Dear students, in this module we shall discuss the facilitated diffusion. That is a type of diffusion that occurs with the help of transport pertains. The principles of diffusion that is passiveness and concentration gradient also apply to this type of diffusion. This type of diffusion facilitates the movement of polar substances and many ions across the membrane. The transport pertains that are involved in facilitated diffusion are very specific. They transport some substances but not all. There are two types of transport pertains involved in facilitated diffusion. The first one are the channel pertains and the second are carrier pertains. The channel pertains are the integral pertains of the membrane that extend across the two surfaces of the membrane. They are comparatively large. Their one end faces the extracellular end of the plasma membrane and the inner end faces the intracellular surface of the membrane. So, they extend across the membrane. Small pores are present in these pertains which are water-filled. And these pores are called membrane channels. These are membrane channels due to which ions or other molecules cross the membrane. These pores are not very large. They are very small and are often less than 1 nanometer in diameter. These membrane channels have the capacity to open or close. Their opening and closing is regulated. Polar substances can pass through these channels only when they are open. The channel pertains are of two major types. One are the water channel pertains and the second type include the ion channel pertains. In addition to these two, there are many specialized pertains which also function as membrane channels. First, we shall discuss the water channel pertains which are commonly known as aquaporins. Aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of water molecules and small ions, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride in their dissolved form. In water channel pertains may be hydrophilic channels or passageways whose water molecules or ions move quickly in dissolved form. The ion channel pertains have gated channels that open or close in response to an electrical or chemical stimulus. When their gates are open, they allow specific ions to move through them. The examples of ion channel pertains include voltage gated channels. Voltage gated channels include very active channels such as voltage gated sodium, channel voltage gated potassium channel and voltage gated calcium channel. In addition to this, there are ligand gated ion channels in channel pertains. Membrane has some specialized pertains which facilitate some small molecules or uncharged polar molecules which cannot be crossed with a simple diffusion. For example, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide or carbon monoxide. In addition to channel pertains, the facilitated diffusion is also carried out by special transport pertains called carrier pertains. Many substances that are polar and cannot be transported either by simple diffusion or by ion channels, they are transported through carrier pertains. Such molecules include many sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and certain metabolites. Carrier pertains are also very specific about the species of molecules they facilitate to diffuse. Carrier pertains are present in all types of membranes. There are two major functional forms of these carrier pertains. First are the unipoters and second are the coupled transporters. Coupled transporters are also of two types, simporters and antipporters. Unipoters are such pertains which transport single solute from one side of the membrane to the other. Whereas, coupled transporters are required to transfer two solutes simultaneously. Coupled transporters are of two types, simporters that transfer two solutes in the same direction and antipporters that transfer two solutes in opposite directions. The transport mechanism of these carrier pertains depends on their capacity to alternate between two conformations. They have a solute binding site that can sequentially translocate from one side of lipid bilayer to the other. This type of translocation is because of the change in the shape of the pertain. When the solute molecule binds with the pertain molecule, the shape of the pertain changes. If one end was on the outer surface at the same time, then the shape changes to the opposite end. This happens because of the binding and releasing of transported molecules.


Thank you so much for keeping us company. This is why in the morning we are moving to the political space where we want to see how things are, how things will be, and of course we are talking about the jubilee asili formation. This has come in the wake of the rangos that have risen in the jubilee house. Of course we will also be looking at the kinder formation of the coalition. The people who have been coming to the jubilee house we have seen the waipa democratic movement has come and then when the lot chap chap is in the house. So those are some of the things that are happening. I'm speaking to political analyst Silas Eritza who will try to demystify some of the issues that are happening. And of course we will mention what is happening or will be happening later in the day the KICC during the jubilee parliamently group meeting where most of the people are light to the debate. The deputy president William Ruto I think they will not attend because they feel they can't attend a meeting that will be slotting in their friends. So those are some of the things that are happening and we have a question for you. What informs your decision when you are voting? You voted in 2017, you voted in 2013, you will be voting again come 2022. What informs your decision? Let's hear your comments or your answer to that question on all our social media platforms Y254 channel on Facebook and Instagram. And Twitter is at Y254 channel. My handle is at Moureni Hilawe for now. Welcome and let's know what is happening. My name is Dereva Hilawe. Good morning and welcome to the broadcast. How are you Silas? I'm fine and you? I'm very well just at some point patabd with what is happening politically and then we have coronavirus. On the other hand we are struggling, for real we are struggling as a nation and the world is struggling. And some of the people are doing well. We speak what we are struggling as a nation. Of course they are also struggling getting that food for you. We have farmers who are crying. Other things are here but as a society we are dealing with a lot of problems. But let's move to politics and we begin with the formation of the Jbilia Sili. I think to be interpreted this is the original Jbilia which was meant to be other than what is here. What do you make of the recent events? First of all I'll say that people are struggling, people are trying to have something to eat, to have money in their pockets. Simply because of the wrong decisions that we make during elections. Simply because we don't make the right choices. Simply because we go to elections with emotions. I have a graduate so and so, I have a graduate this and this tribe. So those emotions drive us to vote. But when ideology will come and start driving us to votes, we shall be voting in the right manner. We shall be voting in incredible leaders, we shall be voting in leaders who have integrity and we shall uphold our constitution. No matter how many times we will change our constitution and whatever we have we don't uphold on it. No matter how many times we change it, we shall never have good leaders. A constitution does not provide good leaders. Good leaders is all about integrity. The one you have and your personality, how you are able to manage things when you are given on your own. How you are able to manage things to other people. So this is what entails on leadership and good governance. Then on the formation of jubiliasili or the talk of jubiliasili. You cannot say it is registered because when you go to the political parties and confirm if it is registered it is not registered. So this is just a group of individuals who have felt that we have been sidelined. Our opinion does not count where we are. Should you call them defectors or rebels? Whatever name you can choose to call but to me I can just say these are the people who feel the opinion does not count. And they need to raise their issues. Where do they need to raise their issues? Marku they are in government in one way or the other. So how can we raise issues? As much as we are working together and there is that cold relation or there is that cold war. There is a way the top people will communicate and we can use that channel so that we can communicate. Yes there is a team that you cannot work with but there is one person in that team you can work and relate to in one way or the other. So that to see one thing or the other thing is being managed or it's being successful. So this is just a tactic. Or in another way you can also put it in the layman's language. You say you think that jibili is the only house I can be. Yes I can have an alternative. I can go the other way. I can come up with jibili asili because one jibili asili has those yellow and black colors. And we not red colors who they are shaded with. They found the yellow and blue colors. So these are some of the things that we need to sit down and interrogate ourselves. So that we get good responses. So let us see how things are unfolding. As we are waiting for the jibili parliamentary group meeting that is going to happen today at KICC. A lot is going to unfold. You have mentioned that these members who have gone to form the jibili asili as it is spoken about right now. We have talks of the jibili asili of which you've mentioned it is not existing in the political parties database. So these are the people who formed the party initially. These are the people who belong to the party. How do we find ourselves here that we cannot be heard? Thank you. Let us go to since the multi-party democracy. The founders of the parties are the same people who ran away from the original parties to go and form other parties so that they can feel that their voice is heard or that is their comfort zone. Because one, even let us look at the FOD Kenya. How it was formed. It was formed with Jerema Gingo, Ginga, Gito Bimanyara and others. But later we heard FOD asili, we heard FOD people. So many parties came along. Because one, and I said it here sometimes back, the people who come out loudly speaking about democracy are not the re-democracy champions. Democracy is just a hidden agenda. They run with a hidden topic. But in deep their hearts there is no democracy. They don't exercise democracy. Look at where they belong. Look at where they stay. Is democracy practice there? No, because people preach water, then they drink wine or they preach wine and drink water. So there is no relationship between democracy and the person who is championing for democracy. Because when you are championing for democracy, then you should exercise democracy from where you are. Because you cannot point a finger that this person is a wrong person and yet you yourself have so many evils around yourself. So when you talk of democracy, what ideology are you putting on the table? And that's why we say the political parties need to be an institution. When a political party is an institution, then things to do with democracy shall be accountability. It will not only be a talk where somebody will rise up and say, there's no democracy, there's no democracy. What kind of democracy do you need? And yet you don't practice the same democracy. What kind of gender balance do you need? And yet you don't practice gender parity in your own institution, which is a political party. So these are some of the things that we need to interrogate ourselves. We as Kenyans, we as leaders and we as the stakeholders of this nation. So these are some of the things that really need to come out in our institutions. And I've always said these parties, they end up forming government. And when they form government, they need to show us their credibility before they become a government. Because we only know one person in a political party, the rest are just but others. Because like a political party, let me say like Jubilee, we know of Guru, then we know of Bruto, the rest are others. Like Kano, we know of Gideon and Salat, the rest are others. It goes the same way to other parties also. So these we want to know who so and so holds a certain position in a political party and this is what he's doing. Because these parties give us government, these parties give us a position. So these are some of the things that we need to know. And we need to find out and we need to work out. And that's why I always say the political parties act should be up to their task. You have mentioned of ideologies and I remember this one of the things that has been commented by the Machakos Governor Alfred Mutua yesterday. He said Kenyans should be worried and he want Kenyans to have these formations in terms of a tribal thing and he also mentioned about ideologies. And for a long time we have been mentioning about ideologies. But then when we have these parties they come up with manifestos. That's a good idea. Where do people go wrong to implementing the manifestos they come up with?  