So, one welcome to the 23rd lecture on the subject of digital signal processing and its applications. We use this lecture to discuss the solution to the mid-semester examination that was conducted in this course. Of course, the detailed solution is available on the course webpage, but it is useful to discuss the questions and their answers in structure solution and the possible variants more than from the point of view of evaluation, from the point of view of understanding some niceties, some finer points in the material that was studied. So, you know more than just looking at the evaluation aspect which of course has been done routinely, it is important to understand some finer ideas that were being communicated through the questions that were asked in the mid-semester examination. So, what I shall do in this lecture is to present the question first and then discuss the instructor solution to it and then of course ask for any clarifications if there are any questions or clarifications that have to be made. So, you see that we are going to look at, now we look at the first question, I shall project the relevant question or I shall briefly explain the question and then give its response. So the first question I will just you know mention the main points of course, we will load the question paper and the instructor solution on the webpage, but we will put the main points here. So, we do not intend to discuss every step of the solution, but we wish to discuss some important or salient points of the solution which are important from the point of view of concept. So, here we go for the first question here, the first question was whether the system now in all the questions in all the parts in the question number 1, we use xn to denote the input of the system and yn to denote the output and therefore the question was does this describe a causal system and of course the answer is yes, that is because although this is n plus 1 that was the deceptive part, this is n plus 1 that does not affect the causality. The causality only relates the fact that y of n depends on the current sample of x and no other, it does not matter what function you perform on the index before you apply that to the sample that does not affect causality. So the system was indeed causal. Question 1, part 2, part b asked whether y of n is equal to n times x of n is a bounded input bounded output stable system and the answer is no, that is because you could give a counter example by taking y of n is equal to u of n, this is bounded but the output is clearly unbounded. So you have a bounded input with an unbounded output and that serves as a counter example. If there are any questions please post them right then and there. So question 1, part c asked whether in a Bebo unstable system does an unbounded input necessarily produce an unbounded output and the answer is no. You see in unstable system you are guaranteed that there is at least one bounded input which produces an unbounded output but you are not guaranteed either that every bounded input produces an unbounded output or that an unbounded input necessarily produces an unbounded output. In fact we can give a very simple counter example by exploiting the Z transform. So you see if you take the system you know well you know if you take this system if you take this input 1 minus 2 Z I mean I am showing the Z transform of the input and if you consider this system the system with system function 1 minus 3 Z inverse by 1 minus 2 Z inverse mod Z greater than 2. Clearly this input is unbounded the system is unstable when you find the output it is essentially an impulse and of course you do have a valid region of convergence. So you have at least mod Z greater than 3 as a region of convergence and therefore if you take the inverse Z transform of this X Z as the input and the inverse and this as a system which is clearly unstable then this input applied this system is clearly Bebo unstable this input is unbounded that is clear because you know if you look at this is essentially an exponential with a factor of 3 alright the output is however going to be an impulse. Now this is of course just one counter example you are welcome to give any other counter example but in general you are not guaranteed it shows that you are not that is a very tricky thing you are not guaranteed that a Bebo unstable system gives an unbounded output when the input is unbounded yes. So you see what is the region of convergence at least mod Z greater than 3. The question is why why are we taking mod Z greater than 3 so the answer is that you see the region of convergence is at least the intersection if not more right. So here we are sure that there is some part in the region of convergence mod Z greater than 3 is the minimum part of course the region of convergence may expand in this case it does in this case in face the region of convergence goes all over the Z plane but we are sure that there is a region of convergence to begin with so maybe what we should say is mod Z greater than 3 at least is the region of convergence so we have something to begin with alright. Now question 1 part 4 so the question is in the previous system where you have Y of n is n times X of n could you have given a bounded input which produced a bounded output yes indeed. So for example if you give Xn equal to delta n you know the unit impulse it produces a bounded output in fact it produces all 0 so in unstable system it is not necessary that every bounded input produces an unbounded output but there is at least one bounded input which produces an unbounded output this illustrates the idea. So question 1 D was if you give a Bebo stable system D input X of n is minus 1 for n odd and 1 for even n is the output bounded and of course the answer is yes that is because the Bebo stable system the input is bounded by 1 and therefore the output must be bounded so that is simple. On the other hand in question 1 part e you are asked whether a linear system responds to the standard you see you told that delta n produces some output Hn which has a finite number of finite samples system is linear now the statement was that if you give a bounded input would it produce a bounded output in general and the answer of course is not necessarily that is because you are not told the system is shift invariant. So although the impulse located at 0 produces a finite number of finite samples the impulse located somewhere else might not in fact not just the impulse some other combination might not and in particular of course you know for a linear system you can use impulses located at various places to see what the system does. So it is quite possible that the input located somewhere else may not and then you have trouble so it is not necessary so the answer is no it is not correct so not so for question 1 now are there any doubts or difficulties about question 1 beyond this yes please yes so the question is question asked is in the part e of question 1 was the point that if the impulse were located elsewhere there could be an unbounded output and the answer is yes you know the system being linear but not shift invariant could have a different response to an impulse located somewhere else and that could be unbounded. Now we come to question 2 you are given the response to delta m minus k for k over the set of integers you are told that for k less than 0 the output is all 0 for k equal to 0 and 1 the output is given so you know we will quickly put them down k less than 0 all 0 k equal to 0 1 it is gm minus k and gm and sorry hm minus k and hm is specified to be 1 to 1 with this 1 placed at 0 and for k greater than 1 it is gm minus k and gm is specified to be 1 to 2 1 with this 1 located at 0. So the first question is to write down the output ym in terms of the input xm in general now you see when a system is linear of course any input can be written in terms of the impulses this is true for any input and if the system is linear then one thing is clear ym is summation overall k xk is like a constant here so xk responds to delta n minus k this is true because the system is linear so on account of additivity you can take the response over each of these and on account of homogeneity you can take the response in to the xk and therefore we can now write down ym in terms of all the responses to different impulses that is true for any linear system the only catch is that for a linear system which is not shift in value this cannot be written in terms of a single hn now this question was meant to test one's understanding of the proof that LSI systems have an impulse response that characterizes them completely so the system is linear but not shift in variant what is it that is required to characterize so one dilutes the proof so to speak to come to a weaker requirement so it is meant you see I used to stress in the class that it is not enough simply to understand the proof but also appreciate all its variance and that means we must learn to read between the lines in what is it one what one is doing in the classroom so you see that was what was being tested in this question and that is of course going to be true in the future as well unless you learn to look beyond simply what is said obviously in the class it will not enable you to understand the subject in depth now one can work this out and one can show that in general this is the response that you get yn is in general 0 for n less than 0 x of 0 for n equal to 0 twice x of 0 plus x of 1 for n equal to 1 so you can expand this you know you can expand this output and get so I am just putting down the response x1 plus twice x2 plus x3 for I am sorry x0 plus twice x1 plus x2 for n equal to 2 and we can continue this it is equal to x1 plus twice x2 plus x3 for n equal to 3 twice x2 plus twice x3 so you see it is clearly shift variant the behavior changes for n equal to 4 and again for n equal to 5 we need to write a separate expression and beyond that you can write a common expression x5 plus twice x4 plus twice x3 plus x2 for n equal to 5 up to 5 it writes separate expressions and beyond that of course one can write xk plus twice xk minus 1 plus twice xk minus 2 plus xk minus 3 for n greater than 5 now of course this expression also holds for 5 and you may therefore take it from 5 onwards now this follows by adding the individual responses to different impulses right so I leave it to you to work out the details but the idea is that in such a linear shift variant system you need to write down the