So welcome back to this last part of the testing lecture. I'll now go through a number of system testing tools. And this is just to give you examples of what you could do. It's not a representative thing necessarily. So in many cases it's also perfectly possible to use unit testing tools to do system testing. It's just that some tools might be more suitable. And I'll start with one that is fairly popular in the web industry that's Selenium. And there are two versions of it. There's Selenium IDE. There's something called Selenium WebDriver. I'll mainly focus on the IDE. I just mentioned the other one shortly afterwards. What Selenium IDE allows you to do is basically record and replay. So you can record something you're doing in a website for example. And then you can replay it later on. So you can kind of run it again and see if it still works. This has to be some kind of either regression testing that you test the bug or something that tests functionality that already exists. So it's hard to write a test that is not yet implemented like in a test-driven way. It works through the UI, so through a website for example. And it tests of course the entire thing. If you click on a button that calls something on the server and that checks something on the database and sends the response back all of that is of course checked through the UI.  This is really good for acceptance testing because as you will see in a moment this is actually quite easy. It's also great for exploratory testing. So you can just explore, you can click around the website, you can try out things and you can record that. Later on you can just replay it. So you can say this was a good test. Maybe this is something I should keep for the future. What Selim IDE does is it records what you click on by checking the HTML code. So it basically checks are you clicking on a diff tag? Are you clicking on an element that has a certain class or ID? Or are you clicking on something that has a certain text? So it tries to find the unique identifier for whatever you're doing. It's mainly a black box thing so it's not so easy to check the internals of the code. So it's at least, I'm not an expert on Selim IDE but it's at least not straightforward to check whether something has been sent to the server in the right way. But you can of course check what comes back. If you're interested you can look up the tool on this website. I'll just do a basic scenario by recording something on Piazza and I don't yet know what to do but let's see. And I have installed the Selim IDE plug-in for Firefox so I'll just click on that. And I can say let's open an existing project that has no idea where I saved it so let's do a new one. Project name with sys-testing. So this is just my project. Okay. And I can do new tests here so this is one test. I can do plus so then I just add a new test. For example canvas test. I want to test out the canvas tool. And now once I'm ready I can just do, I can press the record button. So I say please start recording and I think it will ask me what is actually the base URL. So what is it you want to test? Well I want to test this website. I'm not sure this will work now because it probably requires me to log in but we can try. Now it works in this case okay. And you see there was the message that IDE is recording so now everything I'm doing here is being recorded and I can for example go to the assignments. Now I click twice. I can go to assignment one and I can have a look at the rubric. So let's say that's good for now then I just go back to my tool and say stop recording and you'll see that it has recorded a number of actions. It has first recorded that we open a certain URL so raykjavik.instructure.com slash courses slash 3398 that's just the URL of the course in canvas. Then it has set a certain window size maybe that's not important but we can say okay the window should be whatever thousand times 800 pixels so we have controlled conditions and then it says click on the target click on the element that has linked text assignments so that has the text of the link the text between the start and end tag is assignments. And then after that click on assignment one the text assignment one which is here. So that's a scenario of recorded and I can just replay this so if I do run current test you'll see that it just does the different things it goes very quick so you don't really see it but that's the intention of this testing that it goes as quick as possible because you want to run a lot of tests in a short time. Now we can do something here that we can also do in unit testing we can do assertions so for example we can say assert text well let's first do assert title we want to know that the title of the website I'm honestly not sure what I'm doing is correct but the title should be assignments colon F42 assignments colon and now I actually have an assertion in here let's see again if I run this test where it actually works and it says no this is not true and we can look at the log and it says well the actual value is assignment one because I'll actually check the wrong title I'm on this page and the title of here should be assignment one so actually I have written the wrong test here but you can already see you can check certain things like what is the title now if I rerun hopefully everything is fine again now still not probably I just have a typo actual value assignment one did not match something is strange probably it's just what I'm typing in here this is just me not being familiar with the testing tool enough but you can do these assertions like everywhere else so now it worked we can add another one just for completeness for example you might want to say assert text so the text of a certain element and we can now select it in the page I can say for example this one here should be assignment one rubric and now it automatically has found me a way to identify this element in HTML this is quite a complicated selector in CSS actually so it says find the element with CSS ID rubric 5676 and then it uses the child selector say select the child with class rubric title and class title and then it finds this one now we're checking that that one should be assignment one rubric and let's run this one last time to see what it works so it worked and now I've essentially written a test that says from the starting page of this course try to navigate to assignment one and check that the title is assignment one and that the rubric has title assignment one rubric that I've selected the right rubric maybe so this shows you and this was not too difficult it shows you that it's quite easy to record these scenarios and it's also not too difficult to add these assertions here so it's very effective to write tests the negative thing about it is of course as I said it's limited what you can look at at certain internal things is not too easy the other problem is it depends for example on your HTML code how the elements are named how they are structured if you change that it will mess up your entire test suite so if I somehow play around with the HTML design here then everything breaks so that was a short excursion to Selenium IDE we have as I discussed also Selenium WebDriver which is a similar thing it allows you to write tests similar to the recordings so they work in a similar way they just go through things but it's more programming if you don't record you just write a program and you can do the same things we just did in Selenium IDE you can find elements you can say give me the element with IDEX you can do things you can enter a text, you can click, you can wait but you have more powerful options to do checks compared to what I just did in the IDE so this is quite cumbersome it takes a lot of effort and it's more powerful than the record and replay so it's sort of a trade-off what you can do with these things now the last option I'll show you is a very different approach it looks almost too simple but actually it has been used very successfully in the industry by some of my colleagues so this is definitely something that can be done if you're in the right situation now the tool that we're looking at is called SikuliX originally it was called Sikuli it's essentially an automation tool so it's a tool made for automating tasks on your computer and you could see Selenium as a similar thing it automates using websites but it can also be used for testing the difference between this and Selenium is that it uses image recognition to locate elements so we don't say find the element with IDEX we use image recognition find the element that looks like this and then click on it it has some strange syntax elements like click on something but otherwise it's essentially based on Python so you can write complete testing frameworks test suites with Python and that's something that's very popular with practitioners of course they don't have to learn a new language and for example the web driver is a very different kind of programming this is essentially just Python with some extra stuff and similar to Selenium we can do stuff like enter text, click, wait and so on there is no whatsoever access to the system so the system is just running it's a black box you don't look at any variables basically all the checks you do you do based on how it looks like so instead of saying check that the text equals X you say check that there is an image that looks like this and this is also something that you could easily go through with a customer it's quite easy to understand what is going on and again I'll just do a demo of that I do a very basic one what you can do is much more complicated let me close all the other stuff let's go back to where we were before and I'll just write a SQL script so SQL comes in its own weirdly looking tool but I've seen sort of power users of this typically don't use the tool but they actually use just a Python regular editor like VS Code now what you can do here and you can look that up in documentation but there are special things like click so click on something and as I said we want to say click on a certain thing that looks like something else and for that we can do screenshoting so just say take a screenshot and say for example click here and now what the tool will do is it will try to find this on the screen and then just click on it and then we can click somewhere else for example we can again click on assignments so we want to go here what happens then is that we load so you actually have to wait for example 2 seconds or 3 seconds I don't know what's going on here I don't think there is a problem but apparently the tool thinks so and then afterwards we are on another page so we can click somewhere new for example here wait and then we're here and we want to check something for example we want to check that this assignment is published so we could say find find the image that