I'll sit down and say this person, this is what he wants. So I'll come up with a manifesto that will suit you and will suit me and will suit any other person that feels this is the right manifesto. But inside me that thing is not there. I just want to use things as an avenue. I just want to have followers around me. And that's why any diligent person will not agree to things to do with the old Jubilee CCM or YPG, what's coming together. Because one, when you're coming together it shows you lack ideology. When coming together then democracy does not mean anything to you because that's not democracy in one or the other. Democracy means fight from where you are. Fight for the space you want from wherever you are. Don't run to seek solans or don't run just because the other side favors you and run there and no, stand from where you are, exercise democracy from where you are. These are some of the things that we will go for and when we champion for them then we will have the right leaders in place because whatever is happening right now is the same thing that happened in 2002. It's the same thing that happened in 2012. And ask yourself why this period is not in 2007, not in 2017, not in 1997. When people come together without ideology, these are people who lack vision and the people we have right now, they are people without a vision and they cannot take our country anywhere. We are suffering as a country because the leaders we have are not true leaders, they are not servants. They are there just to ensure their interest is well managed, their interest is well achieved. And this is what we are suffering as a country because when we have leaders in place then we shall see developments. Number one, when we have leaders in place the economy will rise as much as we are number six in Africa, economy-wise but we need to be even number one. Where can this type be number one? Then even number six in the world. These are some of the things that we need to sit down and interrogate. Not just coming out together in the same of all today, I want to be in Jubilee, just be, no, no. We are speaking about the political heat and I remember one of the analogy Deputy President Ruth was speaking at some event in Nakuru. He mentioned about the kitchen and now the Jubilee house kuna joto, Nakuna moshi and it seems now some of the people can't stand the smoke and the heat. They have decided to leave. But even so on the other hand the Jubilee party and the Jubilee coalition thing it was made out of small, small parties. These are the people who came and formed the party. Are they at liberty to live now? Are they bound by the party's constitution to live? In this country parties are always the users of vieko. Once you reach your destination and you don't own that vieko what are you going to do in that vieko? You are light to your destination. Move on. Do what you want to do. Do they go back with the names of their parties or they have to come up with new parties? They have come up with new parties. The Jubilee had so many parties in itself. Now the parties that were swallowed by Jubilee now the people will get out. Those parties are now they are no longer there. They don't exist. So these people need to form up other new parties because those ones never existed. And that's why you see people like Wijinwa Malwa they have realized today that they need to have a party. So that they can run on that party. And that's why you see those kwaubos they need to have whatever the four Kenyans thing so that they can have a vieko they can use to bargain or to use they just need a vieko to bargain for something in the government. Let me say so. And what lesson would be people learning from being in a small party being swallowed by a big party what lesson are people now getting from this? People what they should learn is that just work from where you are and the best example is NASA. We heard Jubilee and then we heard NASA. You see NASA was a coalition of political parties. Jubilee was a party. Now you see when the party leader went the other way or the flag bed of NASA went the other way. NASA went there as ODM. Now these others when Kalonso goes there he goes there as wiper. Now he speaks as ANC same to Wetangula when CCM has gone there he has gone there as CCM not as NASA. That's a different thing. When you retain your original now you remain to be there. Unlike when you are swallowed. What if NASA was a party today there will be a lot of war in that party called NASA. I'm telling the truth. Because right now there is war but one thing the war that is there no one can step on that and tell him keep quiet silence the other person. No everyone is a boss on their own. And everyone manages his own ideologies. Everyone has MPs and everyone can control their MPs. Unlike the way Jubilee is when they get so they have one leader and they have to toe. They have to toe as their leader tells them they have to follow the leader. If the leader goes this way so if you are a rebel you just need to speak and decide to be there. But when it is a coalition when a party decides to be a rebel you choose either to be there or out. Speaking about the marja for the last 7 years or so the Jubilee government has been quoting the bad government but now we are having people coming to the same government. What does this mean? How good does it become? Who are these people who are saying this government was bad? The opposition at the time. They are the same people they are the same people who have joined the same government. I will remind you of Galana Kulalu the irrigation scheme. The former prime minister was always on record saying, Mr. Proprietional Fund Galana Kulalu is not a good idea it's a very bad idea for this country after the handshake he toured Galana Kulalu the one who said this project is a good project is the best project for this country this one actually demystifies and tells us clearly we don't subscribe to ideology we subscribe to our own personal interests when I'm in that thing is good because I'm getting a share when I'm out that thing is bad because I'm not getting a share that is the problem that we have in this country the borrowing of loans was bad but there is a time they went to China all of them although he said I went there as an African envoy but they went there and it was on record that they were negotiating for more loans to come now you are going to negotiate so that you can get a share but now when you are out it does not suit you it's not good so this is the fallacy that we have when we sit down as much as we may have political differences or political interests with the DP let us at times interrogate his words let us interrogate his words a mad person can save you from being killed or from danger ahead of you because when you ignore a mad man to some extent you may land in danger so at times let's listen to the mad men in the street they may guide us in the right way deputy president has been on record so many times telling us when we bring this kifanya ii u nasema nimbaya these are the same things deputy president used to say to tell us now they are the same things we are seeing and as I am saying let us also listen to the mad man on the street and we interrogate each and everything and when we sit down to interrogate each and everything then we shall get good and sober leaders now through sycophants now would you say the coming of Waipa party to the jubilee and the to the jubilee party it's because of the interest I'm sure they will form some heat what can you foresee from this these are the interests they need one we have to control the parliament the parliamentary committees you see right now they are the vacant I can see they are vacant there is no leadership on those parliamentary groups so these parties also need us to take in this to start from there after that one is done the same parties need us to take in the cabinet in shafos after that one is done the same parties need us to take and we are going to see a lot of reshafos a lot of changes in a very short period of time I am telling the truth because of the interest that these parties have come up with I need this I need this so that my person can be benefited so that my people can get this and this so that the people we are talking about my people is not the community it's just one individual or two individuals that are going to benefit themselves and you that the person who began for them so these are brokers they have gone there so they can strike a broker deal for the few individuals they have their appointment, their kimen they need to have it's going there to benefit Kenya as a country no less development and if you want to confirm this Jack Ma donated staffs that we are going to use for covid-19 the staff that Jack Ma donated are lost it was in the other day these things have vanished where have they vanished to does it mean we don't have good people to look after these things what they go to have a problem these things were sold they did not even get load they have just been sold it's just a language those are serious allegations now these people who have come to the Jubilee party they have their own interest and politically it has been said over the years there are no permanent enemies do you think the people or the veterans in the Jubilee party will take it easily for them to see their newcomers being given positions and I can tell you this from my observation of the unfolding of things since the handshake things now they have become comfortable ask me why look at more common when it was asked from the majority leadership it's very comfortable he's still vibrant he still talks nothing has stopped him from coming to the floor of the house and air his views or debate or contribute on a motion nothing has stopped him he's still the more common with you the only difference is he's not the majority leader so they have come to live with it they are very much comfortable and they are ready for anything and you see and when we started our conversation we were talking about Jubilee as silly this is another house that they think let us sit here they are just sitting here let us share our idea from here let us draw our strategy from here so there is a lot that is in that kitchen then we know that makes them very much comfortable when that leader is not talking when the leader is not talking now they can do anything on their own but the leader cannot come and tell them no stop this this being likened to the general is silent yes just silent general and you don't know what the silent general is planning so it is like we can say a dominant a dominant volcano mountain that can erupt at any time so these are some of the things that we need to go in a corner and interrogate ourselves what is his next move why is he so silent on this thing and this thing is really directly affecting him these are some of the things that we