Hello everyone and welcome to an unexpected episode of Jurassic World Alive. Why is that you might ask? Well, I said in the last video that I was not going to make another one until they fixed the game. I am never making a video on Jurassic World Alive until this is fixed. So that must mean they fixed the game, right? No, no. They made it just a little bit, if not a lot more worse. So here we are. So we'll just go in here and collect our reward because we're closer to getting bumpy. So right now on the on the map you can dart the T-Rex. And this is something I've been mentioning ever since when World First came about that why if you had celebrity dinosaurs into the game? And yeah, they decided to add Rexy. And I have heard nothing but bad things about it, just because its whole moveset is incredibly broken according to a lot of people. So after the closure of Jurassic Park, Rexy, or Rain Supreme over East Lanube Block captured and used as an attraction in Jurassic World, this powerful project escaped again to tangle for dominance with the Indominus Rex, and I'm sure Giga in the next movie, something like that. Also you might notice a bit of a different recording situation. And we're not going to talk about that just yet because I'm going to do a whole video on it of course. But first we'll create Rexy. Oh, the classic Rexy roll. It is, I think, the closest we can get to the way Rexy actually looks. Also, I'm having to hold this funny because I don't actually have a stand at the moment, so I'm holding the iPad while I do this. Brilliant! We're doing this on the rough here, but we will get a proper setup in due time. So I'm trying to think of why, I mean, people have already suggested as to why this is amazing. I've already forgotten. But as of 45% chance to crit, defense shattering revenge, a dominant roll, so it's a priority move, it hits all opponents, increases damage by 50% and speed by 25%. Okay, and that's, there's no delay on that. So as soon as this thing comes in, it gets 25% extra speed. So even base, it gets an extra 20 odd, 22.5 speed. So if it's 120, if not 130ish, 130ish speed. So you boost that speed a lot. You can do the dominant roll and then fierce devouring of rampage. So it removes shields and attack of 2270, bypasses armor, and if, wait, self cleanses and heals direct damage over 40 turns. Now I've had people say to me that this thing is like, it's completely broken. Like it beats everything in a 1v1. Even Mortem Rex stands no chance against this. And it wouldn't, especially with that air speed boost. So it's almost immune to stun, almost immune to rend, almost immune to damage over time, completely immune to speed reduction. Okay, so that means that it doesn't matter what you do to it. It's pretty much going to be faster than you. And it is 100% invulnerable. I think that it's going to be, it's got to be changed. It's 100% going to be nerfed. It has to. Because whenever we've had a dinosaur that's been in the meta, that has been a legendary, it has never stayed more than two seconds. Like, you know, we've had faux rex and even flosser raptor at some point. And they were all gone. So I'm kind of expecting rexie to go the same way. It isn't exactly rexie. I mean, it's cool that it is rexie. But if you want to make it this strong, at least make it a unique, at least a unique, because a legendary, that's crazy.  So we have a look around. We've also got some of these coin caches to get. There it is, rexie sent. So as soon as you pop this, you got 100% chance guaranteed of getting rexie. And then the rest is kind of like a whatever, I suppose. But you know what? Let's start it. We may as well dart rexie, right? There she is. I would love to get a level 30. It's not going to happen because you can't get that much DNA. But let's go. Also, there's been a tease of a giga. So I don't know. Dominion is coming out soon. We've seen T's DLC for Jurassic World Evolution 2. All the more sense that we get a update for this game that we, you know, we'll get some Dominion creatures like Therizinosaurus or like a proper Thera, you know, Jurassic World Dominion Thera or Jurassic World Dominion Giga. Because we've seen rexie now. Rexie is its own dinosaur. So wouldn't surprise me if we had Biosin's own Giga, for instance. But I'm doing this with one hand and kind of like already holding the iPad. So this is, I apologize. So what they've done is they've made this thing super hard to dart by putting like two darts on the tip of its tail, I think. Yeah, you got ones with arms. Oh, oh, actually, I think we got a lucky load out actually. I've had it last time where with the tip of the tail. This is the best though. This is not very good. But at least we're hitting every time, right? That's something. Oh, there's the tail. Oh, sweet. Cheers. Just completely missed the last one. Yes. So everyone, I think everyone who's who's kept up to me or kept up to date with this game and me is like, because they've made the cable so much worse. I don't know if how much that is true. Oh, yeah. Also, we've got the sinking bed. Let's do a battle. We'll do a battle with this rex at level 20. Will it be able to kill more some rex if it wipes my entire team? That'd be hilarious. Oh, dear. It's also really hot here. And I don't even have a fan. So yeah, probably Gorilla Starling this up. This setup will get a lot nicer. Trust me, I hope. So here it is.  Oh, it goes for its dominant roar already right off the bat. High chance of a crit. Level 20 almost does half my damage. But luckily we actually get a crit. So there you have it. Otherwise, would it have been faster? No, I don't think it would have been faster, but you get that thing to level 30. You put max speed on it and attack. It is lethal, especially if it gets all its health back or 0.6% over four turns. I don't know, man. I don't know. And I wouldn't know when to be in Ludi's shoes right now. That's for sure. Oh, God. Anyway, here it is, the rex incubator. I think it did 200. Oh, they've been very generous with the coins recently. And that's another 200. Okay. Oh, a carnitaurus. Well, we've got to dot the carnitaurus. Yes, let's do. Can you see anything in the background? I don't know if you can. Good, because it's spoilers. Oh, right. Well, what we'll do, because this game's been really generous, and I think they gave me an incubator as well, because it's been four years since Jurassic World. The life came out, which is crazy. Four years already, man. So they gave me an incubator. And I think there was a little bit of uproar in the community that, or maybe they gave it to everybody. I don't know. But there was like a creator incubator not too long ago, something like that. And I was in trouble with the community, at least some people in the community, like, how dare they get their own incubators. But to be fair, that's all I get. I don't get anything else. So is that any consolation? And I'm not like number one. It's not like Ludio are picking out the best people in the game, and are like, yeah, here's even more stuff. You're the best. Thanks for giving us your money. So we might as well dot the snake. Snakeies. Snake's annoying. Don't like snake. Look at it. It's just literally about, yay. Tight and bulging too. Dot rude. Right. So that's that done. Right. Let's have a look at the team. I'm not really going to focus on, oh yeah. So at the moment, you can dot some other things. You can dot this thing, if I wanted to. But really, you want to save the tears. I mean, it's right. It's breaking Rex. Of course, you won't break a rexie maxed out. Unfortunately, Rex's decided to spawn nowhere near me. So I think I have five more hours. So hopefully, it'll get like a just like clock over and I'll get something good. There's a coin case. So what do we have? Yes. So this game's basically, I don't know. It's something to do with the marriage independence. I don't know. Anyway, there's some sort of event where in this game, the cost for books goes all the way down. And then you can also trade it for coin. I think that's what a lot of people do. I don't know if it's something I'm going to do because 350,000 coins a lot. But at the same time, if you look at my team, there's not really a great deal that I'm wanting to max up or I need to level up. And I've got 109,000. I mean, it's not a million because that's what I would need. If not even more to max up referentum or ankle sore looks or something like that. But yeah, let's do a couple of battles. You know, I've done all right so far. We'll see how well we do. It's not like my team is MLG pro, but we'll see how they do. Jarvis fear tournament. Come on, give me a snake. I like starting out with the snake. I'll get the snake. Yes. I think I have my whole team. The gogo, Gorgosuchus is probably the one that I've least used, I think. But we'll find out. Let's say it's this person MLG without really thinking, unless they've just disconnected, which would be really good because it gives me free. Oh, damn it. The rebel. Okay. Okay. So what are we thinking? We just go for could go for that. And I have this one. It's not the best. I think I'm probably going to be killed here. I could have went for instant intimidation, and I might have been tempted to do that just so that if they go for the big hit now, which they thought would have been the better choice. That was like the perfect amount of damage to kill me as well. Oh, that was awful. Okay, sweet. Get in. That was absolutely terrible. All right. Let's go with this. So I think I can do a big chunk of damage. I can do, I could kill him. I mean, he's going to heal.  