So, we are continuing with module 4, electrohydraulic valves and today's topic is critical center spool valve analysis, which we started in last lecture and today's portion is stroking force. Force required to drive a spool at an instant is the instantaneous stroking force. It has usually steady state transient and dynamic components, not only at the vicinity of control point, but also during spool motion from a position to other position, the flow force which has and steady state part of flow force dominates. Now, we shall study first the what are the flow forces and static pressure forces. Now, in this figure what I have shown a portion of spool valve with two lands and two ports. Now, apparently when the right side port is closed still the left side port will remain open. Let us consider the null position is that the right side port is just closed and from there we have given a stroke x v in rightward directions. Now, here I have assigned a force which is controlling this spool, but it is not really the this force will have the direction in the shown direction. It might be opposite also why it is like that while we are controlling the spool, spool position. It might be when it is opening we are giving the force in one direction, but if it is overriding or over open then might be force is also opposite directions and particularly in a particular spool position the force may act in both the direction to keep the spool in that position. Now, first of all as I have told we will look into the flow force. From the term you can understand the at the fluid is flowing definitely it will have some component acting on the spool force component which will try to open or close the spool in the direction of motion or in the opposite directions. Now, let us consider this opening this of course what it is shown here apparently it is a big, but it will be very small opening. Now, if you have some idea about the orifice flow which I have discussed a little bit usually this flow will be in an angle this is called jet angle. And if we think of the area obviously this area is rectangular if in case of full opening that means we have to consider the pi dd is the spool diameter land diameter. So, it is like an umbrella flow is like an umbrella it is going outside with an angle theta which is jet angle. Now, again if we consider this area we will have an another area which is less than this which is called Vena contractor. So, we have to in fact we have to calculate the Vena contractor area and then only we can find how much flow is there pressure drop etcetera. Now, the flow is going out like this it is coming in now here it is a full open we do not have any angle we do not have any component of this flow in this directions. However, in this case as the flow is going out it will definitely have a force inside this chamber. Now, this force the fluid is being thrown in this directions. So, the force is acting in this directions Fj. Now, which will have definitely two components with respect to the axis of this spool and in the lateral direction also ok. Now, here is a good question that this force the oil is going out what will be the direction of the force what is the component of the force inside this spool. This is the if the force is like that definitely the reaction force is acting over like this acting in this direction sorry acting in this directions. It is something like that a runner when he is starting if he there is a stopper on which he puts his leg and what is the reaction force on that it is in the backward direction the direction and he is moving. Similarly, this force we is having the direction opposite to the motion of the flow that means, flow is going like this and this force will act like this interestingly we will find that this is helping in controlling this spool valve. Now, with this introduction I would say this is sometimes called flow induced force even it is called Bernoulli forces in the name of scientist Bernoulli and also it is called hyaluric reaction forces. Now, in this portion what we are going to study that is the steady state part that means, we are not any fluid transient here we are considering the a steady state flow is going out a jet is going out in this directions and we are studying what will be the forces there inside the spool. Now, look at this another thing is that we have taken a length L what how do we measure this length this length is that middle of this orifice to middle of the orifice opened. So, here if it is a x v so this must be this distance must be x v by 2 and this is the L. So, if we know the geometry of this spool we will be able to calculate this L also. Now, pressure p 1 we can measure here this is inside and p 2 is the outside or we can say we should say that this section is section 2 and here as if section 1 and we can consider the pressure here to here is more or less same although there will be a flow, but there is very little restrictions. So, p 1 here and pressure here also will be p 1. Now, the force induced as a result of flow through the valve orifices and valve body passages which I have already explained. Now, referring to this figure the steady state flow force that is Z f j can be expressed as this is rho into v the v is the velocity of the fluid and then q 2 square is the flow rate divided by a 2 is the area here into v is the velocity. These are the standard equation which we have not derived, but this is well known equation and this we have to accept at the present moment. If we further equate this one it will ultimately will be in this rho q 2 square by c c a 0 where c c is the coefficient of this is a component of coefficient of discharge. So, this is a coefficient of velocity and velocity part and there is another component which is the velocity of sorry the coefficient for the area contraction. Now, if we look further into this then q here q 2 is the flow through the section 2 in general q will be volumetric flow rate through orifice. This is I have also shown a set of units this is for SI units v is the control volume sorry this is not the velocity control volume it is also expressed in meter cube per second that means a volume flowing through this control volume a 0 is the orifice area. Now, here w is the area gradient that is pi d and x 0 is the motion. General this is in general terms where is actually we have given the x v is the motion. This is general area c c is the this is called better name is contraction coefficient and c v is the velocity coefficient ok whereas, c d is equal to c v c c coefficient of discharge. This means c c is the area contraction coefficient and c v is the velocity coefficient ok. Then rho is the mass density this is kg per meter cube and w is the area gradient I have already explained it might be if it is not full then instead of pi we will use some other the actual angle of opening. We should use their angle of opening divided by 2 into the diameter or angle of opening into the radius of the spool line diameter right a v is the area of valve land this is in meter square and theta is jet angle this is in degree. Now, if we closely observe this definitely this is the mass, mass rate it is volume into the mass density. So, this will be the mass of the fluid flowing and if I look into this acceleration part. So, mass into accelerations that gives us the jet force. Now, force Fj we will now resolve into 2 components one is the direction of the axis F1 and another is F2. The axial component Fi can be written as Fj cos theta why it is minus it is we if we resolve this force that will have the component in this directions, but this is we are considering what will be reaction due to the jet force. So, the minus sign is coming over there. So, clearly this will be Fj cos theta. Similarly, the lateral component F2 will be given by minus Fj sin theta. Now interestingly lateral force if we consider one lateral force then this will definitely we will try to stick this pole to the sleeve it is called sleeve on which this is put usually there will be a valve body and then there will be a sleeve. So, it will touch the sleeve in case the sleeve is not there directly it will put a pressure on the bore wall of the valve body. However, it will be balanced if you look into this it is like an umbrella as I told the fluid like an umbrella and in that case it is everywhere the F2 is acting towards the center of this pole center line of this pole. So, it will automatically cancel and also this means that at the position here itself it is being cancelled. Now however, if there is some imbalance that is taken in care by the symmetric porting and port system and design we have to carefully design so that this F2 is cancelled. But in some cases due to say manufacturing error and other things a some small amount of forces may disturb this pole motion then that will be the additional force which we have calculated separately. Now we shall now consider the continuity equation which gives Q1 is equal to Q2 whatever flow is coming in the same flow amount has to go out through the other port. It is completely we are considering here assumed that it is completely incompressible fluid. Now what we can write so we now use orific equation and we can write Q1 is equal to Q2 because this is same this is coefficient of discharge into A0. A0 again I am considering the area what the orifice area has open then 2 by rho P1 minus P2. P1 is the pressure inside P2 is the outside of this orifice this if you remember the figure. Now this is again we are resolving into C C and C V the contraction coefficient and velocity coefficient. Now this we substitute in equation 4.14 this first equation which we considered for the Fj then from there we can we can calculate that F1 is equal to C C C V A0 whole square into by rho P1 minus P2 divided by C C A0 minus rho. This derivation I have not shown but if you substitute there automatically you will arrive into this. Now therefore F1 along the shown direction is finally if we further equate this one then we will have 2 C D C C C V A0 minus P1 P0 into cos theta here of course this is minus sin will be there for the direction we have taken. So for our for the clarity again we can see this figure this P1 minus P2 P1 will be higher than P2 and we can write down this equation if we know this jet angle. Now this jet angle is not known really but the valve orifices are designed in such a way that from the standard experimental data we can assume what might be this angle we will see that. Now one important observations the force F1 we are interested in force F1 because F2 is being cancelled. So this force will try to close the port why it is like that if you look into this if there is a inside a force is acting like this then while this oil is going out in general we may be in the impression that as the oil is going out probably it will try to open the port further. But it is really not like that the force component if we mathematically what we have analyzed that will in fact we try to close the port this force will act in this direction and it will try to close this force. This means that while we are opening a port we are giving say suppose we are opening the port in the rightward directions. So we have to ultimately we have to give force from left to right but due to the flow force the force is being opposed that