need to interrogate when we sit somewhere in a corner in a dark room so that we get good answers and you see this thing the formation and the coming up together parties there will be casualties and I have always said there will be casualties and some people are going to cry and they will cry but it will be already done would you imagine a scenario where everyone in the jubilee party will now live and the newcomers will be left what kind of a house would that be because when the when the newcomers remain and everyone feels now I thought I would be hard I thought it's my chance but now it's not here so they leave now it will be like now a baby will be looking for things to when the baby starts walking he tries to look at where will I hold so that I can get stability so that I can reach the other end where will I hold at times he walks on the chairs, on the tables or at times he crawls so these people will be crawling that way will be holding on things just to get somewhere these are the same things that happened in two or two people thought they will be favored to get leadership from ze but what happened and that's why we saw the formation of Naak and Nat so the same things are going to form the same things are going to form remember Kibaki never left DP he never left DP to come and join and join Kano he remained in this DP believe me or not he never left DP to come and join Kano he remained in DP and he was there till the last time this era joined him so the same thing will happen same thing can happen history can repeat itself and history is good at repeating itself so the same things can happen this 2022 and from next year we are going to see people start crying they start crying from 2022 I came here with these expectations but you have not given them yet or people can give whatever they want after that they will still come no matter what and do you think when the heat it's too much after the newcomers have come you have not been had do you think we have a scenario now people are going back to the originality the jubiliasili now one thing I can say for the presidents to rule well to have good and peaceful transition he needs to silence the opposition and that one he did it during the handshake time he silenced he silenced the opposition after silencing the opposition he has been very comfortable he doesn't have stress because what he wants he wants peace and you see he can decide to give whatever they want I can decide you are my friend I can decide because one thing we don't know where Ruta and Guru came from they have been together for a very long time and these are very close friends it's easy to fight a friend than to fight an enemy so you can bring an enemy on board at the expense of your friend just to have peace and enjoy what you want to enjoy so what president wants is just have a very smooth running of his affairs and his government a very peaceful nation a nation that doesn't have a lot of noise and other things that may lead to war so that's why he said let me work with these people and that's why we don't have a lot of bikering and a lot of accusations from this side so in other words you would say the president is trying to kupati amtoto embe kusabu ame Lilia you talk Lilia embe embe now with the formation of jubilia cili or it's retaining I don't know what to call it it's the jubilia cili as they are saying it we have few people who could be called defectors and they have gone there and they have been so clear on whether what they want we have the parliamentary group which is happening this day and some of them have said we will not be going there because we feel our members are being slaughtered the question is why and others how do we find ourselves with the tangatanga and the kiyoleweke knowing very well with the president he's leaving, he's not coming back again constitutionally why would they align themselves with someone fresh who is coming in other than the one who is leaving you see what you can say is that what has made this people realign themselves okay these were the real opposers of the same same government that they are joining today what has brought these people together is one thing is the BBA is the constitution that they are talking about amending and everyone is trying to look at if this constitution is amended this is where I can benefit from if this constitution is amended this is what I'll get remember even in 2010 we passed a constitution and you see almost everyone was on that side because he was like this is what I'll benefit but Marku most people who were opposing the constitution and the one who benefited from it who opposed the constitution in one way he was not fully supporting the constitution okay but he just did it because he was the president who opposed the constitution strongly and then all the way to the to the ballot opposing it but later so you might be championing for something that at the end of the day won't even help you at the end of the day you will still come and cry follow the same same same thing so that's why I always say we lack ideology when we have ideology then we shall stand from where we are we shall be the people we need to be we shall be the leaders we are supposed to be and not just psychophans who today I'll say this tomorrow I'm saying this whatever I'm opposing today I'll come and support tomorrow we should not be such people let us be people of integrity by the events so most of our leaders are being swayed by the events BBI is coming so let us all be in it okay and to show you and see this BBI why I'm questioning so much BBI because I see a lot of impunity in it one, the constitution is very clear and I want to bring to mention this the constitution is very clear when the court finds that you have a case to answer whether you are a minister whatever kind of an officer you are whether a junior officer in that office you need to step aside go or resign just in fact not step aside, resign because the court has found you guilty you have a case to answer then let other people manage their affairs go, sort your things the case the governor of Busea he has a case to answer 8 million corruption scandal in his county but he is still in office no one is talking about it what if that person was now on the other side of the current events this person we could be hearing names and names being called right now like it happened with the we could be reminded now and then that so and so the court has found you guilty you need to leave that office go and answer your charges but right now we don't hear such a calls why we will be taking a very short break and when we come back we will go deeper into details of what is happening the meeting that will happen what does it mean I will also speak about the governor and the leadership and the impunity that is there in keeping it why in the morning my name is 20 minutes to 8 am in the morning 22nd of June 2020 is the date if you just tuned in we are having an eye on politics here the political hit in Kenya where we will be having the parliamentary group meeting at KICC which is the jubilee and a lot is expected to be happening some will be discharged from the positions and maybe some will be appraised that remains to be seen we are members some of the members of the jubilee purchasing they will not be attending but even so we have to try to demystify some of the things that have been happening earlier we have mentioned the formation of the jubilee asili which is interpreted to be the original jubilee I am speaking to say it as a political analyst we move on with our conversation what informs the decision when you are voting we would love to hear your response to these questions Y254 Facebook and Instagram and Y254 channel on Twitter my name is welcome to the broadcast before we went on that break you were mentioning of the impunity of the governors it is happening and if it was on the other side you were saying it would be a trouble but now even having now it is impiting the governors we have two in the line now Isyolo governor Kuti is said to be impeached the MCs are working on him and then we have Charitingilo of Kitui last week we had a debate here whether it is the woman being fought what do you make of this it is not all about the woman who is being fought it is all about having good leadership in place anybody can make up to be a leader but what we need is integrity what we need is good leadership good service to the people just play your role as the leader give the people what they deserve to have when you are in that position so it is not all about fighting one gender anyone who gets into leadership as long as you are doing good then no one will fight you no one will question you but everyone will praise you once you are doing anything good so when we talk about gender when you bring in the gender question then we water down integrity we water down good governance we water down the leaders the leadership the good leadership that we need to have in this country so let us not focus or put our eyes on gender but let us handle the issue the way it is remember when you step on that leadership I am going to do this and this so you need to be within that you need to be within the law and the law does not know gender and other things let us just adhere to the constitution and adhere to the rule of law at the end of the day let us give people what we told them that we are going to give them despite our gender at the moment but let us work with integrity why are the MCAs impeaching mostly the first timers remember when Mora was impeached this was the first time we were having the evolution so when Mora was impeached it is not all about the first timers it is not all about this and this remember legislation oversight these are three it is their role it is their mandate so when they find that you are not within the rule of law let them play their oversight role let them impeach you go to the senate then and if you also can sit down them and settle with them and tell them fine they also need to listen to you say this and this and this and that is why the motion of impeachment is always brought in that house wherever you need to go and defend yourself but the problem is the governors choose not to attend to those proceedings but they run away but when the motion is brought to the senate they choose to sit and be listened to and yet you cannot listen to so in other words they undermine the mcs they undermine the mcs and not only the mcs but you undermine the constitution because this person is playing their role the oversight role they are playing it so you should also when that impeachment is being carried out go to that house listen to them it can still flop there it does not need to come to the senate it can still be handled down there why did you choose to sit in the senate to be listened to and listen to the senators on an impeachment day and you cannot listen and sit to the mcs on an impeachment day when they are impeaching you at the county level you can money this thing there before they come to the national level what should be done to ensure the mcs have been given some powers other than the impeachment those three roles they play to make sure that the governors will not feel like being questioned by the mce it's not my thing you see it is just like no the mcs are playing the role they are supposed to play a citizen in the constitution there is no any other powers they need to have apart from what you can say for them to fund the word word development programs then the roles they have right now they are like they are also like MPs because also MPs have the same three roles play at a national level so for them they are just good the only thing we need to have is we need to have leaders who respect the constitution because if you choose not to listen to them and these are the people whom you need to work with them so that you ensure development is in my county so that you ensure that I have achieved what we need to achieve as a county you can't achieve without them there is a reason why devolution is there and they play a very key role in