Why are you awake at 4 a.m.? Why are you awake at 4 a.m.? It was her way of telling him that she was his. Wow, we're really up right now. Hey y'all, welcome back to my channel. Good morning. I can't believe I'm about to get ready for my day. I feel like such a material girl. We are up early. If you're new here, my name is Kyra. Do not forget to like, comment, and subscribe. I'm about to go into skincare, body. I need to exfoliate my body anyways. I haven't done a really, I haven't done a maintenance day in so long since I got back from Mexico. My tan is peeling. I'm peeling like a snake. So it's about that time. Today, we're about to get ready for the day. And all the products will be listed down below in the description box. And you will find all the products that I use today in today's video at Sephora. And guess what girl? They're having their Sephora Springs Savings event right now. Yes, the time has come. I'm super excited.  You get to shop the Savings event before anybody else at 20% off. And you can use it as many times as you want, girl, from April 1st to the 11th. So make sure you take advantage.  If you are a VIB member, you get to shop the Savings event April 5th to the 11th at 15% off.  And make sure to use code SAVESpring at checkout. If you haven't already, but I'm sure you are, do not forget to sign up to become a beauty insider because it has so many benefits grow up. During the Sephora Springs Savings event, you'll be able to shop the Sephora collection at 30% off, no matter what tier you are. Starting from April 1st to April 11th, 30% off. So make sure you take advantage. If you've been wanting to try a product out, because I know there are things on my wish list, like I said, I'll probably be at Sephora every single day using my 20%. Or if you know you need to stock up on things, the time is now. And like I said, all the products from this video will be from Sephora. Everything will be linked down below. And some of these products in this video are going to be new to me. So it's kind of going to be a first impression. So I'm super excited. And then also some of the products in this video are just holy grails of mine that I just cannot live without. And thank you so much to Sephora for sponsoring today's video. I am about to put my hair up. I'm going to hop in the shower. I'm about to light a candle. And just set the box in here because it's early. It's early. I need to, you know, feel myself.  This has glycolic acid in it and also lactic acid. So it's basically going to plump and make your skin glowy. And I really like this stuff. So yes, you do use it right before you get in the shower on dry skin for best results. Um, I use this right before I went to Mexico. Loved it. Alia put me on this. So had to snag this. So yeah, I'm going to be doing this. We're going to hop in the shower and get to it. And I'm excited because, because like I said, I have not had a maintenance day in so long. Exfoliated. Um, and now I'm about to moisturize my body. Y'all, the Skin Fix is a y'all need to get this exfoliating. I had, I shaved my legs too. I had a such a clean shade. I'm going to use the Necessaire Body Serum. This is my holy grail. I love this super hydrating. It has hyaluronic acid in here. So it definitely gets the job done. And then I'm just going to add this AHA BHA Renewing Cream by the Skin Fix as well. And then I'm probably going to apply this Summer Fridays body lotion as well. Bro, so skin is looking great.  So all I have to do is just rinse it off. I don't have to, you know, buy reusable heads or anything like that. I really like washing my face with it. So yeah, so we're just going to go in with a exfoliant. This is the Dr. Dennis Gross Alpha Beta Extra Shaved Daily Peel. Y'all, this is literally like my skin's savior. If you aren't new to my channel, you know I struggled with acne. I had transformed my skin. And y'all, this product really changed my skin. It's two pads. So the first one is an exfoliant and smooth. So this is just going to even skin tone, give it a texture, brighten up your skin. And I just love this stuff. It literally has transformed my skin. I will never probably stop using it in my skin pure. So then I just let that dry for a couple seconds. And then the second pad is a anti-aging neutralizer. So I feel like this one kind of calms down the skin after that first pad. Y'all, y'all have to get on these. If you have been wanting to try the Dr. Dennis Gross Alpha Beta pads, the time is now. And then also get the neck for sure. I was up before the sun here. I can hear the construction workers at work. I'm like, maybe I was up before you. So then next for skincare, I'm going to go on with this La Mer The Treatment Lotion just to give my skin extra hydration. I just want my skin to look very glowy and hydrating. That's why I had to go back to my Dr. Dennis Gross Peel pads because whenever I stop using them, it starts to break out just a little bit. And then once I start using them, it's just like, yeah. And y'all, my skin, yeah. So make sure y'all get a device to wash your face because it really helps. Okay, so these next items are new. They are masks. So I have an eye mask and I also have a face mask. I can't believe we're doing the whole nine right now, bro. The whole nine this morning. Now we are going to get a little bougie. So, girl, I picked up these, these Dior Eye Reviver patches. Obviously working up early.  So yeah. But first, before I add my eye patches, I want to add my serum. So while my eye patches are on, I can Gishua. But before I add my serum, I'm going to add this grape water spray. I don't know if y'all know. So this serum has hyaluronic acid in it. That's why when I got off the shower, I wanted to hurry up and add my necessary body serum. It has hyaluronic acid in there as well. Hyaluronic acid binds to water, so it hydrates even more. And it doesn't smell like grapes or nothing. It just doesn't smell like water. And then I'm going to add the triple peptide cactus by you to the people. It's going to plump, firm, and hydrate exactly what we need this morning. I'm going to just as well. Y'all, I love it. I have to take a picture. So you have to apply the eye serum first under the eyes and then apply the eye patches. Okay. I'm so excited. And I'm glad these ones have an extra grip on them because I don't know. Other eye patches, they always slip around and they just don't ever stay in place. I'm going to be doing some more depuffing. I have my Sephora Gishua. I just took it out the freezer so it's nice and cold. So, and I like that this is also that Gishua's shape, but also it does have a roller attached. So it's 2-in-1. And I've just been really trying to be consistent with my Gishua, just because I'm in my face to be more snatched and contoured. I like that this has a big, I really want my jawline to be like snatched. Okay, y'all. So it's been a few minutes, so I'm just going to remove the eye patches. Yes, looking nice and plump. So now I'm going to use this rubber brightening vitamin C mask. I've heard good things about this, so I'm super excited. Y'all, so this is the first step to the mask, the vitamin C.  I'm really putting it around my mouth, because that's where my skin really looks uneven. But so far the skin is looking really good, so. Imagine waking up every single morning doing this. Maybe I should try. But makeup today is going to be on point. It's always about the skin, never about the makeup. So I'm just going to let this sit for a few minutes, and I'm going to drink a coffee.  I actually like this mask. I like how it feels. Okay, she's got very bright in my hands. Love this. I'm going to have to order more. But yeah, my skin is looking so good and hydrated. I'm just going to rub the rest of this in. And while it was on, you know that like tingly feeling of like it's working, that's what it feels like. It was like a cold sensation, so it was like feeling really good. So I'm just going to put that on my neck. I'm just going to be adding some extra hydration. We got to add our peptide. And I like the pumper on this. It just goes like this. So it gives you the right amount. My face and my neck feels so soft on work. And I'm just going to apply some honey halo by the pharmacy. I like this moisturizer as you can see. And then, of course, we got to add the Lugnage lip mask or our lip moisturizer. And I like this one because it has a brown tint to it. Our skin is looking so good. And imagine if I did this every single morning. Of course, I take my nighttime routine very seriously because obviously, you sleep and your skin is just working. But what if I woke up every single day and just did the full glow. So, y'all, I am just about to do my makeup. It's going to be very natural. I'm not even going to use foundation, but I am going to use a tinted moisturizer. I'm going to be taking the Orbea.  I've been really liking to do my baby hairs with just hair spray. We really did it. So, y'all, I just finished getting dressed. And I forgot to tell y'all, I did mix in the Fenty Beauty Liquid Kilowatts with the Laura Mercier. And then, also, I did use the One Size to cure the blur for my primer. And then for my senor, I have on the Seven Virtuos Soundtel Vanilla Perfume. And Seven Virtuos is a clean brand, fragrance brand. And, y'all, Soundtel Vanilla is really a good springtime scent. So, definitely check this out when you're shopping this for a second event, because Soundtel, do the math, okay? It's a good one. And then, also, for my lip combo is the Fenty Beauty Sweet Mouth with the Shower Tilbury Lip Cheek in Foxy Brown and then the Tower 28 in Pistachio. So, to cure it, feel nice daytime, yeah, keep it right. Kevin, real simple. So, y'all, that is it for this video. We really woke up at 4 a.m. I really don't know how to feel about it, because obviously it's early. But I really did, you know, have a good time exfoliating, because I really needed that, and also doing the extra steps that I need to look very hydrated and healthy in the face, you know? So, yeah, y'all, do not forget to shop to Sephora Savings Event. Like I said, all the details will be in the description box below, along with all the product details. So, yeah, y'all, I love y'all so much. And thank you again, Sephora, for sponsoring this video. I love y'all so much, and I'll see y'all next one. Bye.