means if we leave that force it will be automatically closed that means it is helping in controlling. If the orifice is rectangular and the peripheral width is large in comparison to axial opening that is x v then the flow is usually two dimensional and may be assumed as irrotational, non viscous and incompressible which already we have assumed. Now what is two dimensional in this case this means that whatever the flow is going out that is having the motion in the along the axis and along the lateral directions there. But if we come inside or any other places their fluid is not having any tangential motion there is no rotational motion and at steady state we are considering the steady state force at steady state this is there will be no transient that means the flow is laminar no turbulent flow is there. If there is a turbulent flow due to that there will be forces will be different we are not considering that at the present moment. Now the von Mises is a scientist he used Laplace equations to find z angle and he plotted a very interesting curve this was experimented verified and then he proposed that how we can find out this z angle for any positions. Now here in this direction what we find this is x v by c r what is x v x v is the spool displacement and c r is the radial clearance that means this is a geometric dimension which we can measure which is known value and x v is also known because we are giving this motion to the spool displacement to the spool. Now this is in this directions we have put the cos theta and this is the curve for cos theta and this theta angle for this rectangular type port rectangular type spool valve. So, what we find normally if this is x v by c r is in this range is 20 c r how much I told that clearance is about 25 micron this is 25 micron. So, if usually this spool opening for practical purposes when we open it. So, it will be 20 times than this clearance has to be while we are opening at that stage definitely it is less, but for practical workable zone it will be 20 or more, but for that what we find that theta is almost stable and very close to 70 degree and which may be for all practical purposes it can be taken as 69 degree. However, if we take 68 degree if we take 70 degree the effect on that this equations will be not very much it will be very close to that, but in practice we all consider this angle is 69 degree. You can see this what is x v here what is c r here and for that if we consider now this is it is 69 degree then we consider the insignificant radial clearance that means what we have 25 micron is very small and we will consider the 69 which I have explained already. And here also he proposed this x v by c r relations with this some empirical relations which also in case if you do not have this graph from here from this practical value you can calculate also theta of course, it is not an easy task to calculate this theta, but it is possible still it is possible we can calculate this theta. A small orifice opening at the beginning of valve opening it we should say valve opening theta is close to 21 degree which I have shown if you observe while the valve is opening the jet angle is almost 21 degree. This is of course, for the rectangular port. Now, then for that this f 1 can be expressed like this is again not we are not considering the direction, but the magnitude can be taken like this where cos theta we can substitute it is 21 degree. However, experimental results show higher values then estimated values and stiffer curves near the null point. That means, what we have considered this curve this will be more stiff and maybe this value will give something higher values, but this null position is only at the beginning and there usually we have we are putting their input, but we are not controlling at that position. If we have to control of course, that is also will be taken care of. So, this force whatever there this we may not have much I mean ideal ideal value from this, but still we can use this and this will be overcome at the beginning there will be higher forces, but this we can overcome sorry this is there is some defect. Now, transient flow force we are now coming to the transient flow force. What is so far we have considered? Let us consider the laminar flow and this due to this laminar flow there is a steady state flow force we have considered, but there will be transient flow force also that means, while the spool is moving the oil is moving inside and due to this there will be also the another transient force another force which is transient force which is expressed by F 3 and this F 3 is equal to mass here the fluid mass into acceleration this is the general form I have written and that mass and acceleration can be written can be expressed in this form. Here that is the mass density and then this is the length the what the length we have considered that is the fluid inside this spool chamber and AV is the spool land area and then this will be not theta this will be Q, this will be Q del Q 1 by AV, AV is the spool area. So, flow rate divided by area means it is giving directly the velocity divided by dt. So, this is giving the acceleration part. So, please note that it is not theta 1 this will be Q 1. So, mass into accelerations. Now F 3 say fluid is flowing like this. So, we can say this F 3 this transient flow is acting in this direction. Now where this L length is called damping length this has great role on the valve performance because if we make it small then this length will be small and this force will be small. If we make it this is large then this damping length will be higher and this force will be also higher. AV is the cross sectional fluid area we have considered, but you can say as well this is the land area because to consider the volume of the fluid we have written like this, but originally we have taken AV is the area of this land and this is ring area we should consider this ring area. AV is the ring area. So, now we consider again this Q 1 is equal to that continuity which gives these equations and then what we are doing we are obtaining del Q 1 del T. I have already told that this will be del Q 1 del T not theta 1. So, with A 0 is equal to W into X V in reality we have given this displacement. So, our area will be or if it is opening area will be W into X V. Now this becomes if we remember this equations then this will be we are differentiating like this. So, L is there L is there and rho is there, but you see under root it is coming 2 by rho P 1 minus P 2 del X V in del T. A 0 we have put is equal to W X V. So, while we are differentiating in this equation first part is the del X V by del T. Now the for the second part we do it del by 2 by rho P 1 minus P 2 to the power half. So, that considering this as a function first of all whole thing minus half minus 1. So, this will be minus half. So, it will come into denominator and this half will come over here 1 by 2. So, 1 by 2 and then this will come in the denominator and then D by dt of 2 by rho into P 1 minus P 2. So, this is a constant. So, this will be 2 by rho here. So, 2 by half I mean 2 into half that means 2 by 2 will cancel and then outside there will be a rho that rho if you bring into inside then that will be root rho square which will cancel with 1 by rho 1 by rho will cancel here. So, ultimately it will become 2 rho. You see we initially we can consider here 2 by rho P 1 minus P 2, but while we are differentiating this then 2 by rho is coming over here.  So, this portion is correct and then we can write that this will become D P 1 minus P 2 by dt. In fact, in the book this expression is not correct written. So, I am explaining here if this is from the merits book if you follow that it is not correctly written there. So, you should be careful about these equations, but anyway if you agree with this from with this equation and differentiating this one we are getting F 3 is equal to like this. Now, again we are we are still continuing with transient flow clearly transient flow force is proportional to spool velocity and the change in pressure drop what we have written there spool velocity means the total volume depends on this what velocity the spool is moving the same velocity the fluid is also moving. The velocity term which represents the damping force the velocity term in that equation represents the damping force is more sensitive, but the pressure part has negligibly small contribution towards the valve dynamics. The equation what we have derived earlier there we will find that one velocity term is there which is dominant than the pressure part. It is to be noted that for reverse flow that is flow entering through the orifice the right orifice the transient flow force is destabilizing that means, if the flow come from the other side then this transient force will disturb this spool in such a way it is it may become uncontrollable. You can just visualize this thinking over the one when the flow is coming inside it. Care must be taken in analysis of force balancing as there are few pores in series along the spool. So, we are we are here considering one input that is again not which is a as if this this opening this is this remains always open. So, there is no jet angles and other things straight away the oil is coming this is the left hand and we have considered only once port in the right hand side and then we are analyzing the force, but while you are taking a real spool and we find there are few ports for each and every port we have to analyze how much force is there and with correct direction correct dimensions we have to add or subtract the forces to get the actual forces acting on the spool. Now, what the flow forces is having two components one is that steady state and transient, but while we are calculating the stroking stroking force we have to consider also that spool is having mass. So, there will be force due to the movement of this spool when it is particularly accelerating when it is accelerating not in the if it is moving in the constant speed we do not have force, but when it is accelerating then we will have accelerating force. Now, let X be is the positive the what are the positive direction is the given for or if is 1 and 3 and the total force opposing the spool motion is expressed as we have we are considering the critical central valve. So, again we have come back to the original figure which we in the I described in the last lecture then we are considering the flow through or if is 1 and 3 then if we carefully write down these equations then the actual equation it will be something like this. You can see this what we consider as a L in this case it is L 1 and L 3 L 1 and L 3 or maybe L 4 which is again equivalent to L 2. So, that is why it is written here L 2. So, if you now carefully write down this equations there then it will come like this. So, for one it is plus and other it is minus because of the direction of flow. So, you should carefully look into this equation consider the earlier equations what we have derived then this you take the damping length and with this damping length you look into the direction of the flow and if you write this equation for the 2 spool sorry 2 ports we are showing for 1 port now this is for 2 ports. In this case for port 1 this part is minus. So, this is the transient part and where this is a