న్లార్లార్లార్, వందింది. మార్లార్లార్. అధిమ్ల్, క్ఎలినోస్లి. ఇరందరిక్ సిమిస్ పెయార్చిసి. అందిందార్పెత్సి. పాస్త్యార్చిస the course intent is to give you a good overview of processor architecture by taking ARM as an example and then running you through various features of ARM and then explaining the assembly language programming part of it so that you understand the concept behind the ARM architecture and how it has been evolved and give you a good overview of embedded systems as well and tell you how to use various modules and peripherals and to implement a embedded system which is to be ARM based but this knowledge what you gain going by going through this course you will be in a position to understand any processor of particular as well to design any system based on any processor become your and I hope to I hope this will be very useful to you and I will go through this course let me go through the introduction it involves knowledge on processor architecture concept provides deeper study of ARM architecture as an example and gives you how to write assembly language programming how to use the support provided by a single language of ARM and it talks about what is architecture developed by ARM and memory hierarchy and cache systems will also be covered here and peripherals which I mentioned earlier this basically has around 40 hours of lectures along with last sessions using an ARM simulator which will give you a good hands-on experience of using the assembly language of ARM and it helps taking up any ARM based design or any other embedded processor with embedded systems going further the focus of this first session is to give you a top level view of what is a digital computer architecture and what are different types and then we will talk about some instruction set architecture and two types of them which you might have heard about earlier in this concept and then we will give you a brief overview of ARM and then where this ARM core IPs could be used and how the whole ARM ecosystem has developed over the last 30 years and which has in fact overwhelmed the embedded market and it has reached a stage where whatever embedded products you have in fact if you are holding a mobile or laptop or iPad we have mentioned now most probably that it is going it is built based on ARM based devices let us talk about computer architecture all are to aware where computer has some CPU that is central processing unit and a memory associated with that and the CPU and memory are connected to two buses instruction bus sorry data bus and address bus now the CPU uses the address bus to access the instruction store in the memory and this instruction are understood by the CPU then it comes into the CPU then it interferes and reforces the instruction and executes the instruction which will perform a useful function now for an example here a program counter is in pointer which points at a address of instruction and it fetches the instruction and executes it and according to the instruction it shows some results back into the application so here I have not shown the instruction and data memory appropriately which we will talk about it as we go forward basically the computer architecture has evolved there are two basic differences one is one environment model who is the person behind this he has designed a system with memory and CPU attached to the single bus this is the data bus and this is the address bus now the memory is holding both instruction and memory and data together in a single memory system and whenever the CPU is sending out the address for instruction that is especially the same memory and based on the instruction if any data needs to be saved into the memory that same data is also using the same address and data process to access the memory to put back the result or read any data for any information that the CPU is processing is also read from the memory as you see in this system the limitation is that the same bus carries both data what is needed for the process of the as well as the instructions to the CPU because of this at a single memory cycle both cannot be happening simultaneously as you understand the instruction fetch and the data fetch need to happen together and in this case because of the limitation of the physical bus connecting the memory and CPU they cannot go in parallel let us see the same memory holds both data and instruction the CPU fetches the instruction and data from the same memory using a common bus code and data accesses cannot happen in parallel which reduces the speed due to this instruction the PC which is a program counter pointing to the instruction which is being accessed by the CPU gives out the instructions this is the access one of the instructions and we put it by the CPU now as I mentioned because of the common memory there are some limitations the hardware mark one is another as the processor architecture design which avoids from the online architecture by splitting the web data bus and the instruction bus and data bus it is two different locations two different buses and then the data and program are set into different memory because of this the access to the program as well as access to the data can happen in parallel as you can see this improves the parallelism and this computer which is based on hardware architecture can perform more operations and it can do better than compared to one of the architecture which we mentioned earlier now just to give you a brief overview of hardware architecture there are memory and signal copies are different for both instruction and data the CPU can read both an instruction as well as perform data memory access at the same time a hardware architecture computer can thus be faster for a given process because it can do both connection in a hardware architecture we do not need to keep the same memory configuration for both data memory for an example instructions need not be changing so that can be saved in ROM memory which is a read only memory and data can be kept in a random access memory which is supposed to be modified by the program so we do not need to keep the characteristics of the memory same for both instruction and data so that gives a freedom for the system designer to keep the choose the memory which is required from the instruction point of view or from the data point of view in terms of access time or in terms of the read we can decide which memory to use for instruction and data and that can be used in the embedded system that we designed using the hardware architecture based on CD so because of this flexibility most of the modern computers in the architecture are hardware connected based now we will talk about instructions and data you might have heard about ASB in your earlier courses on computer optimization this is the programmers view of their machine and which is different from the answering the following five questions how are instructions encoded now I spoke about instructions and data now we are going into the detail of how are we going to encode the instruction what operation the CPU needs to perform if it can add operation or new operation or if it is supposed to do any multiplication or it is supposed to perform a door or store of the data is the data memory so how do we encode this information in the instruction format so that is the part of defining a structure for this is part of the ASB that is instructions and architecture now how is data represented as we know in a computer world we use both integer data as well as real data wherever scientific applications and graphics and other various data data needs to be processed they happen to be in 14 points and we need more precise and high precision data to be handled by the CPU so there is a representation for integer and there is a representation for a floating point as it is so how this data is represented in the system how they are used is also decided by each file and when we say data is stored in a memory there are many ways that we will be able to and we will be talking about that in the comment section so this process design based on the is defined in the ASA and if we say that a processor follows a particular instructions and architecture they all do the same thing we have the same way only thing is these different architectures may have different models and how data can be accessed which is stored in the memory and what operations can be done on this data let us see one by one what they mean now ASA refers to the programmer we do the instruction set it defines the boundary between hardware and software and we say that ASA is identified by the processor and when we go into details of the metro architecture it talks about how a separate internal organizational process is designed so ASA does not talk about the internal organization the microprocessor process and metro architecture talks about it whereas ASA only talks about the detail here and how the data needs to be represented and how it has to be accessed and how the coding of the instruction will be done now for an example if a data needs to be and we have three types I can mention integer of the things there are different integer data format both signed and unsigned we will talk about this we might have heard