Welcome to this lecture on aspects of western philosophy module 25. So, in continuation with the topics which we have covered in the last lecture, this lecture will again concentrate on the works of Hegel, particularly the two topics which we are going to address which we are going to discuss in this lecture are the concept of absolute idealism and then the major theme of the phenomenology of spirit which is the progress from consciousness to self-consciousness and from there ultimately to reason. So, the three stages of evolution of spirit, so these are the topics which we are going to primarily cover in this lecture. As I have already mentioned in the previous lecture, Hegelian philosophy or Hegel as a philosopher is a very interesting thinker, because particularly for Indians because is very close to India's Vedantic tradition with this concept of absolute or geist or universal mind which encompasses the hall of reality. And in that sense Hegel is very important thinker, Hegel is a very special thinker for Indians number one and another thing is that Hegel follows a period which is immediately after enlightenment or rather at the peak of enlightenment, particularly after Immanuel Kant introduced his very important and influential philosophy critical philosophy or transcendental critical philosophy in German philosophical circles. And Hegel is trying to respond to some of the concerns which Kant himself has raised or Kant himself has responded to at the same time trying to improve upon Kant trying to resolve certain issues which Kant, Shin transcendental philosophy or enlightenment philosophy as such could not rather resolve. So, as I mentioned in the previous lecture Hegel is adopting a kind of totalizing approach to philosophy and he has a concept which encompasses all reality under one umbrella concept that is absolute. So, we will start with that concept absolute idealism and here this is as it is evident from an introduction to Hegel, Hegel's primary aim is to arrive at an all encompassing theory to bridge the finite with the infinite again we can see this as a response to enlightenment philosophy. In enlightenment this is very clear for example, Kant has maintained a distinction between finite and the infinite the phenomena and the nomina the phenomenal reality is finite that which is experience that it appears in front of us and something which does not appear something which lies behind it something which is infinite. So, this division is fundamental to enlightenment thought and also to Kantian philosophy, but Hegelian system is trying to address this issue and trying to resolve this or trying to bridge this gap between finite and the infinite it is only the hall is real this is again a very celebrated Hegelian slogan only the hall is real all particular facts and concepts are incomplete and only are partially true. Each concept taken in isolation each concept taken in abstraction is incomplete and untrue the hall alone is true that is the fundamental Hegelian absolute and what is this hall? This hall is the absolute the spirit the mind so and again Hegel's new way of thinking we can take the irrational approach to of contradicting the houses which we have already examined in the previous lecture the method of dialectics. So, to understand or to comprehend reality which is rational in a sense human reason can do that Hegel has the faith in human reason he has the confidence in human reason that human mind can comprehend reality because reality essentially shares a rational structure with the human mind because the human mind is also part of it. Now, how does the human mind approach reality there should be a method and this method is the method of dialectics where we allow a sort of we take an irrational approach contradicting ourselves apparently irrational approach that is because you are dealing with the absolute which encompasses everything all different entities are under that absolute. So, once you try to understand those reality a phenomenon which includes everything it is bound to include also differences different entities entities which are different from each other and even sometimes contradict each other concepts which contradict each other. So, naturally we have to adopt an irrational approach and cosmic history consists in the life history of spirit or geist which is the absolute and the geist is a process a rational process we have already examined this in the previous lecture a little bit when we talked about reality conceiving reality as a process not as a static entity as Emmanuel Kant conceived it. It is a process it is a process which involves the interaction between the subject and the object. So, the fundamental distinction between subject and object is blurred in Hegelian philosophy because it is a process where this interaction of subject and object is also part of it again the absolute and compasses everything everything. So, all different entities contradicting aspects concepts everything is part of that everything I just quote everything that from eternity has happened in heaven and earth the life of God and all the deeds of time are simply the struggles of spirit to know itself and to find itself. So, Hegel presents conception of reality as an absolute as an absolute entity which is not an entity as such because in order to be an entity something needs to limit itself, but absolute is an unlimited indefinite substance entity, but of course different from the concept of infinite substance advocated by Spinoza and many others. Here the substance involves differences the differences and contradictions are real they are not unreal in Hegel and it is a process it is a process it is a moving dynamic process according to him. And again what is this process this process as a meaning in every stage the process characterized by a moment of realization and in each stage it realizes the higher stages from lower to higher. So, there is a teleology that is being unraveled in the process and towards the end it culminates in the absolute.  So, every unraveling of the spirit or evolution stage of evolution is nothing but an intelligent comprehension of itself is at the same time the progression of the total evolving reality. And here we can see in this figure a summary of Hegelian project Hegelian philosophy Hegel divides philosophy into three basic headings logic which deals with the count of the forms of thought where he also includes dialectic and other aspects of it which we have already discussed. The second one is nature philosophy where it deals with the natural sciences as the manifestation of the forms of thought all natural sciences are nothing but as the manifestation of this universal thinking and again the philosophy of the Geist deals with the manifestation of the forms of thought in society. So, it is a historical process. So, in one sense Hegel wants to comprehend everything comprehensively bring everything put everything together under this notion of philosophy which philosophers can know. Logic the account of the forms of thought natural philosophy deals with the natural sciences as the manifestations of the forms of thought and philosophy of Geist deals with the manifestation of the forms of thought in society. What is important here is all the three sections deal with forms of thought and the fundamental unity of the rational forms are emphasized by Hegel. So, everything is rational. So, I mentioned in the previous lecture that Hegel and on one occasion he says that he proclaims one of the very important insights of Hegelian philosophy the rational is real and the real is rational. The rational forms are the real forms rationally understanding the world consists in understanding the world deeply into the deeper levels of reality you actually delve into the deeper levels of reality through this through by applying the rational approach everything coincides in the absolute. The absolute is the ultimately real which is the whole process that encompasses the subjective and the objective it is the same rational structures are in me that my thinking my rational thinking my thoughts follow the same rational structure which is manifested in reality in the world in nature in human history in all that man engaged in doing like architecture, arts, philosophy, religion everywhere the same reality is manifested. So, the ultimately real which is the whole process and encompasses the subjective the objective internal and external and all the three dimensions of time it is a complex organic system. So, Hegel emphasizes the word organic because the kind of unity he was trying to envisage is the kind of organic unity constituted of individual separate things that are real their reality consisting in them being an aspect of the whole. So, each object is real unlike Spinoza in Spinoza substance we have seen that you know the final analysis substance alone is real everything sort of becomes unimportant. But here the separate things are real their reality consisting in them being an aspect of the whole. So, there is a kind of interconnectedness without the whole the a finite independent entities never exist, but without these finite independent entities the infinite also never exist there is an interconnectedness there is a logical interconnectedness between this what makes the infinite infinite is the finite it is in relation with the finite the infinite becomes infinite and vice versa incorporates both the finite and the infinite bridges the finite with the infinite. So, that is one of the primary purposes of Hegelian system. Now, again absolute idealism does not talk about the reality that appears before us something which can would talk about the phenomenal reality which appears before us which is not thing in itself which is not things in themselves which is not the nominal ultimately real the all-encompassing theory of absolute idealism cannot be approached with the model of cognition advocated by enlightenment rationality enlightenment rationality functions on the basis of sudden fundamental dichotomies between finite and infinite between appearance and reality something which you can never see and all such you know internal and external mind and the world. So, all such sort of dichotomies are fundamental for enlightenment rationality which Hegel cannot accept Hegelian approach is to totalize everything to bring everything together comprehensive approach he adopts turn invert to our understanding to arrive at the true source of philosophical knowledge. So, it is a kind of in that sense you know it is very close to the Kantian approach Kant also does this he also turns invert trying to understand what is there I mean the gaze is on the consciousness in the Kantian philosophy as well. But Hegel refers to or rather he goes a little further than Emmanuel Kant and our understanding to arrive at the true sources of philosophical knowledge what is that what is that rational structures which constitute everything that is what his aim allow contradiction to take place and reconcile them this we have already examined and allow the process of progress and manifest itself in thinking and reality. Now, the concept of reality is it is a very interesting notion he has which is again drastically different from the enlightenment inception because the enlightenment conception never adopts a teleological approach. So, but for Hegel the notion of reality he advocates is governed by the principle of teleological causality and not mechanical efficient causality of the enlightenment tradition cause effect relationship as it is explained in the enlightenment tradition. But here the emphasis is more on the interconnectedness it is on the hall the meaning of each stage is realized in the hall which is the rational which is the absolute. So, there is always a notion of absolute which is not something yet to be arrived at, but it is a process the absolute is not actually independent of this independent entities which are in a process of realizing or actualizing their potentialities, but everything put together is what constitutes the absolute. So, here we can see the influence of Aristotle a revision of the conception of rationality and to overcome Kantian separation between nominal and phenomena finite and infinite internal and external appearance and reality all those things which I have already mentioned. So, Hegelian notion of reality is a comprehensive concept which is envisaged to overcome all these fundamental dichotomies which Kantian philosophy has presupposed. Again teleological causality the identification of the reality as essentially spiritual not material, reality is essentially spiritual and when you say reality is essentially spiritual not material everything every change every movement that takes place in nature can be conceived not merely mechanically, but containing a meaning. So, everything that happens has a meaning because nothing is mechanical nothing is purely mechanical and things are spiritual. So, the spiritual aspect is emphasized like Aristotle. So, it is a teleological conception where Aristotle originally identified identification of the fully substantial being with spirit which in its essence is activity potentiality to actuality which Aristotle has explained which we have already discussed as part of this lecture series in one of the early lectures. These have a meaning. So, this is again another seminal feature of teleological conception everything has a meaning it is not mechanically present there. Every process happen in the world are rational, purposive and with full of meaning. So, every stage contains the past and also the future in it. So, every stage is a meaningful process or a meaningful stage in a process that begins from somewhere and is going to culminate in somewhere else and again since reality is rational we can understand it unity of logic and metaphysics understanding trying to understand reality by employing a method is a rational method that is where logic comes into picture and a conception of reality is where your metaphysics comes into picture. So, metaphysics and logic coincides in Hegelian philosophy. Now, again little bit more about the teleological process I think I should explain this reality, world, thought and reason are not static like as it was in the case of enlightenment many of these enlightenment philosophers it is static. But here it is not static, but are dynamic and they move and evolve it is not just blind movement, but it is a meaningful evolution that happens. So, that is why the approach is teleological it is evolution and hence is teleological evolutionary process is something that is undeveloped, undifferentiated, homogenous and hence abstract develops differentiates splits up assumes many different forms. So, this is what happens in we deal with reality, reality as absolute, reality as spirit as geist is a dynamic reality which is a process which is not a static entity, but a process which is process in which the undeveloped, undifferentiated, homogenous and abstract reality develops into by means of differentiating itself splitting up and assuming many different forms. And these different finite forms may contradict each other until at last they are unified in the absolute. So, in one sense the absolute is not something which is yet to be achieved it is already there, but on the other hand each moment is a process of self-realization is a continuous process the absolute realize as itself we can put it in that way and absolute is thus a unity in diversity. So, again we will just invoke this slogan, real is rational and rational is real which we have already mentioned in the previous lecture.  