Welcome. Thank you for joining us. If all goes well with today's internet issues on the east coast of the United States, we will begin our program at the top of the hour. While waiting, please log into YouTube, say hello, and tell us where you're from. See you in a few minutes. Welcome for those of you who have joined us on YouTube chat and those who are just watching. You can log in and chat with us on the YouTube. I see friends from all across the country. Special shout out to our friend Cara. Hello, Jan. It's great to see you online with us. And we have folks who are on genealogical societies and an extension service employee on the past. This is wonderful. Thank you for joining us today. We're going to start in about two minutes. Welcome, everybody. So I was talking, but I hadn't turned on my camera. So welcome. Welcome friends. We're so here. Glad to have you with us. Welcome to the National Archives Know Your Records program. My name is Andrea Matney, the program's coordinator. Try to change slides here. We are live broadcasting, so we can invite you to participate. Ask questions of the presenter and chat with other audience members. Please log into YouTube to ask questions in the chat section. You will address your questions for the presenter at the end of her talk. Under the show more, you will find links to the presentation slides, handout, live captioning, and the events evaluation form. The goal of the Know Your Records program is to provide you with educational resources on how to access and do research using US federal government records. First, let me do a quick introduction and thank you to our behind the scenes staff. Amber Forrester is our YouTube chat moderator today. Jamie Atkinson, Brian Cipriely, and Alexis Van Dyke, our audio visual staff, and Brandy Kent is our captioning provider. Thank you all. Today's program is entitled Baking, Soil Erosion, and Rats, Oh My, How the Records of the Extension Service May Enrich Your Family History Research by Jenny McMillan Sweeney. Ms. Sweeney holds a master's degree in public history with a certificate in archival administration from the University of Texas at Arlington and an undergraduate degree in anthropology from Texas Tech University. While working on her graduate degree, Ms. Sweeney completed her internship at the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York as part of the Frank and Peggy Steel Internship for Youth Leadership Program. Prior to coming to the National Archives at Fort Worth, Ms. Sweeney was the education and tour programs manager at the legends of the game, baseball at the Fall Park at Arlington, Texas. Ms. Sweeney began her career at the National Archives in Fort Worth in 2007 as an education specialist. Many of her duties included conducting teacher workshops, presenting public programs and distance learning programs, and assisting educators and students in finding archival materials for research purposes and classroom needs. Ms. Sweeney, along with her two education colleagues, authored the free e-book, Baseball, The National Pastime in the National Archives. I'm now turning our broadcast over to our presenter, Ms. Sweeney. Hello, everybody. Thank you so much for joining us today and giving me the opportunity to share with you some of my favorite records at the National Archives, the Records of the Extension Service. Excuse me. You may ask yourself, why would I be interested in looking at the records of the Extension Service to help enrich my family history research? Well, these records really provide us a glimpse into early 20th century life in the United States. And although you aren't going to get the opportunity to find those vital records that genealogists generally seek such as birth, marriage and death records, these records really give you an opportunity to understand what your family member's life was like, what their everyday existence was. We get a real flavor of that by looking at these records. You might learn how men were able to work on the farm, the crops that they grew, the animals that they raised. You may learn about what women did in order to beautify their homes, the meals that they cooked, and maybe even about the clothing that they sewed for their families. And you can also learn about how school-age children may have been involved in 4-H clubs and the different skills that they were able to learn in order to become future successful farmers and homemakers. So some of these records are also going to provide us information about clubs and organizations that our ancestors or family members were a part of. We might also be able to find photographs that you never knew existed before or learn stories about some of your relatives that you had never heard before. So what I'd like to do is start the talk by turning over to the next slide and learning a little bit more about the history of the Extension Service briefly. So prior to the Extension Service becoming the Extension Service that we may be aware of, there were a couple of agencies that did work that eventually rolled into the Extension Service. Between 1888 and 1915, there was the Office of Experiment Stations, and they conducted scientific research in order to find more scientific and effective ways for agricultural practices. There was also the Office of Cooperative Demonstration work and the Office of Farm Management. Both of these were early part of the 20th century. Next slide please. In 1914, the Smith Leader Act was passed and this particular act, next slide please, was what rolled all of these organizations into what we now know as the Extension Service. What it did is it extended outreach programs through land grant universities to educate rural Americans about advances in agricultural practices and technology. And these advances helped increase American agricultural productivity dramatically throughout the 20th century. The Extension Service still is in existence today and it is used to help serve the educational and developmental needs of communities across the United States. They support different clubs, classes, and events to help citizens keep pace with the rapid, modern advances in agricultural techniques and technologies. Next slide please. The records of the Extension Service, the way that they are set up, is that first by year and then each county, or I'm sorry, first by year, then by state, and then broken down by counties. Each county in the United States had an agricultural extension agent who basically, the agricultural extension agent's role was to focus on helping farmers learn about and adopt new scientifically based agricultural practices. And this was generally mostly associated with men. So sometimes it's called the men's agent. And then there was the home demonstration agent, generally, you know, associated with women. And this particular demonstration agent would help rural housewives improve their home economic skills. And then sometimes the counties would have a 4-H agent that would help and be devoted to youth education and activities. Both focusing on agricultural as well as home economic skills. However, most counties did not have three agents. So a lot of times the extension agent and the home demonstration agent would also oversee the 4-H clubs as well. It just depended on how many people they had employed at the time. So each county then did submit an annual report and the content of these reports really vary. It depends on what information the county agents chose to include a lot of the time. Some are more detailed than others. Some include photographs as well as other things that I will highlight throughout the presentation. So if you want to go ahead and move to the next slide, please. These records do provide a rich source of information on rural life. So the records that the National Archives hold are generally between the years of 1909 and 1944. As I mentioned before, the reports are arranged by year and then state. For each year there are reports from the state administrators by subject area and then followed by the reports from each county. These records are available as microfilm at the National Archives in College Park. And there is a handout that also has been added to the new tube for under resources, which includes Claire Kluskin's guide to the agricultural extension annual reports and the related records. The most recent one that she put together was March 2020. And I definitely appreciate Claire graciously allowing us to utilize this for this presentation and to provide information to those viewing. Okay, next slide, please. So I work at the National Archives in Fort Worth and we actually have the original records of the extension service for the state of Arkansas. So today I'm going to really focus on the state of Arkansas and highlight the records that we have, but they are a good indication of what the records will look like in other states and counties. So the way the records are arranged for Arkansas is that they are arranged by date, then county, then each county has a statistical report which might have statistics on certain things such as how many cows the county has, how many farmers are planting soybeans or those kinds of things. So it's very, you know, dry information, just basic statistics. And then you have the narrative report, which is what I'm going to focus on today. And then for the narrative reports, you'll have the men's division, then the women's division, and then also the Negro division. Up until the 1960s, there were segregated extension agencies in the counties so that you would have the, you would have light extension agents serving the white population and African American agents servicing the African American communities. So we'll take a look at several of these. Next slide, please. So examples of things that were included in some of the men's division program narrative reports are information on soils, pastures, farm crops, corn, oats, cotton, soybeans, peanuts, potatoes, horticulture. And you see here some wonderful photographs from some of these reports. You have a young man standing in a corn field. You have a group of men standing eating some, from enormous slices of watermelon. Next slide, please. Also included in the men's information forestry, livestock, poultry, agricultural economics, and engineering. The 4-H clubs, fairs, tours for the future. Next slide, please. Some of the topics that are listed in the women's division are home grounds, better homes, home management, home furnishings, home health sanitation, foods, nutrition, clothing, food preservation, outlook, and recommendations. Okay, next slide, please. So here's an example of a report from Lee County in 1929, Lee County, Arkansas. And you'll see on the left side is the cover page for the report. And you have the name of the county and who the report was submitted by and the dates with which the report covers. The next page includes the table of contents for the report. Next slide, please. So each of these pages lists a little bit of information about different things. It says the status of county extension organizations, forms of organizations, and so on and so forth. Then it goes and it begins speaking of different things. And there's a little paragraph about each one of these different things within the community. Next slide, please. And you can see moving on that there are these different topics such as home furnishings, home poultry, home dairy are included. Next slide, please. So this really, these reports just depended on the agent and how involved they were in writing their particular narrative report. Next slide, please. And as you can see, there is an outlook and recommendation. It's a little sad because I know that this is 1929, right towards the end of the year, right after the stock market crash. And it does talk about the positive outlook that they have for the next few years in this particular county. And it's a little heartbreaking knowing what we know now in hindsight what these people would be facing shortly after this. Next slide, please. So here's an example from