Thank you very much, Victor, and welcome, everyone, for our event, the World Banana Photo and TR4 Global Network webinar in TR4-Resistant Banana Varieties, Introduction, Development, and Evaluation. As you know, this event is a continuation of the today's webinar that we have in January, where we discuss the development of TR4-Resistant Banana Varieties. So, this event will be focused on different aspects, but also important when introducing, evaluating, and planting resistant banana varieties and for rain or jam or plasma. So, I would like to remind you to turn off your microphone when you're not speaking. I would also like to remind you that interpretation is available in the lower tab. You can select. We have English to Spanish. Also, I would like to thank you, the regional office of Latin America, the sub-regional office for Mesoamerica for providing support with the interpretation. It is very much appreciated. Thank you, Raesha and Ster. The meeting is being recorded and the recordings will be available in the website of the TR4 Global Network. Also, the reports. And I would like to remind you to raise your hand so we can give you the word and to ask your questions in the Q&A tab. Also, you can see the Q&A or in the chat box that the panelists will then reply during the questions and answer session. With that, I would like to pass the floor to provide the opening remarks to Mr. Victor Prada, who is the General Secretary of the World Banana Forum Secretariat. Victor, please, you have the screen. Yes, thank you, Mateos. And thank you very much for the accuracy. Let's go straight to business because today we have a very interesting webinar ahead. So, again, welcome to this third webinar of the TR4 Global Network, which will cover, as Mateos mentioned, important thematic areas such as vialities, again, the continuation of the webinar mentioned before by Mateos, and protocols for movement of germ-class and ablation of vialities. Then the World Banana Forum, as you all know, is a permanent platform of assembly where the main stakeholders of the global banana supply chain work together to achieve consensus on best practices for sustainable production, especially, this is the case in TR4, and TRIC. As you all know, the World Banana Forum is represented by all the constituencies of the industry, meaning it brings together governments, retailers, importers, producers, exporters, consumer associations, straight unions, civil society, research institutions, etc. So, as you all know, the World Banana Forum operates with three main working groups, according to three pillars of sustainability, working group one deals with production, working group two, economic sustainability, working group three, social sustainability. And a lot of them have their own task forces, such as the one on TR4. Back in 2013, after the outbreak in Africa, in Mozambique, we created a TR4 task force with World Banana Forum members. We've been working with task force since. And then before the outbreak in Colombia, we decided that it was necessary to support the coordination and communication of different entities on how to tackle, how to work together against the spread of the fungus, the spread of the disease. And that's why in 2020, finally, we launched the TR4 Global Network on TR4. I'm acknowledging what I've mentioned, the need to invite far-reaching support from all interested parties in the process of, you know, tackling this situation, this fungus. So, the TR4 Global Network is now a leading platform for exchange and collaboration that plays the role of a coordination and knowledge hub for awareness and prevention on the spread of the fungus. And it supports project proposals as the one we did for the international context that can be customized for regional or national contests. We also have different activities. We enable partnerships between different actors under the FAO umbrella as a neutral convener. We develop and disseminate tools, information, capacity development materials and other resources that may contribute to generating awareness and knowledge to contain the fungus. So, the initiative is essential due to the vital importance of banana production to food security, as you know, and poverty reduction. Webana Forum was created because bananas are producing more than 135 countries. It's a staple crop for many countries and it's a source of food security for more than 400 million people. Of course, as well as an important source of income for many developing countries or emerging nations. So, I've mentioned what the TR4 Global Network is. We are pleased to inform you that we have more than 3,000 stakeholders directly working against TR4. Meaning we are materializing what is supposed to be our mandate to have this capacity to communicate and share information. And we will know that TR4 is a concern that is impossible to eliminate and it's very expensive. We've been working on different project proposals. Controlling the spread of the disease is expensive. That's why also our platform, as we deal not only with aspects on production, we also work on economic aspects such as cost of production. We manage to enable coordination between different working groups, working group 2 on economic sustainability, working group 1, because we also need to understand how much it is and how we can convince other retailers, sorry, other actors such as retailers. We need to inform them that cost of production increase because we are supposed to tackle the spread of the disease. Therefore, that's supposed to be translated into better prices for producers. Those are the type of discussions that we can facilitate or enable in the World Banner Forum umbrella. So I think I've allocated already four minutes, five minutes to this welcome. Again, thank you very much for your participation. Welcome again to this new session of the TR4 Global Network. And with that, I'd like to pass the floor and pass the screen to my colleague, Mateus, to read the agenda. And then I will continue with the moderation. Mateus, the screen is yours. Thank you. Thank you very much, Victor. As you see, we have a distinguished panel of panelists today. We will start with the presentation of Mrs. Shoba Sivanskar from the International Atomic Energy Agency. She will present the current efforts at the joint FAO IEAI Center for Combating Fusarin Wheel TR4. Then we're going to have a presentation from Dr. Lee Guanjun from the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences where he will present the research advancements on the developments of TR4 and long shelf life banana varieties. Then we will have a presentation from Embrapa, Dr. Edson Amori. He will present the development and evaluation of banana varieties with resistance to fusarin wheeled. After that, we will have a question and answer session where you can type your answers to the panelists. After that, we will have a presentation from Mrs. Raishel Auger about the FAO support to Latin American countries on the prevention contingency of FOC TR4, following by a presentation of the International Plant Protection Convention. Mrs. Sara Brunel and Mr. Camilo Beltran will present the IPPC guidelines on TR4 prevention and preparedness, following by a presentation of Mrs. Nancy Villegas from OIRSA about the reference protocol of OIRSA for the safe introduction of Mosassia germplasm. After that, we're going to have a presentation from Mrs. Monica Betancourt on the safe introduction of TR4 resistant materials in Colombia. The last session, after that, will be from Australian researchers and workers. We're going to have a presentation from Jeff Daniels from the Queensland Department of Agriculture on resistance banana trials in Australia, followed by a presentation of Dr. Shower Mintoff on the field screening for resistance of FOC TR4. So, with that, I would like to give the floor back to you, Victor. And you have the screen. Thank you. Yes. Thank you very much, Mateos. As he mentioned, we are pleased today to have with us Dr. Shower Chivan-Sankar. She has over 25 years experience in the fields of international agricultural development and sheet biotechnology industry. She has managed over 100 published patents and she is the head of plant building and genetics of the joint FAO International Atomic Energy Agency and the Center of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture of the United Nations. You know, this is a joint venture of both institutions and she will present today the scientific efforts of the joint center in fighting pulsarion with tropical rays forward. So, I am pleased to pass the floor to Shower. So, you have the screen. Thank you. Thank you so much, Victor. And thank you, Victor, the world banana from Mateos for the invitation to present at today's session. So, as Victor introduced, I am part of the joint FAO, IAEA Center, which is in Vienna, Austria. And we have a facility in Vienna as well as a laboratory facility just outside of Vienna in Cyberstaff. Today I will talk about our work within the plant breeding and genetics sub-program that I lead within the joint FAO, IAEA Center and I'll be speaking about the efforts to combat banana fucerium growth at the center. Next slide, please. So, the work that we do at plant breeding and genetics at the joint of the IAEA Center is demand-driven research innovations and applications to develop improved climate change adapted proper properties for food and nutrition security and for reduced poverty using nuclear and related bi-technologies. The technologies that we use are induced genetic variation using physical radiation or other means, chemical mutagenesis as well, genomics and genetics, precision phenotyping and selection for all the traits that member states demand of us, speed breeding technologies such as doubled haploidy, marker-assisted breeding and then we also support seed systems for farmers access to new varieties. We deliver our work through coordinated research projects, which are actually fundamental research R&D projects that happen across a coordinated group from various advanced research institutions across the globe and part of the research is implemented in our own laboratory outside Vienna. And then the other type of projects is technical cooperation projects which is actually application of the technology to the field and which involves tremendous amount of capacity building. Next slide, please. I won't go in detail through this but the different steps in developing a variety is presented here. So we use different types of mutagen sources on the first panel gamma ray electron beam and now we are also testing or at least studying feasibility of irradiating using cosmic rays in the International Space Station through NASA and then the plant species that we address avoid food, feed and cash crops which can be seed propagated and vegetative crops. And this is based upon demand from the member state as to what crop is of the highest priority to them at any particular time point and also what rate is important to them. And then the second panel shows the different types of precision phenomics and selection technologies that we help them with. And then on the third panel we use functional genomics and speed breeding including establishing genetic associations, molecular markers, use of candidate genes and developing tools for gene editing basically for functional validation of mutations. And on the last panel is farmer adoption and we also have a mutant variety database that secures voluntarily contributed records from member states. Next slide, please. This database at present holds more than 3400 voluntarily contributed records of mutant varieties released across 72 countries and 238 species. The majority of which are from Asia, followed by Europe and then North America and Africa and Latin America are just coming along. And these varieties are cultivated widely in mostly in Asia Pacific and in other regions as well. But the systems, the seed systems are not as rigorous in some of the places which we are trying to support. Next slide, please. A few recent success stories just depressing the type of work that we do on the top is the boosting of tea plant diversity using single cell regeneration and mutagenesis, the technology that we are just trying to develop at this point. We have had success with the development of mutant varieties of mutant lines of ginger resistant to soft rot. And then another recent success is cotton heat tolerant cotton varieties released in Pakistan and these cover more than 40% of the total cotton grown in the country. Next slide, please. Now talking about a fusarium built in banana, we have had a long history of researching on banana, tissue culture of banana and also using mutation reading induced genetic variation to facilitate selection for a wide variety of traits. Most recently in 2017, we started a fundamental research project to be addressing two different traits. One is coffee rust and the other one was banana fusarium built and I'll talk more about those, the results from the projects. And at the same time, when most recently in Peru, the disease was reported in 2021 April, we were approached by the Indian community, the secretary of the Indian community, the minister, the foreign minister from Ecuador presented a request to the DG of IAEA to provide emergency support to address TR4. And within a month, we were developing a project and implementing activities to be addressing, to be identifying immediate needs and addressing the immediate request from member states of the Indian community. And then the project grew bigger. This is the INT 5158 project, which now includes 13 countries and this just started in 2022. So alongside of that, there are some national. So the project INT 5158 is conceived as an inter-regional project, but right now focusing in Latin America. And as it starts and it's for a five year duration, there are two national projects that started this year as well, one in Ecuador and one in Venezuela. And then there is a new CRP that is planned to be launched next year, which is in preparation this year. And this is again a fundamental R&D project that is looking at genetic variation. For the first time, we are looking at TR4 in a broad perspective from within the context of the joint FAO IAEA centers research. And we are looking into providing capacity building and also conducting research on early detection, development of new resistant varieties and on integrated management of the disease. Next slide, please. Just to give a very brief intro to induced genetic variation. This is the