Are you tired of hearing talking heads speculate about the economy? Us too.  Us neither! Hi, welcome back to the downfall of our society. But before that happens, make sure to hammer fist that like button and subscribe.  What he obviously means here is how can we spin this to protect Joe Biden and the Democrats? Economists seem to be struggling to explain this weird economy. Maybe the weirdest economy we've ever lived through. No, what we see are Democrat Party Propaganda's like yourselves attempting to redefine what a recession is. People want to know is this a recession or not? The White House is arguing about the definition of the term. The media is basically caught up in that debate as well. Does anyone think for one second that there would be any redefining or debate over what a recession is if this were a Republican administration? This isn't speculation. We know this to be the case as I pointed out in my last video showing the media excitedly declaring a recession after they had all been wishing for a recession as a means of getting rid of Trump. Not hyperbole. Just to put a finer point on the politics of all this because obviously we are now heading into the election season. The president has been under water for his entire presidency in terms of job approval. The one area where he's been above is the economy. People have given him credit for the economy. If the economy goes south he is in a world of hurt. Going to read it? I'll do a dramatic reading. Alison Camerota asks is there anything... Are you playing Alison? You want to play Alison? No, you're playing Alison. All right. Alison asks is there anything that he could do that would lose you? And Daryl, his most ardent supporter says start losing money. Then the other ardent supporter says the economy crashing. He was able to convince the public that what was actually luck was in fact skill. And now that his luck is turning partly because of his own actions, you know he could lose a lot of those supporters. Strange isn't it that when we have a Republican president a recession is what it's always been and it's a reason to kick that president out of office. So let me bring in a guest that I've wanted to interview for a long time. Paul Krutman. He is of course... Turning into Mitch McConnell apparently. The Nobel Laureate and Economist, a distinguished professor at the City University of New York's Graduate Center and a longtime columnist for the New York Times. Wait, wait, wait. You forgot to mention former Enron advisor. The very same Enron that helped to cause the so-called great recession in 2003. Being consistently wrong about everything. And someone who claimed that child pornography on his computer was there because he got hacked. We got one! But when the Insog party is in power, history is erased and the definition has changed. It's just so crazy. Krutman is the perfect fit for the Orwellian inspired name of this show, reliable sources. Welcome to the program. Thank you for coming on. Hi. Thanks for having me. Can we dispense with the recession debate real quick? Are we in a recession? And does the term matter?  No we aren't and no it doesn't. I mean the... One sentence. That was it. Oh my god. Well, I guess that's all settled then. First this human walrus hybrid declares that the debate is over. Then to gaslight us even further, they both agree that it doesn't even matter. Totally something they would be doing if Trump was the president or any Republican for that matter. I know that I and many others constantly reference Orwell when discussing this topic. But if you haven't read that book in a while, I highly recommend you do. For now, check out a couple highlights from this video by a very high quality channel called Alternate History Hub. You can find a link for the full video in the description. The party's grip on the mind is so powerful, what once was an unquestionable fact like a name is similar to a faint dream. You question if it even happened, if it was ever real at all. This is the most prominent attribute of Oceana. The control of information to such an extent that facts are not reality. And reality can be changed simply on the whim of Big Brother and the party, INSOC. The Ministry of Truth, the propaganda arm of the party, propaganda is to put it lightly. This purpose of the party is to rewrite, invent, or destroy any conflicting bit of news and history that goes against the party. Welcome to the program. Thank you for coming on. Hi, thanks for having me. Can we dispense with the recession debate real quick? Are we in a recession and does the term matter? No we aren't and no it doesn't. The redefining of words and the manipulation of language to suit the party's agenda. The shutting down of debate by a propaganda class to protect the ruling party. The erasure and revision of history to fit the party's ideological beliefs. Forcing people to deny objective reality and biological science in place of a delusion. That's all for that one. Thanks for watching. Please hit that like button, share and subscribe then leave a comment to let us all know what you think. See you all in the next one.


Hello people of the internet! My name is Johnny. Welcome, finally, to the Johnny Blocks 2022 room tour slash FNAF merchandise collection video. This has been a long time coming but finally it is time. I've been in the process of reorganizing everything in the office and it's finally, finally finished. I'm super, super happy with how it is right now and I think you guys will enjoy it too.  You know, there's a lot of dust everywhere. There's so many shelves I needed to clean. But without further ado, let's start the room tour. If you are excited, hit the like button. If you're brand new, subscribe. And let's walk out the store and let's enter the proper way. So entering the office, as we can see, this is the Johnny Blocks office. Look at those monitors. Last year, we started on this side of the office and why don't we do the same thing this year? So you enter the door, take a left. And as you can see, this is the first shelf and you got some wall shelves over here. This is my FNAF AR 2022 calendar. As you can see for October, we have Jaco Chica. Let's lift up this Vanessa key chain. There she is. On these wall shelves up here, you've got the classic Funko plushies of Freddie Bonnie Chica Foxy. You also have the two tales from the Pizza Plex books released right now. As you can see, Lally's game and up there, Haps. You got some FNAF AR figures, Live Wire Toy Freddy, Liberty Chica, Shamrock Freddy and Frost Bear right up here. And then just some random Monty Mystery Minis that I didn't really have a good place for. If you watched the last room tour, this shelf has gotten a massive overhaul. So this shelf acts as the bookshelf. Up top, you have the 2020 restocks of the Sand Sheep plushies. I have all of them except for the Fredbear plushie. Then I have some of the, I believe these are Hero World figures of Foxy, Chica, Bonnie, Funtime Foxy, Yendo, Phantom Foxy, Springtrap Freddy and another Foxy. This section of the shelf, as you can see, this is actually very, very interesting because this is the graphic novel for the Silver Eyes, but it actually is not fully colored nor illustrated. As you can see, this is official. This is an unreleased copy, uncorrected proof, not for sale, that I was able to get my hands on thanks to my good pal, Deepest. One of my favorite pieces of FNAF merchandise that I have ever owned, that is awesome.  Over here, you have the collection of the three graphic novels for the Charlie trilogy, along with all of the twisted Funko Pops, some vintage Chuck E. Cheese mugs as well, very tiny, but they're also really, really cool. As you can see, this one's from 1994 and that one's, I think it says 1988, so very cool. You've got the Franco Giant Freddy plushy stuffed in front of the original Charlie trilogy books. The survival guidebook right in front of that is the Broken Rock Star Foxy Pop. As you can see, his ears have come off. Lefty, some more DDLC figures, the Freddy and Vanny and Gregory statue, Mediocre Melody Pops, and over here, we have the Freddy Files books. In front of, again, more Mystery Minis, the Sister Location Pops and also some Bendy figures that I got at GameStop one time. At the very bottom, we have the How to Draw FNAF book and also the FNAF Coloring book. In front of some Minis and also some Bendy Pops of Sammy and Dead Boris. The final spot on this shelf, again, has some more Mystery Minis, the Jump Scare Freddy board game, the Unofficial Guidebook, the Big Book of FNAF, a random Captain Foxy figure, and also the two-in-one, no, three-in-one, sorry, of the Fazbear Frights collection book. Moving to the side of this shelf, we actually have the first ever Johnny Blocks fan art that my IRL friend drew for me. We have the Nightmare Freddy and Bonnie Funko Christmas tags. Freddy Fazbear Pizza, like Pizza Making Cooking Kit. We have an Ari figure. I know a lot of