about once complement once complement and signed into format these are all the different way an integer can be stored now which of this format is being used by the processor is designed by the in sessions at architecture and we have heard about BCD numbers which is binary coded design if you have seen LED displays where the numbers are displayed on the digital talks or any of the digital systems they represent numbers from 0 to 9 so how these numbers are coded so that you will be able to access the binary coded design in the architecture it is also different in ISK now floating point which I mentioned this is the IEEE standard we will be touching upon this format also in the coming lecture in multimedia data there are three ways the graphical representation as graphics processor will be defined here and it could be a specific floating point number used for 3D graphics or it could be a high position numbers of 64 beta now we talk about representation of data now we need to store it in the memory that there are two ways of storing it which are called between the end and the middle end let us not go into detail, we will talk about it in the next lecture about this new representation and then in any typical program there are different phases used you know that there are spaces required for a program that is called sports phase and the data space that requirement and speed requirement if you have done any programming if you have heard about all these things anyway even if you are not aware of these specifically why they are used what they are used for in the next lecture I will be talking about how to use these phases in a program and how they are all tied together in building a complete software program I will be talking about the next lecture and then the ISK also defines the register part this is the place holder for all the data which is accessed from the memory while the CPU is processing them so this is the registers which are inside the CPU and we talk about the sub support of it and apart from this the floating point numbers there are different you know 32 or 64 bit or 80 bit floating part these are the requirements of the procedure except for the registers we are all are attached with individually we are not going to contribute in many other stages in the memory let us now having discussed the flow of the data let us discuss on the how the data can be accessed from the memory as you know when an instruction is getting updated there are different nodes in which the data can be accessed and for a critical processor architecture there are so many ways these addresses could be accessed from the processor and these are all the some of the addressing nodes we will not go into the details of them and when we talk about ARM architecture and when we talk to the data processing instructions we will go into the details of each one of them now all the address in nodes which are supported here are also there and we will go into the details now having talked about ISK there are two things basically the major differences are there you know the way the architect are defined there are two school of thoughts and earlier in 1980s the SISC type of instruction ISK was evolved and from this is the processor architecture let me explain what ISK ISK is a complex instruction set concept the instructions are much more complex what do you mean by complex means there is a one single instruction defined which will perform multiple operations so with that now there are many addressing nodes supported both involving registration memory and support for many complex operations there are many data types as well as strings if you have heard about 8080 processor you might have come across string operations which perform comparison of strings and then when you give to founders when they do the comparison one instruction is there it will compare to each one of strings so the time taken for executing that instruction varies based on the number of characters in the space instruction set architect that tries to keep so much of operations in a single instruction and because of this every instruction might take various number of cycles to be for completing the instruction because of that there are data dependent as well as particular operation is being performed so that is the reason why it is called complex instruction now the data processing instructions so there is a common instruction and there are a given where the operands could come from a memory or a register when you say operands just for an example if you are adding two numbers and then writing the result into under register those two numbers are called operands and we could read it from either a register within the CPU or other operands could come from the memory now what will be the variable instruction as I mentioned because of the complexity of every instruction the amount of bits are needed to encode what needs to be done by the instruction and what is the record data along with the instruction need to be given varies compared to what the particular instruction is designed to perform so because of this typically in the complex instruction system you will see in the instruction then that is the binary bit and then held by the instruction occupied by the instruction varies from one instruction area because of the complexity in the execution of each instruction vary and as you understand because the instructions are complex the logic the digital logic needed to be implemented within the processor but decoding the instruction to know what it is supposed to do will also be complex when you say a particular design is complex that means the decoding logic or understanding the instruction is going to occupy new real estate within the chip that means it needs more digital logic within the chip to be built to understand the instructions coming from memory now this is complex there are some advantages because multiple operations are included in a single instruction you get a better core density when you use those instructions in the application what I mean the core density is the amount of state occupied by the core when you compile your high level language or assembly instruction when you assemble it and then get a binary that will be much smaller because the compiler or assembler have chosen correct instruction for performing your job and effectively we get a better core density because of that now whether the state exists has less number of developers or a given technology the reason being because we have already spent a lot of chip area designing the decode logic as well as other required digital security within the chip to perform these complex operations the effective space required are available for keeping the general purpose registers in the chip you have come down because of that normally you tend to see for a given technology the general purpose registers which are available on a sys processor let us now try this what I mean the given technology is that you might have heard about 190 nanometer or 19 nanometer or even 28 nanometer this is the coming of now these are the different technologies to which enable keeping a digital logic building into the chip so as the technology improves the complexity as well as the number of transistors that could be built into the chip is going up in millions in millions now when you are comparing a sys and a sys processor we need to keep the same technology in mind and then see whether the number of registers supported by these processors are the same or not when we see that we normally tend to see that sys processors support less number of developers because of its space is occupied by other complex circuitry in a system a very important thing that is the decoding of the instruction the logic required for decoding the instruction and examples are the earlier X86 primary processor and Motorola 68K now let us talk about reduced instruction this is the this architecture is actually the ARM is also based on this and the data processing instructions only support the operands registers what I mean by this is that when you have an ad instruction in the RISC based system the two operands come for an ad instruction need to come from full registers which are within the state there are no ad instructions or any other arithmetic instructions or brilliant instruction supported in a RISC based system where one operand could come from register and another operand could come from memory you would wonder how does it reduce the decoding logic of this instruction if we need to encode information about the two operands in an instruction if suppose a particular processor gives 1660 general processor registers we hardly need code this to represent where this operand is coming from whereas if the instructions need to support operands coming from memory also then we need to say where this operand is in the memory suppose if memory is what the maximum physical addressing capability of the processor happens to be specific bit then we need to mention in the instruction to say where the other operand is coming from basically what I mean by that is that when you have operands coming from memory we need to know this in the instruction to mention where this operand is coming from