The real is the rational and the rational is real this totality of thought is absolute and infinite unlike the finite minds of humans. So, here what Hegel means by rational is that every aspect of reality or every event of reality has a structure and this structure according to him is a rational structure it exhibits the rational structure that is what he means by reality is rational and rational is real. Now reality is rational conceptual totality and then integrated and total structure of conceptual truths. So, everything both the subject and the object everything is a moving dynamic reality it is a conceptual totality it constitutes a conceptual totality and then integrated and total structure of conceptual truths. The totality of conceptual truth reveals itself in all areas of human experience and knowledge whether it is history or physics or any discipline any intellectual or other endeavor human beings are engaged in it is this totality of conceptual truth reveals itself. And again reality is rational the vast structure of rational concepts that includes all areas the real is rational, but not different from what is existence. See again it is a very interesting contrast between the enlightenment philosophy particularly Kantian philosophy and Hegelian thought. In Kantian philosophy the real is different from what is existent what is being perceived what is being experienced and seen in front of us or rather to put it in other way it is what is appearing in front of us, but here really is rational, but it is not different from what is existent rational is the existent object more deeply understood. So, Hegel refers to that depth understanding the deep understanding of all that is existent the deeper understanding of the vast realms of physical and organic nature and of society is what this absolute reality is constitutive of. And again rational concepts are not independent or transcendental apart from the concrete world. So, they are not unlike Kantian forms which are transcendental they are not independent of it rational concepts constitutes that rational core of the world of things. So, they are everything that is why Hegel approaches philosophy with a historians approach. So, everything every human reality you would find the presence of this rational structures. Reality is knowable its rational structures are knowable this is where you know he is again significantly different from Kantian approach where reality is not knowable Kant is an agnostic he says that the real things in themselves are unknowable one cannot know it, but for an absolute idealist of the Hegelian kind reality is knowable because its rational structures are knowable it is the same rational structures which are human thinking or human thought shares. So, since there is a commonality between these two one is only a manifestations of the other it is knowable the absolute reality manifest itself to us in ordinary experience in logic and natural science in psychology politics and history in painting poetry and architecture and in religion and in philosophy in short in all possible human endeavors. The absolute being is a common root of the categories or pure concepts again it is the emptiest and at the same time the most comprehensive reality. So, when we talk about the absolute this is a very interesting aspect that comes to our mind that we can never miss noticing because on the one hand Hegel says it is a root of the categories of pure concept everything it encompasses everything and in that sense it is not something very specific we can identify what is this absolute we cannot say that it is x or y we cannot specify it we cannot determine it because it is indeterminate it involves everything something which is everything cannot be something which is everything cannot be anything because to be anything something has to be something which means we need to determine it it cannot be indeterminate, but here absolute is essentially indeterminate and in that sense it is emptiest and at the same time the most comprehensive reality the most comprehensive is bound to be empty because in order to be something it has to be determinate the most abstract and the most real at the same time the most elementary and the most exalted notion all our concepts express modes of being and our transformation of the idea of being. So, the absolute being is not something specific or determinate because all our concepts are nothing but expressions of modes of this absolute being now every stage in the process contains all the preceding stages and for shadows all the future stages. So, this is what I said there is a continuity a meaningful continuity where potentialities are actualized. So, every stage in the process contains all the preceding stages and for shadows the future stages every finite stages both a product and a prophecy the lower form is negated in the higher, but is also preserved in the higher we have already discussed this when we have discussed the dialectical method in the previous lecture where how in the process of dialectic or in dialectic method the thesis and the antithesis culminates in the synthesis with a process that involves negation, preservation and elevation the three important stages in the dialectical method. So, I am not going to the details here. So, it is the same thing the lower form is negated in the higher, but is also served in the higher or rather even elevated in the higher it has been carried over and sublated in the higher. So, in the process of evolution ends or purposes are realized this is the case with all teleological processes there is something a purpose a meaning is realized a purpose is realized in that process the purpose of universal reason is realized in the process the truth lies in the hall the truth of the organism and here we can see that you know the falls in abstract divisions of reality which philosophers often subscribe to this is the false abstract divisions like between essence and appearance which is very classically done by the enlightenment philosophers inner and outer realities substance and attribute infinite and finite force and its expressions mind and matter God and the world. So, all these are classical examples where philosophers have maintained divisions in philosophy according to Hegel the concept of reality includes all these things. So, this divisions are not really true falls and abstract divisions philosophers make reality is the hall once you graduate to this conception of reality into an all encompassing all comprehending reality then these divisions apparently do not figure in as philosophically significant in your scheme of things. The absolute in that sense is a spiritual and logical process of evolution it is to comprehend reality we need to experience this process in ourselves. So, something which is again against the enlightenment conception which envisages that all understanding consists in the kind of subject object relationship where the subject is posited over and against the object looks at it dispassionately. So, this notion of subject object epistemological distinction is again cancelled in Hegel where to comprehend reality we need to experience the process the spiritual and logical process of evolution which is nothing but reality we need to experience it in us our minds need to experience it in us and we can do that because we also share our thoughts share the rational structures which is nothing but the structure of reality by reproducing the rational necessity in all thought and in reality in our thinking by dialectic. So, something which we have already explored in the previous lecture the process of dialogue actually does it by inventing or by encountering the contradictions thinking evolves rationally moves logically genetically and dialectically. So, thinking is not a static process not a mechanical process which starts from one end and reaches the other end, but it is a kind of interactive process it moves logically and rationally, but at the same time genetically and dialectically. So, in that way it is interactive it is historical it is a process and again the absolute of geist is the creative logos or reason it contains in it the entire logical dialectical process which unfolds itself in the world all the laws of its evolution are outlined in the absolute and hence find expression in the form of objective existence. So, the laws of its evolution the process of evolution the process of the evolution of the absolute which is nothing but the world is everything that happens in this world everything that goes on in this world is nothing but a part of this process of the evolution of the world which is nothing but an evolution of the absolute or the process that is absolute. So, the evolution is outlined in the absolute and hence find expression in the form of objective existence. So, whatever exist things or processes or events are nothing but manifestations of this process which is absolute and in this context very interesting to see what is God. God is not separate from the world God is the living and moving reason of the world God reveals himself in the world in nature and in history nature and history are necessary stages in the evolution of God into self consciousness and again God and world are not eternally separated as conceived by enlightenment reason. So, the concept of absolute even encompass this concept. So, in one sense we can say that this absolute is God. So, in that sense God and the world are not really separate from each other. So, the world is also part of that process which absolute is, but God is not absorbed in the world nor the world is absorbed in God. God cannot be without creating a world and without knowing himself in his other the dialectic and absolute is unity of opposition. So, before we conclude our lecture on this this is an interesting aspect which would actually take us to the next topic the phenomenology of the mind or the phenomenology of the spirit the relationship between world God and the human mind. So, again as Hegelian totalizing philosophy emphasizes they cannot be different from each other at the same time they are different. So, it is unity in difference in one sense because the absolute involves everything, but at the same time different things maintain their differences yet their unique identities. These unique identities these differences these dichotomies and these contradictions are not final they can be resolved and move on only by resolving these differences and dichotomies the process can move on to higher stages. Moving to higher stages is extremely important for Hegelian philosophy because ultimately the unity needs to be attained. So, human mind is not a mere inferior dependent entity as it is conceived in many other philosophical traditions. Here the interesting aspect is that the divine idea is enriched by itself expression in nature and history and rises through them to self consciousness and the absolute things itself in its object it comes to know its own essence only in evolution and this happens only in man. So, this is the interesting aspect of the inter relationship between God world and human mind. The divine idea is enriched by its self expressions in nature and history and rises through them to self consciousness. So, it is a process that goes on and on to higher and higher levels of self consciousness the absolute the process is where the absolute thinking itself in its objects. So, the absolute itself is in the process of thinking by being part of the process or by being the process itself it comes to know its own essence only in evolution and this happens only in man. Now, this expression of universal reason the rational structures or rational forms which Hegel was emphasizing it is visible in nature individuals human institutions history low morality custom ethical observation everything all over all aspects of human life customs conventions beliefs religious traditions everywhere you will find the expression of the universal reason in all such instance the universal spirit realizes its purpose in a rational dialectical movement. And the supreme stage is the evolution