Welcome to Texas Heart Institute Educational Series. The topic of this particular program is breaking the barrier in cardiac and vascular interventions. I'm your host. My name is Von Merkrager. I'm peripheral vascular intervention program director in Department of Cardiology at Texas Heart Institute and also president of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists. Our special guest today is Dr. Miguel Montero Baker. He is an associate clinical chief in division of vascular surgery and endovascular therapy at Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center. It's a true honor, sir, to be here. Thank you. This is the second time and hopefully many more to come. It's a pleasure to be here with you today. Thank you very much. So I would like to start this program with asking you several very important and pertinent questions related to diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. Let's concentrate on the particular important questions related to that particular topic. And let's mention past, present, and future of surgical and endovascular treatment of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. But also I would like to hear from you specifics related to the unmet needs and also the aspects of how has vascular surgery evolved over a period of the last few decades. So let's start with the question of task classification, how it has evolved, where we are now, and how often do you use it in your practice? Very well. Thank you, Dr. Kreiser. So task refers to the Transatlantic Society consensus. It was an attempt to try to get a lot of professional groups across the global scenario on the same page. And there was a series of publications, one focused mainly on the risk and the medical management of a lot of these patients, and then one more attempting to go deep into the more technical part. Now the task, an attempt to give some form, the task group created anatomical degree of classifications. And actually, as you can see on this slide on the right-hand side specifically on the aorta iliac system, they went on to classify patients within four groups, A, B, C, and D. That then went on to be done also for the femoral papatil and for the below the knee disease. Now if you specifically go into the aorta iliac disease, one of the things that had for many years raised some eyebrows or at least created discussion around the topic was that this is the C and the D patterns of disease. And what the consensus hints to is that all these patients are better served with open vascular repairs. Now that's easy said, not necessarily easy done, specifically because of the risk patterns of patients. One would then argue that there are extra anatomic bypasses that are made in a way to meet the needs of maybe the high risk surgical patients because most of these open repairs would actually imply that the patient would need a laparotomy. And not a lot of these patients can actually undergo a cross-clamping of the aorta safely. And not a lot of these can actually bounce back quickly, specifically the more frail patients. Now this is an image of one of my actual patients. This is a bypass from the subclavian to both common femurals. And that's an extra anatomic bypass, which some authors actually argue that could be even done under local anesthesia for high risk patients. Now sadly, the patency of these extra anatomic reconstructions is very low, specifically at five years. And then one of the most dreadful complications in this sadly happened to one of my patients is that the grafts can actually infect and erode in patients that have poor wound healing, something that is unfortunately frequent. And so one of the greatest advances I think we've met at this particular point is that with good technique, adequate catheter sizing and the development of new covered stents that actually are good to reconstruct these aorta iliac diseases, this is that same patient. I actually did a reconstruction of his infrared aorta with stents and was able to safely take the infected open bypass out. And this patient went on to do very well. So if I may, you showed us an extreme case really. Those are really rare scenarios where you have to do extra anatomic bypass and more frequently you can do conventional surgical repair aorta by iliac and aorta by femoral bypass in LaRiche or CTO of the aorta. And it was a nice example that you showed how you can rescue this patient with endovascular approach. So not to belabor too much on this particular topic but I would like to ask you what is your current approach even though this is really advanced task classification type of a scenario, what is your current approach when you deal with LaRiche in patients with comorbid conditions, not a standard patient with low risk for surgery? Do you think more about endovascular approach or do you still use quite a bit of surgical techniques? I think Dr. Kreischer, anytime that we have these questions about this matter, we are definitely leaning in many ways on the surgeon's ability to have every tool and technique at this disposal. And so there is certainly an inherited bias whenever you face these cases. Are you comfortable with extensive endo? Are you comfortable with crossing CTOs? And is this probably the best or not for your patient? I do agree with you. Still, we push our fellows to learn exposures to understand how to expose the aorta to make retroperneal dissections of the aorta. A thing of every day for them, they have to be comfortable. But the higher risk patients, I quite frankly find myself more and more doing the endo. Now, this was an extreme case, but sometimes a very bad LaRiche with just two kissing stents into the distal segment of the aorta can be fixed rather simply. This is actually an extract from the Cobes trial, which was a randomized study to showing covered, PTFE covered stents to bare metal stents and helping us understand that we actually have pretty good patency rates that are far and beyond those of some extra anatomical bypasses that some of these patients with severe comorbidities would have had instead of an endovascular repair. So I think that we have met a lot of the technical needs and in the right training setting, a lot of these patients are served well with endovascular therapy. Excellent, thank you very much. Another very controversial and hot topic is a common femoral artery disease, extensive atherosclerotic disease, which is frequently accompanied by extensive calcification that can involve not only the common femoral artery but proximal or osteol SFA and profundum femoris. And in my experience for a very long period of time, this was a so-called no touch zone for endovascular intervention until relatively recently. Can you elaborate a little bit more? What are the latest advances and how do we treat this at the present time? And what does the future hold? Yeah, I definitely think this is a hot topic. And I think many times the discourse of no touch area or no endo area. Is or was many times pushed by just turf wars where there was attempt to protect on the surgeon side, for example, to try to remain constant and valid within. But as you have developing vascular surgeons that push and push the limits, then the no option has started to become options in many ways. But we need data, of course. This has to be, this cannot just be a discussion and certainly not a turf war. I am very happy to say that now we work much more collegially and that a lot of these things are a thing of the past, which we've obviously shown here at Texas Heart Institute where we work together. But let me bring a couple of important things here to this slide that I wanted to share. This obviously shows a rock in the common femoral, something that still I believe most of us surgeons believe the standard of care should be an endorectomy with a patch. But there was a study a few years ago, the TECO trial, which showed that there was actually low morbidity and low worm morbidity in relationships, obviously, to the wound when you would offer open versus endoin patients. And so that led my good friend, Cohen DeLuce, in the Netherlands to actually initiate a study called the VMI CFA trial. And this is just a prospective multi-center single arm effort to assess the performance of a stent with mimetic properties in the patients with common femoral disease. Now these patients should have symptomatic disease that was limited to the common femoral artery. And this is very important because I would still advocate that extensive disease into the profundo femoris is very easy to fix with surgery. And one should consider that above anything. But when I say morbidity is most of us surgeons have been in a way, shape or form, have a few skeletons in our closet about complications from groins. I will tell you, not every groin is the same. Multiple previous interventions make it very difficult to get in there. Previous surgery makes it difficult. And certainly obesity makes it a high risk for infection. And I'll tell you, dealing with a patch infection in the groin is no easy task. So in this particular study, there was technical success of 100%. And at 12 months, there was already, this is not necessarily published, but it's already been out in the public. I said it's been in some of the major vascular conferences around the world. The 12 months primary patency rate was 95.2%. And the freedom from clinically driven TLRs was 97.8. So we're showing very good results. It seems like intimal hyperplasia, which is always our fear of endovascular therapy is not as severe in the common femoral. And a lot of MRI studies functionally have shown that common femoral is actually a very stable artery. When we walk or sit, what moves is the proximal is the fey and the external iliac. The common femoral actually doesn't have a lot of forces. So as there is no extrinsic compression that severely moves this, it is probably the hypothesis behind it that the results are pretty good. So I believe that we're looking at a possible change. And I think that if the patient is risk stratified and it seems to be a bad patient for open, this seems to be a good alternative for us. Very good. I truly share reviews as far as this particular zone is concerned. And I'm very glad that Dr. Cohen de Luz who's a vascular surgeon actually moved this frontier forward because then I believe that the vascular surgery will accept it more readily than it would be by radiologist or interventional cardiologist. But I think also what is very important in my personal experience is the advent of new technologies such as shock wave for extremely calcified vessels, etherectomy devices, and stents that are durable. They don't break easily and they show pretty good long-term results as far as patency concerned. That in my opinion is one of the major factors that allowed us to be able to be where we are now with the common femoral artery disease. Here I actually have a slide to share of an example that's publicly available. But this is a situation where lithothripsy as you could see there as depicted by the image in the middle does a great job at rupturing and in a way minimizing the calcium burden as it actually can break it into smaller pieces. And you have pretty good results because we're always very worried about some very severe dissection in this territory. And of course I think there are other etherectomy tools out there that I think as we use them more, could be very good options to treating these patients and not necessarily leaving scaffolds behind. Again, no data really at this time to share on specific common femurals that's worth this causing, but certainly things that I think will open possibilities for the future. And of course we should add drug-alluding technology but it was certainly helped in this type of a scenario. And lithothripsy, we were in a trial here at our institution. We have seen some impressive results in very complex scenarios. So let's move further down to the popliteal artery and talk a little bit about popliteal or femoral popliteal aneurysmal disease. Again, for a long period of time this was completely in the domain of vascular surgery and it still might be for most of the scenarios, but I want you to share your views as far as surgery versus ten graphs for this particular problem. Right, so one thing to have in mind with popliteal aneurysmal disease is mind you, it's different from the aorta iliac aneurysms or aortic aneurysms in the sense that rupture is not necessarily the driving force. In these cases the clinical problems that patients may have is that the aneurysm itself becomes anitis for clot and there's a lot of murals thrombus and so it's not rare that these