ensuring that devolution is well managed devolution is well exercised so when we talk of we need to wrap them off we don't need to listen to them then we are doing wrong these are the people we need to listen to we need to sit them with them and work with them we cannot ignore them then it means we are ignoring the constitution now as we come to a close we have the parliamentary group of the jubilee party there has been a lot of hearsays who will be discharged who will be given the position and it has been like they have been calling it the sanitization of the house it has begun with the Senate now we are in the parliament and it is believed dole could survive some of the members are supporting him but now all those who are discharged from their committees people will be coming into office maybe from today if they will be mentioned from there now do you think what has been being done in the parliament is in a way to have the BBI go through it since we can't have social gatherings for a friend dole survives because even from where I sit when you look at dole I have never seen him being concerned with the president he has pushed the government agenda in the flow of the house there is no a single day he has opposed a government agenda before the handshake and after the handshake he has always been there for the government despite the fact he has allegiance from the other side but he has never portrayed that as a leader he has always exercised his roles the way he is supposed to exercise his roles as a government representative in the house so to me and what he said these positions are not permanent he is ready for anything and he is very much comfortable for anything so once they feel that fine they let them change but if they retain him also he is the best person to retain and he is not also the best person you can wish away because he has also demonstrated he is loyal and a trusted person and the jubilee changes is something from my hand I cannot say that is something I am hearing from at the moment these things have been talked about it is something that was planned long time ago right now it is just execution rubber stamping this is what we talked about this is what we are talking about this is how it will go all these things were something that was talked long time ago I can remember Kamaket sometimes in Baringo he talked about the same things in parliament they will be there after covid he talked about them and he really explained them very well so these things have been there they were planned long time ago right now it is just execution the same same thing in cabinet Rishafu we are here to see it it is something that is being talked about and we are going to see it there is going to be a lot of political changes in this thing remember has welcomed visitors in the party and these visitors have come with their demands remember they signed the memorandums so this after signing the memorandums now it is all about working and to achieve your goals you need to ensure whatever took you there you got it and if you don't get it you will start crying so right now everybody is anticipating to get something and we are going to see it from today even in the shafals in the parliament you will see a lot of shafals in the parliament that will favour this other side so a lot is said a lot is going to be done and there will be casualties at the end of the day during the Madaraka day a few days ago the president hinted the constitution will be amended and that could happen very soon and over time Re-Loading has been mentioning that the constitution will be amended it was to happen in July but thanks to covid has stopped a little but we are still hoping things will change with the socio distancing thing would you say the BBI is going the parliament way? BBI will go the parliamentary way and you remember before all these things before the covid there was a concern that the BBI if it goes parliamentary way it will flop and you see the changes that are happening in parliament there are changes to ensure the BBI passes through so these are some of the things we need to be very much concerned about because when it goes the flow of the house and now I have these people on my side it will pass and remember when Uru talked about legacy this is the legacy he was talking about this is the agenda he was talking about and he forgets to tell us about the big four agenda but now this has become a priority so when will we achieve the big four agenda? health has become an issue if we talk of covid the way we see the numbers the numbers will rise the health system in this country is not well equipped now we are talking about education our children, our pupils our students are at home because of this issue of covid there are no facilities in the school remember there is a time we talked about the number of students in class public school has like 90 students or pupils in the class now the public school itself has to look at how are we going to have even 25 students we have the same concern I had magoa speak of the other day we need to look on how our government is going to have 25 pupils of students in a class so that we can manage these things but now when we sit down and look at the facilities we have in our schools we look at the amenities we have in our schools they are not enough the latchings, the toilet we have they are not enough so when we sit down and debate match on how are we going to have leadership or when so and how so and so is going to be a leader but we forget on self delivery to our people that's where we go on we need to put self delivery to people then we think then we now sit down and craft how we become now leaders what we put in place but we cannot talk of how to become a leader just to manage and a thin air so we need to be very critical in what we are doing and we need to be very observant also in what we are doing let us not just run for leadership and yet we don't know what we are yearning for alright now if the BBA goes through the parliamentary way do you think the electorate will have been denied a chance to make their decision I can say as far as I understand the parliamentary how it works when something goes to the parliament they tell me submit your views to the parliament to look into it submit what you want submit your memorandum or as a member of parliament to who you submit to the parliament the committees these are committed to be in charge of it maybe say legal affairs committee so submit your views to the parliament for example we had an issue with the National Youth Council where the parliament was saying the National Youth Council has to be under the ministry of public service commission whereby the public service commission will appoint the CEO of NYC and not whereby the youths will access their own mandate to ensure that they have their own leader in that position unlike a leader who has just been appointed you see there is a difference between appointment and election appointment is where you are under massive of someone that you need to do what that person that tests you to do but now when you are independent then these people elect you and they will also you will work as per their demands to some extent even if you want to work 100% but 60% or 70% you will work as per the needs of these people because you are looking at I need back this leadership or I need to have a legacy I need to live a legacy so when we submitted the memorandum to the parliament up to now up to now it has never been worked until we can say it was we submitted it the NYC and other group group of youths we work and we went submitted the memorandum we gave it to the young implementer and so that they can go and debate to it up to now it has never been debated still waiting so these are some of the problems that you will have fine it will go they will tell us submit your memorandums or submit whatever we shall submit them but how sure am I it is going to be worked into or it is going to be looked into but if you let the process go the way it goes like the way it was going go to the people they let the people now work on it submit their issues submit their amendments then we shall fill all to it but when it goes the parliamentary way it will be just passing through because now the parliament is being changed why we shall hear less debate on that we shall hear less debate on that document but it will go through then after it has gone through we shall start crying about the process why are we crying about the the political parties act right now because it is something that was brought towards the end of the parliament in 2013 I think about 2013-2015 some that was just brought and then it was passed by the parliamentarians now you see we have a lot of problems that need to be solved in this political parties act and no one is talking about it and that's why you have so many problems in the parties and so many problems in governance right now but if you do things in the right way then you shall achieve good governance yes alright thank you so much for coming and trying to shed some light to our audience we would love to see some of your comments what you have said regarding the question what informs the decision when you go to vote you have voted maybe in 2013 and 2017 so what guides your decision when voting for a leader we want to see some of your comments what you have said regarding this particular question Kenedi Cheryot the promised and when you vote them in they forget their promise is not need to vote that's a Kenedi Cheryot because of high expectations and personal favours from politicians that's Bwana Ali and then Maurice Jacob Makoa says Kaka Mega Sigala Gala National Polytechnic College watching what guide my own my side on my side is behavior of the leader okay Tony Bezo he says there's nothing to vote Beatrice Kemonto says what they promised to do in the here and the what and the elephant okay Sharon Kimeli says trustworthiness that's what guides her when she goes to vote and then we have Madden Bay okay even if I vote or not leaders of nowadays Hawadzali, Maisha Awanainchi all are fake Macha and Danny thank you for watching 50 billion tundio who are inna nifanya na kwa mami nifu adi nampigia kura onasasabili na umia hawa watuni burikabisa Nikiwa Cherengani Kaplamaina wapata wale team Paira anasema I don't vote alright you need to be voting Emperor Felix Agri says nothing you just vote you need to have a reason to vote and have a reason to vote for that particular person Jumbe Gabu Mwaki onasema principles of a person that what's will guide you embrace someone who has a good a good profile in the society and of course how she or he has having some problems with the taking issues here has been doing for the good of the society that was one of the reason that will help someone to vote and Ryan from and from Dago should be carrying and fulfilling what he promised to vote to vote as that is and finally Tabia Anasemani Eshimayam too the way person talks and reacts to issues watching from Konambaya Matunda thank you for watching and thank you everyone for watching and sending us your comments we still have more I think money can guide and as well change a decision I think that is dangerous if you vote because someone gave you something or what do you think he meant I think money can guide and as well change the decision so you know what I was saying kumpatia punch kumpatia punch money can guide and as well change the decision you need to change but the end they forget 2022 mimi kura sita piga you need to vote my friend watching from Gatbatule Siolo County Muhamedabdi Kuti Atajua muna ta kumu impeach Presley Azim Naivash I don't know anything about voting okay we need civic education I have never voted and I will never vote but I will attend the rallies forward and eat the money these are the Kenyans we have he is working together there Alfred Mr. Hoopa Izakribon Lamayan they promise but they never deliver okay Agastin Kavisha already tuned in out and then get me Kisaumakweni County I don't have time to vote time will come we need to vote we need to weed out