community. Let's do a little bit to help get Coleman's videos more views, right? So go out there and watch the video and promote it and share it and, you know, assuming you like it.  I don't have anything to do with this. Then don't share it. That's why I say watch it first. But I'm assuming it's going to be good or at least reasonable or at least not offensive. If it is, if it's good, share it, right? Share it and get the word out there. All right. A couple of updates on the Ukraine war. God. So a few things I'll just mention quickly. One is it really does appear that the Ukrainians have broken through the main line of defense of the Russians on the southern front. They had broken through a couple of weeks ago with infantry. But it was still very difficult to cross those lines with heavy equipment because of the mines, the trenches, the anti-tank set-ups and get-ups that they have over there. It looks like over the last few days that, you know, Russian heavy equipment, including tanks and, you know, troop movers, both American-made, German-made have been seen on the other side of, by satellite images on the other side of the main defensive line of the Russians. This means that they can now continue to push southeast, south and southwest in order to try to make it to the to the Ozov Sea. It is a significant breakthrough. It is substantial. And I know Russian propaganda continues to say otherwise and will continue to say otherwise. And some, like, can completely buy Russian propaganda, so they're not interested in actual facts or actual reality. So that is interesting news. The first American tanks, the Abrams tanks, have arrived in Ukraine. They will probably go into battle over the next month or so. And we will start seeing them deployed and those troops deployed, primarily, I think, in the south. They're also making significant progress in Bakhmut. You know, that is that little insignificant village that the Russians spent seven months trying to capture and finally captured earlier this year. Well, they're losing a lot of that ground that they spent tens of thousands of troops probably trying to gain and now will be, will be, you know, will be actually forced to retreat from. And I'm sure Ken says, I'm looking at actual video footage and I know you are completely trained in evaluating a video footage, assessing whether it's true video footage. And then, you know, the geography of Ukraine well enough to know exactly where it's being filmed, what is being attacked, who are the troops being involved. I mean, I'm sure you have vast training in military intelligence to be able to make those assessments. It is stunning to me how many people think that because they have a Twitter account and they can get or maybe a Telegram account and they can get some, you know, video footage, they think, they think, yeah. Yeah, you follow people who buy into all the Russian propaganda and that's good. You keep following them. And just like you were completely right about Russia and Ukraine in the fall of last year, I'm sure you're completely right about it right now. Second aspect of this, quickly on the war, is Ukrainians' success in attacking Crimea. There have been several attacks, both, and I mentioned this, both on the naval base in Crimea and also on the headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet, a number of very senior Russian navy personnel have been killed and wounded in these attacks, including one of those attacks took out an S-400 anti-aircraft battery. Those are just to give you a sense of what that is. That's like the Patriot missile battery that the United States has. The S-400 has a export value of $1 billion. So this is taking something like that out is big news. I mean, this is a major piece of equipment for the Russians and the Ukrainians have taken out at least one of those batteries in Crimea. So they're making progress in Korea. Everything is going very slowly, but they're making it very difficult for the Russians to operate out of Crimea. The Russians have had to move several of their ships out of the main port in Sevastopol and move them to more secure ports in Russia, which are proper away from the Crimean coast. This is even before they get, what the Biden administration is now providing, promised to provide them, which are long-range American land-to-land missiles. Once they get those, that'll make their ability to destroy positions in Crimea even more effective and even more substantial. You're hopeless, Ken. Sorry, you're just hopeless. It's kind of funny, funny and sad. All right, let's see. Related to this, Russia has just announced a plan to increase its military budget in 2024 by 70%. They're going to increase the amount of money spent on defense from 3.9% of GDP, which it was this year, which was already up from 2.7% of GDP in 2021 to 6% of GDP. This is a massive percentage. The United States spends 3.2% of GDP a year on national defense. So Russia will be spending double what the United States does in terms of percentage GDP. Of course, it's a fraction in dollar terms. The United States spends $842 billion on national defense. The Russians will elevate their spending to $63 billion, so less than 10% of the US budget. And that's because Russian GDP is pretty small. And of course, the more they take from productive activity in Russia and they spend on tanks and military equipment, the more the Russian economy is going to suffer, the more challenges the Russian economy is going to face, and that creates other problems for Putin and the Russian regime. So huge amount