patients, if undetected, come with an acute limb ischemia as they've trashed entirely their distal flow and so recognizing this early obviously allows us to offer a good therapy. Now this slide that I present here just is a very nice diagrammatic way of showing what's currently out there for the management of these cases. So one on the left shows a medial approach with a bypass with two incisions. The one in the middle shows a posterior approach so you make an incision behind the knee and then interpose a vein and then the last one shows a stent graft which in the event that we have adequate landing zones above and below has shown good results overall. Now I think if there are lots of data and many times registries, we don't have a very solid comparable study that I could mention. There is a very nice meta analysis that has shown that mostly this has historically been repaired open that most of them have been done by medial approach but that there's certainly an important number of patients now being treated with endo. I think that it's important for us to be clear that this should be a patient-centric decision and even more so after one decides, well I think this patient is high risk or low risk, then we have to be very, very critical about the technical part because it's not as easy as saying, well I think he's high risk and I'm putting a stent in. Well in many cases you have very dilated arteries. We don't necessarily have all the gamut of sizes and certainly we have to consider that we definitely need an ideal situation when considering a stent graft to put above and below. Surgery of course is always going to have its inherited complications to the incision and or bleeding but unfortunately there's also many endo leaks that can happen both in stents or in open, specifically in the medial approach because you don't resect the aneurysm and a lot of times the sural vessels can actually continue to feed into the aneurysm and many times the size could be even compressive and giving chronic pain. I know you have a lot of experience in stent grafts and I think in very selective patients it could be an option but I think one has to caution the audience that it may not be a great solution currently for everybody. Right, yeah, we published several manuscripts from our experience with a variety of stent grafts and as everybody knows there are balloon expandable and self expandable stent grafts. Of course balloon expandable stent grafts should not be used in this particular location because of tremendous risk of crush and kink and what's also very important there is not a single stent graft at the present time approved for this particular application. There were some attempts in very early stages but they were abandoned to me for unknown reasons but I think that's the frustrating part that we do not have a stent graft that has been proven to function well over a long period of time. So I do have my concerns relating the use of stent grafts for this particular application because we do not have a dedicated stent graft. So that is obviously one thing that is within the unmet needs that we have to still have hope for that will happen in the future. I'd add to that and this is just personal knowledge is that in many times I'll reinforce the stent grafts with a mimetic stent inside but it has to be a very particular set of situations where you can actually size appropriate both the stent graft and then the mimetic stent that goes inside of that to give it a second support system. But right now I'm not necessarily sure that one can ever adventure to say that endo is gonna be primary above this. I think that open good surgical technique may probably be suitable for most patients. Very well, so this is kind of a segue to how have new technologies evolved and what can we expect as far as treatment of critical limb is concerned? I know you have tremendous experiences with treatment of critical limb ischemia. You have been involved in clinical trials and you published and presented at many different meetings on this topic. So I would like to hear your views and your experience on past, present and future and also the unmet needs in this particular disease. Correct, as you fancy under the more extreme scenarios of patients nowadays where you have severe below the knee and even below the ankle disease patterns, then you have to take into consideration many things. Now, one of the things is it's not going away and it's getting more and more. And the reason is because we have a society that is becoming older, healthcare improves and that is met with patients that are many times in phases of decay in the extreme segment of their lives but they're still patients, they deserve care. Diabetes is driving a lot of this also, a tie to increscendo obesity and then a subset of those patients was the uber complex patients are those that are in already renal failure on dialysis because a lot of the derangements of electrolytes lead to severe calcification patterns. So I think the major advancement in peripheral arterial disease intervention on the endovascular world is the understanding that it's not coronary vessels because many times we have found ourselves in history, thankfully, that we have pioneers that are cardiologists that have pushed the limits and applied tools from one territory to the other but we've obviously learned that these could be longer segment lesions, that there are different calcium patterns in those lesions. And so I would believe that technology has emerged up to the needs. I mean, we now have micro braided longer catheters of support. We have dropped the profile of crossing devices, support devices down to a very useful scenario. We have developed peripheral wires that are workhorses and then grammage of up to like 60 grams of pressure for CTO wires that you would maybe in coronaries never consider using but it is a very different scenario. And then on top of that, we have recognized much more the wound care that has to be associated to all these patients, the toe and flow. I may interrupt and ask you in particular, I remember when I started working on peripheral disease and interventions in the early 80s, critical in mischemia and below the knee disease was another what we call a no touch zone for any interventions. It doesn't matter whether you are cardiologist or radiologist or a vascular surgeon. And part of the reason for it was that we didn't have tools. I remember Dr. Schwarton was one of the first ones trying with balloon to address those particular problems and Gerald Doros, an interventional cardiologist, was brave enough to intervene and showed pretty impressive results but the tools were missing, lacking. And so if you would have 30 years ago present the information of endovascular treatment of below the knee disease, everybody would look at you and criticize you as you are heretic and you are doing something that is totally out of the range of any interventionalist. So in a way, the way I see it, I have to congratulate vascular surgeons like you to show baldness and determination to be able to move to this frontier and break those barriers to get us to the point where we are now. And as you started talking about the technology that is available now, we could only dream about it in 20, 30 years ago. So here you have an example. Yeah, this is the case. You can mention. Yeah, I wanted to show this case just because it shows a couple of things. One is that we still unfortunately today knowing how important it is to do a vascular workup, we see patients that come to our clinic that have been amputated with no vascular workup. So this lady underwent an amputation and obviously she was profoundly ischemic. And obviously the incision of the surgeon that did the foot surgery didn't work well. And also how we have a needle going from the antirelateral segment of almost at the ankle level in what seems to be a very athritic and small perineal artery, almost the size of the needle or smaller. But on top of the technology we're talking about, we've gotten much better at doing these retrograde accesses, which I really believe the bi-directional approach gets you in many times succeeded before we would have not been able. Actually, there's a paper in the journal, Vendovascular Therapy from back in 2008 while I was in Germany where we showed that up to 20% of the times we would fail to cross-antigrate. And so this has opened the panorama for many things. Now, this is an x-ray guided puncture but we always advocate for ultrasound guided as high definition. In this particular case, I won't expand with much of the angiographic results but we were able to rescue two vessel outflow which then led to the development of a transmetatarsal amputation modified. You see that there's a lot of skin missing, but here's where again that marriage of toe and flow, the podiatrist working side-by-side with a vascular interventionalist, be that an IR, an IC or a VES to understand the needs of the wound, creating a beautiful wound, seeing that patient through and then placing a skin graft for absolute wound healing on a TMA and a patient ambulatory within a month and a half of a presentation that everybody else wanted to do on above than the amputation. So I really think that we have a lot of those gaps now met. So Dr. Montero, you just mentioned a couple of very important things that have really broken the barriers and move this approach forward. One is mandatory use of ultrasound for treatment of below the knee disease, critical in viscimia, alternate access. And if anybody would like to get involved in this field, this is like an absolutely essential tool. Now, another thing what you mentioned, and I have to congratulate your colleague, Vascular Surgeons and few Interimational cardiologists that were trailblazing in this field, gaining access to distal posterior tibial, anterior tibial, or even peroneal artery with a needle with direct access was very bald and brave type of approach. In the past, we would fear this greatly because of the risk of compartment syndrome. But of course, with advancement of techniques using ultrasound, this is relatively low risk procedures. However, things can go wrong and you can certainly develop compartment syndrome. So for those, in my opinion, that are involved in this type of approach, they should be aware of it and they should know how to identify it and how to treat it or to have a proper backup. I'm talking about non-surgical interventionalists. Absolutely, a multidisciplinary team is needed and I think the interventionalist, non-surgical, should always be part of a team that has the ability of calling the rasker surgeon or orthopedic surgeon say, I think that we have a possible compartment syndrome and we need to be, you know, take care of it promptly. I would advocate, I have a few very short tips here on this to close it, but extreme access is doable and it's a good tool to save complex feet wounds. I think that patterns like orphan heel or the desert foot should be recognized and treated aggressively. Venous arterialization, which is probably a topic that you and I should talk about on a one-hour session alone should be considered, this is really breaking a lot of the boundaries of no-option patients, but advanced training is possible and courses are available all over the place and I think cadaver courses are probably the best way to go out there and train and understand what the ultrasound offers, how to put the patient on the table, what to learn and again, like you said, recognition of early complications of this patient, certainly don't experiment on patients. We just had a course like this here in Houston at the Mighty Center and this was the International Society of Endovascular Specialists, first Houston symposium where you actually own cadaver. We had 12 different stations with extra equipment and ultrasound equipment, showed to the participants all the techniques available to treat below-the-kneed complex disease and patients with critical infuscumials and thank you very much for... Yeah, it was lovely. I would just say to anybody out there, don't miss this course. This was the first of hopefully many and it's all hands-on. I was actually delightfully impressed with how great it was and I think we even made a little video so hopefully the ISEVS webpage will have it up soon but it's certainly something that I think we should continue to push on strategies. Thank you very much. This will complete part one program on breaking the barriers in peripheral vascular interventions for treatment of lower extremity arterial disease. Please join us for a part two presentations on this topic. Thank you.