output at every point in terms of the input samples and from here you can also see that for some samples that could be a combination of a fewer number of input samples and for some more and this is what was also discussed in question 1 in one of the questions where the system was not shift in variant so you know it could be possible that for one impulse look at one place you may have a finite length response and for another place the response may be of infinite length that can happen if the system is not shift in variant so this is in general the expression of course one can the next part of the question was to write down the output for a specific input and the specific input was this and of course one can simply substitute and one can get the following expression so this is for a specific input right by this one just substitutes the values of x 0 x 1 x 2 and puts them in the respective samples to get the output. Now question 2 part c was to answer whether the system was causal and of course the answer is yes indeed that is because if you look at the expression for y n in terms of x n every sample involved either the current sample or past future samples were never involved and therefore one could see that the system was causal. The next part was to answer whether the system is stable and of course the answer is again yes luckily in this particular system every output sample was a combination only of a finite number of input samples albeit different at different places and if the input was bounded then you would have a finite combination of bounded samples and therefore the output needed to be bounded everywhere so the system was stable. Now if there are any questions on this then we can answer them before we proceed to question 3 alright so there are no questions we will proceed to question 3. Now in question 3 in question 3 the object there were 2 objectives and the question was as follows you are given a real impulse response rational LSI system will not necessarily rational actually I am sorry stable LSI system so you have a real impulse response and you have a stable LSI system so you are bound to have a frequency response so the frequency response is guaranteed to exist not only that the frequency response is going to be magnitude symmetric and phase anti-symmetric that is because the frequency response is conjugate symmetric so the magnitude is symmetric and the phase anti-symmetric and you are given the magnitude in the range 0.45 pi so you see the magnitude between point you are only given the magnitude between 0.45 and 0.55 you are told the magnitude is constant at B and you are told that the phase is essentially a linear phase well if not one would not call it linear actually one should call it pseudo linear because it does have a straight line expression but it does not pass through the origin so it is a phase like this it is a straight line kind of function and the phase response was specified to be minus tau P omega 0 minus omega minus omega 0 times tau G where tau P and tau G are positive constants and omega 0 is called the center omega 0 is also positive constant called the center frequency now you see you are told to consider a combination of two sinusoids in fact the input given is of this nature now product of sinusoids is always expressible as a sum of two sinusoids so it is cos omega 0 plus omega 1 times n plus cos omega 0 minus omega 1 times n so product of two sinusoids which was given to be the input is actually a sum of two sinusoids as well with frequencies omega 0 plus omega 1 and omega 0 minus omega 1 now you see you are also told that omega 0 plus omega 1 is strictly less than 0.55 pi and you are told that this is greater than 0.45 pi what it really says is that these two sinusoids are well within the band of interest so you are in a position to use the frequency response to find out the output and of course the system is linear and shift invariant the input is a sum of two sine waves so you can find the output by using the frequency response that is that is the idea here now one can easily calculate the output in this case by using the frequency response and we have here the output is going to see so essentially the input is a sum of two sine waves the output is a sum of individual responses to each of these sine waves so cos omega 0 plus omega 1 times n and cos omega 0 minus omega 1 times n you are guaranteed that they lie within the band in which the frequency response is specified.   Now you see when you add these two terms what you get is the following the output is a b by 2 cos omega not into n minus tau p plus omega 1 into n minus tau g plus cos in fact you can take all this in the bracket cos omega not n minus tau p minus omega 1 into n minus tau g. So again it is a sum of two sinusoids as expected the catch is that you have a very interesting change of the time there is a different change of time on omega 1 and on omega not that is very interesting. So you can combine now you can put this back in you are asked actually it was asked to express as a product of sinusoids and that would of course give you a b cos omega not into n minus tau p times cos omega 1 n minus tau g not only to interpret it is very interesting we have a product of two sinusoids initially of frequencies omega not and omega 1 and you know one is assuming here or even though it is not explicitly said in the question. Let us take the situation where omega not is considerably larger than omega 1 so to take an example omega not could be 0.5 pi here this must be in the range it has to see because omega not minus omega 1 and omega not plus omega 1 are both in the range 0.45 to 0.55 pi so the omega not has no choice but to be inside that range let us take it to be 0.5 pi and let us take omega 1 to be let us say 0.01 pi right so you it is much smaller than omega not. Now this is like a situation where you have what is called amplitude modulation for communication for those of us who are familiar with that in other in any case you have a very low frequency sine wave multiplying a high frequency sine wave in that case. In communication this is called amplitude modulation so you change the amplitude very slowly in accordance with the message and here the message can be taken to be a frequency omega 1 and the carrier which carries the message is a frequency omega not and what we have done is to take a pseudo linear phase what I mean by pseudo linear phases you have taken the phase to be approximated by a straight line around the carrier. Now what you mean by approximating a phase by a straight line you see if you have a very small band signal a very narrow band signal around the carrier and if the phase is continuous and the magnitude non-zero you see if you are taking the signal to be very narrow band compared to the center frequency of the carrier. So in that narrow band if the frequency response is analytic at that point then you may make a Taylor series approximation and if the magnitude if you are not operating on what is called a transition band region that is important you should not be operating on a transition band. If you are operating somewhere in the past part you can assume that the magnitude response does not change too much around the carrier if it is narrow band and the phase response even though it may change if it is analytic in that region you may approximated by a Taylor series with only the first term that is what you are essentially saying. So take a Taylor series approximation of the phase with only the first term that is what we have done here. Now what it shows is that in that circumstance there are two delays you see the first term of the Taylor series how do you construct the first term of the Taylor series the value of the function. So you go back to the expression that we wrote for the phase right in the beginning. So in the expression for the phase has a constant term here and a term which varies omega you are writing a Taylor series expansion around omega equal to omega 0. So this is the first term of the Taylor series. So this is essentially the derivative of the phase and this is the 0th term or a constant term in the Taylor series which is essentially the value of the function at the point. So when you take you can always divide that value by omega 0 and call that power b. So the phase at omega 0 divided by omega 0 is called the phase delay and the derivative of the phase at omega equal to omega 0 is called the group delay and the significance of the group delay is that it acts on the message and the significance of the phase delay is that it acts on the carrier that is what we have been able to demonstrate by this question here. Now here we demonstrated it exactly when you took a message which was exactly a sinusoid a very narrow band message which is a sinusoid but you could of course extend this idea if the message had a combination of sinusoid but narrow band. So the aim of this question was to illustrate through a very closed process through a very guided process the meaning of group delay and phase delay when you have a phase response. We have been saying at some stage the phase response is necessary evil and what this illustrates is the precise effect that the phase response has when you have a narrow band message operating on a high frequency carrier. Are there any questions on this? So if there are none we can then take the next question, question 3b. Now question 3b gave you the sequence x of n this is the sequence was given and you are required to evaluate the integral from minus pi to pi mod x omega squared d omega. Of course this is easy to do one can use the possible theorem for doing it because you know that mod x n squared summed over all n is 1 by 2 pi integral minus pi to pi mod x omega squared d omega. So the idea was without evaluating the discrete time Fourier transform you are required to find this quantity which is easy to do because you could take 2 pi to the other side and you are done. Similarly you are asked to evaluate the quantity integral of x omega with respect to omega from minus pi to pi and that is easily seen to be essentially 2 pi times x of 0 that is easy to evaluate you see by using the inverse discrete time Fourier transform. So it is essentially this is the inverse discrete time Fourier transform evaluated at n equal to 0 and multiplied by 2 pi. So that is easy to do once you have the samples of the sequence you have nothing more to do it is in fact given to you. So any doubts on this