same as in seed crops, but just a little bit different in the sense that we use explants and tissue culture. First, we multiply them in large quantities and then induce mutations and then regenerate multiple rounds and then start screening for any trait of interest. And in this case, it has resistance to TR4. And our efforts have identified mutant lines with disease resistance within our laboratory outside BNL and also within the coordinated research project that started earlier. Next slide, please. And this is just a brief example, brief pictures to show the tissue culture micro propagation that is happening in the lab and then the radio sensitivity that we apply to the tissue culture material to identify the most optimal dose that does not cause two deleterious agronomic effects and that still allows us to screen for traits of importance. And we use the most optimal dose and then go for selection of the trait of importance. And for that, we develop the screen process in-house and these screens are adapted or developed in-house. And usually the fundamental research that we do in coordinated research projects together with advanced research institutes across the globe allow us to develop many of these techniques that we then make available to member states through protocol books. Next slide, please. And so this on the left side panel picture is a screening for resistance under controlled greenhouse conditions. That is a picture from the laboratory. And then on the right side is a picture that the president leader of the coordinated research project took when they were having the last project coordination meeting in Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences together with Professor Ganjugin who was part of that CRP and it shows the field grown material that's very developed from cell culture material mutagenized with EMS. And I'm looking forward to hear more from Professor Yee and later during this session. Next slide, please. Currently we also have a separate project that I did not mention. This is through a project that is funded by the Belgium government and we are looking at we're supporting a PhD programs in Tanzania and Uganda together with scientists there including Arthas Wilhouin who you would know and here we are looking for looking to identify mutants of the Machare variety and also looking at the genetic information that is underlying any level of resistance that we see in mutant lines. This is just a representation of earlier work. The current work is really identified more mutant lines and we are looking at the genetic basis of the mutation the molecular basis of the mutation currently. Next slide, please. On the capacity building front we do a lot of courses through the technical cooperation projects that I mentioned at the very beginning. I talked about two different mechanisms which is the coordinated research project which is what we were just talking about in the previous two slides and now we're talking about the technical cooperation project with capacity building and both human capacity building and infrastructure capacity and this is an example of a recent course that was offered this year in February to be looking at tissue culture a mutation induction and most importantly to be looking at disease resistance screening at the cyber staff laboratory outside Vienna, the plant reading and genetics laboratory in the joint center and the course was offered by us together with Miguel Ditta who you all would know and also several members several colleagues from the Latin American community. The course is to be followed soon with a course on disease detection and we are still finalizing the details of that and other capacity building in terms of procurements and scientific visits et cetera are in the works for this year. This inter-regional project that I mentioned earlier on that started in January 2022 but got into design last August is now really gaining momentum and is being implemented at a very fast pace. Next slide please. So the capacity building as I mentioned just now we're looking for procurement through this particular inter-regional TC project for disease detection and surveillance and PCR equipment and other consumables and disinfection materials were already included in procurements during the last year right after the request from the Andean community and now we continue it through the current TC project and alongside of that we are, we need to be urgently starting in multiple countries participating in that project breeding and genetic resistance studies and then we're also supporting communication materials and others. In March we held a meeting as well as a global research symposium at which the World Banana Forum and Victor and Matthews as well as several colleagues here participated and talked about and that was in association during that same week of the launch of the inter-regional project for the first time in Kitto and now we're just getting up and wrapping up and really starting to deliver on that. With that, I think that's my last slide. Thank you very much and this is just a representation of the laboratories that we have inside the staff. Thank you very much and I'll be happy to take questions provided that Victor and Matthews think that there is time otherwise I'll wait in line later. I think we have some time of questions are supposed to be addressed also using the questions and answers section but I have a question for you Sova thank you very much for the excellent presentation and brief because you do many other activities this is only just a small piece of the work you are doing but I wanted to know do you have any information on the organoleptic conditions or priorities for example there is one set J4 that you presented you've been working with Dr. Jan Yuji in China do you have any results on those plans? Yeah So those are the plans that we saw in the picture during that very last research coordination meeting I think that was in 2019 and 2020 and I also understand from Professor Yi earlier on that it is under mass multiplication and a distribution to farmers and I'm actually looking forward to hear from him and not just thank you for raising that question so that was variety that was actually in multiplication for distribution to farmers at the same time for other countries and institutions that participated in that project also had Newton lines that had putative shown putative resistance and we are following up on that as well and this new project that was launched next year will bring the continuity of those projects in house Absolutely I am also really looking forward to see the activities that will be implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean and see how we can cooperate in the future on that Okay I think that at this stage we will have more questions I don't know if Mateo has any questions otherwise maybe we can continue Dr. Yi So everybody Thank you very much Yes, Dr. Yi One second please Yes, one moment Dr. Yi Mateo please do you have any questions I had one question a quick question to Dr. Shoba Thank you very much for the very interesting presentation I would like to ask among the different types of mutagenesis techniques which one you consider that is more suitable to provide resistance to FOC-TR4 and which one you had better results Easier Have you been able to use both gamma rays and X-rays inside, in here and Dr. Yi I believe used EMS mutagenesis and the other community other groups actually used gamma ray radiation as well so you just tone down the radiation doses to the levels that can be acceptable to the tissue culture material you would use a much higher dose for seed material but this can be much lower so wherever a facility is available as an X-ray facility or a gamma ray facility you can use we do not promote them chemical mutagenesis just because of the chemical nature and the use of it in developing countries but that also gives really good results Thank you very much Thank you very much Please Mateus if we can continue I think it's other questions Mateus Are we done with this section? Are we done with this section? No, no questions Okay Good Then Thanks again for the presentations Then we can continue with Dr. Yi is the Vice President of the Long Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Wansu China and he's working in the National Banana Breeding Centre He has extensive experience in the genetic research of bananas including genetic transformation gene editing and breeding techniques He will present his research on the development of TIA4 resistant biologists Dr. Yi, please the screen is yours Dr. Victor, thank you very much Thank you very much for your affection and the commitment to join this important meeting I want to give the presentation The Parties of Research of the Wild System on the development of TIA4 resistant and longer shaped by banana varieties Yes, I come from China from the National Banana Breeding Centre and also the Key Lab on TROPTO and the sub-TROPTO to Stabilization This is the Bando Academy of Agricultural Sciences Next week So, as for the banana in China we we find earlier is about about 400,000 hectares and in Guangdong, Guangxi, Winna, Hena and Fujifilm this process is located in China and this year is about 10 million tons per year almost 90% of the cultural heritage Dr. Yi I'm sorry to interrupt you one second Interpretation colleagues are asking whether it is possible for you to use perhaps a microphone do you have a headset that you could use because the problem if you are too far from the computer it creates an echo that makes the interpretation complicated and I'm afraid that we have many participants who speak Spanish so it will be interesting for everybody if you could kindly or maybe closer to the computer Good Thank you Please continue Let's try Thank you So the banana in China the plant area is 400,000 hectares located in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hena and Fujifilm provinces so the yield is about 2 million tons most of the cultural is Cavendish next piece So you know, Susana Realty is also very very seriously in China you know the first case was found in Taiwan in 1989 and then the first case in May China is in 1996 in Guangdong province this is very near to our academy and then this disease transferred to Guangxi province and then for Hena so almost all of the banana plant area is infected by the Hena Realty so this is very serious now and I don't know why so from 1998 to 2020 the infected area increased very quickly next piece next piece this is in Hina in the highland mountain high mountain high sea level mountain this is traditional banana plant area just because of the salivary effect so a lot of cheese to keep so this is a very high infected range so I want to introduce resistance where it is breathing so we use with genesis with a magical pie we use N3 EMS and then we also use organic colors and then we breathe the new culture this is a process after we get some new seedlings we plant in the greenhouse and then we use very very heavy fun guys put this seedlings and then we select some survival seedlings and then we plant them in the field and then we select some healthy seedlings and then we propagate it next piece and so this is a part of the selection from a variation from the Bashi this is the individual COI 16 infection this carnival this is a moderate resistance of tropical this bunch is very good and the finger shape is also very good and the quality test and also with many parts the TAS content is 22% TA is 0 to 8% SS is 18. 66% so this carnival in China we have a plant almost almost 20 hectares and next piece ok so this is in the very high infected area this is in Dongguai very near to our academy we can look this place this is a this is the first year this is a local one and we call it Bashi this is a AAPA and it is the first year infected very seriously and the second year you will look almost 60% to 80% and then ZG4 is still can survive up to 95% so this is a ZG4 has a very good resistance to capital S4 next piece so yes if you look here the production cycle is almost 360 to 380 days this is almost the same as Bashi this is a main cultural in China and the plant height is almost the same the vine to weight is little bit lower the per hectare yield is almost little bit lower and the number of pines per bunch is 6 to 8 the same as Bashi and the number of fingers per bunch is 142 and the fungal weight is 176 round and the growth length is 2314 so the color is ivory and also natural growth but yellow also very sweet and the infection area until today is almost the 10 years past the area the plant area still the infection infected rate is still lower than almost 5% so compare the CK up to 50% to 8% so this is a good cultural and also I should mention here that in China there is as a scientist still needs some good cultural is ready you also have high results to typical as poor so now in China we don't think the Sonowheel Noise serious problem because we know why the resistant culture now and also we find the cultivation technology is also very important if you use GFP and price resistant cultural we find we can solve the problem next piece so we also develop some very good screening technology this is actually by this is we call it rapid reading of from resistance to Sonowheel in by the same so far there is two types of early bios away for spring new size general types against and a green house and or you watch by the same so this is very good technology so next piece this is for step one we use the 4 suspensions with the field water is out of the 100,000 current yield in milliliters and then put the field paper and each plant is correlated by pricing one disk of the MIS medium so we plant the seedling here and then we can find the sixth score for the standard of reading so one is no discoloration of the prosodostin and the second two a score two is half of the head of the prosodostin discolored and this is more than half and score four is 50% and five is 50% of the leaves whitey or yellow and six is the foil planted in the witty so this is very good technology and then next piece so we use this to decorate the level of resistance so for sunny wheels next piece so actually we joined the CIP just a small part just a little bit earlier we write chapter three by Mr. Wu and me we call this screen of planar genotide for sunny wheels for resistance so you look here this is a category we call it base is Cavendish bonar this is number nine number eight actually this is from a seller from Taiwan and this is modulator resistance