I just wanted to talk about a lucidream I had last night which was very intentional and the intention behind it will actually probably be surprising to a lot of you, but what I do now, okay, so my sort of goes, every lucidreamer has an arsenal of techniques or methods they use at any given time. This arsenal of techniques will change over time depending on how experienced you are, what you want to try, what you're learning, or maybe if you're trying to refine a technique, you know, it will almost never be the same technique you're using every month for years on end. So what I'm doing at the moment is just a very, it's not even a technique really, it's just using a very strong intention of lucidreaming as I go to sleep and I've got, no, I've got it to the point now where I can just lay down and what I do is I visualize discovering that it's a lucidream. Okay, so what I mean by that, I lay down before I go to sleep and I strongly vividly visualize that moment where you realize it's a dream. I visualize looking down at my hands in a dream obviously and realizing that I'm not actually awake and just by visualizing that I was able to have a lucidream and I've been doing this for a few weeks now and at the moment this is my favorite technique just because it's so easy guys, it's really so easy. You don't need to, I don't need to do reality checks during the day for this method to work. Now I'm not saying this will work for everyone, maybe this is just because I'm fairly experienced or maybe I've been, maybe the intention is just that strong. I don't know what it is, you know, it could be a mixture of those things but I think you should definitely try it just when you lay down to go to sleep have a few minutes where you really strongly visualize being in a lucidream, you strongly visualize not what you're going to do in the dream because that comes later, you need to visualize the moment, the second where you discover you're lucid and for most people that involves looking down at your hands or looking around at something strange that triggers you to become lucid. Now don't get this confused, this is not a reality check, I'm not saying to visualize a reality check or there you can, I'm saying to visualize the moment of discovery, that instant moment where you realize oh I'm dreaming and for me that usually involves looking down at my hands so I'll visualize looking down at my hands while telling myself this is a dream, I'm dreaming. And it really works, you know, I just wanted to share this with you guys because it's really good, it seems to work for me. That doesn't mean it'll work for you but I invite you to try it nonetheless because it might work for you, you don't know. Now if you want to take this one step further you can combine this with visualizing doing a reality check and in fact I would advise you to do that because I had to do a reality check when I became lucid just to sort of stabilize the dream, I also used the method where you rub your hands together. Now I should add that for most of these or for some of these, probably over half, it was probably a combination of a wake back to bed and the intention before I went to bed. I can't say for certain and the reason for that is that what it felt like is that I woke up in my bed but not to the point where I got out of the bed, had thoughts looked around open my eyes. So I don't really know if it was a wake back to bed, it felt like I woke up just for a split second and then went back to bed but I don't remember opening my eyes and I certainly don't remember waking up and getting out of bed. So I don't know if you'd call that a wake back to bed or if you just called that a very very slight interruption of my sleep followed by a wild, I don't know what you'd call it and I can't really label it because I don't remember exactly what happened but I know for certain I didn't wake up and get out of bed. I just stayed there laying down, my eyes are closed but I remember thinking I'm awake now even just for a split second I remember thinking I'm awake now and then I went back to sleep. Now, so it could have been a wild, could have been a wake back to bed or it could have been, I could have dreamt the whole thing and the whole thing was induced by the intention the night before. Needless to say it was pretty cool, pretty low maintenance. I didn't have to do reality checks the days before. I've actually had a break from meditating the last three days so it really was low maintenance, low effort technique I guess if you could even call it that. This is just my experiences as I said and what happened when I was lucid is I used to do a lot of free running before I injured my knee.  Nothing crazy but just high enough that when I got a landing wrong it messed up my knee for a few years and so what I like to do now is I like to practice free running in lucid dreams simply because there's no risk whatsoever. It's great fun and you can do more impressive things and this is a weird one for me because I've always been an advocate of like you should do something in a lucid dream but you should also do it in waking life and free running is one of those things that I could go out and do in waking life right now. But I just don't want to maybe I'm still a bit scared of injuring myself after the years of trouble I had with my knee. Maybe I just don't see the reward. Maybe I don't want it enough but I still want it enough to practice it in a lucid dream and just to experience it in a risk-free environment. So yeah that's what I've been doing recently. I think I thought I'd share with you guys what I'm actually doing my lucid dreams right now. I'm practicing free running and I'm using this intention expectation technique or method if you could call that to lucid dream with almost no effort at all. Now I know a lot of you will be thinking well it's all it's about the effort you know you need to put the effort in and to some degree I do and I have you know I've spent years doing reality checks so I've probably got that habit of critical awareness ingrained in my subconscious mind now to the point where I can induce a lucid dream simply by intending to lucid dream and a lot of people are the same I've been having lots of emails for you from you guys saying I can lucid dream just by wanting to lucid dream and that's great. But yeah for those of you who are watching this give it a try you know go to sleep with the intention of lucid dreaming but more importantly remember the intention of discovering a lucid dream not doing a reality check as such. You want to visualize the moment where you discover you're lucid usually that involves looking down at your hands. Well that was a long video anyway so that's it for today guys go ahead and subscribe and leave a comment letting me know whether you are going to try this technique if not why not.