question? Question 3 part b so I leave of course the calculations to you. Now the last question 4 was a very interesting question in part a you are given x z equal to e raised to power z inverse with mod z greater than 0 and you are told that x n was convolved with itself to give y. So of course you are asked of course to find out y as a product of x and another sequence g. So you are told that y which is the convolution of x with itself should be written as the product also of x with another sequence g. Now that is easy to do because when you convolve the sequence x with itself with z transform is multiplied. So you get y z is equal to x z the whole square and therefore y z is simply e raised to power 2 z inverse with the same region of convergence mod z greater than 0. And just as you can expand e raised to power z inverse you can also expand e raised to power 2 z inverse that is very easy to do and that gives you why n is essentially summation n going from 0 to infinity to time to raise the power of n by n factorial where 0 factorial is 1 1 factorial is 1 and n factorial is n by into n minus 1 factorial for n greater than 1. Now this is from the Taylor series expansion the Taylor series expansion on e raised to power of x we have discussed this in the class we have discussed this as an example of irrational z transforms and we essentially need to use the Taylor series expansion and interestingly this expression here is clearly x n times 2 raised to power of n. Now you know x n itself is of course I mean I must make a correction here it is the summation n going you see this is 2 raised to power of n by n factorial u n that is how you must write it there is a correction here because you know you are not writing the z transform you are writing the expression sample by sample. So y of n is 2 raised to power of n by n factorial u n where of course the factorial is defined in this way and what I wrote initially was essentially the z transform y z and there I should have written as z to the power minus n. But nevertheless if I remove the 2 to the power of n here what I have left namely u n by n factorial. So 1 by n factorial u n was x n the original x n and so you can see that y of n is x n into 2 raised to power of n you can equally write this y of n is 2 raised to power of n times u n into x n. Now therefore the sequence g n can be specified for n greater than or equal to 0 for n less than 0 the sequence g n can be arbitrary. So indeed y n is indeed equal to g n times x n where g n is clearly specified to be 2 raised to power of n for n greater than or equal to 0 an arbitrary for n less than 0. You can of course extend it to be 2 raised to power of n also for n less than 0 it does not matter. But of course 1 would give full credit if one has written 2 raised to power of n any acceptable sequences fine and the simplest thing that comes to mind is either 2 raised to power of n itself or 2 raised to power of n times u n either of them is what comes to mind immediately both of them are acceptable. Now any doubts about part A of question 4? If not then we go to the very last of the questions of the mid semester exam and that was question 4 part B and there you were told that there is a system given to you it is a rational causal LSI system and the system function was given to you. H z is 1 by 1 minus A z inverse into 1 minus B z inverse and A and B are real constants. You do not know whether A and B are equal or not equal but you know they are real.   So you know that the region of convergence is very clear mod z greater than the greater of mod A and mod B. Now you are given the response in two different experiments. So two different experiments were conducted. Each of the experiments the input was of the form r to the power of n for all n. Now please note this was r to the power of n for all n not r to the power of n u n there is a very big difference. r to the power of n u n gives a different response and r to the power of n for all n gives in fact r to the power of n and of course you know it is obvious that if you have got a finite output here we will see in a minute if you have got a finite output the r must have been in the region of convergence otherwise it could not have let us see. So what is the output when the input is r to the power of n for all n in fact we saw this the very moment we began our discussion on the z transform. The output would be summation k going from minus to plus infinity h k r to the power n minus k where h n is the impulse response and we can split this r to the power n minus k is r to the power n equal to r to the power minus k. So that can be written as r to the power of n times summation k going from minus to plus infinity h k r to the power minus k no one behold this is nothing but h z evaluated at z equal to r. So essentially this illustrates the idea of what are called eigen sequences r to the power of n is an eigen sequence of the LSI system it goes into the system and is multiplied by a constant no other change takes place. So you see whatever the constant by which it is multiplied is the value of the z or the system function evaluated at z equal to r needless to say r must be in the region of convergence otherwise this is not acceptable you know this would not converge otherwise so r must be in the region of convergence and you are given two different cases here you are given the case r equal to 1 and r equal to 4 and you are told that the sample y 0 was equal to 3 for r equal to 1 and for r equal to 4 the sample y 0 was 96 by 77. So obviously we have two equations on the two unknowns a and b because you can substitute r equal to 1 and r equal to 4 in the next so you have 1 by 1 minus a times 1 inverse into 1 minus b times 1 inverse is equal to 3 you see remember y of 0 is r to the power 0 times h evaluated at 1 this is for r equal to 1. So y of 0 is simply h of 1 here for r equal to 1 this is the first equation that you get and the second equation that you get when r is equal to 4 is that 1 by 1 minus a into 4 inverse into 1 minus b into 4 inverse is 96 by 77 because value of 0 here would come out to be 4 to the power 0 times h of 4. So you see you have two equations in two unknown and you can now solve them. Let me write down the two equations that we have once again the first equation is 1 minus a into 1 minus b is 1 by 3 and the second equation is 1 minus a by 4 into 1 minus b by 4 is 77 by 96. Now these are essentially you could treat them as quadratic in either a or b. So one can solve these by a quadratic so you need to eliminate one of them and you get two solutions. You might wonder why you get a quadratic. Well you get two solutions because a and b are symmetric they can be the rows of a and b can be reversed. So the two solutions of a are in fact the solutions of a and b or the two solutions of b when you obtain them are in fact the solutions of b and a that is why you get a quadratic. Of course needless to say here it would not have mattered whether a is equal to b or a is unequal to b that can be obtained once you solve the quadratic. So you are required to find the constants a and b which you could and it turns out that the constants evaluate to one third and half. So you can take either of them to be one third and the other to be half does not matter they are symmetric. Now of course I do understand a lot of people took the input to be R to the power of n u n and of course that was incorrect that gives a totally different response. Now this question was meant to illustrate or to test or to strengthen the idea of the z transform what exactly is the z transform what significance does it have that was being examined in this question. Any questions on this? So the question is what exactly did we mean when we talked about symmetry well the role of a and b is indistinguishable here. So it could be what you are calling b could be a and in that case what you are calling a would become b. So a and b are indistinguishable in this in that sense there is a symmetry with a and b yes any other questions. So the question is could you write R raised to the power of n as R raised to the power of n u n plus R raised to the power of n u of minus n minus 1 yes you can but it would not offer any significant advantage. You could do that but it only makes matters more difficult does not simplify matters in any way. Yes please yes so the very good so the question is if you did indeed write R to the power of n as R raised to the power of n u n plus R raised to the power of n u minus n minus 1 how would you deal with that that is exactly the problem R raised to the power of n has no z transform or has no z transform in the sense of conventional functions you need to introduce impulses in the z domain to take the z transform R raised to the power of n. So even when you take R raised to the power of n and u n and R raised to the power of n u minus n minus 1 separately the only possibilities that you solve them separately and add but that is not convenient at all to do. So you know you could find the responses individually in the time domain and add them but that is not in no ways that convenient to do. So it is interesting in this case you use the z transform but you cannot the input and the output do not have a z transform that is the great secret in this question and it was meant to really test the fundamentals of the z transform to the core. To conclude you have any other questions yes so you there is no if you take them together there is no region of convergence so you cannot deal either you deal with them separately and add them in the time domain not in the z domain the time domain or you work it out straight away in time it was meant. Now the aim of many questions in this examination was to test understanding at the core it is often the case that when one comes to a graduate program in electrical engineering in particular or in any other discipline one comes with the full assumption that one has dealt with many concepts earlier and not too much is required to review them before an examination of basic nature. Basics in a subject are often so vast that they need review more than once one often proceeds with weak foundations to construct the strong second story but it is also useful once in the while to strengthen one's foundation so that the story is above become more stable and I do hope that some of the questions examination illustrated that one did need to ask some fundamental questions about fundamental concepts in DSP. Thank you.


