As-Salaam-Alaikum-Khawwati-Nahas-Rat. Wasim As-San welcomes you to the virtual University of Pakistan. Marketing for non-profits is the course under study. And the topic I'm going to touch upon today is structures of non-profit organizations and the salient features these structures carry with themselves. We all know that the structure of any organization stems basically from the purpose of the organization. Which means we have to understand first of all what the purpose is all about. The purpose of any organization underlines the need it satisfies of its target audience. That is the reason that structure of that organization stems from the purpose. While it fulfills the needs of its target audience, it has to develop certain interrelationships among its workers and reporting patterns among various levels of the organization. And that is what we call structure. Structure therefore is an indication or a guide to whether or not an organization will be able to achieve its goals. Depending upon the purpose and the mission of the organization structure varies. It is very obvious. Depending upon the motives and objectives like I said, the structure of an organization which is all about educating people on health issues is going to be very different from the one which runs hospitals and dispensaries. Likewise, the structure of an organization which is all about saving the environment and improving ecology is going to be very different from the one which is going to be about human services. So this is the relationship between the purpose and the structure of an organization. However, there are three very important constituents of the structure of an NPO. And these consist of the clients. Clients basically are the target audience with the board of directors and staff members. Let us take a look at these three constituents one by one. Who are clients? Well, like I said earlier, clients are your target audience. And your target audience could be the people who are to be approached for carrying out family planning practices. Then clients could be those drivers who need to obey the traffic laws. And clients could be those people who have stakes in not only saving the environment but also those people who are required to take some action, a concrete action in order to save the environment. So all the people that you have to approach in terms of changing their behavior to bring about a certain change, to do certain good to the society is what you call target audience. Now this is very much against what you have in the commercial markets. In commercial markets you have target audience who buy your products. Here in NPO's you have your target audience who are required to change their behavior in order to do something good to the society in terms of social welfare. So in other words, the actions which are required on part of those people who after taking the actions will do some good to the society is all about the target audience of NPO's. The second constituent is the board of directors. Well, they are the people who initiate certain cause and depending upon that cause they come up with organizations. However small the organization may be at the beginning but it is an effort which has to be carried out in an organized fashion and that is what gives their effort the shape of an organization. They are very important people because they are impassioned with the fulfillment of a certain cause and in doing so that they have to develop the organization by employing staff members. Before I start talking about the staff members a few more words about the importance of the members of the board. They are the people who basically are responsible for two important areas. The one is to serve the cause which means that they have to be able to develop certain kind of a relationship with the working staff members that they are enabled to carry out the guidelines given by the board of directors. So in other words the board of directors have got to be very clear about the policy guidelines which they give to their staff members. The other prime objective of their job is to generate funds until they generate funds NPO's they just cannot sustain themselves. If an NPO happens to be kind of an NPO which sells products or services it is a different matter altogether but the fact is that in order to fulfill certain programs which take a lot of time for implementation the board of directors have got to be very keen observers of the whole effort that is undertaken by the staff members. So their role in NPO's can hardly be over emphasized. Now this is not to say that the board of directors do not really carry importance when we talk about the commercial organizations. What happens is that in commercial organizations we have certain other success parameters which talk about performance of management and the basic parameter of success is profitability. As long as the companies are generating profits and posting good returns everybody is happy and the board of members have a very strong indication of an efficient and effective management. Now this is not the case where NPO's because NPO's basically are all about fulfilling a certain cause and in fulfilling that particular cause they have to come up with a collection of programs and implementation of those programs could take a long time and therefore these members of the board have got to be very acute observers of the development that takes place phase by phase and moment by moment. Now this is not to say that they have to involve themselves at every moment all I'm saying is that they've got to be aware of the performance which is taking place within the organization. So from that standpoint their role becomes extremely important. The third constituent is the staff members. Who are the staff members? Well just like in commercial organizations we have staff members working for non-profit organizations. However in NPO's the staff members could be paid staff members and they could also be volunteers. We have volunteers from high schools and from colleges especially in the developed world working for NPO's and the fact of the matter is that having served an NPO brings something very positive to the resumes of these youngsters. The paid staff members are the ones who work full time just like we have staff members working for other organizations. The only thing is that the relationship between the members of the board and the staff members has got to be such that staff members could find themselves, could be working in an enabling environment trying to achieve all the results which are part of the motives and objectives of the NPO and this goes without saying that the purpose and the mission of the organization explain all that. Whether it is an organization engaged in running dispensaries or hospitals or it is creating awareness about family planning or deadly diseases like HIV, AIDS etc etc staff members have got to be very highly aware of the kind of programs they are supposed to carry out. Now in order to rub in the importance of the quality of relationship between members of the board and the staff let me take you to the certain graphics which is going to make it amply clear what is the kind of relationship I am talking about. This is a slide which shows you the nature of relationships and this actually summarizes all the three points which I talked about. Number one is the purpose and mission of the organization. Now this is something which is in the domain of the board of directors. The second nature of the job is developing and maintaining good relationship with the staff members and this of course is required of the board of directors. Number three thing which I talked about is the implementation of programs. So this is kind of a sequence of the activities which take place in an organization. I mean a non-profit organization starting with purpose and mission and ending at the implementation of programs. The importance of programs and the amount of time they might take for the implementation are the kind of things which I have been rubbing in all along with my teaching. Now in order to make it further clear as to how the role of the board of directors can really make the overall working of an NPO more effective, let me take you to yet another graphic. If we take the good look at this slide, we see that this is kind of a repetition of the one we saw earlier. I mean the middle part of the graphics and we have those three areas, purpose and mission and working by staff and implementation of programs. The importance of these activities is accentuated by exhibiting the relationship which board members will have and do have with people working for NPO's. First of all the members of the board have got to have a very clear vision of the purpose and the mission of the organization and like I said earlier these are the kind of things which emanate basically from the motive of the organization and we know the motive is something which the people with a noble cause harbor all the time and they are impassioned to take that to the logical conclusion. So in other words what I'm saying is the board members with clarity of vision can and rather should come up with a very clear purpose and mission for the organization so that the staff members can with full commitment and dedication execute all that which has been laid down as policy guidelines by the members of the board. The next level or the area where the importance of members of the board really that comes in is the maintenance of good relationship with the staff members and this is something which I touched upon earlier if they have the good relationship with staff members staff members will be in a position to translate all those policy guidelines into actionable programs and come up with good results. Now this takes it for granted that staff members are able people and they have basic competencies I mean core competencies in order to carry out all those programs which have been put together by them as a translation of the purpose and mission of the organization as enunciated by the members of the board. The third area where members of the board really have to play a very important role is monitoring and control. Now this is not to say that monitoring does not take place in commercial organizations all I'm saying is that in NPOs this area takes on added importance. Why do they have to monitor the progress all the time because of the nature of the programs. They are not selling tangible products also they are not selling services in most of the cases and therefore the programs which have been put together for things which