Thanks, Tim. So this is joint work with Ressa and Martin Emsen from Denmark. What's happening here? So the motivation here is in the analysis of online algorithms, often there's a large theory practice is connect. The kind of things that we theoretical people predict about algorithms that are not born in reality and the kind of behavior that systems people observe in practice for many of our algorithms are not the one we predict from our theory. So it's very frustrating to have a conversation with a practitioner about one of the algorithms we design because we cannot talk the same language. They don't like what we do and we don't understand what they do. So this is a problem that pervades online algorithms and we're going to study in particular case of paging and caching in this talk. So I assume most of you are familiar with paging, but for those of you who haven't, who saw it too long ago in the undergrad, I'll have a 10-second review. That's about 10 seconds, right? So there's a cache of ISK. There's a slow memory. It's a fast memory. We're trying to decide who gets evicted from a page or not. The better known algorithms are LRU. Let's reasonably use five for first in first out. Flush when full, which is really bad, but it's very easy to implement in hardware. So it exists out there. There's some class of algorithms called lazy algorithms marking algorithms. There's others, but these are sort of the more famous ones. And as you know, we always study these things under the competitive ratio. We, I mean, theoreticians. People in the field do not use competitive ratio, but we use competitive ratio, which takes the cost of the number of faults of the online algorithm. And it's comparisons to the number of faults on the same sequence by an offline algorithm that knows the future. And then takes the worst case analysis of that ratio and calls that the competitive ratio. And as we know, in practice for paging, it doesn't work. It predicts, for example, that LRU is as bad as FIFO, which is as bad as FWF. Whereas in reality, LRU is better, FIFO is also, FWF is really bad. And so this result is not useful in practice. So if you think about it, what offline optimum is trying to do in some sense is measure how easy or hard the input was. But the problem is it's not a very good measure of that. Because for most problems, although offline optimum measures actually two things. It measures how hard the input was, but also measures how much it would help you to know the future. So the input could be really hard. But if you know the future, it becomes easy. But it was a hard input. So we're really combining two different numbers, which are different units, and adding them to one thing, which is the performance of offline optimum. We are adding your weight plus the time of day. So this is a bad measure. It's adding two different things. We would like to know which inputs are easy, and in those inputs we want our online algorithm to do well. We would like to know which inputs are hard, and those inputs our online algorithm can do worse. But offline optimum, which is somewhat attempting to measure that is not exactly capturing it. A second problem of online optimum of the competitive ratio is that it's adversarial in nature. It looks at the worst case, it creates the worst possible sequence, and we claim that paging is not a good place to use worst case analysis. There is room for adversarial analysis. I mean, I guess the best example of a place where adversarial analysis is very good is in crypto, right? In crypto, there is an adversary who is really trying to get you. So there's definitely room for adversarial analysis in other places, but not for paging. If you think about it, programmers write tend to at least the good ones, like to write code that has high locality of reference. Compilers, when they compile said code, they try to increase locality of reference. So the sequences you're getting, rather than being adversarial, they're being purposely built in the nicest way possible for your algorithm. And if somebody happens to give you code that has no locality of reference, it's perfectly okay to tell them, look, the computer is going to trash on your code. You have no locality of reference.  And systems people are perfectly happy to tell that to people. So why are we studying these algorithms on the worst possible sequence when, in reality, we should be studying them in sequences that are nicely built by a good algorithm designer and nicely built by a good compiler. We're not the first people to observe this disconnect. We're not the first people to notice that a competitive ratio fails. Here's a list of a sample of some papers where people have criticized the competitive ratio. And if you look at the names, it's a who's who of people who work in online algorithms. And at some point with my student, Reza, we wanted to find where was the first paper that somebody said the competitive ratio doesn't work. So we started sort of looking back in the past, farther and farther into the past, to find the first paper that had observed that the competitive ratio was not producing meaningful results. And we ended up finding the original paper by Dennis Lerner and Bob Tarjan in chapter two, introduced the competitive ratio. And in chapter three says, but it doesn't work. Therefore, we need resource enhanced competitiveness. So this is really not a new idea. The fact that, and it's surprising given that even from the beginning, people are claiming it's not working, why are we still using it, right? And I think there are good answers to that. I'm not going to go into them right now, but it's an interesting question. Why is competitive ratio has survived so long? So people have gone back and looked at the problem of paging or separating between LRU5 and FWF and tried to provide models that separate between them for the case of paging. Again, this is just a sample of work on the field. There's more work than this. If you're interested on the entire work, you can look at our survey, which is now six years old, but it contains anything before that. And as you can see from the venues, stock, Fox, Soda, Soda, Stock, Stock. Answering this separation question is considered a fundamental question. Even partial progress to this question makes it to the top venue in the field. And finally, in 2007, we were able to, using ideas of Susanna and her student, we were able to provide a model, a deterministic model, that fully shows that LRU is better, FIFO is so-so, and FWF is bad. So I'm going to talk a little bit about how that goes and ideas are after. So the first thing we showed in that paper was that if you do not somehow give different weights to different input sequences, you could not possibly separate. Somehow, if you treat all input sequences the same, all algorithms are equally good or equally bad. So somehow, you're going to have to classify your inputs and say, look, the ones that are nice, I have to do really well, and the ones that are not nice, I'm allowed to do worse. In some sense, offline opt, I'll start too, right? The ones have a higher offline number like that. The problem of offline opt is that I could measure. So we need something that is a measure of easy difficulty of the input of locality of reference, something that classifies the inputs, but it's not offline opt. So people have observed that before. We were the first ones to give a theorem, but the observation was there much before us. People have said, well, we needed some measure of locality of reference or difficulty, and people have proposed various alternatives, torn in fogs of Susana, which is a nice idea in stock, and so on. So in our paper, in Sona O7, we use the ideas from Susana to introduce locality of reference to weigh the inputs in a very natural way, and show that by using that natural weighing of the inputs, LRU is best. And this work has been extended. Budget analysis has been used in other fields, case server problem, bin packing. So the idea of objective analysis has been successful in separating in places where no one else were able to separate before. Some instances of case servers, some instances of bin packing. However, one of the problems that objective analysis has is that it is a difficult analysis, and for a model to be effective, to be good, it has to be effective. If the proofs are very complicated, people won't use it. Susana, for example, mentioned on Monday that one of the reasons we don't do average case analysis is because it's really hard. If it was easy, we would do it more often, but if it was so hard, we just walk away from it. It's just too difficult. So we said, is it possible to introduce another model that it produces as good results or close to objective analysis, but it's a lot more effective. And so we started thinking about how can we weaken this very fine tool, this very fine measuring tool to obtain somewhat less fine tool, but much easier to use. And we stumbled on this idea of parameter analysis, which Susana also discovered independently. So if you look at the paper as you see, the same general ideas, but different particular details. And I've taken to call these parameters analysis as a joint result, D-L-L-A-L, because it's sort of the same result that different people, D-L-L-A, independent scores at the same time. And we have further extended these for the working set, which in a paper that appeared this year in Wawa. And next year in SOTA, Gabriel Moruz and his student Adrienne Nuguesco also extend their parameterized analysis to the competitive ratio. If I have time, I'll talk a little bit about that at the end. So what is parameterized analysis of online algorithms? Well, we take the performance of the algorithm in an input sequence and we try to balance its cost not only by the size of the input, but by a measure of difficulty, but a parameter D. This is so M is the input size and D is an input difficulty. This is very similar to parameterized analysis in S-PETAS, where we try to bound the time as opposed to the cost in terms of a polynomial and a parameter K, which in some how represents the difficulty of the input. A very interesting observation of these is that parameterized analysis includes offline optimum. So one possible measure of difficulty for offline opt. So we're not giving anything away. You can still do offline opt in parameterized analysis, but you can choose a better measure if you so wish. So if you do the simple math, you can actually rewrite the competitive ratio in the form a of sigma less than cost of n times difficulty, where difficulty now would be the performance of the offline opt. So the measure of locality of reference that we introduced, which is slightly different in Susana, is what we call the non-locality of a sequence. So you request a page and you say well how long ago was the previous time I requested it? If the sequence has low locality of reference, I would request it a long time ago. If the sequence has high locality of reference, that request happened nearby. Then I take the next request and again I ask how long ago was the previous request, and I add up these distances in the past. So if the sequence has high locality of reference, the previous request would be small. When I add them across the entire sequence, it would be small. If the locality is low, then this number would be high. And you can see the numbers come really, really low. Sort of there are five percent of the maximum value, one percent of the maximum possible value. So this shows that the sequences are really not adversarial. This number could be as bad as 100 percent if there was no locality, and it's just it's in the low and below 10 percent. So once you introduce this parameter, you can actually measure the performance of any on paging algorithm, and it comes in this range between lambda k plus one k size of the cache and lambda over two. So lower numbers means less false, larger numbers means more false. So the best algorithm would be around here, the worst algorithm would be around here. The proof is rather simple. I'm not going to go through it, but it fits in