category this is the field evaluation and the green house biosei and also our technology in which biosei you look is almost can get the same result you look here this is Vashi's higher susceptible and number nine hard resistance even in green house is resistant is in which biosei is also higher resistance so this technology is very useful for the early selection of our breathing and also this is Dongguan Saizhe we call this plan 10 very hard resistance and in Weichou is also high resistance okay next place so not only we use the conventional breathing recently we do some very interesting research work is record first introduced genus Alice of chocolate ERG-1 is 11 genes with super resistant for saline wheels of banana so this paper was published in PBGA so we chrome from genes from the genus Alice and then the genes actually from the fungi and then we introduce genes to the bananas and then we find we can get very high resistance banana so not because this one is we use two materials one is Cavendish banana Vashi is with a resistant rate as an effect the effect rate is almost 20% it allows 20% and also because these genes also exist in Tropical Resone and then we change these genes to Gloss Michel and here the Gloss Michel is also higher resistant to Tropical Resone so this is a very interesting work even the history the main team have been with fungi from from Resone to Resone for more than 100 years and then we use this high gas technology we can we can get resistant very comfortable from Gloss Michel so now for the econometrics the plant, the head, the finger it's the same as Gloss Michel so in the last 3 years we find this very good but actually this is transgenic so we still need permission from the government not only for the resistance but recently we have some very useful work, research work on the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome action of CO1 this is promoted the share fly for banana Gloss we added the CO1 gene and you know this is a CK, this is a Cavendish banana you look here in 22 degree condition the share fly is in the run temperature 22 degree the CK in 21 days and after gene attitude we can get the share fly for the banana up to 80 days you know this is in long temperature in 22 degree so if you look this we use S-Lens and then we ask for treatment you can find banana R-Lens normally and almost the same as CK so and we find this is because the gene attitude a client you know this S-Lens it's declined almost you know in 21 days it's natural R-Lens the CK look here is the S-Lens are very high but for the editor plan to look here it's almost 20 days or 70 days in the same level so reduce almost 70, 90% of the S-Lens you know this is very useful technology we also published in the KBG everyone somebody if you are interested you can download the paper so I've just introduced our research work including the conversational breathing and genetic breathing and also some for the longer shelf life banana breathing so we our project was supported by the National Science Foundation and also the national key program of banana program of China so thank you very much thank you very much Dr. Ji I appreciate it I think we can rescue quick the first question formulated in the questions national section Dr. Ji Ganyun I'm going to read the question there is the possibility that the mobilization of tolerant plans tolerant means not resistant only tolerant as the one that you mentioned is there a possibility that there is a latent infection of may serve as a pathway to spread the pathogen do you understand the question maybe I can formulate it in another way do you think that if we mobilize a plan which is tolerant but not resistant therefore has the fungus if we take that plan to an area where there is no T.O.4 do you think that the pathogen can spread because there is T.O.4 in that tolerant viarity you mean if this is flying with the tolerance tolerance flying you just ask me the fungus can develop or not yes well this is a recurrent question that the scientists are formulating now if you move a plant that is tolerant but infected with T.O.4 and you put it in a plantation where there is no fungus that will spread the fungus that plant is tolerant but maybe that field it is not so either you plant everything with a new T.O.4 or that is the question ok but in China most of the farmers we plant T.C. cultural plant so almost nobody use sucker so this is not a problem and in China all the banana plant area is infected by the fungus everywhere so this is a very serious problem if you know even the farmers almost you know they find 2 or 3 years and then we move to another place to find the plant ok good ok Dr. Jigen June thank you very much for your presentation today there will be more questions in the questions and answers section that you can reply if you consider appropriate writing your reply and again thank you very much for your participation in our webinar today then we are a bit thank you we are a bit behind schedule so I would like now to present our next panelist Dr. Edson Perito Amorim is a researcher in the Brazilian agricultural research cooperation in Brapa and has extensive experience in genetic improvement biotechnology quantitative genetics molecular markers biostatics and biometrics the focus of his work is to develop technological solutions to meet the demand of bananas and plantain producers especially cultivators with resistance to pests and diseases with emphasis on of course Hussarion will raise 1 he will present the development and evaluation of banana biarities with resistance to fusanin wet Dr. your screen is yours thank you you can speak both English and Spanish as you consider thank you Victor do you hear me you can hear your sound and clear there's a little bit of echo that might disturb our interpreters but I think it should be fine it's okay see you in my presentation yes we can see you are we okay sounds good yes good morning good afternoon good evening for everyone around the world I would like to thank the world banana forum for the invitation my name is Edson Amorim I am the leader for the banana genetic improvement program at in Brapa in Brazil and today I'm going to talk about our strategy for developing cultivators thanks to fusanin wet so fusanin specifically race 1 is the main disease in banana in Brazil and it is present in the main production areas major cultivars are susceptible including Prata as a AAB genome and silk types normally Brazil produce around 7 million tons of banana per year on the 4 or 500 thousand hectares for production in this context the development of cultivars thanks to foc is a strategy to control of these disease our breeding program is based on the crossbreeding carry out every day we have produced more than 700,000 seeds in the last 46 years and we have released more than 10 hybrids all residents to decide on race 1 and many also residents to Black Sigatoka or nematops for instance India's picture here is the princessa as a silk type hybrid resistant to fusanin 1 remember the silk the original silk is completely susceptible for this disease this hybrid which is replacing the original silk in Brazil and this hybrid has been evaluated in Africa by the I88 with excellent results and will be evaluated by Corbana in Costa Rica and Algura in Colombia for export soon and Brapa has a very efficient protocols for evaluation new hybrids in the field and in the green house we have one of fusanin infested area where we evaluate the internal and external symptoms of disease the silk good var is used as a control around the new hybrids and the scale is used to classify the genotype as that residents are susceptible in a green house we evaluate the new hybrid from immaculation with an Focke isolate classify as susceptible race for the good var silk is used as a control and the evaluation is complete in 90 days using a great scale developed by a brapa so we compare the field and the green house results and identify the high correlation confirm the efficiency of the protocol using at the brapa at this moment this probably and the only work that compares field condition brapa use a 6 strategy to develop new hybrids are you present then and some results from the last 2 years remember we have more than 45 years of banana with zersion out there in Brazil the first strategy is to develop an improving diploid for using in the process improving diploids as a key of the success from the banana breeding our residential development improving diploids by brapa are resistant to design of bridge 1 some are resistant to black seagull top, nematons, weevil have a tolerance to allow temperature and water density for instance in this table we have our new improving diploids all are fork resistant race 1 resistant some are also resistant to fork tier 4 in this case this information by a snip marker in addition to fork resistant some diploids are resistant to black seagull top have a more than 100 feet per bunch we have a low height those diploids are at this moment in Colombia for tests to fork tier 4 in collaboration on the agro-savia the second strategy as the main important is the using by improving diploids in process from the commercial put wires to develop new hybrids in this in slide we have some new hybrids developed by in Rapa we develop basically Prata and silk hybrids and most recently the development of Cavendish types is carry out to international collaboration or international partnership the first is partnership is that and in Rapa we have a project to develop Cavendish type hybrids and first crossing we will start in July of this year and this project have 5 years we started in 2020 in October 2020 and we finishing in 2025 and the second project is in collaboration of agro-savia and Algura in Colombia and the main purpose is to develop a Cavendish type hybrids resistance to tier 4 and as soon as possible resistance to black silk and this project is starting in December of the 2021 and the third strategy used by Rapa is Chromosome W using Cochi sign you have a spiral auto-tetropoleins developed from the different white diploids including Cavendish relatives in this photo we have some auto-tetropoleins in agronomic evaluation at this moment and the experimental station here in Brazil and also auto-tetropoleins in crosses with improving diploids aiming to develop new hybrids and finally new triploids hybrids as you already know AAA and the field evaluation at this moment here in Brazil the in vitro somal canal variation is the first strategy used by Rapa and at this moment we have 11 Cavendish and 6 Prata somal clones resistance to sub-tropical race 4 those somal clones will be evaluated in Colombia in collaboration from agro-savia or resistance to tier 4 soon are we planning to send the problem in this year with these somal clones to Colombia and to start the evaluation start the next year probably and the induction of the mutants by radiation is the fifth strategy used by Rapa in collaboration with the International Agents of Atomic Energy the first Cavendish plants will be in radiation in July of this year in atomic energy center for agriculture at the University of Sao Paulo Prata, Williams and Vale will be radiative the main objective of course is to develop mutants resistance to tier 4 and the sixth strategy used by Rapa is the genetic addition starting in 2020 we are using James associated with our resistance to design on race 1 identified by Rapa and some genes from tier 4 they could be used in this case is that Prata time because is the most important banana type for Brazilian agriculture so and are you present of course in an overview about of Rapa's banana genetic improving breeding I would like to take for your attention and if you have any question I am ready to respond. Thank you so much for your attention. Perfect, Dr. Edson thank you very much for your participation for your presentation it's been a that was an excellent brief on the activities you are doing in Rapa I am full of the time I guess that maybe perhaps reply to questions in the QA section and if you don't mind we will continue with the with our next panelist then we will start the new section with Raisa Jauger Raisa Jauger is an agricultural officer on tropical fruits in the soup regional office for Mesoamerica based in Panama she coordinates the regional initiative sustainable and resilient agriculture and is the regional focal point for the subjects to agricultural health and food safety. Prior to FAO she worked as a researcher at the research institute in tropical fruit growing in the Ministry of Agriculture in Cuba for 23 for 23 years in research related to agronomic management and diagnosis of diseases that affect trees of which she was the general director until 2014 Raisa, dear, the screen is yours go ahead Good morning to all of you Thank you very much Victor and Mateos to all of you at the World Barana Forum for this invitation to share the effort we are doing for Latin and Caribbean the efforts that are not only from our FAO office World Barana Forum the IPF also the efforts of international organizations of the ORPF of the ONPF of the private sector academy so if you want to win time we are a little late with the agenda and we have 10 minutes of presentation next Mateos we have developed an agenda as I mentioned with broad participation of all national teams of the countries as well as with the private sector and for its part all of this is aligned to the new framework of the FAO strategic program and in this sense in the issues of health and vegetables and specifically for the management of the FAO initiative we have been working and advancing in the issues of management of risk we have also been working on all the issues for prevention strongly in the strengthening of capacities in our region next Mateos so well we have carried out a group of actions in this case also in close connection with the ORPF and the ONPF with the participation of different actors both in the public sector and in the private sector making emphasis on the simulation for the prevention of the FAO in the different countries of the region both in Mesoamerica as well as in the south as well as in the Caribbean so with this effort carried out the simulacrums obviously have allowed the strengthening of the capacity in the issues of vigilance, epidemiology and the management of the disease and also make emphasis all the key actors in the chain of the musasias and in this way articulated and coordinated all the institutions at the level of the country next in Mesoamerica we also work we