people in the videos are like, what the hell's that? This is an Ari statue. Then we have the full collection of the Glamrock. I think it's just toys who made these, the Craftables. Moving down, we have the Something Wild deck, sealed, and then pop keychains of Orville, tie-dye Freddy and tie-dye Bonnie, along with some random Mystery Minis that, again, didn't fit anywhere. Continuing out this way, we have the Popsies of Freddy, Golden Freddy, and Foxy, the Creator Ink, FNAF One, and Security Breach Lights, with some Bendy figures, the Rockstar Freddy Pop from The Something Wild Thing, Blind Size Hero, Bonnie Keychain. Then we have a framed print of the FNAF AR Thanksgiving poster. Some more detail C stuff in front of the chow. These FNAF AR posters are still up of the Flamethrower Endo, Magma, not Magma. Sizzling Chica, like goddamn, what's her name? Scorching Chica, Broiler Baby, Flaming Springtrap, Toxic Springtrap, and then the Orcane Mayhem dudes. Over here, this is brand new. This is the U2's Pyramid. On my U2's, as you can see, we got the FNAF gang down here. I got a bunch of them, and there's still more on the way, which is crazy. Got some Omogus dudes here as well. The Creator Ink pins. No, the patches. The Squishmies of Vanny and Glamrock Freddy. These are actually the littlest pet shop figures that my friend actually painted over to look like FNAF characters, which I thought was just super, super amazing. This is actually a record, a vintage record from 1981 of the Rock of Fire explosion, singing some Beatles songs, birthday, and also, uh, heartaches. Moving on to the Funko Pop Pyramid. These are all of my boxed Funko Pops of FNAF. Got a whole bunch of them, not all of them though, though it is my mission to get all of them in their boxes. Showtime Darko Plushie, Omogus, Ape It Ryan, Another Mogus, another Showtime Darko Plushie that Darko actually sent me. And now we move on to the setup, as you can see, him. But yeah, this is the setup. This is where all of the Johnny Block's videos are made. I know a lot of people ask about like PC specs and cameras and microphones and stuff like that. I don't know a whole lot. I know for a fact though, this is the Shure SM7B. I'm pretty sure you see like every YouTuber and podcaster use it. It's fantastic, very expensive, but I very much recommend it.  When I'm not, I just put it off to the side so it's not in front of my face. As you can see, I got a whole bunch of figures lining the monitors down below, some Funko Pops, some Pokemon Quest, another Ori figure, the Monika figure that just came in the other day, and a bunch of Pokemon Pops and also Sonic Lay Hedgehog. I've been using the same camera for a very long time. I know it doesn't look the best. I need to upgrade. Got the mouse pad, another Ori thing, Lay PC. Once again, I have absolutely no, no goddamn clue if this is good or not. I've been using it for years. It served me well. Also, yes, I know that's a massive fire hazard. Don't, don't look over there. I haven't died yet. My house has not burned down yet. Got a plush trap poster who's always looking down at me, making sure I'm getting work done. Oculus Rift S headset. We got my calendar over here which usually has videos that I need to film. Oh, it looks like I need to get something done today. Oh, would you look at that? It's just subscribing to me on YouTube. Also, a FNAF Hero magnet is over there. Look at that. The boy's lined up. Moving on to this shelf. This is a pretty new shelf. Over here, you can see we've got some plushies in some plushy display boxes, mainly the tie dies and also Spring Bonnie and the two chocolate plushies. All of the figures from the Funko Advent calendar. Also, some McFarland 8-bit. I think it was McFarland who made these figures. A Freddy balloon boy who was exclusive to some store. I can't remember exactly which one. Chica and also some more vintage Chuck E. Cheese stuff. These figures are from 1983 and this one's from 1985. Going down a row, we got some more plushies and some McFarland sets. Got a sealed Hero World nightmare Foxy and Freddy figures. Shamrock Freddy, Livewire Freddy and Frostbear in front of some empty boxes of pizzas and minis. Down here, we got some miscellaneous stuff. L-Chip, Orville. They're just hanging out. Takepatch figure. Lefty figure. And back there, that is a sealed collection of the three Charlie trilogy books. Moving on to the shelf right next to it, we got a bunch more McFarland sets as well as the black light plushies right up there. Going down some smaller McFarland sets in front of all the spring colorway plushies. Look at those. Some miscellaneous bendy plushies and also the black light Glamrock Freddy plush. That's the only black light security breach plush I have. And then we have the sealed boxes of tie-dye Freddy, Bonnie, Springtrap, Chica and Foxy. Up here, we can't gloss over them. I have the first five Fazbear Frights books all lined up in front of the FNAF 1 figures. The slime and also the Sanshi tokens. Freddy right there and Bonnie over on the side. Turning the corner, we have the group poster of FNAF. As you can see, everyone's there. As you can see, the Jumbo Vanny plushie in the display box. Jumbo Lefty with the Steelwall Pride plushie. I love him. Jumbo Freddy, Jumbo Vanny. Spring colorway variant.  As you can see, FNAF AR, Security Breach, the GameStop Pizza Sim pins. And back to Mystery Minis. We also have the tie-dye Springtrap figure and also the Toxic Springtrap figure. Going down here, we got some more tie-dye stuff, some more pins, some more arcade mayhem stuff. These are the medium size slash Jumbo tie-dye Freddy and Foxy's. As you can see, more pins, more pops, more arcade mayhem. The Creator Ink Faz tokens and also the FNAF AR arcade mayhem plushies. Some more minis, the inverted plushies. And then sealed boxes of all of the arcade and also FNAF AR figures. Over on this wall, this is brand new. These are my framed autographs of the Streamily event. Cameron for Monty, Heather Masters for Glamrock Chica and Vanessa, Marta for Vanny, Roxanne, Gregory, and also lovely Andy Field down here with exotic butters. And atop these frames are the Hex trading cards, Freddy Bonnie Chica, Foxy, Fredbear, Spring Bonnie. We're getting pretty close to being done. We just have these areas left. Let's start over here. We got some miscellaneous plushies over on this chair, Liberty Chica, Glamrock Freddy, who I think, yeah, this is the normal material. Over there is the fuzzy one. And also a Good Stuff Chica. These are the rest of the Fazbear Fright books, as well as the Books a Million exclusive cover for the Puppet Carver. Chica token as well as Foxy over here. The Security Breach figures and the Security Breach slime. Framed picture of FNAF AR anniversary image. Look at that. Freddy, Bonnie, Chica, Foxy, Hex plushies in some display cases. As you can see, sister location plushies as well as Nightmare Foxy, my boy.  The Security Breach plushies. And also the FNAF AR chocolate and the Easter Bonnie figures. More mystery minis going down. We got the Curse of Dreadbear plushies as well as the tie-dye figures. And once again, some more mystery minis and then the sealed boxes of all of the Curse of Dreadbear figures. Moving on to the shelf. We've got the rest of the Hex plushies, the rest of the Sister Location plushies, Security Puppet, Phantom Balloon Boy, the Glow in the Dork, Pizza Sim figures as well as a whole bunch of mystery minis. The Pizza Sim plushies in front of Pickpatch, Springtrap, Belora, Lefty. Once again, more mystery minis. Then we've got the Five, Blake the Badger plushies. Twitter was angry at me for this one, but I don't care. I love them. And also some other sealed action figures. Golden Freddy, Funtime Foxy, Funtime Foxy and also Easter Bonnie. We got the Trends poster of Security Breach. And up here is the final shelf. Mango plushie, Cupcake, Toy Freddy, the Vanny U2 plushie, Puppet, Toy Chica and Funtime Foxy. I just realized I skipped this section. As you can see, we got the box for the FNAF Clue, the GameStop Exclusive FNAF Monopoly, Nightmare Puffs, the Advent Calendar, The Night of Frights game, which actually just came in today. I need to do a video on that. Survive till 6am game, the sealed tie-dye t-shirt from Funko and also the sealed box of Fazbear Fright books. Over here, I also have a whole bunch of lanyards. Greater Ink, Security Breach and also the Game Awards and the FNAF Oralanyard. But that's going to do it. I'm out of breath. This has been a long video. As you can see, a whole bunch of new additions to the office, but once again, I'm really happy with it. I'm proud of the collection I have. It might not be as impressive as some other YouTubers, but I mean, do they have the Pocko's plushie on their computer? No, I don't freaking think so. But yeah, that's going to do it. Thank you so much for watching and I guess I'll see you next year, in case the office once again gets another drastic update.