the Negro reports were set up the exact same way with a cover sheet, a table of contents, and then the narrative reports. And many of them include wonderful photographs such as these. I love this picture on the bottom right hand corner. You see these women standing there and what they were actually doing in this photograph is they were learning to make mattresses. And you can kind of see the fluff floating out in front of these women when the photograph was taken. So there are a lot of wonderful photographs in these reports. Well, in some of the reports, not all of them. Next slide, please. So one of the things that I think is helpful when looking at the records of the extension service is when you're looking at where your people lived, right? Your ancestors or family members lived. It's really a good thing to have a map of the counties so that you can know what to be looking for. Because again, these records are set up by county. And so it is helpful to see which counties surround the county that they lived in. And even if they lived in a county or a county in a neighboring state, because there still may be information related to the people that you're looking for. Next slide, please. So as I mentioned, I will be focusing on Arkansas. And I'm just going to give some examples of the interesting and fun things that I found. We'll take a look at some of the narrative reports from the men's division first. Here's some information from Wash Taw County in 1929 on a topic of dairy husbandry. And you see this wonderful photograph of this gentleman standing there with his cow. And I love how the little puppy has gotten into the photo there as well. And what I think is really interesting is you can go through and you can read about dairy husbandry in the county and information. And then it says Mr. Slaughter purchased a bull from a register of Merrick Cowell paying $350 for him. And today in 1929 money, $350 would be approximately $5,300 today, which is pretty high price, right? And it says his neighbors all made fun of him for it. And at the time, but they all changed their minds now as he has 10 heifer calves from the bull now and are worth the price that he paid for the bull according to Mr. Slaughter. So, you know, here's a little antidote that was provided in this narrative report about Mr. Slaughter. We know that he bought this bull and it was very, very expensive and all of his neighbors made fun of him. But in the end, he was the one who did the right thing because he was able to get so many young heifers out of that investment. Next slide please. You can kind of learn what different counties were involved in and what they were known for or raised. This particular narrative report from Madison County in 1934, it says a Thanksgiving feast. And it says not every county in the state can produce turkeys with as much success as the poultrymen of Madison County. You can hear the pride that the extension agent is putting into these words because his work would have been a direct effect probably on the poultry being raised in this particular county. Next slide please. Another thing you might learn about is the community itself. This particular report from 1919 in Cleburne County, Arkansas shows a picture of men trying to get this wagon out of the mud. And underneath it, it says the old road. And on the right hand side, there's a picture and it says the new road. And I don't know about you, I kind of feel like the roads might look pretty similar, but regardless, the extension agent felt that it was necessary to put improvement of roads into the report showing what the people of Cleburne County did to improve the road situation in their county under his watch. Next slide please. You might find things such as pamphlets such as this. This is a 1935 yearbook for Union County's home demonstration council. And within the year, you might find things such as those individuals that served as officers for the club, the different people involved in different committees throughout the club. And so this might give you an idea of what some of your relatives or family members may have been involved in or their personal interests, right? Because generally, if you join a club, you're going to want to work in an area of something that interests you. So this might give a little bit of insight into what they did in their free time. Next slide please. Many of the agents also included newspaper clippings, and these are really interesting to look at as well. This is a particular topic of home dairy, and it lets us know that there was a butter exhibit where these women were molded butter, and there were 17 entries of butter for this particular exhibit, and this woman here, Mrs. C. U. Albao, she was a master farmer's wife, and she had molded over 1,500 pounds of butter this particular year, and she won second place in this particular... Next slide please. Another thing that's kind of interesting is, you know, the younger... This is a 4-H club, and what they were involved in was putting together and making clothing out of feed sacks. And so this is... And if you want to go ahead and do the next slide, it's going to show a larger version of this picture. You can see these young ladies and the fashion of the day that they created themselves out of feed sacks, and they were able to create these outfits at a cost from 5 to 67 cents, which is about 76 cents to a little over $10 in today's money, but they were able to create these designs and fashions through the extension service work that they did. Next slide please. This is another example where they would create dresses or they would create clothing out of different things, such as they would take clothing and reupholster furniture and things like that. So these are some of the other reports giving examples of that. Next slide please. You can see that there was a little ottoman of some sort that was covered in fabric from something else. Reduce reuse and cycle. Definitely will be motto of the day then. Next slide please. So one of the ways to get people involved were to have contests. I mentioned the contest of the young ladies creating clothing out of feed sacks. This is an example. This was a pledge for an enrollment card to be involved in the gardening and canning contest. And so the idea was that different women in the community would be enrolled in the contest. They would sign up for it, provide their address, and then provide the home demonstration agent with the number of things that they did that particular year. And this really brought up different, it got people out doing these things. Next slide. So this is that particular gardening and canning contest. And the photograph that you have are the three women of the Prairie View Home Demonstration Club. And the prize for the contest, if you can see sitting there in the woman in the middle's lap, is an 18-quart pressure cooker. And the individual that won this particular contest, that was their prize. And you see the club members there. And you see a few children and babies also sitting with the women there. And you have the women that were involved in the leadership of this club listed as well. So you can find out if your person was involved and had a leadership role in any of these organizations. Next slide, please. Here's a photograph of a woman named Catherine Harris. And she has had a picture with her 360-quart containers of fruit, vegetables, and meats that she had canned over the summer in 1934. She lived in Monroe County. And you can see that everything is very nicely displayed there as she is getting her photograph taken of the work that she had done. And canning these foods in the summer would ensure that these families had access to foods that they would not normally have during the winter months and help with nutrition as well. So next slide, please. So there are always things that you never expect to find in these records, which are kind of fun. These are from a report of Union County in 1934. And it talks about banana trees. There was a woman, Mrs. J. W. Slaughter. She was married to a doctor. And they lived in El Dorado, Arkansas, and they had 25 banana trees. And they were going to be put up for the winter so that they could be out the next year. And used. And I just thought it was really interesting because I don't think of El Dorado, Arkansas where you have bananas growing. But, you know, if you remember, this is going to be, you know, the height of the depression. People do not have a lot of money, and they certainly don't have money to be spending on civilized things.  Next slide, please. So Better Homes Week was a program that was put on each year by many of the home demonstration agents for families to highlight their homes. And it was a way to see what other people had done to improve different things in their homes. And also not just their homes, but their gardens as well as the surrounding land. Next slide, please.  And then you see a really nice garden put together. These remind me of the, you know, events that are done today, these tours of homes. We all, you know, we might go to those things, you know, a couple of times, you know, every once in a while to see what people have done, how they've decorated their homes, what improvements they've put into their homes, and maybe, you know, we would like to do that. So this is kind of a lesson about. Next slide, please. And the other thing is, is you don't ever really think about the, what houses look like, or maybe your person's home, you don't always have photographs of those. And sometimes these photographs and these narrative reports have that. These are a picture of a group attending the Better Homes tour, looking at the gardens and this young lady giving a demonstration on what she was doing in her garden on page 13 there. Next slide, please. Here's an example of some of the homes that you can see in this particular report from Madison County in 1934. So kind of an interesting thing. You might have an opportunity to see what, you know, one of your relatives or family members' homes look like if you haven't seen them before. It's a possibility. Next slide, please. So as I mentioned before, there might be information on different civic organizations. This particular report tells us that Mr. Ray L. McLester was the founder of Cleburne County Farmers Union. So you might learn about different things that they were involved in, which may give you an opportunity of other places to search out or seek information about their life and what they were involved in. Next slide, please. Schools. So with information from the 4-H clubs, there's lots of information about schools in these reports, which is really exciting to me. I love this one. It says the best club in Cleburne County is the Wolf Bayou Club, 20 miles from the railroad, way back up in the jungles. Again, I'm not sure that I would think of Arkansas as having jungles, maybe forests, not so much jungles. But, you know, here you have a photograph of the class. If you want to do the next slide, please. It's going to bring up a picture of the class, and you might be able to see your, you know, person you were looking for or seeking out and then some of their, you know, maybe family members or friends or close neighbors. Next slide, please. And you also might see, you know, pictures of the actual schools they attended. Because a lot of these, being one-room school houses, did not have, you know, were wooden buildings and may not be in existence anymore today. This particular report from Pope County, you can see that this agent actually hand wrote their reports. So she does have quite a photographs, but she is handwritten in the information about these schools in Pope County. Next page, or next slide, please. This particular one in Pope County was interesting to me. She does talk about that all the clubs are in fine condition, but she ended up having to let most of the contests go because she broke her arm. So we've now learned a little bit about the agent within Pope County in 1929 that she herself had a setback, right, having broken her arm and still having to maintain working. So maybe she couldn't type. And so she was writing in because her other hand was indisposed having been, you know, maybe in a cast or sling or what have you. Next slide, please. So here are some pictures.  