I think I can anyway. Yes, I think I can. What does Devious do? 3,500. Yes, it's just enough. Am I immune to vulnerability? I am not okay. And then we go for this and we give ourselves a little bit of a speed boost for next turn. So we started out horrendously, really badly. But you know, we've got a dodge, I think. Or is it going to end this turn? It might do. But 144 speed is, it's good for most things that are mid. Okay. Do I get that? Oh, I don't even have that back. What are the chances? It's going to slow me, right? I think he's going to slow me.  I always forget about that. Oh, he cleansed it. Oh, I didn't remove my speed.  Is he faster? No, he's not. Okay.  But I'm going to say, sod it, whatever. Yes, that's what we like to see. Sweet. I don't think we've won. I'd be very surprised if we have, but we'll find out. 6,000. Okay, okay, okay. Yeah, I'll see you. 6,000. I'll raise you a referendum. That's not going to kill him. I mean, this one might. Oh, it leaves him with four. Oh, oh, that's annoying. Kind of want to just do this. Yeah, sod it. I'm just going to go for this because I think. Oh, no, yes, it's cleansed. Oh, no, never mind. Oh, it reduced my speed anyway. Oh, that was a lot of damage. Okay, okay, right. Maybe I didn't play that. I mean, I could have got a lucky crit 20% chance. But at least there's the death. Right. So he just needs something that's immune to damage and is faster than 73. And is just going to do over 3,000 damage in one hit, like a Mortem or his own referendum. Okay. Yeah, sure. Why not? Still think we've lost. I think that that first round of instantly losing the snake. That was beautiful. Oh, we don't get the stun. That's a shame. And he's going to go for the super destruction. Will I get stunned though? Is the question. Yes. Well, I think that has sealed the deal. I've definitely died. Yeah, there's nothing I could do here really. I think I'm stunned. Am I stunned until it? Yep. Yep. That's it. So that was GG. Well played. Wow. The perfect got the stuns, got the Hadras or against my boa. I mean, I could have, you know, I could have tried to play that a little bit better. But you know what, losing basically two of my creatures without them doing a single hit almost. It wasn't so bad. I don't think we'll do one more because I can't take another one. Second game. Will it be any better? No, we're going to start with snake. Heck yeah, we're going to go there. We're going to go for it again. Bring me a Hadras or logs, please. You don't see too many of them in here. It's even not maxed attack, would you believe? Do I? Does my attack go down? No, it doesn't. Oh, fantastic. Sweet. Okay. Oh, interesting. What's it trying to do? Is he just trying to go for the crit? Oh, what do you think? Do you think he's going to go for another sidestep or do you think now he's going to attack? Because either way, you know what, I'm going to go for the Evade here. Yeah, because even if he does that, I mean, yeah, he's going to do a lot of damage because he's basically got the crit. But at least this way, I'm also going to get a dodge for next turn. However, I'm pretty sure every time I've done a dodge with Spino constrictor, whatever this thing is, the dodge has never worked for some odd reason. It's like one of these, it's a fake dodge. It's like, it makes you feel a little bit better, but you always get hit. So let's see. Oh, a ref. Ah, fantastic. That's exactly what you want to see. What's it going to go for? Do you think it's going to go for its superiority, like priority? It's probably going to go for its priority. Yeah, I'd be surprised if it didn't. There it is. Oh, and it removes dodge. Ah. Yeah, I forgot about that. Oh, well, okay. Well, at least he's used it, I suppose. So what else do I have my arsenal to try and take him on? Really an ankle assault. Thank you. Oh, yeah, we'll do one of those. That's not bad.  We'll see what we can do here. Oh, he's really thinking this through. Oh, really thinking. I'm just going to go for this hit. Oh, that's a lot of damage. Oh, that's a lot of damage. I am quicker as well. I think. Well, let's see how much damage. Okay, that's a fair amount of damage. Now, he knows if he stays in, he's dead. So he might switch out. So do we big brain him and switch into Taurus, expecting him to switch out? Or do we just try and finish him now?  I'm going to big brain. We're going to go for into Taurus. He'll swap out. We'll get a cloak and maybe hits us. We hit him. Oh, please tell me. Please tell me something comes in and hits me. Please. This will be amazing. Oh, okay. Big hit. Yeah, that's his cloak. And then we'll go for our cloak. So actually, I don't know if this actually paid off for me. I don't think it did. No, I don't think it did at all. Because now we're, oh, we are resisted. Okay, it's not so bad. And now we can go for our cloak. And it depends. It really depends here whether he actually gets this hit. Okay. Yeah. So games decided that it just wants me to lose every match here. So thank you, game. That's all of it. Just look. That's all this is. This whole game has just been like, there's nothing I can do here. Really? Does my Utarnix is dead with that counter? Pretty much.  Also, we got this weird green glitch that is happening everywhere, which is a bit odd. So he's going to do like a huge one of that. And then he's going to go for his big hit here. He's not looking for me. No. Does he have his cloak? He's got a cool then. Okay, I don't think I mean, I might as well just go for this one. Pretty much. He's got his ref. He could have used that as an opportunity to switch for his ref, I suppose. But he's pretty much won this. Like he got really lucky there. There was nothing I could do. Got through the cloak. Yeah. Just the way it is. I mean, this game's fun, right? You love it. You love this game, don't you? Because I don't. Like I said, the only reason... Oh, well, he's dead anyway. The reason I'm keeping on making content on this is to show the new things, because the way the game is at the moment, it's just not fun. Like, sweet, nice, great, sweet, yeah, dead, nice, yeah. It's not there for like, you know, I'm playing the way I'm playing. Or at least I didn't go for the raw blessing. He was like, you know what?  So that was nice of him. But yeah, this game just doesn't feel fun. I don't know what it is, but it's... I don't know, man. I don't know. I think just the way it is, it's like a pay to win for a start. You've got these broken dinosaurs coming into it. They haven't fixed this whole referendum, meta, and I don't know. Personally, I don't like it. That's just the way it is.  And I do want to, you know, eventually... My theory is that eventually it won't be like this, and it will turn fun again. But it's like, how long can you keep on doing that for? I've heard that Thordor is now actually going to be used, because there's some battle pass coming in that is going to give a skin. I think we'll do one more battle while we talk about this actually. Oh yeah, but they've shown the gig is coming in, which is interesting. And I'm pretty sure that we've also seen that Thordor is going to get a skin with the whole new revamp of some battle pass coming in. Just another way to make money, you know? But it's just so obvious and transparent that like, the whole way this game has been, every time there's a new creature, it's the best. And then something new comes in, before you know it, it's not used anymore. And now that we're getting a battle pass, it's giving Thordor a skin. And Thordor has never been used like since the start, basically. And now it is being used. Oh, would you believe it's good? And there's a battle pass you have to pay full to get a skin. What are the chances?  It really is that it has to happen like this. And then it's just so transparent. But hey, hope it is what it is. And then there were some other things that have been updated. I can't remember what which dinosaurs we've observed. I'm sure people in the comments will let me know. Oh God, that was a big hit. Maybe we should put loads of boosts on rex. That's what we should do. Just see how good it is by going for like, I mean, really it needs to be higher than level 21 in order to use it. Unfortunately. Is that going to kill me?  I'm already one nil up. That's amazing. How did that happen? Because I didn't start with Snape. That's because I didn't start with Snape. Oh my God, we're two nil up. And I think I can switch out now. I think maybe. Oh, I'm invincible as well. Oh, yeah. I forgot about that. I'm below 50%. Okay. So is he giving up? This to me looks like he's given up. Okay, I think he's given up unless he's going to go for instant thing. Okay, revenge, distracting impact. Well, that makes no difference to me. So we're going to, we're going to big hit him. I could have stayed in.  But oh, no, that's not fair. Like, like I've lost, I mean, to be fair, I've lost three, two each time. And now I'm going to win three nil. Yeah, it doesn't seem fair. I'm so, so sorry. It's like, as soon as I got to the Jarspear League, they were like, nah, get back down here. And now that I'm back down here, it's like, please leave. Bam, there it is. Three nil. Well, that's, that's something, isn't it? So I wanted to predict within the next month, you know, just a minions coming out, we're going to get Giga. We're probably going to get Pharah and some other dynasties. Maybe a Trouseraptor will come into the game, although Trouseraptor wasn't in Dressa World Evolution 2 that we know of for the DLC, but Pharahaptor was. So maybe we'll see Pharahaptor remains to be seen. But anyway, guys, if you enjoyed this video, maybe we'll play something different next time. Yes, hopefully. Until next time, I'll see you goodies later. Oh, bye-bye.