of the logical idea is the absolute mind from conceiving it as the culmination of the process is the absolute mind, but the absolute mind involves everything. Now, with this understanding in the backdrop now we will try to understand this very important aspect of Hegelian philosophy the phenomenology of spirit which is actually an attempt to outline biography of the spirit of humanity as Hegel already mentioned are all human endeavors are all human achievements human history itself is nothing, but a process. Since the process it is teleological it can be also understood as a kind of evolution from lower stages to higher and higher stages and finally, to the highest stage which is the ultimate synthesis of everything. So, the phenomenology of spirit is an attempt to present the biography of the spirit of humanity the evolution of human spirit from lesser stages of existence and realization to higher and ultimately to the highest stage. The phenomenology is important as only in the mind of man one comes to know its own evolution the absolute comes to know or even god comes to know its own evolution and to describe a history of consciousness. So, what is phenomenology see when we try to understand our mind or mind alone when we conduct an examination of a study of mind we call it psychology, but mind is an entity which comes into contact with objects in the world or the entire world mind is in contact with. So, when you try to understand the mind in connection with the objects to which it is related then it is not purely psychology then it is you are trying to approach it from a different perspective when we try to understand our own understanding of the world that is where we become conscious about ourselves. So, consciousness is being studied. So, what happens here is that phenomenology studies mind in relation to external or internal objects what happens when the mind comes into contact with external as well as internal objects. There is a consciousness about these objects. So, that consciousness is being studied. So, in one sense we can say that phenomenology is a science of consciousness phenomenology is actually not Hegel's invention, but Hegel significantly contributes to the development of phenomenology which by 19th century develops into new domains and nowadays in today current contemporary philosophy phenomenology is a very significant philosophical approach, but the Hegelian sense it consists of three main parts corresponding with the three main phases of consciousness. The three main phases of consciousness are one is consciousness where you are just conscious of something see I am conscious of this chair in front of me or a camera in front of me or various other things in front of me just a kind of you know consciousness about something which is there present. The second stage it is called self-consciousness I am conscious of the fact that I am conscious and the third stage is reason I will explain that in due course. The first one is consciousness where as I said it is a stage of sense certainty something is there the chair is there in front of me the camera is there in front of me or the world of things are there in front of me. So, there is a kind of sense certainty present at this stage it is an uncritical apprehension by the senses of particular objects I am not reflecting upon what it is what the process is going on see when I see the camera in front of me or a chair in front of me I am not really reflecting what is happening the process I am just understanding that it is a camera or a chair.  So, when I the moment I try to describe these experiences which have this and certainties which have in order to describe such an object of immediate acquaintance we need to employ universal category. So, when I say 20 chairs in front of me. So, I am employing the universal category of quantity 20 20 is the universal it is nothing very peculiar to these chairs here it is a universal I can even say 20 human beings or 20 days 20 hours. So, all these are I mean I am employing a universal category of quantity which is very cancean in that sense. So, what Hegel reminds us is that this level of static sense certainty will not take us further the moment we try to describe our sense certainty or experiences we have to actually refer back to universal categories. And these universal categories have to be found within ourselves they are not there the chairs are there, but the 20 chairs to understand it as a chair as a blue chair with a certain features I mean to understand an object as a chair is to understand it as a certain object with certain features which means my mind is able to categorize it as something to categorize it as something this knowledge should come from within from my mind. So, it is my contribution. So, what Hegel says is that often we invoke meta phenomenal or unobservable entities to explain sense phenomena say for example, nowadays we talk about nanotechnology. So, we refer to nanoparticles of objects. So, an understanding of a particular object or understanding of a particular process is possible by invoking this notion of nanoparticles. So, when I do that what I am trying to do is that this category of you know particles category of nanoparticles they are all something which is there my contribution the contribution of my consciousness the souls of such categories are my own understanding they are not in the world, but they are in my own understanding consciousness is thus turned back to itself. So, in this way I am actually forced to turn back myself. So, which is a Kantian process it becomes self conscious or self consciousness we can see and now the summary of this discussion is sense certainty can say that an object is, but not what it is there is an object, but what it is it is a chair it is an apple it is a camera. So, all such categorizations are done by me they are my contribution. Now, we come to self consciousness the self is concerned with the external objects the self subordinates the object to itself and approach the object to comprehend it and use it to its purpose. See when I see a chair I subordinate the object to myself it is a chair it is something which I can use for serving my own purposes I would rather use the word I objectify it everything in front of me I objectify it I have a use with it I can appropriate it tries to appropriate it and consume it. So, I am using it for my own purposes it is an object for me I distinguish myself from that object that object is only an object while I am a subject I am a self. Now as far as chairs and tables and cameras are concerned this is alright this approach is fundamentally alright there is absolutely no problem in it, but the moment I encounter another human being encounters a threat when the self confronts other selves which are different from objects instead of a chair I have a human being in front of me that moment there is a threat I cannot objectify that human being because that human being is not just like a chair, but he or she is like me like a subject and he or she can also objectify me. So, if I want to assert my own selfhood my own distinguished identity as a self as a subject and not just a mere object then I will have to make him or her an object. So, my attempt to objectify him I will definitely attempt to objectify him, but the problem is that if I try to objectify him then the possibility that he would also try to objectify me is actually posing a threat to my own existence. So, the recognition and the realization that the world is constitutive of subjects like me and not just objects like chairs and tables that pauses a threat to my own existence. So, that is where the second stage encounters a kind of what you call dilemma or a kind of crisis in its existence. Encountering the other self the self feels a desire to cancel out or annihilate the other self as a means to the assert its own selfhood. So, in order to assert my selfhood I am trying to cancel that other self. So, but this is counter predictive the consciousness of once on selfhood demands as a condition the recognition of this selfhood by another self. So, for me to exist as a self so that I can assert my selfhood I need the other person who would recognize me as a self. So, all my attempts to cancel his or her selfhood assuming that his or her selfhood is a potential threat to my own selfhood is bound to be counter predictive because if I annihilate him if I make him a non self then who is that to recognize me as a self. So, it is going to be counter predictive the master slave relationship is invoked here in this context famously by Hegel it says that in order to assert one's own selfhood one enslave the other. So, one possibility is that I encounter along with chairs and tables and other objects in the world a human being who is also a self like me. Now, that pauses a threat to me and I want to assert my selfhood. So, in order to assert my selfhood what I will do is that I will enslave the other person by enslaving the other person I am just taking away or annihilating his selfhood I am not recognizing him as a human being. Now, by enslaving the other one does not recognize the former as a real person. So, for me he or she ceases to be a person and by doing this the master deprives himself of the recognition of his own freedom which he originally demanded. This freedom is essential for the development of self-consciousness what happens is that here the master becomes dependent on the slave for asserting his selfhood that is quite paradoxical on the one hand you need others to recognize you as a self. So, that your assertion of selfhood is meaningful on the other hand again your master becomes dependent on the slave for asserting his selfhood. The paradox of enslaving the other is in order to asserts one's freedom one enslaves another person and then becomes dependent on that slave.  So, he does things in nature he makes it transforms nature for the sake of his master he starts doing it, but through his labor he liberates himself. So, every master slave relationship is bound to be counter predictive. Now, in this context Hegel talks about the other stage the ultimate stage where reason the finite subject rises to universal self-consciousness realization that we are all manifestation of the universal spirit. So, here instead of being in a world where you exist as a subject without any critical awareness of your status just having self-certainty you have progressed to the next stage or you have evolved to the next stage of self-consciousness where you realize that there are other selves who actually posit a threat to your own self-hood. And that insecurity of being among other self-hoods who are different from you who are positing a threat to your own self-hood and your constant you know struggle to enslave them which is ultimately proving to be counter predictive you reach a third stage or you rather rise to a third stage you evolve to a third stage of reason where you realize that you as well as others are all manifestations of the universal self universal mind universal spirit. So, it is not the one-sided awareness of oneself as an individual subject threatened by and in conflict with other self-conscious beings it is a full recognition of self-hood in oneself and in others. So, we all realize we are all manifestations of that universal mind once that realization arrives the confrontation becomes what meaningless then there is no confrontation. So, reason takes us to that domain a synthesis of the first two stages of consciousness and self-consciousness. Consciousness is where subject is aware of the sensible object as something external and heterogeneous to itself self-consciousness is subject's attention is turned back on itself as a finite self and reason is where it sees everything as the objective expression of infinite spirit with which it is itself united. We will conclude our discussion on Hegelian philosophy at this point where Hegel as we have seen there are three things very important about Hegel one is that his conception of reality he never conceives reality as independent of the subject or the novel of reality. So, there is no epistemological strict epistemological split between subject and object which is so cardinal for enlightenment philosophy. Number two same rational forms that constitute reality are constitutive of the human thought as well. So, in one sense the human thought can understand can comprehend reality because they share the same universal rational forms. And the third important point is reality is the absolute which encompasses everything. And Hegel talks about a method by means of which this reality can be comprehended the dialectical method where you have to contradict yourself allow contradictions to happen and then resolve them and ultimately synthesize them that is the method he is suggest and he explains the process for him it is a historical process it is an evolution in which the from the level of consciousness of bare awareness bare static certainty, sense certainty you reach the second stage of self consciousness where you encounter and confront other selves to the third stage where you realize and experience that unity in you and everything is part of that universal ultimate absolute reality. So, this is in summary the Hegelian philosophy and the Hegelian system and Hegel is a very important thing are we will examine the influence of Hegel in the next lecture as well where we will be discussing the contributions of Karl Marx the division between left Hegelians and others. So, Marx and others develop a philosophy a materialistic philosophy out of Hegelian idealism which is a objective idealism of Hegel and then again even in contemporary philosophy we can see the tremendous influence of Hegelian philosophy. So, we will conclude our discussion on the contributions of this most important thinker of modern period. Thank you.