looks like this and that should be it I don't know what's the problem here there's probably none we can just try to run this now and the cool thing here is it's actually quite by just looking at this is quite obvious what will happen you don't have to be very good at programming so let's try this run clicks here it clicks on assignments it waits it clicks on assignment 1 see this did not work it should have clicked there it didn't and because it did not it didn't find this image so our test failed here and the problem is simply that it clicked sort of under the actual link and there are tools to change that to say well within the image you find click on a specific spot so now it should click on the text instead of the line in between let's try this again this looks better and now the script completed and everything is green so the test has passed but you already saw before that given that it hasn't opened the window this statement down here failed so it basically said no I cannot find this so the test case fails and since this is python you can just use regular regular code as far as I remember if you do python and write all of that in here it works should work reasonably well so that's another example of what you can do and there are other things you can do here this is really just super quick run through Sikuli so this is cool it has of course disadvantages one of them which is because it uses the library OpenCV is it's really bad for color differences so if you want to distinguish colors it's not a good choice the other thing is of course if you have a website where you have a lot of identical things so identical buttons with the same text it's really hard because you use image recognition so if you suddenly find four times the same button then you have to somehow do something most of these things can be solved and this tool has been used on productive systems for example system testing for air traffic management solutions so it's perfectly viable to do that it has shortcomings of course to other things the great thing is really that it does not rely on any language or any it doesn't matter whether your system is written in C++, in javascript in assembly in anything else as long as it has a graphical user interface so that's good so overall now we discussed a bit of testing tests are really needed and nice to have debugger is good to identify error sources and then we have a whole bunch of stuff that we want to use to avoid mistakes so before we even need the debugger or tests we already use things and one of the elements is for example a strict mode in javascript that simply flags certain things that are known to cause problems and then there are other things for instance a very common thing is to have style guidelines that tell you how to format your code and it's not just to make it pretty but it's simply because it's known it has been shown often enough that readable code pretty code basically is less prone to errors so if the code is readable you will not make as many mistakes then there's another thing and we'll look at that in the other testing lectures and that's linters so there are tools that similar to compiler errors that show you what is wrong in your programming they just underline things that are bad practice or that are not good so they can help you already while writing the code to avoid certain things but we will not go into that now so to conclude this we have seen that there is a large variety of testing techniques in the first part you can use that at different levels different contexts and there is really no best fit so the best thing is to do as much testing as you can and somehow try to do it in a smart way that you cover different parts for example I've only covered a couple of examples mainly unit testing mocha and chai and we'll probably use that more in this course and we'll also reuse that later when we get to the back end to test our server code and I've just done a quick run through system acceptance testing through the user interface just so that you have seen that that whatever this becomes relevant to you you can go back and maybe have a look at these tools there were two differences that I've shown you in the system testing part in selenium we interacted with elements by identifying them through their html or css secoli which was in contrast to that just uses pure image recognition so it does not rely on the software being html or any specific programming language then we had mocha as a typical unit testing framework in this case it supports several styles but it's just an example of a very common unit testing library that you will encounter probably many times in your career and unit testing comes with assertions and in this case we use the specific assertion library which is called chai so that's it for this part in the next lecture we'll do a summary of everything we have covered and then probably do repetitions or clarifications of any of that material so thank you for listening


Welcome to WTDC 17 here in Buenos Aires in Argentina. I'm very pleased to be joined in the studio today by Ursula Oussu-Ecufol, who is the Minister of Communications for Ghana. Minister, thank you very much for joining us today. It's my pleasure. Now, I'd like to start off by talking about the theme of this year's conferences, the ICTs for SDGs. What has been the overall impact of ICTs in your country's socio-economic development? It's been immense and let me say good afternoon to your viewers as well. It's been immense. Every step of the way, as I indicated in my statement, from health to education to procurement to e-commerce to digital financial services, to, you name it, the way we live and work with reducing corruption and waste in our systems, improving efficiencies in the public sector. We have used ICTs in scaling up our application of technology in all sectors of the economy to drive growth, job creation, entrepreneurship, women's empowerment, you name it. And it's there. It has a cross-cut in nature. And I say it's an indispensable tool for development in all its forms. And so like an onion, which is used in all sources and stews, you'll find ICTs everywhere if we want to improve our efficiencies. And for us, it's helped us in so many ways that we, like leaving your mobile phone at home, you feel like you've dismembered your limb. That's the way in which it's affected the quality of our lives there. And we're looking forward to even greater application of ICTs in all sectors of our economy and to see it help us to really blossom and grow and get to where we want to get. We want Ghana to be the hub, the IT hub for the West African sub-region. We want to take the leadership in our infrastructure driving down the cost of data to enable young people to explore more its possibilities. And so that's our positioning ourselves. And what would you say are the major obstacles or challenges that you might face in using ICTs for sustainable development? The human resource capabilities in our country, we're really having to deal with improving the capacities of our people to use these new tools, which some may find foreign to their way of doing things. And the high cost of the Internet is also a major disincentive. We also have to think about rural penetration more for the unserved and underserved areas. There's a clumber for IT services around the country. And supply is nagging far behind demands. We're having to scale up our universal access capabilities also immensely as we go along. But these are all issues that we're working on. And we think that once we can deal with these few issues, we'll be well on our way. Ghana is very much cooperating with ITU. ITU is very much a partner with Ghana and a lot of things I just wanted to find out from you. How has Ghana benefited from cooperation, close cooperation with ITU? Oh, I don't think we would have gotten where we are without our keen collaboration and cooperation with ITU. They've helped us develop the ICT for Accelerator Development Policy. They've helped build up the capacity of our regulators and spectrum management in fixing inter-connect fees. They've helped us with cybersecurity, training development of our cybersecurity policy and strategy and the construction of our sets, the computer emergency response center that we have. In every aspect of our lives, we've picked up valuable lessons in terms of universal access from here, from interactions with our various colleagues here and implemented it back home. And we're learning even more every day and hoping to deepen our cooperation in here. We chair various study groups in quality of service and quality of experience, signaling protocols, satellite services. And we're also vying for ICT Study Group 2, ITUD Study Group 2 on cybersecurity, emergency telecommunications and climate change adaptations. We value our membership of the council. We've derived enormous benefits from it and we would hope to deepen our own contribution to the debate and what we also get from it because I quoted the secretary general in my presentation, we're stronger really together and we make each other better and we can build an interconnected world which would only in your to the benefit of all our people. Finally, I wanted to ask you, what concrete actions do you hope will come from WTDC 17? More capacity building, you know, and to develop a strategy for the early realisation of the sustainable development goals. Our president is a co-chair of the SDG Advocacy Group and he really wants to share experiences and see how we can work together to develop the continent that we all want to see. We want greater international collaboration on cybersecurity. We can't go it alone. One part of the world sneezes, the catches are called the rest of us sneeze in terms of cybersecurity. So we really do want greater collaboration in that area and I think it is key as we're scaling up our efforts in the usage of technology at all sectors. We also need to improve or scale up our efforts in terms of protecting safe navigation of cyberspace and child-online protection as well is something that we're taking very, very seriously. And so we see, we're hoping that at the end of this this development conference will be developing the strategies that will enable us to deal with many of these issues going forward in terms of interoperability of networks and systems as well and the mechanisms which support conformance to those are some of the things that we'd like to see from this conference. And as always, if there are opportunities for mutual assistance in terms of even greater infrastructure sharing mechanisms that we can learn from, we would also like that because we think that by doing so we might be able to reduce the cost of accessing IT services for our people. Thank you very much indeed. It is a great pleasure to be with you. Thank you too.