Well good afternoon everybody and thanks for being here this is really a wonderful opportunity to get to to speak and I hope we can exchange some ideas later with some real residents of San Francisco and it's so fantastic that we're here to talk about this book in the San Francisco Public Library because of course Don Quixote is above all things a book about books about how to read them and how to write them and the effect that they have on our lives after all books and stories are what motivate Alonso Quijano to become Don Quixote and launch himself on a different road using the freedom that the consul talked about to decide where he's going to go in life. Now I don't know how many of you have actually read Don Quixote I hope everybody but if not not to worry because even if you haven't read the book it probably feels like you have because the protagonists are so familiar to us all they're so familiar to the popular imagination. Don Quixote and Sancho are everywhere in all forms of the arts in film, television, painting, ballet, opera, art, classical music, rock music, the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha, and popular culture. So there's a cumulative iconography that exists that has made the novel a touchstone for Western culture. So if you start to think about it Don Quixote is also found in the most incongruous places. For example in advertisements. He's in advertisements for clothing, for banks, for Honda automobiles. He's also present constantly in political and other cartoons. It's a very popular cartoon. There's a wonderful New Yorker cover of Don Quixote and Sancho with his lance and of course what is he fighting? Not a windmill but a ventilator. So they're all over the place also in newspapers and the media. Politicians love to make reference to Don Quixote and being quixotic. So social commentary is a very popular venue for Don Quixote also. In our own San Francisco of course in Golden Egg Park this is a statue of a bust of Cervantes and Don Quixote and Sancho are kneeling at his feet paying homage to Cervantes. And in fact because he's everywhere Don Quixote the character is as alive as as many historical figures and perhaps even more so the Spanish philosopher Miguel Leunamuno said many decades ago what difference is there between our memory of a historical figure and a literary one. They're actually exactly the same in our minds. I'm going to speak briefly today about the novel's influence in other artistic media specifically in dance, in music, and in television. So to start off with dance the key example is Péter Pá's 1869 ballet Don Quixote of which I must say the San Francisco ballet does a lovely version and whenever it plays do try and go to see it. Now the ballet was in great part a vehicle to bring traditional Spanish dance to the ballet stage. Péter Pá was born in Marseille and he spent several years in Spain and I think this is where he got the idea to put Don Quixote into dance. It's very typical of late 19th century romantic ballet. It's a light-hearted comedy loosely based on the story of Camacho's wedding. It incorporates Spanish dance, stylized flamenco, bull fighters, all with an Andalusian atmosphere.  It has nothing to do with Andalusia. And in the ballet Don Quixote and Sancho are not protagonists. They're really more background figures that kind of walk in and out of the ballet in the background to provide atmosphere. The ballet doesn't address the more philosophical issues of the novel except for the notion of freedom, freedom once again to choose a marriage partner. And this whole, the whole episode of Camacho's wedding is resolved happily in the ballet and in the novel. Above all the ballet is a vehicle of entertainment. This is what Petri was doing. He wants to entertain an audience. And this is exactly what Cervantes does too with his novel. He elevates the literature of pure entertainment and he makes it listed. What is interesting, I think, is how the novel nourishes a radically different artistic medium. And by the way, if you haven't seen the ballet and the San Francisco Ballet, you can see there's a wonderful video of Berishnikov plays the lead and it's put on by the American Ballet Theater. And everything you can see on YouTube today. So you can see it on the computer. So music. There's a long, very long tradition of musical interpretations of the novel. Dating from the 17th century, there are at least 50 musical compositions inspired by the story of Don Quixote. So there are composers such as... Now these are all classical composers, right? So such as Telman, Masené, Minkas, Ravel and Faia. They have all adapted the novel to opera, to incidental music, to plays, symphonic poems, songs, ballets, operas, musicals and film, the music in film. I'm going to speak a little bit... Well, before that, also Don Quixote is very much alive in modern music, in popular music. There's a Spanish heavy metal group, Mago de Oz, they have... Of course, it's my students that find these things, right? They have a wonderful song called Molinos de Viento, right? The windmills. There's Gordon Lightfoot sings Don Quixote and of course there's La Mancha and The Impossible Dream, who everybody knows, right? Whether or not you've read the novel. And they're all over YouTube, right? I mean, The Impossible Dream. If you look it up on YouTube, you'll get versions by Richard Kiley, the original singer, by Elvis Presley and Sergio Granados, among many, many other people. But I'm going to speak a bit more in detail about Richard Strauss's Symphonic Tone Poem. And this is one of the most famous musical compositions based on the novel. Now, a tone poem is an orchestral piece that's inspired by a work of literature. And normally the audience is given a program or a text that they read before listening to the work so that they know what's being represented in this work. Now, even though Strauss composed during the 19th century romantic period, his piece called Variations on... What is it? Fantastic variations on the theme of nightly... Something further. And I think if it just is themes on Don Quixote. And this music does not reflect his time, the romantic interpretation of Don Quixote, which is the artist as individual genius, the novel as a struggle between the real and the ideal. Don Quixote and Sancho as mythic figures. And the presumption that satire and comedy are the product of inferior spirits. Instead, Strauss presents a comic and burlesque Don Quixote. So the audience goes from this silent literary reading to an oral and collective experience. The music doesn't represent anything specific. It's intended to evoke feelings and ideas. In other words, the music wears a certain expression. And Strauss tells us that that expression is the expression of Don Quixote's soul. So for example, the introductory movement uses cacophony and a very rapid tempo to represent Alonso Quijano's fall into madness. We listeners experience his madness as if we were here or we were in his head. Another variation evokes Don Quixote's battle with the sheep. The music starts as very triumphalist, very militaristic. But it ends in the sheep's frantic bleeding. All done with musical instruments, of course. Real musical instruments. So the type of cultured expression we normally associate with an orchestra becomes low, even vulgar. And this passage with the bleeding sheep outraged the audiences of the time who protested very vociferously in Germany and in France. The 19th century public had more serious expectations. In contrast to the romantic philosopher's interpretation of Don Quixote as a tragedy, the death of chivalry, Strauss emphasized the comic, ironic and parodic elements of the novel. These same elements would be stressed at the end of the 20th century by Anglo-American literary critics with their reinterpretation of Don Quixote as it was originally intended to be, a funny book. Now we'll go on to television. I'm speaking mainly about American television. And as I said before, now that we have digital access to just about everything, anything, any time we have YouTube, Netflix, streaming and web archived television series, so it's possible to see the breadth of reincarnations this novel has undergone on American television and therefore how it's framed in the American imaginary. For students now, their first contact with Don Quixote is usually through a television cartoon of which there have been numerous. For example, the pre-television 1934 Quixote illustrated by Walt Disney's collaborator of iWorks has no dialogue, only sound effects, and it's very much in the distinctive style of early Disney. Everything that I'm going to mention today you can find on YouTube by the way. So in it, Don Quixote's mad from reading books of chivalry and institutionalized in a padded cell escapes on a cart horse. He transforms windmills into giants and defeats them. He mistakes an opera singer for a damsel in distress and to save her vanquishes a back hole transformed into a dragon. At the end, he returns to the institution where he and his jailer lock themselves in the cell and burn Don Quixote's books. Obviously, a very foreshortened and primitive adaptation, it does relay the reality fantasy dichotomy and of course the dangers of obsessive reading. One of the major themes of the book. iWorks is only one in a long line of animated Quixotes. One of the most amusing is the two-part Mr. McGoo's Don Quixote de la Mancha from the 60s. And it's actually quite faithful to the novels in two parts. And most of the major episodes in the novel are included, most of the significant episodes. And the only truly discordant element is that the characters speak in a jumble of accents and Sancho uses a very cliché Hollywood Mexican accent who I think is done by Mel Blanc. A very amusing twist is that unlike Cervantes's Don Quixote who transforms reality, of course Mr. McGoo can't literally cannot see it. In 1998, the children's public television series Wishbone aired an episode called The Imposable, P-A-W-S Imposable Dream. Wishbone is a little dog, by the way. And the program Wishbone was created to introduce school children to classic literature and encourage a love of reading. The canine protagonist bridges life and literature by