these bad leaders nili vote maramoja na sitai vote tenas juu since ni anze kujit kujitafti agaz akuna kitu nisha isa edika kutoka kwa gava washenzi how that is Ali Jemo okay and John Mutati says sasa ku voti anini mimi siyoni maana civic education Pamel Kabuka mi siyawai voti and BD Astley says macha confirmed mi adont vote we need civic education that is the problem we are talking about you see I mentioned about the political parties act how it was brought in how the bill was tabled in the parliament then you see it was not fully debated on there is a big lakuna in the same institution the political parties themselves they have a big problem because one then another issue is the electoral the IBC because one we need to carry out civic education and you remember that IBC will only come to sensitize us when it's time of voting then they will go because they need to play right now they need to be going to the people because they have a budget they need to be going to the people and carrying out civic education where they need to vote who they need to vote what kind of a leader they need to vote so these are some of the things that we need to work on as a country and also as well informed people also LSK need to come in handy in educating these people even when you go down the streets I don't need to vote I will never vote even an old person I will not vote because he has his rights like who has mentioned he will go to the rallies and have that money it's the wrong decision we need to vote leaders what we need to do is enlighten our people we need to carry out civic education to our people so we have a very big role to play in this country so that we achieve good leadership and good governance and what our leaders fear is accountability so we need to have people who will check on these leaders let us help them in checking this so that you can have the good leaders in the next time let us not repeat our mistakes alright thank you so much societal for coming and all your ideas and I'm sure people back home have land especially the youth say they do not vote others they will go to have money and which will change your decision that is a very dangerous move to make so we need to do something from this discussion this morning my name is Dereva Hillary I was speaking to Sarah Selito he is a political analyst coming up next season a discussion will be speaking to a group of people who have come up with an idea to help the vulnerable communities in having masks and reusable masks to help us fight COVID-19 stay tuned to why in the morning see you in a few


These are the final Metro RP2040 PCBs that came in. This is kind of neat. It's rare that you'll see an A-circle on our boards. That means the first revision worked. Very rare. Usually you'll see a C or a D or even an H when I have to do many revisions. But all the GPIO are tested working. I bumped up the flash to be 16 megabytes. That's nice. You've got that RX and TX switch so you can swap RX and TX pins. Buttons, STEMI QT. And then this is the tester. Again, I'm using my Pico Brains to program the UF2 that is loaded onto the Metro. It lives on the SD card. And I can press the button if it says I'm waiting for the USB device. Then it resets it, copies over the UF2, and then tests the output. And it passes. So this is now ready to go into the show.


In principle, those are all the fibrous structures I'm going to show you and all the ones the book talked about. There are a few other structures though that are not necessarily fibrous proteins, but I think it's worth mentioning them in this part of the class at least. So what you have here is a simulation, a colleague of ours Roland Schultz and Jeremy Smith did at Oak Ridge almost a decade ago. The blue part here is actually no protein at all. This is cellulose and this was a gigantic system. I think they had 150 million atoms in the simulation. It's Titan, one of the world's largest supercomputers. That's why they could do it. But cellulose is exceptionally important, in particular in Sweden. It's a very large part of Sweden's export and our wealth is simply due to exporting pulp, wood, fiber, anything you name it. The only problem is that there is not so much money to be made just by exporting wood or low quality papers, a newspaper. What you ideally want to do is add know-how to this. You would like to export higher quality paper, higher quality wood, because that means that you can charge more for it and long term, most western countries, there is no way you could compete purely on salary, right? You want to be able to add some value. There has been a remarkable development to this part of industry. Give this 10 or 15 years, I think we're increasingly going to be using fibers that you think of wood as cardboard for building, say, short term shelters. We're going to use more packaging. We can make this resistant to water. You can certainly make it resistant to water by adding plastic or something on it. But what if you could make things resistant to water by doing it biocompatible? Because we also don't want to hurt the environment. Second, what if you could create things that have especially long fibers so that you give a nicer and cleaner and smoother surface? Or what if you could make paper that is stronger? What you could make cardboard that is stronger so you don't need so much cardboard in the product? All these things can be done by either adjusting the fibers when you're producing them, orienting the fibers better, or possibly by adding surface coatings. And in this case, it's a system with both cellulose and lignin, which would be the small components you had in tree. And we are increasingly starting to use proteins. Maybe you could add a particular protein to create, say, a super hydrophobic coating on the cellulose so that you can't really wet the paper anymore. And then you would create one of these systems where it's basically paper, but it's paper that would be able to withstand rain. So again, the cellulose itself here is not the protein, but it's a very active area of biotechnology where you need to think both about physics, but also the biological production of the proteins here. I bet you're going to see more of it.


Welcome to the course on sustainable and affordable sanitation solutions for small towns. Sanitation is a huge challenge in a country like India. Solutions with a conventional centralized imagination have huge limitations. There are decentralized solutions which can be sustainable and affordable, however they have not received enough attention in policy or in practice. Further there are no town-level interventions to illustrate the possibility and potential of a decentralized system. The major objectives of this course are one to understand the sanitation challenges faced by the country and to explore the alternatives to centralized forms of sanitation planning. The whole course is molded along the understandings and experiences of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and the Kerala Institute of Local Administration on such an exploration in a small town of Alapudha in Kerala. So you will be learning the course along with 80 other participants of a winter school that we have conducted. Thus the course has a very practical approach to sanitation planning with understanding the problem followed by steps of intervention. At the end of the course the learning outcomes for the students are one, you must be able to understand the sanitation crisis. Two, you must have a clear understanding of how decentralization can be a favorable and feasible option for small towns. Three, you are equipped with the skills to intervene in your own local sanitation context. Best wishes and welcome once again.


Hi, this is Dundee from MotorWork.com and welcome to another episode of Your Favorite Show, What You Missed This Week. I believe this is episode 43, could be wrong. Anyway, Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Holidays, all that fun stuff. Hopefully you guys are enjoying the holidays with family. So this is going to be a short episode, just give me a round of all the things you've missed this week. So first off, our first review we had this week is for this guy. This is the ZTE Warp, it's on Boost Mobile. So check out our review for that and see what we think about the ZTE Warp. Alright, moving right along in technology, we had our full review of this guy here, a bunch of reviews this week, of the Galaxy Nexus, Galaxy Nexus here, on Verizon. We have a full review of this device going over all the different aspects of the Galaxy Nexus, what we think about it. So definitely check out that video for the Galaxy Nexus. Moving along, we had our full review of the Lumia Lumia 800. Lumia 800 here is a Lumia's top of the line device, you can see it right there. It's showing me my standby time there, I believe, yeah, 5 days, 19 hours. Anyway, check out our full review of this device and see what we think about the Lumia 800. We also had a slew of videos for the, I don't even have it here with me, but anyway, we had a slew of videos for this device, the Samsung Skyrocket. We have the unboxing video, we have 1080p camera tests all around the screen here and of course we have a full review for the Samsung Galaxy S2 Skyrocket. So take a look at that and check it out and see what we think about them. The Plantronics Marquee headset, which is a small Bluetooth headset that Plantronics makes. We have our review for that, so definitely check our review of the Marquee. The HTC Resound, we got this in, which has Beats by Dr. Dre, we got our full review of this device, so check out what we think about the Resound all together. We did a time-lapse video on the Samsung Galaxy S2, pretty interesting, so show you how to do a time-lapse video. So check it out and see how it's done and how you can do a time-lapse video on your own. We currently have a SteelSeries Siberia version 2 PS3 headset review and giveaway, so check out that video, participate in the giveaway at Windows but now it's a new year's day, so definitely check that out. Also we had a video comparing all the 3 HD smartphones, so the Galaxy Nexus, the Resound as well as the LG Nitro. Check that out and see what we thought was the best HD smartphone on the planet. We have renders and specs, now this is our rumors anyway, of the Samsung Galaxy S3, supposed to be a 5-inch display device, of course with a high depth screen, so check that out and see what else we know about the Galaxy S3. Look here, we're able to spot a mystery device from the look here, now it could be a Windows phone based device, it could be just a prototype, we may never see the light of day but check it out, check out my pictures and see how first and what we think about this mystery device. The Samsung Double Time, we have our full review of the Double Time, this is that one over here, which is called the Full Quoting Keyboard Device, so check out our review of the Double Time and see what we think. That is, I believe, pretty much it on technology and entertainment. We had our first full trail of the Dark Knight Rise, so definitely check that out and see what it is, a lot of trailers this week, we had our trail of the Hobbits come out this week also, so that's supposed to be cool, it's all 2012. And finally the Trail of Prometheus by Ridley Scott, that should be very, very cool, so check that out also. And finally in our odd news segment, there's a two-headed baby, basically a conjoined twin that was born in Brazil, very, very interesting, check that article out, see what doctors are trying to do, see if the kids and all that stuff, so that's pretty much it, so yeah, that is it for this week, yes we do have a contest going on, it's the last contest of the year, to give out this Logitech Keyboard and Mouse, and the winner is Jay Damo, and you won these, thank you for participating, everyone thank you very much, hope you guys have a great holiday season, enjoy, eat, be merry, and hang out with fam and friends and all that fun stuff, so this is Thundee saying thank you and always enjoy entertainment.