Hello, I'm Bob Rozinski, your host and creator of Behind the Lens. I love cameras and lenses, old, new, film, digital, stills and motion picture. I like learning about the equipment photographers and filmmakers use to create their work, no matter how modest or ambitious. Though ultimately hardware and software are merely tools, they simply enable creators to create. Behind the Lens is a show about the creative process and the practitioners of visual storytelling. On occasion, Behind the Lens will feature segments highlighting technical aspects of photography and filmmaking. I will do my best to ensure that the delivery is entertaining and informative. Today I'm excited to introduce Allison Rendomsky, a brilliant filmmaker whose work is noted for its rich visual imagery, novel storytelling and energy. And with that, let's begin. Hello Allison. Hello Bob. I'm really happy you could appear on the show today. I'm very happy to be here. Thanks for having me. Well, you're quite welcome. So Allison Rendomsky, tell me a little bit about yourself. Sure. So I am an independent filmmaker, photographer and videographer. I write and direct only short films so far, some narrative and some more experimental in nature, which sort of cast off the burdens of narrative requirements. Yeah, and I lived in Atlanta for several years and I just recently moved to the Longmont area. And yeah, my filmmaking, I think it's extra fun because I like to work with 16 millimeter and Super 8 film. And so a lot of my, I'm sorry, like I'm doing a bad job. No, no, no, it's just fine. Just go with it. I don't care about jump cuts. Well, yeah. And I like to use a Super 8 and 16 millimeter film just because I love the way it handles light and color. And I also love to distort film to using different kind of analog distortion methods. And that's me, that's what I do. Well, we'll be looking at some of your films. And what immediately caught my eye was your willingness to experiment. Yeah, yeah. Actually just yesterday I was watching a documentary about Orson Welles and he was talking about and I can't remember the phrase he was, but divine accidents, how much filmmaking as a divine accident. And I like to be open to the things that happen and the kind of contributions other people make that you won't be able to predict necessarily. Sure. Yeah, I like to embrace that. Well, I like the way that your Super 8 films have a lot of texture and a lot of abstraction and a lot of drips and scratches, very textural. Yeah, yeah. So the one you're referring to, how to behave at a party, that was some footage that I made when actually just hanging out with some friends having a small gathering. And then I took the Super 8 film cartridges after we shot and I soaked them in different substances, including like, I think I know that I definitely had beer and wine. Beer and wine. There was also, I got some Epsom salts and some of those like the gel silica packets and emptied them in there. And you just kind of put it in a Tupperware, shake it around and let it soak for like weeks. So do you do this in a dark room? No, you don't have to necessarily because with Super 8 film it's in its own little plastic cartridge. Sure. So you just put it in the cartridge and you drop the cartridge into whatever... Yes. Some kind of vessel. ...mixer. Mm-hmm, yep, whatever mixture you want. And then that will lead to all kinds of cool scratches and textures and that's what I think is really fun. So do you let the film dry before you take it to the lab? Yeah, so actually there are a lot of things in there. I do let it dry, especially in sunlight because heat will continue to do things to the chemical distortions that you're trying to create. But also when you're doing that type of film distortion you really do have to process the film yourself because labs don't want you to like sully their chemicals that they're using for other people's work. Well, that's a good point. So you're developing your film. Mm-hmm, yep. Get out of here. Yeah, I'm developing my film. Wow, the color film too? Yeah, yeah. Not 16 millimeter, but for Super 8, and if you're an especially... Well, I'm going to have to reevaluate my opinion. So you won't do 16, but you'll do Super 8. Well, it's only because I don't have a big enough tank for 16. I'm just giving you a hard time. That's impressive. Yeah, it's fun. We have a roll of 8 millimeter film, which you want to grab there and just show people what this... I believe that this is 25 feet of Super 8 film, but what I do is I go and then I do go into a dark room, take the film out of its canister and then jam it in kind of a smaller like Patterson tank that you can buy for still photography processing. And because it's all jammed in there and there's too much film to fit, the chemicals are not going to hit evenly and that's going to lead to even more fun distortion in there. So I'd imagine you're pretty excited to get the film back from the lab and to screen it. Are you pleasantly surprised or moderately surprised or sometimes disappointed? Yeah, I think it's a mix. You never know. That's the thing that you have to take into account when you're doing experimental work with film. Sometimes you will do an experiment and be like, oh, this is way too dark or this isn't quite right. So sometimes there are disappointments, but that's all part of the process and that's what makes it fun. Let me just show people out there. This is actually 8 millimeter film. It was the precursor of Super 8. And my first filmmaking class, I had to learn how to edit this stuff by hand. Spaghetti. Yeah. So you're not editing this? No, no. No, I'm not editing. Although I think it would be really fun too. You can get, after you process your film, you send it to a lab and they digitize it and put the MP4 on a hard drive and then you can bring it into something like Premiere Pro. And do editing on your computer or slot. Great. Yeah. Great. So you've been told that your filmmaking has a sense of hazard to it. Yeah. Well, let's dig into that a bit. Yeah. So this is a friend of mine who does sound work on the Twin Cities who made that comment after watching some of my work. But I think a lot of that comes from the fact that I choose to work with a smaller crew, like usually like six people total. So because of that, you're never really going to have quite as polished of a look as if you had more to it. Sure. And a lot of, we often shoot on locations where you don't have permits. And so that's found lighting and so that's going to be. So the hazard of not having a permit. The hazard of just sort of, let's go out there, run and gun, but you do have a story concept. Yeah. Well, but also too, I often, I think I make stories about characters who are themselves kind of on the brink of falling apart. So