and because of this our decoding logic also increases and our instruction becomes changes based on the operands so RISC is the second later on hence you may wonder if all the operands are coming from registers for data processing then what is the need for a memory so then the memory is holding the operands but prior to doing any operation on it that need to be brought into the CPU and then other data processing instructions need to be used to operate those data now it can really easily you can see that because of this we are adding more instruction suppose if you want to add three numbers one happens to be in the memory and another one is in the register using a RISC processor we cannot perform this operation you can do this so we need to have one instruction to bring the data which is in the memory to a register and then perform the operation that we want to do so RISC to perform the same operation we need more instructions so but the processor that need to support the number of instructions in the encoding have come out because we are not giving only options for operands to come from memory once you give multiple options to take the data from memory we need to support all the other three more because of that the number of instructions explore more when we support operands structures from memory now how does RISC manage to have six lengths of instruction because the operands are coming only from the registers we know how many registers are in the CPU then the number of this required to configure the operands source locations or the destination location is fixed so the RISC computer can afford to have six lengths of instruction when we have six lengths of instruction the decoding logic becomes simpler so the amount of space or the logic spent in decoding the instructions have come down that quickly now as we simplify the decoding logic it also increases the speed with which that instructions would be decoded and because of which any instruction I would say can be completed in a single cycle of execution now as I mentioned to perform the same operation we need multiple instructions naturally for a given functionality the code size increases in the RISC process now you may wonder if the code size is increasing how is it better than this but the reason being inside the CPU we are able to run it faster and we are able to complete the instructions in a single cycle most of the instructions in a single cycle even if number of instructions are more in a RISC processor the effective performance output that we get from the RISC is always better compared to other complex instruction system then more advantage of RISC processor is that we have simplified the complexity in the coding logic and decoding logic so because of that we have more barrier to be used for keeping lots of general purpose registers in the processor and what is the advantage of having more processors in this chip we we can afford to keep the operand that are coming from the memory for longer duration in the CPU register because of that the need for the program to go back to the memory is coming down because we have enough number of registers to operate so effectively this reduces the memory accesses and increases the performance of the RISC and some of the examples of RISC there are many architectures but there are many so let us now catch up on ARM support RISC and give you a brief overview of ARM and where ARM processor is in terms of the embedded system and then we will go into the details of the the technical system so a ARM computer is a first company which has been established in Cambridge working on processor architecture and they came up with their first CPU which is in the and this was the characteristics of that processor which came out of the ARM computers in that as you see it is came in 32 and during that time the processor architecture was revolving from the 8080 to other high-end processors in the Intel family and the other processors were also revolving during that time so the speed as well as the size of RAM and RAM what is being this for a general ARM computer is much much lower than what are needed are required because of the requirement of the processor performance so a ARM computer is ready to set up advanced research and development sessions specifically to a ARM RISC based system that time RISC was in the research institutes they were debating that why not go deviate from this way of implementing processors to a RISC where you simplify the processor architecture and increase the performance it was a revolutionary idea that time and exactly put on that and it was successful in coming up with the first CPU and it was big with just 25000 transistors in it and that was the first commercial system which really revolutionized the architecture computer architecture area arena architecture and it thought I will share the core ARM core that was designed by Akon here and let us see from there it went on to start a new company which is for this advanced RISC machines in 1990 and the goal of the company was to build a low cost low power high performance CPU why do we need low cost and low power because we wanted to build chips which consume less power so that it can run on batteries and the mobile phone the laptop that you are building and you might have them running for longer duration before going for charging them more often and this particular RISC processor help you in making that build come up now ARM decided to build processor cores but they were not making the chips based on their cores they did not have a path what ARM that is they concentrate all their energy in coming to the new architecture innovative architecture in a low power low cost for a low power low cost market and give that processor design of an IT core to other chips companies who integrate that ARM core along with their other peripherals and application specific core processors and build a chip so ARM is not building any making ICs but they their persistence is there in every chip that is coming out in the hardware market now what is IC all of us know that it is intellectual property but how is it used by ARM so IT means that it is owned by the company designed that chip ARM which is coming up with active design for a processor which owns the IP with it and what it does is it makes those designs and it used to be IT design engineers and other companies who build the chip based on ARM and the ARM core IPs are integrated with their put of some other set up with low logic error which could be provided by ARM or it could be developed by individual companies who buy the ARM core IP and the chip is built using that the core IPs could be a microprocessor like ARM or it could be other special function co-processes like DSP or Ethernet or ARM and there are two types of IP one is a hard IP code what I mean by that is that the chip is completely built even exploring the plastic package around it so this can be used as a single entity into the any other design so because of this the electrical package is perfect when this IP code coming out of the ARM or it could be any company doing business in a hard IP and their type and functions are fixed because they are used for building the chip is already done and the chip is ready so the shape the shape means the you know how many millimeters or you know square millimeters of size that is also fixed and the process, silicon process I mentioned about a 99 meter or 48 nanometer so that technology they are used for building the chip is also fixed so the company which built the hard IP code similar technology to build a chip around it now we want the customers to have much more flexibility then we give any product out so ARM also thought of giving a soft IP code so that the customers will buy this IP code and do some changes to that but they can change only the size and shape of it but not as a design that is the characteristics of the design that means this soft code though it is given in a soft code format they are not supposed to be modified by the end customer who is taking the soft code IP from the company which is providing it so there are no legal rights so what are the hardware the source code of it and often the source code is encrypted so you may wonder what is the flexibility that we get from soft IP code the when we are integrating any third party IP into a chip the flexibility that is acquired not to change the internal design because if we are going to do make any changes to the internals of IP from other third party company then we could have that could have been done in the company itself so when we buy any company does not want to change anything and even the company which is providing the IP does not want the company to modify anything but the flexibility here is that we could place those IP based on other the intervals or other process application specific security in the chip and we will see if the customer is able to make any changes to the size or the shape of the IP and the value into the chip so that the final design is coming out performing well in terms of speed and power dissipation so this advantage is bought by providing the soft IP code now there are some reference metrologies which ARM is providing by what