Many of these artists didn't explore the body as a unit, a close unit. They explored the body as parts, as areas to be explored, in a way they broke the unity of the body. They were discovering a new body that was abilitating, making it possible for other bodies.


With action and suspense out of the Old West comes the most famous hero of them all, Huffleong Cassidy, starring William Boyd. The ring of the silver spurs harrows the most amazing man ever to ride the prairies of the early West. Huffleong Cassidy. The same hoppy you cheer in motion pictures, and the same California you've laughed at a million times. Raw courage and quick shooting have built a legend around this famous hero. Huffleong is a name to be feared, respected and admired. For this great cowboy rides the trails of adventure and excitement. William Boyd as Huffleong Cassidy and Andy Clyde as California. Well, Hoppy, what about our story? It's one called Death Crosses the River and began one morning down the rear grand country of Texas. California and I had just delivered some breeding stock to a rancher near Laredo. We were planning on a few days vacation in San Antonio so to save wear on our horses we took the stagecoach and tied our horses back of it.  He seemed to have no yen for California's conversation. I don't know, Hoppy. Horses might be hard in the seat of your britches, but this blame cracker box shakes up all over. Going all the way to San Antonio, stranger? Eh, yes.  Ain't you, mister, uh, mister... No, no. Hmm, your name wouldn't be, uh, Smith, would it? Yeah. You see, Hoppy, he's Mr. Smith.  Well, that serves your right. But Flabby Lips? Hoppy, I... Say, this isn't a regular stock. There's a tree across the road. There's a hold up. You're not all like Swiss cheese off that box. We'd better do as he says. There's a dozen riders out there. Santos, keep the driver covered. Hello, Parker. Taking a fit for your health? Kills, but I wasn't running away. I was coming back. What's your idea? This stage ain't carrying no money. Ranger, keep quiet and keep healthy. Parker, hand me your bag. Sure. Here are these kills. Take it. Thanks, I will. Here's something for you, Parker. A little comment from the boss on your behavior. No, no, no, please! Quiet, dirty murder. Hold on, you don't do that. Yeah, that's right.  In fact, both of you better forget this. Because if you talk, that corpse is going to have company. All right, couple, get us! Well, there goes the coldest killer yet. And you came mighty close to meeting Gabriel, California. Yeah, me and my big Flabbermouth. Flabbermouth? Why, that low-down skunk can't call me that. All right, close mouth, untire horses. In fact, Parker's body back to Laredo. Sir, to Laredo? No, we don't want to have no corpse for a company. You heard what Cal said. We have to turn in that bag of Parker's, California. Bag? What bag? He gave his bag to that killer. No, he made a switch. I saw him. That was my bag he handed, Cal's. His must still be in the coach, and I have an awful yen to see what's in it. Yeah, there it is. We'll open it up, and California, look at this. Hoppy, is that real? It's real, all right. We just fell heir to about $50,000 in cash. Now back to Hoppinong Cassidy and our story, Death Crosses the River. The stagecoach from Laredo to San Antonio, Hoppy and California witness a strange robbery and murder of a fellow passenger. After Kel's, the killer has gone. They find that their bags were switched, and, opening that of the murdered passenger, they discover it filled with money. We now find Hoppy and California taking the bag and the body of the man back to Laredo. There's no one on that killer wanted this bag. You sure get a surprise when he finds all he has in my extra clothes and taking Parker's body back to show Mr. Kel's he can't scare us. You want a bag?  I know, just the same. It's times like these I wish who was cowards. I've a hunch we'd live longer. Yeah.  That's real nice. Hey, take a look at that big wagon up ahead. Good gravy, what is it? I don't know, but it's got lots of color. Looks like a sunrise with yellow jaundice. Wonder what it's about for? Montaggy, the magn... He's a foreigner. That's Montague the Magnificent. I wonder if he'd mind carrying that body into the radio. Hey, I'd sure like that. Anything to get it off of a saddle horn. Hey, hey, you open the wagon. Oh, no answer. Let's take a look. Well, no wonder he's sleeping. Sean was more like he's gargling with sheepkin. Hey, Montaggy, wake up. Hey, Montaggy. Please, let none of your people starve me. I have an exposition of sleep come upon me. And a quits that horrible bell ring. Who's bell ring? I recognize that other. What Shakespeare. A what? A soul in this benighted wilderness that has rid the barred Eureka. Is it a millennium? No, it ain't either. It's February. I can see you don't share your companion's wealth of mind. My modern Caliban.  But permit me. I am Montague. I'm Apollon Cassidy, and this is my partner, California Carl. He'll like it, sir. Excuse my curiosity. But is that a deceased person dangling across your saddle? Old and battered? Oh, why, you'll all know as poor I tend to food. I'll show you who's old and battered. Break it up. Wait a minute. Well, yeah, it's a corpse, Montague. We're hoping you wouldn't mind carrying it into Laredo. Well, I suppose courtesy demands that I submit as much as I detest the defunct company. Put him here, back of the seat. I can put him back in the wagon if you'll open it. And tag her well. Please allow me to decide where I prefer my cargo. Back of the seat, if you will. All right, all right. I've been a soldier, actor, author, chemist, and maker of bad doctorals. I guess it's only fate that I now become the driver of a hearse. How did he reach his deplorable condition? He was murdered. You wouldn't have to know a man named Kel's, would you? I would rather gather you think this Kel's than insist if he's shuffling off the mortal coil. That's right. Do you know him? Oh, quite. Around Laredo is well-known as a dangerous man who works for Bramwell's importing company as a trail boss. You seem to know Laredo rather well. As purveyor of learning, distributor of printed wisdom, and I generate master of the children of this area, it is easy to hear of anything. Well, thanks, Montague. We'll be seeing you in Laredo. My warning, you'll do better to avoid it, my friends. For what you've told me, only trouble awaits you there. Ah, busy little town, Laredo. Let's have a talk with this Bramwell first. I have a feeling that he should know about his trail boss's activities. Well, we won't have to look hard. Er, there exists at the end of the street. Big warehouse with a sign across the top. Bramwell importing company. Well, that's mostly down. Ah, go in alone.  I'll stay here in this whole-tail room forever. I know. The Bramwell told me Cal's a temporary sheriff now. After the regular sheriff, and it takes its ranger a-killed, and the waiver Laredo across the border. Yeah, and that Parker, which is accountant, would run off with their money, which Cal's returned, but why? I'm stuck, California. I don't know where to turn. This thing is a mess. It doesn't make sense. Let's go to Chantone. Can't. We have $50,000 that belongs to someone. Well, let's think. We know that Parker was Bramwell's accountant. According to Bramwell, he ran off with money.  And returned the money to Bramwell. Only he couldn't have because we have it. Then Bramwell lied to you. Well, it looked like it, but that's ridiculous. Cal's must have reported us as being passengers and witnesses to Parker's murder. Bramwell must know we have the money. Why'd I lie to us? All he has to do is claim it. Let's go to Chantone. Uh-oh. We've got company. Do we want it? No, correct. Come on in there. Open up. Well, we might as well live like heroes. Yeah? Back up and be quiet. Yeah. A gun. Dang, if this ain't the unfriendliest town...  