Welcome back to our lecture series Math 1030, Contemporary Mathematics for Students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be a professor today, Dr. Andrew Misseldine. In lesson 17, we're going to begin a new chapter and a new unit about political mathematics. I should say mathematical applications in political and social sciences. This first unit right here, this first chapter I should say is about one of my favorite topics that we talked about in this course, this idea of voting theory. Over the next couple of lessons, we're going to talk about the mathematics of elections, the mathematics of representation, the mathematics of apportionment. That is a lot of the mathematics at the heart of how democratic governments work, particularly the United States democratic government. A lot of the principles that we will learn actually reflections upon mathematical problems that have arised in US history here. This is a topic I'm pretty passionate about because all of the topics you've learned about in this series have ramifications in real life. There's a reason why we call this class Contemporary Mathematics. Things we've learned about networking and scheduling and being fair. Again, these have effects on how we interact with people. We can use mathematics to make the world a better place. Again, one that I feel very passionate about, this idea of how can we make the world more democratic. It turns out mathematics does offer us a tool here. Now to introduce us to all of the topics we need to understand with regard to mathematical voting theory, the terminology, the vocabulary, what are the moving parts in these election problems, I'm going to present you an example. This is an example of the SU Math Club. Every year, the SU Math Club has an election at the end of the year to elect the new Math Club president who will run the next year. Now, of course, as seniors graduate, they don't get to cast a vote because they're not going to be there next year. Let's suppose that in a particular year, there are 11 members of the Math Club who were not graduating, but who cast a vote for next year's Math Club president. Let's look at what that election looks like. One particular year, we have three candidates that ran for the Math Club presidency. This is Math Club after all. Their political parties are the following. We had one who belonged to the algebra party, one who belonged to the trigonometry party, and one who belonged to the geometry party. Just so you're aware, full disclosure here, I'm a registered member of the algebra party, and so I do want you to be aware as I'm going through this example, you're not. My bias doesn't come out here. I'm not pushing for one candidate over the other with this example here. We're going to talk about who won the election. In the Math Club, we do things a little bit different than perhaps traditional US elections. When we cast our ballots, we don't just cast our ballots for who our first choice is. We actually rank all of our candidates in the order of preference.  Now, again, that might seem like an odd thing to do. People in Math Club sometimes do appear odd to other people, but it turns out there's actually a lot of advantages of having the voters present their entire voting preference as opposed to just their first place vote. That's this example, illustrate that as we will see, not just in this example, but in future examples as well. Now, just so you're aware, if we have three candidates and we have to rank each and every one of them, you basically have three options for who your first choice is. You're gonna have two options for who your second choice is, and you'll have one option for your last choice. So if you take three times two times one, that gives you what we call three factorial, which in this case is six. There are six possible ballots you can cast, six possible rankings of the three candidates. You could do a candidate one, two, then three. You could do candidate one, three, then two, candidate two, one, and three, candidate two, three, and one, candidate three, one, two, or candidate three, two, one. Those are the three possible choices you could make. And so of our 11 non-graduate members of the math club, these were the votes that they said. There were three voters who placed, and remind, I'm using these abbreviations, C1 for candidate one, C2 for candidate two, C3 for candidate three, but to interpret this here, these three people said they wanted to vote for the algebra candidate, then the trigonometric candidate, then the geometric candidate. We had two people who voted for first choice was algebra, second choice was geometry, third choice was trigonometry. We had no one who voted for trigonometry first, then algebra, then geometry. Now that might seem surprising at first, but if you think about the political platforms of these parties, the trigonometry party and the geometry party are actually very similar platforms. Honestly, like trigonometry is a subset of geometry. So it turns out politically, a lot of people who feel geometric are actually inclined to think trigonometric as well and vice versa. And so this profile right here would be like, oh, you value the trigonometric principles first, then algebra, then geometry. Well, there's not a lot of people and in this case, no one this year placed the algebra candidate between the trigonometric and the geometric candidate. I wanna mention that one happened right here as well. No one places had the preference of geometry, then algebra, then trigonometry. The people who vote for geometry are typically likely gonna vote for trigonometry as their second choice. And those who voted trigonometric are most likely to vote geometric as their second choice. Cause again, the platforms are very similar between those parties. But continuing with our list here, we had two voters who did trigonometry, then geometry, then algebra. And we had four voters who went geometry, then trigonometry, then algebra. Okay, and that kind of what we saw here. So a lot of people preferred algebra and then they have sort of a second choice between either trigonometry or geometry, a trigonometry or geometry. And then we had six people who then were much more geometric, maybe putting trigonometry first and then put algebra in the last. Again, given those branches of mathematics, that kind of makes sense. Anyways, we didn't have to ask the fundamental question here. Who is the winner of this election? And if you want to, like pause the video for a second, contemplate that question for a second. Of these 11 voters, we now see how they have voted and not just their first choices, we see all of their preferences. Who should win this election? Now, it turns out that can be a very difficult question. And with the present table, I'm gonna rewrite it to make it a little bit more readable, okay? So let's rewrite that table in the following way. We had, if we just focus on the candidates now and not the voters, there were five people that put candidate one, the algebra party, as their first choice. No one put candidate one as their second choice and six people put candidate one as their third choice, right? And again, this is the phenomenon we saw before. You were either leaning algebraic or you were leaning geometric. Algebra was never in the middle because if it was in the middle, that would mean that you put trigonometry first and geometry last or vice versa and no one's political ideology went in that direction. Then we look at the second candidate. This was the trigonometric candidate. Two people ranked C2 as the first candidate. Seven people put C2 as their second choice and two people put trigonometry as their second choice there. So I want you to notice here, this is sort of like the lukewarm candidate, right? A lot of people put trigonometry as their second choice but not as their first or last. That kind of makes sense because trigonometry is sort of like in the middle between algebra and geometry. Trigonometry is definitely within the scope of geometry but trigonometry also involves solving lots of algebraic equations and graphs, stuff you do in an algebra class as well. So it makes sense that if someone was algebraic, if their top choice was algebra, their second choice is probably more likely to be trigonometry over pure geometry. But conversely, if someone's first choice was geometry, it makes sense that their second choice is probably gonna be more likely trigonometry than over pure algebra. Again, they kind of sit in the middle a little bit that trigonometry party does, okay?  So this is the voters' preferences here. This is the so-called preference schedule for this election. So again, I asked the question, who is the winner? And it turns out that even though we have all of the information about the preferences of the voters, we actually can't answer this question without more information about how the election works. Now, in a typical US election, at least at the timing of this video, the way that election is determined is by counting the votes using the method vote for your favorite.  Whoever gets the most first place preferences is then determined the winner here. And so looking at this election here, if you're voting for your favorite, you only have to look at people's first place choices there for which algebra had five first place votes, trigonometry had two first place votes and geometry had four first place votes. And so with that, if you record that down here, candidate one would receive the most first place votes, in which case that would then make algebra the winner of this election because they got the most first place votes. That's fair, right? Well, is it really? Let's analyze that just a little bit longer here. Well, sure, see one did get the most number of first place votes. But I want you to, actually let's look at that table again. I want you to analyze some things here. We have 11 people in this election. That is 11 voters in the election, three candidates here. And if we were to consider like, what's a majority in this situation? Well, the idea is you would take half of 11, okay? That's gonna give you 5.5. People can't cast a half a vote. So what we have to do is we have to round this thing up. So we end up with a majority being six. If someone receives six votes or more, then they've received the majority of the votes. And yeah, if someone has a majority of votes, you would think that should then be the person who should win the election. Now, in this situation, because there are three candidates, there isn't a actual majority winner. That's the possibility. If you have only two candidates, then one candidate must have received at least 50% of the votes. It could be 50-50 because it's a tie, but someone got at least 50% of you up two candidates. Amongst three candidates, the only thing you can guarantee is that someone got at least a third of the votes, but a third is less than half, right? Someone might have not got a majority. No one did. Now, candidate one was really close. Algebra got five votes, which is one short of six. But the Geometry Party also got four. That's only two less than six. But here's a very curious observation. The Algebra Party got six last-place votes. What that means is that a majority of the voters think the Algebra Party was the worst of the three candidates. But yet, if we only look at the first-place votes, it would look like Algebra is the most popular candidate, right? That seems weird. Like, how could the most popular candidate be actually the most disliked candidate? The Algebra had the majority of last-place votes here. And honestly, what's happening here has a lot to do with candidates two and three. That is, we have this so-called spoiler effect. I mentioned this earlier that the Trigonometry and Geometry Parties are very similar from their political platform, right? Geometry has a subset. So these Trigonometry people are just very specialized Geometry people. If you look between the two parties, their two platforms are so similar. And again, everyone who liked Geometry preferred Trigonometry over Algebra. And everyone who liked Trigonometry preferred Geometry over Algebra. If you were to put the Geometry and Trigonometry votes together, that would give you six votes, which is a majority. So a majority of the voters in Math Club preferred the geometric ticket. But the sort of independent here, the Trigonometry candidate acted as a spoiler. If the Trigonometry person didn't run in this election, right? If the Trigonometry person didn't vote in this election, those two people who preferred Trigonometry would have been voted for the Geometry Party instead. In which case the Geometry candidate, C3 would have got six votes, which is a majority, and would have beaten the Algebra Party, who only got five, right? So the fact that the Trigonometry Party had a candidate in the election spoiled the outcome for the Geometry Party and gave it to the Algebra Party. So even though Algebra got the most votes, again, Algebra was the least preferred, and maybe the only reason Algebra won was because the Trigonometry Party spoiled the outcome of the election. Maybe counting only your first place votes is not a fair outcome to the election. So I'm gonna turn this thing on its head, right? Okay, Algebra was the least liked candidate. Maybe we do redo the election where you vote for your least favorite.  