Well, hey everybody welcome. Thanks for joining us today. So I'm Michael Solberg and this has been Silverman We wrote a book called open stack for architects over the last about a year and a half and we wanted to talk to you today A couple things like first of all why why we wrote the book. What's in the book? What was writing the book like? and also Why would anyone write a book anymore? So I'm a I'm an architect at Red Hat for the past maybe like Four or five years. I've been working on open-stack clouds with customers designing them and helping them build them out And Ben. I'm an architect at Onyx Enterprise Solutions Formerly, I was at Mirantis as an architect as a system architect there and prior to that I Built American Express's first open-stack cloud at the time about 2013. It was the largest financial services cloud That existed it was on Havana the nice house. I'm sure I built a larger one at another bank. I can't So you know you think about when a lot of us got our start in IT if we've been doing this for a while I think one of the things that we would all do is go down to Barnes & Noble and get a book Right, we'd sit down and read the book and learn how to program or whatever and it seems like these days Less and less that's happening But I still read a lot of books in technology and I think Ben and I both have an interest in it So we'll kind of start with the first question that we had which is you know, why did we write the book? So one of the things for me that when I got started was I feel like the existing open-stack documentation is very very good at telling you how to do Very particular things right so if I'm going to install the Nova Compute service There's great documentation on how to do it. There's great documentation on You know all the different options that you can set and what you'd set them to But I feel like there is not a lot of good documentation on Why would I set them to something right so you know If I'm gonna do neutron why would I use a third-party SDN? Why would I use the internal SDN? Why would I do neutron? And so that was a lot of the kind of questions we tried to answer in the book And I thought too I looked at I helped with some other open-stack books By from different publishers and different authors and there were great books on how to how to install open-stack Here's a command by command and here's a description of all the projects and it just kept you know kept getting redundant Nobody was answering the question of how do I plan for a deployment? How do I you know once I'm done? What's day two look like? What do we didn't think about with operations? What about our existing enterprise processes authentication backup? What is what is all that? What does the operations look like? Nobody was really dealing with it. It was kind of a You know a third rail if you will because it's it's such a Temporal mental topic in many enterprises So we want I wanted to you know write a book and answer some of these questions maybe not as in-depth as You know required for most companies but enough that people could get a good start to kind of get a feel for You know putting in open-stack is more than just installing the software and getting instances running It is a culture change and it is a change to a lot of business and an operational processes So I figured that there was no book out there that that did that and I sure made a lot of mistakes in that area And then I watch my customers make the same mistakes over and over and over again So and you know instead of complaining about it I wanted to write a resource for them to go to and future customers to go to so they know at least You know where we were where we were coming from Cool, so how do we write the book? So this is actually Ben and I met for the first time in person last week And we've been working together for gosh. I'm not well over a year on the book I started the book working with a publisher and Kind of got to a point where I realized there was no way that I was gonna be able to get the book done on the Publishers timelines, so we both have you know demanding jobs and families at home And so the publisher got me in touch with Ben and got him on the project And it was really kind of been saved me on the book for sure by coming in and giving me a hand So we started out with kind of me starting on the book and then Ben came in and then we ended up finishing Collaborities the last chapter of the book is actually kind of written by both half of half and half of us And we've been working together on it since then and you know I had a similar idea to Michael's idea and Submitted it at the same time Michael's in process of writing his book and the publisher just so happy happened to be the same publisher So, you know, they were smart enough to put two and two together and said hey Don't write two books guys write the same book and by the way this guy needs some help So he saved me half my writing that I was going to do and he's done He did an excellent job on the first part, so I was really glad to kind of team up with him But it was very interesting You know in the digital age getting us together You're showing me his parts me showing him You know they're my parts and then dealing with the publisher in the middle doing the editing and making suggestions and then You know I'm having me go back over his parts to say, okay Well, my parts don't quite fit with that Can we can I modify his parts and going back to him and you know that whole coordination? Not being in person not sitting down at a whiteboard or whatever was let's say interesting. It's very interesting No, and I would say if you if you are working with a publisher and another author You know making sure that the coordination is happening at the author level and then presenting a very united front to the publisher is always a good idea So what's in the book? So the book is mainly about architectural decisions kind of from soup to nuts that you make when you're doing an open stack project it starts out with brief introduction to open stack and then goes into You know the kind of larger considerations around hardware software selection things like that one of the things that is important to both of us Is that even though we work for open stack vendors? We want to make sure the book was vendor neutral And I think we took a pretty good approach at that and kind of pointed out some things that are good about you know Say morantis and things that are good about red hat And a lot of things that are good about kind of going your own way So the book is geared that direction And I think the only regret we have about what's in the book is that there could be more in the book So we're working on a second edition that'll fill out some of the areas that it might have been a little bit Short right and I think that you know if you decide to go get the book and read it You know people the feedback we've been getting is that it's an excellent read so it reads very smoothly It's not a technical book in the sense that again. We've no line for line It's not a reference guide. It really is kind of written in a story model Talks about everything from deployment planning how to plan a deployment how to think about your architecture But also goes into operations talks about considerations things that we've seen You know, it's all experiential learning that we've tried to impart on in the book. So And as Michael said, I think that the only thing we didn't do is make it a 500 page book because it easily could have been Had we expanded on some of the chapters and we're saving that for the second edition So we're looking for feedback for you know this book to have people tell us Hey, we don't think you went far enough in this area. I'd like to hear more And that will be our second edition really giving everybody what they want to know And then lastly a kind of a question that we wanted to impart on if you're looking to write a book, too I think you know, what would we do different next time? I think we both felt When you're working with a publisher kind of the process works something like you and the publisher set out an agreed timeline And an agreed amount of content and then you kind of work through this process of trying to get them the content in an agile Fashion right so you deliver content. They're working on the technical review of it And then you deliver content and they're working on the technical review and there's a tension on the timelines So I think you know the main thing that I would do differently and what we've been talking about for the next edition is get as much Content written upfront as you can So that you're not feeling pressure while you're doing it. So writing a book is a really enjoyable thing It's something that's a lot of fun to do But it's not fun if you're kind of facing down deadlines and feeling pressure So the more content you write before you start to work with the publisher I think that that's the main thing certainly that's the approach we're gonna take on the next edition is trying to get as much Written as we can before we engage the technical editing process and they do they do chase you down They'll chase you down On the phone, they'll chase you down an email I had one of them like find my Skype Skyping me and it's like I'm going to get this to you. I promise I will I thought I would write this book It's just you know, we're not we're not professional authors. We don't we don't write books for a living So we don't know all the tricks and the trade of the trade. So as Michael said the next book We're gonna just get a jumpstart and we're gonna probably sell them on the idea when we're mostly done That way, you know the timelines they could have whatever timelines they want We just go pretty much go to sleep We just wait for you know the ticker to expire and we pump with the polish on until they're until they're ready to do the full review Hey, one more thing too that I would say is the more collaboration you can have With you know all sorts of different people on the book the more fun it is I I've read a lot of other open-stack books and I've always been jealous because it seemed like they had a lot more collaboration than we did on our books so You know the more people you can rope in the more reviewers a lot of the good feedback that I got earlier was You know from co-workers of mine that I just send a chapter to and get their thoughts on How they recommend doing that yeah, and and if you're gonna write a book also be careful that when your publisher sends it out That all the information is correct, especially when it goes out to them Macafe that the Macafe's the O'Reilly's and the Amazons of the world because they had the wrong authors on our book for I don't know how long in pre-release is like guys Can you please fix this and it was almost like a fixing a dam They put their thumb here and then over on O'Reilly would think had the wrong title for the book or the wrong picture I think our book is still classified as like Advanced neoclassical architecture. Yeah, like we're building buildings Amazon But it's in Amazon. It's doing well in that section. Yeah, we're number one best-seller Italian eight architecture With the Barcelona, I am like second to gaudy for that chapel Amazon So I do have a copy of the book up here With me so if anyone wants to come and look at the chapters if you're considering buying it You want to just take a quick browse through it? I'll be glad to show it to you And that's it. Yeah, we have no more time. So thank you guys. Thank you. Thank you appreciate it