is the tools company so it is not that we can just buy the IP and build it with the chip so we need to make sure that there are tools supported for that so ARM already has a high effect on the when you own any company and they already make those tools available and libraries available so that the end customer to buy the soft IP from they could integrate with their chip now let us just touch upon ARM design philosophy how they have the first and the rest of the customer companies then philosophy is that it is very simple and powerful and the whole family of process sharing is a design principle that is the ISA is mostly common across different families of processes and there are so many designs which are architected by IPs it is a bought by well known names in the nut tech and IPs are integrated by other vendors in their designs to build a SOC along with their preference now this is to just give you a naming convention that ARM follows may be when we talk about the details but how to realize what are the features supported by a particular chip when they say that these are the name of the chip that is now as I mentioned ARM service based system is having powerful instruction but most of them I say most because some of the instructions in ARM I will talk about that why they have deviated from the RISC to get a better performance and the requirement of application now there are basically some support high level design guidelines instructions there is a reduced set as I mentioned about RISC and most of the instructions for complete in single cycles and they are all fixed and the pipeline the decoding is done in one stream as I said the RISC decoding is simpler so it could be done in single cycle so micro code is another which takes more cycles to understand the complex instructions but because this is a service based system there is no need for a micro code which is again a smaller set of micro program written to understand the particular instruction to execute them inside the processor which has got large set of registers and this is very important thing to remember that all the memory accesses are done using only a few classes of instruction which are called loadings though that is the typical of any RISC based system and because the simple design can run faster and as I mentioned there are some deviations if I talk in the later session it is a smaller processor for load or consumption to be used in RISC system is the target market for RISC system and it can also ARM also has a separate mode for thumb mode which is as a 16 bit instruction whereas the typical ARM or technical bit instruction so this high code density design is for thumb mode where the instruction which is produced which are supported also so which are suitable for a very low power recovery memory system environment and this also provides different types of memory can be interpreted because the way the memories are interface with the ARM code there is a lot of flexibility in the programability supported in the ARM which helps in configuring or building a system using any low cost slow memory faster having a reduced size for a particular manufacturing and the cost of the manufacturing is also less because of that and there is a lot of support given by ARM for developing real-time application what I mean by that is that when we need to develop real-time applications we need a lot of support in debugging them and trying to make sure that the application that we developed sticks to the real-time requirements and there is huge support gives you all the flexibility actually the architectural supports are also given to the taking care of the RTAs real-time OS requirements of course with no process can be successful in the market without the proper support and ARM has worldwide support network as well as a whole lot of an ARM ecosystem build which helps in coming up with ARM with these systems before we end the session I just wanted to show you the ARM ecosystem which is there in this market now this is there is a ARM technology access program basically this is a framework for collecting and enabling completing competent design center which are capital of buying the SOC from ARM and building the system on getting so ARM has a method of doing it and there is a whole lot of companies who are part of this program this is one of the strongest support network in between the design industry and we have ARM community which is there lots of partners and the support is also coming from ARM as well as for the partners doing a design services support so if you spend some time on those you might see every company in the embedded domain either from OS or from the companies you could see them here maybe I can point out to some of the companies which are well known so in short there are plenty of semiconductor companies as well as RTAF vendors like QNAS and Wind River these companies are there you are part of ARM and you are using the ARM base in their file so what are the market landscape this is the latest news in 2004 that over 50 billion ARM power have already been shipped so far this is one of the key achievement I will say that in the ARM so now you understand ARM is how important because it is all over the world and knowing ARM process architecture and understanding their features and knowing how the program is in ARM will certainly help anybody in this embedded area to be successful in the market and this is one of the most licensed processor course in the world and it is used in any embedded products that you come across GBA as all of you may be interested in gaming and you would be surprised that these are also based on ARM base so we are going to learn more about ARM 7 which is in particular between architecture and there are subsequent family and ARM family processors once you know internals of ARM 7 knowing them other processors would be easier helpful for you to know this so that you know you understand the future project also in this lecture we will concentrate more on the internals of ARM 7 as well as some of the specific features supported by ARM 9 then there may be one or two sessions maybe to talk about the future ARM processors and how they are evolving into the support required for 64 bit processing and other processes those things will be forward in the last session and more than 70% of the 32 bit embedded processors are ARM base maybe it could be more at this moment and it is especially important because of its key design criteria that ARM wanted to build a low power so which has helped in terms of achieving 50 billion because you know that number of mobile phones in the world is increasing the mobile connection and mobile equipment so the company which has designed the processor specifically targeting the low power is able to do well in terms of the noted position and these are the latest products which have come out which are all ARM based and some ARM source and for this course I will be referring to two books which are given here and I will also be referring to the manuals which are available on the ARM website and we will talk more on ARM 7 assembly programming and then we will talk about other ARM 9 systems in this course and this is just to give you a summary of what we have covered today and looking forward to an interesting session to talk about more into details of ARM and how it has captured the market as you have seen in the slides today and it was fun talking to you see you in the next lecture thank you


And I felt like that's what I did to my guy, and we got to stop it with big for defense. And the team.  Man, that's the main thing, and that's it, you know. I mean, the main thing is to get back on the field, so I can help this team have what I can, and that's what I've been focusing on rehab for.  Like I said, that's what I do, and I mean, football is football.  He say, great job, you know. And everybody played, this whole team played a great game. Man, just the opportunity to get on the field, you know, I had that feeling to go in the field, like, to play my first game. So I just had, you know, that feeling, like, it's here. So, man, I was excited to be out there. Man, great job, you know. Congratulations, you know. In my first game, you know, being back to the team. And like I said, everybody happy. Everybody happy. Everybody got this win together and it's a team effort.