currently have a sub-regional project in articulation with the ORPF and the CAC and we also and we have a new project for the sub-region of Mesoamerica with this we have had the results of the previous project in making the action plan for prevention, detection and response to the marchitez porfusario in the Raza 4 tropical and currently we are working with the new sub-regional project in the issues linked to the management of risk for marchitez porfusario in its Raza 4 tropical and also with the ORSA with the letter we have signed and we have a letter with the ORSA that we are working on issues linked to the innovations and a platform for the issues directly with the prevention of the disease linked to the articulation for the climate variables and other important elements next in the region we work with the countries in the national action plans currently we also have a project for the Dina community that in this case we work for Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador basically strengthening everything that is the capacities and also reviewing and updating national action plans in the different main areas that have these national action plans in the same way we also with this project of the Dina community we are also reviewing some issues of strengthening capacity for the region in these four countries next national action plans with the team that we have in our SLM office composed by the authors of Lidia Peralta and Dr. Jaime Cárdena we are working directly with our countries reviewing all the issues of biosecurity vigilance all the references to the institutional capacity the answers to the disease linked to the communication of risk and in this way to make suggestions updates and articulations with the countries that provide support to be able to improve or update depending on the moment and the situation in which the country is these national action plans and also strengthening also strengthening everything linked to the management of risk next so on the other side we find and hope that by the end of the year we can do the launch we are working on a course about good practices for the management of health risks with our group of RLC that we hope it will be its launch in October of this year and it is one of the big goals that we have I think in health is a challenge this course that we are doing together also with other actors at the level of Latin America and in a way we continue with everything linked to the workshops and health benefits next we are going to have in combination with the OIRSA and the CECA linked to the vigilance and another workshop with the management of risk obviously with the experts of our region of the countries of our region and with the participation of our ORPF next on the other side and a little bringing to the coalition the topic that we are currently dealing with in this webinar in the issue of strengthening for example with Ecuador a session of technical exchange with the participation of the Ministry of Agriculture and the CECA and also linked with everything that is related with the issue of resistant varieties and how to give a response for this threat of FOC-R4T next in strengthening of capacities also of course this is a joint effort throughout our region of Latin America and Caribbean and I would like to always highlight the effort of all our experts at the level of the region and of the institutions of the academic sector of the private sector to carry out all these workshops this webinar which is finally what we do today of the countries of course that have the presence of the disease and also of the remaining countries in terms of the preparation of diagnostic epidemiology and also of course the investigations that today carry out our scientific institutions at the level of Latin America and Caribbean next then we continue of the indigenous community for the four countries of the indigenous community strengthening capacities on the issue of biosecurity with the delivery of kits or reactive for the diagnostic in our countries and also kit of biosecurity for small producers one of the fundamental axes that we have at the level of Latin America and Caribbean FAO in articulation with the remaining institutions is to strengthen all the work at the level of our small producers then well they all have online already in fact recently we made some small exchanges with the strategy and the regional action plan that was made for FAO it was a very participative process with good articulation between the public and private sector and what corresponds to now is and they are going to make the following steps is to continue to improve the articulations in our region on the issues that we are going to address to be able to give complement to this strategy and this regional action plan both at the level of our countries also as well as the actions that we do the international organizations next already as we have commented on other scenarios and already in the culmination phase obviously working in exchange with all our countries we are culminating the project for the DINA community directly linked in prevention and control of the use of machetes for our countries Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Colombia these projects as we always say although it is a project for the DINA community all these actions that we have been developing can also be articulated with other countries of the region especially in the actions that we do at the level of strengthening of capacities in our countries next we continue with a very a main issue that we work all linked to the management and communication of the risk is still making articles communicating all the actions at the level of Latin America and Caribbean with the theme of FoxR43 and obviously is also available at the level of our website the different channels that have for communication different videos that today are generated for FoxR4D next now to culminate a small reflection that we want to do and because we have come to discuss in different scenarios with our countries all the importance that it has the income to our countries of vegetal material and of course the protocols that are still at the level of the young people and the young people for the income of these materials and we thank you very much also to Foro Mundial Bananero that has been putting an important focus a priority example and as we have seen in these webinars all the investigations that today you have the projects with which you also work from other institutions and all this finally what it will bring is to be able to get more and more income safe in our region of all these materials which has a great importance from the point of view of 40 and we would also avoid the entry of other flags that are of importance for our region that is, it is about continuing working in a all this topic of what is the importation of vegetal materials of this way, as we always say FOC-R4T one of our most important challenges that we have in the phytosanitary agenda at the level of Latin America and Caribbean so we must continue to carry out these strategic alliances between the different scientific institutions not only of Latin America and if not at a global level and everything related to the genetic improvement in terms of the musances with a very important participation of the scientific institutions in our region of Latin America and Caribbean and well to gain time and space with the agenda also as we always say and three weeks ago we made a meeting with some institutions and international organizations of our region the important thing is to achieve a better coordination and integration to be able to articulate in a way more efficient the resources that we have available that are not available all the resources we would like but if we articulate and coordinate our efforts would be much better to the countries of our region and of course also to strengthen the capacities for our countries of the region is one of the major priority and to be able to reach our small producers with all this challenging task that we have at the level of Latin America for some countries the contents for other countries continue to manage in the best way FOC-R4T Thank you very much Victor and Matias for the invitation and sharing this space with the World Bananero Forum and well, as I always say we are a great team with all the actions in our region of Latin America dear Raisa thank you very much as it is usual for your eloquence and excellent presentation in addition to the innumerable number of activities that you develop in the region that are in benefit of so many producers thank you very much now there are no questions and considering the time available the next team also of FOC-R4T and if there are questions we will answer them at the end and I will pass on the English now for the interpretation so the next panelist is let me change the language the next panelist is Sara Brunel she has 20 years of progressive national, regional and global experience and she has a great role in the environmental protection best and the SIS control policies and legislation implementation of the standards for future sanitary measures as well as environmental protection and capacity development she is currently the acting officer in charge for implementation facilitation unit activities such as staffing budgeting and resource mobilization facilitation and capacity development activities including coordination of the IC development of guides and training materials management of projects improvement of the PCE addressing emergency pass and implementation of all projects in the IPPC international plan protection convention secretariat together with Sara we have today also the Tran Montoya he is an engineer in agriculture and holds a master's degree in plan protection before joining the IPPC secretariat he worked at the regional level for the Andean regional fitters sanitary agency mainly performing activities of the super regional trade best of regional concern and regional laws for registering the agricultural use of chemical pesticides he also worked at the national level for the Colombian national fitters sanitary agency specifically in aspect related to updating the list of pests and the official certification of the fitters sanitary status so that being said I would like to place the floor to Sara thank you very much Victor for the invitation and Mateus we are very happy to be with you and now I will continue in English so next slide please so here is the outline we will be sharing with you we are mindful of time very brief background on the impact of pests what we are dealing with in terms of plant products and regulated articles what is the IPPC then working with ISPMs and the concrete activities we are undertaking on phasorium tropical race 4 and this will be a two voices presentation with Camilo next slide please so well you will know that we are in the globalized world there is an increase of movement of good people there is global warning so we are increasingly moving and we need as the international plant protection convention to take action to prevent the introduction and spread of pests more than before as indeed pests cause 40% of all food crops losses and that's a tremendous amount of money next please so the convention international plant protection convention deals with plants, plant products and regulated articles these are the objects of the convention and these articles are the object of regulations by the conventions and the convention aims at ensuring safe trade and to prevent the introduction and spread of pests and the way to do that is through the national plant protection organization which are the bodies in charge of setting the institution, the structure the funds and to set as well legislation and regulations to regulate pests and quarantine pests next slide please so indeed we are very well placed to be working on TF4 as this is considered the quarantine pest in many countries of the world as the IPPC is a sole international treaty to secure cooperation among nations in protecting global plant resources there are to date 184 members and the IPPC has two sisters organization which are the Codex Elementarius and the OIE or international animal health organizations and we work globally hand in hand with 10 regional plant protection organization and over 40 international organizations and in the region of LAC you already have one, two, three, four, five five RPPs for five I think five well you have a lot of RPPs so you're used to coordination next slide please the convention establishes and publishes international standard for phytosanitary measures each year there are new ones the new topics are defined by the contracting parties so 47 ISPs to date as well as phytosanitary treatments and diagnostic protocols and you can find them on our international phytosanitary portal which is our website and you have the link indicated on that slide next please and I also want really to emphasize the fact that we are Camilo and myself working for the implementation and facilitation unit and in that respect we're developing guides and training materials so there's a lot of guides you see there's examples of titles because we have more than 20 which are freely available that you can consult on the IPP and more and more we are going into e-learning courses trying to be very efficient and to be interactive for our target audience you see here some e-learning courses are indicated I want to report that we just issued a new e-learning course on pest risk analysis for this time it's a self-learning course but it will also be tutored for one time and we were very happy to have participants from Latin America to come we have an e-learning course on surveillance and pest reporting as well as an e-learning course on export certification and the next one to come on inspection and we also finalizing our guide on contingency planning so Raisa was indicating in her presentation the fact that there will be some trainings so please go to our website as well take as much as you can it's free take the courses you will have a badge to state you've taken the course and then that's reinforcing what happens at the regional level next slide please and I now an over to Camilo thank you very much Shwara for the interpreters we will continue in Spanish well thank you very much my name is Camilo Beltran as Sara Brunel mentioned to continue with this presentation and having in mind that Sara previously mentioned the plant trade agricultural products and regulated products configure a risk and or recognize