appearing in signature scenes from the novels wearing impossibly cute costumes. So Wishbone, the dog plays Sancho Pumplon, of course he talks. And one of the fantasy sequences focuses on Don Quixote's battle with the windmills, offering children the iconic message of a rugged individual who strives to follow his dreams against all odds. Although from a novel written 400 years ago, this message would seem to me to be quintessentially American. Be yourself and never give up. This seems to be the focus of many television adaptations of the novel. Perhaps the closest fictional narrative to Don Quixote is the American Western, given its focus on the writing of wrongs. For example, in the show that I don't know how many of you here will remember or will have seen reruns of the show Have Gone Will Travel, from the late 50s and early 60s. And there the hero, Paladin, obviously a very meaningful name, is a soldier of fortune and a gentleman gunfighter who lives in his vaguely post-Civil War San Francisco. In the episode A Night to Remember and it's Night with a K, Paladin is hired to locate a wealthy owner, landowner who's gone mad and disappeared. And Don Esteban believes he's Don Quixote, he dresses in armor and he's engaged in writing wrongs and fighting off his sworn enemy, the giant Caracoliambro. And those of you who know Spanish know that this is a very provocative and funny name, which also appears in the book. So Paladin befriends this would-be knight and discovers that actually the heir who hired him was hoping that he would kill his father. When the son attacks the gunfighter, Paladin shoots him, thus slaying the real Caracoliambro. The connections to Alonso Quixote's self-transformation and knightly aspirations resonate a great deal here, as the novel is adapted to the Wild West setting. Don Esteban slays cattle, steers, instead of windmills, he wears armor that his grandfather brought over from Spain, supposedly in the south or in Mexico. And he transforms the stage depot into an inn. The episode is directed to an adult audience with its own aspirations of romanticized heroism, fighting the good fight and westernizing the story within cowboy parameters. Many subsequent TV shows, including CSI, feature characters and plot twists based on the adventures of Don Quixote as crime fighter and seeker of justice. I'll finish by commenting briefly on Peter Yates' 2000 adaptation featuring John Lithgow as Don Quixote. Who's seen it? Did anybody see this 2000? My feelings, exactly. Anyway, they spent a lot of money on this, so it's a TV movie, a movie made for TV. It was beautifully filmed entirely in Spain, and La Mancha has never looked better. But this, of course, is because it's not filmed in La Mancha. It was filmed in the white villages of Andalucía, in southern Spain, where Don Quixote never went. Yates occasionally falls into silly stereotypes, such as staging a flamenco show in a Manchegan inn. I think that perhaps a rationale was that the American public would not recognize Spain without flamenco bullfights or castles. Most disappointing are the interpolations of contrived events and scenes that don't appear in the novel, as well as very distracting special effects. What distinguishes this Don Quixote is the attention to elaborate production elements such as these attractive locations and lavish costuming. However, even the latter flounders is the drink and Duchess appear playing croquet and wearing costumes that would be better suited to a masterpiece theater production set in Edwardian Yorkshire. I don't want to be mean, but this is a really heartfelt attempt by Lithgow, who's an extremely cultured, accomplished and versatile actor who attempted for years to get a Don Quixote film made. But like previous film adaptations, it just doesn't succeed on the small screen. Curiously enough, the more circumscribed attempts in various television genres, those that use the Don Quixote character as an imprint and allegory, or even a humorous wink to the viewer. Sorry about that. They seem to succeed where these long... It's Lithgow. They seem to fail. They seem sort of destined to fail. Now, Don Quixote has whimsical dreamer, as visionary, as madman and defender of the weak, has found his niche in primetime television cameos. But the protean and evolving, dignified, yet comic, sublime, supremely complex and larger than like Don Quixote is yet to be captured on American television. Excuse me. This is the crux of the problem. We're translating the novel to the small screen or the big screen or to any other artistic medium. Can they or should we expect them to do justice to such a massive, complex and subtle work? Just last year, another film version of Don Quixote was produced by the actor James Franco, and also a very cultured person. And it was directed and written by a series of multiple film students at USC. And I had the opportunity to speak to them after the reviewing and they all agreed that the whole project was crazy, a crazy quixotic adventure since no screen version could ever do justice to the novel and so many people have failed trying. So to conclude, Don Quixote is a prodigious and ubiquitous cultural icon and I haven't even mentioned art painting. It's a metaphor for human existence and our relationship with the world. It suggests a meaningful way of life. Life lived as an exploration, a challenge, a dream to pursue. The fact that this particular novel has inspired so many practitioners from so many different artistic media is proof of the ongoing power of literature to move us. So if you haven't read it, please do. Thank you.


All right, we're gonna, we're gonna get, oh, okay. We're gonna definitely get started now. And I need to do this on my screen. Got it. All right, so we are going to talk about a collective pain point for nearly everyone in the country, or no, not the country, well, yes, Norway probably too, but the world. And that is, how are we getting population figures? Where are they coming from? How are we using them? What are the problems that we're having with them? What are some potential solutions to some of those problems? We're going to tie this a little bit back to a primary use case that is in, that for a lot of the functional develop, functional development, new things, for some of the new things that we've been developing, which is micro-planning. So of course, micro-planning being mass immunization campaigns, that kind of stuff where having very accurate, very granular population data is absolutely required. And so that's kind of the larger context. And then we're going to focus on, what exactly those pain points are and look at a couple of country solutions. So it's not just me talking. I am joined by quite a lot of experts in the field. So we have Maria coming to us, coming to us from UNICEF based in Nairobi. She's gonna talk about some of UNICEF projects. Then we have Arthur Haywood and Nora Stoops. Nora's not physically in here right now. Oh, she's right there. You just hide in the front, okay. All right, we're gonna have Arthur and Nora talk about the work that they've been doing in Zambia in collaboration with Grid 3 and some other partners that have some new approaches to getting population figures. Then we have Mania coming to us from Kenya. He's gonna talk about how Kenya has been getting population-based denominators and using those where survey data, or sorry, census data is not available. And then I'm just gonna round it out with some pretty pictures of new features to visualize population data that Byron has made essentially. Okay, so let's talk about the problem. Let's talk about the problem. The problem is that when you look at nearly most countries, you see that you have coverage indicators way over 100%. Who has this? Who's seen this? Yeah, I'm actually looking for confirmation. You guys? Yeah, it's not rhetorical. We've all seen it. It's a huge problem. You see countries that have coverage indicators like 130%, 150%. What does that even mean? Does that mean we immunized some children twice? Double doses? No, I mean, essentially it means that something about the data is wrong, either your numerator or your denominator. Almost always it's, well, there can be a lot of issues with the numerator too, but what we see the biggest problems are the population denominators. They're not, the projection is not accurate. They're either too small or, well, there's sometimes they're too big, but oftentimes they're just too small, right? They did a census 10, 20 years ago, and now they're just doing projections from there, right? Census is a hard to do. They take a lot of time and effort. They take a lot of money. Sometimes they're not, there's many reasons why countries might be, not terribly motivated to conduct census as well, just to kind of glaze over a lot of political ruffling of the feathers. And so it doesn't happen often. So what does that leave us with? We need the population figures. We don't have reliable census data. Census have a couple of other issues. They're, as I said, they're outdated, they're old, but they often don't factor in population mobility changes over time. So, you know, especially in South Sahara and Africa, we have highly mobile populations moving around often, sometimes seasonally. Cities are changing rapidly. Places are becoming increasingly densely populated and our census projections are not representing those well, most of the time. And from those censuses, sometimes we don't have the granularity to actually have actionable data. So the census may not actually go down to say facility catchment areas. You don't have facility populations. Well, clinical services are provided at health facilities. Outreach campaigns are being delivered through oftentimes health facilities. So if we actually don't know how many people are being served by that health facility, it becomes very difficult to actually do some of the major public health campaigns, programs, that we know have impact. Okay, so that's enough for me. I think I would just now hand it over to Maria. Take into the microphone, can you hear me? So Scott has laid out some common challenges or issues with using census-based projections as a source of target population data for program monitoring and things