you have this kind of chaotic movie and a chaotic person who's kind of disintegrating in their own way. That's interesting. Yeah. Yeah. So I think that it fits well with the types of narratives and the types of emotions that I gravitate toward. So it makes sense that you would like John Cassavetti's films, because he, but he does that in a very long time. Yeah. John Cassavetti's shot so much film for his movies would spend, I think he took a lot of joy in the editing process and creating like almost different versions of movies that he made. Uh-huh. But he worked with a small group and that's, I understand where that impulse comes from. Yeah. Well, uh, another thing that has intrigued me about your work is the idea of micro-short storytelling. Yeah. Uh-huh. Tell me about that. Let's see. I think I first started dabbling in the, well, first of all, micro-short would be a short film that's like under one minute, under two minutes, such like extremely, extremely short for those who might not be familiar with that term. And I participated in Atlanta, Kodak sponsors a 100 feet of film contest where you can get a 100 feet of film and you have to make something with it and then everyone, we have screening and everyone's gets shown. Um, it really made me think more about what you can do with just a very small amount of footage and how you have to really be so careful with the images that you choose and trying to pick ones that convey as much as possible, evoke as much as possible. How do you, uh, generate a lot of feeling with not a lot of footage? Uh-huh. And I think that's a fun challenge. Uh-huh. It's fun to see what happens when you take disparate images that you wouldn't think could go together and then they suddenly make something when they are put together. So would that be like mixing vinegar with baking soda and then soaking a cartridge in there? Yeah. Have you tried that? I actually, I have not tried that. I've tried other kind of sizzly elements. Like when you use gel silica and you mix it with like beer that kind of has like a crackle to it, but nothing quite as, I don't know. So do you like ale, lager, pilsner? I think I've just used Miller Highlife. Oh, okay. That's a sweet beer. That's just in the fridge. Okay. Well, that's a champagne of bottled beer. Exactly. Yeah. Okay. Uh, well, I'd like to look at some of your films with you. Sure. And, uh, let me see. The first one I'd like to look at would be how to behave at a party. Sure. We can do that. How should I stand? What should I do with my hands? Am I doing this right?  That's okay. Just watch the normal people and just do what they do.  Have a drink. Have a drink. It's really not that hard to be part of a group. You can sit. You can speak. The texture in this is just incredible. Yeah. It's so fun. And the funky colors. Some of the color stuff does come from like post-production, too. Like I definitely did work to make the colors a little more saturated.  So you have to do work to bring out the images a little bit more. So not all of the distortions are purely analog. Certainly all the cracks in that texture. Well, it's nice that you've found a hybrid workflow. Yeah. I think that's fun. So you get the best of analog and digital. Exactly. The ease of digital. You have a lot of cuts in this piece particularly. Yeah. I think with this, I didn't really have a plan for the footage when I shot it. It was more that I got it back from the lab in these scans. And I was like, oh, I have to do something with this because I think it's just fun. And I think I wanted to get all of my favorite shots in there. And that's why there's a lot of cuttings. Can we look at the big oak tree? Sure. Yeah. We'll look at a clip from that. This is my first foray into music videos, which I'm so excited to be doing. And this, I believe this music video will be completed and released in mid-January. Okay. Are you using acrylics? Like alcohol-based inks, India ink, and then I'm using Sharpie. And then it's fun if you put kind of, you got like a clear glue, kind of like a glitter glue. Oh, but of course. And then, but they'll like, when you like drip the paint on it, it'll like move around to get around the paint. Yeah. So it'll have these kind of weird swirly effects. So you've, of course, for this music video, I used that painted leader. And then some video footage that I shot with an old camcorder. And then I used other people's home movies that are available for free through the Prelinger archive, which is this great collection of other people's like. Bellinger? Prelinger. Prelinger. Yeah. So it's, if you go to, oh my gosh, it's archive.org. Okay, sure. And Rick Prelinger, who is a filmmaker and archivist and a professor, I think since the 80s has been painted this collection of, I think it's a lot of home movies, and then there are some kind of educational films from the 50s that are in it. But it's free to access, and you can use it if you like. Oh, cool. Elements to bring together. So the paint colors come from painted leader. So you just like clear 16 millimeter that you can color on the Sharpies or use India ink or whatever. So to clarify a leader for people that aren't film savvy. Okay, this is a leader. It's white. Oftentimes it's clear. Yeah, white or clear. So you'll paint or draw on either or. I've only used clear so far. Really interesting hearing all of, I don't like that one. It's been great hearing about your process, getting a little bit of a sense of what's going on behind the eyes. You know, what is the great matter telling the artists to do? And I think it's just great that you're able to pick up film and treat it as a canvas almost. And this is kind of cliche, but seriously, you're applying pigment, you're applying texture, you're applying line. It's very cool. And I look forward to seeing the two films that will be released later. And I'm sure people watching this is intrigued with the short clips that we've watched as I am. So thank you, Allison. I really appreciate you are coming in to talk with me. Thank you for having me Bob. Well, you're quite welcome. So long. I hope you enjoyed this first episode of Behind the Wins. Please keep an eye out for the next episode. And until then, so long.