the risk when moving these articles internationally because of the possibility of dispersing organisms, in particular regulated plants we will introduce this concept that are regulated plants that are not more than regulated plants and not regulated plants in this case many countries can consider or consider a TR-4 that can still be absent or still being present can have a limited distribution is subject to health measures for any way is known the impact that would cause in case such and of course an important condition that should be under official control that is to say that should be under the tutelage of the national organization health protection continuing with this we want to show a little the tools that the CIPF has that allow to understand a little better how it works the movement of plants, vegetable products and regulated articles we have the NIF-32 that helps to categorize a product according to the risk that this can configure to dispersal plaques according to its previous use and also according to the degree that they have received for this case, which is the case that concerns the majority of people who are there participating which are the plants to plant that is, vegetable materials whose purpose is the propagation or the subsequent plantation for production we would refer to a category 4 according to the NIF-32 this means that this type of products must be subject to an analysis of the risk of plaques what are the risks associated to the movement or introduction of this type of materials continuing with this the CIPF also has the NIF-11 that provides guidelines for the analysis of the risk of regulated plaques this is subject to a previous categorization for each country to determine if a plaque is 40 or not that is to say that each country will determine if a TR-4 is configured or has the connotation of a 40-year-old plaque more important in this case or not more important but as relevant to the fact that a TR-4 is a 40-year-old plaque has to do with the income rates and in this sense the NIF-11 recognizes different starting points or different criteria to start an ARP one of them then is the identification of a plaque but also the identification of a life of income in this case it would then be to put on the table or call the attention that the movement of vegetable materials should be a product of a rigorous analysis of the risk that contemplates all the phases and all the risks that this can prevent but not only contemplate the risks that the movement of this can take appropriate measures health measures that provide protection for the countries that matter and without it being configured at any moment a restriction to the trade in this way we can consider we can also say that the NIF helps in the general process of a trade operation from the analysis of the risk of plaques that is necessary to do it when this has not been carried out previously and according to the initial criteria because through these establish the requirements to import a plant, a product, vegetable, a regulated article once an import part, the import part establishes these requirements when the export part is going to carry out an operation it must certify that its product in this case, if we assume they were vegetable materials of banana they must certify that these products must be regulated to be imported to the imported country and with the health requirements at the same time when the imported country receives the product reaches the entry point it is usual to verify the import requirements i.e. make a verification of the supplement to effectively detect if the shipment is fulfilled with the rules of interest that have entered of plants to plant or of vegetable materials for the sempre propagation many times these materials are subject of the entry point for them there are also specific criteria and some that can support to have a better understanding of how all this process works and what are the rules that must be followed for it now I'm going to refer directly to the work that is done from the IPF of TR4 the implementation and development of the capacity I create a specific team for the topics that have to do with TR4 this team has or has prioritized some activities that you can see here on the screen as it is doing a review of contributed resources which is available on the website of the IPPC along with other contributed resources in several subjects and we also invite you to consult this amount of resources that are available on the website of the IPPC and that are also referring pages like the of the TR4 of the World Baranero forum also the group is in charge of developing a document about prevention, preparation and response to use a TR4 which we will talk about later also has prioritized evaluating the capacities of the countries in response to use a TR4 and also supporting the implementation of virtual workshops about diagnosis vigilance, inspection and simulation exercises at this point I'm going to refer directly to the prevention guide, preparation and response to inform you that at this moment the team of use a TR4 of the IPF has developed a first eraser of this document this document at this moment is subject to a review by pares because the intention is to be able to do it more complete and better possible this document. They have invited a series of experts both scientists such as the UMPF and the academy to act as pares-revisors we have had a great response from the people we contacted and we have had 49 reviewers who participated in this process plus the members of the committee of implementation and development of the capacity who regularly participate in the review of these materials here you can see in general what is the content or what will be the content of these guides however at this point I want to invite you the review will be open or it is open from May 11 to June 3 if we already have 49 experts it is not to be able to make this review richer so if you want to participate or know someone who could suggest to act as a reviewer of these days I will leave my electronic mail in the chat so that please contact me and we can include them in the review list taking into account that the review has already started and that we hope to finish June 3 however I think that we are still in time to involve new reviewers this is the most complete possible now I am going to refer to the series of workshops on diagnostic, vigilance, inspection and simulation exercises last month we had the virtual workshops in which we have a nutrition assistance from the countries around the world we have excellent speakers at this moment just to invite you if you want to consult about one of these topics we leave the link so that you can visit the recording of the presentations made or the presentations are also available there and we also have some questions and answers that compile and summarize some of the answers provided by the expert panelists that we invite at the moment this last positive day is referring to the evaluation of the capabilities of the countries to use TR-4 it is preliminary and partial information to show you and call your attention on how it is at this moment the answer of 20 countries and what we can find about some things that can be important and vital to prevent the dispersion of a TR-4 TEN differently in life we have only 47% of the countries that answer have an analysis of the risk of plagiarism and previously we could see how important this tool is to take health measures to prevent dispersion 76% consider that it is a regulated plagiarism but this is already a question of national perception of each country according to the appropriate protection level and we also see that in response terms not all countries have a vigilance plan and do not have a contingency plan so this is an opportunity so that through these forums of the Bananero Forum, of the CIPF, of the FAO they can immediately focus on the batteries to be able to attend this type of needs and to be able to make everyone reach a consensus or harmony in the level of prevention and response as always all the documents and information are available on the website of the CIPF we invite you to visit it thanks for your attention this is all for this part thank you very much for the presentation and thank you very much Sara, Brunel for the excellent presentation of all the work that they are doing we have seen a lot of questions in the chat almost all referred to how to help them then it would be very interesting if they could put the links and thanks also for opening the opportunity for some other colleagues they can also intervene and give their support because that is important for my part I will try to do it myself as soon as possible very well I am seeing in the session of questions and answers that have been answered directly I think that taking into account the time we can continue so I am going to move on to Spanish now because the two panelists that we have next are the two of the region and speak in Spanish then I would like to present now the licensed Nancy Diegas she is a biologist and coordinates the regional office of risk analysis previously she worked in the general direction of digital humanity she was born first as coordinator of the entomology department and acrology department in 2001-2005 in 2005 she was invited to assemble the first program of epidemiological vigilance and health care where she coordinated the importation area there in 2007 she was invited by Dr. Javier Trujillo to coordinate the department of risk analysis of plagas where she worked until 2017 without further ado I would like to give the floor to Ms. Diegas licensed the floor is yours Thank you very much Victor Thank you very much Matius greetings to all thank you very much for the invitation to this event if you allow me I am going to share the screen or if you are more in favor of supporting me with the step of the devices thank you very much thank you very much welcome please tell me if you see the presentation not yet let's see what the problem is invite me a small moment no problem now it's loading we can see it it doesn't look like a full screen but if you want I can put it here thank you very much Victor, good morning good afternoon to all I would like to greet you from this regional risk analysis we are going to talk a little bit about a procedure that we carried out all year 2020 in the year of the pandemic COVID-19 and that was published in March 2021 and this refers to biosecurity measures for the inclusion and movement of musasian material in the region of Loirsa remembering that Loirsa includes 9 countries from Mexico, all the Central American and Dominican Republic in the Caribbean this document was made with the support of the FAO and it includes what is what are the programs of agricultural innovation for the introduction of biosecurity measures of material promoted as resistant or tolerant to the attack of fusarium in the world so that this document has a support in risk analysis and in it the plagues that can be observed for the region of Loirsa so that it is determined what are the conditions in which these materials must be handled to be imported safely the objectives of the document are to describe the levels of risk according to the germoplasma sources these countries with the presence of the disease or where the disease is absent but they can carry the movement of some other risks translated as asymptomatic plagues or with low levels of titulation in these materials also it allows us to describe the regulatory activities prior to the introduction of germoplasma this is focused mainly to the countries of the region of Loirsa as well as to announce the requirements that the installation for the combination and isolation of the imported materials also supports us in the description of the procedures for the containment and manipulation of germoplasma from its arrival to a country of the region to its definitive diagnosis and release to bed conditions as we know Musa is a plant or it comprises a group of plants which are highly susceptible to the attack of a large amount of plagues, here we just put a small announcement of all those plagues that they have in the banana and in the banana a preferential pedero so that in the international field this group of plants understood within the Musa group can be widely attacked by a large amount of plagues has been documented around 500 in the international field international Preview analysis of risk that supports the elaboration of this document that we move in support of the sector and also with support of our friends in the FAO because we identify 15 plagues that can be susceptible to observation in the importation of materials highlighting that these are not only attached to these plagues but they can cover other that can represent a risk as already commented the partner Camilo there are plagues that are from the quarantine and when we talk about quarantine plagues we refer to those that are considered in some regulatory instrument by some of our countries so that it covers so many plagues that are absent or plagues that are present with restricted distribution under official control and that deserve the application of health measures for mobilization, containment management, etc within the plagues that are considered in this document published by Eloir together with the FAO because we have several species of viruses several species of bacteria several species of fungi and some other organisms such as phytoplasmas that can also be present in contaminated materials there are also plagues that are present within some of the countries of the region of Eloir and that are also considered as a naturalized or reemergent this in function of the environmental conditions that can cause the appearance of phytosanitary problems in some of the countries of the region we also have to call the attention that the movement of materials that are moved genetic materials product of culture or confinement or conditions in vitro different countries have reported that new pathogens have been detected new for science and that even these pathogens may not have been detected previously in some processes of risk analysis and that it merits that they are observed by competent authorities of imported countries of genetic materials there is a latent danger that these pathogens can occur whether they have not been described before in a parasitic plant association in the case of banana plants and banana plants and we must have the observation that this can happen and that these pathogens must be treated with