Sadly, in many US presidential elections, that's how the people were speaking in the 2020 election. There was a lot of voter dissatisfaction between the two major candidates of Trump and Biden. And so a lot of people were saying things like, oh my goodness, I have to choose between the better of two evils, right? In 2016, you had Trump versus Clinton. People were saying the same thing back then.    So what if we don't focus on picking on the winner? What if we focus on picking on the loser? What happens in that situation, okay? So in that case, we'd only look at people's third place votes, okay? And so then every time someone votes you for third place, let's give you a negative point, right? Be that way, whoever is the most wins, okay? In this situation, Algebra has a majority of last place votes. So we're gonna give the Algebra Party negative six points. Candidate two, the Trignology Party will get negative two points and Candidate three would get negative three points in that situation. So the people hated Algebra the most in this election and they hated Trigonometry the least.  So in this situation, if the voting strategy, if the voting method is to vote for the least favorite, then it turns out that the Trigonometry Party would win there. Now again, is that a fair outcome, right? Where we only look at people's last place votes? Well, you definitely don't vote in the person who has a majority of last place votes, that's nice. But what about C2 here? Sure, they have the fewest last place votes, but they also have the fewest first place votes. Not a lot of people hate Trigonometry, but not a lot of people like it either. This Trigonometry candidate is definitely the lukewarm candidate. No one really likes it, but no one really hates it. So we saw a lot of unfairness if we only looked at people's first place choice. And that same type of unfairness seems to come out if we only look at their last place choice there. So maybe we can make a more fair outcome if we were to look at everyone's preference, their first, last, and their middle one. Well, how can we do that? Well, maybe, I mean, because my first place choice shouldn't count the same as my second place choice, which definitely shouldn't count the same as my last place choice. So maybe we do some type of like point system where I give like two points for people's first choice, then one point for their second. So this is not, and then zero for the last, right? I don't wanna give a point to someone I don't like there. Maybe we do something like that. That way, my first place choice gets the stronger thing, but you're also still considering my second choice. Maybe that gives a more fair outcome here. For which if that's the case, then we're gonna do something like the following. For the algebra party, you're gonna take five times two, which gives 10 points, then zero times one, which gives zero points, and then zero times six, which gives zero points there. 10 plus zero plus zero gives candidate one 10 points there. If you do that for the Trigonometry party, you're gonna get two times two, which is four, plus one times seven, which is seven, and then you just, yeah, nothing there, because your last doesn't earn you anything there. So you're gonna get four plus seven, which is 11. So in this case, if I look at the second choice, because Trigonometry is valued so much as the second choice, that actually makes it a better candidate than the algebra party there. But then look at the geometry party here. You get four times two, which is eight points, plus four points, plus no points, right? You get eight plus four, which is 12. 12 is actually the most points there. So using this like this weighted point system where I'm using the entire preference ballot, you get the geometry candidate that wins there. I want you to notice what has just happened. With one election method, we've got algebra to win. Using a different election method, we got Trigonometry to win. And using this third method, we got geometry to win. So notice I didn't change the preferences of the voters. The voters voted the same way in all of those three attempts, but by slightly changing the rules of the election, I got a different outcome. And in this case, that's because the three candidates are all really close to each other. But this does illustrate a very important point. I like to introduce a quote from a very famous mathematician who studies these type of voting theory problems, Dr. Donald Sarri here, which actually attended a talk of his once many years ago when I was a graduate student at Brigham Young University. At the time, he actually was given a talk about dark mattery. He does a lot of work with mathematical physics as well. But Dr. Sarri also does a lot of research on mathematical voting. And so his quote, I think it's just perfect for this example here. Rather than reflecting the views of the voters, it is entirely possible for an election outcome to more accurately reflect the choice of an election procedure. As we change the election procedure, using the same voting preference schedule for our 11 voters here, we had three different outcomes. And as such, it then begs the question, which was the right outcome? Which is the best outcome? What is the right outcome? What is the one that's most fair? And these are topics that we're gonna dive into as we explore these ideas of mathematical voting theory inside of this chapter here. Now to conclude this video, I want to then list all of the important terms that came up in our example here. So what are the important ingredients of a voting problem? Well, first we have the candidates. Sometimes they're called the alternatives because as people vote, they're then choosing who they want and these are the options in front of them. So the candidates are the things that are gonna be chosen, all right? Now these could be people and typically it could be people who are gonna be delegates or representatives in some type of government, but we could potentially elect anything for anything. It's about making a social choice. We have a group of people who have to make a decision and we have to decide. Now the candidates might be, we might have to choose a winner, but it's also possible that we want to rank them. Like we choose who's the winner, who's second place, who's third place, who's fourth place, that has more to do with the method, but the candidates are the people we're going to choose. Then the next thing to pay attention to are the voters. The voters are the people who get to make the choice. The voters, their preference is what decides which candidate will win the election. So the voters get to say who wins and who loses based upon their preferences. And when it comes to elections, we're for the moment gonna focus on elections where all voters have the same vote here. So one voter, one vote type of thing. We will actually talk about the notion of weighted voting in the future where it's asymmetrical where some voters have more say in the election than others. But that's a topic for another day. Now the candidate is chosen by the preference of the voters. How do the voters share their preference? Well, they fill out a ballot. The ballot is some type of data that's collected about the voters' preferences. Now there's a lot of different types of ballots out there. There might be like a winners only ballot where you only tell the commission who is your favorite choice. In the previous math club election, we had a full ranking, so a ranking, a fully ranked preference ballot. But you might also have like a partial ranking of some kind, like if you have 17 candidates, it might be difficult for the voter to decide who is their first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, ooh, it's exhausting just saying it. But all those decisions might be difficult. So it might just be like, oh, list your top three, list your top five. And so that doesn't give us all of the preference, but it might be enough to help us determine who's the winner of that election there. The types of ballots that we are gonna use in this chapter are gonna be these preference ballots where the voter gives their entire rankings of preference of all of the candidates for practical reasons that might not happen in real life. Cause again, the candidate pool might just be so large that it's too much of a burden on the voter, but it also might be a burden on like the commissioner who is counting the votes as well. So while that might not always be the case in real life for the sake of this mathematical exploration, we will only use preference ballots, full preference ballots in our conversations here. We also are interested in the, well, the tables that we saw earlier is known as a preference schedule. It's a table that indicates what were the preferences of all of the voters there, okay? That was the very first table we showed where I showed you how many people ranked the candidates this way, this way, and this way. These preference schedules will be just the tabular representation of the ballot information. You get from the votes, voters, because they give us a full ranking of the candidates. Then we have the outcome. Who is the winner of the election? That's important, right?  We gather the ballots, we interpret their preferences, and then some outcome is determined. And like I mentioned earlier, that outcome could be a single person or it could be a couple people, and those people could be ranked.  Or there could be a ranked list for which is a first place, second place, third place, fourth place. Sports tournaments, athletic tournaments are very much like democratic elections for which we have to determine an outcome. We rank the candidates in that situation. The only difference between a democratic election and an athletic tournament is that in election, the preference of the voters determines the outcome as opposed to an athletic tournament where it's the skill of the athletes that determine the outcome. Or I should say it's more about the points they earn in the games, but that is correlated to the skill of the athletes and things like that. But as you study election theory, it's very similar to how one might study sports and athletics there. There's a lot of interesting parallels there. All right, now as we discovered this example, there's also different voting methods that we can do. The voting method is the method that takes the voter's preference and determines the outcome of the election. So even if you have the same preference schedule, a different voting method can produce a different outcome. And that then leads to the notion of fairness. How fairly does the voting method determine, how fair does the voting method take the voter's preference and determine the outcome? Because the math club could have a very easy election. The algebra party always wins. That could be the voting method. Is that very fair? I'd probably say not, because it doesn't take any reflection on the voter's preference whatsoever. You could also be like, modified it. Okay, the winner of the election will always be the algebra party unless there's unanimous support for a different candidate. Well, that is more fair because then it takes some consideration of the voter's preference, but still it's a pretty high burden that someone to beat the algebra party. Like why is the algebra party being treated differently than the other parties? It seems biased in that regard. And so our major goal in this unit is to talk about what are things we can do to quantitatively increase the fairness in an election. And it turns out the standard election method used in places like the United States might not actually be the most fair, but we'll learn about that of course in the next several videos.


