بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم باسم الله الرحمن الرحيم باسم الله الرحمن الرحيم أمي أشخاص وإنخفضون This is the brothers and sisters السلام عليكم جميعهم ورحمة الله وبركات لكم many a welcome to another session here with us on Digging Deeper here on Emma O'Saen TV where we are exploring the دعاء that we recite almost every day hopefully every day after our daily prayers لنبدأ مع اللهما أدخل على أهل القبور الصرور وإن شاء الله في هذه السحن نحن نترى إلى نهاية تلعب دعاء اللهم أشبع كل جارع كما أعرف أنكم تعلمون now ولكن لكي أردوكم من أحدكم who it maybe your first time watching this series نستخدمنا من مجدد من المتحدة in title Manifestations Of The All Merciful by شيخ خلفان to guide us through this great دعاء ونحن كذلك قبل if you would like to jump ahead you absolutely can because this book is readily available for you online at al-islam.org and I'm sure you can get a physical copy if you'd like but let's get going so اللهم أشبع كل جارع oh Allah satisfy every hungry person now on the face of it it's not a hugely deep and profound and I need to contemplate on this kind of statement I'm not here to take away the seriousness and the heaviness behind this statement I'm more just saying in terms of I need to unravel the meaning behind it it's not one of those it's quite clear cut it's oh Allah satisfy every hungry person we will of course go a little bit deeper but I just wanted to say that in the beginning it doesn't really come across initially as something very depthful but there is something really interesting within this and I think it's one of my favourite lines in The Darab will come to it now as I mentioned on the surface level this is still a very profound and weighty statement and I just gathered a few stats here for us to really recognise actually how important an issue this is so we don't just kind of gloss over it the UN's food and agricultural organisation actually estimates that there are about 815 million people in the world who are hungry i.e. who are suffering from chronic undernourishment so not just hungry actually chronic undernourishment 815 million people that's about 11% of the world's population off them 9.1 million 9.1 million die every year from starvation or hunger that's the equivalent to around 25,000 people per day dying of starvation so whilst I'm saying yes it's not a line that we have to really unravel unpick words etc it still has a very profound weight to it in the current climate that we live in and it's not something that we should underestimate to look into this though we'll start again on a relatively simplistic level the first lesson that we take of it is really related to I guess what we're doing in this month largely which is fasting now of course when you're asked what's the significance of fasting when you study study and listen to more and more things you learn that the reasons there are plethora of reasons as to why fasting is such an incredible form of worship to our last person it's something that takes us so close to him something that's so dear to him and so useful for us to get closer to him however one of the typical things that we usually taught and then as usual on the tip of our tongues is that we fast because it helps us realise the challenge of those who are not as fortunate as us as us the rich if you like because we have food readily available and there's actually a hadith attributed to Imam al-Sadiq where he discusses the philosophy of fasting and he says and I'll quote Allah the Exalted in Glory سبحانه وتعالى desire to maintain equality between his creatures and make the rich person experience hunger and pain so that he may have pity on the weak and mercy on the hungry one I think pity is not a great translation there but we get the gist of it so that we can experience the pain such that we can look upon those who are hungry with mercy so we can feel for them so that we can do something about it and as I mentioned a previous session that you know Alhamdulillah there is some great initiatives that happen during Shah Ramadan specifically around giving to those less fortunate than us and that is another highly advisable form of worship for us during this holy month which is to give in arms and charity in صدق so to begin with I think you know let's just recognize on a surface level that no one this is a very very very critical problem that still goes on in the world and number two this is a chance in this month at least for us to recognize the benefits that we obviously have by having food readily available at the table but I do want to pose this question which is with that being said how many of us myself included my family included my friends included still fall guilty of excessive consumption in this month and potentially wastage and that's a hard-hidden question it's not one that I think many of us are like oh I've never thought about it that way no no we're all fully aware of it but considering the state we're in at the moment maybe it's something for us to actually really try and reflect on it's a very clear message in that line that yes oh well I've satisfied the hunger of everyone who's hungry but am I taking what I have for granted am I actually being wasteful in what I have and also am I trying to do something to solve those people's hunger and as I mentioned before it's something about saying these lines of the دار but more so deeper down do we actually believe it do we have