What's your business with Bramwell? What did you do that made Cal so a fired man? Why is he on the prod for you? Question one, we saw Bramwell's accountant, Parker, murdered. Question two, we got something Cal's overlooked. Same answer for number three. Question from us, who are you and what do you want? Never mind that. What do you know about gunrunning? Gunrunning? Oh, now look, we just came here to deliver some cows. You know, with horns and a moo. Eh, not triggers. Eh, all right. A word of warning. Get out of town still before Cal finds you. Well, that about makes it unanimous. Yeah, we're as popular as the hoof and mouth disease. And one thing for sure, we're in the middle of no ordinary affair. Gunrunning is big business. My bet's on that Cal's. Maybe, but Bramwell said his boss has the organization. And the wagons and mules are to take the whole gun. Yeah, that's right. He mentioned the sheriff and ranger getting killed in the way of a radio across the border. They tend to want bet they were killed over this same affair. Only I can't figure it out. Wait, listen. What's that shouting outside? First open in the winter. What's all the fuss about? Highest! Highest! Bramwell's warehouse! Now back to half-along Cassidy and our story, Death Crosses the River. Poppy in California have found themselves involved in a strange affair that centers around gunrunning, murder, $50,000, and a man named Bramwell. It was his accountant that was murdered, and by Cal's, his trail boss. It's also possibly his money. And now his warehouse has caught fire. From the window of their hotel room, Poppy in California watched this latest development. They're getting it under control, California, centered in his office. Let's use that fire as a cover and slip out of town. Now you're talking. We're going to St. Tom's? No. Come on. Greetings.  This hall's a little public for what I'm going to do. I hope you realize that killing us is highly illegal. Where's the bag? Bag. Bag. California, you see a bag around? Bag. Bag. Still want to be funny and play games? Want to try that without a gun? Where's that money? Next one will hurt, Cassidy. You, Carlson, maybe you better get on that bed and lie face down. All right, I'm a goner. But this ain't the end, Cal. Now, Cassidy, turn around. I'm going to make you talk the hard way. Ever heard of a garrote? I have a leather-taken string here that makes a good one.  Come on, turn around, I said. I think you're the one that should turn around, Cal. You forgot to close the door and you got company right behind you and holding a gun. Save those old gags for a chump. Well, hallelujah. Thanks, Stuart. I think Mr. Cal was about to be a problem. It's my pleasure. I hope I cracked his thick skull.  I've got horses out back waiting. Wait, I'll get my bag. Cal should have looked under the bed and saved himself a headache. Well, we're in the Nueva Laredo. You'll be saving Cal's head. Now, then tell me, just what is your part in this? Will you tell us why you can't kill and save our bacon? I can't kill because it's part of my duty to prevent murder when I can. I thought so. Texas Ranger? That's right. On special assignment from Washington. To stop gunrunning? Yes. Report reached Washington that guns and large numbers have been smuggled across the border and into the hands of a bandit leader. Pretending to be a revolutionary. His headquarters is just north of Monterey. There's only one way the guns could have traveled. That's through the radar. And you think Cal was taking them across from Bramwell's wagon train? Here's what we know. Bramwell sends empty wagons into Mexico to pick up consignments of registered imports. His wagons are the only means but with a large number of guns to travel. And Cal is his wagon boss. He's had strangely good luck in passing through bandit territory safely. Do you think the bandits don't attack him because he's working with him? It would figure. But we checked Bramwell's wagons from the time they leave his yard until they're across the border. We found them. Well, you're all gone. We know who our cook is, but just try and put it. Oh, by the way, here's a little something you better take care of. This bag. Yes. Oh, yes, yes.  Where are these? It is full of money. It was Parker's until he was shot. I thought it was Bramwell's, but he swears that Cal's returned his money. I'll have a sense of range of headquarters. They'll find a claimant. I'm blasted. I wish I could send the case in as easy. But now I'm afraid Bramwell's burning of his record indicates his awareness of our investigation. He's probably ready to quit. Maybe. Or maybe that's what we're supposed to believe. What does the next wagon train do to leave Bramwell for Mexico? Tonight. But we won't find any guns in. Maybe do. Perhaps you don't check out on us the right time. I have an idea. Can you get Mexican cooperation on this? I already have. But I can't get the rallies in time to stop that train tonight. Well, send a man after them and meet me here in the way of Laredo right after dark. We may wind this up tonight. That sounds good to me. All right. Can't do, Cassidy. Hey, where do you think you're going? Back across the river to Laredo. Mac!  I just listed you for me. Can't help it. I have to ask Bramwell a question. Come on, California. He's got a question to ask. We arrived right back to spit at the devil. That, Cassidy, is amazing. There's the reel again, Ruffy. You sure you've got to go over into Laredo? It has to be done, California. Well, look, someone's crossing. That wagon? It's old slick tongue in these books. Yeah, for a sleepyhead he gets around. Hi, I'm Montaguey. Well, if it isn't old and depressed. And Mr. Cassidy. Hi, Montaguey. How's business? Cosspring, sir. Cosspring. By the way, here's a book I think you need old and faded, a present. A present for me? Yes. Well, thanks, Montaguey. The Pleasure of Ignorance. Why, yellow downpaked.  Well, I'll be a not-need-son-of-a-spaven-new. What an intriguing ancestry. I can see it's true. Would you explain how this remarkable genesis came about? Uh, Ruffy. Ruffy, did you ever hear such language in your life? Why, if I thought he was saying what I think he's saying. I don't know. When you can, I put that gun away. No, Montaguey. You've done enough in selling for one afternoon. Now move along. As you wish, Mr. Cassidy.  Good day. Why didn't you let me plug him, Hoppy? Just a little bit. Make it easy, California. I have a feeling you may get enough shooting tonight to last you. Come on. If we're going to get back in time to meet Stuart, we have to make tracks. All right. But don't go on it. For a nice ombre, you've got the dang to stitch. You'll never know, until there's someone going to shoot at us. Then you can't wait. I'll never get old. Well, Stuart, there's your proof. Heldsney's wagon train is down that was seen loading guns. I'm seeing it, but I still don't savvy it. Ten wagons loading guns. But where'd they come from? How'd they get across the border? One thing at a time. First, Bramwell is innocent. He's what? Oh, say, you are crazy. His men loading his wagons with smuggled guns. Sure, but they're not under Bramwell's orders right now. He's got a nice business. No reason to deal in gun-running. I found out he didn't lie about getting his money back, with Kells who lied, trying to cover up for Parker's murder. He also started that fire in Bramwell's office. Yeah, there never was no money stolen from Bramwell at all. Parker stole it from Kells. It was gun-running profits Bramwell never knew about. Kells reported money missing. Parker down, recovered that bag he thought contained his money, and murdered Parker so he couldn't talk. Then Kells is the leader of this gun-running outfit. No, Kells told Parker he was acting under orders from a boss. Uh-oh. Look as if the loading is nearly finished. We'd better move in. Here's what the rallies aren't here. We can't take them alone. We have to. Want to try a trick? See, you know I'm wondering if you shouldn't be wearing the badge. All right, deal a hand. It's too dark for them to see much outside of their fires. If you take one rim of the ravine, California take the other. If you'll make me a deathly for about ten minutes, I'll split the middle and arrest them. Oh, just like that, huh? You'll walk in on twenty smugglers and arrest them. That cassaville will drop you in your second word. Not if they think they're surrounded by rangers and ruralis. That's your jobs. When I yell up for proof, give me proof. Like what, Hoppy? I don't care. Yell, shoot, do a fandango, and make them think the rim of that ravine is lined with men. Yeah, it might work. If they're surprised enough, they may give in before they notice anything's falling. It'll work. When they see me walk in alone, they'll think I'm covered by an army of men. And if they don't, goodbye, Cassidy. All right, let's try it. Me, I'm starting to say some prayers. Get that last wagon loaded. Take us. Start covering up that last fire. We want to hold them five minutes. As soon as the boss comes. Every one, you're surrounded and under arrest. Cassidy, you. This is impossible. Men, don't.  