plus that means 1 opposing the other. So, flow is going inside in this case flow is going inside. So, if it is going inside then this force is acting in this directions whereas, the other transient flow is acting in this direction. So, minus sign has come these are opposite direction in this case the flow is going out. So, this force is acting like this and this transient force also will be in the same directions you have to carefully think about this. So, we can say that this from this analysis we have combined here for these 2 ports then for symmetrical and matched valve we can finally we get this equation is coming like this. This is the FR. FR means we are considering the total force due to the transient flow and due to the steady state flow. Now, here the pressure derivative part d p l by d t is negligibly small and not considered because when we are using this derivations this part will also come which we have already neglected and here we have mentioned this we are not considering this part. This is had because with the time this change in pressure is negligibly small although there will be there will be but in comparison to this force what we have calculated if you even consider that is very small we need not consider this. Now, what we are considering the equation of motion of the spool. Now, here this is I guess it will not be F j because F j we have considered for jet angle. This is the force due to the spool motion M s is the mass of the spool so mass into acceleration due to the spool movement. So, that force plus there will be d x by d t. So, this is the damping force fluid damping and here there is the here is the spring force. Please note it we have considered the spring force that is k f into x v but this spring we are considering the fluid spring not the mechanical spring which is also there in the spool valve normally it is there. We are not considering the spool mechanical part here so far but it can be considered it can be combined together. So, this is you can say damping force damping part this is the mass acceleration part and this is the spring force. So, you can looking into this now what we will do this is the M s what we will do we will compare with equations 4 14 11 that is the what equation we have developed this force considering fluid etcetera. Now, with this if we compare then we will find that damping coefficient B f is this part remember this equations I have not writing this equations but they in that equation you will find this is this into d x v by d t that part is there. So, we can say that damping coefficient is nothing but this equations here what is the L 2 and L 1 which we call damping lengths and c d is coefficient of discharge and this is the area gradient this is the mass density and then this is the pressure difference P s we are considering the system pressure here because P 1 is the inside pressure there. And similarly if we compare with the other part that where the x v part is there. So, spring coefficient will be like this is the spring rate. Now, this analysis shows that the steady state flow force acts as centering spring on the valve. We are not considering the mechanical spring the fluid spring that steady state part it is apparently trying to centre the valve because it is opposing the opening. The transient flow force acts as viscous damping. So, definitely L 1 L 2 has great role about this full motion. Both quantities are non-linear because of the changes in load pressure these two condition these two coefficient that is B F K F as well as the force will be non-linear. In fact, these valves are high servo valves are highly non-linear only what we do at the vicinity of the operating point we linearize and then we are try to apply the control there. If L 2 look at this figure L 2 is this portion is less than L 1 the transient flow force is negative and may cause valve instability. That means in designing if you carefully look into the equations once again you will find the if L 2 is taken less than L 1 transient flow force is negative. So, one thing is that we can take the L 2 and L 1 is equal to L 2 equal to L 1 for that it will become 0. There will be no transient force in that case equating total equation, but it is again not good because there should have some damping too much damping is not desired again if there is no damping it will be also a problem. So, somewhere we have to compromise usually L 2 is taken slightly more than L 1. Therefore, in design it is maintained that L 2 is either equal to or greater than L 1 in normal practice we take L 2 is more than L 1. L 1 L 2 L 1 is equal to L 1 sorry L 2 is equal to L 1 can be taken, but we have to be more careful about the control of this flow force. Now, the damping ratio del S may be defined as P f by K f M s this is also standard it is called a damping ratio. Now, this damping ratio we can substitute these two in this equation and we can find that damping ratio is expressed by L 2 minus L 1 C d W under root rho P s minus P l and in the denominator 2 root over 2 C d C v W cos theta P s minus P l into M s that also can be calculated because all all data's will be known something we can measure and rest of the part we can calculate. So, if we this will be reduced to this form and finally, delta S is equal to L 2 minus L 1 half C d root under root rho divided by twice C v C d into cos theta and then hold into W by M s. Now interestingly what we find that this is independent of pressure whatever may be the pressure this damping coefficient damping ratio it will not be affected on the pressure value. Now, we shall consider a practical design. So, let us consider this is a valve and we are trying to find out what might be the force. Now, in earlier lecture as I have told that L L is the damping length it can be taken as 6 d what is the d is the spool length diameter ok. And the damping therefore, the damping length L 1 plus L 2 this will be L 1 plus L 2 approximately equal to the sign is somewhat it is not matching may be something wrong here. L by 3 is equal to 2 d we may consider L 1 plus L 2 is approximately taken as L by 3 which is equal to 2 d. L is the total length do not confuse with this L with the first L we consider there we consider this L for the damping length and in this case L is the total length some total length of this spool. But however, the important part is that L 1 plus L 2 is it approximately L by 3 is equal to 2 d or in other words we may consider L 1 plus L 2 is equal to 2 d also this spool rod diameter may be taken as half of the length diameter in practice it is taken like this. So, if we consider this then for we can consider the mass of this spool of course, we are not considering the extra portion outside the active length we are not considering. So, if you now write down this is a very simple one and then ultimately we will find that the volume of this spool for the length L which we have considered it is approximately 3 pi by 4 into d cube d is the diameter of the land. Therefore, mass of this spool can be taken as this value that is spool volume into rho s which is the density of the materials spool material say subscript s means it is for spool material. Now, here again I would like to mention this is a solid spool, but in many case you will find the spool is hollow also that means there is a borehole particularly tandem valve if we consider tandem type in that case there might have a hole through this spool in that case we have to consider that part carefully, but this is in general for a solid spool. Significance of transient flow force coefficient Bf that is the damping coefficient by computing the damping ratio substituting the expression of spool mass MSN equation 17 the relation of damping ratio can be rewritten as look into this we have now put this mass and we have rewritten this damping ratio which we can equate to this value. Then finally, we get del s is equal to L 2 minus L 1 divided by L 2 plus L 1 you can see this L 2 is always greater than L 1 if it is 0 the whole part will become 0 in that case this is a very we would say that ideal critical valve, but that is in fact a difficult to control. And then here we get the ratio of mass density of the fluid and the spool fluid and the spool and here the area gradient divided by pi d. Now, for full port operating this will become immunity we will check that one. Now, let us a sample calculation is like that we are again considering this curve and from there for a good approximation we considered theta is equal to 69 degree. So, cost 69 degree will become 0.358 it will become 0.358 also Cd we take 0.61. In some cases it is taken 62 and 0.6 very close to that and Cv is taken 0.98 what is Cv coefficient volume coefficient that is taken 0.98 that means maybe very close to 1 and Cd and Cv are dimensionless both Cd and Cv are dimensionless. And therefore, 2 Cd Cv cos theta is approximately equal to 0.43 this is approximately becomes 0.43. And for steels spool we can consider 0.78 gram per centimeter cube I think this is again wrong it will be 7.8 grams per centimeter cube rho of steel 7.8 grams per centimeter cube which is but this is correct 7.8 into 10 to the power 3 kg per meter cube this value is correct this is something wrong. So, this is correct. So, in SI units we consider this value and for hydraulic oil we I told you that from 850 to 830 we can consider in this case we have consider 830 kg. And therefore, this part if you calculate this this part becomes 0.35. And therefore, damping ratio can be rewritten in this form still we have been maintaining this part because of the reasons that W means totally full peripheral opening may not be equal to pi D if it is a partial. It is dimensionless and independent of any unit system ok. So, for a rectangular port which is very common in spool valve W is equal to pi D the full open. Therefore, W by pi D is unity and then in such condition if damping length is 50 percent greater than the other that means L 2 we have consider 1.5 times of L 1 the damping ratio becomes 0.07 damping ratio becomes 0.07. Suppose if I take L 2 is equal to L 1 in that case it will become 0 because of this L 2 minus L 1 component. But if I take 1.5 times greater than L 2 it is coming 0.07 which is reasonably good value. On the other hand if L 1 is equal to 1.5 L 2 this is just reverse then delta is becomes negative with small value. It would create some effect, but with negative value, but with negative value that is magnitude of the less can never be greater than 0.35 with W by pi D. However, a realistic value is around 0.1 root W by pi D we can keep this value we can use this value. In practice L 2 is more or less equal to L 1, but with positive damping mind it that means L 2 will be slightly greater than L 1. So, we can use this data for designing a real valve. Both viscous damping coefficient and spring rate maximum at null point at P L is equal to 0. So, with this value we can have K f 0 is 0.43 W into P s that is this is the coefficient at the null point that can be taken like this. So, if you would like to calculate a stroking force then again this mass of this spool can be taken as like this if you know this diameter we have taken this relations. You see this relations this equation only we can use if we maintain those relations because this ultimately we are expressing in terms of spool diameter. So, the ratio is that L 1 plus L 2 is equal to L by 3 like this. So, now we take an realistic value it is 12.5 millimeter spool say about 30, 40, 50 liter per second no liter per minute for that type of flow a 12.5 spool diameter is good enough. And let us consider this is a 7 mega Pascal is 1000 PSI not very high pressure we have considered. So, for that K f 0 is 118.14 kilo Newton per meter and then what will be the force? The for a stroke length 0.5 millimeter at null point spool force required approximately this distance in meter into the K f 0 that is x v into this is like a spring constant. So, that will be the force we require. So, in that way this is in sample calculation I have shown how to calculate the force. So, what we find here that realistic dimension we have taken about half an inch or 12.5 millimeter and for that type of spool not at the transient normally at the when it is steady state condition 60 Newton which is around 6 kg force is required. This is not even neither it is small neither it is very big, but usually there will be an electric drive. So, 60 Newton force we have to generate through that electric drive it might be solenoid operated or maybe the torque motor electrical torque motor may be there. So, with this knowledge today I stop here we will continue further on the this analysis in the next lecture also. Thank you.