are going to take a lot of time for implementation involvement and dedication of members of the board is of very high importance and that is why they have to monitor the whole thing over and over again. It is something which just cannot be ignored and if they really can monitor the working of the staff members in a way that staff members feel motivated to the working for those directors then the overall result of the whole effort as you can see from the graphic is good governance. So to summarize we can say that good governance is a function of very clear and effective policy guidelines given by the members of the board plus ability of the management of the NPO to carry out all the programs which are a reflection or a translation of those policy guidelines. Let us now conclude this topic. We can summarize the whole thing like the following. Number one is that the structure of an organization is a function of the purpose and mission of the organization and the purpose and mission basically stem from the motives and objectives of the people who start that particular or any particular NPO. Number two is that the structure of an NPO consists of three basic components. Number one is the target audience who are known as clients in NPO terminology. And number two component is the board of directors and number three is the staff members. The board of directors could play a very important role toward the overall working of the NPO. Now this is not to say that the staff members are the ones who play a secondary role. They also play a primary role. The only thing is that this got to be a tremendous coordination and understanding clarity and transparency between the working of the board of directors and staff members. However, directors of the board take edit importance in NPO because they are the initiators of the cause and they are the ones responsible for implementation of the programs and they are the ones responsible to generate funds in order to sustain the organization. Therefore, they are the people who have got to be very astute visionaries so that they can lay down very clear policy guidelines and the management of course has got to be a team of good workers who really can translate those visionary guidelines into good actionable programs. One more thing about the board of directors is that they've got to be people of undisputable and unquestionable integrity. There should be no conflict of interest. Conflict of interest has been defined as interest on part of the board of directors meaning personal or vested interest on part of the board of directors which they might place before the interest of the organization and that is where the organizational interests are compromised. There should be no compromise and there should be no conflict of interest. So this is the conclusion of the topic that I've discussed and it has been about the structure of an organization in the non-profit area and its salient features. With this conclusion, let us now move on to the next topic which is about the need for marketing in the non-profit area. The related questions that we may think to ourselves or ask ourselves are why is there a need for marketing in an NPO? And the second question is who is supposed to understand and appreciate the importance of the application of marketing principles in NPO's? Just the managers working for NPO's or also some other people? The answer to this question has got to be found out and it is going to be found out in connection with the relevant discussion which I'm going to give you as part of the importance of marketing. We all know that the marketing basically is a behavior change or behavior influence game. We carry out the marketing practice in order to change the behavior of our target audience in order for them to buy more and more of our products or services. We want them to prefer our products over competition. Come to us, buy our product, become loyal to our company. And same as the case with NPO's, but before I start talking about the NPO's, let me give you a very brief description of the kind of marketing practice carried out in commercial organizations for the sake of consistency and drawing the relationship between that practice and the one we have or should have for NPO's. We all know that the marketing practice starts with internal marketing in commercial organizations for the simple reason that the marketing people have to take along with them everybody who has stakes in the launch introduction or the maintenance of a certain product. They have to convince members of the board, equity holders, top management, and the trade members, meaning all those who have stakes in the company and the product in focus. After they have carried out this job of internal marketing, internal marketing, meaning they have sold the idea of the application of the marketing as they envisage, they get on to the next phase of marketing, which is external marketing. External marketing is where actual behavior influence game amply manifests itself because it is where we see the application of the principle of marketing in the form of variables of marketing mix. The variables are at play at this juncture because we have the product, we have priced it, we have distributed it, and we are carrying out promotions. All these manifestations influence the target audience either to buy your product or not to buy your product and why they may not buy your product is beyond the scope of this discussion at the moment. But the point is that the basic two areas where managers are engaged in a commercial organization are internal marketing and external marketing. As a result of external marketing, if they are in a position to do a lot of sales and bring in profitability to the company, that is the end of the story. End of the story in a way that becomes an iterative process and it goes over and over again. Everybody is happy, satisfied with the profitability and all that. Profitability being the prime success measure or parameters within any commercial organization. Given all that, we can easily say that the application of the principles of marketing in a non-profit context is at least as important if not more. The fact is it is even more important because changing of behaviors within a non-profit environment is even more challenging than it is in commercial organizations or in a commercial setup. For the simple reason that the behavior change game is a little more complex when it comes to non-profits. Why? Because we are dealing with programs, I mean the kind of programs that I've been talking about. We are trying to change behavior of people in order to change their actions into becoming either better citizens or into the becoming kind of citizens who will take actions toward the end that we have envisaged in order for the society to become a better place. So this is the difference between a commercial enterprise and a non-profit enterprise. The application of marketing is as important as it is on the commercial side but the only difference is and which is the big difference that on the non-profit side the application of marketing is a little more complex because of its two of complex variables involved in implementation of different kinds of varied programs. Now, having said all that, there is a need on part of not just the managers working for the non-profit organizations but all those people who are involved with the non-profit sectors. In other words, which means that the marketing managers of non-profits have to influence not just the equity holders and other stakeholders in a commercial enterprise, they have to influence donors, funders, government, government agencies and all those stakeholders who have stakes in the outcome of the mission and NPO has undertaken for fulfillment. Dealing with the question of who else should really understand and appreciate the importance of application of marketing principles in addition to managers working for the NPO's, I can say with a lot of confidence that owing to the growth of the non-profit organizations they have to deal with so many government agencies and the corporate sector that people within the government and the corporate sector have got to understand and appreciate the challenges of the non-profit enterprise and therefore need to have a thorough grounding in the principles of marketing. It's not only NPO managers who've got to have a complete understanding as to how to influence the donors and the government agencies that is a very important marketing job. The personnel also have to have a complete understanding of the application of marketing as it works in the non-profit environment. Similarly, the managers on the corporate side who are associated with the non-profit sector about which I'm going to talk about in detail in one of the coming lectures also need to have a complete understanding of the dynamics of the non-profit environment in order to be able to contribute more effectively and efficiently to what the cause they have collaborated on with the non-profit organization. What is happening is that the non-profit organizations are getting into collaborations with the government agencies and also with the corporate sector and in that context it becomes very important for all the people working for all the three sectors to have a good understanding of the principles of marketing so that they can understand each other's language and so that they can contribute toward the goals of the non-profit organization in particular toward fulfillment of its particular cause. Let me show you this thing with the help of graphic. As you can see from this particular slide that we have two areas. One is commercial marketing and the other is non-profit marketing. In commercial marketing you see just two aspects because one is internal marketing and the other is external marketing. Now these are the two aspects I talked about in detail. If you take a look at non-profit marketing you see three circles indicating internal marketing external funders and external targets. Now the question is who are external funders and who are external targets. One thing which is very obvious from these two competitive diagrams that there is more work to do in the non-profit area because non-profit the marketing deals with more sub-areas than commercial marketing does. Non-profit marketing people have to do with external funders because they have to generate funds. Although it is one of the prime responsibilities of the board of directors but board members may also and do mostly involve effective managers within the organizations to help them to word generation