of military spending, a real cost of war. This is generally a way to reduce the quality of life and the standard of living of your population. Of course, what they've done to Ukraine is they've devastated the quality of life and standard of living, not to mention the thousands of people killed in Ukraine and the, well, the tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of people killed in Ukraine and not to mention the tens of thousands of Russian and Ukrainian soldiers killed in Ukraine, all thanks to the Bruto-Russian regime. All right. I'll do this quickly, but God, beware of bipartisan bills. I always tell you, well, the latest bipartisan bill. I mean, I've talked about this before, but it seems to be further advancing in Congress. There are two bills all related to try to suppress and control the credit card industry. There's a significant campaign that is jointly by both Republicans and Democrats to try to reduce credit card fees, to try to reduce interest rates on credit cards, and so on. It is primarily driven by two Republicans, Josh Hawley and JD Vance, but it's not just them.  Yes, Roger Marshall, also Republican from Kansas, who is also behind this. They are trying to place price controls and all kinds of routing requirements to create, quote, competition in the credit card business and to reduce the amount of fees credit card companies charge from retailers. This is something that the retailers are pushing for, something that retailers, the retail association, has been pushing for, that why the bankers association are trying to protect their credit card fees. This is gang warfare politics, right? This is each gang trying to protect its little domain. Josh Hawley wrote an UpEd with regard to this. Let me just find what happened to the UpEd. Yes, here it is. UpEd, there was published in the New York Post about this. Cap credit card interest rates. They help Americans hammered by dynamics. God, this shameless. He starts off the UpEd by basically quoting the Bible. And the quote is, this is a quote that I use in my moral defense of usury, moral defense of interest rates that I published in my book, the moral defense of finance, which I encourage you to purchase. It's on Amazon. You can find it on Amazon. You can buy it. You can read it. It's definitely worth where I use this quote and explain the whole history of finance, at least to some extent as a consequence of this quote. Thou shall not lend upon usury to thy brother. And he says, the Western world took that principle to heart from the Roman Empire on nations enforced usury laws that severely restricted interest rates on loans. And what he doesn't tell you is any interest rate greater than zero is technically usury by that definition and was banned by the Catholic Church until the late 19th century and caused all kinds of horrors over the last two millennia, including was caused for significant anti-Semitism because note that Thou shall not lend upon usury to thy brother, which by the way Islam still holds, right? Islam still uses this passage not to charge interest rates, not to charge interest. But it says to thy brother, so Jews take this as you can't charge interest rate to other Jews, but you can charge interest rates to non-Jews. At least they took it that way in the past in Jews today practice usury from everyone, including other Jews.  So, you know, he mentions that Massachusetts, the colony of Massachusetts, capped interest rates for decades at 6%. Yes, and that was horrible and terrible and they did away with that for good reason. I mean, the fact is that to this day, there are laws against usury in certain states in the country. They want to cap interest rates charged by credit cards. All that would do is restrain the amount of credit available by credit card companies, particularly for people with questionable credit. So the poor or people who are trying to rebuild credit, people who have a challenge by credit. They're the ones who get hurt by this. People with good credit will be fine, right? People who have money will be fine. But this is a populist. This is a great populist cause going after Wall Street, going after bankers. And by the way, this is not going after Wall Street. This is going after any bank that issues credit cards. This is going after credit card companies and Josh Hawley, JD Vance. These are leftist, economic leftist in disguise. This is why the Republican Party is hopeless and useless when it comes to real economic policy. All right, Battery Factory. Yes, you remember the Inflation Reduction Act has huge subsidies for battery factories, for development and building in order to put into electric cars that are going to be manufacturing in the United States. And the reason, and the subsidies only apply if the batteries are built in the United States and contain material from the United States and everything is the U.S. made in the United States. Everything has to be made in the United States. Anyway, I thought at some point, I decided to take advantage of this government-lawed yes by building a $3.5 billion battery factory in Michigan. It was just announced that the building of that has stalled that Ford has decided to save that money for now. We're pausing work, I'm quoting them, and we're going to limit spending and construction of the Marshall unit. This is the factory. We're confident about our ability to competitively run the plant, but they're pausing until... Well, no, sorry, I didn't read that right. They're pausing spending and construction of the Marshall unit until we're confident about