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late sports cards are up in twenty twenty-three top scrim baseball jumbo HDA Eight box full case break number one random team style There's a look again at your random results as always to find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link in the Chat here we go Quick box want to have to imagine but Volpe and Carol rookies Means a baby is gonna be right behind it as well or not, okay Kyle talker nice Corbin Carol first auto of the case Shinichi s Corbin Carol base auto congrats buddy. I swung there. Yeah, very solid in Michael Harris There is a little scratch on the Carol miss. I'm gonna have to box and wrapper Get that into a mag for you though Very solid. We'll take it Sounds good Justin. Have a go on buddy See you then Michael Harris rookie You see I'm talking about a little bit Outman Yeah, yeah, Miggie Ethan small and Aaron judge Brett baby rookie Gunner Henderson CJ Crone Byron Buxton refractors and such Cossus rookie Langley's Jayrod refractor Cup team Gunner rookie Steelers Graham Ashcraft base rookie auto the Reds and JD Martinez as a Dodger Still kind of weird JD Martinez as a Dodger rally green rookie Goldie hunter green Shohei prism and Miguel Cabrera Hermes Garcia, Sanyal Contra and Edwin Diaz Masataka Yoshida rookie Titans and Castellanos refracted up there. You're saying tovar They Inner Diaz that is gonna be refractor of rookie auto to 499. So you just ain't first dude There's one there and max free Neil Betts Moreno Vargas That is a Goldie got Coloss prism Schwerber. There's there's one there you go max Adley base rookie Libertor Rizzo negative Prism Hannigar and Oscar Gonzalez rookie. That's funny Jordan Walker. That was like perfect timing Javier Assad Reese. There's blue sonar to 125 Carlos Correa Miraz and Ivan Hedda da da top little break over there. Oh God Again guys, we're down to 13 to go on Asia team all still 21 to go on opta optic Asia team all 21 to go to fill it up to promo spots per Spot you taking that Trish and cost this rookie auto is bow nailer. Nice one there for the Guardians and hunter-brown refractor rookie with Jersey coming up here Gunner Henderson rookie Mila Mayhew and Willi Adamus game used tops chrome authentic for the Brewers Nice one there brew crew Josh young Ryan Bale and Ezekiel Durant yellow it's him and as Buxton Clayton Kershaw Steven Kwan Yoshida rookie Not pulled the taco fractor yet. No That is a jitter downs and Cattel Marthe Unfortunately, I've not pulled one. Yeah, rally green rookie ill flattie David VR is gonna be your rookie auto for the Giants Stop Joshua Eric with two in optic T ball. Thank you Eric. We're down to 19 everybody Tray Turner 19 to go on optic Asia team all Eric you're the man appreciate you as always terrain Eric just secured himself another four entries into the national promo Austin Riley refractor that is a hyper of Cal Mitchell and Shane McClanahan. Let me get you guys that link again really quick down to 19 to go Thank you again, Eric 19 to go everybody. We're officially under 20 spots in every single break that is available tonight Which is just three just three breaks remaining with spots tonight Gabriel Moreno Vargas Cavalli Garrett Mitchell George Kirby. That is a Christopher Morel top Higley Christopher Morel on the prism Adley base rookie Kenzie Gore Mike trout and Joe Ryan refractor Pull the Drew Jones auto nice. They go Danny Yeah, dude Jordan Walker Riley green rookie That is a Derbys Garcia and JJ Bledeck Clayton Kershov laddie James Altman nice one there for the Dodgers on the rookie Manessus bow nailer got Xander Boga. It's got a blue auto coming up here of Louie Varland 150 nice one there for the twins Let's go to Candler that combo spot mojo, baby. Let's go nice one there Candler and Nick Prada. I believe they do Patrick. Yes, I Think they do they did last year. I know that I don't know if they they change it this year potentially but oh Hoppy that it's gonna be a blue Corey seager to 150 Boba shut and Nolan Gorman refractor Hossus rookie Shay Langler's there's a nice green wave Jordan Walker to 99 there you go cardinals congrats on that Very solid. We'll take that all day. That is a Sean Murphy prism and Lindor refractor Deveen or divine over there Nikes Noss nice The thought was there the thought was there respected Michael Harris rookie and when Diaz Libertor of Vladimir Guerrero, Jr. That is a Graham Ashcraft 150 on the blue ray wave Nice one there on the auto show. Hey refractor Leighton sports cards comm Bobby link is in the bio. It's just our tick-tock username then comm go to break schedule Jordan Walker rookie Have your side stores nice boat Jackson on the ultra-virate ultra-violet all-stars Good Lord, dude Nolan Gorman Prism Cal Raleigh and Francisco Alvarez Man of a child of Super Fractor real quick Max dianthos Corbin Carroll Scherzer and Ozzy Alves Because he they didn't put him in products last year. Yeah, they didn't put him in products last year Alvarez Shoot her downs. He was like a pretty early on. They knew that he was gonna be a 23 guy bucks Jay rod Kyle Tucker Christopher Morell and not that's a third purple mini diamonds Christopher Morell Auto we pulled today going to the Cubs Franklin T congrats Franklin Very nice and Jeter down Same thing with the Phillies. I didn't even realize you were in this Chris. Hey Let's go. We need a big Philly now James Outman Manassas Naylor Shohei Michael Grove and CJ Abrams. Yeah, I believe so James. I mean, I know they're going to they're just it's just I don't think the The thing is gonna apply until we know who won the MVP this year And then you could then they'll announce the buyback and you'll be able to start doing it Christian Casas Gunner Henderson So it's actually a little bit more fun this year because now it's like people are gonna start saving base cards of like certain different guys Rally green Jack Peterson Corbin burns refractor. I mean mainly obviously Otani and the AL and then Most likely a Kunya in the NL as of right now Morell rookie Bobby wit Josh young rookie That is Bobby wet Nate Eaton And Logan love I don't believe so Max. I Don't believe so Kodai Senga. There's Cody Clemens and Sean Murphy refractor Bayrod Future Stars Boba Shat and Ryan McMahon by the green rookie George Springer. That is gonna be auto of Caleb Killian nice one there for the Cubs Caleb a killian and Von Grissom refractor Mookie Rena Vargas Cavalli Garrett Mitchell Chris Bryant to 99 on the green Rockies Cal Stevenson and Trevor story refractor a Jordan Groshan's to 1 at 99 on the teal Rushman rookie and McMahon on the refractor Good guys. We've got 19 to go on Asia optic T-Mall Or 19 to go. Excuse me 19 to go. Let's get that filled up Down to 19 to go 19 to go down to 13 to go on prism T-Mall. I'm just gonna drop you the links to everything remaining 13 to go and then on flawless collegiate divisions. We've got seven to go that it gets you five promo spots So five chances to get a Mike trout Bowman 2009 refractor at BGS 9-5 auto sub nukes So there are all of your remaining breaks guys again 19 13 7 on what we have remaining today To the Yankees mascot Yankees have a mascot Bregman, there's Parazza and Lou Bob Refractor and prism Francisco Alvarez rookie John Murphy Call Gonzalez George Springer another Christopher Morel my god dude one to 499 on the refractor Congrats congrats on that one there Cubs and Mackenzie Gore If you remember remind me after this break to go and look for my cards for my breaks this week Morel, they've got to be Ready to go at this point Josh young rookie The Garen Hicks good lord Matt Olson, O'Neill Cruz prism and Jeremy Pena Is that you? Franklin right well Franklin Good stuff, buddy Seeger Abrams McMahon story albis vado at ruchman Titans and wonder Well, we got a gold coming up. Come on baby. Let's get big gold Volpe rookie Corbin Carroll behind them That means come on big gold big gold big gold at its tow bar. It is Nolan Gorman 32 of 50 Going to the Cardinals congrats Kai Kai M Hell yeah, dude. That's awesome first big Gorman auto at night That's pretty nasty congrats to the Cardinals. We'll get that into a mag for you That is a fantastic card right there and a base baby rookie Frank the tank should be he's mascot God the people wanted Simeon Woods Richardson Gunner Henderson true people did want Simeon Woods Richardson you Darvish Carlos Perez people are not happy with that one clearly handler Kodai Sengah Dronami Nolan Gorman again Frism Mullins on her green refractor Padres parallel Padres parallel alert Quan Torque Gorman rookie green rookie future stars Titan Scherzer and Rasmussen I know his candor is going home with the Drew Rasmussen super fracter Miguel Cabrera DL Hall and Ramon Loreano Whoa, how Tucker David VR nice one there on the rookie auto for the Giants congrats Giants Joel the spot in Asia team all thank you Joel. We're down to 18 to go now guys 18 to go on Asia team all that's awesome Appreciate you all. Thank you Joel appreciate that buddy Simeon Woods Richardson Vladdie jr. The 199 on the aqua lava a Tyler Stevenson and refractor of Justin Berlin I don't think we have no hit the case hit yet Yoshida rookie Masataka Yoshida Brian Bayo Paraza Cody Belanger to 299 Kunya and one Soto refractor there you go max nice Soto refractor You grab you guys that link again down to 18 to go 18 to go everybody and that gets you another two promo spots right there So Joel just got himself another two promo spots to go with his five from flawless divisions So Joel's already at seven promo spots just today and Brandon Crawford first Cabrera Stanton Olson Paraza rookies that is a Marcus Wilson to 199 for the Mariners on the teal wave Nice rookie auto there congrats on that Mariners And Nelson Velasquez Hit one red today hit a Taylor Ward red. That was the only red. I believe oh hoppy That was out of a hobby box too surprisingly Gonzalez that's Michael Harris that's hyper or prism