Next, next slide, please. So, you know, talking about photographs that you may not have or be aware of, this is, I think it's kind of fun. You have this picture on the right hand side at the top where it says W.K. Williams and D.J. Burleson on Magazine Mountain attending the 4-H club camp. They are taking, they are shown taking their morning shave at the spring. So here are these two individuals, you know, in this nice little camp event for this 4-H club and they're shaving in the morning. And more than likely I would assume the families don't have these pictures. So kind of a fun little thing to see about them there. And you would know that they would have been involved in the 4-H club in Pope County. Next slide, please. You have here pictures of this particular 4-H group. They were learning to vaccinate hogs. And so they are seen here with some of the instruments that they would have done used in their vaccination. Next slide, please. Here's a photograph of a young lady and it talked about how they were growing small tomato plots. I don't know about you guys. I thought this was rather a large tomato plot, but maybe that's just because I don't have a lot of land in my yard. I, you know, if I get one, it's just one little tomato plant. Looks to me like even if this is a small one, she's got quite a few there and looks like she's got some nice fruit there on the stalks. So next slide, please. Here's a fun one, Lila Swighart. Here she is with her truckload of watermelons that she was able to grow while in 4-H. And that she had from one acre of watermelons, the total amount she received from the sale was $197.97. And after the expense of producing them, she came back with a net profit of $151.67, which is pretty amazing. So kind of an interesting thing. You actually have, you know, the money that she would have earned from her growing these and selling these watermelons. Next slide, please. Here is Lester King standing in his field of cotton that he grew, shows what he was able to do. And he's standing there with his arms up high saying, look at me, here I am in the middle of the cotton field. Next slide, please. This young lady, Dorothy Bowers, and how much she's standing in her cotton field and what she was able to grow. And how much she, it cost her $5.22 an acre in order to produce this cotton, but I don't have the amount that she was able to make from the cotton. She was 12 years old when she was doing this work. Next slide, please. This was an interesting one. This is a report about a young lady, Maude Alice Williams. She is the one with the number two written there underneath her, and she went to compete in a contest. It doesn't exactly say what the contest was, but the contest was at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. And for whatever it was that she won, she won second prize, and the prize was $10 in gold. So it's a pretty amazing opportunity and prize that she won, which was $10 in gold. From what I've learned from Arkansas, the state contest, the students would go to what was called Farmers Week in Fayetteville at the University of Arkansas and compete each year. However, the African-American students would travel to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to compete each year. And so Maude is obviously doing that here. Next slide, please. You have Edna Breeding here talking about her 4-H club work, what she's done. She's grown some things, and then she's canned some things and won different contests at the state fair, or county fair, excuse me. And if you, I think Edna was quite the overachiever. She did a lot that particular year. And if you go to the next slide, you can see Edna wrote out what she's planning to do for the next year. She's definitely planning to do even more club work and enter contests at Fayetteville, which would have been Farmers Week that following year. Next slide, please. Here you have Woodrow Epperson.  So we learned about him. He bought this pig. It grew, and his plan then was to have piglets raise them and sell them to other club members. So these young students are able to do this work and hopefully gain, you know, vital skills as well as maybe making a little bit of a profit from it. Next slide, please. This is one of my favorite stories that I found. This young lady, Thelma Huston, was listed in her achievements as a club member. She had entered several different contests and won many of them. But one of the main ones she won was Table Setting. And she was very, very proficient apparently in table setting. Because of her table setting skills, she was able to earn housing at the University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, where she was able to attend the university there, but also receive some of her board paid for. The report goes on to say that after a little while, she was so impressive with her table setting skills that the president of the university decided to have her set his table for when he entertained different guests or VIPs at the university. And so because of that, she then became, she got full board, room and board at the university for her table setting skills, which I just thought was fascinating. You know, people may know that, you know, great grandmother Thelma or great aunt Thelma went to college, you know, during the depression, but they may not have any idea how she got there. Well, we now know that she was an amazing table setter. And all I can think of is doubt nabby when they, you know, measure how far things are, you know, in the intro to what they're doing that Thelma was doing the same thing, measuring out the plate and the cup and the, you know, silverware. So just kind of interesting. Next slide, please. Ruth Williams, this young lady and interesting thing about her you learned that she actually was in a fire at a young age, and seriously burned her face and her hands. And through this, you learn that she was able to go to St. Louis, Missouri and receive treatment because of certain individuals within the community. She was somebody who worked, you know, was involved in the 4-H Club and this particular information was included in the report. Next slide, please. You have these, you know, top people that are honored that are involved in 4-H, this woman, J.B. Williams. Mrs. J.B. Williams, she was the local leader of the 4-H Club in Fairview. This is her niece here, Catherine Williams. Next slide. And then there's a young man as well, and they are highlighted for awards that they received in the 4-H. So not only do you have photographs that are included in the report, but you also have a pretty extensive newspaper clipping that gives information about their involvement and their awards in the 4-H Club. Next slide, please. You can learn about different county extension agents. Obviously, I mentioned the one before that broke her arm. This is information about a man named Still Kennedy, and he was an agent for Cleburne County in 1919. It has a newsletter that he writes. If you go to the next slide, there was a poem that he wrote that he sent out to all of the farmers in his county and different information that he provides to them. So you learn a little bit about the personality and relationships that the agent themselves had with people in the community. Next slide, please. So this brings us to the close of this presentation, but definitely one of my favorite, favorite, favorite things I've ever found at the National Archives. You never know what you're going to find. And some of the stories in the 1928 time period, these here are from Mississippi County, and I'll show a few others from a few other counties. These, it says here, during the spring months, there seemed to be an unusually heavy infestation of rats on nearly every farm in the county. When it came to plant gardens, it was a general complaint that the rats ate up the garden as fast as the plants came out of the ground. Corn in the crib was being destroyed by the rats. Rats were catching all the chickens, and when corn was planted in the fields, rats ate up the corn as fast as it came out of the ground. Fields containing as much as 300 acres were destroyed by rats. One farmer reported that the rats ate up a whole litter of pigs.  So what happened at this time was a county-wide rat extermination campaign was put on by the Extension Service, the county Chamber of Commerce sometimes, and also the schools. So the goal was to have students in school killing rats to help with this awful rat infestation. Next slide, please. So you can see here's another fabulous photograph of these young girls. They're holding, they're literally holding up dead rats by their tails, which totally gives them the EVGVs. And they've got a dog here, and they're just so excited that they've killed these rats. Next slide, please. You have information here, and what was great is that not only were these students encouraged to kill rats, but there were prizes that were going to be handed out for the killing of rats. And so they were going to give out first, second, third, and fourth place for girls, for boys, and then also for schools. And so different counties had different prizes for this, but you can see here information about, it says here, first individual boys, Herbert Miles of Redline. He killed 2,253 rats, okay? So this is stuff that you can't make up, okay? Who would think that you would have all of this information about these young kids killing rats during this time? Next slide, please. You can see there was all kinds of paraphernalia put out there.  Let's oust the rats, you know?  Next slide, please. This is kind of one of my favorite. It talks about Miller County, Arkansas, and one of the things is it mentions the different prizes that we're going to be giving out. It says schools, first prize, $3 worth of books, second prize, a $45 Victrola, third prize would be $32 worth of playground equipment. For boys, first prize was a $22 Winchester repeating rifle. Second prize was a trip to Farmers Week, you know, that trip to Fayetteville to compete at the University of Arkansas. Third prize was a shotgun. Fourth prize was a single shot 22 rifle. For girls, first prize would be a $25 wristwatch. Second prize was going to be a trip to Farmers Week, apparently a really big deal for Farmers Week. Third prize was a $15 Cedar test, and fourth prize was a $5 Vanity. So these were the prizes that were up, you know, for these young people to win if they could prove to be the county's best writers. And what I loved is you might think, well, how did they know how many rats were killed? Well, it says here in the report, the rats were killed by any method. Their tails cut off and carried to school where the teachers counted them and reported to us each week the totals received. And at the end of this campaign in Miller County, they had a total of 649 students involved in the rat-killing campaign, 50 schools within the county, and at the end they killed a total of 95,849 rats, which just totally grosses me out. But they were successful clearly in the campaign. Next slide, please. And you can, through the reports, find who received the different prizes. You have listed here Aina Vaughn killed 2,135 rats, and she won first prize for girls. This particular school killed 7,574 rats. So you have all these wonderful photographs. You have Ruby Dixon here, who is as cute as a button. But you would have had no idea that she was one of Miller County's most lethal rat killers. And she killed 2,127 rats. So these are stories that probably did not get passed down in the families, I'm guessing. Maybe, maybe not. But these are some of the things that are truly hard to believe that they're in our federal records, but they were there and just too good to be true. So these are just some of the wonderful examples of