Today, your favorite question, why do narcissists cry at the movies, especially when they are watching my videos? Actually, narcissists are not the only ones who cry at movies. Psychopaths do too. And yes, there's a clear distinction between narcissists and psychopaths. Although it is very probable that there is a genetic and neurobiological component in narcissism, there are no serious rigorous studies that have substantiated this period. Don't believe any of the self-promoting hype about gray matter and I don't know what else. It's all unmitigated nonsense. Watch the videos on this channel which refer to rigorous vetted literature. Psychopaths, on the other hand, do have a genetic component. The disease is hereditary or the problem is hereditary. I've been also asked if in psychopathy there are brain abnormalities. If in psychopathy there is a genetic component, why do I insist that it is not a mental illness? Because it's not enough to have a genetic component or even brain abnormalities. In many subtle ways, each brain is different to the other. The psychopath is born with a predilection to break the law. Any law, psychopath is defined and reckless and so on. Does it make the psychopath mentally ill? No, it makes the psychopath a criminal. Contumations, defiant, reckless, you name it. These are not mental illnesses. These are the hallmarks and the components of a character. Okay, so first of all there's a distinction between the two. Lossesism is at this stage believed to be the outcome of upbringing in dysfunctional families, while psychopathy is more of a brain issue combined with genetics, combined of course with the conducive environment. But both of them cry at the movies and today I'm going to attempt, I'm going to try to explain to you why. Now if you go online, there's like a Brazilian videos about why narcissists cry at the movies and some of them come up with pretty good points and some of them are of course the inevitable nonsense by self-styled experts. But this is not how I tackle issues as you know. What I do, I always try to embed the question in historical traditions in psychology, psychodynamic traditions, behaviorist traditions, social learning traditions, social learning theory traditions and so forth. I'm trying to use schools of psychology to explicate phenomena. So this is what I'm going to do today as well. Why do narcissists, myself included of course, cry their hearts out at the movies. Are these crocodile tears or are they the real thing? And if these tears, if these tears are real, doesn't it indicate strongly that the narcissist does have empathy? He empathizes with the characters on the screen. Doesn't it tell us that narcissists are capable of accessing emotions? Otherwise why are they crying? Same goes for psychopaths. Maybe this whole idea that psychopaths and narcissists are disempathic and emotionless. Maybe this is just media hype. Maybe they are actually sweetie pies. The cutest ever lovable furry creatures. And we are just mistreating the poor things in all our videos and diatribes and vitriolic castigation. Well, I wouldn't go that far. And in a minute, we will delve into the psychodynamics of this pretty unusual and amazing phenomenon. Before I go there, I would like to answer two of your questions. The first question is why do I upload a video a day? Because I'm trying to create a library. I'm trying to create a bookstore of videos. And when you go to a library, when you go to a bookstore, you don't have to read all the books in the library. You don't have to purchase all the books in the bookstore. You can be selective. You can be choosing. And what I'm trying to do, I'm trying to create a library of thousands of videos so that every single one of you will find something of interest and watch. Or not watch, but will find something to hold his or her attention. Actually, this approach has been working really well for me. The channel has doubled, almost doubled, up 80% in terms of views in the past 10 months. The past 10 months have been a revolution. There was a forced, there was a forced hiatus. There was a forced break. I will not go into details. Those of you with long memories, remember why? And then afterwards the channel actually flourished and exploded. And views went up 80% and subscriptions went up 60% all within 10 months. And I think this is owing to this approach of I'm going to provide you a video a day and you're very likely keep visiting because you're very likely to find something which would interest you. Another thing I've done to help you with your audit and peculiar inability to find the search function on YouTube. Every channel on YouTube has a search function unique to the channel. And this search function is on laptops. It's on in the app. It is in the app. Work harder. Homework is there. It's everywhere. It's on mobile devices. Every channel is equipped with its own search engine, usually the magnifying glass or something like that. But I see that none of you seem to get it. So what I've done, I've divided most of the videos. There are 1,200 videos on each channel. I've divided most of them into thematic playlists, playlists with themes. So just go to the playlist, find your theme, scroll down the videos in the playlist and you will usually find what you're looking for. Okay, these were the service announcements. Now, some general observations regarding film watching. They apply to every human being alive and probably in the afterlife as well. When you watch a movie, you dissociate. You know this phenomenon when you're watching a horror movie and then something happens on the screen and you jump? This is called a startle reaction. The startle reaction is very common in post-traumatic conditions. For example, it's an integral part of PTSD. It's one of a criteria, one of a diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder. So when you're watching a horror movie, you're mini-traumatized. And this mini-trauma creates dissociation. You dissociate reality, you forget about reality.  And then something happens, unexpected, abrupt, sudden and you jump. So, any and every viewer, anyone who is watching a film, even a theater play, dissociates. Dissociation is how we watch movies. We cut off reality, we repress it, we ignore it and we are focused on the screen. This happens to healthy people, normal people, not only to narcissists. But of course, because the narcissist is anyhow post-traumatized and anyhow dissociative, the narcissist's reaction to a movie would be much stronger than that of a healthy and normal person. And one of the main reasons this happens is because a movie is a mirror. Have you ever thought about this? A movie is a screen. Every screen is a potential mirror. This is not Sam Vakni, this is Jacques Lacan. Lacan looks like me, but he's a bit more dead than I am. So, every movie is a mirror. Now, I have a video about mirroring. It's titled, mirrored narcissist gazes at you. Do other people exist? Other people exist. Go down to the description. You have a link. Click on this link because it explains the process of mirroring in the formation of narcissism, but not only narcissism. Maternal mirroring, mirroring by the mother, actually creates the unconscious, creates mental structures such as the ego, boundaries, leads, to separation and individuation. In short, the mother's gaze, the mother's gaze which mirrors the child, serves as a mirror, the initial mirror, the first mirror, the primordial mirror, when the child sees itself after some time, not initially, but after the symbiotic stage is done and gone, the child begins to see itself. In the mother's gaze, this mirrors the child. In the mother's gaze, this mirroring via maternal figure is enormously important in personal growth and development in early childhood. Again, I'll refer you to the video. Now, a movie is a mirror. So, automatically, a movie is perceived unconsciously as a kind of a maternal figure. And this mirroring of a maternal figure on the screen, the screen out there, induces dissociation in everyone, but especially in the narcissist. But in the case of the narcissist, it regresses the narcissist. Because the narcissist perceives the movie as an eye, an all-seeing eye, a gaze, his mother's gaze in a way. So, he regresses to infancy. Movies, theatre plays, screens in general, regress narcissists. They regress them imperceptibly. If a narcissist is using a smartphone, you're not likely to notice the regression. But if the movie is engaging, if the movie is captivating, if the movie creates a total environment of immersion, the narcissist's regression would be noticeable and would involve dissociation and a kind of merger and symbiosis with the characters on screen, which are maternal stand-ins. They gaze at the narcissist. The narcissist kind of relieves his early childhood experience of being observed, of being gazed at, of being seen, of being looked at. The characters on the screen are looking at the narcissist. The narcissist beholds himself through their gaze. This sense, and not only in this sense of course, they become kind of, pseudo, quasi-maternal figures. Anything to do with early childhood, with maternal figures, with gaze, with