of Corbyn burns Bobby whip prism We know hoppy rookie Titans Jordan and Shintaro Fujinami refractor rookie and that's an Aaron judge. Got a purple mini diamond Christopher Burrell the fourth one of the day Franklin again With a Christopher Murrell purple mini-diamonds. Oh my god, dude pulled so many of these good Lord unreal, dude And Chuck nasty. It's so strange dude. Oh, that should be fun Josh young Pete Alonzo I would probably make it a point Lidolo and Paguerra to send that one fed though because there's like three of them You know what I mean? I don't think any one is worth it, but all three of them together probably is Paul Marte Abrams Harper and Josh Young refractor Jimmy intern must have been dumping a bunch of Christopher Murrell into a case here Strider Alvarez and Max Meyer refractor rookie Ginny the intern, what are we doing, buddy? Podaisenga rookie Kwan Torque Gorman rookie Uh Gabriel Moreno rookie that is going to be a base auto Tyler Freeman going to the Guardians. I swung their Cleveland Guardians Jonathan India Jordan Groeschans to 350 pink mini diamonds von Grissom hyper and avicile Garcia Uh, I just I just started working here and I eventually got I mean, I was like doing cards for a while Anthony Volpe Corbin Carroll rookie Uh, Christopher Murrell rookie, Jose Abreu and a yachty I'm in this company. This is one of the late in late in LSE is one of like the Originals to do group breaking Brett Beatty one of like the pioneers So I've known about them pretty much my entire life. There's Alexis Diaz to 250 one soda and Alex called refractor so applied for a job here got it and here we are move to florida And we're here now Again guys 18 to go on hour Oh, I'm dropping a link to all three again. That's 18 to go 7 to go on divisions 13 to go on prism team all Stio is he killed tovar base auto nice one. There's one of the first ones we've seen of tovar today nice one there and Austin Riley refractor So those are only three group breaks with spots tonight everybody two promo spots on each of the team all breaks And then you also get five on flawless collegiate 2020 divisions as well that is adley ruchman kutch uh, jordan tovar prism and Tyler freeman refractor rookie probably green rookie nice one there Goldie Javi Baez pete lanzo Zach gallon pete lanzo again carthy mookie Cavalli Mitchell alvarez technicolor Bryce harper and pasca Hernandez Jordan walker rookie nice one there Such stores Cabrera Gabriel Moreno base auto Bryce terrain nice one there for the brewers Bryce terrain for the brew crew and Taylor ward Yeah, 23 tops finest is awesome. David. I highly recommend 23 tops finest. It's very good Michael Harris very very good. Uh, very definitely something I enjoy opening a lot of Um, Guerrero goldie that is a Rizzo and starling marcia refractor juge Velasquez james outman rookie manessas uh, steven kwan Ramirez and a castillo refractor ohapi rookie O'Neill cruise there's salvi perez and alexis diaz Yeah, 23 bowman's good to the jumbo A couple of huge names in there obviously casus That is a langleers gunner henderson rookie That is a oswald peraza purple bryan serban 250 on the color match for the rockies nice one there colorado very nice And jake mccarthy refractor alvarez rookie francisco alvarez Yeah, really nice jersey match there for sure jram prism korea Jose Miranda a couple of twins there. Yeah, 23 bowman's very good christopher morrell This stuff's pretty solid tops chrome jumbos are pretty good They've hit fairly well josh young rookie uh avasi el garcia chain beaver negative one soto and jp crawford and turner varshow trout yellowitch pink mitch hanager to 399 Nice one there a avarapuholse and a illoy manes It's not in the remote for me really quick legitimate baseball on Ah, it's braves red socks not as let's go Let's go braves All right, so it's awesome david So yeah, I saw it. Um, so we're doing personals over on latent sports cards channel two on youtube david Um, I would just jump in a chat over on youtube over there. That's where the personals will be getting ripped tonight Uh, if you do miss it for whatever reason they will it will be uploaded to youtube after so just search, uh Like 23 tops finest baseball break for you know, insert name here and you should be able to find it Patricia and casus. Yeah, go braves camler. Oh, yeah gunner henderson big braves guy Gabriel morano benny pascantino to 499 Nice one there for the royals on the refractor. Yeah, no problem. You got it, man salvi alvarez rookie Oh striders on the mountain too. I love it Oh hoppy rookie Haha, I would have bleep Morel rookie prism vladdy kodaisenga Spencer strikeout great stash Morel, he does have a good very very good stash josh young rookie That is a zekeel tovar. I believe that is a image variation. Nice one there for the rockies That is a short print image variation of zekeel tovar That is a bow nailer yordan and miguel vargas refractor rookie That is cool. I love that tovar. That's sweet, dude kodaisenga Sova max mire at a strischen casus Purple joey weimer nice one there to 250 Congrats on that one brewers. He's actually really solid Nice joey weimer. It's funny. He had his first in bowman chrome. He never had a bowman first auto But he had bowman first base So or no, he was he no, yeah, he was bowman chrome. He was like the top prospect that Did not sign so nice one there congrats brewers joey weimer and michael grove He got a rookie rookie auto before he had his first thought. I'm interested say francisco lindor just kidding not an alvarez Uh, nolyn gorman rookie of alvarez mount castle and cavale refractor All right, don't you have the super fracter of tovar like the bowman's best trout bogarts and tyler o'neill Candler, you have some really cool tovar. I've never seen that on your instagram uh, andres jimenez Riley green nice nice j ran That is clinton kershaw and marcus seaman here david go to uh the youtube again really quick here is um Uh, i'll drop you a link to latin's channel two. Um, feel free to ask kyle is ripping over there I'm doing group rakes over here. He's doing personals over there. Um, feel free to ask him any questions about that But yeah, it is the same feed on uh youtube and uh tiktok right now There's seah wansodo and mookie bets um, so if you go over I almost bought his first bowman super before he got away expensive. Oh man The patriots there's austin riley james outman. Yeah, no problem. You got him in cal stevenson And it's just uh, it's latin channel two that would be the if you can't if you don't see the link or anything If you need me to drop it again, just let me know Jordan walker rookie Reese hoskins kind of stores a erin judge Conor cappell nice one there for the uh ease base auto Conor cappell Andre are in carnacea Oh, we got an orange. Come on, baby. Let's see a big orange big orange There's gonna be a orange of dalton varshow 16 of 25 orange wave for the um Blue jays that is blue jays varshow post trade of merano mike trout and garret mitzvill refractor The end so it's brian bayo negative Uh, brice harper and gabriel merano That's one there. Yeah, we had a corbin carol base auto too. That's pretty solid Um, all right guys, we'll drop you guys links again here again prism asia team all at 13 to go We've got uh flawless Gives you five promo spots at seven to go flawless divisional And then we've also got optic asia team all giving you two promo spots with 18 to go I may have misspoke it's only one promo spot for prism team all But those are only remaining spots on the night everybody 18 13 and 7 Danny are you talking about ever best card i've ever pulled or just out of this Aaron judge joy weimer again nice one there too at 199 teal wave Oh gosh, man. Um most contrarious pulled a messy 101 patch auto at a select Uh, pulled the james harden logo man auto out of this year's flawless. That was probably the probably the biggest one That's probably my favorite of all time bulky Uh, corbin carol pulled a trevor lorenz First off the line stars and stripes rpa at a venti Austin riley, there's angel mccutchen joe musgrove pulled kade cunningham 101 rpa at a select last year Pulled the jackson merrill super fracter from bowman chrome Uh, 22 bowman chrome so a decent amount of stuff not bad Paul goldschmidt mike trout and louisa rise Pulled actually like last week pulled a gold one vinyama Uh, live auto at a bowman best university auto That was pretty cool too torque. There's a gorman Peña rasmussen rookie bets marcus simion and jas chisel and fordo kb even small Colas ladolo drury abray you at zander bow guards Tyler freeman base auto for the guardians nice one there leave lend cj chrome refractor That is a rendone and brian haze bary smith 101 auto.  Classified who pulled that did I pull that I feel like I remember that i'm jay melendez yordan and chris sale Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah chronicles. Okay. Yeah, I remember that. I remember that. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes chronicles nice Hell yeah, dude No problem. Yes the hometown heroes. Yes mox taco yoshida. Yep Yep, I do remember that now feo Mullins peraza thomas codis enga and george springer The chiseled sale thomas arise springer Trishon posis that is a rice johnson the 499 Refractor rookie auto for the giants nice one there giants And spencer steer refractor rookie Tarang vato longoria deal hall rizzo zack gallin rendone josh young That didn't work out well Bitch had a guy hooked out really well classified. Good lord Join the break on a whim boom 101 Jabari. Why not? Adley and is a oswald peraza to 350 pink mini diamonds It's one there for the inks And ropy devours last pack of the break. Okay, everybody Seeger devours abram's story and is a gold wave rois lewis. There you go.  Oh, yeah, dude 39 up 50 Nois Royce That was awesome. Gerard carnazione and alex thomas. I do a quick recap here Pretty solid break again. Overall, we had a um willy adamus Bryce johnson tyler freeman connor capel viny pascantino brice the ring ziko tovar tyler freeman Uh, that is a david vr. Uh, Caleb killian bow nailer david vr again grand ashcraft Uh, christopher morrell refractor yannier Diaz ryan serban christopher morrell To 299 joey weimer christopher morrell to johnny again Joey weimer again, uh, marcus wilson grand ashcraft and louis varland Magged cards. We had a corbin carol base auto pretty solid one there and then a gold true gold. Nolan gorman Uh, nasty nasty nasty card right there. Congrats to the cardinals. That'll go for the break guys. Thanks again for the film Up next is randed visions


We've arrived at the Fan Duel Arena. Why are you in Fan Duel Arena, but not me? I don't miss! Nice and low. It's just, that's just too bad. Come back! Come back! Nice pants. I don't know what I'm doing wrong. I'm my f***. My swing is nice and even. It's nice and even. Right here on the mouse pad. It's like this. You didn't win this skins match. That's for sure. You know what? I had fun being out here with you. I didn't have fun being with you. It's kind of a win, right? No. How come you play golf with him, but not me? Doc's playing a generic middle-aged rink-and-white guy game. Hey, why leave? God bless America, huh? Go down! I wish you could shake the screen or come on. I have a guy in the background go, come on hit the ball! Oh, come on. Get in. How is that not it?