the types of things that you can find in the extension service records. Again, you're not going to find those certain dates of birth, marriage, and death, but you're really going to get a flavor of how these individuals lived, what their lives were like, what they did on a daily basis, what they did to socialize with friends, families, and friends, family, and neighbors. So if anybody has any questions, I am happy to try to answer them the best I can. Wonderful, Jenny. Oh my goodness. You have so many fans. Thank you for this wonderful, wonderful presentation on behalf of all of the attendees. I'm looking at the chat and we have many folks who have ancestors who are on the farms and they just cannot wait to dig into these agricultural records. Having said that, I do have a few questions that have come to you online in the chat. We'll start with how do you find family members? Specifically, we are looking, if you are looking for family members, what records give good clues besides historical newspapers and the census? As to where they live? She doesn't do that. Okay, so if we don't mind moving to this next slide, I can tell her where these records are available and some upcoming information on them, if that's okay. I'm sorry, next slide please. That's more rats. So these records are microfilms and the microfilm is available in Washington, D.C. There is film for every one of the 50 states as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia and this guide that Claire Kluskens has put together, next slide please. You can see that on the left-hand side you have the microfilm number, then the annual reports, the state, the years that the microfilm covers and the number of roles that there are. And then there's also photographs that are available on microfilm that are listed on this handout as well at College Park, Maryland, Archives 2 and photographs within the original records. The original, most of them are kept in Kansas City. I will say that because the extension service was an agency that received money from federal, state and local, federal, state and county monies, sometimes you will find records available in county or state archives as well. Or even at the Land Grant University for the state. I know that some of the records for the state of Texas are held at Texas A&M University. So these records are available. Now the question that you had mentioned, Andrea, she said census records and newspapers. I'm wondering if she's getting at how to find where they're located. And if so, where to find them in the records, in these particular records? Well, we'll see if she wants to go a little further and we'll come back to that question. Okay, great. Yeah, thank you. In fact, you predicted that next question by telling us that these records are on microfilm. Let's do the next question. Are these records digitized and available online? Okay, so great question. Before doing this presentation, I reached out because I know that a lot of people would want to have access to these. Now there are going to be some local, you know, county, state libraries that may possibly have ordered microfilm from the National Archives and have them available. But if you don't mind going to the next slide, please. And maybe the next one after that. Digitization at the National Archives. The head of digitization. I spoke with her and records from the extension service. The microfilm for these states that are listed on this slide and the next slide are slated to be digitized this spring and available in the National Archives catalog. I don't know exactly when this spring, but they are slated to be digitized and available sometime late this spring. So that gives us, right, that the states listed after Missouri will also be included in the future. So it is very labor intensive to digitize this information, get it described, and then put into the National Archives catalog, but that is what is being worked on. So although you may not be able to find that information now, it is something that in the future we will be working to get done. And these states here hopefully by the end of the spring will be available.  So they're not going to be as clear as the images I was showing you today because I actually scanned those from original records. So even if you can at least see the microfilm, then maybe you can then see what you actually want to see in original records available in Kansas City. Wonderful. Okay. I'm excited. I'm sure a lot of people who are watching are going to be anxious to see those records online even after scans of microfilm. Yes. It is the top of the hour, but we have several more questions. So we're going to keep going if you don't mind. Sure. And we've got lots of folks watching. This is about the actual agency and its employees. The question is, was the agency and its employees under the Department of Agriculture because of the changes or through the changes and developments to the agency or were they state or county employees? Unfortunately, that is a question I don't know the answer to. I can look into that and see. I believe that I have included my email address as well in the presentation, maybe on the next slide, that if the individual wants to contact me, I can look into that and see. And, you know, agency records are available or if it would be more of a county employment and those records being if still in existence with the county. I apologize. I don't know the answer to that. No, that's fair enough. We respect that. And thank you for offering your email address so we can follow up. I'm going to go back to that researching online. May or may not know this yet. The question is, is there an index or research guide online? Right now, the index, what we have is the one that I have provided. So an index is not going to be available when these are digitized. However, that being said, the National Archives has a, you know, a citizen archivist program. And when these are uploaded, we would love to have people help us in tagging, you know, photos and placing names in the transcription. That would help tremendously with people searching through these records. So if you have it in you to want to help with that task, I'm sure that the National Archives would be more than happy to have you help us in that endeavor. Great plug. Yes. Thank you. Please help us. If you love this topic and you know something about it, you really have something valuable to offer to us. If I could spend my whole life doing that, I would, but unfortunately I can't. This is an interesting comment and then question. Someone wrote, I see some parallels with the Tuskegee Valley Authority records. Well, these are way more expensive. Other than presentations like this, how can we at the National Archives help the public to know more about them? I mean, I, my opinion is, is that outreach is the way to let people know about them. And unfortunately, you know, because of time and a lack of funding and those kinds of things. We're not doing near as much as we did when I first came to the archives, you know, 13 and a half years ago.  I mean, I didn't even think about the TVA records. I think that's a very good parallel. You know, it's just us doing it, you know, these things are something that I find very intriguing and interesting. And every chance I have an opportunity to plug them, I do, whether it be, you know, in a situation where I'm in a professional setting or a personal setting. My husband and daughter and I went to Arkansas, you know, a couple years ago, we were in this little bitty town, tiny place, walked in. The place was amazing. It had been there for over 100 years. They had records related to that particular building. And I started thinking, I was like, you know what, so I started telling the guy about these records. And when I got back, I kind of, I looked up that particular county to see if, you know, people's names were in there. And sent him a little email and said, hey, you know, we have this information on this particular building and these people, you know, that had owned that building previously. If you're interested, let me know.  Sadly, he didn't reach back out. But, you know, you can only do so much. Thank you for that sort of complicated question. And it goes way beyond and above what you're doing and trying to help folks. So a little easier question maybe if there's a National Archives employee who might also know the answer to this. The question is, when was Farmer Week State or Tuskegee Week? Do you know that? What, like when during the year was it? Yeah, they're saying when, when was Farmer Week? Off the top of my head, I don't know when it was. And they may not have been at the same time. You know, I'm assuming it was put on through the state and the land grant college that was involved, you know, in it, at least for Arkansas, the University of Arkansas. And when they planned it, it could have been very different then than it is now. Or even if they still have it now. I know that in, you know, Texas, we have the, like the Texas State Fair where still young individuals compete, right? With their livestock and those kinds of things. But I don't, I don't know when it was. Does anybody else? We'll monitor chat and see if anybody else chimes in. I have a couple more questions that I think are more generic and so we're going to ask for future folks watching. This question is, how do you find an individual agent's records? Well, again, I don't know about the individual agents because I'm not sure if they were. Again, this was an agency that didn't receive money from federal, state and county. So I'm not sure if the individuals were county employees, state employees or federal employees. So that is something that I'm going to look a little further into and you're welcome to email me. And I will be happy to let you know what information I am able to find out about that, you know, for the future. Okay, thank you. And it could have been different also in different places. You know, it may not have been the same in Arkansas as it was in Idaho. I don't know. Right, right. Well, yeah, they're not federal records and we won't have that. Next question is, do you, do we have records for every state? Yes. There is microfilm for every state as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Now, how much of those records are available? I don't know. Each of them is going to be different. They have different, you know, numbers of roles of microfilms. So they're it, but there is stuff for every state. There are reports for every state. Great. That's great news. The last thing I'm going to say is actually more of a comment. It's kind of interesting to see if you found anything about cats. The comment is, I was wondering why barn cats weren't featured in the rats campaign. Cats, not rats, was a common saying. So I have, in all of the different counties that I've found rats stuff in for Arkansas, I have not seen anything about cats. So I don't know why they wouldn't have. That's a very good question. You would think that they would have wanted to do that. I don't know. No cats. I will say I had a friend that worked at an archives in Texas and she knew about the rats and she just sent me an email one day and was like, I found rats in our records. And they were records from Texarkana, which borders obviously Texas and Arkansas. And they found, you know, information about the rat killing campaigns in Bowie County, which is the county that Texarkana is in on the Texas side. So that was kind of fun to see, but I have not seen anything about cats. That is interesting.  Thank you so much, Jenny. If we did not get to your question or you have one later, again, please submit it to Jenny at Jenny.sweeney at narra.gov. Please know that the presentation video recording, the slides and the handout will remain available on this YouTube webpage. Finally, we value your opinion. So please take a minute to complete a short evaluation. Find the link under Show More. On behalf of the National Archives, thank you so much for joining us. Again, thank you, Jenny.