a page. Why do I show a proof in a page? It shows the model is effective. It's easy to prove these things. So we can quickly prove that LRU is optimal because it's not hard to show that the cost is less than lambda k plus one less than or equal to lambda k plus one. This is what's the left side of the interval that I showed in the previous slide. Therefore, this is optimal. And the proof is a one-liner, yet again, effectiveness of the model. So it was very hard to prove LRU was optimal in all the models. Here's a one-liner. We can also analyze general class of algorithms, such as conservative or marking algorithms, algorithms and show that they lie somewhere in the middle of the range. All of them, this can be as bad as lambda over two, so this shows that they're much better than other algorithms out there. And the proof is also fits in a page. More interestingly, the proof of this is the same proof that shows that all marking algorithms are k-competitive in the competitive ratio. So we grab the same proof, replace up by lambda, and obtain a better result. Is this an accident? No. What happened is that people, when they proved that all marking algorithms are k-competitive, they built the adversarial sequence very carefully. They really thought about what are the key properties of marking algorithms, constructed a really nice, very carefully-constructed adversarial sequence. And then they grabbed this horrible ruler, this coarse ruler called offline optimum, and they were able not to get much out of it. But it wasn't because the sample wasn't good, it was because the ruler they used to measure the sample was really good. You throw away this bad offline optimum ruler, replace it with this finer locality of reference ruler, and the same sample gives you a much better answer, because you measure it better. So this happens not only for this problem, it happens for almost all of the proofs we have here. We need to grab, we can use previous adversarial sequences introduced for the competitive ratio, because they were built very carefully by our fellow researchers. And just by having a finer ruler, things that before measured just to k in the offline optimum ruler, here measured to lambda over 2, lambda over 3, and different values. And the fact that the proofs are easy means the model is effective. That means it's easy to prove things in this model. So this speaks really well for the model if I'm immodest about it, but it's a really bad idea for publishing papers, right? It's hard to publish papers where the proofs are easy. But in terms of obtaining results, you get a lot of results from out of it. So here's a sample of them, right? And you have matching bounds, and in general if you want to see the entire table, we've been able to analyze a ton of algorithms, obtaining different values and including some randomized algorithms and obtained performance, including the offline algorithm can be analyzed also in terms of the locality of reference. So the offline optimum is about three times better than LRU. So I think if you introduce a model and try to argue that it's better, it's only intellectually honest to also take the opposite side and convey its deficiencies or its possible caveats. So one natural question to ask about this model is, well, you introduce a measure of difficulty, non-locality of reference, it seems rather arbitrary, it's not the same as the sannas, it's close to the sannas, so why yours, why not sannas, or why not something else? Well, there's three answers to that. For some problems, often there's only one natural measure. So for example, for many things having to do with compression or randomness, entropy is the one natural measure, our k-order entropy. For some other problems, and this is the case for paging, the results are robust under any choice of measure you have. So we have sannas measure, our measure, and the one we propose in WAWA, they all give the same results. So what this is saying is you don't have to worry about getting the model exactly right, the measure exactly right. Here's an example, think about the RAM model. In the RAM model we claim that and and an addition take the same cost, or an or an addition take the same cost. But so long as they're within a constant of each other, your analysis still holds. So you don't need to actually work out exactly what is the number of times cps cycles of your addition or your own. So long as it's constant, your result will hold. And that's what we're saying here. The results seem to hold under small perturbations of the measure, propose some natural measure, all the results hold. And the third thing is that the measures we're using right now, offline optimum or input size, are also somewhat arbitrary. Offline optimum brings these knowledge of the future, which is not very relevant. And for not all analysis, for general classical complexity results, we have chosen to measure the difficulty of the input barely by input size. We say if the input is bigger, it's harder. If the input smaller, it's easier. Which is generally true, but not 100% true, right? You can have very large inputs that are trivial. You can have very small inputs that are hard. So for every measure there's a bit of arbitrary choice. Another drawback of this model is that the measure of the difficulty is problem-specific. We don't have offline optimum applies to all online algorithms. Here we need for every problem to define the parameter that we care about. Again, some measures carry across various problems. Anything for paging carries the least update. But yes, sometimes a measure is called arbitrary. We have the case, for example, for SPTAs, where there's many different parameters, three-weed, degree of the graph, whatever.  And the third one is, well, yeah, it would be great if we could have a single measure that applied across all problems. And we wouldn't have to define problem-specific measures. And yeah, that would be great. Do we have any evidence such a thing exists? After 25 years of playing with the competitive ratio and offline optimum, maybe this is an ideal field of the world that doesn't exist. It's like world peace. It would be great if world peace existed, but it's just not there, right? And therefore, you have to work on the assumption that world peace is not there. Also, maybe it's even foolish to ask for a unique measure. Think about a physical object, such as this pointer. If a physicist wants to measure this object, he can give you many different measures, the weight, the density, the hardness, the volume. And it will be silly to demand from the physicists that they reduce it down to one number. How come you have so many different measures? Well, because there's so many different things to measure, right? And what do you measure? Well, it depends on what you want to use the number for, right? So maybe it's even silly to expect to have a single measure of difficulty. Maybe there's a rising to half. Okay, I'm going to be one quick question.


Yeah, it was a happy memories from that time, my actual debut for the club was against Sydney in the home derby, so it's not an easy game to debut, but it ended up being really good and we won and we had a dominant display and it was a fantastic atmosphere and I had that feeling and I saw in my teammates back then that it's a different game than any other. So yeah, for me positives from that time but every derby is for itself, it's a new story, it's a new kind of circumstances now so we need to be prepared for that and I can't wait for it to be honest. My earliest memories of it would be overseas and early, I remember waking up early enough and seeing in the change room getting into training a bit early and watching it on my phone. I don't know which websites I was watching on some dodgy website but one of the games I always wanted to watch and always keen to watch was the derby. Sydney FC, the blue vs red and black, yeah just hometown, even seeing the young boys I grew up with like Keanu and stuff playing, it was always good to see them on the field and I always loved to watch. Yeah I mean it's challenging, you have to be up for it and that's what makes the derby special, also that tension between the players and some fiery moments on the field and it's important to have that fire in your stomach and be prepared to fight for your teammate, for yourself, for the club but also to keep your head clear, have a clear mind to make proper decisions on the field so you have to find a balance. I definitely knew like before the season starts kind of like highlighted mentally where the derby is which you know 6th game of the season, 12th or whatever. It's one of those games that you don't need people to hype you up for, you don't need to know that someone smashing this is an important game, like I know, we know that this is such an important game. Yeah, we are definitely ready for this game, ready for the fight, ready for not just to play well and give it all but to win the game, I think that's the most important thing. Another day you know you can give it all but we have to win and we know that we got the mentality and the locker rooms shifted forward and it's been good, good preparation this week. You know we're playing away from home but we're going to have a lot of our fans there, I'm sure they're going to win the battle in the stands and it's up to us to win on the field. Sydney's going to be red and black.


This is an interesting and unusual new author with a mixed bag collection here of stories I call it a mixed bag because some of them are excellent and some are not in fact of the 14 stories in this book Some aren't even good I would say there was one lengthy story in the middle of the book that I skipped all together because I could see right Away that I was not interested but the excellent ones are indeed excellent in my opinion The best story in the book is the title story the third bear It is a medieval fantasy horror story with its own mythology and its own magical lore That was very engaging and very visual and I will certainly remember it I was also impressed with the final story which was very different It reads like the work of Jorge Luis Borges Which is a high compliment because nobody writes like Borges in this collection? Vandermeer writes in a variety of styles some of these stories are so abstract that they're almost Incoherent I say abstract because I can't think of any way else to describe it It's almost as if he's experimenting with replacing The various nouns in the story with other nouns that he's just pulling out of the dictionary at random I'm not sure if I'm getting across my meaning anyway I have to put Vandermeer in an exclusive category with Rudy Rucker and J.R. Hamantashin These being authors whose minds don't work the same way the rest of ours do So while this book is a 50-50 for me, I certainly look forward to reading more Vandermeer Please remember to press that like button it helps my videos get seen And then subscribe so you can come back next time I do science fiction book TV and movie reviews all the time And please consider becoming a patron there's a link in the description below