When it comes to anime online, it's very hard to escape debates where people compare one series to another. Whether it's debates about power scaling design or even just how good the writing is, these conversations are always going to happen. So I decided why would I not just try to lump all of the popular shows that people talk about online and figure out which anime is the best scientifically. In this case, my scientific method just happens to be an anime game with over 200 characters and a giant wheel featuring every series in the game. In the future, instead of the wheel, I'll just have you guys down below in the comments to select different franchises you want to see fight. But for now, the wheel has decided that it's going to be Demon Slayer versus One Piece. Okay, now that we have our matchup, we're here and we're ready to select our teams. I've set it up so that it's going to be 4v4 in a tag, and then with extra characters, we're going to do 2v2 simultaneous matches or tag depending on how I'm feeling. But for starters, let's pick our Demon Slayer team. We're just going to go right down the 4. We already know who we want. We want Tanjiro, we want Nezuko, we want Zenitsu, and we want Inosuke. The main 4 that you think of. Then for One Piece, obviously we're going to go probably with just the straw hats however many we can find in this game. So it looks like we've got Luffy, Zoro, Sanji, the monster trio, and then I guess we go with Usopp. Usopp's just the next in line, and I like that. Alright, now that we have our 4 main competitors, we're ready for just about anything, so let's see these 2 series fight. Oh my god, they're all doing their intros at once. They're loud. Wait. Here's our 2 first competitors, Tanjiro versus Luffy. Oh man, Luffy's ready for a fierce battle. I can already tell Tanjiro's going to need a clutch up here for the team. He's running in. Luffy's missed. Tanjiro with a clear cut slice. Access to the Kagura.  And a super as well. Luffy just canceled the super.  Oh no, watch out Luffy. Oh Tanjiro dodges it. He's capable of keeping up even at these speeds. Gear 2 misses again. Watch out for Gear 2. Damn, big fist. Tanjiro got laid out. Oh come on, fight back Tanjiro. He's dashing around but he's not swinging his sword. Oh my god. Damn, he got bodied again. Oh, he's just walking at him. What is that? What is Luffy doing? Is that Congress Hockey?  Tell me he did not just walk up and use Armors Hockey.  Oh, wait a minute. Oh, clear pull. That was sick and he's got more combos. He's behind on health but he's not out of spirit just yet. Tanjiro is always better in the clutch. I've never once seen this man not clutch up in his life and it looks like he's repeating it here today folks. Luffy versus Tanjiro. He's going to walk up and do it again. Watch out for the down smash. Oh my god, they got him. Wait, he's got a super of his own. He blocks it. He blocks the end move but he gets it with the second one. Tanjiro might just take it over Luffy today. Luffy stalling, getting away. Meets Tanjiro's block. Luffy's got him in corner but Tanjiro's blocking it all. No chip damage. Tanjiro's defense fails him. It's going to be a 1HP to 1HP. Tanjiro's going to get up and slice his Luffy it up. He takes round one for the team. He's going to get a little bit of health back here before Zorro comes in. But here's Zorro, a match between two swordsmen. Honestly, Tanjiro just needs to get a little bit of health. I think his team respects what he was able to do but Zorro's going to... ...brutally cut him in half. And Zorro's going to get back all the healthy lost. Nezuko probably very angry on the sidelines watching this. Certainly, she has to come in and help out. It actually doesn't look like she's very angry at all. She's kind of just emotionally... Oh, she just went tiny mode and ran up. Are we going to see more? Zorro is a beast in this game. Look at that air combo.  Why does she run like that? Oh, Zorro does not... Is Nezuko really not even on the team? Is it because these people are human? Did they actually program that debuff into this game? Because she's not doing anything. What is Tanjiro fighting for? I mean, to be honest, Zorro might just have the combo. He might have to... He's looked and waits. He doesn't even see her as a threat. He's insane. She's just kicking the air. She's mad. She's mad.  She's wasting all... Oh, in the air. In the air, super. And then a slice project. Is he going to gain all the health back again? My God, Nezuko did nothing. Nezuko did absolutely nothing.  I know that he's too bad to go crazy. Somebody on the Demon Slayer team needs to clutch up, and it's going to be Zenitsu. Woo-hoo! That was a bit shocking. Oh, my God. He just dashed right through Zorro. He keeps doing Thunderbolt. Oh, he ran away. That was actually clutch. He was able to dodge Zorro's slice because he got afraid. He got scared. Ah, sliced it. Wow, he actually got sliced in half. I saw the cutscene. For some reason, he's still alive, though. That's respectable. Another good super here. The electric slice is going to take a bit of Zorro's health. He's got him in the corner, and he's not going to let up that pressure. This is something Nezuko could learn from. Seven hits. Ugh. The thing is, though, the Demon Slayer team is already down a character. Wait, a big counter super from Zenitsu? No, it's not. Zorro's starting to clutch up, and while Zenitsu's done a ton of damage, he needs to put Zorro away if this team has any chance of coming back. Three bars. He's in a counter state, but Zorro uses a projectile. Zenitsu with not a lot of health back still has two bars. He slices right through him. Huge damage isn't enough. It is. Zenitsu goes god mode and slices Zorro in half. The swordsman for the One Piece team has gone down. Zenitsu's going to get no health back. All the health he has is what he has. Sanji has a great chance of being able to make a huge... He's flying. Sanji's just flying. How is Zenitsu supposed to counter this? Sanji's just flying. He goes into a counter and gets a super off. The second Sanji touches the ground, Zenitsu makes the most of it. He's at three bars now. We're just going to see a one bar super. This move does a ton of damage. A ton of damage, a great start, and he gets him back on the ground as well. Zenitsu is clutching. Watch out for the ball. That was bad. That was bad for Team Demon Slayer. Zenitsu was definitely the hard carry there. You've got to remember though, if Inosuke can just find a way to dig deep and get past Sanji, he just has Usopp left. Oh, a huge full moon slice. Sanji's charging up, but so is Inosuke. Inosuke at three. Sanji at three. Both have access to their largest supers. Inosuke dodges the move that Zenitsu didn't see coming and gets him back on the ground. Nice combo. Does a full moon slice. And dodges another super from Sanji. He's just skipping. Why is he just doing backflips? Sanji blocks it. All of that with one leg. But he can't block the follow up, baby. Stop, stop punching Amidusuke. Use the swords. Woo, look at that combo. In the air, he can't continue it though. Sanji was flying again, but lands right back in the Beast Fang. Oh, Sanji might die here. This might be a one to one. Inosuke going to three bars. It might be a little bit excessive for Sanji. Oh, Antio, get that out of here. Inosuke not playing around. My God, what a counter. And he's already calling on Usopp. If you're a one piece fan, you've got to be sweating right now. It's coming down to Usopp. Are you going to get God Usopp or a similar? He jumps over. The green shooter. Oh my God, he's got great range though. Maybe we overlook this. A zoner against the swordsman. This might be a great matchup for Usopp. He's firing projectiles in the ground. He's forcing him to play. What happened, Inosuke? Did anybody else see that? Was it? Oh, he's doing it. He was just invisible. Is he, is he doing a level three? Oh my God, he was doing a lot of talking and a lot of breathing, but I don't think he could. He's never going to give us the free shooters. Usopp is, you could argue Usopp's playing cheap, but I argue he's just playing to live. He's got him down to half unless Inosuke can find a way in and beat this zoning. I don't think he stays. He's using as a jet. No, he just bent over backwards. I thought maybe he was finding a way to dodge, but oh my God, he didn't. He's not even going to touch him. We're talking about God Usopp. It was a damn near perfect. Usopp clutches up for team one piece and succeeds in gaining victory in the 4v4 event. Now we come back to the tag event and for the tag team, obviously, we're just going to go with two of the hossier that work together and show. We're talking Giyu and we're talking Shinobu. Now I'm going to do something a little bit different here, a little bit different since I don't want to go with anybody from the one piece crew that we already used. I need to come up with another duo and you can see here there's a couple duos we can go with. Obviously, we might have to do another duo match just to see what happens, maybe a finale event, but I'm thinking why not just go with something the one piece fans are going to want to see. I'm talking team Odin and he's actually working with Kaido this time. Now you got to remember this is a tag team match. The mechanics are going to change here. They'll have access to their teammate at all times. Giyu on the ground, Odin charging up. Giyu not doing much. He's just crouching. What is he doing? Is he throwing? Demon Slayer cannot afford to lose this. If they do, it's just a clean sweep.  At least Giyu was able to block that. He was not able to block the follow-up and Odin's just going to do it again. Giyu manages to hop over him and get a clean slice. Finally, for the first time, oh, he was teabagging. Maybe he's messing with them. What was that? Bro was always teabagging again. He's not taking this very seriously at all. Not behavior you'd expect out of Giyu, but I don't think he cares. I think he's making it look a little too easy right now. Clean sweep from Odin. Giyu's got him down in the corner. He was teabagging again, I think, but he's missing every slice. Odin is insanely fast. Oh my God, the star technique. Oh, wait, Giyu just countered. Maybe the reason Giyu's not moving around so much is he needs to set his feet for the counters. Could that be what we're looking at? Nope, we're just looking at somebody throwing. Get up, Giyu! Stop blocking! Fight! Fight, Giyu! He's just blocking and he didn't even block the attack. Oh my God, Shinobu, Shinobu, get in here. Wait, Giyu on one health. Maybe he can clutch up. He hasn't gotten hit yet. He's just teabagging. He tags out! He tags out! Shinobu comes in. Giyu's going to be in the background, gaining a little bit of health back. Maybe he just knew he wasn't the open attack.  This guy's like nine feet tall. Why is his animation just him throwing? Why do you need to throw his hat? He threw his stick and just walked away. It's Odin again. Odin with the twirl. Giyu comes back in. He gained a little bit of health so he can take that attack and he can take that one too, but he can't take anything else and he's dead. Shinobu, I don't even know why you're tagging him back in. Odin doesn't even look like he wants to fight. Oh my God, why is Kaio just jumping around? Kaio is just jumping and... Oh, maybe because when he actually tries, he just slapped her into the wall. Odin's back in. He gained a little cut. They're working like a... You would never believe the relationship these two have in the actual source material. They're working like best of friends. They're brothers. Oh, Odin armoring up. Slices her... She's dead. Oh, no, she's not. Sorry, I was looking at the wrong health bar. Oh my God. Oh my God, the one-piece duo never gave these two a chance. Maybe I went too strong. Either way, the one-piece duo is going to wrap it up. Two... Why is he not taking this seriously? Shinobu has to use her point. She was teabagging too. Two... Oh, for the one-piece team. All right, we're doing one more tag match. And this time, I want to use two of my favorite characters, Rengoku, and then obviously my favorite of all time, Tangan. I know he's not going to let me down. And for this side, I think we just do Law and Mihawk. Do random characters again, but they're two of my favorites in that show as well. Now, obviously we're looking at a one-piece team that's up 2-0. So this really isn't anything more than a statement game. A chance for Demon Slayer to say, hey, nobody comes out here and perfects us. He switches out to Tangan. Oh, we're already seeing room shambles. But Tangan's not going down easy. That's my goat right there. That's my sound breathing goat with the combos. He's not going anywhere. Law's going to have to... Oh, he's got the room. He could teleport anywhere. Room's set up, but he doesn't use it to teleport. He just set up the room, perhaps a fake out. Wait a second. The room deflected the knives? And why did that do so much damage? Mihawk is the King of Swordsmen, but do our Demon Slayer people have anything to say about it? He might be the King of Swordsmen, but is he able to set his heart ablaze? Let's go! Rengoku with a huge slash. Mihawk able to just perfectly stop that. I need to see more from one piece. Oh, Rengoku's level three. He lands it. He's setting his heart ablaze. He lands his level three. He's not going to let Team Demon Slayer go down without a fight. And that did a huge amount of damage to me. Oh my God, what's Mihawk doing? He gets blocked. It doesn't matter what he's doing. Rengoku's not going down like that. Insane grounded combo. We're talking corner to corner. Oh my God, Tangan. The teamwork of the Hashira is not to be underestimated. They might fight alone more often than not, but these two are just putting Mihawk in their place. A flurry of kunai means that Mihawk is down and Law's going to have to do the rest of the work. He's got his room set up, but Tangan doesn't care.  They seem to get their eye together. My God, this is some fine swordsmanship. What a lead. Is it even possible to choke? Maybe if Law can clutch up. But it doesn't look likely. Tangan's going to lock it up. Rengoku and Tangan, once again, I believe that they were coming here to make a statement and make a statement they did. You got to be proud of the boys, even if you're on Team One Piece. That was an insane clutch up. And I think we're going to leave it there. One Piece will take the event 2-1, but Demon Slayer with an amazing fight. Fans of both shows got to be proud and I couldn't be prouder as your host. With that said, like the video, subscribe, and I'm going to get out of here. Goodbye.