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy for the date 17th May 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles selected for today's analysis and the page numbers in Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of news articles are provided in the description box. And for the benefit of mobile phone viewers, the time stamping of news articles are also provided in the comment section. Now let us move on to the first article of the day. Now this news article is about e-waste disposal. The article appears on page number three in Chennai edition as a part of Chennai regional news. The article is relevant in your problems preparation under general issues on environmental ecology and it remains in GS2 in government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and in issues arising out of their design and implementation. And in GS paper three under environmental pollution and degradation. First, let us know what is e-waste? See, according to e-waste management rules 2016, given by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, e-waste means electrical and electronic equipment discarded as waste in whole or in part by a consumer who could be individual consumer or a bulk consumer. e-waste also includes those electrical and electronic equipment that are rejected from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes as well. Here a bulk consumer means bulk uses of electrical and electronic equipment such as say government, state government, PSUs that is public sector undertakings, banks, institutions etc. Now some examples of e-waste are you know discarded or abandoned mobile phones, abandoned TV sets, refrigerators etc. Now this management of e-waste is important because of the problem of massive amount of hazardous waste and other wastes generated from such products. These hazardous and other wastes are a great threat to human health and also to environment. Therefore, the issue of proper management of waste is critical for the protection of livelihood, health of individuals and animals and environment. Now let us see about the composition of this e-waste. See, according to the associated chambers of commerce and industry of India, computer equipment accounts for almost 70% of e-waste material which is followed by telecommunication equipment which is about 12% and electrical equipment around 8%, medical equipment 7% and the remaining you know are other equipments that includes household e-crabs. Note that you know the plural form of the word equipment is equipment only not equipments. Now the article notes that only 1.5% of the generated e-waste in India are recycled in an organized or a formal manner. Around 95% of e-waste are dismantled and disposed of by the informal sector. Now informal sector generally follow the steps such as you know collection of e-waste from rag pickers then disassemble them for usable parts that have the resale value. The rest of the material is chemically treated to recover precious metals. Now they have inadequate facilities and because of that it may cause leaching of hazardous substances to air, soil and water. Also the recycling methods followed in the informal sector has low efficiency and the recovery is usually carried out only for valuable metals such as gold, silver, aluminum etc. And note that it is expected that by 2020 that is next year e-waste production in the country would become 52 lakh tons per year. The article states that a total of about 65 companies in the state of Tamil Nadu were brought into the ambit of extended producer responsibility. In simple term it means that producer of an electronic or electric equipment has the responsibility to collect the e-waste and ensure that it is disposed properly. The producer has to channelize the e-waste by take back system or by having collection centers and the producer has to ensure environmentally sound management of such collected e-waste by having necessary arrangements with authorized dismantler or authorized recycler. The selling component is attached to the definition of the term producer in the rules. Such an arrangement of extended producer responsibility is also available with respect to plastics under the plastic waste management rules of 2016 which was recently amended in 2018. Now the rule 5 sub rule 7 of the e-waste management rules 2016 states that any operation you know without extended producer responsibility authorization by any producer shall be considered as causing damage to the environment. Note that the term producer in the rules include even any person who offers to sell imported electrical and electronic equipment and their components. Another important feature of this e-waste management rules is the rule 21. Now it states manufacturer, producer, importer, transporter, refurbisher, dismantler and even recycler. They are liable for damages caused to the environment due to improper handling and management of e-waste. Financial penalties can be levied for any violation of the provisions of this e-waste management rules by state pollution control board with the prior approval of CPCB that is central pollution control board. If there is strict disobedience by such entities or companies which will result into action under section 15 of Environmental Protection Act of 1986 and other legal provisions. Note that the manufacturer, producer, importer, transporter, you know refurbisher, dismantler and recycler are various players or stakeholders who are part of this e-waste management and you are guided to have a look at all the definitions of these terms or these stakeholders in section 3 of the e-waste management rules. With this we come to the end of this first article. The practice prelim question will be discussed in the revision session. Now let us move on to next article. Now the next article is an open editorial about coalition government. Now this article appeared on page number 11 in Chennai edition and page 9 in other editions. It could be relevant in prelims under Indian polity and governance political system and in mains under GS2 in governance and polity. It can be linked to challenges pertaining to federal structure. The authors discuss about successes of coalition governments, their contribution to economic growth and why post poll coalitions are popular in India in this article. So we know that the present central government is a coalition government. Now to understand the article let us know what a coalition government is. See coalition government is formed when no single party secures absolute majority in the Lokshaba. In such a situation two or more parties come together and they form a government under an alliance. Here absolute majority refers to majority of more than 50 percent of total membership of the house of the people. For example as the total membership of Lokshaba is 545 and absolute majority in Lokshaba means that is 50 percent of 545 plus 1 that is 273 right. If a party has you know 273 number then it can form a government. If a party does not has the number 273 then two or three parties form together come together and make the number more than 272 and they form a government. That government is called as a coalition government. But some experts argue that the present government is a surplus coalition government. Surplus coalition government means a party that already has the strength to form a government but has taken other coalition partners also. And the power of a surplus coalition is that if the other coalition parties disagree then the other parties are no longer needed to be part of the coalition. Because if one party leaves there will not be any trouble for the government. So this leaves a very little room for the coalition partners in the case of surplus coalition government to place their differences with the party that has majority. Now there are two important issues that matter for the working of coalition. One whether they can frame policies. Two whether they can manage to put up a working cabinet. Now the author differentiates ideological coalition from the coalition of convenience. An ideological coalition is one in which the coming together or the coalition is based on same ideologies. That is political parties having same set of beliefs ideas and ideals they come together to form the government. Now this is ideological coalition. Now coming to coalition of convenience it is it is formed when the sole motivation or the only motivation is to gain a parliamentary majority. Therefore in terms in coalition of convenience we cannot find ideological coherence. Coherence means in the same lines are consistent with the same idea or logic. Now here the authors note that coalitions of convenience do not have coherence policy agendas. And also this coalition tends to be divided from within because of lack of cooperation. Moreover coalitions of convenience tend to be more likely to be corrupt and they spend more money than the ideological coalitions. This is because everyone has got a hand in the pot meaning that there are too many people trying to do the same thing and therefore it's bound to go wrong. There is one major criticism around the coalition governments. That is coalition governments are inherently or necessarily unstable. The authors counter this fact by saying that it is not proven particularly since 1990s. Now in this context they give example of coalitions at the center since 1990s such as you know the completion of five-year term under a coalition led by Indian National Congress in the name of United Progressive Alliance. Then one national democratic alliance or NDA which was led by BJP which also has completed a full term of five years. Now the authors list some positives of a coalition government which are see they bring certain degree of diversity and plurality of views. In a coalition government there is diversity and plurality of views. Plurality means a condition where two or more principles coexist. Hence in an ideal world where political parties represent only certain interests there even a coalition of different parties can be more democratic or at least plural in