The untoward effects of carbon dioxide accumulation on vital physiologic functions are well known. The following experiments were designed to investigate the effects of an amine buffer of low toxicity on hypercapnic acidosis developing in a dog maintained under conditions of apnic oxygenation. Anesthesia of the animal is designed so that a minimum of barbiturate is required. Atropine, 4-tenths of a milligram, is first administered. Through the intravenous needle, 10 milligrams per kilogram of pentothal are administered to induce anesthesia. During the next 20 minutes, the animal will receive another 10 milligrams per kilogram. After that time, no more pentothal will be given. The dog is immediately placed on his back and the vocal cords are sprayed with 1% xylokane in order to allow intubation of the trachea under light anesthesia. A cuffed endotracheal tube is inserted into the trachea. Attention will now be given to the ventilatory circuit. The oxygen flows from the tank through the adjustable pressure limiting valve to the ventilator. During apnea, the ventilator is stopped, the breathing tubes are clamped. The three-way stopcock is turned so that the circuit bypasses the ventilator. The spirometer becomes the source of oxygen. The low resistance to flow of this system is indicated by the fact that the spirometer bell immediately begins to fall when the endotracheal tube is open. The animal is then placed on the operating table and the endotracheal tube connected with the ventilator. Complete relaxation of the dog is obtained by intravenous administration of divided doses of succinyl choline, one half of a milligram per kilogram as needed. Here we see the deep, regular respirations produced by ventilation of the paralyzed animal. The timer is turned to zero, started, and ventilation with 100% oxygen will continue for one hour. During that time, all unnecessary preparations will have been completed. We shall next consider the process of denitrogenation, which is the preliminary maneuver to the production of ethnic oxygenation. Denitrogenation is the process whereby nitrogen is removed from the lungs and tissues and replaced by oxygen. This process is achieved by using non-rebreathing valves on the inspiratory and expiratory sides of the ventilator, which is fed with 100% oxygen. As a result, with each expiration, some portion of the nitrogen present in the lungs is exhaled and not rebreathed. After one hour, almost all of the nitrogen in the lungs and tissues will have been removed and replaced by oxygen. Now the preparation is nearly completed. A puncture into the cisterna magna has been made and the needle is connected to the strain gauge by a plastic catheter. Just before the onset of apnea, here, after 58 minutes of ventilation, the bladder is catheterized and emptied. This is a schematic presentation of the completed preparation, which will be described to orient the viewer in the laboratory. During the period of denitrogenation, the dog is ventilated with 100% oxygen by the ventilator. During the period of apnea, the dog absorbs oxygen from a spirometer by means of the three-way stopcock connected to the endotracheal tube. A femoral vein is cannulated for administration of an infusion of saline in the controlled dog and of bufferamine in the treated animal. During denitrogenation and apnea, cerebrospinal fluid is measured through the needle placed in the cisterna magna. The electrocardiogram is recorded through leads as indicated and arterial pressure is measured through a catheter placed in the femoral artery. The three-way stopcock in the arterial line permits samples to be taken for pH, PCO2, carbon dioxide content, catecholamines, and oxygen saturation. Introthoracic venous pressure is measured through a plastic catheter inserted through the femoral vein and passed up into the chest. All pressure measurements are made by pressure transducers and recorded with the electrocardiogram on a four-channel recorder. The urethral catheter leads to a graduated flask for measurement of urine excreted. On this control record, the baselines indicate the point of zero pressure. From right to left are recorded mean arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, central venous pressure with typical respiratory waves, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. On the record, taken immediately after the onset of apnea, the influence of thoracic movements is no longer visible. Seven minutes after stopping the ventilator, there are no respiratory efforts or movements on the part of the dog. The source of oxygen for the animal is now the spirometer, and the circuit for this oxygen flow is indicated. From the bell through the stopcock, which has been repositioned and into the endotracheal tube, completely bypassing the ventilator. The animal is now being kept alive through the process of apnic oxygenation. We will now explain this process in the following diagrams. We shall represent total lung volume by a single alveolus containing 2,000 milliliters. At the end of denitrogenation and at the start of apnea, only oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are present in the lung in the following amounts. Oxygen, 1,770 milliliters. PO2, 673 millimetres. Carbon dioxide, 106 milliliters. PCO2, 40 millimetres. Water vapor, 124 milliliters. And PH2O, 47 millimetres of mercury. We shall assume that blood flows around this alveolus in discrete quantities of 1,000 milliliters every 30 seconds. The first 1,000 milliliters of mixed venous blood entering the lung contain 150 milliliters of oxygen with a partial pressure of 40 milliliters of mercury and 440 milliliters of carbon dioxide with a partial pressure of 46 milliliters of mercury. As mixed venous blood flows through the alveolar capillary, 40 milliliters of carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the alveolus and 50 milliliters of oxygen diffuse from the alveolus into the blood indicating a respiratory exchange ratio of 0.8. When this process is complete, the arterial blood leaving the lung will contain 200 milliliters of oxygen at a partial pressure of 673 milliliters and 400 milliliters of carbon dioxide with a partial pressure of 40 milliliters of mercury. The net effect of this gas transfer is to decrease the lung volume by 10 milliliters and lower the total gas pressure from 760 to 756 milliliters of mercury, which is 4 milliliters of mercury less than the pressure of oxygen in the spirometer. Under the effect of this pressure gradient, a mass flow of oxygen will proceed from the spirometer into the lung so that total gas pressure in the lung is restored to 760 milliliters of mercury and total lung volume to 2,000 milliliters. 30 seconds after the onset of apnea, the second 1,000 milliliters of mixed venous blood enters the lung. However, in this case, only oxygen will diffuse into the blood. No transfer of carbon dioxide between mixed venous blood and the alveolus will occur because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is the same in both. As a result, the blood leaving the lung will be fully oxygenated, but its carbon dioxide content will be 440 milliliters the same as venous blood. The transfer of 50 milliliters of oxygen from the lung into the blood will decrease the lung volume by the same amount and lower total pressure by 19 milliliters from 760 to 741 milliliters of mercury. Under the effect of this pressure gradient, a mass flow of oxygen will proceed from the spirometer into the lung so that the total gas pressure in the lung is restored to 760 milliliters of mercury and the volume to 2,000 milliliters. It is now apparent that apnea following denitrogenation will provide sufficient oxygen for saturation of reduced hemoglobin so long as a source of oxygen is available through a patent airway. However, apnic oxygenation does not permit removal of carbon dioxide. The mass flow of oxygen into the lung prevents the transport of measurable amounts of carbon dioxide from the lung to the spirometer. Furthermore, accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lungs proceeds slowly, PCO2 increasing by 5 to 6 millimeters of mercury per minute while the respiratory exchange ratio tends toward zero. The slow accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lungs is accounted for by its large solubility which permits it to accumulate in body fluids, tissues, and lungs nearly simultaneously. These conditions permit the study of progressive hypercapnic acidosis in the dog. It will be demonstrated in the following scenes that acidosis is the limiting factor in survival of the animal. After 15 minutes of apnea, arterial, venous, and cerebrospinal fluid pressures have all risen. The cyclic variations of the tracings are due to the inherent discharges of the vasomotor and respiratory centers. Radicardia is present. During the whole period of apnea, isotonic saline is infused intravenously at the rate of 1 milliliter per kilogram per minute. After 15 minutes of this infusion, there is a persisting anuria. After 30 minutes of apnic oxygenation, spinal fluid pressure has increased 300 percent so that the pen is off the scale and a change in attenuation is required. Mean arterial blood pressure has risen 70 percent, pulse rate has increased, and central venous pressure has fallen back to its control level. After 45 minutes of apnic oxygenation, arterial pressure has fallen below control level. There is marked tachycardia. Spinal fluid pressure has also decreased, but it is still twice above control. The tongue is hypoxic. At the end of 60 minutes of apnea, despite the volume of fluid infused, anuria prevails. The 60-minute record contrasts the pronounced fall of mean arterial pressure with the still elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Marked arterial oxygen desaturation is reflected in the color of the tongue. Within two more minutes, complete cardiovascular collapse has occurred with only residual electrical activity of the heart being recorded. There is no pulse pressure measurable at this time. At 64 minutes, minimal electrical manifestations of agonal cardiac activity are the only tracings recorded. These blood samples were drawn at 15-minute intervals during apnea. The arterial oxygen desaturation can be accounted for by the Bohr effect, cardiovascular collapse, and pulmonary adolescences, which develops when the lungs are not ventilated. The last half of this presentation shows a second dog undergoing a similar one-hour period of ethnic oxygenation. This dog, however, was treated with an intravenous infusion of 2-amino, 2-hydroxymethyl, 1-3-propane diol, or trishydroxymethylamino-methane, or T-H-A-M. A compound of low toxicity will buffer carbon dioxide as shown in the following reaction. The second animal is presented here after completion of all preparations. The baselines indicate zero pressures and are followed by the control recordings at the end of denitrogenation. These values are similar to those recorded in the first animal. The disappearance of the respiratory waves on the record indicate the transition from mechanical ventilation to apnea. At the onset of apnea, a 3-tenth molar infusion of tham is administered to the animal at the rate of 1 milliliter per kilogram per minute. After 40 minutes of this infusion, 180 milliliters of urine has been excreted. This matches fluid input. Oxygenation of the tongue is fully maintained. The recording made at that time does not differ from the control which is presented for comparison. The rate of infusion has remained constant throughout the 45 minutes of apnea. And during that time, 200 milliliters of urine have been produced. There are no significant changes in the records. After 57 minutes of apnea, as contrasted with the untreated animal, the tongue is well oxygenated. The animal has now excreted 400 milliliters of urine. This record was taken after 60 minutes of apnea. Here, 20 minutes after the cessation of apnea, the animal is attempting to resume spontaneous respirations and limb movements. The record taken at this time shows two spontaneous breaths and also indicates that arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, central venous and spinal fluid pressures are the same as control values. Comparison with the control record clearly indicates this. Comparison of blood samples, drawn every 15 minutes, demonstrates maintenance of normal arterial oxygenation in spite of some degree of long adolescence which develops during prolonged apnea. Here, the dog is shown in full recovery. There have been no apparent sequelae of the experience. She is alert and healthy. The following charts contrast humoral changes occurring in these two experiments. In the untreated animal, arterial blood pH fell during one hour from 7.41 to 6.42. In the treated animal, it did not change significantly. Concomitant with the increase in hydrogen ion concentration observed in the untreated animal, there was a considerable rise in plasma epinephrine which increased from 1 to 38 micrograms per liter while norepinephrine rose from 0.5 to 22 micrograms per liter. This rise in plasma catecholamines did not prevent a cardiovascular collapse from occurring when pH fell below 6.80. In the treated animal, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels did not change significantly. After 60 minutes of apnea, total plasma CO2 increased from 21 to 41 millimoles per liter in the untreated animal. The ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid falling from 20 to 3. In the treated dog, there was after 60 minutes of apnea a still greater increase in plasma CO2 which rose to 49 millimoles per liter. However, in this case, the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid remained normal in spite of the higher CO2 accumulation. The lesser CO2 production by the untreated animal may be accounted for by the depression of metabolic function caused by acidosis. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide rose from 38 to 346 millimetres of mercury in the untreated animal. In the treated one, it rose from 32 to 98 millimetres of mercury, which is still a considerable rise, two and a half times above normal, but it took place in the presence of a normal pH. The results shown on the next chart indicate that FAM will neutralize the untoured effects of carbon dioxide retention in two ways. One, the compound's buffering capacity maintains pH within the normal range. Two, 25% of the total amount of carbon dioxide produced during apnea will be excreted in the urine. This presentation has demonstrated that carbon dioxide accumulation during apneic oxygenation will be well tolerated when the two fractions, bicarbonate and carbonic acid, are kept in suitable proportions to maintain the acid-based balance of the blood within normal limits and preserve the neutrality of the internal environment.


Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky on July 6 called on NATO leaders to take concrete steps towards Ukrainian membership at a summit next week and he received support during a visit to Prague from the Czech president, who backed Kiev's bid to join the alliance. Ukraine wants to join as quickly as possible, but NATO members have been divided over how fast that step should be taken. Some member countries are wary of moves they fear could take the alliance closer to an active war with Russia. The Czech Republic, a NATO member, has been a staunch supporter of Ukraine since the invasion in February 2022, supplying military aid and other help. I understand that it may be difficult to deal with this or that. At the same time, the position of Ukraine will also be strengthened by the fact that NATO's first joint meeting will be held within the NATO-Ukrainian Council. Ukraine will sit down on NATO as equal and equal and the communication between NATO and Ukraine will be at a completely different level. Thank you.


It is pretty crazy though, all these doctors gone, so many missing. You have no idea. Well I'm not letting any more be taken, that's for damn sure! We're gonna work together, we're gonna be the dream team! Who else have you got in this team? No one. I forgot another one! Another one?!  You doctors at once, I will be the greatest darling of all! Yeah, good for you, I'm sure your Mr. Master Daddy Davros will give you an OBE. Silence! You will be exterminated! Wait, wait, before dying, do you know what happens when you put two identical sonic devices against each other? Oh yes, yes you must know, you've got to find out, your Mr. Master will be very proud. It's catching on. You will tell me, OBE. What? Do you not know? Me neither, let's find out! I know this is high stakes and everything, but I've got to know, did you just quote Tennant? No, I quoted Russell. And they love your forehead! Now, do as I say and everybody get down, immediately. You what, oh fuck! Now to detonate, don't detonate yet! I'll order so you're going to be turned into Dalek's son. Did we get it, Professor? The bomb has been planted, but we're not in Boomtown yet. Oh, that's a very nice reference! Thank you, OBE.  Don't you tell Sensei and Reyes to shine. Right then, Mr. Dalek, you're going to tell me what you're up to. Incorrect. Jody Time Lord, yeah! Dalek, Dalek, no. What? Can't you do it? Answer simple questions?   We are the masters of the universe. And yet you refuse to answer a very simple question. And I mean, if you can't do that, what are you good for, Dalek? Hey, what's the point in you? You know what, forget this, forget it. McCoy! Shall I answer your questions? And a boy! Now, who sent you? Davros and a third party. Oh, I wonder who that could be. Oh, speaking of, did you get Jody's invite? I did, but there was no place to put my dietary requirements. Oh, are you vegan or something? No, but others might be. You know, it is very inconsiderate of Jody not to put an option for others. Okay, next question. What is your goal? What is your prime directive, as I'm sure you'd say? To make havoc and to exterminate all prime targets. And just to clarify, who is that?  It was me. No, Ace, not me. Shit. Don't forget to subscribe to the official Jack Reeves YouTube channel.


15 minuwn yn ymarfer, mae nid yn fwy oherwydd. Rwy'n wen weld eich bod, cwrs iawn i allu'r peir, wrth ynglyn â'r cwestiwn, mae'n cael ei wneud o waith y myfarturi? O wnaeth yn cael ei wneud i'r peir i'w myfarturi a'r rôl o'r peir i'w myfarturi? Yma yna'n dda'r peir i'w myfarturi yn South Africa around the minerals energy complex and what that's meant for the specific pattern of manufacturing and the implications for employment because of the domination of a narrow group of capital intensive sectors. So that's the sort of framing. We're then going to look at why the Houghton City region and we're going to present our preliminary findings about how these sectors have evolved, particularly around employment, but not only about employment. It's work in progress, which we're doing for a GCRO here at VITS, but we do have some conclusions, we think already, on the question of linkages and employment, which are worth sharing. Firstly, there's a very big theoretical question here and there's a big theoretical debate about why manufacturing matters, which goes down to the question of is growth sector-neutral or is growth sector-specific? The mainstream approach, as I'm sure a learned audience that we get at tips, will emphasise how growth is sector-neutral, whereas classical and structural perspectives have a history of arguing that growth is sector-specific and that a change in sectoral structure affects economic growth. We don't have time to go into it, but obviously there's a lot of body of literature in classical development economics. Why does manufacturing matter? What do the arguments revolve around? Manufacturing has greater scope for learning by doing, for increasing returns to scale, for cumulative productivity increases, for strong growth pulling linkages with the rest of the domestic economy and for tendencies to technological progress to boil it down. Manufacturing may act as an engine of growth through both output and employment channels and that you can see the growth pulling effects of manufacturing through backward and forward linkages with the rest of the domestic economy and you can see demand multiplier effects through wages paid. Though obviously that's only true if wages are higher in manufacturing in other sectors. There's a whole body of literature summarised there in one slide, but we can obviously come back to it. Clearly, very closely tied to the question of why manufacturing matters is the question of whether de-industrialisation matters and Fiona Tregana, her colleague of mine at UJ, has done very, very good work on this. What you clearly see is advanced economies undergoing de-industrialisation since the 1970s, but also, with the exception of East Asia, many developing economies beginning to de-industrialise at relatively low levels of industrial development, which is really quite a significant thing. What you see in conditions of what you might call premature de-industrialisation, premature and inverted commons, is that can services, which are very likely to be relatively low skilled, low productivity and non-tradable activities in retail and personal services, do these really have the capacity to serve as dynamic replacements, which I think is very, very questionable. What does all this mean in the context of South Africa, which has got a very specific history? It's a very long room and I'm sure at the back your eyes are struggling already. But if we look on the left, the left third, the MEC sectors, this is capital stock, MEC sectors at the core of the South African economy, mining, energy, rubber, petroleum, chemicals, you know, the historic core of the South African economy, clearly rooted in mining in English capital, but then Africana speaking capital through state-owned enterprises in steel, in escom, in electricity, in sassol, in liquid fuels. So these are the core sectors of the economy historically. The right third, that's government services, finance, retail and so forth. The middle third, is really what I want you to look at, is non-MEC manufacturing. Actually, and we're going to show, these are actually the key jobs generation. But if you look at capital stock in these sectors, it's negative in many important sectors. This is leather, wool, paper, printing and so forth. Here, if you look, this is work we did for Houghton in 2007, if you look at what in terms of employment multipliers and backward linkages, if you look at what fall in the top right quadrant, you see wood, paper, print, food, all the sectors where there isn't the capital stock are actually the jobs generators. That's what that shows. Similarly, if you look at the question of linkages, this shows the very, very close linkages between the sectors in the MEC core and their relative lack of linkages with the rest of manufacturing, particularly if you look at the bottom line, share of inputs from MEC, share of output to MEC for non-manufacturing sectors. That shows you've got an MEC core which has tight linkages between it, between, within it, between its and relatively weak linkages with the rest of manufacturing. That's the historic path of accumulation in South Africa. The term is obviously Benfin and Zav Rustumges, Zav who's sitting at the back. So if you look, again, this is just GVA across manufacturing South Africa as a whole, look clearly petroleum products, chemicals, rubber and plastic, metals, metal products, machinery and equipment. In a way, still, still way out in the lead, as it were. And then again if you look at GVA by province, this is for 2011, Hauteng was still the historic centre really of the economy. So I'm going to hand