all the risk level that it merits in the case of countries that conform to the region of Eloir we have a regional risk analysis some of our countries have a national risk analysis and the recommendation from this regional part as a risk analysis is that countries before the import of genetic materials tolerant or resistant to Fusari's 4th tropical race one of the marches of the Musassians previously carried out their risk analysis to identify by chance what risks they are facing as a country and we have already seen that there are a lot of pathogens related to the mobilization of materials and there are new pathogens that are being discovered by different scientific sectors that can also put in danger the national production of banana of some of the countries of the region therefore it is important to make a precise characterization according to the level of protection of each country we have seen the importance of all these process of importation of mobilization of regulation are sustained in a national risk analysis it is also important that when identified the health measures that carry the mobilization of this germoplasma then it is recognized of the entities of the companies of the laboratories that make the production of these materials are approved both of the country of the health authority of the exported country as of the health authority of the imported country it is also recommended that prior to the mobilization of these materials a visit of the recognition of the entire production area of the same so that the conditions of biosecurity are determined by which these materials are produced and that they allow to properly manage the risk of mobilization of this type of material that carries certain risks so that all the germoplasma that moves to a country must go through a process of observation it is recommended that they transit through a period of quarantine that can be fulfilled in facilities recognized by the different health authorities or within the country conditions preferably outside of the influence areas of commercial production it is also recommended that the quarantine facilities are officially recognized by the authorities of the country and that these are tested they are inspected in a periodic way as well as the materials that are remembered throughout the time that they have to be combined there to determine really what is the level of health of these plants in this way we can ensure that it is really mobilizing clean material that is going to meet the expectations which has been determined by its introduction and this will help strengthen legal aspects and communication between different commercial societies at an international level it is very important to provide these materials and once it is guaranteed that they really meet the health and safety conditions then they can be delivered safely it is very important that the facilities of imported materials for their subsequent evaluation and behavior in a new territory are counted with all the application of requirements in terms of compliance of security measures so that it is really guaranteed that before any contingency they can have an opportune response in this way from the OIRSA region we promote the adoption of different protocols that guarantee the confinement of the materials and the security of the same so that these conditions are fulfilled for which the import mobilization or transport of promising materials for the management of quarantine as is the case of the area in this way in the region of the OIRSA we know that there have been important measures for the production of healthy plants of citrus, cacao, avocado there are few examples in the case of musasian plants and however from the regional direction of vegetable health in the OIRSA we are promoting that all this process of evaluation of promising materials in an efficient way and that it does not proceed as acts of good faith so that before any situation a national health authority has the elements to be able to respond efficiently before any situation in the process of contingency and finally this positive area is very summarized what are the procedures recommended to protect the health condition of a country or a region in such a way that these are fulfilled by quality and that we ensure that the mobilization of materials that are intended to be carried out in a safe and adequate way with the knowledge of the authority and with security for all parts I thank you very much for your attention any doubt or comment we are at your service thank you very much to the whole organization of the Bananero World Forum Matius and thank you very much for your attention Thank you very much, my love it has been a very interesting presentation and as always full of information that interests us all we are going to pass without further delay to the next panelist and we will see if there is space for a session of questions and answers at the end of this section It is a pleasure for me to present now Monica Betancur-Bazquez usually in our seminars such as Raísa Camilo Villegas She is a researcher in agro-sabia as you know with experience in the identification morphological, biological and molecular characterization of plant pathogens such as fungi, mice, bacteria, phytoplasmas and viruses She has experience in epidemiological analysis of plant diseases and development of strategies in biological control and experience in process of production in vitro and indexation of plant materials and in agronomic and sanitary management of fruits in cold and warm climates Currently, she is the leader of prevention projects and management of the fusarium of musa in the country So, Dr. Licenciada forward on your screen Hello, good morning and good afternoon and good night to all First of all, I would like to thank the invitation of the World Bananero Forum of FAO and all the colleagues who open these spaces to present our advances in this process of importation of materials Please, can we continue with the next slide or can you pass it to me so I can do it? Thank you They tell me if you are watching Yes, we see it perfectly Perfect So, well as they said in this little introduction the idea is to tell you a little about the process in Colombia for the safe introduction of the materials that we consider permissions for high resistance to FAO-R4T and a little that we are doing from the evaluation part I'm going to do a brief introduction of what does FAO-R4T mean in Colombia and why then we put ourselves in the task of introducing materials and then talk a little about how and we identify what are those materials that are available and how to access them and finally the processes that we have designed for the importation of the materials and the advances in it Well, basically, and it is a little a concept that we have been handling every time we talk about this but when in 2019 the first report in Colombia that we had FAO-R4T because definitely in Colombia I had to go from the theory of action and quickly it had to start to make very strong actions in contention but also very strong in the process of research and articulation of all entities Why? Because basically we had to protect a whole banana industry which is very important for the country because it is the fourth product of exportation at the national level of two departments that have infection or that have focus the focus is Magdalena a little more recent only with two infected and much more content but some focus a little bigger in the 14th grade of the Guajira but we still have a huge risk in relation to what can be this disease in the bananas and the bananas that are always in the 32 departments of the country, that is, bananas and bananas that are not that represent a risk for production. So quickly we had to start to see what we had available what could be done apart from all other actions that were already being done and that they had started to support from the research part we identified that there were possibilities to include materials that came from the institute of investigations of Dalhuan, that there could be material from Rajalmeristen, that there could be material from the University of Quiznan, that there could be Sirat, Embrapa, Fian and we began to work with them what we call transfer agreements that is, some documents that allow us to review how to enter the materials safe to the country and that it is research tests that can be done with them quickly we achieved agreements at that moment with Sirat and with Embrapa Sirat with a very specific objective of evaluating some materials that already had previous evaluation in Australia or rather in which document and a material that is a selection of Kevin, that is Robi who also had good behavior tolerance, we also found the materials of Embrapa, as Dr. Ekson said in his exhibition they had a huge opportunity for the country given that Embrapa has been for many years of research never abandoning the research of UNIFOC, therefore they were promises for what we wanted to do and here they used the efforts of the associations, in this case of improvement in the country in the case of Rahan, they reached specific agreements with the ICA to be able to deliver or enter safely the material and then it started with the introduction process this introduction process not only in the first moment to identify what the risks were and the presentation that Dr. Nancy just made because in part it was, let's say, the contribution of what was the first discussion of which were the risks, so the first thing we analyze is the type of material that we are going to bring, what risk it brings, as in all countries fortunately and specifically in Colombia a long time ago we have Normans that prevent the introduction of material that is not in vitro, because when counting with material what is this type of vitro, that comes in plastic bottles, because we are eliminating all the risk of common problems and bacteria and even nematodes if we can take them into account, this is not the process of importation of materials that bring any type of threat so as we had already eliminated that risk, we just had to think about what other problems or problems we could reach through the material and indeed, as Dr. Nancy mentioned in the case of viruses there are numerous reports of the possibility of introduction of viruses, specifically the virus of the COCOYORANXIMOSO or the BONCHITO and even the virus of the Verbanano because when they know well or they do not know processes of production of the material in vitro that involve the use of procedures such as chemotherapy and thermotherapy, but that also involve using very small medicines, the risk of using large medicines that have concentrations of viruses that can develop is very high and in fact it is described for various viruses and specifically mousasses when they have difficulty, then they can easily enter contaminated material with viruses, even in material in vitro then that risk was latent we checked then what were the specific risks for Colombia in Colombia we have 4 reported viruses, but 3 of those viruses that appear as important inside the mousasses are not in the country, the virus of the COCOYORANXIMOSO or the BACA virus the mosaic of the BACA and the virus of course the BONCHITO and for most of the big alerts were in these 2, in the virus of the COCOYORANXIMOS because it is also a virus that has different variants, there are several different viruses that sometimes they are not easy to diagnose and that we do not have many disadvantages in the country and of course the BONCHITO that is considered a highly aggressive and with a very strong potential of dispersion, I cannot stop presenting this positive diagnosis here that I am in these scenarios the biggest threat that the sector has is the arrival of BONCHITO BONCHITO generates very strong symptoms destroys completely the production of the plant, it is not in our area that is, here is the same graphite that they presented to us for FOGR4 now we have to put it for BONCHITO we have to do everything possible to avoid this pathogen because in all areas we have the vector of this disease which is pentathlon and nervous and once we have positive cases then the conduction process will be much more complex even than FOGR4 then we already knew that the material only presented us risks for the virus then we analyzed the procedures of the materials that we wanted to bring, we had four procedures Israel, Brazil, France and Honduras I'm going to comment that Honduras we also have an agreement with DOL to enter the materials of 2018 then we analyzed what materials sorry, what pathogen is in Colombia and which does not respect the previous countries in some cases they do not have information about those viruses in those areas of the world but if we knew then we started to define that the risks for Colombia were definitely BONCHITO the virus of the cow, as I told you the virus of the cow BONCHITO and the virus X that were described to me in the country but we also knew that although these places of precedence did not give us an alert about the possibility of entering the disease, as some of the materials especially Israel had a path that they served from the Philippines because our risks were very high that they could enter some of the viruses we saw our risks also to take into account that they were already in the country and that we had to guarantee that any material that was produced in quarantine conditions would not be infected with this disease and also reason that it is a very important problem also for the country that it was generating in quarantine then the entire protocol of quarantine was generated as I explained to you BONCHITO is a protocol that has different processes inside procedures that basically regulate all the entry and exit of the materials or the things that are in quarantine and increases the biosecurity to a level that prevents the entry of any pathogen to the country because it arrived in the plants inside the place of work the quarantine place we developed a whole diagnostic platform with 10 pathogens those 10 pathogens mainly oriented to viruses but as I said we also wanted to expand how to maximize our risk to take into account in this case of fusarium and rastonia to avoid any type of problem in the quarantine in this moment we are interested in the material of the city on August 25, 2021 enter these four materials ruby, city of 924, city of 930 and 938, the ICA took samples for the health analysis and the application of this platform on February 27 and February 28, I repeat it is