of those funds through external funders and who could be the external funders I did talk about that in detail earlier. I will touch upon this area in detail in one of the subsequent lectures. The third area which the non-profit marketing people deal with is the external targets. So it is the clients or the target audience which they deal with and that also needs no further elaboration. The fact remains that the area of non-profit marketing is a little more complex and a little more elaborate I would say in terms of the efforts they have to carry out to fulfill their mission. And with this I conclude this topic by giving you a little summary and that is going to make the whole thing even more clear and free of any confusion. It is much less difficult in a commercial enterprise to have your target audience change their behavior in preference of your brand. It is not that easy in a non-profit context to change the behavior of your target audience. Why? Because it is a lot more complex to have your target audience change their behavior in terms of maintaining certain spacing between children as part of the family planning effort or in order to have your target audience change their behavior in terms of vaccinating or having their babies vaccinated for diarrhea. Now these examples clarify why it is a lot more complex effort on part of the non-profit marketing managers to carry out their marketing programs in comparison with the commercial marketers. And this brings into a sharp focus the central role of the application of marketing principles in the non-profit area because marketing remains the behavior influencer or the behavior change game. With this let us now move on to the next topic which is about the evolution of the non-profit sector. The question here is how did the evolution of non-profits take place? People have been helping each other for times in memorial. The fact is that the humans have been helping each other generally and in times of distress particularly. They have been forming small bodies within communities on self-help and self-sustaining basis. What are the reasons I have been talking about? In order to help each other the bodies grew from time to time and they have taken the shape of NPOs the way they present themselves today. It has been a long journey but the fact is that all along the evolution of these bodies which now have come to be known as non-profit organizations there is one thing which has been consistently presenting itself and that is doing something good to the society helping others from the standpoint of bringing about an improvement in social welfare. According to experts there are three stages to this evolution. The first one is known as the voluntary stage. This also is known as the civic model. The second one is philanthropic stage whereas the third one is the market or the competitive stage. Let us talk about these one by one. The voluntary stage is the oldest stage of evolution and that is the one which I referred to when I was talking about small bodies on self-help and self-sustaining basis. Actually the help was offered in those areas which were neglected by the governments. The fact is that even today there are certain areas which are neglected by the governments and we as the non-profit managers do jump into the vacuum for improving social welfare. However, what really strengthened the initiative taken by people during that period at those times was the religious values. The prime motivators were altruism and generosity. Along with the religious values, the social values also came into play because what happens is when we operate in a society on a day to day basis we just cannot ignore these sociological factors and in came the inevitable side of the sociological factors and on the basis of shared values people started giving refinements to the associations or the bodies which they had developed. In other words what I am saying is they are not only on the religious spaces but also on the lines of ethnicity and on the lines of shared values because the people from within the same religion came up with associations within their own communities or within their own ethnic setups and the result was the further distinctions and refinements to the associations or the bodies which they had formed toward improvement of social welfare. It has generally said to the bi-sociologists that the shared values become a very strong bond and they lead toward complete cohesiveness and homogeneity. Cohesiveness in other words is a function of shared values and when you share certain values within the same religion your bond gets further strengthened. We can take the example of the community that works on self-help basis and undertakes performing of all the final rites and rituals at the time of death of a person within the community. Why do they do that? Because the religious values along with sociological factors come into play and become the basic motivators for rendering of the service. We have these kind of associations in our society as well and the example that I have given to you is an example from within our own society. So what happens is the people start these kind of associations on ethnic basis and they become big and then bigger and at times they also cross the ethnic lines and they become even bigger to serve other ethnic groups and they become huge organizations. The question arises why do they form these associations on ethnic lines and the answer lies in having easy access to the resources of one ethnic group. I think it goes without saying that when you are one ethnic group and share so many different social cultural values and also are part of the same religion you are more cohesive and you are more homogenized and you have access to resources and developing and sustaining the organization becomes less challenging than it could have been otherwise. However in the process you become big and cross the ethnic boundaries into bigger organizations. Let's now talk about the next stage which is the anthropic stage. As a result of the Industrial Revolution there was a lot of wealth among certain individuals and families in the industrialized world and what happened was with a sense of renewed social responsibility people who were wealthy wanted to help others and they started forming and founding foundations which oversaw the working of the associations or the kind of associations which I was talking about in relation to the earlier stage. These foundations came up and started helping people in ways that are much bigger than the people helped each other in the previous stage. The fact is that we may not have a lot of foundations in our country but there is a tremendous the growth of individuals and families who do not really hesitate donating huge sums for social welfare causes. Although there was more money in the hands of the wealthy people who wanted to help others toward the improvement of social welfare but the fact remains that the motivators behind that spirit were the same as we witnessed in the first evolutionary stage or the voluntary stage and those were religious values and the social responsibility. However the one expert adds to these two motivators another factor which is the factor of market failure. It sounds very interesting and the expert expounds that the markets are regulated by the forces of supply and demand and hence determined pricing by the interplay of these forces. So what happens is because of high prices of good quality or high quality services the underprivileged cannot enjoy those services because they are not available to them for the possibility of funds. They do not have enough money to pay for those services and therefore there's a vacuum and that is why this expert calls it the market failure factor. The factor means that the vacuum has failed by non-profit organizations and we see so many different examples in the areas of education the health and human services. We have good universities doing an excellent job of providing good education and we have good health services providing different kinds of treatments or different kind of ailments. May that be in the area of cancer, in the area of eye treatment or in the area of kidney treatment we do have all these services available within our country. If you run your mind toward what I'm indicating you will know what I'm talking about. So the factor means that we have also the people who liberally and very generously donate toward these kinds of causes and exhibit philanthropy on their part. The third stage is known as the market stage or the competitive stage and that is the stage that we find NPO's today. At this juncture they are beyond the stages of associations and foundations and they find themselves in a very competitive situation. Why? Because of the fact that there are so many NPO's. The growth dynamics of NPO's necessitate that they take a very close look at the application of marketing principles and try to deal with the kind of competitive pressures they find themselves under. What are the competitive pressures and why do they occur? Well the competitive pressures occur because of the fact that we have so many NPO's working for the same cause or for similar causes and because of that reason the funders and donors could find themselves in a difficult situation deciding who to donate and who not to donate and this is here that the importance of application of marketing principles to win over those funders and donors it becomes extremely important. This competitiveness gives the marketing a very central role and it is because of the application of the marketing principles that we see so many NPO's in the western markets getting into commercial activities and like I indicated earlier hospitals are seen getting into fitness centers where they generate funds and by the same token the museums are seen getting into managing shops where they sell artwork and universities are seen getting into alliances with research companies in order to generate funds. These developments are not without criticism. Critics say that this amounts to going overboard and that this is too much of commercialism. However NPO's could also have the proponents who say that there is nothing wrong in going for this kind of commercialism as long as the money generated is kept back within the NPO's. In other words if the NPO's remain within the charter of not distributing that money and rather keeping it back to themselves to bring in more vitality into the future programs there is nothing wrong in getting into the commercial activities. So this is the kind of situation NPO's could