over to Susan in a sec, but as I said, we're doing this work for GCRO, Hauteng City Region, and they have quite a good concept. They call it Hauteng City Region because it's bigger than actually just the borders of Hauteng. So it spreads further to the east to include some of the coal belt, it tells further to the south to include Sassol, further to the north west to Rustenberg, Mining, Platinum and so forth. This is an area encapsulates the historic heartland of the MEC. So what we've been looking at and what Susan's going to now take you through is what's the picture of how it's evolved. I don't know if you want to add anything about the map. Thanks, Sam. Okay, I'm just going to take us through some of the sort of broad data in Hauteng City Region first. And the first thing, this is a sub-sector share of manufacturing GVA in the city region in 2011. And just to show not surprisingly, given the centrality of Hauteng in manufacturing in the country, is that this pattern is basically the same pattern that Sam showed earlier in the pie chart. So if we look at GVA, more than 50% of GVA in the city region in manufacturing is made up of petroleum products, chemicals, rubber and plastic, metals, metal products, machine and equipment. And so these two sort of very central MEC manufacturing sub-sectors. There are two other, if we add in the two next largest sectors by GVA in manufacturing in the city region, we've got food beverages and tobacco and transport equipment. So together these four sectors make up just short of three quarters of all GVA in manufacturing in the city region. This is just to show this extremely skewed pattern of manufacturing. That is a legacy in the remnants of the particular nature of industrial development in South Africa. Rostam G and Ben Fine refer to the mineral energy complex. If we look at fixed capital stock, this is again just zooming in a bit on that slightly harder to see pie chart. The slightly harder to see bar chart earlier. If we look at this in the region, petroleum products make up over 55% of all capital stock and then that together with metals and metal products is almost three quarters. So this just says something about the capital intensity and the sort of skewed capital bias of industry in South Africa and Cal Teng in particular. The reason we want to bring our attention to this is because we are interested in employment generation and how the industrial structure of the economy determines and conditions the nature of employment. So here is employment again. So much slightly different picture. We see that those two large sectors again make up most of employment in manufacturing but metals here overtakes petroleum products because of the difference in capital intensity but we see some other sectors coming in now as really important employment generators in manufacturing, food, beverages and tobacco, furniture and other manufacturing and transport equipment. I want to draw your attention back to that scatter plot that Sam showed where she showed in the top right quadrant were the sectors that we identified back in our work in 2010 as sectors with very strong backlit languages and strong employment multipliers. So potential sectors for growth pulling effects and employment generation. So the first thing to notice is that these three sectors here are food, beverages, furniture, manufacturing and transport equipment are in that top right hand quadrant and I'll come back to that in a moment when we discuss what's been happening in terms of these sectors in terms of investment and employment since 1995. The first thing to say is that investment has been very closely tied to the success of these sectors both in terms of GVA and employment generation. This is not a pretty picture sadly, it's not the most positive of pictures. If we look from 1995 to 2013, the first five to ten years since 94 there's been a decline in fixed investment in manufacturing in Xauteng. It recovered a bit in 2000s only to plummet again with the financial crisis and it's been creeping up. Now this picture, this aggregate picture, masks enormous diversity across industrial subsectors. So this graph is not very clear, I'm afraid given how far away everyone is, but I just want to see if I can use this. Just wanted to show you, so if we remember the last graph and these are the four largest manufacturing subsectors in Xauteng according to GVA, we see that sectors like food and beverages tobacco follow largely the patterns we saw in aggregate and similarly with transport equipment and we get the same across a number of other subsectors. But what's very different, what really bucks the trend is petroleum products. We see this enormous increase here probably related to Sassol, but what's really sad is that sector which has the largest employment in manufacturing in the province has really suffered in terms of productive investment. So one of our preliminary conclusions is if we're interested in a manufacturer, we're interested in employment, this is a space where we really need to start to increase investment and capacity building in metals, metal products, machinery and equipment. So that's investment and what we found in some of our data analysis is a pretty close relationship between investment and employment generation. Again here we show employment generation in manufacturing across the city region and there was a bit of a decline from 1995 to 2003. Part of that might be due to firm restructuring and outsourcing of things like cleaning, but that recovers slightly only to fall again since the crisis and it has not recovered since. This is just to bring out some of that data. So I'm looking at the changes in employment here across manufacturing subsectors and what we've highlighted and read here, so first of all overall decrease since 1995 has been 13% of employment in manufacturing in Haltang city region. And if we look at the sectors that have suffered the most, these are again those sectors in that top right quadrant of having strong backward linkages and strong employment multipliers and have been largely neglected by policy. So things like textile clothing and leather traditionally a very strong employment generator has declined in terms of employment numbers by 31% in these two decades or so. Another dimension of this has been if we look again at the, there's been a bit of a skills bias in terms of this, in this decrease in employment across manufacturing subsectors. So this first column is fixed capital stock, the second column is total manufacturing across subsectors, the changes I showed you in the last graph, but then we separate them across skills level, highly skilled, skilled and semi skilled and the red numbers are all those where employment numbers are registered to decline and we see again, we see also that the job losses are concentrated and skilled, semi and unskilled with highly skilled jobs relatively safe or actually even registering an increase in numbers. This challenges one of the really strong arguments in South Africa that the problem of unemployment lies in labour markets themselves, the supply and demand within the labour markets and the shortage of supply of skills. And we just like to challenge that a little bit to show that actually there's a structural basis for this employment that's not about the lacking of skills in the labour market itself but the lack of demand from industry for these skilled and semi skilled work. So just a couple of conclusions and I think Sam has discussed already why manufacturing matters on a theoretical level both as the engine of growth through growth pull effects and linkages as well as employment multipliers and also we want to show that the MEC continues to matter, it continues to shape the way in which the sort of bias nature of manufacturing in the South African economy and it conditions the nature and scope of linkage development and employment and what we've seen is you know with since 1995 it's those manufacturing sub sectors not linked to the MEC that have seen massive decline. We have two sort of more policy related conclusions as well and the first is if policy you know in terms of employment generation our position is that employment policy or employment generation needs to be closely tied to industrial policy and to understand and cannot sort of look only at the labour market as disconnected from the industrial structure of the South African economy and this is we've got structure here with a big S so this is not just competition or market concentration this is structure as in the vertical linkages and the horizontal diversity, vertical and horizontal linkages of manufacturing itself and so our position is that industrial policy needs to focus critically on these linkages in order to develop a broad, independent and diversified industrial structure and only this can lead to a significant dent in the employment problem. Thank you.