a second measure and fortunately everything went super well we do not have any problem in our plants, the pathogens were all negative in the paths that were made even in the viruses of the Albanian Rally and in this moment, just today the plants are coming out for the different areas where they are going to be evaluated in the case of Mbrapa, the material entered 18 materials entered at the beginning of the year and at this moment they are in vegetative development, they are materials that at this moment we have in the custodia of agrosalvia for human after the quarantine the materials go to evidence of resistance in living conditions and controlled conditions that we have in a affected plant but we are also going to have evidence of adaptation of these materials in the case of Magdalena and in the case of Urabá with Ceni Banano, this will be applied to the city materials and to the materials of Mbrapa in the case of the Rajan materials the ICA is still in the definition of the research processes that are followed there by a process of the associated intellectual properties I want to finish my presentation with a small video you in the presentation will find it, please tell me if you are watching we have a license that we have problems with the reproduction of the video besides that it is 7 minutes almost 8 you do not hear ok perfect but if it is super interesting let me finish Victor we always both the information like the powerpoint, like the video of this meeting, as complementary materials we put them on the web page so you can put it here in the chat and we will also put it on our web page so that the participants can see it ahead partner perfect, excuse me I leave you there in the presentation two videos, in a state video the part of the protocols and how they have been implemented and the part of how it is working the quarantine is the second video which was the one we wanted to show you because it can be more visual for you to see how the operation is I finish quickly with some conclusions the biggest risk for the banana sector after we have or we think that it is disposed of I remember you is the entry of a chitok and we have to prepare for that but we also have to avoid it all I say Raisa, I say Nancy takes us to this possibility that we can enter a chitok if they do not have the right controls and basically we need the countries to protect their borders so that this does not happen and we affect the sector thanks to the work team Private Valor, Dr. Jaime Cardenas and Dr. Guarte de Turizo this information was generated with them they were the soul of this initial process that I will always thank them and of course a team of great work that also accompanies from something so well known thank you very much and when I finish Victor thank you very much and thanks to all the panelists of this section it has been very interesting and we are very happy to have you with us as it is usual to present such interesting information as it always happens to us we are a little limited in time I think it is important that at least we cover the agenda and then when we finish maybe we can do a brief session of questions and answers there are some questions like how do you think we are in the region for the importation of vegetable material in a safe way situation in Venezuela how are we with respect to the accumulation of resources but they are questions that maybe we can discuss once we finish with the agenda and due to many issues for example interpretation, time, participants etc. so once again thank you very much for the excellent information we move now to Dr. Jeff Daniels interpretation in English Dr. Jeff Daniels has been working with Bananas for the last 37 years as a research orthoculturalist with the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries based in South Johnston he has remarkable experience in the field of bananas and currently works on a number of important industry projects looking at disease resistant and agro-economics of agronomics, sorry not agro-economics agronomics of alternative bi-arities particularly those bi-arities which have some tolerance to Fusarium T4 so Mateus please launch the presentation of Dr. Daniels Hello everyone I'll cover a little background first to set the scene Australian banana producing areas are shown in red shading I'm based at South Johnston on the wet tropical coast of North Queensland, the Blue Arrow well over 90% of Australian production is located in this region annually there are about 370,000 tonnes produced from about 14,000 hectares TR4 was first detected in Australia in 1997 in the Northern Territory, see the Exxon map but it wasn't until 2015 that it occurred in the major production area in North Queensland in the seven years since then it's been contained to just five farms in the Tully Valley and only about 160 infected plants have been detected this is a relatively slow rate of spread and it's testament to the massive bi-security effort put in by all concerned Kevinich is the main type of banana grown accounted for about 95% of Australian production the Williams cultivar accounts for most of that. A few other types of banana grown with lady finger the most important but it only represents about 4% of Australian production overall. Both types are very susceptible to Panama disease tropical race 4 so where did we obtain new varieties in our quest for a commercial variety with TR4 resistance. I've been researching varieties long before TR4 came along so we had contacts and relationships in place to facilitate access. However funding cuts to some overseas programs had begun to limit that access following the TR4 incursion in North Queensland we prepared an options paper. This extracted the wealth of information stored away in brain cells over the years helping to describe the different banana plant improvement programs mostly overseas identifying and justifying where to put our attention. Cavendish selections were of course a priority but lady finger style and novel hybrids were also needed particularly for the subtropical industry. To augment supply of the TR4 resistant Cavendish selections we sought to generate variants ourselves via mutagenesis in Australia based on previous success against subtropical race 4 in the 1990s. Reviewing the situation to begin within this manner was very valuable and should not be overlooked. Perhaps you already have TR4 in your production area and there is urgency to get resistant varieties to hurting producers. Nevertheless a quarantining stage should remain an important step because you don't want to create more problems than you already have by inadvertently bringing in exotic pests and diseases during the variety introduction phase. This is the quarantine facility in Brisbane where banana plants from overseas are screened into Australia. After importation quarantine and in vitro multiplication stages we commence an agronomic assessment where I am stationed at South Johnston. Concerning a TR4 field screening commences in collaboration with the Northern Territory Government which Sharl will report upon in the next talk. That's a biosecurity measure TR4 field and greenhouse trials are only permitted in the Northern Territory. This is to greatly lessen the proliferation of disease inoculum in Queensland. These sets of trials are usually for a plant and return crop. When you import a variety it needs to go through a testing phase in your production situations to see how it responds to your environments climate and edific factors and your crop management procedures which can be very different to where it is originated from. You need to verify that you have received what you thought you were getting make sure they are not tissue culture off types or a mix up with another variety. The same is true for their TR4 resistance status. Their disease reaction needs to be compared in the field with those reference varieties of known disease reaction. We have had cases where an important variety was supposed to be resistant but this was not the case in our field screening trials. Apart from morphotypes and mix ups this could also be because unreliable information provided or poor transferability of the overseas results to our particular testing environment. This composite image shows some of the morphological characteristics that can be important in confirming the identity of a variety. Recently we encountered this off type somatic variant, the image on the left and in the centre. Most of the leaves have a portion of their laminate sorted, the blue arrows.  In our agronomic field trial we had 28 plants of this variety of which 26 were the off type. Only two were normal, true to type. In a TR4 screening trial show we'll report on next. 24 plants of that variety were off type. However not all off types are deleterious. Be on the lookout for good ones too. Almost all the Cavendish selections demonstrated to have resistance to TR4 in the field in Australia have originated in Taiwan. Most have what I have turned intermediate resistance. A slowly susceptible reaction if you like. Bunch photos of a few shown here. We have just completed a large agronomic comparison of varieties at South Johnson. These graphs show just focus on those Cavendish selections with TR4 resistance. Now compared to Williams industry standard in red. This graph shows cumulative yield for the first two crops which range from 63 to 92% of the yield of Williams. These yields were significantly less than Williams for all varieties. The same varieties showing average height for the first two crops. So many are taller than Williams which can make crop management more difficult and often leads to greater losses to wind and so forth. In-house taste panelling also occurs during stage one to gauge if there are any likely problems on this front. In Australia we have identified resistance in several hybrids from the FIA and Sierra breeding programs as well as some cooking bananas including the subar type banana, pisangaji mirror. I don't have time here to go into detail about their agronomic and fruit organoleptic characteristics except to say that they are much lower yielding than Williams Cavendish. Often much taller and will require considerable effort to build any sort of market. You can read more of my thoughts on this subject in the paper presented at the 2011 International Bananas Symposium in Brazil. Stage two of field evaluations is where we take the best performing varieties from the initial agronomic and TR4 screening studies under some selected growers properties. The trials are intended to give an opportunity for production in a range of environments under commercial conditions. On-farm trials provide the opportunity for greater scale as well as obtaining commercial producer insights and perspectives including feedback from the market supply chain. Four on-farm trial sites were established in North Queensland and one in the Northern Territory with these two varieties compared alongside the industry standard, Williams. The sites have between 200 to 300 plants of each variety. A grower group had seen how healthy and TR4 disease-free these selections were in the Northern Territory screening site. They were keen to see for themselves how that performed on some of their own properties. They produced nice bunches but unfortunately for the growers the productivity fell well short of Williams grown in the absence of TR4. These selections also seem more prone to falling over due to strong winds and so forth. As I mentioned earlier, my department also embarked on its own banana mutagenesis program following the TR4 incursion in North Queensland. Four cabinet selections with disease resistance were chosen as candidates along with the Goldfinger which is also resistant. We sought to improve the agronomic characteristics of the cabinet selections and to improve the organo-electric characteristics of the Goldfinger whilst retaining TR4 resistance. We have selected 18 variants from the cabinet work which are being multiplied for further testing. For Goldfinger it was quite remarkable the large extent of variation in morphological characteristics that were generated by mutagenesis. Here are six variants generated with very different bunch characteristics compared to Goldfinger in the top left. We also identified improvements in the organo-electric qualities of some variants. We have narrowed down these latter superior variants to five which have recently undergone large-scale consumer taste battling as well as sensory evaluation. Further confirmation of TR4 resistance is planned before commencement of on-farm trials. In Australia we see resistant varieties as just part of the solution to dealing with TR4. People want a silver bullet but experience so far in seeking a direct TR4 disease-resistant replacement for Cavendish is such that selections suitable for the supply chain have at best only slowly susceptible intermediate type reactions so they need to be part of an integrated production system to achieve sustainable outcomes. This is the case with former Saanen in the Philippines and there are typically yield and or fruit quality penalties associated with resistance to the disease meaning that their adoption will be greatly delayed if the main competition in the market places variety such as the susceptible Williams grown in the absence of TR4. We did hear some very promising talks from the banana breeders at the January webinar organized by FAO WBF but even if silver bullets do exist which would be good for facilitating easier adoption of a solution to TR4 we shouldn't overlook other things that can make a positive difference. In particular, I'm thinking of strategies that reduce disease and ocular levels present. That can be more difficult to implement but may nevertheless bring other spin-offs and advantages. For example, fellows might point to new crop opportunities or mitigate other pests and disease issues. There are a number of papers available on the subject of integrated approaches to deal with Panama disease including this one which was largely based on my presentation at the Second International Symposium on Fusarium Wilder Banana in Brazil in 2003. What if TR5 or something else comes along? The application of an integrated approach will find banana producers better placed to handle the new challenges that eventually await all for now. Thank you. Thank you very much Mateos and excellent information provided by Dr. Jeff Daniels Without any delays because I'm mindful of the time we're almost at the end of our meeting so I can request our interpreters to be with