self-hood formation or disrupted self-hood formation. Anything to do with all this triggers in the narcissist, shame and grief. Whenever the narcissist sees himself through other people's eyes, through other people's gaze, it always triggers in him, shame and grief. Because the first time the narcissist has been perceived by someone else, the first time the narcissist has seen himself, had seen himself through someone else's gaze, his mother's gaze, was a very bad traumatic experience, which generated and gendered in the child, shame and grief. Narcissism is a compensatory reaction to this shame and grief which are all consuming, life-threatening, overwhelming, disregulating and unmanageable. So when the narcissist watches a movie, he sees himself through the characters. He is gazed at, he is defined by their look. This triggers in him dissociation, infantile regression, a feeling of merger and symbiosis with the characters on screen, but above all, it triggers shame, it triggers grief and the narcissist cries. Now, we identify with the characters on screen, even healthy people, even normal people, go through a process of identification with the characters on screen, especially if the characters are somehow engaging, or if they trigger in the spectator and the viewer a particular life experience or mental health structure, mental structure. So we all identify to some extent with the characters, but in the case of the narcissist, the narcissist identifies with the characters and then introjects them, he incorporates them, he internalizes them. Why is that? Because you remember, those of you who have been long suffering and watched my videos, remember that narcissists are unable to perceive the externality and the separateness of objects in reality. They have no conception of external objects. So the characters in the movie, as far as a narcissist is concerned, they're not external, exactly as the narcissist's intimate partner is not external. The narcissist's children are not externals. The narcissist's so-called friends are not separate from him or external. They're all internal objects, they're all extensions of the narcissist. That's exactly what the narcissist does to characters in movies he internalizes them, he introjects them, he incorporates them, he renders them, he converts them into internal objects. The movie takes place inside the narcissist's mind, not out there on the screen. Again, this triggers infantile regression to the pre-separation phase. The narcissist creates a symbiosis with the characters on the screen. He merges with them, he fuses with them. They become manipulable avatars, figments inside his seething mind. And then he bonds with them in this particular bizarre way, actually bonding with himself, of course, with this internal space where everything is taking place, including the movies that he is watching. But this merger and fusion infantile, this is what children do, toddlers do, prior to the age of 36 months, this pushes the narcissist back to the pre-separation phase. The narcissist never succeeds to separate from his mother of origin, from his biological, from his real mother. There's a failure of separation individuation, which is at the core and at the heart of narcissism. Narcissism is a compensation for this. Narcissism is a quest to repair the disrupted separation individuation via the shared fantasy. And so the narcissist creates a shared fantasy with a film and with the characters on the screen. And is unable to separate and individuate from them. And so this creates very, very harsh dynamics, very painful dynamics, very shameful dynamics, very frightening dynamics in the narcissist. The narcissist cannot interpret what's happening to him. These are not emotions, don't make the mistake. Narcissists are unable to access positive emotions. Love, no way, compassion, forget about it, empathy, done. None of this. This is not about the movie. It's not about the characters. It's about the narcissist inexorable inexorable experience of being catapulted backwards to a pre-symbiotic phase, a phase of helpless, hopeless dependency and infancy, a phase involving extreme amounts of shame and grief for having failed to become an individual, to separate, to individuate and to realize one's potential to self-actualize. And then the narcissist cries. So the narcissist cries for himself. It's a form of self-pity, or if you wish, self-soothing, self-comforting. The narcissist's tears are shed over the narcissist's inner internal deadness, emptiness, void, the schizoid black hole core of the narcissist. The narcissist mourns his own early demise, the death of his true self, what he could have become, etc., etc. He uses the characters on the screen as the equivalent of stand-ins for maternal figures with whom he can then create a symbiotic relationship and somehow ameliorate and mitigate the anxiety and the shame and the grief and the pain and the hurt and so on and so forth. It never works as it never works with intimate partners in a shared fantasy. The narcissist is incapable of separation, individuation, never mind the circumstances. So he cries. He cries for himself, is grieving himself, is mourning himself. And so this frustrates the narcissist, watching movies especially of the sentimental kind. This is not empathy. This is not even sympathy. That is self-pity and sentimentality. Sentimentality characterizes the romantic movement, especially in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th century. This romanticism, this idealism, this total sentimentality. You had people like Adolf Hitler who was born into the romantic idealistic movement and who would cry. Hitler would cry at the movies over his dogs. I mean, because he was sentimental. Hitler was not known, I remind you, for his overwhelming empathy. Ask any Jew. So there's a lot of frustration here.  There's a loss of control. The characters on screen trigger in him processes which throw him back into a period where he has been shamed. A period of slow death, gradual demise. When the true self was dying and the false self was emerging and this creates in him enormous anxiety, shame and grief, I mentioned. So this frustration and the narcissist is incapable of coping with this because control to the narcissist is everything. If we had to reduce narcissism to one word, it would be control. When the narcissist is triggered, for example by a movie, there's a loss of control. Even when healthy people, normal people are watching movies, there is a loss of control because they can very often are triggered. That's why we have trigger warnings. So this leads in the narcissist to a borderline state, what we call borderline organization. He begins to emotionally dysregulate. But the emotions that come to the surface, the emotions that overwhelm the narcissist, the emotions that submerge the narcissist are not positive emotions. Narcissists are incapable of accessing positive emotions. Did I say it before or not children? No positive emotions, delete, no malignant optimism, no pathological hope. Delete. What comes to the surface are negative emotions. We call this negative affectivity. So when the narcissist is triggered by the characters in the film and by the film's narrative or plot, he loses control and he begins to emotionally dysregulate. All the negative effects come up. I mentioned shame and grief but also anger, sometimes envy. The narcissist feels that he is drowning. His self-pity is tripled, quintupled, exponentially multiplied. And he begins to mourn and grieve himself in full sight. He cries. He cries. The shame and the vulnerability which are visible to everyone actually create a kind of modification or mini modification. When narcissists watch movies, especially the kind of movies that trigger them, they are mortified because that's a public act. Even when the narcissist is alone with the movie, even the narcissist watches a film all by himself, there are characters out there.  And remember the narcissist can't tell the difference between external and internal. So as far as he's concerned, it's a public shaming. His tears shame him, humiliate him, expose his vulnerabilities and weaknesses which he holds in deep contempt. The self-disdain, self-loathing, self-hatred there that are triggered by all these behaviors. And it creates instant modification. It's not only a challenge to the narcissist's grandiosity, but it is the self-perceived public humiliation in front of, as I said before, the equivalent of maternal figures. Lot of self-pity. The tears have another function. They signify real distress, real anxiety, terror even. At the loss of control entailed by the trigger. But they also form of manipulative virtue signaling. The narcissist cries and it is all about self-pity. But he wants to recruit other people to pity him as well. He wants to signal to them, look how, what a good person I am. Look how soft and amazingly compassionate and affectionate and empathic and unwell. Now this is mostly done by covert narcissists, but not only. An overt narcissist who is pro-social and communal would cry to signal that he could become a healer or a savior or a rescuer. His tears would constitute a message. It would be a form of impression management coupled with messaging. Here I am and I'm a good person and trustworthy.  So this is a manipulative aspect. Ironically this type of tears, the tears that are in Machiavellian, the tears that are intended to induce behavior modification in other people, in observers. These kind of tears are typical to covert narcissists who always wallow in self-pity and so on. Avert narcissists who are pro-social and communal, hyper-moralizing, sanctimonious, self-virtuous, self-victimizers, regard themselves as victims and so on and so forth. And malignant narcissists who are actually psychopaths, psychopathic. And they cry almost knowingly in order to manipulate other people. They realize the power of tears to motivate other people to alter behavior or to engage in new behavior, which are conducive to the goals of the malignant narcissist. Remember malignant narcissist is a hybrid, a wonderful, tasty hybrid between psychopath and narcissist. So this in a nutshell is why narcissists cry at the movies. I hope I didn't make you cry in this video and if I did it was not in order to manipulate you. It was because I am very, very ashamed of my early childhood.