find themselves today. Having talked about all these stages I should now move on to giving you the conclusion of all these stages. The one consistent linkage that we have seen all along these three stages is the willingness to work for others and the willingness to improve social welfare and for that we've been having the different kind of associations and then organizations could have meant to improve the lot of people. We have seen that generation of funds could also have been a consistent activity among the associations first and then the organizations in the later get a part of the evolutionary stages because without generating funds NPO's just cannot sustain themselves for a long time to come. Actually the conclusion is that NPO's should generate funds to the point where they do not really have to spend a lot of time in generating funds through others unless they are into kind of the marketing which is all about intangible programs where they cannot sell anything and they have to depend upon donors and funders NPO's should carry out some kind of commercial activity which gives them a reason and a platform to generate their own funds. With this let us now move on to the next topic which is about the influencers of NPO's emergence meaning we have learned the evolutionary stages of NPO's but we also have to look at those factors which really influenced their emergence and in trying to learn that the one question which comes to our mind is what really are those influencers? Well the answer lies in the three different influencers the first one is the social marketing the second one is the international dimension and the third one is what we call the involvement of the corporate sector Let us briefly talk about all these factors in order to have a clear understanding of this basic aspect of NPO's as well Well the social marketing is all about serving social causes and the fact is that if we take a good look at the evolution of NPO's which I just talked about we will see a consistent linkage of the willingness to work for others and this is what we may call social marketing because social marketing is all about serving the society doing something good for the social welfare of people within the communities and within the society and that is why it is known as social marketing The fact is that the concept of social marketing is not very old it is just about two decades old and therefore it is a new area of study and the needs to be understood in the total clarity This also is an area which I am going to talk about in detail in one of the subsequent lectures but here I will touch upon this as one of the subsets of the non-profit sector or non-profit marketing Here an important distinction has to be made between social marketing and social media marketing Social media marketing is a new terminology which is very popular among young people like yourselves and the fact is that the social media marketing is miles and miles away from social marketing although it is beyond the scope of the discussion at hand but to have a complete understanding and to keep any confusion from arising we must know what social media marketing is all about It goes beyond the traditional tools of advertising, promotions into web-based internet tools like Facebook, Twitter and blogs, etc Social media marketing basically offers sellers and buyers to interact with each other making communications two ways as against a one-way process in the traditional way We know when we carry out traditional marketing we communicate with our buyers in a one-way process when we advertise in papers or we run television commercials it is a one-way communication process There is no way that our customers or consumers can get back to us immediately telling us about the way they think about our products and services Social media marketing has made it possible to have the two-way communication between buyers and sellers The buyers can give their insights to sellers to bring about improvements in their products or they may appreciate the products so that they can reinforce the features of the products and buyers can also criticize their products for the sellers to take corrective actions This is the importance of social media marketing In social media marketing you also have a chance to develop the social communities and through those social communities you can talk about a certain brand you can promote a brand or you really can run a brand down if you think that the brand is not good enough So the social media marketing has its own importance but it remains a part of the integrated marketing communications and therefore it is not to be confused with social marketing Social marketing is all about social welfare programs This is something that we have to keep in mind Social marketing is all about bringing about a behavior change in our target audience to achieve certain objectives in relation to social welfare This is a huge difference between social marketing and social media marketing If we take a good look at the world-renowned social marketing programs we shall seek one commonality of purpose whether the program is about creating awareness on family planning or against the deadly disease of HIV AIDS or educating the simple village folks about how to rightly administer the ORT, the dosage to their babies There is one thing common that social marketing programs strive to bring about a change of behavior in the target audience and therefore it is very very different miles and miles away from social media marketing Because of these features social marketing really makes the use of the concepts of marketing in order to make the programs successful The second influencer of the emergence of NPO's is the international dimension The fact is that internationally there has been a diminishing support for NPO's, for reasons Governments have been cutting back their funding to NPO's and even international agencies have been revising their programs when it comes to providing support to NPO's all over the world However, international agencies do support some causes which are international in nature In other words, if they are supporting one cause in one country they do not seemingly have reason not to support the same cause in another country but generally the support has been diminishing So what is the result? The result is a vacuum and that vacuum is being filled by NPO's Because of the growth of NPO's the environment, as I talked earlier is becoming more and more competitive and because of the diminishing support from the governments and international agencies more and more NPO's are coming up to fill the vacuum and therefore the importance of application of marketing just cannot be ruled out Marketing does take the central role in order to make the programs successful The third influencer has been the involvement of the corporate sector Just because of the reasons that I've talked about, meaning diminishing support from the government and international agencies NPO has started approaching the corporate sector and the corporate sector founded part of the mission which is to be socially responsible Actually when the corporate sector joins hands with NPO's they look more socially responsible because they look like serving a certain cause The result is that their staff members start feeling more motivated and they also do some kind of volunteering work for the NPO's and in the process improve earnings for their the corporations The NPO's also gain by way of getting part of the contribution from sales proceeds of the corporation which is engaged with the NPO to fulfill a certain cause So the fact is that it works both ways Both stand to gain and therefore the corporate sector also has been one of the great influencers for the emergence of NPO's Not only the emergence of NPO's but strengthening of the NPO's working We can conclude this the topic like the following Growth of NPO's has taken place with every increment of the intro answers And owing to the challenges the NPO's have learned to work in a co-ordinated and collaborative way with the governmental and international agencies Inter-governmental and inter-agency interactions have added a new dimension to the working of the NPO's And similarly the working of the corporate sector alongside where the NPO's has also added a new facet to the working of the NPO's The fact is that the NPO sector gains financially and the corporate sector fulfills its many strategic needs through this engagement with the non-profit sector With this I would like to thank you for your attention and look forward to talking with you in the next lecture Thank you very much


at the last session of the evening, this will be a full 25 minute session, so it's gonna go a little past 1900 hours. I'm pleased to introduce Roger Paul from Citrix, who will be talking about Things in the Zen Project. Roger? Hi, my name is Roger. I work for Citrix on the open source Zen Project, mostly I'm also a free VSD developer, and I also do a little bit of Linux and QM work when needed, but recently my main focus has been Zen, and I've been working on something that we call the PB8, which is a new virtualization mode for Zen that we plan to use for both guests and hosts. And I'm here today to introduce the differences between PB and PB8.0, and how that's going to change the Zen ecosystem. I usually start with a brief description of typical Zen domain, yeah, well, in any case. Here we have the hardware that contains the CPU, the memory management unit, all your PC devices, everything is right there. Then we have Zen on top of that hardware. Zen basically takes control over the CPU, the MMIU, some timers, the local APICs, and that's mostly all, it doesn't have drivers for PC devices, it doesn't have drivers for anything else, basically, for your disk, it doesn't have any of those drivers. All those drivers are inside of what we call the control domain, that's the first guest that's launched by Zen, and it can either be a Linux free VSD or Net VSD, basically. And usually inside of that domain, we have all the drivers for the different devices on the system, the PC devices, the network cards, the disks, everything is usually inside of the control domain. And then on top of the control domain, I put some tasks that you usually have running on your control domain, like a syslog, an xterm, xorg, yeah, whatever you want. And here I've added two guests also. As we can see in this picture, the guests inside of Zen are on par with the control domain, there's more or less share the same interface, and even the control domain is just a guest from Zen