Are you willing to undertake a dangerous mission behind the enemy lines knowing you may never return alive? What you have just heard is the question asked during the war to agents of the OSS Ordinary citizens who through this question answered? Yes this is cloak and dagger Espionage international intrigue these are the weapons of the OSS Today's story the Brenner pass is the story of an American engineer who single-handed cut off the escape of part of the German army in Italy from unrushing American troops The Brenner pass is suggested by actual incidents recorded in the Washington files of the office of strategic services a Story that can now be told I don't want it Goza bed drink drink this feeling it will warm your insides. I Want to talk to you.   Won't you came to me my son because you knew I'd give you sanctuary? Any man has sanctuary in this house. Yes.  No? No, it is better you sleep first. I'll sit beside you. I won't leave no No, Padre. I want to tell you That may not be much time. I Have a feeling that Time is running out for me my name was Donald Harper I Say was because Somehow I don't feel as if I have a name anymore When you're tracked down and hunted You're not a human being There's no past or future There's just the present and you run So much has happened in a few weeks that it's hard for me to remember Remember back from this morning when you found me unconscious on the steps of the chapel Back to the morning. I was sent on my mission November 12th 1944 Captain Harper, I'm well aware of everything we have to gain if this scheme of yours succeeds You still think it's just a scheme a kind of I don't have to think I know what your chances are of Actually getting through to the Brenner pass and blowing up that highway And I know what'll happen to you if the Italian fascists or the German police get you I know a couple of things too Colonel One of them is the country up there in the mountains Yes, I I nearly broke my neck half a dozen times when I was a kid climbing the rocks around my grandmother's hut And just before the war I took a trip from the States to see her again I Skied over every inch of that mountain near the Brenner pass Colonel. I know I can do it We've been through this before Harper. I'm aware of everything in your favor your Knowledge of the country the fact that you were an engineer before just give me supplies some TNT and Italian Uniform and some phony papers in case I tangled with the fascist tea. It's all I need Colonel. I Tell you I can do it. It's true if that highway to the Brenner pass could be destroyed It would take the Germans months to repair it it would cut off one of their retreats out of Germany Of course now we have them where we want them when the American armies advance They're backs to the mountains are no way up. That's it.  Yes, sir I'll give you names to memorize of other partisans in the mountains who might help you on the way I'll have all the supplies you requested and you can leave From the beginning Padre. I had bad luck It snowed during most of the 40 mile journey and it was difficult for me to move quickly And the longer it took me the more chance I had of being discovered Then it came You know what a storm is like here in the mountains how it can blind you and throw you against the rocks When it was all over I Realized what had happened. I had been thrown off my course But that wasn't the worst of it My knapsack was gone all my supplies and the packet with papers the OSS had forged for me I had no identification now and no food But I still had the TNT for the highway near Ampetso There is a tavern Padre not far from Parola It wasn't sheer recklessness, but desperation that made me go in there knowing I had no papers Knowing the tavern catered to Nazis and fascist II Knowing the rucksack on my back was filled with explosives But there was no other place for miles and I had to get food or I couldn't go on Some bread and cheese if you have it and some coffee black very strong if you have it See I tried to make myself as inconspicuous as possible I hope the Germans would continue to be amused by the Italian girl and not asked to see my papers I Had nearly frozen in the snow a half hour before Now the sweat broke out all over my forehead Pay attention to her. I kept praying watch her watch her. Don't even look my way I know I I'm not important at all forgive me the the waiter should have served you first No, I Grazie seniorina, I I will just finish this coffee and then I must go Men are never rude to me If I ask you to drink with us you must no no, please seniorina some other time perhaps now now I must go and I prayed to drink beer.  I Will give you some beer now perhaps you will acquire a taste for it here put in my face I Felt it start to trickle down my neck and I could hear the Germans laughing themselves sick I wanted to snap that small neck of hers in half for making me the center of attraction Grazie waiter very sure you're not followed here to my house very sure Amiko and it's snowing again Even the tracks from my snowshoes are covered. We must be careful very careful all of us partisans The Germans are closing in on us. Do you know what would happen if they found out? I took you in an American This would happen But I tell you there's nothing to worry about and I'll be gone in the morning The morning one one all I want is a night's rest. There is a bed in the back room You may use in your heart, but you are sure you are not followed. Yes Yes, and I'll be gone in the morning before you're awake What's that thinks in your that I'm being in this business of just beatable, but these times they're very bad times for all Yes, yes, I know it was important to Yes in order to fight back later one must leave now no yes. Yes. Yes clever Very clever if they knew you were here. I was too tired to stand there and listen to the old man's whimpering Too tired to watch his narrow eyes like small brown buttons dart about the room Looking first at the windows and then at the door half expecting the guest up or to come All I wanted to do was sleep. I fell across the bed But a few minutes later. I sat bold upright listening to the voices In the next room Here an American at the back room sleeping. Are you sure are you sure is it American father's name is harper don't hold harper American OSS and American oh How the German police would like to know that That girl the girl from the tavern the friend of the Germans I didn't stay to here anymore. There was a small door leading out to the back of the hut I knew Padre that somehow I must have come to the wrong house I didn't dare take any more chances and stop again until I reached my grandmother's and I was so tired so tired Nana Nana oh But how you look so thin so tired Nothing changes here does it? It could be six years ago or 10 Nana sitting here like this in this house Your papa how are they male does not come here easily any longer you have heard from them Yes, no no a few weeks ago. They're fine They tried so hard to get you to America when the war came. I would not go anywhere don't meal This is my home No one could make me leave my home Not the Germans not the fascistie Here I stay until the world writes itself again Huh, but what can I get you? The comedy make yourself comfortable. You are hungry. Yes, but I'm I'm too tired to eat I I just want to sleep do then I'll make up the room for you later for an hour rest here on this couch When you wake I will have food for you Like the old days come you my dear one. I'll be in the kitchen I Don't know how long I slept when I awoke I wanted for a moment where I was and then I saw her standing over me Like a little boy you sleep. I've been watching you you What are you doing here watching you sleep?  You brought them. What have you done with my grandmother?    What's going on? Then I you all right, of course. I'm all right. What are you doing Tony? What is wrong?  She's a friend Friend I will get the soup for you senora up a cell up. Perhaps some soup will cool But none I I saw that girl with the German. She's she told me about that She did not know who you were then. Yes, but I wondered why you disappeared from her father's house She knew the name Donald Harper because she had me speak of you often So she came here after you none I saw you asleep Then she understood why you had run away from her. She was with Germans. I was there. I heard that girl Donaldo is the leader of our group of Parsons Your leader, but the Germans I am use them Tell them funny stories and they laugh at me.  I I'm sorry Yeah, Bella questor a cat said on Aldo no yes now the girl is very pretty senior at the cell you embarrass me Donald oh We are friends now See Tony Friends What are you doing? Oh drawing diagrams Nana? I've got all the plans made to blow up that highway early tomorrow morning, and I want to make sure nothing goes wrong here I brought you something to eat. Oh, you'll spoil me Nana But it was good to have you spoil me again these past few days How good it is to be able to Will you leave then tomorrow? After you do what you have to do. Yes, I must but I'll come back to say goodbye first Tony what are you doing here? Where is that partisan friend you were going to send to help me here what me me me me me I am the friend Oh, no, I can't do as good a job as any man Let me help you the now. No, it's crazy. Please. Please. Let me do it girl. It's crazy. It is not crazy Think think what it will mean for me after you were gone from these mountains Listening to my fat friends the Germans talk about the explosion and to know secretly that it was I who helped to make it Please please Ronaldo Meal, it's too late to get anyone else That's why I waited so long The only man to get on this short notice is my papa and he is a scared rabbit I was right the first time you are a little sheet Take her with you don't know though. All right then pay attention to this diagram Now there's a railway as you know going right over that highway if we plant enough tnt to blow that right under the road It'll be blocked up for months It was about four o'clock in the morning when we got to the highway and climbed up on the tracks of the railway Tony stayed up above and I made my way slowly slowly climbing down into the framework of the trestle Feeling my way along the girders. They were icy under my hands and two or three times. I almost slipped. It's all right Watch yourself Watch how you handle those explosives. Do not trouble yourself about me. I told you I can work as well as any man Then work as quietly as one The troop train of Germans would be coming over the railway soon and I had to finish before it came I had a coil of wire around one arm and a pair of pliers hanging on a thong from my waist Tony you hear me Yes, I hear you hand me down those packages of explosives one at a time Here Here you are All right, thanks I shoved them in where I wanted them. Don't be so slow about it I'm doing it as fast as I can I hashed the grenade on top of the braced explosives wound it tight with a wire twisted it with pliers Finally, I was finished There was snow on the ground and yet my shirt was wet with perspiration Last finishing touch That does it for this side Tony Now let's get to the other side see Give me your pliers before you drop Okay I I have helped you much this far See See You've helped me much No, no, we haven't any time to argue that train will be along any minute Please please let me set off the explosion. Let me have that pleasure I will follow your directions. I will do it just the way you told me. No I The train it's coming. Just tell me when to pull it All right, you win But heaven help you if you make a mistake Hold it now steady and don't pull on the wire yet. I will pull it softly Softly lightly, but firm No, no, what is it? It is nothing These attacks come on after Tony some water quick.  