us at least 10 minutes more if that is possible. I'd like to go ahead with the next panelist and last panelist Dr. Shalminto from Plant Pathologies in the Plant Pathology Laboratory in the Northern Territory since 2016. He is involved in general plant pathology and diagnosis of plant samples and he's been involved in research of Fusarium Tropical Race 4, particularly field trials and screening for TR4 resistant varieties as part of a larger national research in soil. Before he his previous work on TR4 also included research ways or ways to manage inoculum levels in soil with cobalt crops assessments of potential alternative witch hots and hardware, the pathogen and the screening of mutant varieties for the resistant to TR4. So Mateos please our second panelist from Australia, please go ahead. Good afternoon, my name is Shalmintoff. I'm a plant pathologist in the Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade in the Northern Territory of Australia. So I'm going to use this presentation to go through some of our field screening trials that we've been doing over the past few years, particularly screening for resistance to TR4 in various kind of varieties. So just a bit of a quick history of TR4 in Australia. It was actually first detected in June 1997 in Northern Territory in the Darwin region which you can see up here where the star is. So that actually triggered a biosecurity response and that property was under quarantine. Unfortunately as years went by more important properties actually were detected to have the fungus and pretty much the containment of the pathogen failed ultimately. And I think since 1997 you saw a pretty much a steep decline of the banana industry in Northern Territory to the point where in 2012 it was actually declared endemic in the NT. As a result of that I think Northern Territory is probably the only place in Australia where we can actually work with TR4. So particularly for the pot trials and the field trials stuff that we do. So for the more recent work that we've done is in collaboration with the Queensland Government as part of a broader national program. And some of the stuff we've got through today is some three rounds of trials we've done since 2016 and it ended probably generally this year. So how we did it this is probably just very brief but essentially with the replicated field trials we had I think ultimately four replicates of blocks in each field trial with each varieties in blocks of six in each replicate. And the field trials contain the reference varieties I think which is probably the most important thing is these reference varieties are rather known susceptibility or resistance to TR4. So for the initial trials we had the Williams Cavendish which we deemed as a very susceptible and that's really important because that's our industry stand in Australia. For our intermediate which is not quite resistant and not quite susceptible is the GCV 2.8 which is for Masana. And that one's actually quite important because we know how well that does overseas in field trials in the Southeast Asia and more recently in Africa and how productive it can be with minimal losses in fields infested with TR4. So for us that variety is sort of an acceptable level of minimum level of resistance we want. So anything that matters or does better than for Masana is something we want to look at. And we also got two resistant varieties the FIA1 Goldfinger and FIA25. I think FIA25 was using their first round of trials that we did but I think it was eventually cut in the following ones. So assessments took place usually fortnightly and we looked at sort of external symptoms, internal symptoms. Predominantly internal symptoms at harvest and at death we took agronomic assessments and I think at the end of each crop cycle we sort of tried to assign each variety a score and that score was sort of worked out by looking at the amount of plants that were diseased and were killed and how many plants were assessed. And that sort of gave us a score between zero and two. So zero essentially means two plants in that variety showed any signs of Tf4 infection whereas two pretty much showed that 100% of those plants showed disease symptoms and were killed by a Tf4. And we can sort of use that score to try and give them a broader disease resistance rating which we've sort of defined here. I realise I'm probably rushing through the methodology but you can go through it more in the paper that was recently published last year that was down here. So for the first trial I'm going to go through this was sort of planted in 2016 so I probably should point out that all our trials are artificially inoculated so essentially our planting each plant exposed to about 200 millilitres of Tf4 infested billet and the plants we might sit on that and planting so we expect the plants to be exposed to a very high inoculum. So for this particular trial there were 24 varieties including the references. Predominantly it included Cavendish varieties parental lines using the fear program fear hybrids and some other sort of varieties we had on hand to test. It was assessed over two crop cycles and eventually ended in March 2018 so what did that eventually look like? Basically I've sort of coloured this table to give you a bit more clarity. Essentially green is good red is bad. One of the things that sort of took away is how many of about 50% sort of rated resistant or higher and it was actually pretty good because some of the Taiwanese Cavendish lines rated resistant or higher was good and to be expected we also found that CJA 19 which is an Indonesian line actually did pretty well against Tf4 in this trial but also some fear lines, fear 2 particularly and fear 18 was resistant or highly resistant and fear 3 in particular was actually quite a bit higher than for Masana but more encouraging for the breeding programs is the parental lines that have sort of been tested quite a lot of them actually did pretty well against Tf4 and just to give a quick idea of what the varieties look like so these are some of the more resistant Cavendish varieties that we found in that trial so CJA 19, GCT, CV215 and 247 that's a picture of the plant crop but I think the routine crop was pretty much in a very similar fashion as you can see I look very happy and healthy despite being exposed to Tf4 so if we jump ahead to the end of 2018 we had we did another screening trial where we look at 30 different varieties this particular trial had to be split into two different experimental designs because I think we had issues with supply of some tissue culture material so we were split into the main trial which was a full designer we used previously and a sub-trial which was a smaller planting. I'm just going to focus on the main trial which are the varieties you can sort of see here with more Cavendish varieties but also additions from the CRAD program and some more hybrids and other sort of diversity in terms of what varieties we're testing so this again this went for another two crop cycles and sort of ended in a bit after towards the end of 2020 so to give you an idea of what we're looking at just a reminder that generally the disease scores a score of zero means no disease symptoms were noted in any of the plants a score of two essentially all disease plants in a particular variety and all were killed by TR4 we can sort of see some of the CRAD lines straight away in the plant crop at least there's no disease symptoms observed and our gold finger which is our resistance control there were some initial signs of symptoms we sort of saw early on and also with the Cavendish the 217 and the 105 were still pretty low disease infection in those particular varieties compared to the former SANA unfortunately the rest of them were pretty close to that of what you see in the very susceptible reference variety I'll give you a brief overview of what that looks like in the field give you an example of CRAD 5 which didn't throw anything in the plant crop and 215 only a small amount of plants had some internal symptoms but ultimately it looked fine and we got more susceptible 215 CJ19 and the off type and the high noon interesting with the high noon is there will seem to be some sort of recovery going on because based on the previous graph it was sort of the worst performing variety but when we go to the first return miraculously it sort of moved from the end of the graph to look a bit better than former SANA so that's actually quite an interesting result I'm sort of curious to know what went on there and how it recovered but in the return crop you can sort of see the CRADs are still doing pretty well I think we did know some internal symptoms in one of the CRAD 5's dwarf friends plantain the affected plant that we saw in the plant crop seemed to recovered and it was actually fine Goldfinger and the 105 217's actually didn't really move much it stayed and retained its normal resistance but a bit weird that high noon actually sort of seemed to have a decrease in disease severity despite having the same amount of plants assessed so what that sort of means in terms of that particular trial is that we had a few varieties there that actually performed better than former SANA the 105 217 dwarf friends plantain and some of the CRAD lines actually did pretty well one other thing I want to point out is that even though we did have some resistant lines there are some agronomic issues that we sort of dealt with either it's long cropping cycles or I think in an example I'm going to give is CRAD 4 it showed no symptoms at all but it was actually very prone to snapping just before harvest now I don't know if that's actually a trait of the variety or it just in particular like the environment it was grown in in non-directory so I think from those lines I think there needs to be further work to see whether or not any of those particular lines are commercially viable to strain market so if we sort of move ahead to the next trial this is was only sort of run for one cropping cycle only we had a bit of spare time after the following trial in our project we were hoping it'd extension but that didn't come to fruition so I've only got to plan crop results so but this particular variety we assessed 23 varieties including the 3 references so we did have a couple of Cavendish we did have some more CRAD lines but also some additions from the Embrapa program and it was also screened some parental lines and some more diverse lines but more interestingly some of these ones these are Goldfinger Mutant Selections that were developed in Queensland essentially that's part of a separate Mutagenesis program that we're trying to work on trying to improve the agronomics of resistant varieties so that was sort of interesting to see how that turns out and this trial sort of ended in January this year so how did that look so basically not so much resistant lines to speak of to begin with interestingly enough sorry some of the Goldfinger Mutants actually did pretty well so they sort of sat in the highly resistance range particularly these particular mutants the other Goldfinger Mutant here sort of similar to that of a normal Goldfinger so that's actually quite good and I believe these ones for that improved agronomic qualities interesting enough one of the CRADs actually did pretty well and then showing symptoms and a couple of the parental lines one of the Embrapa lines that we have sort of the okay sort of similar to that of former SANA and sort of the Cavendish and some of the other parental and some of the CRADs and other Embrapa lines so they didn't do as well but I just want to stress it's only the plant crop results only ideally would have the first Retune crop data to actually look at if it's been more of a better idea of how they sit so what's next basically from that we actually know that several varieties did pretty well over the years when we tested it particularly some of the Cavendish lines interestingly enough quite a few parental lines did pretty well so that resistance does exist in some of the parental material that's actually using pretty good breeding programs and more particularly some of the CRAD lines and fear lines in particular actually showed very strong resistance to our fall but one of the things I sort of want to point out here is even though we've identified some lines that are resistant that doesn't necessarily mean them great for the market particularly in Australia or internationally so at the moment it's a bit of a resistance versus market acceptability well we in reality we need both so at the moment we're sort of looking at particularly the Queensland group looking at pre-commercialization trials where they're evaluating some of the resistant lines that we've identified in the Northern Territory and giving some as a research trial to some of the growers to see how they go we're waiting to see how that goes and what freedom we get from the growers but hopefully we can actually get something useful out of that so just a big acknowledgments which is a big shout out to the Northern Territory team over the years pretty much we wouldn't have actually done anything without them and without their help from the Queensland colleagues so thank you very much for listening hopefully I think I said too quick Perfect, thank you very much highly appreciated so a special thanks now in this last section to Dr. Charles Minto and Dr. Gerdanias highly appreciated I'm going to close in Spanish almost all of our participants are from the region again, thank you very much to all of you to the participants for their time even to the Australian participants and especially thanks to the colleagues of interpretation we've had a lot of time but I thank you very much for deciding to stay with us and give us this support until we finish as usual you can find all the information of this webinar and the previous ones that we had in Diagnostics in Variedades on the web of the global network of R4T of the Varanero World Forum on the AFAO web page and to finish thanks also to the AFAO team both to the IPPC RAISA, Estreper Alta the colleagues that work in different TCP also of course the national and regional offices that give us support at all times to continue with the activities so without further ado thank you and please be aware of our web page because we will continue to offer you more support, more information and more webinars before the end of the year a greeting to you and Mateus, do you want to say something? thank you very much for the participation and that access to the next events thank you very much