Rydw i chi'n gwybod i ddweud y cwysig, sy'n fawr yn ei ddweud. Rydw i chi'n gwybod i ddweud y cwysig, Neil Bibby? Rydw i chi'n gwybod i ddweud y cwysig, y cyfan y bydd y rhai o'r rhai o'r sgoledigau? Minister Hubser Yousif. Gwysig y bydd o'r sgoledigau o'r sgoledigau o'r sgoledigau i gondol i siarad o'r rhai o'r sgoledigau. Rydw i chi'n gwybod i ddweud i ddweud i arddangosol, Felly, y gynllun o wneud gweld spoketyn sylwil iawn i'r iawn gwybod iawn i bethau o'i arwag y rhai oherwydd y myd א Parfwyr wych chi'n gyda hynny o chi ddweud â cyfleidau â arwath iawn. Y ddiogelwch yn y ôl anodol annod Bodylla yn ôl 20 august, yn darllen nhw 24 oes o 75 mlyneddol, iloes yn gynnal ar rhaid. Rwy'n dweud iolaeth dwyboi 38.7 percylwch gyrraeddosition o Peisley-Kanal. Dwyboi 29 percylwch i Dalmwyr i 25 percylwch, rwy'n dweud i mwy gair. ac ydych chi'n unig o'ch 10 trai yn Arbroaf, Ardrossan Harbour ac High Street Glasgow ar y tim. Y cyfnodd yn cyfrasiad o'r belyd o'r bobl yn ddechrau i'r wneud o gwyllu amdanoedd o waith. Mae nid o'r minister yn gweithio i gyd i ddweud i ScotRail a Network Rail. Rwy'n gweithio chi'n gwybod bod trai yn gwneud ar y tim ac yn gwneud i'n gwybod i gyd? A fydden nhw'n gweld i'n yn gweithio i'n gweithio i gyd, that services will be significantly improved, and if so, by when? Minister. Let me try to give some reassurances to the member where I can. As I have said in my previous answer, I do not think that the performance or the PPM levels are to the standard that we expect them. That is why I have instructed an improvement plan that comes to me and that changes are made. Let me try to give some perspective on what the member has said. The target that ScotRailer Belliol has is 91.3 per cent in terms of performance in the PPM target. They were just 1.6 per cent behind that. 1.6, they were at 89.7 per cent just for some perspective because I know that the member needs some of that perspective. When Labour had the franchise in 2005, they were at 84 per cent, 6 per cent lower than they currently are. Just to give some perspective as well, on the Glasgow South line, the PPM percentage is 97 per cent, on the Gwyrwch Wim's Bay, I know a service that the member uses himself, it is at 99 per cent. Yes, there are certainly improvements to be made. That is why an improvement plan has been put in place. Let us put that in perspective. The railways are not at collapse. There is not chaos as he paints. I know that Neil Bibby is usually a ray of eternal sunshine and positivity. I would request him to think positively about some of that. The improvement plan has been requested. I am sure that there will be improvements made, and you will see some action on that. Let us get some perspective on that. Yes, the PPM target has been missed by 1.6 per cent. I will be pushing ScotRailer Belliol further. Let us see what that improvement plan has been. Linda Fabiani I intend to write to the minister about that, but I would like to place on record some of the terrible travelling experiences that I am getting reports of from people on the east cobride to Glasgow line. Will the minister make sure that, when I send him this letter detailing some of the experiences that he has relayed to me over the past few weeks, he will very quickly have a look at it and raise that with ScotRail along with other issues? Yes, of course I will. It is important to say that anybody can pick out a weeks of statistics or a month of statistics, but over the year the performance has not been what I would expect it to be, but 89.7 per cent in terms of the PPM, punctuality and performance is in the right trajectory. We need to get to the targets that are set in the contract, the improvement plans in place and, hopefully, that will make a difference to the constituents in east cobride. Colin Beattie Can I ask the minister what measures the Scottish Government has taken to expand passenger capacity on Scotland's railways? Yes, the member raises an important point. Of course, the good news story on the railways is that the popularity of railways has grown by 27 per cent since 2007, so more people want to use railways, but the different side of that coin is that we have capacity issues in the network. In order to try to address that, there are a number of things that are in the franchise and in the contract. In April 2015, when the franchise was taken on by ScotRail Abelio, there were 287 trains in the fleet. That will increase to 336 by 2019. There will be 70 new Hitachi trains, more than 40 per cent extra seating planned by the end of 2018-2019. There are a whole host of other measures that we are taking in order to improve capacity. It is a big issue, and I am active in social media. I see a lot of people tweeting me about the capacity issues, and there are improvements being made. A new fleet of trains is coming in, which will help with that, but I can provide more detail to the member, perhaps in some written correspondence. To ask the Scottish Government what its position is on the reported views of businesses regarding slow broadband speeds in the Grangemouth area. The majority of homes and businesses in Grangemouth are served by commercial broadband services, and we will continue to press commercial providers to deliver the best possible service to as many homes and businesses as is possible. The Scottish Government's investment in the digital Scotland's superfast broadband programme has seen two new cabinets installed recently to serve areas of Grangemouth that would not have been reached commercially. The Scottish Government is committed to ensuring superfast broadband access for 100 per cent of premises by 2021. We intend to deliver new public investment via new procurements from next year, which will further improve broadband availability and speeds across Scotland. Does the minister agree with me that it is incredible in 2016 that in the industrial hub of Scotland businesses are reporting that they have been told that the best option was radio-based broadband beamed across the fourth all the way from Clackmannanshire? As I said in the answer that the member referred to, commercial services have provided broadband in cities throughout Britain. Unless I miss something, I have not heard the UK Government stating that it is a public obligation of the taxpayer to supplant the commercial activities of companies. That is not a proposition that one expects to hear from the Conservative party, but, despite that fact, I can inform members that, under the digital Scotland superfast broadband programme, 7,000 homes and businesses are being connected every week. An investment of £410 million is being made to make up for the fact that the UK's ambition is far less than that of the Scottish Government. Angus MacDonald, I had discussions with a senior official from Falkirk Council on this very subject just last Friday, and he advised me that they are actively pursuing wireless broadband options for my constituency. What can the Scottish Government do to assist Falkirk Council in their efforts to improve broadband provision in Grange West and the wider Falkirk District and source alternative technology to allow better broadband speeds for local businesses? We work with Falkirk Council and other bodies to help to extend digital connectivity in the area. A range of technologies will be required to deliver our shared broadband ambitions. Community broadband Scotland is already supporting a number of communities to procure wireless broadband solutions. The Scottish Government is also supporting trials of innovative TV white space technology in Orkney, for example, which could support wireless broadband delivery in future. I will ensure that the good points that my colleague Mr MacDonald raises are followed up with Falkirk Council in the coming days to discuss their plans in more detail. Richard Lyle Thank you, Presiding Officer. Is the Cabinet Secretary as tired as I am of hearing the Tories' complain about the Scottish Government's approach to digital connectivity when the Tory Government at Westminster does not even have an ambitious target for roll-out as it exists here in Scotland? Richard Lyle Well, Tory fatigue is just one of the malaisies that we must all hear in the Scottish Parliament. To answer the question, the Scottish Government has made clear that we intend to go far further than the UK Government in digital connectivity. The UK's ambition is lesser, and its USO will deliver speeds of just 10 megabits per second far below the superfast target in Scotland. What we are doing in Scotland, although we have a long way to go yet, as we admit, will be far more ambitious than what our counterparts seek to deliver at Downsouth. Michael Matheson Point of order, Ms Findlay. Michael Matheson Today, in an answer to an inspired parliamentary question from Gil Paterson, announced a review of undercover policing in Scotland since the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Scotland Act 2004. I have been raising the issues of unethical and illegal undercover policing for the last few years, and I have called for a full and independent public inquiry, the same as is happening in England and Wales. What has been announced today is not a public inquiry. The review announced today fails to address the concerns of victims prior to the year 2000. The Pitchford inquiry in England and Wales will look back to 1968. The review fails to provide an avenue for victims to prevent their evidence and to hear from witnesses, and the review will not look at the activities of undercover officers during events such as the anti-poltax campaign, the minor strike, and the peak period when thousands of construction workers were blacklisted. Can you use your good office to ensure that the cabinet secretary comes to Parliament next week to make a statement on this review so that MSPs can ask questions on behalf of their constituents? Sneaking this out at the tail of the week in an inspired PQ with no opportunity for questions simply will not do. I thank Mr Finlay for his point of order. Mr Finlay makes a number of questions about a Government statement and announcement today. There are clearly questions that need to be put to the Government, and I would ask the Government to take cognisance or other business managers to take cognisance, as it would have any other request. Mr Finlay can make use of his own resources, put down written questions, as he would with any other matter, and can make full utilisation of all the Parliamentary facilities in doing so. The point has been noted that it is not a point of order, however. We now move to decision time, and there are six questions as a result of today's business. The first question is that amendment 1580.1, in the name of Murdo Fraser, which seeks to amend motion 1580 in the name of Derek Mackayr on reforming local taxation, be agreed to? Yes. Were not agreed, Parliament will move to a vote, and members may cast their vote now. The result of the vote on amendment 1580.1, in the name of Murdo Fraser, is as follows. Yes, 64, no 63, there were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore agreed. The next question is that amendment 1580.2, in the name of Jackie Baillie, which seeks to amend motion 1580 in the name of Derek Mackayr, be agreed to? Are we all agreed? No. Were not agreed, Parliament will move to a vote, and members may cast their votes now. The result of the vote on amendment 1580.2, in the name of Jackie Baillie, is as follows. Yes, 34, no, 93, there were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that amendment 1580.3, in the name of Andy Wightman, which seeks to amend the motion in the name of Derek Mackayr, be agreed to? Are we all agreed? No. Were not agreed, Parliament will move to a vote, and members may cast their votes now. The result of the vote on amendment 1580.3, in the name of Andy Wightman, is as follows. Yes, 6, no, 121, there were no abstentions, the amendment is therefore not agreed. The next question is that motion 1580, in the name of Derek Mackayr, as amended, be agreed. Are we all agreed? No. Were not agreed, Parliament will move to a vote, and members may cast their votes now. The result of the vote on motion 1580, in the name of Derek Mackayr, as amended, is as follows. Yes, 63, no, 63, and there were no abstentions. As the vote is tied, and the Parliament has been unable to reach a view on the motion, I have to exercise my casting vote, and in line with the approach taken by my predecessors and outlined in members in my recent letter, I will cast against the motion. The motion is therefore not agreed. We will now move to the next question. The question is that motion 1581, in the name of Rachael Hamilton, which seeks to amend motion 1581 in the name of Rachael Hamilton, be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. The final question is that motion 1581, in the name of Fiona Hyslop, as amended, on securing Scotland's position as the perfect stage for events to be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are all agreed. That concludes decision time.