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with 2020-2021 Panini Origins Basketball, brand new release just dropped yesterday, six box, half case, random team break number two, second half of the case that Jason opened up yesterday. I get to finally put my hands on it for the first time, should be awesome. A couple combos right here, Rockets, Pacers are a combo, Nets Raptors are a combo, and I dropped the checklist in the chat if you're watching live, and just please note that some teams may have no relics or autos or just a limited number of relics and autos. We've comboed as much as possible, but there's still a couple teams out there that will probably have some limited amount of hits. That's just kind of how Origins is from year to year. Big thanks to this group right here for getting into the action. There's all the teams and the combos right here, so there should be 28 on each list. Let's roll it and randomize each list. Lucky seven times, three and a four. One, two, three, four, six, and seventh and final time. We got Ryan down to Dylan, three and a four, seven times for the teams. One, two, and seventh and final time. We got the Nets Raptors combo all the way down to the Knicks after seven. So here's how it shakes out for everybody. Good luck.  Dmitri, I with the Magic, and Dylan S with the New York Knicks. Let's get all this on one page here. Let's sort by column B by team. Let's box these up. Now, I'm going to pause the video just so everyone can kind of take a look at the checklist and kind of figure out what they can hope for in this break. We're going to pause and see if there's any trades. When we come back, we'll have the break as well. Stick around. All right, welcome back, folks. A little bit of trade chatter, but in the end, no deals were done. It's all good. A big thanks to everyone here for making this happen. Appreciate it. And here's the second half of that origin case that Jason had opened up. That's what we're looking for. That guy on the cover of the box. Good luck. There should be one card on the bottom and then, all right, let's roll. All right, there's Kyle Lowry, Okongu, Porzingis, Killian Hayes. And behind Devon Booker is RJ Hampton. One color, but you got a little bit of texture here. A little bump, a little stitching right here. RJ Hampton, five out of 99. Michael Robinson with the Nuggets. And the autograph is going to be nice. Rookie autograph and manual quickly. He's been playing some good basketball. It'd be good for the hobby if the Knicks can get into the playoffs. That'll be for Dylan with the New York Knicks. And there's Devon Booker right here. All right, next box. What up, Jeremy 33? Who's putting up numbers for the Magic? Oh, did RJ Hampton go the other way for the Aaron Gordon deal? Horde Jamal Murray, though.  And Jamal Murray, healthy. All right, RJ Barrett, Kyle Lowry, Draymond, Lamarcus Aldred retired, you guys. Everyone see that? Poor guy. Irregular heartbeat was what the report was. So Lamarcus Aldred has retired. He's put up a solid career too. Scary. Hopefully you'll be okay. All right, the relic is Devon Vassal 61 out of 99. That'll be for the Spurs. And that'll be for Jeremy 33. Behind Jalen Brown is going to be Onyeka Okongu, 40 out of 99. That is for Atlanta. That'll be for James. Remember Okongu actually played with the, with the ball brothers here in Southern California in the LA area. Greater Los Angeles area. And there's Jalen Brown, 99 out of 99. And that Celtics, that's the later game. Seven o'clock LA time. Should be a good one. Celtics here in Los Angeles playing the Lakers. No, not yet all over. The closest we got was their old high school teammate Okongu. All right, there's Sadiq Bay, Laurie Markinin, Michael Porter, Michael Porter Jr. After Jamal Murray's unfortunate injury, he may benefit. All right, there's Joel Embiid revealing Akira Lewis Jr. Autograph. Two autographs in here. That'll be for the Pels. That's gonna go to John. And behind Joel Embiid is a Jazz for John Barry. Udoka Azubuiki. That is for the Jazz. Now remember, we are using slightly larger top loaders for this. I've been saying this for weeks now, but got to remind everybody again, there is a top loader shortage. So put blue painters tape right there. But if you choose to remove it to put it in something else, just be careful. That doesn't slide out on you. And there's Joel Embiid to 60. Suppose Joel Embiid might be. Is he our favorite for MVP? We got got a redemption in there. And then I think an RPA. All right, we got Obi Toppin, Hachimura, Killian Hayes, Colin Sexton. We got a out of five James Wiseman. Wow. That's pretty nice. That goes to Dylan Sadler and the Golden State Warriors out of fives and under Dylan. Get the train whistle. All aboard the Big Hit Express. There's the redemption. And there is Jordan and Nora, another train whistle, two out of five. Excellent patch. Jordan and Nora's autograph, Milwaukee Bucks, Ben. There you go, Ben Hoda. There you go, Ben. With the Bucks and all aboard. All right, the redemption is gonna be Allen Iverson. Wow. Legendary autographs, gold, AI, the answer. They only made the print run on that is 90. They didn't make too many of those. That goes to Brian Watford and the Sixers. Need a pen here. A free top loader as well. All right, two more boxes to go. Yeah, what a box, right? That's right, Jeremy. That card is gold. Donovan Mitchell, De'Eren Fox, Chris Paul, Kevin Love, and a Jason Tatum to 60, I think, reveals a Malachi Flynn rally, 26 out of 49 for the Nets Raptors combo, Ryan Kasin. Behind Jason Tatum is Isaac Okoro, Jersey and autograph, 72 out of 99 for the Cavs. Jack with the Cavaliers. Cleveland, this is for you. There's Tatum right here. He's here in LA somewhere. Well, probably what time is it? 4.30? He's probably warming up, I guess, at Staple Center, hanging out. A little bit of a dented base card right here. I think it was the way it was oriented in the pack, but there's a Marcus Aldridge, their second-year John Moran, De'Andre Hunter, not banged up a little bit there. Thankfully it wasn't a hit. What else do we have here? Carleton Towns, Vucevich to 75, and there's Westbrook. He's going to reveal a Nico Manion, 43 out of 99, and the autograph is going to be Emmanuel Quickly again. That's a second one for Dylan Sather. We started the break with Emmanuel, and we're ending the break quickly. There you have it, folks, and there's Russell Westbrook right there, too. We got another half-case break of Origins, brand-new release, just dropped yesterday. Origins basketball, another half-case from a fresh case in the store right now. So go and check that out on jaspyscasebreaks.com, and I'm Joe, and hopefully I'll break more of this with you next time. Bye-bye.


In Outer Entertainment News, Izu Ujuku's nearly released film, Amina, has broken a new Netflix record. The film, which premiered exclusively on the streaming platform recently, became the first Nigerian film to make the global top 10 list. Confirmant, the fit director Izu shared a video of Netflix director of content for Africa, Ben Amadasen making the announcement at the press briefing. Starring Lucy Ame in the lead role of Amina, the film explores the rise to power of the 16th century warrior and queen, a film which is co-produced by a leaving and bonded producer Oki Ogunjofo that also stars Clarion Chukura and Ali Noho.