like micro-planning, particularly when censuses have occurred after many years when there's issues of population mobility and also when there's issues of accessibility of the census information oftentimes when it's made available, it's not made available. It's an aggregate form, but in not a very granular or spatially precise form. And so since about a year ago, we started a collaboration with the grid three project with world population from the University of Southampton, World Pop, which is also part of the grid three, the University of Oslo and with UNICEF to first understand what are the practices around target population data availability and usage within health information systems and to explore whether it'd be feasible, acceptable, and most importantly, what are some possible practical uses of innovative sources of population data. And we'll talk about that in a little bit more. There is a data product called the grid three which takes population data, which can be from census or from micro censuses and maps that data where people are in geographic space. And so we wanted to understand what are the opportunities and possible uses for this data. The other area is around capacity strengthening and that's something that hopefully we'll have a chance during the Q&A and discussion is to hear from you as we are embarking on this learning journey, what would be helpful for us to share with the community, how can we better document and provide job aids and other resources to share with those that are interested in similar approaches. And then as well as building the evidence base around what are some different implementation strategies for integrating these kind of data and using this data within health management information systems and most importantly around primary healthcare and routine planning. So one thing I wanted to highlight is that census projections are one source of target population data but with the considerations which we just discussed but that there are a number of other sources of information that can be considered. We'll be hearing a bit later from colleagues from Kenya around their use of service delivery data as a target population estimate in coverage monitoring and planning. There's a number of other potential sources for example, the civil registration data if it's comprehensive and complete that's probably gonna be your best most granular source of information but there's often challenges or issues with accessibility of that information and data exchange and also with comprehensiveness and availability as well as other sources of data that we will hear about through some of the experience sharing and these gridded population data. So I just wanted to highlight that but also that each of these data sets has its own considerations to factor in. So why is this gridded population data what's unique about it, what's useful? So one of the key things is that by having a grid so this is a 100 meter by 100 meter grid cell is what the data is made available and for each pixel there'll be an associated population count and one of the benefits of this is that it allows you for a standard format to integrate with other sources of data. So for example, you can take this population data and link it with other things like for example, environmental data around exposure to hazards or rainfall and you can also use it to calculate some things that are geographic in nature. For example, if you're looking at physical accessibility to health services if you combine this population data with other information on topography, environment, travel networks it allows you to measure things like access to care which can be one of the determinants of among possibly others that can be limiting your demand for services or ability to deliver services by having this data also in this granular form you can aggregate it to other meaningful units of analysis. So for example, we heard from Scott about challenges with availability of data for facility catchment areas or for other meaningful units for planning. And so with this data having this flexibility then it allows us to do this kind of aggregation and fill in some gaps in information that again are not traditionally available from the census projections. So with this introduction I'll hand it over to Arthur who's going to share some of the lessons we've learned so far in investigating what are some population data usage practices and opportunities. Is that right? All right, my ears are obviously in the wrong place. I'm gonna talk through my eyes. All right, let me turn my timer on. It's got tell me two minutes before. All right. Okay, we're gonna take you from the global to the specific to a place called, you have a pointer? Chinsali, whoops, no, whoops. Is that the way it's a pointer? I don't know if I get it. If we look in the top right hand corner there you'll see Chinsali which is just about as close to the middle of nowhere as anybody can imagine. It's 12 hours from the capital city. It's a newly created district that has been running DHS since 2014. We got there in 2020 for the project. Can you hear? And there was literally no population data at all. The district didn't have a population because in 2019 they had changed, taken out some facilities and put it in another district. And so for a year they hadn't bothered to consolidate the facilities together to get a district data. Facility level populations, again, same thing. Nobody had bothered. It took about three, four months of constant agitation to get them to allow us. Because that's the other thing, that the facility level populations are put in at national level.  They, it doesn't matter to them whether there's data for facilities and it doesn't matter. And so we'd had no nothing. We had to fight to get facility populations into DHS too. At community level, all of the, every single facility has a community health agent whose part of their job is to do a census every year. So that is there, but there are no guidelines on how to do that facility count. So all of them are different. So it makes it very interesting. There was a very nice Gavi project which is focused on data entry. And one of the things when you get facilities to enter the data is that people start taking an interest in their data instead of just sending it up to the next level, they start actually thinking about it and trying to understand the data that they're collecting. The other thing that the project did which was very good for population, was that it liberated the information officer from being a data entry clerk, which had been, well, every month most of her job was entering data. Then she suddenly had all that data entered for her at facility level. So now she had time to bother about things like population and denominators and indicators. Oh, we've lost the thing on the population. For population, we had zamstatz projections and that was the only thing that was in DHS too, but the estimated populations we didn't have in DHS, it was there, but it wasn't in DHS. What we discovered was that the population data actually is there. Look on the right-hand side here. Every single facility has got really detailed population by number of households under one year, one to five, blah, blah, blah, blah, everything you want to know. They've also got maps which they draw themselves and they really understand the value of maps. Our challenge was to get that population data and the maps to be used for denominators for program management. So Nora looked at the data, which is always a bad thing to do. If you look at that column that is highlighted there, that is the percentage of children under one as a percentage of the total population. You see some clown at head office who shall be nameless has in order to get the population, the EPI data to fit, they've made estimates of the under one population from 11%, I think is the highest 11.5% down to 4%, which is probably about the most accurate. So somebody at high level has actually manipulated the population to create suitable coverage indicators. Yeah, I say no more. Anything else Nora? Yeah, okay. If you take the Ministry of Health data, you get this. If you take the adjusted, I call it community, that's my mistake here. If you take the adjusted population, you get 76%. If you take the grid three total population, then you get 77%, grid has got this wonderful thing whereby you can calculate the number of people within 60 minutes walking distance of the facility, and then it's 87%. So take your pick, 41% or 87%? What coverage do you want? Yeah, I mean, but this is the kind of issues that we're facing at a district level. This is not a global problem. This is a problem at a facility level. Okay, I mean, where does this come from? And we use this, not really the problem. Human resources, if you tell people what to do, they'll normally do it, but they're not the problem. The problem is organization. And the population is at central, I mean, the management, the control is at central level and they've got no interest in decentralized populations. Grid three is not recognized. So those official data, I mean, sorry, those grid estimates are completely unofficial. We can use the grid data up to, yeah, yeah. You can use the grid data up to facility level, but after that, you can't use it. And there's very little demand. So what did we do? We came with the maps. You can see the maps being, that's what the grid maps look like. They're beautiful, beautiful maps. There's a guy from national level coming down to come and show the people at district level what the maps look like. We started discussing these maps. We started looking at the populations. At every facility, you can see here, oh, you can't see, sorry, there's a map on the wall and the other maps. So we brought in these modern maps and started looking at the population and discussing it with the community. So we've had enormous amount of discussion at facility level. And we learned that this grid map process is incredibly good at local level for planning. But we also learned that we need decentralization that we have to give authority to the districts to enter the data because they're the ones who actually care. We also started to put the data onto DHS-2, alternative