Well, we have one more very special guest of the morning session and to introduce that special guest I have a special guest and I'm delighted to have with us this morning the president of the United States Institute of Peace Richard Solomon Good morning. I suspect that You early on heard that we're we're delighted to be able to welcome you here in our new home we've been here in the new Institute building for just about a month and We're still tweaking the sound systems and otherwise Getting the place working right, but which shall I say? To have held this event in the cramped quarters of the National Restaurant Association building, which is where we were For many years I would have not highlighted the significance of this and of course Much of the other work that the Institute carries on so we're very pleased that we could convene you all here today and We're also very indebted. I mean as Tara indicated. I'm here as a guest We are very pleased that under her leadership and that of Kathleen keenest who Overseas our gender and peace building effort that we've been able to I think play a significant role in highlighting this this very important issue and To add to the morning's discussion. I'm very pleased to introduce Don Steinberg who was a a member of our family apart from His current position as Deputy Administrator of USA ID Don was a J. R. Fellow here at the Institute and did Some important work looking at the the challenge of dealing with the internally displaced persons He has a very rich experience in public affairs that have well Prepared him for the advocacy role the leadership role that he has played on on many gender issues it was ambassador to Angola and I think became very well aware of on-the-ground challenges of The role of women in trying to stabilize a country that had been ripped apart by by civil war he was deputy president of the international crisis group again exposing him to all the turmoil That's going on in the world and the challenges of political stabilization Through the United Nations in particular He was involved in a civil society group on women peace and security He was on the board of the Women's Refugee Commission and The an advisor to the UN development fund for for women and as I think you know For those of you who have a copy of the women in war book that we've just published He was the author of the final chapter Which develops an agenda for action to try to realize the goals of Resolution 1325 so I don't see Don I suspect he's out there somewhere or is he going to be on the screen again. Oh Don you're hiding there. Please come on up in the podium is yours Thank you, I really do feel a debt of gratitude to this wonderful institution I left the State Department after some 30 years in 2004 and moved directly to a fellowship program where I spent much of the year studying and living in IDP camps around the world and and in particular Sudan and Sri Lanka and Columbia and Kosovo and I can't imagine an institution that would have allowed me that privilege accept the US Institute of Peace and under Dick's leadership it has gone from strength to strength and this is the symbol of the commitment of the United States Not only to the US Institute of Peace But to peace itself It's an honor to be here today for the launch of this this book I wanted indeed to begin by thanking Kathleen and Chantal and Helga for their stewardship of not only this program But the book itself and the US IP Priya and the Norwegian Embassy for their support for this process This event couldn't be happening at a more timely moment for those of us who have spent Literally decades working on issues of women's empowerment and protection in the context of armed conflict. These are heady times There's a growing awareness not only of the personal cost that women pay for their exclusion their abuse during periods of armed conflict, but also of the Cost that we pay as an international community For our failing to achieve the goals of building peace pursuing development and reconstruction post-conflict settings I Think it's truly tragic that it's taken pictures of girls having acid thrown in their face in Afghanistan for daring to return to school or pictures of women being raped and subsequently Treated in the Eastern Congo by a wide variety of different forces But it is true that this has prepped the international conscience and the world is responding United Nations, I think it's best symbolized by the creation of UN women as well as UN action against sexual violence and conflict the creation of a special representative for eliminating violence against women and Plethora of UN Security Council resolutions not just 1325 but 1820 1887 1888 and so on within our own government Indeed, I think the milestone came as the land was referring to when the Secretary of State went to the United Nations last October and declared that the United States is Going to prepare our own national action plan to accelerate our efforts in all of these fields And I would stress to you that that process is being taken very seriously not only by Milan Not only by the White House where Samantha power is Directing the exercise but by a wide variety of US government agencies, and this is where its real value comes I've often said that what's in a national action plan isn't as important as the process of putting one together And as I go over to the Defense Department and go over to our Justice Department And even go over to our Health and Human Services Departments and talk to them about what their commitments are going to be under the national action plan It is clear that there's an excitement that's building and I'm very excited in particular about what our Defense Department will be committing to in the Announcement of our new national action plan Which we hope and we have committed to and the Secretary has committed to Announce on the 11th anniversary of 1325 to take place in October and We have also committed to make this an inclusive process where we not only include recommendations and advice from our own civil society activists But perhaps more importantly from the women themselves who are affected by violence who are looking forward to participating in peace processes Women like being to de-op the head of the FAM African Solidarity. I'm delighted to see that been to is recognized as one of the hundred most influential people in the world in the latest time magazine article and We are working with her as well as others on the ground to make sure that their views are fully incorporated As being to as often said nothing about us without us For me these issues are are indeed deeply personal I've often told the story about my experience in Afghanistan. It's in the book as well but essentially I was sent out to implement a peace agreement that we all call gender neutral and It took me not so long on the ground to realize an agreement that calls itself gender neutral is By definition discriminatory against women. We didn't have a single woman at the peace table There were 40 men who sat around and discussed issues that Really needed the other 50% of the population and including those with particular ground truths to be contributing to Closest thing we had to a woman at the table was the Russian ambassador's interpreter and She would raise her eyebrows every now and again when these men would be discussing these issues that even she could realize We were getting wrong more importantly We because of that absence did not address a whole set of issues that were most important to People on the ground issues like reproductive health care issues like girls education issues like domestic violence We didn't have an accountability mechanism for people who had committed crimes and in particular crimes against women during the conflict in fact We had 13 separate amnesties that forgave men for anything that they had done during the conflict. It was even one Amnesty that forgave you for anything you might do six months into the future and What that meant was that men with guns were forgiving other men with guns for crimes committed against women we didn't have adequate facilities for women in IDP camps and refugee settings and so every time they went to use the latrine They were literally risking their lives any time they would go out to get firewood. They would be risking their lives We didn't have adequate demobilization benefits for the women who had fought in the battles and I guess in particular We made a very clear statement through our actions that this process was designed for the men with the guns It wasn't designed for the people of Angola and it wasn't designed certainly for women We recognize these problems. It's pretty obvious when you're on the ground That you're losing a peace process as Milan was referring to about half of them do go bad And so we did alter our programs and we brought out gender advisors and we put in place demobilization packages for women and we re-looked at the structure of our IDP and refugee camps to have separate latrines and to have Guards go out with women as they collected firewood. We put together livelihoods programs for girls we put together girls education programs etc and Indeed when the process started to falter when the political Elements of the of the process and the military elements started to slow down It was important to be able to call on civil society to to help us in this effort to keep the men committed to the process this all was five years before 1325 and the lessons that we learned from that experience as well as the lessons we learned elsewhere were incorporated into 1325 But I think we all have to recognize that 1325 as a resolution was adopted in a different era It was adopted in an era where the UN Security Council and even the rest of the world was uncomfortable Going into internal developments within countries, especially in thematic issues And therefore the whole resolution is written with we urge people We encourage we stress the need as opposed to we demand we order We call on And because of that it has in fact achieved less than we would have hoped the resolution itself also has suffered because of a lack of Clear accountability mechanisms. It has suffered because of a lack of measurable Criteria it has suffered because we don't have a single entity that owns this this resolution all of that said With the announcement by the secretary of the development of a new national action plan we at a id For one have taken this agenda Very very seriously and I wanted to focus on a variety of things that we are doing both in the women and armed conflict area, but in the broader area and We are in that context Focused on what we call a five-pillar approach To begin with we're focused on women's empowerment women's economic political and social empowerment This means support for political caucuses. It means support for safe schools for girls It means reproductive health care systems. It means building women's civil society groups It means engaging women not just in micro enterprise Which they