conviction do we actually want to solve the hunger crisis in the world because if we do I don't think the character I think of one who does would be to be so wasteful in their consumption of food especially in a month that's meant to be about restraint and control of yourself and own desires but as soon as Margaret hits as soon as she hits that's out of the window so that's just one first lesson for us to take away now to go into this in a bit more of a different lens different angle I really find this an amazing topic of discussion and that is that when we read this line of the دار or Allah satisfied that every hungry person my question is who is a hungry person who is someone who is hungry and the question in the previous session أخني كل فقير who is the faqir who is the poor is it just the person that I see in the street who doesn't have a house to live in therefore is living on the street or that poor we realized that maybe I am the poor because I am completely relying on the only rich entity ever which is our last because everything ends up with him similarly here when we say satisfy every hungry person is the hungry person just the one who is hungry for food or is there another definition for hungry in this respect for hungry for food is there another definition for food now when we look to the Quran and this is quite interesting in Quranic terminology food does not always refer to the materialistic understanding of food which once we understand what it can relate to actually makes us see this entire line from a completely different angle entirely so in Quran we have clear references or sorry in the Quran we have different understandings of the word for food and one of those that is pointed to actually comes from surat 80 surat and this word طعام in Arabic for food for food in this verse the verse goes بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم فلينظر الإنسان وإلا طعام then let man look at his food so you're probably now thinking why did I make such a big deal out of it because that doesn't sound very miraculous then let man look at his food and I'm saying then maybe there's a different translation of course and of course I've given us the answers to what is behind this verse and this is where this answer comes as to what is this new translation if you like when you're understanding of food so in relation to this surah in the تفسير البرحام by Sayyid Hashim Bahrani the Sayyid quotes a tradition that is narrated in Al-Kafi attributed to Imam Al-Saleh where a man called Zaydah Al-Shaham comes to the Imam and asks him asks Imam Al-Saleh this man's food that is spoken about in this ayah what does it actually mean what does it stand for and the Imam Al-Saleh Imam Al-Saleh was reported to have said to have replied علمه الذي يأخذه عن من يأخذه the knowledge that he acquires from whom does he acquire it so this is the Imam responding to a man asking him in this surah العبسة verse 24 فن ينبر الإنسان وإلى الطعام and then let man look at his food what is this food what is this man's food what is this actually talking about and the Imam says علمه الذي يأخذه عن من يأخذه the knowledge that he acquires from whom does he acquire it so I'll put it into translation then let man look at his knowledge that he acquires from whom does he acquire it so now we see a new translation if you like or a new lens by which to see the word طعام in Arabic typically meaning food now being the understanding that this food is actually knowledge just to look at that حديث in its own isolation the knowledge that he acquires from whom does he acquire it maybe it's a command from the Imam to say go and analyze where have you got your knowledge from look at your knowledge assess it where has it come from just be wary of which sources you're using anyway that's that's a side point so what we're trying to understand here was in this line اللهم أشبع كولجة الله satisfied every hungry one i.e. the one who is hungry for food as we would typically understand the Imam is now saying or through this we can understand that there's a different understanding of the word of food which is now knowledge الله satisfied every hungry one and maybe how we can understand now the one who is hungry for knowledge question surely we're all hungry then because we should all be hungry for knowledge because we know the Prophet said that very famous prayer that many of us say in our daily Salah and say oh my lord increase me in my knowledge the Prophet is in ongoing and unlimited pursuits of knowledge never ends and of course us Allah's knowledge is infinite and it's constant and we're in pursuits of this just like the Prophet is oh my lord increase me in my knowledge oh God is in that but how many of us truly in pursuits of knowledge how many of us are hungry for knowledge how many of us are trying to take time out to learn to develop to seek knowledge coming back to that first premise we mentioned in the intro it needs to be some of this it needs to be something that we really believe that it's something from within are we just saying yeah Allah okay and I'm wasting food on the table and I really don't actually care about seeing any knowledge there needs to be that yearning for it you see scholars in the holy seminaries in the seminaries in the holy cities and they've been studying for 50, 60, 70, 80 90 years and they're still at it yet another book yet another thing they're listening to yet another this yet