our ability to competitively run the plant. In other words, people are jumping to build white elephants in order to get subsidies from government. There are elephant manufacturing plants that might never be able to be productive, be able to be competitive, be able to be profitable. But the government is giving them money, so they are launching into all kinds of factory building. Indeed, there's a factory building boom going on in the United States right now. Manufacturing, the future of manufacturing looks amazing in the United States. So, just because you build a factory doesn't mean that it's going to be competitive. Just because you build a factory doesn't mean you're going to be able to build something productive in it. Most of these factories are being built because of subsidies, and the reality is this is part of the bring jobs back to America. Jobs are not coming back to America. They might move to Mexico, they might move to Vietnam, but they're not coming back to America. And the amount of capital being wasted right now, is chasing subsidies instead of chasing real economic growth. This Ford plant is one example of that, is just horrific. All right, I am going to skip the water wars. I'll do that another time. I'll save that story and jump into your questions because I've got a hard stop at 2 p.m. We're about halfway to our goal. Thank you, Siobhanos, for the $50. Thank you, Ragnar of the Desert, for $20. I really appreciate the support, but we're still only halfway to our goal. So please consider asking more $20 or $50 or $100 questions to get us to our goal. And it would be good to close out September this week strong. By the way, there will be a show tonight at 8 p.m. We'll have a show tonight at 8 p.m. I'm not sure yet what the topic is going to be, but stay tuned. There will be a show at 8 p.m. tonight. Also, quick announcement. I'm still looking for a couple more people for the public speaking workshop in London. So a couple more people for the public speaking workshop in London. It's $750 for a full day. A lot of personalized attention from me. There will only be a handful of people. One hand, maybe two hand full of people in the workshop. It'll be in the center of London. And, you know, feel free to, hopefully, hopefully there's enough people out there who are still interested in this. If you are, email me, iranaturanbrookshow.com, iranaturanbrookshow.com, of course. And let's see. Central London, October 18th, October 18th during the day, six hours or so, maybe longer, depending on how many people we have. A lot of personal attention, you know, fill it in. Ken, there's no way I would talk to you about the war. You know less than zero about the war. You have no qualifications to talk about the war. You have no insight about the war. You know nothing about the military or about military equipment from what I can tell. Why would I talk to you? Not London or Ontario, London, England. So please, if you're in the UK or if in Europe and you would be willing to come, I think it would be a fun event and incredible value for all of us. All right, Mike, why is that if I tried to sue California because by not allowing car companies to sell gas cars that fringe you on my right to buy the car I want, I would have no standing? But when activists sued Montana for violating their non-existent constitutional right to clean and healthy environment by allowing fossil fuel development, day one, well, I don't know if you wouldn't have standing. I just think you would lose because the court would rule that you don't have a constitutional right to choose whatever car you want. The reality is that the way the courts view the Constitution, they view it as verbatim. Since the Bill of Rights does not include a right to own a car or a horse or something comparable of your choosing, you therefore have no right to own anything of your choosing. That is not a constitutionally protected right. They don't understand rights and they certainly don't understand, God, the Ninth Amendment which basically says these enumerated rights are not all the rights people have. And what the Montana court ruled is I think there's something about, I don't know, something like a general welfare clause. So they ruled their right to violate it on the basis of some kind of general welfare clause, that the state by allowing climate change was holding the general welfare, was holding their welfare, was holding their health or whatever, and that's what they were using. But there's no general property right protection as understood by the courts today in our Constitution and I'm pretty sure that's the case in California but even in the federal Constitution. There is no conception, I mean, you guys take this, I think you should take this literally and seriously, but there is no conception, literally no conception in our legal system today of individual rights. There's no concept like that. There's no idea. They're the rights and the Bill of Rights and we have to do it. Why? We have to uphold them. Why? Because they're in the Bill of Rights because they're part of the Constitution. Not because they represent something bigger because they represent the principle on which this country was based. Not they represent the legal framework for the entire basis for this country.  They have no concept of rights again. Justice Scalia, one of the most beloved justices on the right and admire justices and considered one of the great geniuses of conservative legal scholarship. Justice Scalia basically thought that rights were nonsense on stealth. He agreed with Jonathan Bentham. With Bentham, Benjamin Bentham, or something Bentham, anyway Bentham. So why is it surprising?  