Tell them to drop their guns or I'll drill you. All right. You're bluffing, Cassidy. Do you think I dare walk in here unprotected? Captain Carson, your men ready to fire? Ready and waiting. Major Short, your men ready? And it's true. They're on both sides of us.  Want to fight it out? No.  Don't fight. Don't massacre us. Drop your guns. Hey, one of you men up there. Come down and help me pick up these weapons. I don't think they want to. Get to the guns and store it back. Hog time the last of the men. I think we're going to have company. The leader's coming. It's a wagon coming around the bend. Oh, it's Montague. I know. All of Montague, you're under arrest. This is going on. I'll give you a guess. Your boys got caught, that's all. In short, the game has finished. Done. My boys? The stochasticity you flatter my virility, no end, but hardly my intelligence. You can skip the debate. When there were certain no large wagon trains crossed the Rio Grande, the answer was simple. One wagon crossing many times. You stocked this cache of guns here for Kells wagons to pick up. Yours was the only wagon that crossed the river regularly and without being examined. No, it is. It's also filled with books. I doubt it. No, you gave yourself away when you made so many trips to Nueva Laredo. You know what I found out? There isn't but one literate man living there. Hardly a large market for your wear.  I'll tell you what, let me look in that wagon. I'm going to love Putin Hemeny's play. Go ahead, I'll get stored. Back! Back! You bought heat and all right.   The degradation of being taken by such as you is galling. Yet as a token of my acceptance of fate, I have this one large book as a final present for you, old and scrawny. Here. Hide up. Cassidy, don't bother to draw. Are you hurt bad? Hurt? I ain't even scratched, Hoppy. But I sure bore that big mouthed book salesman he was ready to drill. I know, but are you sure you're not hurt? I saw a dust kick out of the front of your shirt and I thought... Hey, let me in on this. Who shot Montague? California. Montague pulled a gun out of a fake book. He's your leader, Stuart. Hoping he's wagging, you'll find all the evidence you need. He's brought the guns over in small loads. Montague? The leader? Yeah. I'll give you a story in a minute. But California, turn around. I know I saw that bullet hit you. Sure, it knocked my wind out, but it didn't hit me, Hoppy. It hit this darn book, Montaggy Gimme. I had it stuck in my shirt. You know something, Hoppy? I gotta take up reading. Seems a shame that one so clever as the great Montague would come to such an end as death crosses the river. But similar is the fate of all men who stray from the path of justice to the life of an outlaw. When we meet again, Hoppy tells the story of an exciting adventure which he calls Stage Coach West. So be sure you're listening to the next thrilling episode of Papalong Cassidy. Papalong Cassidy starring William Boyd is transcribed and produced in the West by Walter White Jr. Death Crosses the River was written by Herb Purdom. All stories are based upon the characters created by Clarence E. Mulfer. This is a Commodore production.


G'day guys well we're here at the NRCA Futurity in Fort Worth, Texas and we've just come across a really incredible story which isn't done very often in the reigning cow horse industry it's done a lot in the cutting and we're joined by Pete Rogan from Tamworth in Australia who took it upon himself to decide you know what I'm going to buy a horse and they come and ride it in the Futurity here and Pete's had a hell of a show and congratulations Pete and welcome. Thank you.  I used to show cow horses a lot of years ago in Australia when it was active and I really enjoyed it then and you know I enjoy watching them on the lodge, feeds on the web and stuff and I thought well I learned more about this this will probably help me more with my sale horses and stuff back home then if I came and rode some cutting horses for a while helped me get a more broke and make a more marketable to the campground rough market back home which is mostly what I get to do with my horses through lack of time I just get started culting train them up a little bit and sell them and go from there so.  I'd met Annie Reynolds last year and you what a longtime breeder she had been of these very smart Ramney liner horses and right back to her old foundation mares knew what an incredible line of horses they were and how successful Annie had been as a non-pro and yeah when I met Annie we talked about things a bit and you know I said to her I'd like to have a go at a fertility horse some stage would you be interested in training one for me and you know if I bought one from you and helped me with it and she said yeah and it went from there. So when did you come over how long ago did you come over? I flew in on the 29th of August and yeah did the deal with Annie then and bought the mare after I got here and tried her I'd seen some videos of her of course but we finalized the deal then and it went from there I've been trying to learn how to catch ride since. Well tell me about the competition in the standard how how how's it been and how's it felt? No it's been a really high standard the standard in the non-pro was probably higher than I thought it would be from watching the live feeds and that that I've got to back home and I think there was three girls in the finals that had all won at multiple times before and yeah they really know how to show these people over here and in every different phase of it and I hadn't done any dry work or down the fence for probably close to 30 years and haven't shown cutting horses very much in recent years back home so yeah it's been a big learning curve for me and I had to adjust to a lot of things quickly and you know Annie kind of said to me a few weeks back you had a lot to learn when you got here but you've been learning really quickly so it went from there. And what are your plans with the horse? At this stage I'm thinking that we'll leave her here a bit longer I'd like to try and show her in the staying stakes non-pro and the derby non-pro and then put her in fall to one of the big time horses here it'll be commercial in Australia and we'll get her out home. We're going to fall off her and she'll probably draft for a season or two to get a name for herself out home and we'll go from there with the breeding babies. Well she's got earnings on her already how much have you won? I believe it's between $18,000 and $19,000 or I wanted this show. That's great that pays for the airfare. So what's your advice to anyone else that may want to do something like this? I think it would be a lot of fun for you know, champion drafters could have a go at it but they'd have an awful lot to learn about the dry work and probably the herd work too and yeah it's more difficult than I thought it was going to be. After going through this competition that's extremely hard on the horses these three-year-old horses to be good in all three phases and just physically it's really strenuous for them come finals day doing it all three in one day and I really have a new appreciation of how good these horses are and how tough it is for them. Right and would you say what were some of the skills you learned from working with these horses and with Annie? Just about getting these horses so relaxed getting their head and neck down low and he's really kind to horses really loves the horses and I never saw any you know what people back home and call hard people being hard at horses or anything it's just getting them really relaxed and yeah they can't do this job if they're not relaxed and confident in everything that they're doing and just getting them so broke just soft in their face getting their backs up and yeah they've got to know an awful lot of stuff to do the three different events and and the events don't always help each other kind of the skills that you need for dry work are a little bit counter productive in some ways when you come to working a cow and yeah. And so how long are you leaving flying out tomorrow? We fly out Monday night yeah get straight back to work back at Tamworth and I'll get looking forward to getting back on some horses as soon as I got home I've got a couple of nice cults to start and yeah we'll go from there. Well that's good our final of the actual open is about to start so the anticipation's pretty yes strong here and Todd Bergen's got three in the final we've got Justin Wright's got two Corey Cushan's got two it's going to be a great night and it's really full of anticipation so congratulations and thanks for joining us and hopefully we'll see you next year. Thank you very much Duncan really.