often are shunted into but in small and medium and large size enterprises as well It means all of these programs have to be taken to scale as well It's not just a question of 200 Safe schools in Liberia. It's a question of 200,000 safe schools throughout Africa In that regard as I said before our efforts and empowerment are drawing on the wisdom of the women Who are actually affected by this program? We are involving them as planners as implementers and as beneficiaries Secondly we have committed ourselves to full gender integration into all of our large initiatives What this means is that as we proceed with programs in food security Global health climate change we recognize that women are key to the success in these areas and So in the food security program that we are now running feed the future We have five full-time people just focused on gender considerations in our global health program We have three people who are doing this full-time in Afghanistan. We have five full-time people Focused on gender issues. There's a recognition throughout our agency that this isn't in some sense a Outside or a pet issue that is to be addressed once we've achieved other objectives It is part and parcel of the success of any initiative that we're taking The third area is a commitment to Include gender considerations in the policy debates Too frequently at the principal's committee meetings and the deputy's committee meetings and all of the other meetings that take place in Washington, there isn't a voice for gender considerations and so it falls to Frankly Milan Vivier's office as well as USAID to be saying Hey, we're going to be putting together a program for Egypt here. Where are the women? When we look at Libya when we look at what we're going to be doing in the eastern Congo when we're looking at Afghanistan It is important to have the voice of Secretary Clinton saying we will not sacrifice Women's rights on the altar of peace in that country as she has said And so what we are saying to all of our participants in the interagency process is if no one else raises it You raise it Fourth we need to walk the walk-in house We need to look at the role of women within USAID itself I think we do fairly well here, but every agency has to be on the guard Are we being fair in our recruitment policies? Are we as we bring women and men on board? Are we treating them equally but also responding to their individual needs? Are we mentoring? Do we have performance evaluations that reflect a? commitment to gender equality are we looking at our promotion processes and assignment processes to make sure that we're walking the walk-in house and Finally is the whole area. We're talking about today, which is participation and protection of women in conflict and emergency periods. Yes, it's about the whole 1325 agenda, but it's also about Trafficking in women in girls. It's about addressing sexual and gender-based violence in conflict and food security and other emergency situations It's about collaborating with you and women. It's about making sure that peacekeepers when they move to the ground are doing What they should in the gender dimension and in this area? I wanted to highlight just a few of the programs that were Adopting at USAID Because it's not just about structures. It's really about changing norms and about instituted programs So we have indeed as Milan referred to laid the groundwork for all of our work in this area in the QDDR That was published in December if you go through that document women are on every page of that document We've as I said contributed to a national action plan We have strengthened our criteria to require every single Proposal for a project to NAID to have a gender impact statement With time-bound goals and with accountability mechanisms and metrics We have expanded our mandatory gender awareness programs for all of our officers I do an hour-long program with all of our junior officers coming in as part of a day-long program that we do on gender issues Last month. We instituted a tough new code of conduct for all AID employees and Our development partners with respect to trafficking in persons. I Also had the pleasure in a five university a couple of weeks ago that great institution Women's University in Partoom, I don't know how many people have been there, but you walk around that campus in the middle of a Islamic and very male-oriented society and you feel like you're at Radcliffe or Wellesley or You see a la actually But a fabulous institution and I've had the the privilege of addressing people at that institution a number of times And this time I got to announce that USAID has put together a 14 million dollar program Where we are supporting women's participation in peace processes around the world We're providing them not only stipends to take care of their families when they're gone, but travel Resources we're going to be providing them training to participate in peace processes And we're even going to be addressing the issue of security for them Because we all know that one of the worst most dangerous professions in the world is a woman peace builder These programs are available around the world We have now gotten an amazing response to the the proposals And I'm very excited that if we as an international community can open the door of these peace agreements to women's participation that they will now be able to sit at the table and have the capacity to To contribute most significantly The final thing we've done at USAID and this is probably the thing I'm most excited about is to Assemble what I think is a dream dream team of senior officials I am Absolutely delighted That our we now have a senior coordinator for gender equality and women's empowerment Carla co-pell who will be talking to you later coming from the Institute for inclusive security She's been on the job for two weeks and she's already made a major impact on our institution at the same time we brought in a senior advisor for gender integration to make sure that indeed Gender is fully integrated in all of our presidential initiatives and in that regard I'm equally delighted that we've been able to bring in Karen groan who is from American University and in fact one of the most superb gender economists that I've ever met and we've also brought in a watchdog for full incorporation of gender into our democracy governance and human rights programs and Sarah Mendelsen from CSIS is filling that role equally successfully So I think we're on the right road. I think we've made some progress But I wanted to conclude by telling you the two things that keep me up at night the first is a I Concerned that all that we're doing Isn't really touching the lives of women and on the ground. I want to know that we have indeed Prevented at least one woman from being raped in Eastern Congo or prevented one girl from having acid thrown in her face in Afghanistan for daring to return to school This is a reminder Always that we can do whatever we want in Washington or even at our field missions But unless we're touching the lives of individuals Doesn't really matter Thank you for your remarks and for being here. My question is about Changing the institutions and norms which you mentioned I was wondering if you had any information or perhaps successful approaches or could comment generally on How to change the institutions and norms so that women can be economically empowered which will ultimately lead to more Peaceful societies. Thank you Yeah It's it's a very difficult question But it's actually one that I'm more encouraged about than the actual Implementation of programs on the ground as I was suggesting You cannot have a UN Security Council resolution right now on peacekeeping for example that doesn't include language on 1325 on Civilian protection on the need for peacekeepers to be out there preventing sexual and gender-based violence You cannot have a major Peace agreement that is silent on these issues anymore And if you look at the history We have had a situation where most of the major agreements in the past have just not even talked about these issues And that's not occurring anymore. You can't have a situation in Afghanistan for example where the government or civil society can ignore women Where they can as I've suggested sacrifice women's rights on the altar of a peace process That simply cannot occur right now. So I think in the norms area. We're doing pretty well I think in the institution area. We're doing equally well. We have so many organizations now out there whether it's civil society groups or advocacy groups or government institutions and certainly on the in the United Nations whether it's the work that Michelle Bachelet is doing at UN Women, Margaret Walsstrom as the representative for Sexual violence a whole variety of others the problem for me is taking those norms and those institutions and translating them into action and I would I would say I mean one area that I've done a lot of work on is protecting women in the context of displacement in this Stemble in large part from my work at US IP But in 2005 the interagency steering committee for the United Nations Prepared some of the most fabulous guidance that you could ever imagine on how to make sure that women are safe in the process of having been driven from their homes and in refugee or IDP camps around the world and I keep hearing people say hey, we need guidance. We need Norms we need institutions. Well, it's all there. The problem is we're not doing it You know you go down to Haiti and we all knew that there was going to be a problem with sexual violence in the wake of the earthquake and yet 24 out of 26 IDP camps that we set up as an international community did not have differentiated men's and women's latrines That's an invitation.  