Today we're opening every sacred beast tin ever made What's up guys? We're back with another video today. We are opening all three Hamon, Yoraiya, and Ravael Tins in this video. We have done this before when I opened every 2006, 10, I think it's 2006, 2007. I don't remember. We've done it before but this time we're opening specifically the sacred beast tins They're super fun to open and hopefully the promos are minty. But before we do that the giveaway I'll be giving away 24 more packs of tactical masters. Yeah, we had a lot more of these packs So be giving those away all you have to do is like this video be subscribed turn on notifications Let me know your favorite sacred beast or favorite card people. All right, let's start it off I think we're gonna start off with the Hamon tin. I don't remember exactly what is in these I remember there's like wave one and wave two. This is a second launch the first launch I think Ravael is maybe the first launch. This is the second I think the first launch is better because that's to see our V packs. These are pretty expensive tins So this is like a probably like a nine hundred to a thousand dollar opening somewhere in that range So, you know a little expensive, but if we can get some of these promos nice that would help get some of our money back So let's see if we can do that. Let's open this thing up. Come on. Let's pull a minty PSA tin Come on. Okay. This is not easy to get out. Okay. Yeah, there we go. All right finally got it off That was difficult. Let's see how the promo looks. I want to be really careful. I don't want to damage anything Is there any bins? It's a little bit warped like this, but that's okay That's pretty normal back. It might be like a line there. I can't you know, maybe not actually score. It's super clean How's the sin ring? Oh, it's off. Unfortunately. It's still pretty nice. I might still grade this trying at a nine I think you could probably get that unfortunately the sin ring is off But really minty promo looks great overall. All right, we have CRV elemental energy We have shadow of infinity enemy of justice and power the dose We open a bunch of these so let's start off with like power of the duelist We open a bunch of this recently actually had some really good luck So let's see if we can continue it here pull an ultimate rare. Can we do a gx? Let me know in the comments. How do you feel about gx packs?  Do you think they're boring? Do you think they're old like to not there? They're old. Well, they are old. What do you think? I don't know. It's just give me your opinion on gx You think they're awesome by long. Let's go destiny mirage destiny hero blade master d-spirit flying saucer muscle Baby Sarasaur's beautiful cart crystals dolphin and we have Cyber summon ball with a shifted name interesting a cyber summon blaster. Okay, cool card. We'll take it next up enemy of justice Can we get any good pulls out of these? These are pretty difficult to get good pulls because you have to get like an ulti pretty much There's some ultras, but as I've said many times on this channel Ultras in the original gx packs are actually harder to pull than ulti's which is pretty wild. All right We have destiny signal. Let's see if we can pull the elemental hero shiny Phoenix enforcer. Let's do it cyber 2 2 Grand convergence our righteous justice. Oh over soul. We've got the guard dog D shield very nice Swift Birdman Joe a classic and we have Heartbeats pet baby dragon. All right, baby dragon I once had a PSA 10 ultimate rare first edition of that which was pretty cool three packs to go Let's go a shadow of infinity. Can we break the curse of the sacred beast? That's so that's kind of the idea here You know we're pulling the sacred be secrets Maybe that'll break the curse of pulling one out of shadow of infinity Let's see if we can do it We have never pulled one three out of the four ulti rears in the set are a sacred beast I have so never pulled my pulled the cyber laser dragon like four times So I pulled the fourth one. That's not a sacred beast four times desk rock ancient your factory Rocks and specials of the same month symbol of heritage ancient gear Tinker beat ocean and Treeborn frog that would be such a cool see if we pulled it that would be really amazing one of the best absolute retail T's eat like in general, but especially in this set two backs ago. Let's go elemental energy. Can we pull? What isn't there a pot card in here? It's the one from the you return five cards of graveyard What's it called and you get to draw two from the graveyard to the deck pot of? Something I can't remember what it is, but it's a super in here. We have feather wind boss rush nice blade skater Chathonian Palmer at it again oxy get on all right. Where's the hydro get on very nice Non-fusion area neither player confusion summon interesting level modulation familiar possessed area, okay, and we have The jacks knight another one that would be cool as an ulti jacks knight so far We just raring it out right now raring it up raring it out. We have cybernetic revolution Can you break the streak cyber dragon cyber in dragon ultimate bubble man? You know, there's some really cool stuff we could get in here Let's see if we can do it now mad lobster the lobster is mad Let's go. Let's pull something drill right very cool card actually cyber archfiend Pat roid, okay Prepare to strike back. That's the goblin attack force one just woke up He had his you know bed bed clothes on with it who wears a night cap though Do people still do that like it was that ever a thing has that used in movies? I don't know Mad lobster there he is okay. What does this say a gourmet food renowned by the dark world upper crust? Okay, it has a sensational flavor a gourmet food renowned by the dark world upper crust What's the dark world upper crust? All right? Let's just keep going tyranto infinity. Okay a classic Giant Kozaki is it the next one? Gyroid is it the next one? I think it is the next one Magical explosion so we are now over five on that first in we fortunately had a minty promo But we're just gonna have to keep going.  Let's open this up. Let me just pull this out Oh sinnery looks a lot better. I would say let's see We have it's still okay. It's still pretty off.  I was like weird like slight dense if you can see that Yeah, that's probably gonna hurt it, but still beautiful see career It's kind of like the God cards though where you can't see all the rarity that much because like the artwork is so big It takes up a lot of the artwork. So it's still pretty nice looking though We'll take it rava yell Lord of Phantasms. Now we have our pocket guide, which will guide us from our pockets We have a new power launches power of the duelist with the elements of Neos 10 which is really cool to see career level up We've got all kinds of cool stuff like the structure decks We just came out with cyber dark impact one of the best sets of all time amazing, okay? I'm just kind of kidding, but it's actually not that bad. All right five packs to CRV one E and we've got the SOI first edition That's the core part about wave one. They have European first edition packs Which is pretty cool and then enemy of just so it just kicks out power of the duelist, which is no big deal All right enemy of justice. It is your time. Let's do this Destiny signal I'm just a Mexican coo celestial transformation destiny hero doom Lord avalanche and awesome Elemental recharge layar and the liberator destiny hero captain tenacious and finally we have a Hero flash we recently pulled this in ulti so we're now over six though Can we final if we go over 15? That would be pretty sad Let's go elemental energy because these SOIs first edition So we probably have to save that for last because that could potentially be insane like Tremon frog first edition ulti Can you imagine that like 250 dollar card? I think so pretty big deal Let's see if we can pull something real big here nano breaker the league of uniform nomenclature They're like doing the joey wheeler Taya and like the thing where they put all their hands in except It's the creepy ojama yellows familiar possess he done oats. Oh, it's well a toil cyber level modulation oxy get on familiar possessed area and we have it's like it's the next one VW tiger catapult. All right nice and And Brow huntsmen of dark world another cool ulti. There's so many cool gx ulti's in retail They're not huge value, but they're really really nice. All right cybernetic revolution. I want to pull cyber in dragon I don't think we've ever pulled that even in unlimited or just ultra or whatever This could be the first time we do it. We have spiritual water art aoe Drillroid back at it again Cyber archfiend ebon magician current I take a bubble man unlimited ulti though poison draw frog spiritual wind art Miyabi fusion recovery What do we choose is he writing something or what was he doing? Oh, he's eating. Is that like sushi box? So what is that? All right, and then we finally have The same rare magical explosion. All right. Okay. We get it 0 for 8 Is this gonna be as bad as when we were like 2 for 30 on 6 10s? I don't know it could be What was that the 2003 10 opening we did pull blue eyes in the last pack So if we pull something like that quality at the end, I'd be down. I'd be down to do that bad We have so it's who here. He is apparently