to today's lecture on case studies. So far we have discussed different types of architectural features, various innovations which can be used to realize processors. So today I shall discuss about some case studies particularly we shall focus on evolution of Intel processors. So we shall see how Intel processors have evolved over the years and essentially the objective is to examine how various architectural innovations we have discussed so far have been incorporated in the Intel processors. So if we look at the history of microprocessors we will find that microprocessor was invented sometime in 1971 and the first processor was 4004 that was a 4 bit processor developed by Intel and it was having only 4096 4 bit memory and it was it has very limited processing capability and it was primarily used for video games calculators then microprocessor based controllers and the instruction set was very primitive and subsequently another processor that was 8 bit was introduced that is your 8008 this is the first 8 bit processor microprocessor you can say and memory was extended from 4 k 4 bit to 16 k 8 bit and instruction set was also upgraded then back in 1973 another version of 8008 known as 8080 which was much better processor having many modern features that was introduced and subsequently in 1977 the one of the most popular microprocessor that was 8085 that was proposed. So this 8085 itself is a 8 bit processor and it has many features like instruction set was quite rich and 100 million copies were sold by Intel itself and not only Intel was manufacturing it many other companies like Toshiba, AMD, NEC, Hitachi they got license and they manufactured the same chip. So based on the success the history progressed and then subsequently from 8 bit to 16 bit processors were evolved particularly 8086 and 8088 that was the 16 bit processor and it has many modern features and has powerful processing capability of course much lower processing capability in present day context but because of larger memory space 1 megabyte addressable RAM and all the registers were 16 bit registers 16 bit data pass and it was possible to have a separate floating point processing unit 8087 which is known as co-processor and because of all these features the full-fledged computer known as IBM PC was developed based on 8088 which was essentially a simplified version of 8086 that means the bus was 8 bit but internal capabilities were same as 8086 and based on the success subsequent processors were developed as we can see we got X6 series of microprocessors for example Intel 8086 that was evolved into 80186 80286 then these were all 16 bit processors subsequently 32 bit processors i32 processor family were introduced by Intel then P6 Pentium 6 processor family were introduced and subsequently net bus family of processors were introduced which we shall discuss briefly in today and in the next lecture so this is the internal architecture of 8086 processor as you can see it has got two distinct units one is known as execution unit another is bus interface unit and these two units are essentially work in an overlap manner these are I mean they used in a pipeline manner so the pipelining was introduced with this processor and this bus interface unit was accessing memory and fetching instructions and so at this generation bus control all these things were generated with the help of this bus interface unit and of course there are some internal registers like segment registers instruction pointer which are used for generating the effective address and after fetching the instructions the instructions were stored in a queue known as instruction queue and from this instruction queue instructions were taken by the execution unit for processing the instructions and the instruction unit comprises the ALU registers various registers like general purpose registers and other registers where you can store operand flag bits and so on. So, this is how the pipelining was introduced in Intel processor and 8086 was the beginning of that and as I mentioned 8088 a minor refinement of 8086 was introduced and that became very popular in their IBM PC computer and then 80186 is an extension of 8086 and 80286 which is little bit powerful than 8086 a reasonably successful extension of 8086 then that IA32 that 32 bit processors 80386 Intel first 32 bit processor that was introduced and 80486 a much improved version of 80386 was proposed and that which used instruction pipe we shall discuss about their internal architecture in more detail. Then 80586 a much improved 8048 version of 80486 was introduced that was named as Pentium and subsequently some upgradations of 80586 were proposed 80686 an improved version of 80586 named as Pentium Pro then 80586 MMX a refined version of 80586 faster and with MMX extensions that is for multimedia processing named as Pentium MMX then 80686 MMX refinement of 80686 a faster with MMX extensions multimedia extensions named as Pentium II and 80686 plus MMX plus SSI SSI essentially provides you much more powerful processing capability and leading to Pentium III then IA64 processors the newer Pentium processors that is Intel's atoms of 64 bit architecture which I shall discuss deeply one after the other first let us focus on 80186 and 80188 just like 8086 and 8088 this 80186 and 80188 they introduce two processors and this 80186 and 80188 may be considered as an embedded controller with the following enhancement of 8086 and 8088. Now you see Intel processors they targeted their processors in two directions one is for embedded applications means which should require minimum number of chips minimum number of ICs and with the help of that a complete system can be built and which will go in various embedded systems like printer various communication equipment and so on. So what was done the 80186 incorporated that internal clock generator earlier in 8086 that clock generator were outside the processor so 8084A was the clock generator IC that was externally attack connected to 8086 that was included as part of the chip and built in programmable interrupt controller interrupt controller was also outside the chip in 8086 so that was also put inside the chip then built in three programmable 16 bit timers that was incorporated as part of the chip then built in two channel programmable DMA controller. So DMA controller is necessary outside the chip in case of 8086 but here as long as the DMA and you are satisfied with two channel DMA interface then two channel programmable DMA unit is built in as part of 80186 and built in programmable memory and IO decoder whenever you build a complete system you will require some decoder ICs those decoder ICs will select memory devices IO devices and so on. So without this using this decoder ICs what was done in 808186 itself some of these decoder and ICs were incorporated. So all these features facilitated system implementation with reduced chip count which is a very important requirement for embedded applications. So this is the internal diagram as you can see apart from the processor this is the processor execution unit it has got clock generator programmable interrupt controller programmable timer counter which are needed in many applications to generate time delays and different types of counters in different embedded applications then DMA this is the two channel DMA controller and this is the programmable I mean chip select unit as I mentioned that you will require decoders for selecting memory and IO devices this performs a function of I mean providing the chip select signals then the bus interface unit as it which was present in the earlier 8086 that is also present. So as I already mentioned clock generator is replaced by an internal clock generator similarly programmable interrupt controller the built-in programmable interrupt controller controls all internal and external interrupts and controls up to two external 808259a PIC. You see normally large number of input IO devices operate in the interrupt event mode. The data transfer can take place using three distinct modes one is known as synchronous mode another is asynchronous mode and third one is interrupt event mode interrupt event mode is very suitable when the speed of the IO devices is not compatible with that of the processor and large number of IO devices like say mouse and various types of IO devices that you attach in modern processors which can be interfaced with the help of this interrupt event data transfer technique and since large number of IO devices are connected you require external programmable interrupt controller like 808259a. So this programmable interrupt controller which is built-in can be used to interface two additional external programmable interrupt controller like 808259a and without this external interrupt controller it provides you five interrupt inputs INT0 to INT3 and NMI stands for non-mascable interrupt. So interrupt inputs can be broadly divided into two groups one is known as non-mascable interrupt at least one has to be provided particularly for emergency situations which cannot be disabled. On the other hand you may have a number of mascable interrupts and the number of mascable interrupts provided is five in case of 8086 sorry four INT0 to INT3 and five interrupts have been found to be adequate for many applications and however when it is not sufficient we can use external interrupts. Then timer counters as I said which is required in many applications which can also be used to implement watchdog trimmers which are necessary in embedded systems. If an embedded system fails and if it does not respond within some duration then watchdog timer will automatically reset the processor. Sometimes the processor is in an infinite loop or is not able to perform the task for which it is designed. In such a case watchdog timer helps and that is also provided in 80186. Then DMM unit as I said it provides two channel and then programmable chip select unit for selecting it has six output lines to select memory and seven lines for selecting IO. So you can interface external memory and IR devices without the need for additional decoder ICs. Then coming to 80286 you see the 80186 was meant for embedded applications. On the other hand 80286 is an extension of 8086 that was primarily used for making computers. So the processing capability were enhanced in 80286 and another new feature was incorporated that is memory management unit. We have already discussed about the need for memory management unit in the context of virtual memory. Virtual memory allows you to have larger address space. In fact that is what was done in case of 80286. Since the primary purpose was to develop computer the address space was extended from 16MB physical memory and also the virtual memory 1GB virtual memory using the built in memory management section. So both physical memory and virtual memory were enhanced with the help of this memory management unit. So this is the internal diagram as you can see it has got the various registers, the processor that for this is how the address generation is done and this part is the bus interface unit that which generates the different addresses and other things. And this is that instruction unit where the instruction decoding takes place and so on. Then coming to the 32 bit family back in 1985 Intel 386 was proposed with 4GB addressable RAM all the registers were of 32 bit and it allows virtual memory using pezing concept. So it is very suitable for building computers. Then in 1989 80486 was introduced with instruction pipelining. So far there was no pipelining I mean up to 80386 pipelining was done in a limited way I mean there was no separate pipeline for instruction and data. So it was a single pipeline but now you will see that separate pipelining I shall discuss in little more detail about it. Then Pentium was introduced in 1993 which was having superscalar architecture. So the superscalar capability was introduced for the first time in Pentium with 32 bit address bus and 64 bit internal data bus. So as I mentioned 8086 revolving to IA32 family with 32 bit processors and basic features of these IA32 bit processors are their SISC processors. As you know main difference between SISC processors and RISC processors are the RISC processors reduce instruction set computer RISC stands for reduce instruction set computer. And in RISC processors the usually the instruction length is fixed