I believe that hey, we got to get down there. We got to set up these camps We'll worry about these sort of women's issues or gender issues later and that's a prescription for disaster that's a prescription not only for sexual abuse and rape, but it's a prescription for failure of the process itself and again, I point back to Milan's Reference to 50% of our peace agreements failing I Would also add that this is the reason that we Frequently use the efficacy or efficiency argument on these issues as opposed to the human rights arguments or the fairness or the equity arguments Because if you go to the man who negotiate these peace agreements and please remember we still have never had a UN led negotiation that was led by a woman if You go to the men and you start talking fairness and equity and oh 50% of the population And oh, they've suffered so much if you use the victim hood card Doesn't work if you say to them Your personal reputation as well as the credibility of this whole process is threatened By your ignoring women in the process sometimes you get through Let me go to Ginny. I think I see Ginny in the back Thank you. Welcome back Don. It's a delight to have you here and to See your leadership within a ID from afar on these issues I have a couple of questions. The first one is was there a moment when the gender issue clicked for you? How did it happen? And secondly, where do you see resistance to people understanding the gender dimensions of conflict and security and peace? And finally, what can we be doing or what should we be doing to get more men in the room for the conversation? Thanks For any person man or woman involved in these issues as a major part? Yes, there is usually an aha moment that moment where you finally sort of get it I would say I was I was pretty much primed for that because when I was 16 years old my mother bought me a lifetime membership in the national organization for women That would do it. That would do it. That would that was a help I would also say I was really influenced when I graduated from college Shirley Chisholm came to speak to our graduation and she said and articulated in great detail The fact that she had experienced much more prejudice in her life for being a woman than she did for being black and So that you know the variety of issues sort of primed me for it But I will say that it probably happened in in the Central African Republic I was 22 years old a junior officer in the Foreign Service and sent out to the province of WOM to put together a Rural health program and I would face that why they entrusted me with two million dollars I will never know But they did and we went out and we talked with all the men who we were instructed to talk to by the government all the mayors and the governors and civil city council people and We could get nothing done they were more concerned about who had the power who got the money and then after Having done that for literally weeks. We started to meet with women's groups And frankly we started to assemble women's groups since there weren't that many Institutions out there and they would come and they would tell us exactly what we needed to do they told us you need to focus on Immunization they said you need to focus on water and sanitation And you need to focus on maternal and child health care And they said the single most dangerous thing to be in our society is the pregnant woman It's a pregnant woman and so we did and We went back to the men and we and we and we claimed that from our discussions with the men We had discovered That these were the things that they were advocating and we spent Two years implementing that program when I left You could already see declines in infant mortality declines in maternal mortality. You could see people thriving because of our programs and what that said to me is Not only that you can make a difference But that if you're listening to people on the ground and in particular if you're listening to women Who have ground truth who really know what's important for human security as opposed to some broad concept of national security? That's when you get the jobs done so I would I would basically say that that was it obviously there been a lot of Reinforcing elements throughout my career my experience in South Africa watching A&C women. I was there during the Movement from apartheid to non-racial democracy Watching the A&C women step forward and play the role that they were supposed to be playing my experience in Angola Obviously was influential as well Again if you're talking about how to Get more men involved in this exercise I just go back to my previous comment. You cannot use it as A oh be nice to women. You also cannot use the victim hood card. It is pernicious Women aren't victims. They are Survivors and they are the key to rebuilding strong stable societies and as soon as you put a label of victim hood It's it's done and then you get Men adopting paternalistic attitudes where they think they know better as to what ought to be done in one or another situations Now I'm going to count contradict what I just said a little bit because I also believe that it's important to have Women who are trusted by those men Play a role and I describe in the book how we got UN Security Council Resolution 1820 And I'm not exaggerating that it was really this is the resolution that established the office of a Special advisor for addressing sexual violence in conflict What really happened here was that the 15 wives of the 15 members of the Security Council all got together and said We have to do something to influence our husbands They got copies of some great movies documentaries on rape in the eastern Congo Etc they forced their husbands to watch that they forced them all to go to a conference in ditchley in the UK just in advance of the resolution being considered and Yes, you know their governments all came along Yes, there were big Geological issues at play and power politics and whatever but the truth is the reason we got that resolution is because of that effort and so Bringing it home to people telling them. This is your sister.  This is your daughter Can can often work as well Let's take one more question right up front Hi there lyric Thompson with women for women international. Thank you so much for Your commitment always in your comments today Just wanted to ask briefly if you have had a chance to speak with your colleagues at state at all in developing the US National Action Plan about the carrots and sticks that were able to provide to Operationalize some of these aspirations. I found the secretary general's seven-point action plan that was released last fall to have some Interesting lessons learned and emphasis on how can you incentivize these parties to bring? Women to the table and change these numbers commitment from his office to naming a woman a woman negotiator of a peace process these sorts of things I Know legislatively we do have some provisions at least for Afghanistan tying aid to women's rights What are what's the thinking on how we're going to do that? Now it's a great question because it's one that gets to the heart of changing behavior And let me start by saying something relatively controversial, which is I don't really care What's in the minds of the men and women who are implementing our programs overseas? I do care about their behavior Martin Luther King once said I can't make that white racist love me, but I can sure make him stop lynching me and so I'm more concerned about doing the incentives and doing the directions Then I am about winning the hearts and minds of people that I think will come I think it's changing already. I think the all these norms are changing. You cannot have overt Sexual discrimination in the workplace anymore. You just can't do it You can be subtle about it, but you but and and that's where a lot of this happened But we have changed norms. We have changed values. So the real question is how do you change behavior? For me, there are two keys here. One is individual incentives and individual Punitive measures and so it is all about putting into our performance evaluation criteria how well did you do on bringing in an inclusive development approach and we have just restructured our evaluations for Determining who gets to be a mission director in USA ID and that's the equivalent of an ambassador So it's a really high position and the very first item is are you an inclusive leader? Are you drawing in? Other agencies the government etc. But are you also reaching out to all the communities out there? Including most prominently the 50% of the population who is normally excluded from the development dialogue You also change this in that same regard by Individual behavior. I now go out whenever I travel the very first thing I say to my mission is put together a Round table with women's civil society groups on the ground. We just did it in southern Sudan We just did it in cartoon. We did it in Cairo. We did it in Haiti. I'm about to go to Georgia next week We're gonna do the same thing the message gets across To people that this isn't a pet rock that this is part and parcel of everything you're doing Carla Copel now sits in our small group meeting every morning at the State Department at USA ID and She is a constant voice and a constant reminder of the importance of these issues, but it's not just Carla It's making sure that everyone else in the room Understands the importance of these issues. I've always said it's great to have a Minister of women's issues, but you want the minister of health to be thinking about these issues constantly And you want the minister of defense to be thinking about them and all the rest the final point is It's all about Monitoring and evaluation. It's all about accountability. It's all about measurement It's nice to put these this language in but I say to every program that we're doing in this area and more broadly I want to see four or five things. I want time-bound goals So tell me what you're going to do, but tell me when you're going to get done with it I want to see accountability mechanisms. Who's responsible for this and when it screws up Who deserves the blame and when it works? Well, who deserves the credit? I want measurable criteria So it's not just a question of focusing even on the inputs for the outputs. It's the outcomes So it's not just a question of having more women at the table. It's a question of having that process work more effectively Very fascinating case and I know I'm using up too much time here, but at the State Department there was a lawsuit against the Department for its failure to incorporate women in its all of its programs and It was lawsuit that lasted some some 15 years and When it was ultimately decided in favor of the plaintiffs It said we're not just asking you to change the numbers We're not asking you to change the rules We're asking you to prove that the full integration of women is Producing the best foreign policy for the United States that it can do You have a constitutional requirement to produce that best foreign policy You're blowing it by not fully utilizing half of your population and because of that the State Department Couldn't just jigger the numbers. They couldn't just appoint a few ambassadors as women They had to form fundamentally change the whole structure and they're actually doing it, which is a very encouraging sign The last thing I want to say is follow the buck Unless we're putting money behind this stuff It's all just words on a on a piece of paper or words from We've got to have money behind it and it's going to be a tough budget environment But we have prioritized this at USA ID. I know at the Defense Department. I know it's state They are prioritizing this hold our feet to the fire ask us a year from now How much have you put into this area? Frankly, we don't know right now and one of Carlos principal Assignments is going to be to do an inventory of what we're actually spending You know, what are we doing in health and education and housing and all these areas to promote women's issues? So hold us accountable and follow the buck I want to thank you For this wonderful Conversation, I know there are still hands going Shantel will tell us what is next and I'm sure there'll be an opportunity to grab speakers as you can