point of view. Here on the other hand, I have a description of what would usually be a type two hypervisor, that would be KBM, Beehive, virtual box. All those type two hypervisors share more or less the same design, which means that you have the hardware. And then on top of the hardware, you have your operating system, either Linux or Windows or Mac OS or whatever. And then there's a small module inside of your operating system, that's the hypervisor that takes care of controlling the hypervisor functions on the CPU. And here, for example, we can see that we have some tasks on what would be your host, your operating system. We have, well, I place the same task, basically, and we also have some guests. And I would like to notice the difference from the picture before, because here we can see that the guests share the same scheduler, for example, with the applications that are running on the hostOS. That's not something that happens with type one hypervisors, because it's completely isolated, and the scheduler is only designed to run VMs, not to run tasks. And here we can see that the guests actually compete for resources with the tasks that you have running on your host. So yeah, now I would like to speak a little bit about the current DOM zero interface and the limitations that we have with that interface. This interface was designed a very long time ago, in the 90s, so it's a little bit different from what we would do it now. We've been using that interface for a long time, but we reach a point where I think we need to change and we need to improve the interface that we provide to DOM zero in order to make it easier. So one of the key difference of the Zen interface is that when Zen was designed, there was no hardware virtualization extensions, which means that you could not virtualize the CPU, you didn't have any support from the CPU in order to do virtualization. That means that when Zen takes over the memory management unit, we have to provide a different interface for OSs in order to interact with that memory management unit. So that's one thing that's different on Zen and it's very intrusive because all the architectures have only one interface to the memory management unit and Zen was basically introducing another interface to the memory management unit on its 86. That's something that doesn't happen anywhere, so it was very intrusive in the terms of the modifications that you need to perform to the operating system that want to run on top of Zen. The CPU handling is done also completely different. The setup and the delivery of interrupts is also very, very different from bare metal. That's mainly because on PIV guest, on the Corent DOM zero interface, we don't provide a local APIC to the DOM zero, so basically we have to use another way to deliver interrupts. And finally, the ACPI tables are also quite different. Well, not really different, but the tables that we provide to DOM zero are not very good in regards of the actual description of the system. I will go a little bit into this. So yeah, as I said before, the MMIU is different on PIV guest because basically we have to provide a set of hypercodes that the guest can use in order to interact with the memory management unit and that's different from what's done on bare metal that you just have certain instructions that are used in order to interact with the memory management unit. This code, as I said, is very intrusive because you have to modify core parts of the OS in order to introduce all this Zen specific code. It's also limited to four KB pages only. You cannot use two megabyte pages or gigabyte pages, so that's quite a problem related to performance, especially now that we have systems with a lot of memory. And it involves using hypercodes in order to set up your page table. So it means that every time you want to do a fork of a task or something like that, you have to issue hypercodes to the hypervisor and the hypervisor has to create the page tables for you and it's very intrusive. And finally also, PIV guests cannot use what's called privilege instruction so they have to resort to the hypervisor in order to execute them on behalf of the guest. This also involves using hypercodes. Then related to CPU handling, there are quite a lot of things that are different comparing Zen to bare metal on bare metal, the boot time CPU discovery it's done using a table on ACPI that's called MADT. On PIV guest it's done using hypercodes. It means that you have to modify the boot code of the very early code of an OS in order to use hypercodes instead of ACPI in order to discover the CPUs. And again, this is very intrusive. Also the bring up of the secondary CPUs or native it's done using the local APIC. You have to send a set of APIs in order to wake up secondary CPUs and on PIV it's done using hypercodes. And also the hot block of CPUs on native it's done using what's called a general purpose event block that's something that came from ACPI and something that's also part of ACPI that are the processor objects so you basically recite an event from ACPI and then you scan your processor objects and detect that new objects are online. Again on Zen this is done completely different and we use something that's called ZenStore which is like a database that's shared between the guest and Zen and it's used to pass information between the hypervisor and Zen and between different guests running on the same system. The setup and delivery of interrupts it's also quite different on native. On native you basically receive all the interrupts from the local APIC and then the local APIC injects those interrupts into the CPU and there are mainly two different kinds of interrupts on each 86 the ones are called legacy PCI interrupts those are implemented as sideband signals that go into the local APIC and then the local APIC injects them into the sorry go into the IO APIC and the IO APIC injects them into the local APIC and we also have a newer kind of interrupts that's called MSI or MSIX that are implemented using in-band signals and are delivered directly to the local APIC this is wrote down by programming a certain address on your PCI device and the PCI device will write to these address when it has to trigger an interrupt and these address is trapped by the local APIC and it injects the interrupt into the CPU. The configuration of interrupts on PCI systems it's also done from the PCI configuration space which is a set of IO ports that you use in order to interact with your devices or a memory area that you also use in order to interact with those devices and yeah on PV this is quite different because as I said before PV don't have any kind of APIC so basically we cannot inject interrupts using an APIC at all and we have to inject interrupts into the guest using another mechanism that's called event channels event channels are something specific to Zen are called the para-virtualized interface that's used by Zen in order to inject events into the guest this again implies modifying quite a lot of the code in guest OSs in order to be able to implement this new interrupt interface that's only used by Zen and this also has the problem that it creates a lot of maintainership burden inside of OSs because you have to introduce a lot of code and you also have to maintain this code and to be honest this code is quite critical I mean the interrupt path are not something that you really want to be modifying in any OS and finally as we don't have any emulated PC configuration space on PV guest we also have to set up interrupts using hypercodes which means that well this whole interface it's very different from native and it's not a trivial amount of code so here I have the picture of what would be an interrupt injection to a PV guest you have your physical device this injects an interrupt into the APIC that's the physical APIC and that's controlled by Zen receive this interrupt and injects the interrupt into the guest using the event channels and the guest finally receives the interrupt and finally one of the things that it's also different on a PV DOM zero compared to bare metal is the ACPI tables I would like to speak a little bit before about the ACPI tables there are mainly two different kinds of ACPI tables one of them are called static tables that are used on boot and are very simple tables in memory that can be mapped to a C structure so they don't contain anything very complicated it's just static information that you can use during boot they are very easy to parse they are very easy to modify they don't contain anything weird in general but these tables are only meant to be used for very early boot information and most of the real information on an ACPI system it's provided using what's called dynamic tables these tables are written in a language that's called ACPI matching language this language requires you to have a parser inside of the kernel in order to be able to discover these tables and on these tables you actually find also static information about devices but they also contain methods that you can actually execute so they are a little bit more complex and this is where, for example, on these dynamic tables it's where you find the information about all your PC devices so most of the information on the system actually came from these tables and one of the problems is that on a traditional PB DOM 0 all these tables are passed as is to the guess which means that the information received by DOM 0 it's not the information that it should have received for example, you can limit DOM 0 to two CPUs but if it looks at the ACPI tables and the hardware system has 16 CPUs it would think that it has 16 CPUs because we simply don't fix that at all and we pass the tables as is to DOM 0 and another of the problems with the ACPI tables is that ZEN can only pass information from the static ACPI tables because ZEN doesn't have an AML parser AML parsers are big are required quite a lot of code in general in order to implement so ZEN never had and I don't know maybe that's going to change but at the moment it doesn't have an AML parser so it can only fetch the information from the static tables but there's some information that requires by ZEN in order to run that's inside of the dynamic table so the hot block of physical CPUs the CPUC states and the sleep states are inside of the dynamic tables and ZEN needs that in order to work properly so there's an interface from DOM 0 in order to pass that information into ZEN so basically DOM 0 has to pass the dynamic tables extract that information and tell that information to ZEN this is also quite costly