Jeremy, thank you, Jeremy, God. It was right there, but somehow... Okay, Frank says, $50, thank you, Frank. Catching up, reading The Populist Delusion by Pavani, a sobering collection of political elitism versus democratic populism. Excellent book. Interesting, I'll have to look it up. Thank you, Populist Delusion. Yeah, I mean, just the title is absolutely true. It is definitely a populist delusion. All right, let's see. We're like $78 short, guys. We've got 87 people watching right now, so it wouldn't take much for people to participate and get us over the threshold. A few stickers. $78, I think we can do it. Value for value. You get value from the show. You obviously are here. Your best friend says, did you catch the Richard Wolff art laughter debate? I did not. I did not. I'm curious how that went. I don't know how good art laughter has a debating. And most of the right-wing people I've seen or the conservatives or others that I've seen debate... that I've seen debate Wolff is way too nice and way too polite to Wolff. Jacob says, I have a good email to send you about race recruiting and my company a screenshot into the modern workplace. That would be great. Thank you. Yeah, I mean, it's pretty... the whole thing is... the whole attitude towards race is pretty sad and depressing. Paul Azuz says, your view on the word community or movement. They're good words. I have no problem with the word community or movement. They're both reflecting. Community reflects. I can't think... I don't have a definition ready, but it reflects individuals living together. You know, usually it would be a physical community living in the same place, sharing certain values and associating with one another on a regular basis. You know, a movement would be people who have a shared intellectual perspective and actively working towards that. So both are legitimate concepts. They're not collectivistic, if that is... Oh, wait, this is the last question, which means your last opportunity to get as close to that goal was still about $63 short. If everybody just did $1 sticker, we would be there. You know, if some of you did $5 stickers, we would be there, you know, $12, $5 stickers. We'd be there like that. So please, those of you who don't... You haven't given in a while using the super chat, listen regularly on here. And... All right. Let's see. Bre has the question. You should try and book a talk along the path of the 2024 solar eclipse, April 8th, 2024. That would be great. I wish I had that many options in terms of booking talks. All right, guys, it looks like we made, made, made with $4 short of our goal, but we'll take it. Thank you, guys. Thank you, Sylvanas, for another $50. We really appreciate that. Thank you, Paul. Thank you, Gail. Thank you, Martin. Thank you, John. Thank you, Bash Bandigan. I will see you all tonight. I doubt that I will talk about the war. I'm going to give it a few more... a few more weeks. I think once the winter sets in, we'll have a good opportunity to assess where the war is and where the war is going in terms of... and give you an update with maps and everything else as I have periodically, but that will happen probably in a few weeks. Let's see how things progress. All right. Thanks, everybody. See you tonight. It's 8 p.m. East Coast time. Bye.


Hello everyone, welcome to this lecture of today. We will briefly look at what we did last time before we proceed further with the oxidation reactions. In the last class that I took was I introduced a way of converging 1, 2 ketone transposition and we introduced the sulfur-based chemistry. And the second transformation that we discussed was 1, 3 enone transposition where we took 2 different types of substrates and those substrates were where we had an enone of this kind and we transposed into an enone of this kind by introducing an R group here at this position. This was one method that we discussed using Daubin rearrangement, Daubin-Michnow rearrangement. The other method that I introduced was simply a conversion of say for example you have an enone of this kind and then with the help of selenium based reagents we converted this into this. So this is without the introduction of an R group whereas this one was with the introduction of the R group. So now today we will look at another reagent system which is called as Des-Martin per adenine of this kind which allows oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde. Of course it can also allow secondary alcohols oxidation to the corresponding ketone. But this is especially very important for primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde because with other reagents such as chromic acid, Jones oxidation or many other oxidation in which the primary alcohol gets oxidized to the corresponding acid. So there is an always over oxidation and also this method is fairly mild as we go along we will see how important is this method from the point of view of dealing with sensitive substrates. Now this is called Des-Martin per iodine. Basically it is based on hypervalent iodine reagent. For example this reagent here where the iodine is having hypervalency. So this is called as 12i5. 