Guys two quick announcements before we hop into the video I've gotten so many messages tweets comments that you guys want some coaching so what we've come up with is me my man Nigel Captain America Omar esoph kaizen training group training all we're taking is 200 spots This is a way to build a community like-minded people give you guys some feedback and more individual attention Than just the regular kaizen program So that's available right now if it's not sold out taking a very limited group It is in the description below as well is if you ever want to try out or grab some of our training programs All of our programs are 30% off right now limited time use code capital letters summer 30 at checkout and get any program you want for 30% off kaizen training Com enjoy the video. We're gonna talk a little bit about the number one bench press Mistake I see and that is elbows flaring too early now. This is caused by many reasons and can Potentially cause injury, but you're also leaking power. So it's gonna take away from not only hypertrophy, but Strength in your top end of your bench press power Why do elbows flare early and what I mean by that is kind of when you're benching maybe you're in a good groove a good path and right away those elbows flare out and then you're stuck kind of Squeaking out the top end of the bench. It often happens on heavier loads rather than lighter loads as well as when you Mess up your bar path and positioning isn't good. What's really going on is our shoulder joint is super mobile and Kind of with elbows firing early is a similar thing to kind of knees slamming in in the squat except for The shoulder joint is more mobile than our hip joint So it's kind of ball and socket deal and it can kind of go in every direction, especially if you have hypermobility Whereas obviously our knee joint is also ball and socket, but it's restricted from our lower body trunk and how the Hip socket is actually wrapped around the ball. So hypermobile joint awesome We can reach apples. We can eat we can do all these ancient human things that we needed to survive But hypermobility or a mobile joint isn't always the strongest So we have to find stability to then be able to transfer Force from our muscles our pecs into the bench moving the bar away from us We always want our elbows from the unwrapped all the way down and all the way through the entire execution of the bench To remain underneath if not just in front of the barbell Now if your elbows ever end up behind the barbell this to way towards your face You're not only putting a lot more stress on your delts with that elbow flare Which will happen and also you're just leaking power We're not in the best leverage to lift the most amount of weight And we obviously want a bench press we want to make the gains both hypertrophy and strength We want to lift the most amount of weight to reach both of those goals So throughout the unwrapped all the way down That's why people say tuck your elbow now tucking your elbows is going to be relative to how you're built if you have longer arms Maybe you have a little bit less of an elbow tuck if you have wider grip less of an elbow tuck if you're a little bit Stumpy or a little shorter a little bit closer grip. You'll have more of an elbow tuck Regardless that upper back position is always going to be tight and elbows are always going to be underneath and in front of the Barbell how do we do that? Well number one mistake is kind of that upper back tightness So upper back tightness is we're always talking about squeezing our shoulder blades together that scapular retraction And not only do you do that on your setup keeping your sternum high You need to do that through the entire set keeping that back tight and the entire rep even under a one rep max It's similar to kind of the Valsava where you're taking a big breath We unwrack and you're holding that breath the whole time to stay tight We're squeezing those shoulder blades back and down now what that does is flex our traps Obviously flexes our rear delts all these things, but with the usage of proper leg drive and positioning of the bench press It'll keep our upper body stable pinching the shoulder blade back down into the socket will now allow us to have a platform to push into the bench and It'll allow us to use our triceps shoulders pecs all of that in Continuity to move the barbell and transfer the most amount of power possible if you have a loose back in that Shoulders kind of untucked in a position like this while you're pressing now my Shoulder joint is mobile as it's supposed to be but not during heavy loads and it can kind of go anywhere We'll get into this position elbows behind the barbell and we can't transfer the power So number two is the transfer of power and how we need to position our elbows with the bar So even when you unwrack, which I always suggest You know, maybe 50% or more getting a liftoff getting a liftoff doesn't mean you're weak Getting a liftoff doesn't mean that you can't lift the weight getting a liftoff just purely allows you to be in the safest and strongest position possible Because when you're have that tight back and you get an unwrack by yourself Sometimes those shoulders untuck but if you have a tight back and you get the unwrack You let your your teammate or your lit training partner lift it for you and you're just gonna hold number one thing besides the liftoff and Just thinking proper setup and getting our proper setup to squeeze our scapulas I always have new athletes and myself when I'm warming up or even super-set it with my bench press workouts We're always gonna do pull-aparts and face pulls this not only warms up the joint It allows us to work kind of our rotator cuffs and our rear delts and our upper traps some of the muscles that sometimes get neglected But it'll allow us to feel the sensation of squeezing that back and proper positioning in the bench setup And a band and what you want to do is use it about grip width of your bench You can also go in a little bit as you get stronger But what you want to do is flex your lats and push your shoulders down Stir them up as you're beginning and then all you're gonna do is pull that into you arms locked or slightly bent And you're gonna pull those rear delts together in the back and pull the band into your chest almost like your benching Now when we're benching we're gonna do a very similar thing But now the difference is it's obviously a metal steel iron barbell instead of a rubber band and when we do that We want to bend the bar not only into our chest, but also this way pulling our pinkies together This is gonna automatically keep our shoulder joint more stable that elbows flared now My shoulders all flared if I can pull it together pinkies together With the back scapular attraction now I can pull that pinky under and now I'm flexing my lat flexing my pec And flexing my delt and that's gonna all those three muscles together Maintain that shoulder stability throughout the lift So I'm bending those pinkies together bending the barbell as I'm pulling it as a row, right? So we got lat rear delt pec delt all locked in Pinkies together rowing it into myself and on the way up. We're gonna do the opposite I'm gonna still keep the scapula retracted, but I'm going to flare my Elbows just slightly as long as the elbows are under the bar and in front Flaring is gonna allow that bar path to go in an arc now an arc to bar path is is optimal for most Straight bar path is moving it away from your levers We want to move it back up towards our eyes towards the rack towards our main movers But as we mentioned an early flare is our shoulders flaring What we're all trying to do is keep that scapula retracted and just flare our elbows If you can see my elbow flare is very different than a full shoulder flare and the issue that I see the number one Mistake that we've been talking about for the last six minutes Hopefully you guys are staying with me is that your elbows flare is the result of your shoulder flaring now If we keep that lat tight peck tight scapula retracted, and we just control our elbows We'll be in an optimal position to press the most amount of weight while keeping our shoulders safe Hopefully that helped you guys out be sure to subscribe to me the one and only links should be in the description I got vlogs. I got instructional. I got training footage everything coming your way I dropped four videos a week appreciate you guys


Hello, hello, and welcome to PD in your PJs. This is Julie. I'm so excited and honored to be here with you today. I'm so thankful that you joined us for the webinar called First Five Activities in CESA for grades three through five. I have so many simple ideas and activities to share with you that you can use as you're getting started with CESA in your classroom this year. Quick introduction, though. My name is Julie. I was a high school ELA teacher for 18 years. I used CESA every day with 11th and 12th graders, but I also spent four years as a tech integrationist and work with students at all grade levels, including the grade level you're teaching if you're teaching grades three through five. Now I'm on the teacher community team at CESA. I would love if you could find me on Twitter and give me a follow. I'm at EdTechJulieJ. And of course, you can connect with our whole team on Twitter at CESA. I wanted to take just a quick minute to ask you if you have registered for our webinar called Brand New to CESA Part One. This is really important if you're just getting started with CESA. I just want to be honest and tell you that this 10 minute webinar is going to be just about activities. So if you are just getting started and need help setting up an account or setting up a class, you're really going to want to join that Brand New to CESA Part One webinar because we're just talking about activities today. But we have lots of offerings in our PD calendar for August. So check that out. You'll see the link at the end of the slides today. And just sign up for the sessions that you think would best help you for the grade level of your students. If you are not watching me live today but are watching a recording later or maybe you're watching this on YouTube, you can see the slide link at the bottom of some of our slides today. So if you need to open these resources later, you can see how to do that just from your screen. So we're talking about CESA's activity library today. And what we hope that does for you is that it not only gives you lots of ideas but that it saves you a lot of teacher time. We have thousands of activities ready for you to use sitting right in CESA. You can access them right inside your app. And you know, when teachers are just getting started with CESA, they probably think to themselves, well, what should my students be doing in here? Or I don't have any good ideas for what my students should post or create. And we have you covered. We have all those ideas waiting for you in the library. And if you're thinking about too, that time saving aspect, when you collect student responses through CESA, you're really going to save a lot of time and energy lugging home paperwork because you'll be able to see student responses quickly in one place without having to thumb through papers. So we're gonna save you clicks and time and stacks of paper. And I think you'll find that is really useful to you as a teacher. What you can see pictured in the screenshot there is just a little snippet of the activity library for fourth grade. But don't worry, I'm gonna demo that for you live here in just a minute. One thing I should remind you about too, before we get too much further today, if you already have CESA installed, but maybe you haven't updated the app this summer, go ahead and make sure you're updated. Make sure your CESA is at least 6.0. We have worked on CESA a lot over the summer and a lot of new features were released in June. So if you haven't been in CESA for a couple of months, please make sure you've updated or otherwise you're not gonna see everything that I'm showing you on the screen today. Okay, so if you are new to CESA or just getting started with a new class, you're gonna see a screen something like this. It's going to remind you that you can browse for some ideas as you're getting started in CESA. And you can see right there a quick screenshot of what some of those ideas that are suited for your grade levels are. And they would be pictured right inside your app. And then you would see this blue button that tells you you can browse the activity library. And you don't have to do that, but we of course have all these ideas and activities built right in. And we just wanna show you where they are waiting for you and how simple and easy they will be for students to try those in your classes this year. I'm gonna demo that for you live here in just a second, like I said. You're gonna see here these buttons where you can filter by grade level and by subject. I'm excited to tell you we go K-12 there since I taught big kids, but you can filter there. You can filter by subjects