We're going to do a little segment on how to videos, so we're going to start off with replacing fuses, something pretty simple that most of you guys can do if you're running to issues either at home or on the side of the road, you need to get yourself by. So first we'll talk about what fuses are for. Fuses are there to protect the circuit and the modules and the components that that power is feeding to that circuit. So for instance real simple one that if you're going to replace one you guys will probably come across more commonly would be your outlet for plugging in your cell phone or charging up something in your car or running your GPS. If you overload that circuit it will pop a fuse and that fuse you'll find in the fuse box. So the fuse boxes are usually located just one underneath the hood. There's usually a couple in the passenger compartment. I've seen them under the rear seat before and there's some in the trunk too. So if you go to your owner's manual you'll give you all the information on where those fuse boxes are located. It will also tell you what fuses to use as far as amperage and we'll go over that and what that fuse circuit will run and the corresponding number of where to find that fuse in the box. That's how they locate them. So there's many different types of fuses. We won't go through them all because there's more and more every day. They bring out different styles. The main ones you guys will probably be getting into be your blade style fuses. Those are the ones that will run those things in the interior that you might have issues with. There's two pins. There's three pins blades and we'll talk about that in a little bit. So first I guess we'll this Chevy truck here GMC truck. We've got a fuse box underneath the hood. We'll kind of just show you what it looks like under there and how to change a fuse. Okay so in this truck this is the fuse panel. There's a little bit of information on the top of it. They don't want you pressure washing obviously and pushing water in where the electrical components are. It shows a little symbol here for your fuses. They want you to lock this down tight to keep it sealed, keep it out of the elements and then obviously you've got more information in your owner's manual. So once we remove the top here you'll see there's a bunch of fuses and some relays. There's some empty areas here. All that means is that this truck doesn't have some options that maybe this fuse box may feed on other vehicles. For instance might be something like electric running boards this truck doesn't have so it doesn't have the spot for the fuse. So what we'll do is we'll just if you're looking in here you're not just looking at all the fuses. You're obviously going here to look for something specific. So let's say you hook up your trailer so your park lights aren't working. So one of the things you check obviously your connection and stuff that didn't work. Maybe you want to check your fuses to make sure your fuses are good. Because it's common for trailers old wiring and stuff in and out of water you know blowing fuses. So we're going to go ahead and if you look here you'll scroll through the list and it'll have a little kind of abbreviated description of the main thing that that fuse runs. So it may run more than one thing but this is the main thing on the circuit. So if you scroll through and you look each one's numbered and you see this is the case fuses which are the bigger heavier square ones. And we get down here to the mini fuses and you'll see where it says you'll see trailer park lamps. It tells me it's a 20 amp and it tells me it's in location number 15. So you go over here to the box and if you look they'll all be numbered and you'll see number 15 here. It sits like this. It's kind of how it's laid out and you look and then the fuses number 20 is right there. So I won't take this one out but if you want to apparently needing those pliers or something with the key off of course you won't want the circuit live when you're doing it just in case you ever cross anything out. You're going to pull it out and obviously this is a 10 amp but just to show you what it kind of looks like that's what you would see. So what you really want to do to ideally check the fuse is you want to put a test light across these two little metal terminals on each side of the 10. Power is coming in one side and going out the other. If the fuse is broke or blown in the middle obviously you won't have power on one side so you don't have to replace that fuse. So you can take them out and look at them if you're stuck and you don't have one. I've seen those fuses they don't necessarily just blow in the middle sometimes they'll blow on the sides and it's really hard to see. Some of them have a darker plastic on them so you can't really see through them you hold them to the light it's kind of hit or miss. Really putting it in is testing it with a test light thing to do. Or if you've got a spare fuse just put a spare fuse in it and try it and see if your circuit starts to work. One thing you want to do is you want to make sure whatever you take out you put back in so it's calls for 20 you put a 20 amp. If you don't have a 20 amp fuse you can go maybe step down so maybe go down to a 15 amp or a 10 amp. If you had to and you're kind of stuck and you don't have access to any fuses stores are closed or whatever. But you won't really want to put in the fuse that should be there. And if you do put the fuse in and it blows right away well then obviously you've got a dead short somewhere. So you don't want to just keep trying fuses because you're not you can still potentially ruin the circuit. This thing's only made really to pop once and then figure out what the problem is. So if that happens then obviously you'll have to bring it in and see what's going on with it. So the other type of fuse that you can have obviously I talked about there's those J or the K style fuses.  You can see there's a little circular piece in there that's what the that's the metal for the for the fuse to blow. The fuse is there to protect the circuit. So if you go ahead and put something in heavier than what this is you potentially next weakest thing in line. So whether it be the wire or the module or the component could burn up and then you could be into a real expensive repair or your harness could burn up. Obviously generating some heat there. If you're in something with a heavier circuit with a 30 or a 40 or even sometimes 50 60 amp fuses the bigger maxi fuses. You're going to get a generate a lot of heat and you can actually cause a fire. So you definitely want to make sure you put in the right one. There's these fuses here and there are three blade fuses instead of a two. Essentially it's just two fuses in one. You get your power coming one side which feeds to two separate components or two separate circuits. Like I say you're going to have the same style set up in the interior on the instrument cluster fuse box or in the trunk. Your same sort of legend thing. Sometimes they're not on here. Sometimes you'll just have numbers and some of them different makes and models. But they'll have this similar thing in a lot more detail in the owner's manual. The other type of fuse you can have in some circuits using a power window or power seat. Something in that nature that runs an electric motor is circuit breakers. Circuit breakers are basically a fuse that can reset themselves. Got a little bi-metallic strip in there as it generates heat. It lifts off and disconnects and when it cools back down again it touches them. The reason why that's there is because for instance in your windows in the middle of winter time they're froze up. You're trying to put your window down. It's kind of froze. You keep trying to push it to kind of break that ice free on your window. And you're putting a lot more amperage through the circuit and it can cause some heat.   But then you don't have to keep replacing the fuse every time. So circuit breakers are a different thing. You can't test them like this. You need an old meter to kind of check them to make sure they're working good. They don't usually go that often. I've seen a lot of cars from the 80s and 90s that come in here with the original circuit breakers still in them. So most cars will have, in one of the fuse pans, will have a fuse removal tool.  It's usually on the cover for grabbing onto these and pulling them out. If you don't, a pair of needle nose just works fine. Sometimes your fingers, but they can't be tight in there. Another thing that you'll have on the cover too is sometimes they'll have a spot for three or four extra fuses. Or sometimes in the box they'll actually have the spares sitting in the fuse panel. And usually you can tell those are the spares. It'll say on the legend of course, but when you go to pull them out, they'll be really loose because they're not making any contact in there. You know, if you are using them, you should replace them because obviously you'll need them and you'll forget all about it. And next thing you know, you'll need a fuse someday for an emergency and you go to replace the fuse and it won't be there. So something else to think about when you're replacing your fuses. Other than that, that's pretty much all the information. When you're done with your fuse, if your circuit's working fine, obviously if you plug whatever you plugged in, let's say to your power outlet, it blew it again. Obviously that device has an issue or maybe it's drawing too much amperage for that circuit. So that's something for you to look at too. If you have any questions about that, you can bring that in to us and we can help you out to turn whether or not that whatever you're trying to plug in is maybe too much for that circuit. So that's been Tech Talk and kind of how to replace a fuse. Any questions, just drop them in the comments below. Any suggestions on some videos and some quick how-to's, let us know. And to get a notification when new videos come out, just subscribe and we look forward to seeing you.