populations for example, A&C and antinatal care. And yeah, this is just the start. This is the first step that we've taken to get functional populations at district level. And it's going to be a long way forward. We need the district to function and we need to create a demand for accurate data and my time has run out. You have ears. Mine is a very short presentation and we're just going on. I just want to give you a short introduction and let you know what we did when we got into problem. Because these three bullets are very important. When you have correct data, then the type of action that comes to you is very important. For example, allocation of resources. If you have achieved 100%, then you'll not be given any resources, isn't it? Because you have achieved everything. If there is any money even for donors, you want to be given. So we reached up a situation where we are actually getting all our indicators were 100% and therefore we needed to readjust. So this is just one of the problems we had. I'll give you a bit of our statistics are normally done by the Kenyan National Bureau of Statistics. We do our census every 10 years. So the census we did in two or nine, it gave us a growth rate of 2.9%. So throughout, we'd been using that growth rate 2.9% until we did another census in 2019, which actually showed that our growth rate had gone down, which is normal, isn't it? People are doing family planning and so that's okay. But now it gives us, it made us feel like now all our data, the population we had in 2019 from projections was actually higher than the population that was appearing in 2020. And so what did that bring up? It therefore brought up that the data you have, the achievement you are getting in 2019, if you are getting, like for example, the delivery, the women who deliver in health facilities in 2019 December were around 60%. And those now delivered in health facility in January 2020 were 90%. And there was no miracle that happened in between that. So that is how we, and because now we are talking of 2020, we have the physical census data from the National Bureau of Statistics after the 2019 census. And 2019 we have the projected data.  And so we decided maybe we could manipulate the data in the system, not in the country because we don't have power, isn't it? To manipulate the population data, but we can manipulate the data in the system so that we consistently get good coverages or reasonably, we don't know what it is now. Maybe reasonable coverages. So just looking at some of the, so when we looked at the population, the registered births were 1.1, these are in millions, then you see we looked at the KHS, the KHS reported was 1.1, which is consistent. And then BCG was now around 1.3 million. And then we looked at OPV, which are also getting at birth, at that, and then the census was 1.1. It looks almost not so badly off. But it's still within. So we had to think of how to harmonize there and the one denominator. And so we decided actually to use the delivery or the data that we collect in DHS, which has been consistent for a number of years. What followed this is actually a complex mathematical procedure. And even though I was very good in mathematics in primary school, this type of math I wouldn't like to venture into it. But actually these are some of the factors that we looked at like population sensors, the state of the data quality that you want to use into that model. And then if there are any missed opportunities, you calculate supposing they all came, what would it be? These are just the characteristics that we put in. We also put in some social cultural issues in some counties, some regions, people don't actually go to health facilities. So you can't just give them the same percentage as the others. And then we also talked of access to health facilities like all these people are getting 100%. Yet we know very well, due to the roads and everything, there is no way people would have all gone to the hospital for that. And then we also looked at the routine data for the last five years, including the reporting rates and then the sensors and then previous age categories. These are the factors that we used to come up with what we think is the correct denominators for the age groups. So I said, this is areas we looked at. The rest of the mathematics, I think I would really be very careful not to go there. But at least for the sake of my friend Nora, whom everybody likes mentioning, we had two opportunities to use BCG data or Pentavalent. But according to Nora during lunchtime, she prefers Penta1, but she will tell us why. So using all these, we abstracted that from the system. We looked at the Penta1 and then added some percentages just for those and then we were also to do all the manipulation of what we were actually looking at. The data I was telling you and just removing some of the things like twins and triplets. There are some people who are delivering many children at home also, they are very fertile. Not necessarily fertile, they get some drugs because they have been infertile and then once in a while they get a boom. So those can also affect our data and that. And then you have the surviving infants. So it comes up with a very long formula that we use that I was trying to avoid. We are the N and everything. What we need to tell you is that we had a problem from the sensors, which is the real data. And then we had a problem of the data that we had been projecting. And therefore, and our patient, our normal service delivery data were consistent with the projected data because we used to get good percentages. But now we're inconsistent with the real data. So we were faced, do you believe? Do you believe the service delivery data or do you believe in this? And if you believe in that then, so we thought, let's believe our service delivery data and just for them, use this data and put it in the system so that we continue getting consistent percentages. I think that is what I just wanted to let you know. And the details we can discuss for those who are very good in mathematics how we did it, but these are the parameters we used. So we just, we are all the subtractions that I really thought we shouldn't go into it. All these averages subtracted just and what, what, all these are very complicated factors that makes our DHS look smart in terms of coverages. But there is a sentence back home. Like, for example, I can say I'm very popular here but then they'll tell you but on the ground is very different. So now the ground is what could actually, what is the real data on the ground? Maybe we still have to think what is the correct population data? And so if the service delivery data have been consistent all these years, is it true that DHS has also been cheating as all these years? So what do we say? Those are just the final questions and I think I would like to leave it at that. All right, last little bit and we will have some time for Q and A, which is exciting. I know that Kala probably has a lot of questions. So we'll get to that. All right, so, you know, we're hearing about these, these implementations, these various projects, Arthur, Grid 3, UNICEF, various countries like Kenya doing different things. And what we're trying to do here at Oslo is we're trying to follow them as closely as we can. And we want to make sure that we're backing up these projects with actual, practically useful functionality, right? Abilities to calculate indicators, different types of analytics tools. And the Grid 3 stuff that Arthur was talking about was really, really useful for us. It really gave us a very practical look at these are the kinds of analytics that are happening at facility level, for example, right? He showed us there's a map, they're hand drawing maps at facilities. And so let's try to get that into DHS too. Can we support that, right? And a couple of things that we've done. This is all review, these have been mentioned before, but just to kind of put them into the context of this presentation. The first thing that we've added back in last year was this facility profile. Has anyone actually used this facility profile functionality? No, that's crickets, that's tough. The really cool thing about the facility profile is that you can click on any facility, you can put any kind of key stats you want on this facility profile, right? So you could put under five population. You could put BCG coverage, right? And all you have to do is click on it. It brings up this little panel here, pictures of whatever, and you get instant stats. So you don't have to dig around through, you know, other analytics to try to pull each one of these out. Each one of these is a separate bar chart or pivot table. It's a, hopefully the goal, even though you're not using it yet, is that it's a very practical tool, just a quick snapshots as you move around facilities. The other one is that we added population data from WorldPop and Grid 3 via the Google Earth Engine. And so this is really exciting because now we're all that population data that Arthur was talking about, that these folks who really know how to do it way better than, well, this is probably the best. We're able to make that publicly available for everyone, right, via the Google Earth Engine. So you can just turn on these layers and you can get that super granular population data for any countries in which they have produced it, which I think they've produced it for nearly, Maria, have most countries now? Yeah, all of Africa, so yeah. So that's available to everyone using DHIs too. The next couple of things is we brought in, you know, if you go back to Arthur's map, you know, they've drawn households at the facility level. They know where people physically live and what do we need to do? Well, we need to know where people physically live too and the good thing is that Google has a publicly available layer called Google structures or buildings and we're able to pull that in. So Google has some kind of machine learning where they're actually able to identify the outlines of structures and, you know, we can then lay over population data and we can say, these are where, this is how many people live there and this is exactly where they're living, right? So if we're doing outreach