for example in MIPS processor the instruction length is fixed but in case of SISC processors the complex instruction set computer architecture there the instruction length is variable and it provides you it gives you many complex addressing modes which are not provided in RISC processors. And this IA32 processors turned out to be the most dominant architecture of the time in terms of sales volume that means the computers PCs personal computers were built not only personal computers workstations and desktop systems were built using these 32 bit processors and the sales volume was quite high. And as I have already mentioned this Intel 386 was introduced in 1985 and in 89 the 486 was introduced and as I am already mentioned in 808 386 the most important feature was extension of virtual memory architecture. It includes both segmentation used in the 80286 and paging the preferred technique of UNIX world I mean both segmentation paging are together used and in 80486 as I mentioned it used pipelining and with an on chip floating point unit. So earlier in case of 386 the pipelining that floating point unit was external but in 486 it was put inside and so far as the pipelining is concerned as I mentioned that Intel 486 that used instruction pipelining and that instruction pipelining for the first time in Intel processors and it was having 6-5 stages instruction fetch instruction decode 1 instruction decode 2 execute and register write back and the various functions perform in different stages are given here instruction fetch fetch instructions from the 32 bit prefetch I mean prefetch queue then instruction decode translate instruction into control signals or micro code address and in this same stage it also performs the address generation it initiates address generation and memory access then instruction decode 2 access micro code memory and it performs also output micro instruction to execution unit. Later on as we shall see instructions are converted into micro operations and this is what is being done that micro code memory access micro code memory and output micro instructions to execution unit. So those micro operations are executed ultimately and execute ALU and memory accessing operations in the execute stage and in the register write back stage essentially writing into the register take place. So same thing fetch unit performs in the fetch stage load 16 bytes of instructions are loaded in the prefetch buffer. So in the prefetch buffer you can load 16 bytes of instructions and then the decode unit determines instruction length instruction type then in the decode 2 stage it performs the address calculation it computes memory address and generates immediate operands which is provided as part of the instruction then in execute stage register read ALU operation and memory read write operations are performed and as I mentioned in the write back stage of register files are updated and you can see here the 80486 stages that instruction fetch then decode 1 decode 2 execute and then write back and later on we shall discuss about this Pentium Pentium is an extension of this which use superscalar. So you can see there are two I mean two directions in which processing is performed U pipe and V pipe I shall come back to it little later. So you may be wondering why two decoding stages were provided in 80486 because it uses complex instruction set computer. So decoding of instruction is much more complex compared to that of decoding of risk instructions. So it was necessary to have two decoding stages because it is harder to decode SISC instructions and it is inevitable due to microcoded control microcoded control that is being used in these processors and effective address calculation is done in the decoding stage 2 and multi-cycle decoding stages for more difficult decoding and stalls incoming instructions. I mean these are the two attributes of doing the decoding in two cycles and the execution stage performs both ALU operations as well as cache memory access and whenever I mean two penalty cycles are incurred if an instruction produces a register result and the next instruction uses this result for address generations. So whenever you are doing pipelining some kind of penalty is incurred and this is how it happens. So two penalty cycles are necessary in such situation and pipelined 486 could achieve performance improvement by a factor of about 25 over 386 because of pipelining and the faster clock and various other features the performance improvement about 25 times and you can see the number of clock cycles that is required for the different processors the 386 and 486 as you can see in case of 386 load instruction load requires four cycles on the other hand in case of 486 only one cycle is sufficient similarly store requires four cycles in case of 386 and 486 requires only one cycle ALU operations requires two cycles in 386 and 486 requires only one cycle and jump instructions when it is taken it requires nine cycles because address calculation and all these things are involved the 386 requires nine cycles and 486 can do it in three cycles and when jump is not taken then address calculation is not required and it is faster than when jump is taken it requires three cycles and 486 it requires only one cycle and subroutine calls requires nine cycles in case of 386 and 486 requires three cycles and main difference is coming because of on-chip cache that is used in 486 the 386 was not having any on-chip cache memory but in 486 small size cache memories were provided on-chip and that has led to this improvement leading to faster loads and store and also pipeline as we have already seen five stage pipeline was used in 486 there is another reason for improvement in 486. So, these are the different Pentium family family and how it has evolved is shown here and you can see the number of transistors has increased from 3100000 that means 3100000 transistors to 42000000 transistors so that means 42 million transistors that is used in Pentium 4. So, the number of transistors has increased and that has been possible with the advancement of VLSI technology and technology has also improved as you can see from 0.8 micron gradually the size of the devices has shrinked has become smaller and smaller from 0.8 micron to 0.18 micron and because of that it was possible to incorporate larger number of transistors in later processors. So, Pentium from 1933 to 1936 Pentium series of processors and you can see clock frequency was in the range of 66 MHz to 166 MHz and that as I have already mentioned it used superscalar so 2 ISU processors 2 ISU was performed 2 instructions were issued in Pentium and word size was 32 bit and L1 cache was restricted to 28 kilobyte. So, one for 28 kilobyte in style cache memory was on GIF and of course, there was no L2 cache in Pentium processors then Pentium MMX and mobile Pentium MMX which were introduced in 1997 and 1998 the clock frequency were enhanced and also the L1 cache memory size was also enhanced then in Pentium Pro processors which was introduced in 1995 the clock frequency was remained more or less same you can see as Pentium MMX, but L2 cache was introduced in Pentium Pro processors then in Intel seller run processor you can see the transistors have been increased clock frequency has been enhanced and of course, the cache memory has been made from 8 kilobyte to 16 kilobyte and second level cache was in case of Intel seller and first version there was no L2 cache and then second version there was L2 cache then Pentium 2 mobile Pentium 2 and so on you can see the enhancement that has taken place in terms of increased cache memory, increased L2 cache size, increased clock frequency and then we shall come to the net bus we shall discuss about that little later. So, this is how the Pentium 5 and P5 and P6 processors have evolved over the years and from 1993 to 2000. This is the internal architecture of Pentium P5, you can see here the floating point unit is built in and this is that bus interface unit which interfaces with the memory and IO devices and the internal bus is 64 bit external bus is also 64 bit in case of Pentium and the cache memory is shown here the instruction cache 8 kilobyte of instruction cache and 8 kilobyte of data cache and you have there are two ALUs. So, it uses superscalar process architecture, two arithmetic and logic units these are the register sets and the prefetch buffer the instructions are prefetched and stored there and it has got separate branch prediction unit built in and then as I mentioned multiplication division these are available in the hardware which were not available in earlier processors. So, in addition to floating point unit processing unit multiply addition and division these are all available in built in as in the hardware as a consequence is it gave very faster instruction processing. So, this is some overview of the Pentium processor architecturally Pentium is firstly different from 486 as we have already seen Pentium is essentially one full 486 execution unit called UPype and Vype as I said there are second two processing units UPype and Vype and two pipes are capable of executing instruction simultaneously there are separate write buffers and even simultaneous access to data cache. So, which is represented here data cache data cache. So, simultaneously they can access you can see 32 bit through the 32 bit fast the register set can also be accessed simultaneously this is how Pentium is superscalar of degree 2 that means there are two processing units. So, as we have seen in the diagram it is at least twice as fast as 486 because of the internal architecture and I have already mentioned about this Pentium expands 32 byte prefetch queue to 128 bytes we have seen that prefetch queue that is present here which is 128 bytes. So, this shows that Pentium superscalar processor it has got two pipes UPype and Vype separate execution unit separate write buffer separate decode unit and so on. So, instruction fetch instruction decode two stages of instruction decode execution write back these are done for the two different execution units and this is I mean logically how it really works is shown fetch and align instructions decode instruction generate control word then it has got two separate pipes decode control word generate memory access. So, same thing is repeated in UPype and Vype access data cache or calculate ALU result and write register result that is your write back stage. Then Pentium does superscalar execution can execute instruction that instruction 1 and instruction 2 in parallel if instruction 1 and instruction 2 is not jump. So, you see there is a there is some restriction it cannot always perform execution of two instructions together when it can perform when it cannot perform is highlighted here. So, can execute instructions instruction 1 and instruction 2 in parallel that means after fetching after fetching those instructions they are stored in a buffer then they are checked which pairs can be executed in UPype and Vype two separate pipes. So, they are executed is they can be executed in parallel if instruction 1 and instruction 2 or instruction 2 is not jump destination of instruction 1 is not the source of instruction 2 destination of instruction 1 is not destination of instruction 2. So, this is checked and if this is not true then only I1 and I2 can be executed in parallel otherwise two instructions cannot be issued. So, as we know whenever we use multiple issue processors it may not be necessary to I mean all the execution units may not be always busy. So, if conditions hold issue I1 to UPype and I2 issue on the next cycles. So, in such cases you have to do it serially and that means the next instruction 2 can be paired with the following instruction. So, this is how the superscalar execution takes place in Pentium processors. Then as I mentioned in 1995 Pentium Pro was introduced and Pentium II was introduced that is your multimedia instruction set. So, that multimedia processing can be done at a faster rate. Then the SSX processor that I mentioned which allows you streaming which is essentially SIMD instruction allows you streaming extensions. So, these streaming extensions was provided included in Pentium III and then Pentium IV and Pigeon they used Intel Netbust Micro architecture and that is also tuned for multimedia. I shall briefly highlight their internal architecture. This is Pentium VI P6 