12 means now there are 12 electrons which are around 2 from this bond and 2 from here, 2 from here, 2 from here, 2 from here and another pair of electrons here. So that indicates 12 and iodine and there are 5 bonds which are attached because 3 iodine acetoxy bond and 3 1 iodine this aromatic carbon bond and 1 iodine oxygen bond. So this is what indicates the 5 that means 5 bonds are around. Now this particular Des-Martin per iodine reagent, this particular reagent is called DMP was developed by Des and Martin in 1983 and has got tremendous application and used in the literature. So it is a reagent that works at neutral pH, at room temperature and short reaction times. Many times you will see that many of the oxidizing agents such as swan oxidation is carried out at very low temperature minus 78 to minus 65 or something like that. And maintaining that low temperature is somewhat difficult and of course involves expansion of energy. Plus this particular reagent system involves a simplified workup, a simplified basic workup. We will see later on how the mechanism allows this reaction to occur and what comes out of the reagent is only acetic acid which is a mild acid. This allows high chemo-selectivity particularly benzylic and allylic alcohols are oxidized faster than saturated alcohols or non-benzylic non-allylic alcohols. So that is chemo-selectivity. This also tolerates a number of functional groups such as furan, sulfides. Now for example if you have a furan ring and you have a sulfide group here, they both can be affected by many of the chromium-based oxidizing agents. However here the iodine is fairly mild reagent. This desmarthin-paradenine containing iodine is mild oxidizing agents. Therefore the furans, sulfides, vinyl ethers are unaffected. Similarly one can oxidize n-protected amino alcohol. So if you have an n-protected amino alcohol, you have a nitrogen here and you have here say an alcohol which one wants to oxidize and there is a protecting group here, Pg, Pg, some sort of protecting group. Now this nitrogen is not affected. So the oxidation of this alcohol occurs readily with this particular DMP, desmarthin-paradenine oxidizing agent and the nitrogen is not affected. So many of the functional groups which are there, they are not affected. Plus for example if there is an asymmetric center here at this particular position or there is another asymmetric center here, say you have an R group here and you have here an asymmetric center. Although this asymmetric center will get destroyed because of the oxidation that we are going to carry out, but then this asymmetric center here which has a hydrogen at this position can get affected by the carbonyl group here if the reagent conditions are either acidic or basic. But since here it is a neutral pH, it is a neutral reagent system, this particular asymmetric center does not get affected and there is the oxidation that happens without epimerization. Now this epimerization not occurring with DMP is something that has been observed in with many other oxidizing agents. So there are many plus points of this desmarthin-paradenine oxidation and this reagent, this DMP is having also a long shelf life. So considering this, these aspects of the reagent that we are discussing, there is a lot of scope for the utility of this desmarthin-paradenine or DMP reagent or DMP oxidation. How this reagent is made? You start with orthoiodobenzoy acid and react it with oxone. Oxone is nothing but a triple salt basically the oxidizing agent is this potassium peroxy monosulphate is the actually is also called as potassium carotid. And these are only added to which stabilize the shelf life of this oxone and also help in kind of maintaining the reagent in a proper way. So this oxone is reacted with this orthoiod oxybenzoic acid. One can also use KBrO3 potassium bromate and sulfuric acid but there is a little problem with this particular reagent system that I will tell after sometime. So this undergoes oxidation to form this adoxybenzoic acid and this adoxybenzoic acid is then acetylated under acidic conditions to form desmarthin-paradenine. Now here as I mentioned earlier it is a hypervalent iodine based reagent. So that is the one that is 12 I5 that is the reagent that is formed. Now we need to exercise a caution in this particular preparation and that caution is that both IBX this is the intermediate that is formed which is a stable intermediate and this IBX this is called iodoxybenzoic acid and potassium bromate that the starting material that we have used. If we use oxone then there is no problem but if we use potassium bromate then of course you both of this IBX and KBrO3 both are explosive especially if KBrO3 remains unused. So it is little tricky and little dangerous if one uses KBrO3. However still people do use but it is recommended that oxone method is used from preparing this particular desmarthin-paradenine reagent. Now how does the reaction occur? So if one takes say you take this particular cyclohexanol for example here for oxidation to the corresponding cyclohexanol. It is a simple example just to illustrate how the reaction occurs. So if this particular alcohol lone pair of electron attacks on to this one of the acetate group will go and of course you will have the preparation of the intermediate one. Now this is basically having two acetoxy groups here one here and one here that is the reason why it is called as diacetoxy alkoxy-paradenine. So your alkoxy group is coming because of the alcohol that we are going to oxidize it and there are two acetoxy groups which are already present in the reagent system. So basically what is happening is that alcohol replaces one of the acetoxy groups from the starting reagent by the loss of acetic acid and forms this intermediate which is what is called diacetoxy alkoxy-paradenine. And then that undergoes