campaigns, door-to-door things, then planning, you know, super low level micro-planning, this is practically useful data. And you can see that they've done, yeah, quite a lot. They're still working on it, it's constantly improving by 64% of Africa, 516. Sometimes it does think that a particularly square tree is a building, but they're working on, yeah, all that kind of stuff, so. The next thing, and this was probably the biggest achievement and kudos to Bjorn and the whole team who worked on this, actually made it, you know, brought it to real life, is we are able to now have multiple geometries associated with a single org unit. And not just two, you can have three, you can have four, there's actually no practical limit, essentially. But this means that you can have a point for a facility and then also draw the catchment area. And then we can turn on those buildings layers, we can turn on those population layers, we can turn on thematic layers, different kinds of data, and we can put them all over each other, have data triangulation right there on the dash, on the map, that's the goal. So you know how many people live there, you know where they live, how many structures there are, and you have say like coverage indicators on top of that. So you know the particular areas that are bad, you know. You know, how do these catchment areas come? Well, it's, you know, different models, different methodologies. I hear that, I know that Coyt is on the call, he's leading up Crosscut, and they will be presenting for the app competition. Crosscut is an organization that uses, that will draw the catchment areas.  So it's not like someone is physically going out in the field and walking around the perimeter of the catchment area. They're doing this, you know, in an intelligent way, using the available data that they have. And then what they allow you to do, at least Crosscut allows you to do, is you can go into their own software and you can manually change. So you can draw the catchment area to be what it is. But that requires folks to go out of DHIS too, which is fine, and go to Crosscut. But we're thinking about how can we bring that kind of functionality into DHIS too, as well in the future. And then also Grid3, as Arthur pointed out, Grid3 is another fantastic organization that's able to draw these kinds of catchments and then put them into DHIS too. In fact, Grid3 wrote the JIRA tickets that gave us the requirements for putting this kind of functionality into DHIS too, which is great. All right, I think, oh, and sorry, just how I always have to promote it. Everything's available offline on your cell phone, on the dashboard. So there's no reason that you can't have this when you go out to a rural health facility, right? Yeah, all right, yeah, this is just talking about the Google Earth Engine importer. Let's take a time, I'll skip over it so that we have a few minutes for questions. So questions for any of our presenters. I guess you can clap too if you need like a break, yeah. So maybe, are there any questions? Yeah, Colin, thank you. The author was talking about the district must be allowed to set their own population estimates. But he should remember we had that in daytime before 1996. And because each sub-district were getting money according to their population, all of them wanted a big population as possible. It was obvious to everybody, we added it together, it didn't add up. So even some countries like South Africa, there is just the political decision that the census data and the projections from the statistics of South Africa will have to be used. But even if you look beyond that, you can't allow too much freedom at the local level. It's got to add up, right? At the same time, I do also understand that yes, it's a problem that the few people that often deal with population dynamics at the statistical, you know, central level might not be, in fact, as professionals, they often don't want to go down to the lower level because their models become so uncertain, right? So they are afraid of what the other professionals are gonna say about them and they don't wanna go there. So I do see you have that kind of major challenge, but I'm just saying still the population, when you look at the national DHIS II or any other database using population estimates, they need to add up and hang together. I wanted to raise one other issue and that is, and I see this coming in country of the country. Some of you might remember the US, where the Trump administration tried to do various things to the latest US census in order to depress the number of likely illegal immigrants. Remember, the census is supposed to be everybody, whether you're legal or illegal or whatever, right? But they were trying to actually manipulate the rules. And we have a case now for Sierra Leone, the midterm census, where the World Bank pulled out the day before the census and saying they are not prepared enough. They pulled all the resources, but the government still went ahead. The population of the capital free town has dropped to half of what it was in 2015. And I asked people, you know, have somebody new part of all free town without anybody noticing, because I've never heard of any single capital anywhere, not even during World War II, where the population got cut in half in seven years. Problem is, of course, here it's political and everybody is convinced that the current government has depressed the number in free town because it's an opposition stronghold. So I'm just saying, we are, when we come to population dynamics, we're also dealing with this potential of political interference, right? For things that has nothing to do with health. And the dilemma is then, are we then allowed to have different numbers for health than what is used for elections or for budget allocations, et cetera? I'm just saying it's becoming a challenge for us as professionals. How do we navigate this difficult political terrain? Thank you. Yep, that's a very, very good point. Just a couple of things to respond to that. I think the important thing that we're presenting here is that we are supporting alternatives. We are supporting various pathways or kind of representations of population in DHIs too. But we are not hard coding anything. It's always up for countries to choose, to decide which one works for them. So Kenya has different approach than Zambia, who has different approach than Sierra Leone. And it's always like, we just need to support all the options. But you're right, it is extremely political and good luck with that. Like lead three will be officially recognized as a high quality source. Since they have just come on, they've just sort of become available. And I know they are working with several statistical offices like in Sierra Leone, right? But still, their methodology is not proven yet. And I would say the way to prove some of this is to go down a- It's well-published. It's a well-published methodology.  I mean, it's, and it is verified, they do quality-controlled measures. Several offices who have been doing censuses in their way for the last 50 years are not likely to take a method coming from the university in Europe and say, oh, what you're doing is far, far better than what we are doing. It will take time before such a method becomes really recognized as an alternative source. Very good points. I agree with you. Put it, put it in there and use it for triangulation discussions. Yeah. I have a question. Comment, yeah, please. So when you are talking about relationship data, it's not a HHS2 issue. So it's, we, for example, maybe we use estimation. The last census is from 2003. And there was earthquake and the shock inside the population. So we made some estimation. And then, hey, so the estimation doesn't present the reality, what we did. We did, we choose to work at the community level. And with the community health workers, each community health workers can cover 1,000 families. And each community health workers make the census inside this area of work. So unfortunately, we don't have enough resources to cover all the country with the community health workers. So with the census done by the community health workers, we can give target to the facilities because the community health workers is linked to the facilities inside the community. So it's a local strategy to collect the estimation data. And we try to make it heavy. It's working. So we want more resources to have more community health workers and to give target to the facilities. Yeah, thanks. That's really interesting. I haven't heard of a strategy like that before. There's a question or comment in the back. Hi, my name is Lauren. I work for MSF. My team is thrilled about the multiple polygon shape point for Oregon. And as an MSF employee, we obviously don't serve an entire population of any one catchment area. And these population maps are great. I love Google Earth Engine. My question is if there are any plans to be able to have something like a raster file in an Oregon unit layer that we can visualize in the map app so that we can micro plan a map for ourselves. Do we have plans for that, Bjorn? Something called, you might have seen external layers which are raster layers, but they are sort of bad images when you import them. So do you want to extract data from them as well? Yeah, so you need a mapping server to host them, yeah. So, yeah, but maybe we should discuss this in the analytics session. We have an analytics, yeah, experts lounge where you can just come up and talk at them for a while if you need to. Okay, I think that's all we have time for. Thank you so much for joining. Hopefully it was a stimulating experience and stuff.


This study investigates the potential to predict variations in terrestrial carbon fluxes up to 10 years in advance using a novel set of retrospective decadal forecasts from an Earth system model and demonstrates that globally integrated net ecosystem production exhibits high predictability for two years following initialization, with potential predictability deriving mainly from high predictability in ecosystem respiration driven by vegetation carbon and soil moisture initialization. This article was authored by Nicole S. Lovendusky, Gordon B. Bonin, Stephen G. Jaeger, and others.