another that it's never ending and this is a question for us I think one beautiful thing that gives us is that it's actually quite similar to this quarantine that we're experiencing it gives us time that I don't think we realized we had or at least we deprioritize certain things which made that time get full and now I mean you know what maybe I've got time to reflect I really think you know am I actually bothered about seeking knowledge is that actually an important thing for me or so so I should be able to satisfy every hungry maybe that's a for us to go satisfy my craving for knowledge now شيخ الفان goes on in the book to then he talks about the the more common understanding of hungry hungry for food and it's worth reading that we're not going to cover that in our session but it's highly I highly recommend that you have a read through that chapter because it's quite interesting as to how he discusses those who go hungry and you know why that can be the case etc but we won't look at that just now I just want to continue on this trend of knowledge which is that the question then becomes okay if we're hungry the way to satisfy that hunger is of course to eat and شيخ الفان talks about how you can get that food if you haven't got it what is it that you need to do and equally from a knowledge perspective how do you actually go about satisfying that hunger for knowledge how do you go about satisfying yourself and actually the solution for the more materialistic notion of food and then the knowledge side of food if you like the solution is common and we'll just focus on the larger side but we'll look to the Quran for the answer in سورة البقرة chapter number 2 verse 282 الله سبحانه وتعالى says وَتَقُوا اللَّهَا وَيْدُوا عَلِّمُكُمُ اللَّهَا and adopt وَتَقُوا اللَّهَا adopt تَقُوا and Allah will teach you you hungry for knowledge Allah saying I will teach you on the premise that you adopt تَقُوا وَتَقُوا اللَّهَا and equally سورة الأنفال سورة number 8 verse 29 يا أيها اللبين آمنوا انتَقُوا اللَّهَا يجعلكم فرقانة oh believers if you be or if you have تَقُوا I'm going to be careful how I translate تَقُوا so oh believers if you have تَقُوا Allah shall enable you to distinguish the truth from the false so we see that تَقُوا is a prerequisite or is the solution to satisfying your hunger for knowledge fine we can now stop here okay finished خلاص thank you for this session because now we know I need to go and have تَقُوا but the question now is what is the meaning of تَقُوا and I smile because every single time that I've sat with someone of great knowledge they've always said we've always had a session about تَقُوا basically it's a very important thing that they'll always turn around and go okay this requires تَقُوا who knows what تَقُوا means and then there's this whole discussion that oh is it piety it's not piety okay what it is so I want to very briefly explain what تَقُوا is from one of these lessons that we sat in just so and that this is not in the book I think it alludes to it slightly but there's a plethora of of work around what تَقُوا actually means and I'm just going to give you a small glimpse into that because I think it's quite useful for us to for us to conclude on إن شاء الله and to reflect on as well so usually when we hear the word تَقُوا the first thing usually comes to our mind is probably something like piety and then I usually ask what does piety mean because honestly I couldn't tell you what pious means the only thing that comes to my head when someone says pious is that I think of a guy in a cloak who's very polite and very you know and that's that's all I really think about so I don't find it a very useful translation and I think scholars would say it's not a very accurate translation either so what is تَقُوا so تَقُوا comes from وقايا which comes from حف which means to protect so the question now is to protect what and from what so someone with تَقُوا i.e. someone who protects themselves a مُتق they're protecting their nafs they're protecting themselves against evil against indecency we're saying that تَقُوا from وقايا comes from حف which means to protect we're saying this is a protection of your nafs against evil and indecency and by doing so the result of this protection is that you have awareness of Allah you're aware that Allah is watching that's why you're doing this you're aware that He's watching so sometimes we'll hear people say it doesn't mean piety but it means God consciousness but actually understanding the whole you know story behind it that it's you're aware that Allah is watching you're every step that as I record this I know He's watching me I know He's looking into my intention I know He's looking into my heart I know He's looking into has everything that I've bought to make this happen from a حلال income I know He's watching my every single move and as a result I am extremely careful to protect myself from evil from indecency from anything that is negative constant protection this is one basic understanding of تقوة and if I were to summarize it in this way we're familiar with the notion of توبة of repentance seeking forgiveness توبة is needed after you've committed a wrongful act whereas تقوة is the protection of your soul before you commit the act because you're wary of Allah watching over you you want to protect yourself you want to protect your soul and we spoke about this we've come onto this discussion because we said