totally unreliable. He wonders if he has incredible potential apparently totally unreliable He's apparently totally unreliable conscription steam gyroid pot of generosity spiritual fire at kubernetes Steamroid. All right pretty decent card actually desk frog and is it next now? I think it's the next one arrival appears and Our first foils of cyber twin dragon. Let's go Cyber twin from cybernetic revolution. That is beautiful. Should we grade it unlimited? Maybe we will I don't know They'd be kind of cool to get a PSA 10 cyber twin dragon. That is awesome. I love it very nice cyber twin a pretty epic card We have finally pulled our first foil, but now we have a first edition and shadow infinity pack European let's go. I believe it's European So if it's European I think that means we have a chance at like any of the oldies or something Can we pull a big oldie grass fan if we pulled a sacred beast oldie? I would like pass out to be insane bills frog Sam Sarah, that's like next level of the polls. That's like really really hard. Shaw the princesses hero heart Adidi guy. It's a pretty excellent pretty good card. Take a bit of CNN Ancient gear cannon, and here's the final card. We're getting our hopes up for a little bit of first edition action We have an ultimate rare first edition divine dragon Excellion this is a super rare So it does work differently with the European pack So we just pulled what would be a hobby oldie if it was a North American pack out of one pack Which I always seem to pull this guy. He's not great or valuable, but he looks really cool Also look at the foiling on this Looks so clean. It's like super nice. That's a huge pull All right, so we started out 0 for 8 But we just hit back to back and one being a first edition oldie which is so cool That is a huge head might want to send that one in it looks pretty clean on the back All right, that definitely helped the video. That is super height first edition hobby oldie. We have Uriah, what is he called lord of steering flames? I always want to say lord of phantasms for him too for some reason All right, let's open this up our final 10 This is I believe a wave 2 so we're not gonna get the first edition packing it unfortunately All right, we got it out. That's like once again not easy to do I think this one's off-center as well a little bit offset not really not that bad though a little bit off-center though Back appears to be pretty nice. This is probably the best chance that it's in still definitely not great sintering It would have to be like borderline borderline at the best to actually make it still amazing though We will take that great condition on the promos though overall Yeah sintering overall on the promos kind of did us in but still not too bad pretty solid Let's start with the enemy of justice pack will it be an old spent where we've already pulled one which is pretty awesome We have the destiny hero doom lord misfortune battle florid amiss search light man Ligard the liberator blazing heater Royal night with a little crimp action going there. Okay.  All right. No big deal Nothing's you crazy there, but that's okay We got four packs to go so far we're two for 11 not great in terms of the numbers But we have pulled an ultimate rare out of the one first edition pack So that is a plus we are now opening up. What is this power of the duelist one of our favorite sets aim? That's Roy. There's a lot of good retail oldies in here We could pull I would take any of them commas all even that trap card blade master alien hunter alien gray Viacruz connection zone fossil Excavation baby Sarasaurus it might be next.  I would go crazy. That would be an awesome one three packs to go I think we go with SOI because it is not first edition anymore. Let's go Hero heart the heart of the hero hero kid the kid of the hero rucks and special the rucks and Okay, and eat or eating at very nice elements of hero neo bubble man is that a sign go keep on Sam Sarah chain thrasher generation shift and Mal function Two packs to go CRV EN. Let's go EN. Come on. We have sir night of dark will familiar possessed also nano breaker feather wind W wing catapult Elemental hero wildheart an iconic and awesome card cannot be affected or he's unaffected by traps forces of darkness familiar possessed win and finally will it be something epic Chathonian soldier the answer is No, and the final pack so far. Come on. No foils Uriah. No foil So they really got a step up here because Rava L is kind of dominating Let's see will there be a foil in this final CRV pack We already pulled a cyber twin out of the Rava L pack So let's see one two three four. Can we get something big and ultimate rare? You know cyber dragon would be awesome site cybernetics like Lopie and I keep messing up the first one she and spy tadpole prepared to strike back cycloid poison draw frog spiritual Wind Art Miyabi Fusion recovery and finally what will it be the final card of the every sacred beast 10 opening? Believe in the heart of the cards. Here we go Ultimate rare bubble shuffle so we didn't get the bubble man when we got the shuffle of the bubble We will take it. This is a very beautiful card while it isn't super valuable It is a very beautiful. Just check it out. Such a nice looking ultimate rare We will take that beautiful bubble shovel So three out of 15 not great in terms of percentages But two ultimate rares and a cyber twin super rare pretty quality in terms of the actual foils If you guys enjoyed this video make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic content like this And make sure to check out my new series where I am quizzing at youtubers on Yu-Gi-Oh card prices Shout out to toe info show daxter tomato juice jt show tcg trusted cards puffins of doom or nesotianna dizzy flexi boy hoppus choice three through three missycle melancholy and then his high show christopher ward Ian moosa john nolin jr. Barting mike nance mimic gacko stanley and thomas book lane Thank you guys for supporting this channel, and i'll see you guys in the next one peace


Let me thanks for having the opportunity to discuss this So my the structure of my talk is basically I'm gonna quickly review the what we sort of have Know from the point of view of research about capital flows and capital controls And then I go in the second half a little bit to the data and then comment comment on the current situation What we get and I should say of course this is I'm not an emerging country Economist or central bar. This is a view from from the euro area central banking Perspective more so so I'll go very quickly because this is all pretty common ground Many of you know it and you can look at the slides afterwards, of course the the the the Capital flows literature is is ripped with various empirical paradoxes the basic theory basic theory says that Capital should flow from the rich countries to the poor countries and it doesn't in according to the data So there's you know various various reasons for that and and and and discussions of that And and and the you know the it is very empirically very difficult to find these these kinds of correlations Correlations that would suggest this this standard theory. So this is we are we are in an empirical puzzle and and The basic theory doesn't seem to go and of course, you know if you go to observations for example, India and China which you know which have you know taken off well and Developing rapidly did not rely on foreign capital This is one of the good examples of this paradox that they they've lied on domestic financing this So the question also on the point is then well, what about the financial liberalization then then this Where might these these benefits be if they are not in this in this kind of Standard views and there being some different papers which you know suggest that they might be some broader ideas of benefits something which various be you know call sometimes referred to as collateral benefits or various sort of institutional or market structure governance structure question but again there again the evidence is very mixed and And and and certainly one one idea in the literature is there's been to say that yeah Maybe the poorest countries you don't really get these kind of collateral benefits But it requires a certain level of development so that you can then improve the improve these these Aspects further if you don't have a very if you're in a very basic situation Then that's not gonna that's not gonna help you with it. So we have this this paradox that Capital flows the general view is the capital flows are probably beneficials and and and and there are benefits, but where are they we don't quite know in the way of literature So that's that's the setting Really that we have and then and then the question is what about let me then move on to the second part Which is that what about what do we know about the? The recent developments, I mean, you know, so I'll have some graphs about the capital flows And focus on the recent developments, especially after the 2007-8 financial crisis and there are some interesting views here. So here's some data So here's one which is which is about the debt securities internationally what are the flows and and one thing you clearly see here is that there has been a trend change after about 2008 After the you know with the financial crisis there came a trend