It's the breakfast and plus TV Africa will look at the pages for national dailies as always we have G.D. Johnson and standby And he will be helping with the analysis of the top stories on our pages. It's good to have you join us this morning. G.D. Johnson Good morning. Thank you. Good morning coffee. Salam alaikum. Alaykum Salam I don't know what it's gonna say But it's great to have you join us this morning at start of with the Nigerian Tribune And as always Focus would be on the top stories now looking at the banner caption adult rated fuel and NPC files claim for damages against suppliers Quite interesting cues will disappear by next week. Kara is quoted on that Give up petroleum ministry PDP tells Bowery saying you need to leave it federal government wants peaceful resolution with arse you Strike unfortunate. That's what the Minister of Education is quoted to say as EFSE ok's 1.71 trillionaire contract for transportation Education ministries you also have on the front page of the Nigerian Tribune Eight killed has gone men attack cattle market in our beer state Very sad. You also have Underneath attack on northerners in our beer enough is enough northerners or not in collision ones Correctional service reps the probe utilization of 165 billion narrow budgetary provision That's what you find there and just before we move away from the Nigerian Tribune What I'm definitely told us on roomout presidential ambition Committee of France It gets very very funny and drug trafficking you have Carrie Bauer Confess working directly with the cartel in Brazil and Ethiopia the ND la is quoted on that Extern exonerates Agencies official and promises Blind justice for the inductees That's also on the rider underneath the boat caption One minor three commuters killed and two others injured in play to a more tecune arrest truck with 63 nodding Nodding is a motorcycle is in a motorcycle in on-dose state So Ludo makes all and the minimum qualification for political appointees These are the headlines on the Nigerian Tribune Interesting. Let's go over to the Guardian with the following stories or headlines on its front page Osho primary Jagaban the house of commotion now the paper has interesting headlines today this one seems to be a sort of like a Report on what's been happening so far in the ocean APC or show primary Jagaban the house of commotion. That's a quite an interesting somewhat sensational headline There's a special a special on Abercarie what they call the big story In the Guardian Abercarie in the eye of the storm and they call it the big story on page pages Four and five so the paper is devoting two pages to that particular one. I'm sure make an interesting read very interesting one at the top of top of that Picture we K denies traveling with PDP governors to Europe to select presidential candidate That's a real estate governor having to come out to deny story of details of that on page 27 of the Guardian newspaper at the bottom of the front page this headline real sector Fault is as GDP grows by 3.4 percent Of course some business and economic analysts, you know saying yes indeed The GDP has grown. In fact inflation has also dropped slightly But they're not seeing the impact and the effect, you know in the in the real terms But we have more stories come out on the front page of a Guardian They Nigerians who had never seen 5,000 narrow met government by finance minister Ganduja extends olive branches court upturns ruling recognizing Shekarao's APC faction some some hints in the You know the olive some hints rather in the in the public domain or in the corridors of the political Sphere saying Shekarao might be Considering a shift to another party at our group. I just a PC PDP to back Igbo presidential Candidate. That's an interesting one. I don't a group urges PDP APC to back Igbo presidential candidate Flutter wave has been making a wave recently Doing big things and this one says Flutter wave makes waves at three billion dollar Acquisition that's quite interesting and hoping fully the government is watching will latch on to such a sector To improve the Nigerian economy. Those are stories coming on the front page of a Guardian Away from the Guardian newspaper. Let's look at the leadership The banner caption says Ainec may shift 2023 polls if President Mohammed Buhari signs electoral bill after Tuesday and let's not forget that 360 days before the polls now just shortly after the 2019 elections Ainec had stipulated that the on the 18th of February 2023 will be the next elections, but they're still insist that without the electoral bill amended there will not Go ahead. There will be no timetable, but I constantly would hold on to the words of the Commissioner for Education Fess is a courier who was on this platform and he told us that Ainec had you know all the structures within Ambience, I mean within her capacity to act whether or not the timetable would come And so but fingers are actually cursed and let's see how all of these things unfold as we proceed Okay, so you have provisions a new electoral bill request 360 days before polls That's what you have and I pack see will society organization calls for urgent action No electoral acts no election timetable the Commission in six insist no compensation for victims of a cohe building collapse That's what you find federal government signed 9.3 million pounds agreement to build 23 solar mini grids Very interesting absolute prepares for strike as NLC backs as you You also have northern governors celebrate Aisha Buhari at 51 Talking about the wave of the president and drug saga, please Commission suspend Abba carries men Well, he's not been who he's been suspended, but he's not been dismissed That's what you find an APC crisis Gander J flows Chakarau at Apio courts where you told I wouldn't return for second term I regret your law is quoted on all of that now This is some of the headlines on the leadership this morning and we round off when we look at the stories coming the front page of the punch Newspaper there's a picture there. Of course yesterday the National Youth Service Corps members 2021 batch a stream to you know now they have batches and streams Passed out and you can see pictures of the passing of parade in Lagos Abuja in Joss Interesting to know what they're coming to meet in the country after service Let's look at a big headline from the punch newspaper federal government PDP Clash as economy grows by 3.4 percent highest in seven years It has a following writers. This is the voodoo economics of Buhari when you talk of economic growth economic growth it must have a direct impact on the lives of the people PDP and Another one we have an opposition that doesn't want to hear anything good about the country and this administration Live Muhammad interesting more headlines from the punch. I read a show allow yetola's aid Disagree as minister accuses governor of waging war writers Minister wanted the third term through or yetola Governors aid I told my successor not to destroy my legacies says ex-governor All right another one from the punch NNPC shifts debt to fuel importation probe to national assembly page 30 and has details Drug business PSC. That's the police service commission orders fleeing ASP's arrest. They got to and they also told the police to You know take action on one But there's one that is at large and so they've told the police to tell them when they catch him So PSC orders fleeing ASP's arrest suspense carries associates another one customers kicks or customers kick over silent hike electricity tariff amid fuel scarcity my Strike FG interreligious council meet ASU next week Yesterday the Minister of Education said that He's been looking for the ASU officials and they are nowhere to be found and also the minister of an ASU called that a childish comment in their response and the minister of For labor and employment increasing he said as far as he was concerned as we're not on strike They won't leave because going by the agreement they signed with this interreligious advisory council If they want to go on strike they have to inform him in writing and they never informed him in writing So as far as he's concerned they don't leave There's something that he said I listened to the the minister yesterday, but Really, yeah, I don't know if we take that very serious. Yeah, let's look at some more headlines That's just a way of information so that I guess unless it will have a sort of a ground to to comment on this We move on to the final few headlines from the punch newspaper Cash transfer some Nigerians haven't seen 5,000 and I before says minister Oh, no housewife Bates starving husband with hot water fleas victim dies really sad budget amendments in sessions based on Nigerians demands reps reply buhari a Chora government to head or Chora governor to head OSU APC primary committee Four friends a torture 28-year-old to death over missing phone Device found on chair and finally fish out Elijah fishermen's killers in by Elsa Repstel police. Let's quickly welcome Ginny Johnson guest analyst on After-press this morning, Mr. Johnson. Good morning to you doctor Johnson. Good morning. Good morning. All right This is not a headline, but it's it's it's interesting. What are your thoughts on the passing out of this NYSE? Batch, you know yesterday all over the country Um, I would like to you to share your thoughts on what you know the prospects are for them. Yes Well, um Well going by the report which We saw in the punch in his report with respect to the economic growth We're witness. We looked at economic growth would translate to To improve in standard of living create opportunities And job opportunities and employment opportunities And incentivize and small and medium-scale enterprise in the country so that these graduates that were released yesterday From the NYC from the hundred one year NYC program Will be able to find opportunities that they can tap into that's just My my thought on that is just for us to hope that opportunities will be appealing for this young vibrant resourceful Nigerians that are just been released into the liberal market That's that's my take that's my take on that. I wish them all the best and them as As they are sharing into the liberal force and I want them to understand the reality that We're sending them stipend that error from the majority of them has come to an end It's not time for them to fight for themselves It sounds very threatening. All right, let's Well, that's the truth. That's the truth, you know Let's check out the leadership newspaper this morning. Inaq misshift 2023 polls if president Muhammad Buhari signs the electrobial after Tuesday And so we're about 2019 shortly after the elections. Inaq had said the elections the next election would be on the 18th of February 2023 And that may not happen. That's what Inaq is saying There might be no election timetable if you have delays in all of this. What we'd like to show your thoughts What do you think? When does this leave us? I think Inaq was a little time to before I think about three or four electro cycle When there is a time table last year pending the The amendment of the Electoral Act and then we have the national assembly waiting to do the last minute like they did In 2019 before the Electoral Act was amended and it was sent to the president and all models of Analysts stakeholders gave Film CSQs telling it was too late for the president to sign the act in to To sign the billing to into an act of the parliament now we are faced with the same scenario again Now when you commit the same infraction twice, it's no longer a mistake. It's a deliberate attempt I'm not too sure whether there are people in the presidency or those that advise the presidency that Not interested in us having a free and fair election in us having a template that will guide our election Because what does it cause the president to sign the Electoral Act to sign the Electoral Bill into an act That's amended Because the party is what we seem to be having The senate president is powers of rep is from apc apc controls Booth houses the senate and the rep now if with overwhelming majority even majority of the members of your party could pass a bill It's instructive on the president to sign it into an act now the provisions of that bill Are we putting in place a system that make us not to have election in 2023? And it doesn't speak well for the legacy of this president and he's the president That came into office promising to reform the electoral the electoral process because he has suffered Could unquote electoral injustice when it contested in 2003 2007 and 2011 And we thought within having the opportunity to Ascend to the throne of the president's team 2015 to be able to right the wrongs But in 2019 the president failed in doing that. I hope you will not fail in doing this in 2023 However, that is not done And if that bill is signed after tuesday that means that the election will be shifted based on the provisions of the electoral electoral bill before the president You have you have mentioned the fact that you have the apc dominating and being that the apc had promised via the The leadership of president mohammed abu harry to ensure that we have electoral reform But don't you think that politics is taking place over governance because if you talk about having You know an electoral reforms that would help threaten our democracy And the fact that these persons the governors the lawmakers might not be in sync with it It doesn't represent their interests. And so politics is what's actually going on right now with the electoral bill It's not