that تقوة is a solution is a prerequisite to satiating yourself from that hunger of knowledge of seeking knowledge so it's a really beautiful discussion that can go on and I highly recommend that you go to those that have learned to dig into this notion of تقوة because it really is a never-ending discussion this just gives a different way إن شاء الله thinking about it اللهم أشبع كل جاعة it's four main points that we've looked into firstly, it's a very explicit line that I think gives us a stark reminder of the hunger that we see in the world today and we spoke about some of those statistics 850 million experiencing hunger 9 million dying per year i.e 25 000 per day so it's still a stark problem that we face day in, day out لكن مهم لنا أنه ذلك لا يتفضلونه في فعل هذا المنزل لذلك خائقا تصبح خائقا بحمل الخاص لهمettle jigar ف�� has some of us to check ourselves on are we are we just saying satisfy the hungry ones but I'm but I'm abusing the food that I have the wealth and sustenance of risk Allah has given me second we then said that you know of course there is this وصدد جيداً للناس وعنا من بلدان أن ندفعنا لك تحضيراً وما يحتاجون لنا to have an understanding, a glimpse of an understanding and to the challenge and difficulty that those who are much less fortunate than us go through and therefore we can have mercy on them and try to help them and actively help them so we actually enact on this line of those that are at the rear sight. ونحن نحن نصف بشكل كبير في هذا السؤال ونحن نظر على العمل أسفت طبعاً على المساعدة العليه السلامة في حالة إلى العبر العبسة ويحدث عن هذا السؤال عن أحيان الناس ويحصل على أحيان الناس ونحن نفتح الأسفل إلى تأكد هل نحن أنت ممتع للنسبة لنحن نحن نحن نعمل ونحن نتساعد بالتأكد هل نحن نعمل ربما ان نسوي عنها. و if we are hungry for it, one way to satiate that hunger is by having تقوى and then we concluded by looking into a slightly deeper understanding of the word تقوى but still very surface level. So inshaAllah that concludes on the line of اللهم اشبع كل جاءة الهيامين and inshaAllah you'll join us for the next line of this تعاو. والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله ومركاته.


Oh, yeah, that helps, too. All right, yesterday we started working with the work energy equation. Rather than laboriously developing each little part one at a time, I gave you the whole thing. I gave you the whole work energy equation, but we didn't get a chance to actually do anything with it. Each part is developed in the book, read through it. You don't need to study it in great laborious detail. There are homework problems that help you work through each little piece of it as you go, so you know how to calculate each little piece. But most of them are pretty straightforward, and most of them you're familiar with already. If you took high school physics, especially in New York State, I know what's in that curriculum, and most of this business was in there. So let's get the work energy equation back up on the board. Remember what it was? Jolly W for work, but I had something extra on there. One, two. I don't, I can't remember. I don't think our book does that. That's just a reminder of what fact. That this is work, as we look at it, is the action of a force moving from one place to another. That's the full solution right there. But for most of our problems, remember what the dot product does for you here, why the dot product was so important to this? Yeah, we need the part of the force that's in the same direction as the movement, and that's what that does for us. So if the forces are constant, let's say we only have one, this comes down to be the F in the x direction, the force in the x direction times the movement in the x direction. The y component of the force, if any, isn't contributing to the work being done. It's pushing sideways, not pushing along with the way the object is to be going. It's that simple picture. In fact, you have a couple problems that will address exactly this. The force in the direction we're moving times the distance we move that is our definition of work. We'll go through a couple practice parts of that. There's several problems in the book where they give you a setup, a force, and some movement there, and you just post-calculate how much work is being done. It's fairly straightforward for most of the things we're doing. We want to get the rest of the work energy equation in there, and then we're going to talk about it a little bit more and then do a couple sample problems and show you how to work through it. Next part, we're doing some work on some object, whatever that crate was or anything else in these problems. But we want that work to do something for us. One of the possibilities is it can speed things up. If we're pushing in the same direction as motion, it's moving. That generally speeds things up. That's what happens when you push a box across the floor, speeds it up, it wasn't moving. Then it is moving. You spin it up. If you're pushing against the way it's moving, you can slow it down. That's what you do when you put on the brakes on your car. The friction is pushing against the direction the car is moving until it finally brings the car to the stop. So we see that in terms of our change in kinetic energy. Remember, each of the terms on this right-hand side are change in terms, and that's very important. This business doesn't work right. It starts to fall apart if you neglect these change in terms. So I want to