Micro architecture it forms the basis of Pentium Pro Pentium II and Pentium III besides some specialized instruction set extensions like MMX and SSC. These processors differ in clock rate and cache architecture and these are dynamically scheduled processors translates each I32 instructions to a series of micro operations. We have already mentioned about that how instructions are converted into micro operations and which are executed and micro operations are similar to typical risk instructions and that allows you hardware control unit and this is how the conversion of instructions into micro operations takes place is shown here. So, these are the x86 instructions which are fed to superscalar decode unit then there is a translate units these two together converts the x86 instructions into risk like micro operations. These risk like micro operations are sent to the dispatch unit then the dispatch unit identifies to which functional unit which operation will go. So, you can have different functional units some it can be some fixed point units floating point unit fetch unit. So, depending on what type of micro operation it is there those are fed to the functional units and then since the functional units can perform the execution and it may lead to some kind of out of order execution. So, see the out of order execution has to be converted into in order I mean in order the way the instructions were generated in the program in the same order result should be produced output should be generated that is achieved with the help of this in order retire unit with the help of this in order retire unit where writing into the register takes place in the appropriate sequence. So, that the way it should take place I mean specified by the program in the same way it is done here and Intel Pentium P6 that Pentium 6 has got 5 functional units to instruction units separate load and store unit and floating point unit and it has used 14 stage pipeline. So, in contrast to 5 stage pipeline that is used in Pentium 4 Pentium 6 uses much deeper pipeline that is your 14 stage pipeline and since the Pentium P6 must execute the sys like x86 instructions instructions are decoded into simpler sys like micro operations as I have already mentioned and out of order execution takes place which I have already mentioned with the help of this diagram. So, in Pentium 6 up to 3 IA32 instructions are fetched decoded and translated into micro operations in every clock cycle and micro operations are executed by the out of order speculative pipeline. So, here you are using some kind of a speculative execution and for executing the micro operations and you have already discussed in detail the register renaming then reorder buffer that is being used whenever you do out of order execution and which have been incorporated in this Pentium 6 processor to facilitate this out of order execution of the micro operations. So, processors in Pentium 6 family may be thought of as 3 independent engines coupled with a single instruction pool. So, instructions are fetched instructions are kept in that instruction buffer from which the instructions are going into the execution units 3 independent execution units and the execution takes place parallelly. So, this diagram I mean shows functionally how exactly this happens. So, the instruction fetch unit as I mentioned it can it fetches 16 bytes in every cycles. So, 16 bytes of instructions are fetched and they are stored in an instruction queue. So, the instruction queue from here 3 instructions per cycle goes to the instruction decoded unit. So, the 3 instructions are decoded which are converted into micro operations as it is mentioned here they are translated into micro operations those micro operations. So, it is converted into micro operations 6 micro operations I mean 3 instructions can lead to 6 micro operations and they are sent to the renaming and issue unit I mean 3 micro operations per cycles. From this buffer it goes to the renaming and issue unit and so 3 micro operations per cycle that is the rate at which it goes. Then it goes to the reservation stations and in the reservation station there are 20 entries 20 buffers are there reservation stations are nothing but buffers and 20 buffers are provided from this reservation stations it goes to the functional execution units as I have already mentioned there are 5 total functional units including one floating point as we have already seen separate load store unit and floating point unit. So, the outputs are generated they go to the reorder buffers because the execution the out of order execution can take place and results will be produced in different order. So, they will go to the reorder buffer which has got 40 entries. So, and then it will go to the graduation unit where 3 micro operations per cycle at the rate of 3 micro operations per cycle it performs the graduation I mean graduation unit. So, this is how the Pentium 6 micro architecture performs execution of instructions. So, this is the schematic diagram of the fetch and decode unit of the Intel Pentium 659. So, this is the instruction buffer after fetching the instructions which are stored in the instruction buffer as you have seen there are 16 bytes can be stored and which will go to the different function I mean decoder units you can see 1 2 then decoder 2. So, 6 micro operations are generated and this is that micro operation micro micro control memory micro control memory is stored micro program control memory stored in ROM you know as you know the control unit can be of two types hardware control unit and micro program control unit. So, whenever you use micro program control unit that micro operations are stored in a separate memory known as micro program memory and this is where that it is being stored and that micro those operations are fetched from here and then the decoding take place. And this micro micro operation Q stores the 6 micro operations and this is that branch address calculation take place for generating the next instruction. So, this is the fetch and decode unit of the Pentium 6 pipeline and then that streaming SIMD extensions that is being which is known as SSC 2 technology. So, SSC 2 extends that MMX and SSC technology with the addition of 144 new instructions. So, many new instructions have been added like 128 bit SIMD integer arithmetic operations 128 bit SIMD double precision floating point operation, cache and memory management operations with the help of these additional instructions it allows enhanced encryption, video, speech, image and photo processing. That means, various types of applications can be performed I mean in with much higher efficiency with the help of these enhanced instruction set and that then the Pentium Pro was introduced in the year 1995 it supports predicated instructions instructions are decoded into micro operations just like other processors and micro operations are register renamed and placed into out of order speculative pool for pending operations and then another new feature that has been added here it is execution is done in data flow order. That means, as soon as the operands are you know the data flow machines were invented at some point of time the basic idea was as soon as the operands are available performs that execution of that particular operation. So, here also somewhat similar concept has been used in the data flow order that means, when operands are available operands are ready you perform that particular operation and based on this Pentium Pro execution of instructions take place. Then Pentium 2 and 3 processors use Pentium 6 microarchitecture which are three way superscalar as I have already mentioned then pipeline microarchitecture features of 12 stage super pipeline and in case of super pipeline as you know in a single cycle say this is the conventional pipeline. So, in a single cycle two separate operations can be performed that means, in may be in half of the cycles one operation in another half of the cycles another operations and which is known as superscalar. So, this it is a superscalar three way superscalar execution to improve the performance. So, pipeline microarchitecture feature of 12 stage super pipeline and it trades less work per pipe stage for more stages. So, that means, it has got more number of stages achieving higher clock late as you know the number of stages decides the clock frequency more the number of stages higher will be the clock frequency. So, that was the another feature that has been used here. So, more number of stages have been used so that the you can use higher clock frequency. So, this is the Pentium 2 and 3 microarchitecture is the bus interface unit system bus from which instructions are fetched and this is the L 2 cache and here is your L 1 instruction cache and L 1 data cache. So, the instruction and data which are fetched from the memory using the bus interface unit are stored in the L 1 instruction and L 1 data cache and also it uses L 2 cache and then it has got instruction fetch unit and fetch and decode unit dispatch and execute unit and retire unit. So, after fetching it goes to the instruction goes to the instruction fetch and decode unit for execution and whenever it has to be loaded it goes to the dispatch and execute unit and this is where the instruction pool is stored after and then it goes to the retire unit for storing the result in the registers and here you have got your in the register where the retire unit stores various register values and also so this is this gives you the Pentium 2 and 3 microarchitecture. So, same thing where different units are shown bus interface unit instruction fetch unit instruction decode unit branch target buffer mic instruction sequencer memory reorder buffer data cache instruction cache instruction cache is here into cache and this is the memory interface unit and various functional units are shown here and this is the reorder buffer and retirement register unit. So, this is the microarchitecture of Pentium 2 and 3. So, it has got the in order section and out of order section. So, branch prediction unit it uses two level scheme for branch prediction using branch prediction buffer containing 512 entries. So, it maintains branch history information and the predicted branch target address. So, in the 512 entries history information as well as the branch target address is stored which allows you branch prediction in a very effective way and whenever prediction is not correct penalty is quite heavy at least 11 cycles mis prediction penalties there and that is the minimum and on an average 15 cycles of mis prediction penalties there and decoder breaks IA32 instructions down to micro operations which I have already mentioned each compared to it comprised of an off code to source and one destination operand and micro operations are of fixed length most instructions are decoded into 1 to 4 micro operations. So, more complex instructions are handled as a sequence of micro operations. So, this is the in order sections that register renaming is done. Logical IA32 based register references are converted into reference to physical registers with using this register renaming then it has got register reservation station unit with 20 entries as I have already mentioned and reorder buffer for 3 entries and then out of order execution is performed with the help of that RSU forms that central instruction window with 20 reservation stations each capable of hosting one micro operation and micro operations are issued to the functional units according to the data flow constants and resource availability. So, without regard to the original ordering of the program. So, using the data flow concept it performs the out of order execution. So, out of order execution with the help of RSU and ROB and this is that issue and execute unit MMX functional unit integer unit. So, there are 3 such units MMX functional unit jump functional unit and integer functional unit.  So, 2 integer unit and 1 load store unit load unit store unit load 0 and 2 3 4 through 2 3 and 4 ports these are provided. So, these are the reservation station unit and this is that in order retire section and micro operations are retired. So, basic function is to store the data into the registers. This is internal diagram let us not go into the details of it. So, I have deeply covered the micro architecture of Pentium 2 and Pentium 3 and starting with your 8086. Thank you.