because it involves modifying native drivers in order to pass all this information to ZEN and yeah as I said it will be possible for ZEN to fetch most of this information but that's one limitation on ACPI that only one operating system can execute methods so if ZEN executes any ACPI methods it has to execute all of them and we don't really want to do that so it will be possible for ZEN I think to fetch most of this information but it will still probably need some help from DOM 0 in order to execute ACPI methods so yeah this is more or less all the current limitations of PV DOM 0 or the more important ones and now I would like to speak a little bit about how we are trying to move away from all this and provide a new interface to DOM 0 the main points of this interface is that we want it to be as close as possible to native that's very important because it means that it's probably going to be faster and it's also it's also going to reduce a lot of the code that we need to put inside of OSs in order to run on top of ZEN if we have an interface that's very close to native it will mean that the code required in order to run on ZEN it's going to be much more less we only want to use hypercodes when there's no other interface that we can use I mean I'm sure that we'll have to use them from time to time it's not something that we can ready get rid of but we'll try to reduce as much as possible the number of hypercodes that we need to use from DOM 0 and finally we would also like to take advantage of all the new hardware virtualization extensions that came up on recent well not that much recent Intel and AMD CPUs maybe they've been around for almost eight years now so yes, so regarding the IOM MIU that's a very easy problem to solve because on newer CPUs you have what's called the hardware virtualization extensions on Intel that's BTX and on AMD SBM I think or something like that and these virtualization extensions basically allow you to create what's called a second stage translation which means that we can present a physical memory map to the guest that contains memory from different physical regions we can create a page table and I guess we think that that page tables is their memory map so that makes it very easy for us to provide transparent integration also using these virtualization extensions we can also provide the guest with a virtual memory management unit that's emulated by the hardware so we don't have to do anything there and this also allows us to use all the page tables that are supported by the hardware the different sizes like we can use one gigabyte pages with well if the guest wants to use one gigabyte pages it can use them and basically we don't need to modify the guest in any way it's just transparent from the guest point of view Interrupt management it's also quite important one of the things that we want to do with Interrupt management is provide the guest DOM zero with an emulated local APK and an emulated IO APK the local APK sometimes it's provided by hardware itself because there are newer hardware that's capable of emulating a local APK that's something I don't remember the name I know that's Intel hardware that has this and there's also AMD hardware that's going to came up later this year that will have this feature and IO APK will be emulated inside of Zen and we will be using the same code that we already use for HBM guest so it's not introducing new code into Zen it's just using the code that we already have there and finally we would like the configuration of Interrupts to be done using the PC configuration space so that means that we'll have to introduce some emulation code inside of Zen it's not going to be a lot of code but we'll have to introduce some things some traps for the PC configuration space in order for Zen to detect that the guest is configuring Interrupts and properly react to this so here we have another picture of what it will look like if we have a local APK inside of Zen the Interrupts from the physical devices would still usually be received by Zen on the physical APK and then Zen will inject them into the emulated local APK on the guest or I've also added a straight arrow from the device to the guest because if the hardware supports something that's called Posted Interrupts it's possible for a device to directly inject an Interrupt into a VM that means that the latency would go down quite a lot because we don't have to go through Zen the Interrupt will be injected directly into the VM and finally the problem with the ACPI tables it's a little bit more tricky to work around but I think that we found a way in order to solve this first of all we will provide a new MADT to DOM0 that will actually reflect the topology of DOM0 that means that DOM0 will see the number of CPUs that it can use it will not see the number of CPUs available on the whole hardware then we will also provide an extra dynamic table for DOM0 that will contain processor objects for these CPUs this is needed in order to comply with the ACPI aspect because ACPI requires you to provide processor objects for the CPUs on the MADT and finally we will hide the native processor objects from DOM0 using a table that's called STAO it means a status overwrite table and it can be used in order to hide devices on the ACPI namespace this table is actually under Zen control so we can modify the version of this table and we can add new fields if we need to so yeah, as a final note I think that we can manage to reduce a lot the Zen-specific code inside of the several OSes especially Linux has a lot of Zen code inside and we would like to get rid of that because it's quite hard to maintain it's very different from bare metal and it usually is, well, a cause of bugs in general because most of the H86 maintainers don't really understand the Zen code they change the native code and when they change the native code they break Zen so we would like to get rid of that it's easier for everyone we'll have less bugs to fix in Zen and it's going to be easier to maintain because we'll get rid of all of this code we'll also be able to take advantage of all the hardware virtualization extensions on the market so that means that we can take advantage of all the newer hardware and also we'll be able to simplify a lot the DOM0 interface which means that we can expect maybe new OSes to add support for running on top of Zen even as a DOM0 because the interface is gonna be very, very similar to bare metal so we expect that maybe someone is going to implement new DOM0s in the future yeah and that's all I would gladly take any questions now yeah What are the plans to both our architectures on the Intel and will these new sensors like ARM on this? We already have support for ARM oh, the question was if there are plans for new architectures on Zen upstream we already have support for ARM 32 and ARM 64 bits well, these new extensions are H86 specific so they don't really apply to ARM what I can tell you is that ARM already makes use of them because ARM, well, the Zen on ARM port was started very late so it already makes use of all these new hardware extensions that are present on ARM then regarding RISC and other architectures are you not aware of anyone working on that? If somebody contributes the code I'm sure it will be very gladly received the question is if you need a specific kernel for a virtual, for a para-virtualized virtual machine the response is no starting from Linux 3.0 all the Zen code is inside of Linux so you can just build a normal Linux kernel and it will have all the Zen support that was merged I think four years ago or five years ago so yeah, so yeah, I think that's all thank you very much


When you think of a massage ball you probably think of something like this, a simple lacrosse ball. But now we have stepped into a new modern age where basically we have new technology such as the Wave Solo and the HyperSphere Mini. And in this video I want to share my honest thoughts on if smaller massage devices like this are worth buying and if you're thinking about getting one which one you should purchase. If it's your first time here my name is Noah and I make videos on the top health and wellness tech that you should be paying attention to. So let's go ahead and dive right into comparing these two devices. As usual I like to do my comparisons and three simple categories or rounds. Number one being form, number two being functionality and number three being fun features. So for round one form and design when looking side by side they both have a spherical like shape with the Wave Solo being a tad bit smaller and having a more pronounced flat circle at the bottom while the HyperSphere Mini is a full sphere. The Wave Solo also has a wavy like texture on the surface hence the name Wave and are supposed to be better at retaining traction when using the device. While the surface of the HyperSphere Mini is more made of triangular grooves that are used for its traction. Now each one has a singular button to power the device on and off and also adjust the different vibration speeds. When it comes to charging the Wave Solo has a USB-C charging port while the HyperSphere Mini unfortunately uses a micro USB port but it does have a protective flap which makes it a little bit better than having it just straight up exposed. In terms of accessories that come in the box for each device the Wave Solo has a neat little pouch which makes it easy and friendly to travel with while the HyperSphere Mini comes with a small stand that you could put on your desk for easy access. With that said I really don't see there being too much of a difference in terms of design between the two so I would say it's actually a draw in the category of form and design with there maybe being a slight edge for the Wave Solo given the fact that it does have a USB-C port and this flat bottom is really convenient when it comes to just putting it down and making sure that it doesn't roll away. Now for the second category of functionality this is where I like to dive a little bit deeper into each of the device's functions and their actual massage quality. Typically massage devices in a ball form are great for pinpointing tight and sore areas especially when using on the lower back the shoulders the lats the glutes ooh it really kills the glutes like really really kills the glutes it hurts thinking about it right now. Each device has three different speeds for low to medium to high between the two I do feel like the HyperSphere Mini is a tad bit firmer on the body which can be good for some people but for me personally I admit that sometimes