views. Next is that coalitions are associated with periods of greater economic growth and there is more credibility to the government's policies also because in a coalition a government feels it is the majority party in the coalition feels it is difficult to make radical changes as it has to be acceptable by all the parties in coalition. Now some of the negative aspects of coalition you know first there is a possibility that sometime parties in coalition are not adequately representative of the larger public but only of smaller sections regions and communities. In this situation there is a lack of representation from the larger sections of society which means you know sometime even coalition governments may not be necessarily truly democratic. Then in a coalition it is difficult for the party in majority to make big reforms of their own choice in their whims and fancies because they may not be able to convince other parties in coalition and this will be seen as a hindrance by the party in majority. Now to substantiate the positives and negatives the authors give certain examples one example given by the authors with respect to demonetization which was one of the most controversial policies implemented by the present government. Here one could argue that if this was a truly plural coalition there would have been a deep thought given by the present government before implementing demonetization. Now such controversial policies are hard to conceive in a coalition government where there are equal partners. The same would happen if the largest member of the coalition was truly dependent on the coalition partners to keep its majority number perfect in Lokshaba. In present government this was not the case because it had surplus coalition government according to the authors. We saw that it is difficult for the party in majority to make reforms of their choice. Then one can ask how did the 1991 reforms happened. See the authors say the 1991 reforms happened as a result of balance of payment crisis with no way to escape. So the authors say that in a coalition government it is unable to make reforms of own choice in big scales. There is a possibility to carry out fewer big changes. Now the authors discuss about redistribution of funds in a coalition government which is also featuring regional parties. The regional parties mostly represent sectional and regional interests only. In a two-party competition or tighter competition at a center it would result in greater public good spending but in a fragmented party system there would be which would be the most apt case of coalition government. There would be a greater distribution of club goods which would involve spending for specific communities represented by smaller parties in some states. Now this is at the state level so the author states there will be redistribution but not necessarily in the way you would ideally want it to be. See here to understand the term public goods and club goods you need to know what is revalorous and excludable. A good is termed as rivalrous when its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by another consumer and a good is excludable when it is possible to prevent consumers who have not paid for it from having the access. Now public goods are goods that are non-excludable and non-revalorous and which include things for example like air, emergency services, national defense like that. A club good is a resource that many people can use at the same time and it is possible to exclude people from using it such as satellite television, private parks, movie theaters. See here if you do not pay you may not be given access to these. So that's the difference between public goods and club good. Now the authors discuss why there is a greater inclination to form post-poll coalitions in India. A simple reason is that in India there is national level player one national level player and several regional parties. As the national party may not be willing to allocate more seats as demanded by the regional state parties before the polls in the belief that national party will win the election with absolute majority. So many regional parties does not even try to form a pre-poll alliance. The same can happen in other way also and national party always seeks to expand its geographical reach across the states and also within the states. So in such situations these parties seek to keep their ideologies within themselves before elections because the regional parties may back off from supporting national party and the national party plans only to play the ideologies after the elections based on the outcome and a pre-poll coalition will work only if there was only state parties and no all India party at all. Because regional interests will not overlap and will not be any conflict of interest. For example say a regional party working in Andhra Pradesh can easily have an alliance with a regional party working in Tamil Nadu. Because the regional party working in Andhra Pradesh is going to work in Andhra Pradesh only it does not have any interest in Tamil Nadu and the party working in Tamil Nadu will not have any interest in Andhra Pradesh. So there is no overlap and there is no conflict of interest and it can be easily formed the pre-poll coalition and besides all these there is also an absence of ideological coherence that would bring parties together for a pre-poll or a pre-election coalition. See for parties to come for pre-poll alliance there should be coherence in ideology. In such absence there may not be a pre-poll alliance. Only post-poll alliances are possible and there is one more reason for post-poll coalition. If parties go for pre-poll coalition they need to allocate ticket or constituencies for the joining parties to contest the election. This would bring unhappiness and bickering our arguments among those who have worked for a party for years and have been waiting for a long time for a contesting ticket. So it is much easier for the parties to form coalition after the select after the election at the same time not keeping the party workers unhappy. See this can be best understood. Say there are two parties A and B. Workers of A do not like the party B but somehow leaders of party B form a pre-poll alliance with the leaders of party A. Note that the workers of party A do not like party B. Now there is a pre-poll alliance. See there will be non-cooperation among the party workers to make the one candidate to win. So to avoid all these challenges and these situations such parties go for alliances after polls, after elections. That is the reason why they go for post-poll alliance. With this we come to the end of this analysis. The displayed main question will be discussed in the last session. The next article is about proposed changes in the legal immigration system of the United States of America. The article appears in page 1 and 12 in the Jenna edition and page 1 and 10 in the Bengaluru Delhi and Thiruvananthapuram editions. The article is relevant under the prelims in current events of national and international importance and in GS paper 2 under the effect of policies of developed countries on Indian diaspora. Recently the US president has proposed to bring a change in the US immigration system to dramatically reduce the family-based green cards. A green card is a permanent resident card that allows an individual to live and work permanently in the United States. Every year the US admits around 11 lakh immigrants as permanent legal residents. These green card holders get lifetime authorization to live and work in the United States and may receive American citizenship after five years. Now there are around 66% legal immigrants in the United States only because they have a relative in the United States and around 21% of the legal immigrants were allowed their permanent residency through diversity immigrant visa program and as a form of humanitarian assistance by the US government. This diversity immigration visa program of US allows individuals from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States to apply for legal immigration and they are randomly selected by the US government. Every year around 50,000 individuals are allowed permanent residency in the United States through this diversity immigrant visa program. Only 12% are in the United States who are green card holders because of their skill and the US president aims to increase this concentration of skilled residents from 12% to 57% by the proposed system. Now the objectives of this proposed new system by the US president are to make the United States of America competitive with respect to Canada, Australia and New Zealand in receiving the skilled human capital and to protect the jobs and wages of American citizens and to attract the best and the brightest from all around the world. This proposed new system is also called as points based selection system wherein points are to be awarded with respect to age, skill, type of employment offer, scale of advancement in education and you know the plan to create new jobs. The young worker the more points will be awarded to him. The more skill a worker possess more points will be awarded to him. Higher the salary which is offered to a person