or you can even search by keyword. And so that's really useful as well. And it's this collection here, and I'm calling this a collection. You'll see that it has five activities in it. And it's featured here at the top in this colored blue block. This collection is what I wanna show you today because these are designed especially to help your students get started with CESA. So if you're ever wondering like, what could my students' first few posts in CESA be? Or how would we use it for the first time? They're all right there in that collection. Of course, what's pictured is fourth grade, but I'll show you how you can find it for your exact grade level too. So the other thing I wanna tell you about that collection and it's the one pictured here, regardless of what grade it is, this getting started collection, it's actually designed to introduce one of CESA's creative tools at a time. So as your students are working through these activities and even to make it simpler for you, we've labeled them in number order. So if you want to do them in order, you can start here with the first activity and work through all the way through the fifth activity. We've introduced one tool at a time. So just at a quick glance, I can tell you this is introducing the photo tool, like adding labels to a picture. This is the drawing tool. Here you can see the note tool and this is the video tool. And then here is, this is the video tool and this is a photo with annotations. So you have a lot of opportunities to add different items that focus on learning one tool or one aspect of a tool at a time. And so that's really useful if your students are brand new to CESA. They don't have to learn too many different things at once. They're just focusing basically on one skill or one tool at a time. So I wanna take a closer look. I wanna jump out of my slides and get into an actual CESA class so I can demo this for you live. And here I just have a screenshot for you and I picked music on purpose because I always wanted to make sure that I was including the specialists because we do have activities waiting for you in the library that are specific to like PE and music and art. So there's something for you there, no matter what you teach. I wanna get out of these slides, like I said, and get right into a CESA class to demo. Okay, so on your screen, you should see me now showing a demo class called Mrs. V's fourth grade. This is just a class we use for demonstrating so these are not real students but I'm just using this to demonstrate today. What you can see here is that I'm the teacher, I'm Mrs. Jacobs. You can see this is a teacher view and if you've been in CESA before, this is what it looks like for you as a teacher. I'm in the journal view now. So if I scroll down, this is kind of what we would normally call like the feed or the journal. I'm looking at student posts. What you'll see here, this gray bar, this is just telling me as the teacher that this particular student post was a response to an activity. And so that's what it would look like if your students were doing the activities like the ones I was just showing you on the screen. So this is how you can find the Getting Started Collections, those first five activities. As a teacher, you're gonna hit this add button. Students don't have all of these options. Students cannot browse the library. You are browsing the library as a teacher. So you're going to browse the library. And you know you're in the library because you see this blue bar at the top of your screen. You can see that you can quickly get back to your class just by clicking this button here on the right. Okay, so I'm obviously demonstrating this for you from the web. So I'm using CESA on the web right now. Here you have the activity library and here's how you get back to your class. And because I was in a class, Mrs. V's fourth grade, that is a fourth grade class, CESA knows I'm in fourth grade. So it's going to show me fourth grade activities right away. But remember, I can change that anytime just by filtering over here. Your class is probably set to whatever grade you're teaching anyway. So if you're teaching third, this is gonna open to third and so on. And then look at the long list of subjects I have available to me here. And then remember, you can type in this bar too if you're searching for a certain keyword. But like I said, it's this collection that I really wanna focus on today because you can really think of these as your first five activities in CESA, your students' first five activities in CESA. So if I click that, and I think I was showing you this on my screen a few minutes ago, I'm gonna see this collection, activities one through five, focusing on one tool at a time. And of course you don't have to do them all or you don't have to do them in order. But we just created this for you in such a way that you would know that this is a logical first place at the start and that these sort of build on one skill or one tool at a time. But let's say we want to do this activity right and reflect. If you want to use this in your class, you have a couple of options. I'm just demonstrating this for you in real time just like you would use as a teacher. You can actually see this here that's pretty cool, pretty neat feature. There's some information about the activity that can help give you as the teacher some context or some explanation and your students won't see this. So this is just a teacher note for you. Your students will just see these instructions if you share this activity with them. And I don't think I mentioned earlier and maybe you already know this if you're a CISA user but these activities come from CISA ambassadors teachers who are using CISA in their classrooms. So the activities are ready made and ready for you because teachers have contributed them. So you at least know that everything that's waiting for you in the library is coming from someone who has used CISA in this way with their students. If I want to like click that heart button it's gonna give me some options here. And this is the step I could use before I actually share the activity with my students. I can like this item, but I can also add it to a collection if I want to group a few activities together, this would maybe be helpful. If I was planning a unit on planets let's say and I wanted to group some things together kind of a way to organize activities. I could put them together in a collection. And I also wanna show you that if you wanna change a few things about an activity you can basically duplicate it and then edit the parts of it you wanna change. Like you could give it a different name or you could use a different photo and that might be useful for you and some other activities. Maybe not so much this one but just so you know you can edit that. But then here's the button I definitely want to show you because if I want my students in Mrs. V's fourth grade class to do this activity remember that's the class I'm in as a teacher. I'm gonna hit that share button. And then I have a couple of things that pop up for me. I can pick what classes and I can even do more than one at a time. I can pick what classes I wanna share it with. So remember I'm in Mrs. V's fourth grade and you in your situation may only have one class. This is an account that I used to demonstrate for PD. So I have a few different classes. When I was teaching high school students of course I had a different Seesaw class for every hour, first hour, second hour and so on. So it would have been really useful for me to click a couple of different classes at once because I was teaching a few different sections of the same class. And then I also can actually share this activity with other teachers. Like if I wanna share a link on social media I have some options here. But this is how I'm gonna get it to my students. I have checked the name of my class. That's the one I'm in and I'm gonna tell Seesaw that I'm ready to share it with my class. And then Seesaw's gonna give me this helpful info too just to remind me that as long as my students sign in they are gonna be able to tap activity and see that tap activities to see the activity waiting for them. And then they'll be able to respond. So that's how I get it to students. And you might think, okay, well how do I get back to see what my students have contributed? Remember I know I'm in the library because I see this blue bar and all I have to do is click back to class. So I'm in Mrs. V's class and I'm in my journal view what I started with when I was starting to show you today. But now when I click activities I can see all the activities that I've shared with my students and this is the one I just did. So if you're watching me in real time you know this is the date and time and I just now shared this activity and now it's waiting for my students. Now here's what's awesome as a teacher you're gonna be able to see everybody's response all in one screen. Now you're not logged into this class and I don't have students right now but when everybody answers this question or answers this prompt and they contribute their writing I'll be able to see them all at one glance. And that is particularly useful in time saving because obviously there's a lot of other digital ways that students can share writing with you but you're gonna have to click through a lot of screens and a lot of files to see them all. And in this case I could see all the answers all in one spot. So I'm gonna be able to quickly assess what every student knows without having to thumb through a lot of papers or even without having to click through a lot of things. I'm gonna jump back over into my slides and I will save a few minutes at the end for questions. If you want to I click share sort of present if you have questions just type them in the box and I'll get to a few of those here at the end today. I wanna remind you if anything I talked about today was confusing or you need more help the best place to go is help.csod.me. You have three different ways to get help there. You can search here where this arrow is pointing. You can type in a question here that will get more attention from our teacher success team and they can reach out to you personally or you can ask the CESA assistant here by clicking that question mark. So definitely look on help. We have lots of resources there for you. Also don't forget to look at that webinar schedule. Like I was saying brand new to CESA part one and brand new to CESA part two are coming up in August. You definitely can look for lots of sessions that are geared specifically for teachers of grades three through five. And you can watch videos on our YouTube channel anytime when we put our recorded PD sessions there. I hope you can get involved with some of our communities on social media. There are Facebook groups for every grade. So third grade teachers, fourth grade teachers and so on. So jump into one of those groups if you really wanna connect and collaborate with teachers at your same grade level. Of course find me on Twitter. I share lots of tips and tricks about CESA. So I am happy to connect with you there. And if I don't get to all the questions today you can reach out to me there for more assistance. Okay, I'm gonna open the question box for a few minutes and see what's waiting there for me. And then if I can help you with anything go ahead and type in a few things there. I can stay on for a few minutes. Hi Michelle, are you hearing and seeing everything? Okay, I don't see any other information in the question box telling me there's any audio problem. So just let me know. Let me know if there's anything I can help you with. And then I think this was on the screen right when you first logged in today everybody got the slides with all of these resources and then the recording are coming to you in your email in just a few hours. So you will get the slides automatically. Thank you, Michelle B, I appreciate that. Okay, Michelle T, I can help you with the view all work at once. It's a little hard for me to show you what it looks like exactly because I don't have students answering in real time