No, I'll stay you go on this section We'll be swarming with soldiers after what we've just done and if they find you they'll wonder what you're doing here Men do not know how to take care of the sick. I will stay and help you All right Get the water I would have been all right. All right. Don't talk. Just rest donald. What is it germans coming to this house? I can see from the window. Oh, no. No, no, you should have gone before not wait Oh, no, no, it's all right Do this one thing more for me. I won't leave while you hold them off for me Is that what you want? I know them. I am a favorite of theirs. Please carl meal You can escape and do more important work and I will not be harmed if I stay behind Is that I had my son escape escape There is still time the girl knows them Upstairs upstairs. They may be around the back too. So go upstairs jump from the window to the roof of the barn You can make it from there. No, Tony. Go go go. I say promise not to turn back promise And up the stairs to the tiny attic I heard the door close downstairs. So I knew they had come in I could distinguish their voices too, although I couldn't hear a word they were saying I opened the window and saw it was an easy jump to the roof Then Tony screamed And I forgot my promise to her and went back Flattened myself against the wall at the head of the staircase When I jumped him brought up, but the other german was not so simple a matter Shoulders pinned down and I couldn't move then I saw Tony standing over us a heavy candelabra in her hands Good work, Tony Now listen to me carefully, Tony take my grandmother back to your house No one will know you were here If others question you tell them my grandmother was here alone when someone a stranger took refuge here And killed the officers who came then she went to your house because she was afraid Well, will you remember that all of it? Go quickly If they come you will do like this breaking down the door not make trouble patry. I warn you No, no, this is the house of god. It's all right patry It's all right You're mistaken. My name is not donald harper. I'm an italian soldier I I was lost in the snow. I my my papers are gone. Come come. This is tiresome admit it You are the american who blew up the highway Answer you are mistaken here help my new We will see it nice am I see That's how it's in here. What is this man's name? Be heist there for the seniors and american Now I have told you you will let salon see you have talked enough gonna you will leave my daughter and me alone And the old lady too now that I have told you we have nothing to do with it Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, but you will not tell my daughter you promise remember she has a soft heart it would distress her take him away Nothing to say Everything has been said for me that highway has been completely destroyed I'm delighted to hear it that many loyal soldiers as well. I have been killed Well, thank you for telling me and what is more you are in italian uniform a spy Bullets are too good to waste on you american But they rope can be used again Sergeant your high heart man Take this man out And hang him and I do you will do as you are told her doctor Here is the death certificate of the american who was hanged this morning Sign it and the cause of death you want and I should write as I told you just as I told you Heart failure A petty Some weeks later Two retreating german battalions found their escape through the brenner pass blocked Captain harper had done his job well and the onrushing american troops caught the enemy with their backs to a mountain Though donald harper did not live to see victory He shared in it And once again the record of an oss agent closes with the words mission accomplished A further adventure in black warfare is next week's Cloak and dagger Heard in today's cloak and dagger adventure where everett slone hester sondegard barry croger louis soren virginia pain Raymond edward johnson carl weber and borris aptland Script was by winterford wolf music was under the direction of john gart Today's true oss adventure was based on the book cloak and dagger by corrie ford and allister mcbane This has been a louis g cohen production in association with alfred hollander and was under the direction and supervision of sherman marx Stay tuned for the second big mystery high adventure on nbc


So, let me start by encouraging you to read this amazing book. You know, I've read it, I don't know, four or five times in my life and I read it again in preparation for this conference and getting blown away is an understatement, particularly this time that I read it. The more I know about art, the more I've experienced art and those of you who know me know that I seek art out and I spend a lot of time with art, the more I know about it, the more impressed I am with the depth of what she is conveying in the romantic manifesto, how original it is, how new it is, and how insightful it is. And it's not just, in a sense, it's not just that it's about the art out there to write your response to the art, it's amazingly psychological.  But here, it's because it's about your response to art, it's amazingly psychological and I think we can all learn from reading their essay, not just about art, but about ourselves, about our own psychology. And but I want to say something about her genius, because Rand is a unique genius. She's a philosopher and we're all familiar with her as a philosopher. She's a great artist and we're all familiar with her as a great artist. And what you see in the romantic manifesto is those, I mean, you see it in a literature, obviously, but here in the romantic manifesto, what you see is both of those coming together, her deep understanding of the creative process, a personal understanding of the creative process, a kind of understanding of the creative process that it's hard for me when I'm reading it to get because I've never created art. So it's something that only the creators, I think, fully understand. So combine that with a vast knowledge of the history of art and a woman who went out and sought art and experienced art and engaged with art, all kinds of art over her lifetime. So the experiential, the creation and overlay that with a genius as a philosopher. And that's what you get in the romantic manifesto. It's the combination of all of that. And it makes it so that, again, the more I read the book, the less I understand it in some sense, the more I get how much I don't know, the more I get how deep she is and how in a sense it's hard to understand without the inductive knowledge that she had about art and about that experience of creating art. So my intention here is not to intimidate you into not reading it, read it because every reading you'll get something out of it. But it's truly a profound book. In many respects, it's the one that I find the hardest to fully grasp, to fully concretize for myself. Yeah, I have exactly that same experience. And it's important, I think, really to emphasize that I'm certainly from my perspective, you're from Iran's too, as he just said, that I approach the book from I'm a consumer of art, not a producer of art. And if you think of the genesis of the book, I mean, the subtitle is It's a Philosophy of Literature, and the book comes out of lectures that she gave on the art of fiction that's now collected into a book that Tor Buckman edited. But that is aimed, I think that those set of lectures were aimed primarily, not exclusively, but primarily at aspiring fiction writers. So they're from the point of view of the producer of art. And I think there's a lot of remnants of that in the romantic manifesto, that it's distinctively has a perspective that this is what it is like from the point of view of the creator of art. And that that is a layer of complexity that often goes over my head. And I want to now make a comment about some of the themes that she brings up in the introduction to the work that helped place this whole issue of romanticism and aesthetics into the context of what I think she was doing as a philosopher and what she was particularly interested in. Ayn Rand was a champion of the 19th century. I mean, she called the 19th century the greatest century in Western history and the greatest century existentially. So it's the century in which you have just tremendous advancements, tremendous advancements in standard of living, of rising populations, of the creation of the middle class. You get tremendous developments in science, in technology, and in art. So she thinks in terms of the culture, the 19th century is the greatest century in Western history. It's the greatest existentially, but not intellectually. She says it's one of the worst intellectually or philosophically. And part of what is happening in the philosophical world is they're turning against all these great values that the 19th century is helping bring into existence. And you can boil those three sort of to get the underpinning of what the cultural trend of the 19th century is, and this is the way she puts it in the introduction, of individualism, capitalism, and romanticism. These are the three fundamental values that the 19th century brings into existence and gives expression to. And individualism here means individualism in ethics. So you can think of it in terms of the declaration, the pursuit of your own happiness. That morally is what is ascendant in terms of culture, not again in terms of the philosophy of the 19th century. But the culture, it's takes seriously in the ethical realm that the individual is the primary unit. And then the consequence of that, if the declaration is taken seriously, the consequence socially, economically, is capitalism.  Romanticism, one of the things she highlights about it is, it's about the individual self-expression. And so in a way you can think of it, there's an individualism that's underlying all the capitalism is the system of individualism. Romanticism is the art of the individual and that glorifies the individual. And individualism in morality is about taking seriously your own life and happiness. And these are the values that she is interested in, that she champions, and that in the 20th century she has to defend and put on a secure philosophical foundation because her view is, all three have crumbled or disintegrated. That individualism has been replaced by all forms of collectivism in morality. That capitalism is being replaced with socialism in America with a mixed economy. And that romanticism has disintegrated. And they all for a similar reason that they did not have a philosophical, there was no philosophical understanding of the essence of any of individualism and morality of capitalism or romanticism. And she's gonna write that this is what they are, and this is how to understand and defend them. And if you think of her major philosophical work, virtue of selfishness. It's a new concept of egoism, it's subtitle. This is about understanding at the deepest roots, individualism in morality, in the pursuit of happiness. And then capitalism on the unknown ideal is about defending capitalism. And the romantic manifesto is about defending romanticism. And that's a way of understanding her work. And then ITOE, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, is a defensive reason that she thinks underlies all of these. And that's in essence, I think what she's interested in from a philosophical sort of a non-fiction writing perspective. You don't think art should necessarily reflect life, especially life as it is today? Exactly, and I recognize other schools of art, only I don't like them. The school, I prefer romanticism. I just found that a little bit contradictory with, then, when she said, in terms of religion, that she didn't believe in religion as we do, because it's not based on realism, as she said, and more mysticism. You're mixing categories. You see, the issue of religion is metaphysical. It's so in nature, in reality. Now, art is not metaphysics. It's not there without men. Art is man-made. It's a product of men. And when it's a product of men, you don't have to copy it. You don't have to say, this is a fact, because ten men did it that way. You create your own art, or you like a school of which there's only one representative. Anything that is man-made is open to reason, but not by the same kind of mental process as metaphysical or scientific factual issues. For instance, here, I can only recommend that you read my book, The Romantic Manifesto, because I couldn't cover it in a few minutes. The reasons why I can demonstrate to you that romanticism is the best school of art, the best, most justifiable, but not the only one. You like Charlie's Angels. Yes. Because why? Because it's the only romantic television show today. It's not realistic. It's not about the gutter. It's not about the half-wit, retarded children, and all the other kind of shows today. It's about three attractive girls doing impossible things. And because they're impossible, that's what makes it interesting. It shows three young girls who are better than so-called real life. And that's a romantic school of literature. You want art to be romantic, don't you? Oh, certainly. You're not crazy, then, about art which reflects life. Not the life of the moment. I want art that reflects life long-range. How do you feel about abstract art? Do you mean non-objective? Non-objective. I think it's less art than photography. I think it is an enormous fraud. Fraud? Yes. I think it's impossible to discuss it seriously. It means nothing, it is nothing. The perpetrators claim that they don't know what they're doing. And I think they're right. I'm willing to take them at their word. They don't know what they're doing, and neither do we, and the Ashken is the proper place for it. But I mean it seriously.