who is applying you know green card more points will be awarded to him. If an individual you know has a plan to start a company in the United States and if that has a possibility to generate more job opportunities for American citizens then the particular individual will be given more points. So it is about point based selection system. Now basic requirement expected from applicants under this proposed system will be proficiency in English language and also they have to pass a civics exam. Now the US civics exam means a social science test that will deal with rights and duties of US citizens that may include US history, US constitution and the rights and duties of citizens. Now if this proposal becomes an enforceable legislation then it is expected that many Indians may apply for such permanent residency in United States and in future to convert them to gain the US citizenship. However there is a risk that they may not be able to take their relatives other than their spouses and children that is they can take their spouses and children that they may not take any other relative with them. Now this will also lead to already happening brain drain that is moving of skilled human capital from India to other countries thus affecting Indian economy and development as their knowledge and expertise will of no use to India once they leave our country in most of the cases. One has to note that around 70% of H1B visas were given to Indians in the year 2018 by the US government that is of the overall H1B visas given by the US government 70% were given to Indians. Now this H1B visas are given to the temporary workers in the United States. Now there is a huge uncertainty now among the Indian diaspora and others as well that if United States government passed this legislation that is that too with retrospective effect that is law coming into force from a past date past year like that then they fear that many relatives including parents and children of those US citizens who once arrived in United States as H1B visa holders and now as permanent residents there may be required to leave United States. And with this we come to the end now let us move on to the next news article our next news article of the day is regarding amoebic infection see this news article appears on page number five in Thiruvananthapuram edition only the contents of this news article will be helpful in problems under current events of national importance and in general science. The news tells that one fatality has been reported in the Malapuram district of Kerala because of primary amoebic meningo encephalitis. Let us now see about this primary amoebic meningo encephalitis disease. The disease is caused by an amoeba called as naglaria fowlery. This amoeba is a single celled organism it is commonly this particular amoeba is commonly found in warm fresh water shallow surface waters and you know incorrectly improperly maintained swimming pools and also in contaminated lakes rivers and soil particularly in warm climates. The reason why we say fresh water is that naglaria fowlery is not found in salt water and only one species or type of naglaria infects people that is naglaria fowlery.  Note that one cannot get infected from drinking the water contaminated with naglaria amoeba an individual can only be infected or affected when contaminated water goes up into their nose the amoeba then reaches the brain and it leads to the destruction of brain tissue the person will suffer coma and then die. In its early stages symptoms of primary amoebic meningo encephalitis may be similar to symptoms of bacterial meningitis. Also note that this naglaria fowlery infection cannot be spread from one person to another person. The symptoms in the stage in this disease in this infection include severe frontal headache fever nausea and vomiting and later the patient may experience stiff neck seizures you know seizures are a sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain and the person may experience altered mental status hallucinations and coma it can cause severe changes in your behavior movements or feelings and in the levels of consciousness and the mortality rate or the death rate is comparatively high in this type of infection and there is no vaccine as of now available for treating this disease. Now we have displayed your problems question we will discuss it in the last practice session now let us move on to the next news article now this article is about heat driving out animals out of a forest in Andhra Pradesh now this article has appeared in page number eight in Chennai edition five in Delhi six in Thiruvananthapuram edition the article will be relevant in prelims preparation under current events of national importance and in general issues on environmental ecology biodiversity and climate change the article can be linked to main syllabus under gs paper one in geographical features and their location changes in critical geographical features and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes and in gs paper three under conservation the news article discusses about the recent incident that happened in the Chitturan Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh here the wild animals of Shesha Chalam biosphere reserve have attacked the human habitations in search of food and water this is because the summer heat is touching around 45 degrees Celsius and there is deficit rainfall also in this region so the animals are feeling difficult and this is forcing the animals to enter forest fringe villages to quench their thirst very recently on 13th May we have discussed an editorial titled protecting forest fringes now if you want to have a look at the analysis you may use the link that has been provided in the description box that was an editorial and coming back here the intensity of heat this year is said to be the highest in the biosphere reserve as a result even shy and endangered species such as pangolin and slender loris which is regionally known as devanga billy are venturing out and are you know risking moving out of their habitats in one another incident a forest official found a member of the endangered species close to a human habitation near the talakona forest now this oppressive heat has not only led to vanishing of water in the ditches ponds and streams in the forest but also suppressed the moisture content in the soil now let us discuss in detail about sheshashalam biosphere reserve and also the endangered species slender loris and pangolins first let us see about biosphere reserve see biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial marine and coastal ecosystems each reserve promotes solutions for connecting this conservation of biodiversity with sustainable use biosphere reserves are also called as science for sustainability support these are special places for testing interdisciplinary approaches for understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems which also include you know the conflict prevention between humans and the species and management of biodiversity in another words we can we can also say these as man animal conflict prevention right now this biosphere reserves have three interrelated zones which aim to fulfill three complementary and mutually reinforcing or mutually strengthening functions they are first the core area the core area comprises of a strictly protected ecosystem that contributes to the conservation of landscapes ecosystems species and genetic variation this core area is free of human inhabitants and it remains absolutely undisturbed then let's come to the buffer zone see it surrounds the core area it is used for activities that are with sound ecological practices such as to reinforce you know scientific research monitoring training and education only these activities can be allowed in this buffer area now the transition area now this is the part of the reserve where the greatest activity of human beings is allowed by fostering economic and human development that is socio-culturally and also ecologically sustainable now these biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and recognized under UNESCO's man and the biosphere program shortly called as MAB program now this is to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science the program of biosphere reserve was initiated by UNESCO in the year 1971 now the purpose of the formation of the biosphere reserve is for in situ conservation of all forms of life along with its support system now see in situ conservation is conservation of species in their natural habitat itself without moving them out of their natural habitat now the first biosphere reserve of the world was established in 1979 you have to focus in our preparation the words like first largest biggest only when if and only if like those so the first biosphere reserve of the world was established in the year 1979 biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and they remain under sovereign jurisdiction of these national governments where they are located now their status is internationally recognized presently if you see there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in our country now let us see about this sayshashalam biosphere reserve it is