in this webinar. You're not playing the role of student in this case but here let me pop back out. Michelle was asking about, sorry, it's not letting me pop out of my slides as quickly as I thought. Okay, let me show you where that was. Okay, so Michelle was saying I'm not clear on where I would see all student responses at once. Okay, so let's do that really quick in the demo. I'm in the journal tab here. So this is things that we have posted previously in this demonstration class. Nobody has been posting this in real time. I'm in my student journal. These are my students names. But if I click activities, I can see all the activities I've shared with students. And this is the one I just shared a few minutes ago and you guys watch me do that live. So if I click this gray bar, I know I have zero responses and nobody is waiting. And that's because you are not playing the role of my students in this case. So you haven't answered anything. But take a look here. This is where I would see all the student responses at once. Once again, it's telling me I don't have any responses but if I click here, this is where they would appear. So pretend like you're seeing all of their notes here. What's nice is you can see who hasn't responded. So all of these gray boxes were filled in but one was missing. You could say, oh, Lily, I don't have yours yet. You need to finish that. So all the responses would appear here and you would know how many you are waiting on. Okay, I need to jump back into my question box and see what else I have waiting for me. Oh, okay. Miriam's asking a good question about what if a student accidentally clicks the wrong name and they don't click their own name. You can always click the three dots and edit people to tag an additional or different student on a post. If your students log in with email, that's less of an issue. It's more if your students are on shared devices or in a QR login class where that's an issue. But those are a couple of work rounds I could think for you. Okay, Naomi, I can see a few things here for me. Let me read them quickly and see if I can help you. Yeah, Naomi's asking, do students have to see other students work? And that's just in your settings. You can enable or disable that. The settings are up here at the wrench. So when you click that, you have an option. Students can see each other's work on or off. So you can toggle that on or off depending on your preference. You have a lot of stuff here in the settings, which is in your wrench up here. Okay, so that's where you enable family access and some other things. So don't forget just to look there to see what settings you can turn on or off. Oh, Tina, you're asking such a good question. And this is something I was thinking about earlier because I was wanting to make sure we were sharing this in all of our webinars.  So it's nothing too tricky. Let me see if I can do it real quick in real time. I think it's called shortcuts when you look for it in our help. Okay, so it's here. Okay, so Tina was asking that, let me paste that in for you in case that's helpful. I'm gonna paste it as an answer to Tina's question. And then I'm also gonna put it in the chat box of our webinar. So just open that in bookmark it if you need to guys. I'm pasting it there so you guys can all probably see it in the chat box. I'll stay on for a couple more minutes if you have a question. I don't have anything else coming in right now but I'm happy to stay on for a minute if you need something while I'm here. I loved talking to you today about your students first posts in CESA. Oh, lots more questions coming in. Okay, Carmen is saying, can I have work from last year into this year? Well, student posts, like are you creating a new class because their posts from a previous class won't show up in this class.  So you'll always have those in your my library. Dara's asking, how do I share with parents? And we do cover that in our brand new one and two webinars but I'll show you real quick. I'm in my class here, right? So this is my class, we did the activities from here. But if I go down here, if you can see where I am, I'm clicking families and then it gives me a couple of different ways to invite families. Join one of those brand new webinars too though because we go through that in a lot more detail. Good question though. You are welcome, Lynn. Thanks for coming today. Michelle T, can you tell me if you think your students will be QR login or email login? Usually for older students, the older they are, a lot of teachers prefer for them to log in with email and password rather than QR code. And so in that case, Michelle, if your students are logging in with email, they connect themselves and you don't have to list their name at all. They just connect basically to your class. Okay, Dara, I will look forward to seeing you in one of those upcoming webinars. Suzanne is saying they have their own iPads. I don't know what grade your students are. I know this is three through five. If your students are used to remembering their email and their password to log into other things, then they probably could log in that way. In fact, if your students are fourth or fifth grade, CISA is usually recommending that they log in with email or Google. Okay, Suzanne, yeah, I would do email or Google if you think your students can remember how to do that. I know it's tricky like the first day of school. My own children are going to be in fourth grade and they log in with Google. You're welcome, Tina. Oh, thanks, that's great feedback. I appreciate your positive sentiments. Okay, I don't have anything else coming in, but remember, you can find me on Twitter at edtechjulij. If you have more questions, I'm happy to help. Otherwise, I will sign off today and hope to see you again in another session. Bye-bye.


That's the difficulty where we say the cases are hard to win. It's just not that like robust toolkit to actually come in and sanction companies compared to what I think takes that you read. Some seem to indicate that like if you just went in and we're like, hey, stop doing that that the companies would have to stop. Yeah, there's always a risk that you would lose the case. And even if you win, the cases take a long time. And even after you've waited that long time and won the case, the remedy is hard. Right, right. Yeah, and the remedy part is, you know, we were talking about this at the top but like obviously that's very important because unless your remedies are good, you know, you haven't achieved the mission of safeguarding the public there.


Hi, Mario here. Welcome to my channel. This time we will be looking at correlations between construction techniques of ancient buildings and their orientation. For example, building blocks with knobs can be found all around the world. Are there connections? Besides looking at knobs, we have looked at polygonal walls. Here is one of the best-known polygonal walls, that of Sakse Weyman in Peru. And besides that, we have also looked into what is called baffled blocks. There are connections found, and there are sometimes mind-boggling. There appears to be a common ground between all these typical building features. Nubs, polygonal walls and baffled blocks. Especially ancient structures on the eastern hemisphere, that is from Europe to Asia, focus excessively on the poles 1 to 5. We think that the used techniques were very advanced. It seems to be very likely most of the blocks that show these typical features were molten, cast and so molded in this way. That is not a technique for a primitive culture. In fact, it requires a lot of energy, advanced planning and advanced methods to apply these techniques. Most, if not all, of these ancient structures were originally built such a long time ago that no one can remember anything from this era. Not even stories. They are lost in oceans of time. Some myths may have survived over hundreds of thousands of years like the myth that Teotihuacan was built by the gods. The Hopi Indians believe that we have suffered three previous world cataclysms. To some degree, we agree with that. We have found proof that there were even more former civilizations than only three. We think that the following practice has taken place all over the world. Later settlers like the Greeks, the Turks, the Romans, the Mayans, the Incas and so on found the remains of these lost civilizations, renovated their structures and claimed it as their own achievements. These twisted truths have remained unchallenged by mainstream historians and archaeologists that are truly missed opportunities for professional scientists. We have corrected these falsifications with our groundbreaking method that is slowly rolling around the world. And now we have looked at the underlying patterns of ancient structures that show signs of an advanced construction method that can be blocks with knobs, polygonal shaped stones, massive unliftable megaliths, weighing over 1,000 metric tons, baffled blocks or cushiony shaped stones. We examined almost 170 ancient structures. This world map shows where these sites with sometimes multiple structures are located. The full results of our research is only available to patrons. You can go to my Patreon page to subscribe to one of my plans. Thank you for watching and I hope to welcome you on my Patreon page. Thank you. Bye-bye!


this levelrexercise we are going to look at we looking at a little pass and turn with a little combination for you to then get a strike and go Ok now most important is the finish but at the same time what we do in between it is just as important with the quality of our pass our turn and working together now we just walk through it to start with all it's going to be I am just going to use my hands so it saves time, so it's going to be a pass As you receive it you in, you're going to turn, any turn you like so, any turn, so you just turn simple, then you're going to pass into half, so if you walk, good, give it to him, and freeze, and freeze, good. Your start position will be here, okay, so we're going to look out as if it was a cross, okay, so the wide players got it, I'm being marked by a defender, I'm just going to drop off the mannequin, good, walk to me, and then you're passing to me, okay, I've put a cone here for you to stand by, and then the striker, all you're going to do is receive it, good touch, take the mannequin on, okay, and hopefully put it into the small goal there. Yep, you follow your pass, so then you in, you pop yourself on there, half, there, Mackenzie, if it goes in, grab the ball, go back to the start, okay, does that make sense? Okay, when you're ready, off you go. Let's go, make sure you don't go and they're not watching, good, follow your pass, good, follow your pass, and then once they've had the shot, the next ball can go, so turn and face, don't pass until they've, good, good.  The setup's very simple, I had two sections, two stations, five on each, a little pass in and receiving to turn, to get the ball up to finally into the striker's position to just basically get a shot away at the small goal. Play, good, good, take him on, good, well done, good one, good, like that Mackenzie, good, well done, take him on, where you going with your touches, that's why Mackenzie, if you ever try to touch, and not take your touch to the side then you wouldn't have missed that, your touch has got to go forward to where the goal is, as soon as you go there what happens to the size of the goal, get smaller and that's why you missed. If you take your touch and drive towards the goal, then it's obviously you're going to score, don't worry about the ball, go to the back.  The key factors of the drill, obviously start with is the quality of the pass, obviously get into the striker, obviously you don't want that to break down otherwise it will become sloppy. Finally, obviously as to how they receive to turn, finally how they get into the striker, the quality of the pass, how that striker reacts with his movement to receive off the mannequin and then obviously allowing him to be able to set up with his first touch to get his shot away at goal.