and is a possibility that this involves 1, 2, 3, 4 and this 5 is 5 membered cyclic transition state. So you have 5 membered cyclic transition state that allows the oxidation to take place and of course you are left out with this iodine containing byproduct which is 10 I3. So you have 3 bonds here and of course you have 2 to 4 to 6 to 8 and to 10 electrons and we have this iodine in between. Now other possibility is that you carry out the oxidation starting from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. So this is a 7 membered transition state, 7 membered transition state. So these both are intramolecular, this 5 membered transition, cyclic transition state and 7 membered cyclic transition state both are intramolecular transition states that allow oxidation to take place. But there is also possibility of a third transition state which is possible in simple cases such as this where you have a possibility of simply an intermolecular. You have an intermolecular oxidation with the help of the acetate. So when the alcohol is reacting with the reagent then what you have is a possibility of there should be this intermediate can break, this intermediate which is number 1 can break and form an intermediate of this kind where there is a positive charge on the iodine and the acetate has lost, has come out. This acetate can act as a base and remove the proton from here and in this fashion the oxidation can occur and that gives the corresponding ketone. So this is an intermolecular way by which the oxidation occurs with the help of the acetate ion which can come out from the intermediate which is either 1 or 2 and they form a third intermediate which allows the intermolecular oxidation to take place. Now these reactions are generally carried out in solvents like dichloromethane or chloroform and of course as I mentioned at room temperature. Now why are we talking about these type of transition states such as 1 and 2 when we can easily think about that such a intermolecular transition state can occur readily to form the oxidized product and the reagent gets reduced to the corresponding byproduct which is what is here. What is the need to invoke the intermediates or the transition states of this type? Now there is a reason the steric effects play a very important role. The fact that the intermediate alkoxyperiodinase in the oxidation of cholesterol decomposes more slowly than alkoxyperiodinase with less bulky saturated alkoxy groups such as cyclohexanol indicates that the rate of the reaction might be affected by steric factors. So see for example, if one takes a case of cholesterol now this alcohol here you compare this alcohol with this alcohol here. Here you have a bulk of the cholesterol that we have whereas there is not much of bulk of this. If the reaction was occurring according to this mechanism here where it is an intermolecular removal of proton or the oxidation takes place in intermolecular fashion then there should not be much difference in the rate of cholesterol versus the normal cyclohexanol. But it is seen that this reacts very slowly compared to cyclohexanol indicates that there is a role of steric effects that plays. And if one invokes intermediates of type 1 or type 2 I am talking about intermediates because they then undergo a transition state involving 5 membered or a 7 membered ring. So these intermediates of 1 and 2 kind which allow intermolecular oxidation to take place via a 5 membered or a 7 membered transition state would then be affected by the steric factors obviously because it will be a compact 5 or 7 membered transition state and therefore there will be a possibility of steric hindrance. And that is the reason why these type of mechanisms or these type of transition states involving 5 and 7 membered ring are introduced and there is a very nice description of this these mechanistic aspects in this particular paper which is published in 1991. So these type of experiments when they were conducted clearly it shows that steric effects can be important. So what they have concluded is this indicates that cyclic transition state 1 here and 2 could be operative. It is also possible the reaction may proceed by transition state 3 but perhaps the steric factors are more important for a transfer of the alpha half proton of the alkoxide ligand to one of the acetate ligands as shown in transition states 1 and 2. So basically what is happening is the this acetate group here or this acetate group here allows the abstraction of a proton whether via this oxygen or via this oxygen that allows the removal of the proton here via a 5 member transition state or a 7 member transition state. This is exactly what they are saying here alpha proton of the alkoxide ligand to one of the acetate ligands as shown in transition states 1 and 2. And because of the experiments that suggest that sterically hindered cholesterol reacts slowly compared to the non-sterically hindered alcohol such as cyclohexanol these transition states of cyclic transition states involving intramodular hydrogen bonding is introduced. Now you see the examples now here. For example here you have a very sensitive substrate where there is a cyclopropane ring here and there is an ester group here and there is an alcohol here. When this oxide gets oxidized what you have now done is got a substrate product where there is a cyclopropane ring there is an ester group here and then there is a aldehyde group here. So that means the cyclopropane ring is adjacent to two electron withdrawing groups and therefore the cyclopropane ring can