about representing their interest issues that the pc does not have a head does not have a direction Does not have a focus because what is a political party a political party is a group of people coming together Sharing the same ideology the same principle the same value Forming a party Contesting an election in order to win and control Government now if we should come together And they don't have similar interests. Why do they run under the same platform? That's what i'm saying the national assembly is controlled By the apc the presidency is controlled by the apc most of the governors in various states of nigeria are controlled By the apc most of the state as we're saying they are controlled by the apc In actual sense if we want to have an holistic reform or structuring of the nigerian political Landscape, I think there is no party that has the opportunity that apc has in the last In the last 20 years, but what have we seen we have seen where the governor is going this way The presidency will be going this way and then the national assembly will be going this way We are seeing people not being able to coordinate themselves Even a party that is not that has not been able to put his own house in order a party that does not have a chairman That runs with the catheter With the catheter Committee is that a party that will provide leverage for us to run To run to run an election and and and for us to have a peaceful transition when it comes to Elections in nigeria as far as I'm concerned Is is just the party not putting his house in order and as a result of that We have this chaos because there's chaos even within the party with us. You look at one of the reports in the newspaper now in in carno state In carno state there is ongoing contention between shekaral the former governor of carno state And the sitting governor of carno state gandu gp overall controls apc Now you come to ocean state in ocean state. They are having primaries this weekend For they are for the for the for the black bar for the ocean apc for the election Now you are seeing the former governor who happens to be the minister of interior Contesting with his former chief of staff is successor who happens to be chief of staff for eight years Contesting and saying that oh there's no So that is the party that nicanian entrusted They are they are that fate And if someone cannot control his household cannot maintain his household and you are giving that person the Responsibility to maintain the community for you. And that's the reason why we are seeing what we are witnessing nigeria today I'm sure a story headline that is um of in very close interest to you Which happens to be the asus strike and um, of course the punch is reporting that the federal government interreligious Council headed by the Sultan of soko sakato sadha bubukar and the president of the Christian association of nigeria Will meet with asu next week and we had us talk about what the ministers have been saying your thoughts on this That the entire U.S. Committee. Why the meeting most of Most of this entire U.S. Committee are the pro-cancelors of these universities They are the pro-cancelors of the university's traditional relays. I made the pro-cancelors of universities across the federation So the start of shukuda. I'm sure it's pro-cancelor of one of the universities in nigeria one of the Premier universities. We are in nigeria. Why do you have to someone said you don't want to get anything done Set up a committee if you want to waste people time call for a meeting Why do we have to keep meeting and meeting and meeting But they're serving as a dialogue team, you know, they just came up themselves Can and The the muslim community to just see how they can they can impress on the president, you know Soon as a mediating body they they visited the president and he said oh that was I think two weeks ago He said oh he's ready. Um, they they are going to you know, listen to asu and all that before this strike Who fears the solution to the problem of the universities in nigeria is for government to grant them full autonomy Government should just grant the university full autonomy Now there are two things that are involved one The university system does not want government control but university system one government funding You see the university system does not want government control university system wants government funding I think for us moving forward in this nation is for us to grant autonomy To the university system for them to run themselves and for them to generate revenue themselves I don't see I've argued this because this strike or no strike in session strike I was a victim of a strike. I lost 18 months at the university as a result of asu strike majority of those that I asked today in the university system Are my colleagues why we're in the university system and so those in leadership of asu today Why yes, they complain about asu strike and they are also Being part and parcel of what they complain about for us to solve this asu problem My take is very very simple. We need to take government control out of the university system And allow what government should just do is monitoring monitoring and supervision and allow the university system To run on its own like it's done. Did you hear of asu striking gana? Have you had of asu striking gana? There's one there's one currently going on in gana as we speak just started the last week or so Okay, great. Wonderful. Yes, wonderful. We have we have a problem But that's the first since 1990 something I think yeah So we share similar to buddhas. We share historical Yeah, the only difference is that that's the first since the 90s. So As far as I am concerned what we need to do is to decentralize the university system one You cannot pay a lecturer in league or the same thing you pay a lecturer in carano mother Let's each university system develop on its own grant them autonomy Let the university system themself raise fund let them generate fund and let them have control over their own funding That itself if you don't create competition among the university system If you still centralize everything we'll be having this problem We'll be having this problem of asu not wanting wanting government to invest In education and not wanting government to control the educational sector asu as genuine genuine girls against government would reject to government funding But my take on this for us to end this in sesant strike that we have witnessed in the last In the last few years we have witnessed 22 asu strike I think since 1990 that we have witnessed 22 asu strike and is that the way is that a pathway for us to go? I don't think so Maybe it's just a just a last one on this, you know, I mean there's been there have been some uh Um, uh information shared online. I saw yesterday. They saw the salary structure of the average um lecturer you have um The the senior lecturer one lecturer two, you know, uh associate professor and all that and I saw professors ending About 300 and something thousand era, you know senior lecturers. What is the salary? What is the salary structure? What's your salary structure? I'm asking you what is the salary structure of every other person in the society? It's it's just that the value of our it's just that our economy has been destroyed It's just that the value of naira has been destroyed. Just imagine if ten era goes for a dollar If ten era should go for a dollar If the exchange rate is ten era to a dollar now you're having 300 It is just the collapse. What is affecting university lecturer Is affecting every party in the nigerian's fight So they are not special bread that is exempted from the reality of how bad our economy is of how bad our currency is Now that is 300,000 units of our currency Just imagine if a lecture should collect 200,000 units of the nigerian of the american dollar or 200,000 units of the ghaninian city It's it's the collapse of our economy. What is affecting the university lecturers affecting everybody? And so what we should be looking at is how to improve our economy Beyond the salary. I agree with you the salary is even if you give If you give a professor one million naira, what can one million naira for the next year of today? I'm joining to you Okay, the the strikes are like you said 15 strikes between 1999 and 2020 So if one other one of last year in this year it actually be about Let's say 16 strikes Out of 23 years In 23 years 16 strike And then we are still making dialogue dialogue dialogue 16 16 strikes. Let's assume that those strikes were just for two months.  However, there's a need for government government want to solve this problem Take your hands of the university system and let them run on on their home The university system cannot come up with a system to generate funds and sustain it Then what are they teaching their students in the university if the faculty of business administration of the university cannot come up with a business template that would generate revenue For that if the faculty of engineering Of the university cannot compete and be for contract and use its own student As as part of the crew to run the job. Then what is their sense? We should be able to merge training with practice So we shouldn't be looking for engineers abroad when we have local engineers here in Nigeria faculty of engineers faculty of across across across university system You have you have you have individual running hospitals on their own they leave the teaching hospital Then you have this teaching hospital of the university system Still waiting for government funding if you establish your own private hospital, will you be expecting government funding? My brother, there's a need for us to have a rethink on how to run the system This error of the printing on government and government on government funding should should be jettison and we should allow the system to run on So that's my take my take might be radical might take might be might be out of this world But that's my take in solving this problem because critical Situation require critical solution. We need to think out of the box to solve this particular problem In other words G. Day Johnson, you you probably might just be aligning with those who are calling for The restructuring of the polity and allow for resource control Exactly exactly exactly exactly that's that's just it a professor They should be based it should be based on cooperative advantage and competition among the states I can live in a lab to go and professor should be signed based on contract You sign you sign a contract as nobody is employed. Nobody is employed forever in united states of america as a professor It's a chair you seek that those appointment. We need we need to bring in best practices If we are calling for for best practices globally, we should have it in a in a hybrid tower Where we generate the manpower to develop the economy that's my take All right. G. Day Johnson, we need to move away from that Maybe we just have a minute or two Let's quickly share your thoughts on this one is on the Nigerian Tribune and he says the carry gate Please commission suspend two indicted officers Underneath the directs the IGP to suspend two others However, the spin the confirmation that he has been suspended for he's not been dismissed or demoted Your thoughts quickly maybe in a minute. Now, how do you that's that might take how do you suspend somebody twice? No, this suspension is this suspension is to Other officers who have been indicted not him because he's suspended. However, that's what the police How can so that is a suspension still Be engaged in oppression that is a question you need to access it So that is a suspension based on the footage and based on the recent on the recent allegation And the infractions leveled against him. This happened on January 26th Of 2022 and he has been suspended over the public case and there's a pending It's over whether I should be a study Dicted to America or not. And I recall that it was an interview granted by the attorney general earlier this year where he said that there's very likely That carry will be a Somebody committed the first infraction committed the second in front is going on suspension How many people do you think has the opportunity or how many people do you think have the opportunity that carry is enjoying That you commit infraction one two and you still be on suspension without you being summarily dismissed That bringing the nation still still is still an allegation But there are there are evidence that first and foremost there are people They are they are not they are not The code of conduct of the Nigerian police. I'm sure it's explicit about how these issues are dealt with some will have been summarily dismissed From the police force not to talk of pending investigation Well, that's but but what do I know? I don't know how the police operate with respect with respect to this But I don't think that somebody can commit if the the kind of allegation that was leveled against him With respect to money laundering and the rest of it in the first one and the second one is on drop All right. Thank you so much gd johnson. That's the size of it. We do appreciate your thoughts I mean, it's always a great time to listen to you show your thoughts on all of those issues. We appreciate you It's a pleasure to be with you. Have a wonderful Friday. All right. Thank you so much And next is we tell you what happened today in history And when we return it would be heading straight to our first major conversation right here Your promises to be of an amazing time. Please stay tuned