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We're ripping the sports card Almanac high-end multi-sport volume 12 case break number four live hit draft over the random We've got cases number one two four five six eight and nine Again, those are all the cases that are remaining the other ones have been ripped already We also have our 10 participants. All right. I've got Brandon a yeah, Christopher a yeah Chesky L Yeah, Hilton T. Yes, yes, Joelle Yeah, Pichette P Robert S Todd W and William L. All right, cool Perfect gonna roll the dice that this number is gonna reflect the case number and the names We're gonna random the bolt the same amount of times. It's gonna be just three One Two and three gonna be case number nine. We're gonna go with case number nine everybody case number nine Perfect and three times on your names. Good luck everybody. We've got one Two and three gonna be Hilton T down to Christopher a Copy you guys over Hilton T followed by William L. Pichette P. Joelle Jesse S Todd W Robert S Chesky L Brandon a and Christopher a let me get these copied over guys. We'll get started You'll deputize I'm down for chaos. Oh lord. Here comes your guys List Yeah, sorry chris. Sorry chris. Sorry everybody. It's still gonna be some good cards available. Let's do it case nine Start talking about the Ravens and Sam will be entertaining. Yeah, you're probably right on that Probably right on that. Oh the new the Cuban link is Shining in the light. I love it empty box here. What's up, Alex? Oh card number one Wow 22 panini mosaic. That's a nebula SGC 10 one of one That's that's awesome, dude That's really sick One of one nebula dj more. Wow. We'll take that Juan de Juan. That's that's really sick Grats on that one there Again guys while the draft is going on. This isn't for another couple minutes No discussing prices or values. No influencing the draft one way or another Um Yeah, that's a really good start. Yeah, the good nebula. Why not dude? I've got a Meg of Aaron judge 8 of 25. Well, yeah, dude 8 of 25 from diamond icons It's gonna be 22 diamond icons Aaron judge Just being a wrench. I'll get rid of that guy. That's sick Aaron judge at the two spot right there. Not bad Oh, wow 21 bowman chrome zekiel tovar psa 10 refractor first auto 411 of 499 Tovar is a studies up in the mlb already That's awesome 21 bowman chrome He's become like the chase in that product now at this point Very nice. Congrats on that one there Whoever gets it I'll get this guy out Who do you think well because he's been here, so I don't know true Usually when you say that someone that hasn't Talked about true. That's fair. Oh sneakers spotlight ray allen 36 of 99 For the supersonics. That's so cool, man That is gonna be 21 22 pinion oar That is freaking awesome, dude. Yukon legend Rebound Bosch back out to allen bang history point bang One of the most classic calls in the most re in like the 21st century. I would say that's so cool, dude Uh, it was 575 a spot in this Patrick 575 Oh god, no problem. Patrick back at 9 5 Peyton Manning the sheriff omaha omaha God that's so sick 21 pinion case. That's a 9 5 2 You do not get a lot of nine fives and encased. It's usually eight fives and nines Player worn on the jersey as well.  Yep. Donnie's officially colored impressed.  I'm a Ravens fan.  That's awesome. That is the true blue Las romantes quad nine fives across the board. You got a 10 auto Awesome card right there Eight of 10 21 panini eminence jalen waddle That is technically a four colored rpa right there It's pretty sick Man, that's nasty. You could tell that's an eminence. How thick it is too Nice the jalen waddle so cool, man So cool.  Yeah, it's a really nice one 46 of 49 freeze frame signatures The greek freak yannis 2019 2020 noir basketball One of the last years he is signed. You do not see yannis autos popping up and and uh new products That's that's crazy, man. Good luck on the yannis. Good lord freeze frame signatures yannis That's awesome. That's I can't even imagine what's gonna be the next two now. There's gonna be something silly Golf There's one golf card in this that donny want. I mean, he knows what it is, but he wants to see it in person Holy this case is nuts 2017 panini select cr7 on the kaboom PS8 9 christiano ronaldo God dude 1718 panini select that is an all that not old but older select product right there christiano ronaldo Kaboom from select world cup, dude. That's so cool portugal Or no just from regular select after I think they had their uh Country kits on in that one. Wow, dude. What up back to back with ronaldo yannis Had a jail in waddle rpa. Good gosh, man good gosh What is what is this card gonna be? 2020 panini flawless two of 10 erin rogers jordan love dual auto PS8 8 On the gold man. That's loves rookie year Man that torch has been passed Oh Man, this was uh 575 a spot tom Good gosh Unbelievable.  What a card Wow, all right, let's get these cards set up everybody Probably brody. I don't know if I'm gonna get to everybody in queue right now Um, there might be a little bit of room for some personals Uh, I wouldn't guarantee that'll go tonight if it doesn't go tonight. It'll go tomorrow morning with matt Man, this is a Lord All right, let me get my timer ready got hilton hilton t you are up, buddy Hilton you are on the clock and you've got the nebula erin judge tovar first sneaker, uh Spotlight of ray allen. You've got the patent manning in the back there followed by montez A waddle yannis christiana rinaldo and a jordan love and erin rogers Kind of like what you would be between. I know one what you'd be between I was gonna say shake me that hard erin rogers jordan love 217 320 Nice one there congrats hill and that's that's massive dude. That's massive Great pick great pick Awesome card hill and congrats man. Thanks as always buddy hillan's always in these. Thank you hillan all right We've got uh, william l coming up next Yeah, hillan. That was awesome dude awesome awesome awesome Montez a little bit better there again if you want to see any cards up close. Let me know william Now that was quick nine two one three one, uh the rinaldo Uh, yeah, william pick it up the cr7 That's that. I mean That was quick and I love it man.  Let me know Judge tovar rey The hatin manning in the back corner there. You've got lazaro montez. You've got jail and waddle And you've got the yannis the gannis Pochette p Shea you got about a minute 20 coming up here, buddy Got about a minute 20 About a minute left here pochette I have an idea. Yeah Oh, there is one They're so sick dude everything left is so awesome He's the clown instead of the guest. Oh, thanks Thanks illegal Pochette you got about 30 seconds here, buddy Yeah, no about that mod. Yeah Yeah All right pochette about five seconds here, buddy. It's your time to make the selection Pochette time to pick shall give you about another 30 seconds have to uh pick for you if uh You do not make your selection Give me about another 15 seconds or so here pochette You are up time to pick my friend Tom to pick 10 seconds here, buddy about another 10 seconds I appreciate that dean. Thank you, man Yeah, something I always love to do.  That's awesome. That's that's nuts Again, you do not see yannis autos very much anymore All right, joe joe l let's do it, man I jump when uh you Waddle waddle yes, sir nine seven three three eight on joe Mr. L joe Going with the waddle eminence. Oh great pick joe great pick, dude Eight of ten that was quick great great great pick joe. Thank you, man. Appreciate it Uh, we got jesse Jesse you're up next, buddy Jesse if you need to see any card up close, let me know Goat alphons with shawn boys Let's go to alphons Can you see the payton? You got it. Absolutely Payton again that is going to be 2021 opinion case. That's a nine five Jersey auto numbered eight of eight Eight of eight on the payton that ten auto on that one Jesse if you need to see another one, let me know Let me know Take payton two one seven five four four There it is. Jesse picking up the payton. Congrats, man. Jesse over on switch. So cool, dude That was that's what I thought it was All right guys, we're down to the final five here I've got Todd w coming up next not Todd Todd w Todd if you want to see anything. Let me know And that timer and start the next one You're doing sunday nights yet Todd w here four three five or five three two two zero take the montez All right, there it is Todd. Congrats, buddy. That's awesome true blue montez quad nine fives true gem nine five with a ten auto That's awesome. Got robert s you're up next buddy. I know robert said he might not be in chat But we're gonna give him the full two minutes, of course Are up in case you may have gotten back robert. You were up buddy There you go. I I don't know new edge I have no idea man Think about a minute 30 here, uh robert if you are in chat if not We'll end up picking what is the next best for you my friend Sam gets 30. Oh god. I think you want to see that Robert you got about a minute left here, buddy. It probably went to a customer would be my guest new edge robert said yeah, robert said he might not be in chat when it gets to his I think he had something come up. So he said, uh, I still wanted to give him the full two minutes in case he was able to get back But if he is not back in the next like 20 seconds or so Um, then I'll just make the pick for him. All right time to pick robert if you're here If not robert no issues. I can make the uh Yeah new edge. They're not uh, they're not our cards All right robert i'm gonna go with the ray allen for you my friend 36 of 99 This card is awesome as a big ucon fan This is a really really awesome card the sneaker spotlight again. That is 20 21 22 Noir ray allen is a supersonic Also, that's all star jersey too. Those are awesome sneaker spotlight. They're so clean really cool All right, I got chezky l coming up again chezky. Oh, you're up, buddy. Got the zikil tovar PSA 10 refractor out. You got an air and judge Diamond icons and you got a one-on-one nebula SGC 10 of dj more So a lot of really cool options still man stuff's freaking awesome So sick So sick got about a minute 30 here chezky about a minute to go here chezky About 45 seconds here now chezky That is pretty cool new edge four or five back almost identical patching pgs 95. That's that's solid, dude That's really solid about 30 seconds to go here chez uh chezky All right chezky it is time to pick buddy Give you another 20 seconds or so if you don't make the pick I will pick for you For the best my ability. Oh, dude. I just saw a card that's in there. That's so nasty. Yeah, he's so jealous of it All right chezky got about another five seconds or so if not i'm gonna make the pick for you No email new twitch and I'll get you all get timed up, please All right, we're gonna go with the tovar for you man 21 bowman chrome be our PSA 10 Refractor of zeke al tovar very nice chezky. Congrats, buddy Uh brandon a you are up next Let me know if you want to see any of them brandon First time ever. Yeah. No, I feel that my first time submitting a card. I was super stressed too Here we go. Yeah, and you got the iron judge diamond icons eight to 25 On card auto as well as the dj more one of one nebula choice prism sgc 10 choices yours brandon The judge 208 78 Brandon that judge is yours, buddy and christopher Got pad prize at the 10 spot Picking up a one of one. This is the only one in the world of dj more right here Uno de uno that is an sgc 10 as well, buddy. Really awesome going to christopher ray That was fun, man. Thank you all again for getting that filled up. I do appreciate it Coming up next we got number five and final of the night