it can be a bit uncomfortable on those more sensitive areas. Now they both also have pretty decent battery life with the HyperSphere Mini being two hours and the Wave Solo beating that with just a little over three hours at 200 minutes. Now the biggest difference between the Wave Solo and the HyperSphere Mini is their sound and sound is a big deal especially for something that's supposed to be portable that you're going to be carrying around everywhere. In fact let me know in the comments below do you agree it sound a deal breaker for you. To my surprise the Wave Solo was worlds quieter than the HyperSphere Mini so much so that nine times out of ten I would grab the Wave Solo to travel with over my HyperSphere Mini. Their body equipped the Wave Solo with their quiet roll technology which effectively mutes reverb from the surface it's vibrating on and transfers that vibration to the body and let me tell you it works. I've used the Wave Solo on the plane in the office at the gym and never once have I worried about it distracting other people or bringing too much attention to myself. The HyperSphere Mini on the other hand is quite loud in fact the lowest speed on the HyperSphere Mini is louder than the highest speed of the Wave Solo and funny thing is they also don't even mention anything about being quiet on the website or packaging so I really only use it in my apartment gym when nobody's around or if I'm at my desk in my studio but even then I'm pretty sure my fiance hears me in the other room. So I think it's pretty obvious that the Wave Solo wins in the category of functionality they're both great at hitting those tight muscle areas but the Wave Solo just wins out at the better battery life quieter sound and having a bit more comfortable feel during use. For the final category of fun features where I basically loop in app connectivity this is where we start to see the two massage devices start to differentiate from each other both their body and HyperS have their own respective apps where you can register each device and have access to different recovery and massage routines. They let you choose which muscle groups you want to focus on or if you want something more specific of an everyday routine such as preparing to sleep warming up for a sport or honing in on recovering after a workout and what's neat is they both give you insight into how you should be using the device during the routine. Now the HyperS app specifically has great high quality videos that show a trainer actually using the HyperSphere Mini the correct way during the routine and on top of that they provide a clear voice over instructing you when you need to switch sides or move to the next muscle group. Now with the TheraBody app it doesn't have those similar videos across all of its routines but it does still have the 2D diagrams that show you what position that you should be on on the Wave Solo and which direction you should be rolling whether it's back and forth or side to side. But what is super helpful about the Wave Solo is that you can actually connect it through the app through Bluetooth. By doing this you can actually control the different speed levels throughout the massage routine. This is great because you don't have to worry about trying to mess around with the device and change the speeds while you're using it. And for me having the app connectivity is a pretty big deal and honestly should be a no-brainer in this modern age. So with that being said the Wave Solo edges out in the Fun Features department. So what is the final verdict? Well if you look across the three categories the Wave Solo comes out on top and honestly it still holds true. I think the Wave Solo is an overall better device than the HyperSphere Mini. It's quieter, it's more comfortable, it uses USB-C and you can control it through your app. I also forgot to mention it's $20 cheaper at $79 versus $99. So that's pretty self-explanatory for which one you should buy. The only time I would recommend the HyperSphere Mini is if you just didn't mind the louder sound and you wanted something a tad bit more powerful. Like I do feel like some people want this exact firmness to really get into that deep muscle pain. I do think they're worth checking out because it's just great to have something this small to throw in your gym bag or when you're traveling at a hotel. Regardless I'll make sure to put links to both devices in the description box below if you choose to use it. I hope this video was helpful. If it was go ahead and compel that like button, subscribe if you haven't already and as always stay healthy and embrace the hype.


Hey, what's going on guys? It's be Avery here for another episode of just my opinion. This one right here Well, thanks for tuning in. I really do appreciate it This one right here is going to surprise no one Netflix has canceled the season The season three of the Punisher and also Jessica Jones This means that none of the Marvel Netflix shows are going to be Marvel Netflix shows anymore It's just going to be Marvel shows on the platform probably Disney Plus. Am I upset about this? Absolutely not. I really don't care now when Kevin was a Kevin when Kevin of course Kevin fire you when Kevin fire get Nelson phase three Many many I can't remember if it was 2013 and 2014. I do remember that was in the fall and He he announced the whole slate at their convention, you know infinity We thought it was gonna be infinity world part one and part two That's kind of around the same time that all these Marvel Netflix shows are being announced and stuff like that I was so so excited as everybody else was and then this thing is just kept being released So after show everyone was like when are they gonna tie with the movies? These are not really crossed over and related.  They're just gonna wait until you know We get infinity war part two and then you know That's when we're gonna see Daredevil and the Punisher and Jessica Jones and Luke Cage iron fist all that team up with the Avengers etc etc etc And I was still thinking that up until a year ago up until a year and a half ago But you know then you know, I just started saying to myself came maybe these things aren't related And we have heard in the past rumors that you know Kevin Feige and Jeff Lowe been Marvelous You know the president of the Marvel films and Marvel and TV that you know They don't always just kind of get along and things are kind of a weird and things It's kind of like just really two separate companies two separate divisions You know, of course Kevin Feige and company have more power and it seems like you know That's just really apparent now. Now. I am really happy that I don't want to say I'm really happy I just you know, of course we get into Disney plus streaming service we're gonna be getting a Falcon and What was it? No, excuse me a Scarlet Witch and vision TV series We're gonna be getting like a foul a Falcon and Bucky's TV series and we're gonna be getting like two more and You know, I don't see why we can't get some type of you know iteration of these Defender characters on there as well And I also heard that there are some claws in the contract that these characters can't pop up for like another two years That's fine as long as it's not like five years ten years. I'm completely fine with that You know, we you know, let them cool down You know, I even I wouldn't even mind if they rebooted the whole thing Got new characters now. My favorite out of these is the daredevil character in my culture as Luke Cage.  So I think he's like really really passionate about this So it kind of sucks for him, you know, but at the same time, you know, hey, I'm a fan over here And while the Netflix Marvel shows were entertaining They just really still did not have enough polish as I wanted given those characters and what I know They have the potential for you know, the daredevil even though some may not consider the best move the daredevil film that 20th Century Fox did I don't find it half bad I really did enjoy it and it seems like that daredevil in that film and that iteration in that chapter had a little bit more abilities than the daredevil and this Marvel Netflix show so I kind of want to see that type of daredevil in the MCU Also, Vincent D'Onofrio as the kingpin think he's great actor, you know, he did a great job But at the same time, I want my kingpin to be a bigger than life You know I'm saying like just just swole for no dang reason got to walk through the door Sideways swole with arms bigger than my whole body. Yeah, that may looks it That's what works on a comic page and we can't get that to necessarily transfer all the way to the silver screen But something in that line in that realm and I just don't think that Vincent D'Onofrio kind of pulled it off So I mean, I'm not really happy about this. I'm not really sad about this. So first one there announced that All right, this was cancelled.  I'm still in the middle of The Punisher season two. I think I'm more episode like five or six I do plan on finishing and I am enjoying it But you know, I'm not just excited to get through it But deadline reported Marvel's The Punisher will not return for a third season on Netflix showrunner Steve Lightfoot the terrific crew and exceptional cast Including John star John Bernthal deliver an acclaimed and compelling series for fans And we are proud to showcase their work on Netflix for years to come Also, we have here in addition in reviewing our Marvel program We have decided that the upcoming third season will be the final season for Marvel's Jessica Jones We're grateful for the showrunner Melissa Rosenberg and Kristen Ritter and the entire casting crew for three incredible seasons of this groundbreaking groundbreaking series which was recognized by the Peabody Awards among many others We're grateful tomorrow for five years of our fruitful partnership and thank passionate fans Who have followed these series from at the beginning now? I've also heard that Netflix was the one splitting most of the bill on this so I could kind of understand I don't know. I've also heard that their billions of dollars in debt You know, I mean, I don't I don't run a multi-million dollar multi-billion dollar company either. So can't pretend like I know but I'm not upset about this guys. That's my point You know, we got so so many so much coming in the MCU via TV and film or the streaming service in film and I think this is going to be a part of it as well But guys that is just my opinion for this news of the Punisher and Jessica Jones being canceled What did you think?  Do you not care as much like I do? Let me know down in the comment section below Let's get this conversation going to keep it flowing. If you liked this video, go ahead and give me the thumbs up If you don't that's fine, but you can still subscribe to my channel. You can also look me up on social media It's right there at the bottom of the screen and before you go guys, don't forget and my name is brandy Keith Avery And that's just my opinion peace