All right, everyone so exercise number five in our nine exercise progression for fixing your chest cave when you're squatting We exercise number one. I'm not gonna tell you five yet when exercise number one We did a rock back to restore mobility Exercise number two. We did a glute bridge making sure that we started with our hamstrings so that we were getting good motor control Good muscle activation exercise number three. We did a rocking exercise to hang on to the calves hang on to this new mobility that we found and put some load on the system that way make yourself start moving start warming up exercise number four We did Backwards bear crawl nice backwards reach so that we're not crunching making sure we're looking up We got a nice position there making sure we're feeling this We started to integrate that that squatting pattern by bringing your knees up just like this But on the ground with our hands on the ground our knees may be even on the ground now exercise number five We're over here on this lovely ping-pong table in my parents basement We are going to do a wall supported squat It's just like a wall squat that you'd know from you know basketball practice or whatever But I like to do it a very particular way So we're gonna set ourselves up on the wall and just squat down a hair Okay, I don't want it to burn too much because this one's more about position. So Same principles here same idea. We want to put focus on the mobility aspect of this But I want to my legs are gonna burn after that workout. I just did We want to put emphasis on the mobility, but now we want to start to transition away from these remedial exercises and get into something that's a little bit more on Your feet a little bit more demanding a little bit more difficult so We're gonna rock your butt back like this flatten your back out and just keep your feet flat Okay, those are the secrets there. We're gonna reach forward just like this Making sure we're not jamming our shoulders back like this. It's not like I'm trying to pack my shoulder I'm trying to get a nice long reach here elongate my upper back And then I feel my legs a lot push my heels in the ground good. We're just gonna hang on to that Okay, I want you to try to find those hamstrings again. We got to keep those we got to keep those for these positions We got to keep those in our squat. So let's find them here. We don't have to squat here We're just holding a mini squat position So that makes it a little bit easier to mess around and find it if you'll lose them just hang out You can just do this for about a minute. I need to do it for breaths to make sure you look forward As I exhale as I stop talking now I feel my abs a lot more And that's the secret okay, so back stays flat arms stay reaching making sure you're reaching without crunching again Okay, so big idea look forward Okay, even look up a little bit more if it helps you undo that crunching and feel your foot flat in the ground So that's exercise number five in our anti chest cave progression


People can carry pathogens on their skin, in their hair, on their hands and in their digestive system or respiratory tract. Infected workers who handle produce and juice and have poor personal hygiene are an important cause of food contamination and foodborne illness outbreaks. Under current good manufacturing practices, everyone working in direct contact with food, food contact surfaces and food packaging materials should use good hygienic practices to protect against contamination of the food. Personal hygiene begins at home. This includes bathing, washing hair and wearing clean clothes daily. Personal hygiene continues at the plant by wearing clean smocks, hair nets and clean gloves where appropriate. Human hands are used for more than just handling food. They are used to greet others, to comb hair, to eat, to scratch and to handle unsanitary objects and they are used when using the toilet. During these activities, hands may become contaminated with harmful microorganisms and in some cases harmful chemical substances. These microorganisms or chemicals can be transferred to food or food contact surfaces if hands are not washed thoroughly. Employees should know when and how to properly wash their hands. Fingernails should be trimmed and maintained so that hand washing will effectively remove soil from under and around them. Polished or painted fingernails should be adequately cleaned and gloves should be worn. Hands should always be washed before food preparation, after touching human body parts, after using the toilet, after coughing, sneezing, using a handkerchief or tissue, after using tobacco, eating or drinking, after engaging in any activity that may contaminate the hands, such as taking out the garbage, handling cleaning chemicals or picking up dropped items, after caring for or touching animals and before returning to the work station, regardless of the reason for leaving the station. Thorough hand washing is important in preventing illness. Employees should follow these steps to properly wash hands. Wet hands with warm running water. Apply a liberal amount of soap to the hands. The surface of the hands, wrists and forearms should be scrubbed and rubbed vigorously for at least 20 seconds. The areas in between the fingers, under nails and forearms, should also be scrubbed and rubbed. Particular attention should be paid to washing the fingertips. Many microorganisms can be removed by friction alone. Hands should be rinsed under clean warm running water and then dried with a clean disposable towel. Hand washing stations should be equipped with hot and cold running water under pressure, a supply of soap and disposable single use towels. Warm water is recommended because cold water does not remove oils on the hands that may harbor microorganisms. Individual disposable towels are more sanitary than cloth towels for drying hands and are the preferred hand drying devices. Adequate waste containers should be supplied for used towels. Company expectations for proper hygiene and hand washing procedures should be clearly defined in pre-employment and periodic training programs. New employees should receive training prior to beginning employment, even if it takes considerable time and effort. Principles of personal hygiene and sanitation should be periodically reviewed with all employees. Prominently placed signs or posters are a good reminder. Clothing worn by employees in food processing and production areas should be kept clean. Dirty and soiled clothes can be a source of contamination of food products. Clean uniforms, aprons or other outer garments that are put on after an employee gets to work can help minimize contamination from sources outside the processing facility. Clothing, food for meals or snacks or other personal belongings should be stored in lockers or break room areas that are located away from processing areas or areas where equipment or utensils are washed. Hair in food can be a source of both microbiological and physical contamination. Food workers should be encouraged to keep their hair clean and should wear appropriate hair and or beard restraints at all times in food processing areas to prevent contamination of the finished products. Under current good manufacturing practices, rings, bracelets, necklaces, earrings, watches and other body part ornaments should not be worn because they can harbor microorganisms that can cause foodborne illness. Jewelry can also fall into food causing a physical hazard. All jewelry should be removed prior to entering the processing facility with the exception of plain wedding bands. Employees should eat food, chew gum, drink beverages or use tobacco only in designated areas away from food or food packaging materials or where equipment or utensils are washed. Healthy people can frequently harbor pathogens in their mouth and respiratory tract. Pathogens can move to employees' hands and then to the food products that they are processing when hand-to-mouth contact occurs. Hands should be washed every time employees return to work. Perspiration may contaminate the food, food contact surfaces, hands and clothing. Wiping a sweaty brow with a cloth or hand introduces potential contamination. Ideally, the processing facility should be maintained at cool temperatures to minimize perspiration. Diarrhea or open lesions are also a source of pathogens. Any employee with symptoms associated with acute gastrointestinal illness such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever or jaundice should be prohibited from working with food. Company policy should encourage employees to report illnesses to their supervisor so that the employee may be reassigned to a job that doesn't require contact with food. Employees diagnosed with Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Entomema histolytica, E. coli 015787, hepatitis A or Norovirus should not perform jobs that require contact with food or food contact surfaces until a doctor determines that they are disease-free. All of these diseases are easily transferred to foods and are considered severe health hazards. Exposed areas of arms, wrists and forearms that contain infected wounds should be completely covered by a dry, tight-fitting impermeable bandage. Cuts or burns on the food worker's hands should be thoroughly bandaged and covered with a clean glove. Food workers should minimize hand contact with produce. Use suitable utensils such as tongs, spatulas or single-use gloves where possible. Single-use gloves are frequently used to avoid direct hand contact, but gloves may create a false sense of security.  Single-use gloves should never be washed. They should always be thrown away when they need to be changed. And employees should put on fresh gloves only after thoroughly washing his or her hands. Employees should use sanitizer hand dips frequently to reduce recontamination while on the processing line, but not to replace hand washing. Employees should understand the importance of maintaining clean gloves. Single-use gloves should be changed after any activity that may contaminate them. In other words, single-use gloves should be changed as often as needed and for the same reasons an employee would wash their bare hands. If nondisposable gloves such as rubber gloves are used in the facility, they should be washed as frequently as bare hands. Hand should be washed before and after putting on nondisposable gloves. Conveniently located and properly equipped hand washing facilities are one key to getting employees to wash their hands. Hand washing stations should be located in or adjacent to restrooms and should also be located in food processing areas. Hand washing stations should be clean and well maintained and should not be used for purposes other than hand washing. Hand or glove dips also may be considered. Sanitizers designed for this purpose can be obtained from sanitation supply companies and should be prepared according to the label instructions. The sanitizing solution should be monitored frequently to ensure the proper concentration is maintained. Hand or glove dips are only appropriate for use with clean hands or clean gloves. These dips are not a substitute for proper hand washing. Boot dips are sometimes used to sanitize the bottom of boots or shoes when an employee moves from one part of the facility to another. When properly maintained, boot dips can reduce the spread of microorganisms throughout a facility. However, the sanitizing solution in boot dips can easily become depleted. The sanitizer solution should be monitored frequently to ensure the proper concentration is maintained. Toilet facilities are required for all employees. Employee restrooms should be conveniently located and accessible to employees during all hours of operation. Smocks and gloves should be left in the designated processing area. Managers play a very important role in helping their employees prevent contamination of food products such as providing health and hygiene training programs for employees. Managers should provide a clear understanding of the proper personal hygiene practices and company policies regarding illness and other health conditions such as infected wounds that could contaminate products. Policies should provide reassurance that employees will not lose their jobs if they report an illness or a communicable disease. Management should continually emphasize how important it is for employees to maintain a high level of cleanliness and good health and should serve as role models for good work habits and acceptable hygienic practices. They should also ensure that visitors follow the same hygienic practices as employees and have policies in place that prevent unauthorized personnel from being in food processing areas. Adequate training is very important and should be documented. Once employees understand what is expected of them, effective supervision of employee practices in food processing areas should be used to ensure that employees follow proper procedures. Training should be reviewed whenever incorrect practices are observed. Employees are more likely to follow good personal hygiene practices when facilities and supplies are adequate. Management is responsible for providing properly located and maintained facilities and supplies that will allow employees to adhere to personal hygiene requirements. Management should provide and maintain the following facilities. Dressing and changing rooms that are adequate and properly maintained. Laundry services and or uniform services as necessary. Designated employee areas for breaks where eating and drinking are allowed. Strategically placed and well stocked hand washing facilities throughout the production area. In summary, juice processing operation should be protected from contamination with microorganisms or foreign substances. Achieving this goal requires a healthy, clean and properly trained workforce that understands the importance of proper hand washing techniques and other personal hygiene practices. Adequate training programs and management supervision are important elements in a program to ensure preparation of safe juice.