located in sayshashalam hill ranges of eastern gods in the southern andhra pradesh at the chitturan kadapa districts it is the first biosphere reserve of andhra pradesh and it is in terms of india it is the 17th biosphere reserve if you look at size within you know those biosphere reserves that are declared in india it is the ninth largest biosphere reserve in india it consists of seven peaks sayshadri, nilaadri, garudaadri, anjanadri, vrishabhadri, narayanadri and venkatadri the famous tirupathi temple is located at the seventh peak or the last peak venkatadri which is also known as venkata hill or venkata chala right the reserve is home for nearly you know more than 1700 species to be particular 1756 species of flowering plants it is the richest floristic hotspot that has many endemic and even rare flowering plants the forests of the biosphere reserve have certainly highly endangered wildlife species like you know the slender loris, indian giant squirrel, mouse deer, golden gecko etc more than 150 species of birds are reported we have already discussed many of the endangered wildlife species such as indian giant squirrel, mouse deer, golden gecko etc in our previous discussions of our daily news analysis now in today's analysis let us see about slender loris and pangolins that are mentioned in our news article first coming to slender loris see it is commonly found in tropical scrub and deciduous forest as well as dense hedgegrove plantations that border the farmlands of southern india and srilanka the slender loris is a small nocturnal primate meaning you know it is active at night now it prefers to inhibit or live in thick thorny bushes and bamboo clumps where it can evade or escape from you know predators and also there it can find insects which is its main diet now these animals are about you know just 25 centimetre long and have long thin arms they weigh around just 275 grams their most prominent future is the pair of two large brown eyes that are closely set they spend most of their life on the trees though their movements are slow they can climb very fast to the treetop when they are threatened now these animals face a threat from poachers due to misplaced irrational belief that these animals have magical and medicinal powers this hunting along with the destruction of their habitat is the major threat faced by these animals iocn has listed them as endangered whereas they are protected under the schedule one of wildlife protection act of india 1972 now let us move on to pangolins see it is commonly known as indian pangolin it is one of the eight living species of pangolin commonly found in forest grassland shrubland savanna of india napal pakistan and srilanka indian pangolin is a large anteater and it is covered dorsally by 11 to 13 rows of scales that is covered in scales in the upper body the adult male is about one third larger than the female now one special feature is that it has a sticky tongue which is longer than its body and it is specially adapted for reaching and lapping up insects major threats to pangolin in india are hunting and poaching these are done for local consumptive use as a protein source and traditional medicine and for international trade for its meat and also for scales particularly in eastern southeast asian nations in china and vietnam now pangolin has been protected under schedule one of wildlife protection act of 1972 and it is also listed as endangered in iocn red list of threatened species now the displayed prelims questions will be discussed in the next session that is prelims practice questions discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion now the first question is with respect to extended producer responsibility which of the following best describes the term extended producer responsibility sometime seen in the news the responsibility extended to the contract forming companies under the provisions of prime minister's crop insurance scheme the responsibility of the producer of electric and electronic equipment with respect to collection and management of e-ways the additional liability of the manufacturer to a financial institution from which he or she has utilized the option of letter of credit now we know that it's a responsibility of the producer of electric and electronic equipment with respect to collection and management of e-ways right so the option will be correct option will be option b bombay now the second question is with respect to primary amoebic meningio encephalitis they have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are correct now the first statement primary amoebic meningio encephalitis is caused by an amoebic infection that damages the brain tissues now the statement is correct because we know that the disease is caused by an amoeba called nagleria fowlery this amoeba damages the brain tissues which will lead to the death of the infected person now the second statement sexual transmission of primary amoebic meningio encephalitis is possible we know that person to person transmission is not possible in case of this particular disease so anyway sexual transmission is also not possible so the second statement is also second statement is wrong therefore the correct answer for this question is option a one only now we are in the third question they are asking us to match they have given protected areas and states they are asking to choose the correct answer see in these type of questions you can directly attend the question if you thoroughly know which protected area is situated in which state but some may feel it is difficult to remember all the protected areas so just look into the matching pairs given there and try to recollect that within the given pairs which pair you are sure about now in this question if you remember now from our discussion you know that sesha shellam biosphere reserve is in the state of Andhra Pradesh so here the correct pair will be b should be related to four that is sesha shellam biosphere reserve should be related to Andhra Pradesh now this eliminates the pair that does not have b equated to four so options a and c can be directly eliminated now in the remaining options b and d try to match one more pair if you are regularly reading the newspaper or watching our news analysis you will know that recently in our previous discussion we have covered about vyanad wildlife sanctuary and from that we also know it is situated in the state of kerala so c should be paired with b so we have this pair in two options a and d so as we have already eliminated option a the correct answer to this question is option d as we have already eliminated option a so the correct answer to this question will be option d the next question is with reference to slender loris they have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are not correct okay so the first statement it is a migratory bird which visits india during winter second statement it is listed as critically endangered in ioc and red list if you look at the first statement it says that it is a migratory bird so we know that it is an animal not a bird so if you are clear with this fact you will know that statement one is wrong so you need not worry about the rest of the statement now the second statement states it is critically endangered which is wrong as it is listed as endangered in the ioc and red list of threatened species so here statement one and two are incorrect so keep in mind that the question asks for the statements that are not correct so don't put option d neither one or two in a hurry so before marking the answer always once again look into the question whether it asks for correct statement or incorrect statement we know that not correct means incorrect statement so as here both the statements are incorrect so the correct option for this question is option c both one and two both one and two are not correct option c is the right answer for this question now the main question under gs2 see critically examine the success of coalition government at the center and why post poll coalitions are popular in india in the recent times now we have discussed the editorial article and you can take points from there to answer this main question you can highlight the success of coalition based on the success of completed terms by upa alliance or you know one one alliance by nda government all these things you can highlight and you can critically examine you know we can say if you are taking this side you can say since 1990s it has been mostly success and you can also highlight if you are taking opposite view that you are going to say the failure of you know coalition government you have to highlight the examples that substantiate this point note that your example should not contain that of the states the question is clear telling a success of coalition government at the center so make your answers relevant to the question right and you can inculcate the points that we have discussed why post poll coalitions are popular in india in recent times with this we come to the end of today's news analysis if you like the video press the like button comment share and subscribe to shankarae's academy youtube channel for daily updates with respect to the newspaper analysis