trend chase at the debt security securities There the rate of growth has accelerated quite significantly as you can see See from the figure if you go to up to about 2008 You see a little bit that's the recession and then then you have a very fast trend You know high trend and before that the modest trend in capital flows into into into these cuts So that's the debt security. What about the others here's portfolio investment There's portfolio investment and and there, you know, it's the reverse in fact that we had before to we had before the financial crisis the growth rate in in in these in in in these portfolio investment liabilities was faster than After after the 2008 9 great recession there was a decline there But after that the rate of the rate of growth is much more modest and if we then go to Direct investment flows the interesting phenomenon here is there have been fluctuations Before that but after the financial crisis. Yeah, maybe there was a little bit of increase But that could be just coming out of the great recession, but then from about 2011 onwards It's flat basically. There's basically no trend So what we've seen in the financial broad picture is that is is then that the you know, the debt securities build up Build up of debt securities accelerated after the financial crisis Portfolio investment growth decelerated somewhat and FDI we had pretty fast growth though cyclical before but now since 2011 it has leveled off completely So so you know that you know the so the this is telling you you are you know in fact after the financial crisis We've been having this this sort of hot money or fast money Capital movements in Into the emerging countries very much So that's that's the that's the situation In it and then on the other end we have some other developments here Which we have which is of course the globalization means that that it's harder to maintain closed capital cuts You know if you once you get into certain stages of development You start to have international companies in the country and so forth and they have ways of getting around capital controls if you try to keep This is now I've heard you know, I'm not an expert on the subject, but this is a key issue I believe for some emerging economies and in fact this isn't something which happened before I can only refer to the Nordic countries including Finland in the 1980s When we started to get major international companies and they found ways of getting around the capital controls and that eventually Led to the abandonment of capital flows in the Nordic countries So that's the that's the setting, you know, I think now which is that we have more dead focus based Capital flows into emerging countries. We have this pressure from globalization To to to open the capital accounts. So and and then the literature is is is kind of Ambiguous a little bit ambiguous and not so strong saying that where are the where are the benefits from capital account liberalization? So clearly clearly a modest conclusion here is we you got to proceed carefully if you have to do it Though, you know, big path because of the pressure pressure from globalization Of course, but then we also know that you can Find think of conditioned when when this kind of liberalization could be done with with less risk than before One of course is the high reserves. I mean, you know, we have now developing economies with high reserves that in principle allows for possibilities to possibilities to go for capital account Liberalization though perhaps political economies that might go the other way there saving high savings rate is another one which Which might might be a good thing because then especially if you have high reserves You might you might have you might have outflows and if you know and the high savings rate might also induce Yes, it's outflows and that actually is is is probably again good thing But within limits, you know, it could be could be could be going too far But in principle it can balance the situation often like in the earlier advanced economies when the in the 1980s Liberalized the capital flows they were usually cutting the down deficit countries So then you had these risks big bigger risks now now you could have a more balanced situation in here Changes in monetary policy regimes have also, you know from going for more flexibility in exchange rates Could also reduce the risks, but but you can't eliminate the risks of big capital inflows for and high trade openness again, which has on the you know come at least in some countries on the basis of these all these Globalization and more trade Can also make the more give some more resilience to the problems that you that might come after capital account liberalization So let me let me then Move on comment start to comment on this and especially start with the current situation We saw we saw what the debt flows where and what the structure change has been in this and And so this compositional change of course means that there is a somewhat higher risk because if you have more Debt-based capital flows you're gonna have you're gonna have the risk of fast movements in the in the flows And therefore again from the liberalization this could this could lead into difficulties The most recent developments also of course, you know What's happening has started to happen this year and to some extent last year is that we are starting to see also reversals So let me just show one figure, which is China So here's the capital flows to China and we starting to see that 2014 and especially 15 are very different from the earlier years earlier years Though there are fluctuations earlier and so this is telling if you know If these reversals are starting to happen And and they are happening in other parts probably as well in the future Then again the situation about the liberalizing capital accounts is going to be again more risky More risky you are getting into into into a change in development And that could be mean spell more risks in in capital account liberalization And then let me conclude with a couple of remarks about about monetary policies Which I think was also was also in in a compost remarks one one aspect Which is that the question about question about Monetary policy, you know, and if I take the US and your area, they basically, you know, the puzzle, you know the Difficulty is that they are geared towards domestic objectives I mean if you look at the mandates of of central banks, central banks, they have domestic objectives Even the even the big ones your area doesn't have any, you know, if I look at the mandate of the ECB There is no international objective there really except except Concerning concerning possibly the exchange rate in some situations and similarly the Federal Reserve in the US is So the so this difficulty difficulty is that Is that they really because there is no international objective Then then that that indeed means that there's need and we've seen and it was mentioned already by this first speaker that there's Need to increase the resilience of the global financial system But the the current monetary policy arrangements do not allow or do not make room for that And this this I think is a major development Of course, this has been discussed many times before and we know how difficult this kind of coordination issues are So so I'm not quite sure where the progress is But one one possibility where we might be able to do a little bit more in You know and as a way to improve prove the resilience of the financial system is if we look at the capital flows and Which is that we should try maybe via regulation Maybe some other means to go for more more sort of a security equity and security based international financial flows And away from the from the fast money bank center finance and and unfortunately the trend During the fight last financial crisis seems to be the opposite So there is an again another need where we might want to want to go about think about in the future And that this may be an easier way than finding ways to go internationally coordinate monetary policies Thank you


The main opportunity that we expect out of the Biocredits Project is to create that much-needed income stream that is required to enable communities to achieve their already existing vision. The communities have a vision to support the conservation of biological diversity because it benefits them, but also for heritage, for posterity, for something to hand over to the next generation. But it's costly. It requires an investment. So the opportunity in the Biocredits is that that much-needed income to enable what they have already planned to do is finally here. There are challenges in such programs, but the biggest challenge is how to download this very high-level, very high-technical language into a manner that a community can relate with. What's Biocredits? Do I say it in English? Do I translate it into a local language? But even if I did, what exactly does it mean? So we will learn from the other existing programs in which we don't necessarily pick the words, but we pick the concepts. We pick the concepts and then package them in a manner that is relatable to the community and use that as part of our free and prior informed consent. So my team will have to invest in this translation process to enable us to overcome that challenge. Thank you very much.