easily be opened by any nucleophile if the reaction condition is either acidic or basic or particularly under acidic condition. So when people had carried out oxidation using Swern oxidation using these kind of substrates they had problems because if you recall under the Swern oxidation condition hydrochloric acid is also one of the byproducts that comes off. In a similar fashion if you take a substrate of this kind which is very complicated substrate having a double bond which is in conjugation with a cyclopropane ring and then of course you have the alcohol which is protected as tritil. Tritil protection is nothing but this kind of group where it can easily if you treat this particular protecting group where there is an R group here then if you use simply toxic acid in a catalytic fashion then this protonates the O group here the ether and then this opens up to generate the alcohol and of course you generate a highly stable tertiary cation in this fashion. So there is a very strong driving force to keep cleave this bond under acidic condition. This is what is done by this toxic acid here and this methanol at room temperature it gives 98% it releases the corresponding alcohol here and then that reacts with DMP Desmeritinperididin reagent to form the corresponding aldehyde which in 90%. This is extremely sensitive substrate for the acids this can easily get protonated and this bond can open in many ways and therefore this is a very important substrate which clearly indicates that DMP is very useful for this kind of oxidation involving acid sensitive substrates. Now if one looks into the various kinds of substrates that have been utilized for this oxidation are also diols if you have a diol which is not having a hydrogen like R and R1 are not hydrogen so it can form and intermediate by replacing two acetoxys two acetase from here are replaced by two alkoxy bonds of the diol that we are using one is here and the other one is here and you form this acetoxy dialkoxyperidinane. So there is one acetoxy group here and two of the dialkoxy. So this is what is called as a acetoxy dialkoxyperidinane here and that undergoes a cleavage as I have shown here to cleave this particular carbon-carbon bond to form this ketone which will be of course two of them and you then regenerate the reduced species from the oxidizing agent. So this intermediate is a very important intermediate where two acetoxy groups are replaced by the two hydroxy groups of the diol. On the other hand if we take a diol in which one of the R groups is hydrogen then we have this type of intermediate which is similar to the one which is shown on the top which is but then the difference between the two of them as you can see is that there is no hydrogen in this particular dialkoxy acetoxy dialkoxyperidinane there is no hydrogen but here there is one hydrogen. So now this particular intermediate can undergo oxidation with the help of the acetate. This acetate ion which has come out in this reaction can take up the proton from here and then can make alpha hydroxy ketone and you generate the reduced species from the corresponding oxidizing agent. So there is an easy way of converting into the alpha hydroxy ketone or a cleaved product. Now Mayan and Schreiber showed that water increases the rate of oxidation. Now what is happening here is if you add water in the reaction medium then there is a possibility of replacing one of the acetates by the hydroxy group and the intermediate is of this kind. That means from the reagent when one of the acetoxy groups is gone you generate this OI bond and the other acetate is replaced by this hydroxy group coming from the water. Now what they have observed is the conversion of say RCH2OH to the corresponding aldehyde is much faster if there is a small amount of water added. And one of the ways that they have explained is that this particular intermediate which is formed here can easily allow the elimination of the acetoxy group which is present there and once that elimination takes place you have a species of this kind where now this particular iodine oxygen bond can easily be broken up accompanied by the oxidation with the help of the acetate here. So basically what is helping is it is believed that the rate of dissociation of the final acetate ligand from the iodine is increased because of the electron donating ability of the OH group thus weakening the I acetate bond. So that means what is happening is that this particular movement of electrons from the OH group kicks out the acetate at the same time there is an oxidation because this loss of acetate is much faster with this hydroxy group being present there. So that is the reason why the oxidation occurs and there is a well description of this particular aspect in this particular paper. And allylic and benzylic alcohols are oxidized faster than the saturated alcohols of course you can have many such type of alcohols that can be oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes which are very sensitive with the triple bond and double bond in conjugation. If acetic acid happens to be a problem then one can wash the reaction medium with poly 4 vinyl pyridine and that allows easy work up and there should not be any problem in the reaction medium. So we would stop it at this stage and then take up the other oxidizing agents in the next class. So I suggest that you go through these references if it is possible or whatever I have told in today's class to go through very carefully about this Desmartine pyridine oxidation. So we will meet next time. Thank you.