We're now going to take a look at a method of analyzing the boundary layer that was first proposed by Theodore von Karman in 1921 and this technique is one that results in an approximation for characteristics or description of the boundary layer, mainly the growth rate as well as the skin friction coefficient. And the reason why we're going to spend time looking at it is because it uses the tools that we have developed thus far in this course, an introductory course in fluid mechanics, that being control volume analysis. So what von Karman did is he applied control volume analysis to studying the flat plate boundary layer and he was able to come up with some really quite remarkable results considering the approach that he took and the fact that it really was a very basic analysis and consequently what we'll be doing is looking at that. It's referred to as being von Karman's momentum integral theory. And during this period I didn't check but I would assume that he was a professor at Aachen having obtained his PhD from Ludwig Prantl. But what he was doing here was he was analyzing the flow over flat plate using boundary layer control volume analysis using the momentum equation. And there are more advanced methods that were developed by Prantl and a student of his, Blasius, and we will look at that in a later segment. However, we don't have the tools to analyze that. For that we require an integration of the Navier-Stokes equation and that's left for a more advanced course in fluid mechanics. So what we'll be doing is using the tools that we currently have and studying von Karman's approach to the boundary layer in his momentum integral theory approach. So we're going to begin by drawing out a schematic of the boundary layer and then we'll go through and we'll apply continuity, momentum, and then we'll simplify some of the relations. Okay, so here we have a schematic of the boundary layer as von Karman studied it. And one of the things that he did, and this is a bit of a trick when you're dealing with boundary layer analysis and control volumes, he defined the control volume as going from the plate, the lower plate, he had the inlet at one, but he used the outer streamline as being one of the boundaries of the control volume. And that simplified the analysis that he was performing. So what we're going to do, we're going to begin by looking at the continuity equation and then we'll move into momentum. So we'll take a look beginning with continuity. So it was a steady flow field that von Karman was studying and consequently that term disappears. And then for the mass flux, we're turning back to our schematic, there would be mass flux coming in here and then mass flux exiting at three. And given that he put the streamline being on the upper surface and the wall on the lower, there was no mass flux on either of those surfaces. There is an unknown here, however, and that is this height h, as well as the boundary layer thickness at a given location further downstream, which would be denoted x. And so those were two unknowns, we'll just carry those through the analysis and then try to find a relation for them as we work along. And so using the technique that we have been using throughout this course, whenever we look at mass flux, coming in through surface one, it would be a negative due to the arrangement between the velocity vector and the area vector for that surface. And then for the mass flux leaving through three on the right hand side, that would be a positive, but it is an integral from zero to delta. And delta, by the way, is the boundary layer thickness. And it was the velocity profile Udy. So he performed an integral there. And with this, what we can do is we can simplify it somewhat to begin with a number of the terms cancel. So rho is going to cancel and b, rho and b. And what we're left with then, and we can move this U not h to the left hand side of the equation. So we get that. And now what we're going to do, let's isolate for h. So we get this relationship here. And we're just going to box it and leave it for a moment. We will come back to that when we do analysis with the momentum equation, which is what we're going to do next. So the next step is taking a look at the momentum equation. So what we will be doing is considering the x direction of momentum. And to begin with, on the left hand side, we have some of the forces. And so if we look back at our schematic, the only force that is going to be acting on our control volume is going to be on this lower surface here along the wall. So it's basically the drag on the wall on our control volume.  So this is our plate. And this is the x direction. Now when fluid flows over a plate, there's going to be a drag on the plate in this direction. And that will be our drag force D. But if we look at our control volume, and I'm just going to write out an arbitrary control volume here, there would be an equal and opposite force on the control volume. So this is going to be the drag on the fluid. And consequently, this is going to be a minus D. So we begin by writing out the momentum equation in the x direction with the minus D on the left hand side. And another thing, the time rate of change term that disappears because, again, we're dealing with steady flow. And then what we have is the momentum flux in and out. And so momentum flux in is U naught. That's the velocity there. And then again, our mass flux term being careful of the sign. And momentum flux out, we have a velocity profile there. That's the little U. And the mass flux out term is a positive due to the sign of the area vector and the velocity vector leaving at surface three. And so we obtain that. And what I'll do is I will rearrange that a little bit. So we get this equation here. Hopefully it's not too messy with my zero. Maybe I should move that. I'll put it up there. And that delta is at the top of the integral. So it should be up here. Okay, now what we're going to do, if you recall when we looked at continuity, we came up with a relationship for H. And it was an integral. But what we're going to do, we're going to pull it in and put it into this equation now. Okay, so when we bring in H, what we see is that we have an integral for both of the terms that it looks similar. It's going from zero to delta. At least that's where it's similar. And so let's continue working this equation. Okay, so if we have a length L of plate, this would be the drag force. And it's left in terms of this integral of the velocity profile going from zero to delta. We don't know what delta is. We don't know what the velocity profile is. And consequently, we do have a number of unknowns. But what we're going to do, we're going to rewrite this equation. And I'm going to make a substitution here for this term. And we're going to rewrite this equation with the substitution that I will just show you in a moment. So I have rewritten the equation. And I have this new term here theta. This theta is referred to as being the momentum thickness. And this we will call equation one. And this is the definition of this new term theta that we call the momentum thickness. It's essentially a quantification of the thickness of the shear layer, although not exactly the thickness of the shear layer. But it does give us an indication of that. So what we can do, we have this one relationship for the drag on the plate. And the drag on the plate can also be expressed in terms of the shear stress. If we go way back and look at our schematic, we have the shear stress. And so what we're going to do, let's rewrite drag on the plate by integrating that shear stress function. Right now we don't know what it is, but we will write drag in terms of the shear stress. So we'll do that here. So we have that. I'll take the derivative with respect to x. So we get that. And I will call that equation two. And now what I'm going to do is I'm going to equate this equation, equation one, with this equation here, equation two. And we'll do that in the next slide. So what von Karman was able to build by doing this analysis with an expression for the wall shear stress. And he didn't know what theta was yet. Theta is equal to an unknown. And if you recall, theta is the momentum thickness. And in order to get that, he needed to have an expression for the velocity profile more normal to the wall. He doesn't have that either. But what we'll do will make some approximations in the next segment that enable us to work towards that. But this expression here for the wall shear stress provided he does have theta, and he can take the derivative of it with respect to position along the wall. So that's going along the wall in that direction. Remember y is in this direction. It's normal to the wall. He would then be able to get to the wall shear stress, which is a very important parameter to be able to determine because that gives us the skin friction coefficient, a lot of other things. Another comment that we should make is that we have made no assumptions about the flow field if it is laminar or turbulent. So this relationship is valid for either laminar or turbulent boundary layer flow. So it's a very useful relationship. And what we'll be doing in the next segment is we're going to be zooming in on an approximation that von Karman made for the velocity profile in a laminar boundary layer. Now he probably would have relied on experimentation and a coupling between the theory and the experiments in order to come up with this velocity profile. But you'll see the beauty of the technique. He was able to come up with some very important engineering parameters using very, very basic analysis techniques, things that we've learned in this course thus far. So we'll continue on in the next segment by looking at the velocity profile assumption that he made. And then after that we'll come back to this equation and calculate parameters. The parameters we'll calculate will be delta for the displacement thickness. And we will get tau wall, which that enables us to get the skin friction coefficient as a function of possession along the wall. So that's where we're going. We'll take a look at velocity profile in the next segment.