see those deltas there every time I see this equation. What is the next term? Doesn't matter really what order they are. But what did I? We can do work on something to change its speed. We can also do some work on something to raise or lower it. If we lift something up, we're doing some work on it. We're pushing in the direction it's moving. We change its gravitational potential energy and put it up on the shelf. If we bring it down, we're pushing up still. We have to hold it up in the air, but we're bringing it down. It's moving in the opposite direction. We're doing negative work, and we're decreasing its potential gravitational energy. And then the last term was, Patrick, do you like that one? The change in the potential energy of an elastic medium. For our purposes here, it's simply a linear spring. What about work done by friction? What about work done by friction? Let's say there's some parameters. Let me, I need to do one more thing with the stuff that's on this side and the stuff that's on that side that may explain exactly where the friction falls. It may help you remember exactly where it falls. Obviously, this work term involves some forces. And I'll leave a little bit of a space above it for now, because I'm going to put something in there in a second. But it's also obvious, I hope, that these two termed over here involve forces. This just really involves speed. But these two very clearly involve forces. The force of gravity and the force of a spring are very much tied up in here. So I'm going to leave another little space because these are two different types of forces on either side of this equal sign. The forces over here are forces that we call non-conservative. Doesn't mean they're in the Democratic Party. What that means is we put forces over here that if we turn the problem around and go back to where we started, those forces get even worse in terms of how much work is done. For example, I have to push something across the floor. I push on it. I push it all the way across the floor. I turn around. I push it back to the first place where I stopped. I'm twice as tired because I had to come back. I didn't do some work going out and then get that work coming back and come all rested here. It took me twice as much work to bring it back. That's the nature of non-conservative forces. When you turn the problem around, you can't return the situation to where it was before. That's not true with gravity. If I have something on the ground here and I put it up on the shelf and then I bring it back down from the shelf, yeah, I've done a lot of work, but gravity is exactly the same. The box is exactly the same as it was before. The gravitational potential energy is exactly the same as it was before. In terms of the gravity, the box isn't exactly the same situation it was before. That's the nature of conservative forces. The spring, too. If I stretch the spring out and then I let it stretch back to where it was before, the spring is exactly the same. Assuming I didn't stretch it so far that I bent it, that's why we don't actually bring springs out in the lab. They all get mysteriously bent because all the boys try to show us how much they can stretch our springs and then they are ruined. But if I stretch the spring out and then I let it come back to rest, it's exactly the same spring. Nothing's changed. So that's why these ones are over here. These are considered conservative forces. So the question was friction. Where does friction fall? Here or there? Well, let's see. If I'm pushing something across the floor and it's scraping over the floor because of friction, it's gouging up the linoleum and it's heating up the bottom of the box and I turn around and I push it back. Does that repair all the gouges and cool off the bottom of the box? Not only does it not do that, it makes it even worse. So where should friction go? Here or here? Friction's gotta be over here because we can't get it back. We can't do anything in our problem to recover what we already lost in terms of the friction. That's damage done. Just like the effort our muscles are making. That's damage done. I can't get that back. That's the nature of the world. That's the nature of those forces. We can return the gravitational situation to exactly the same thing it was before. We can return the spring to exactly the same.  If he's not gonna look at it and say, where does I got it? You use this, you can't tell. And then this doesn't really involve forces either but these are all energy terms. Energy we do that we can actually only spend in one direction, whether it's work we're doing or work that's being done against the object, we can't turn around and get that back. This is kinetic energy, the energy involved in an object moving at a certain speed. We can return that to where it was before. If something's not moving and it speeds up and then later it's not moving again, the kinetic energy is just exactly what it was before. And these ones, we can return those to exactly the same situation they were before. But they're all energy terms. So that helped a little bit with where friction goes. Friction is always over here and it always does negative work, doesn't it? Why is that? Why does friction always do negative work? If the crate moving that way over the floor, which way is friction pointing? Always in the opposite direction. There's no way we can push something across the floor in that direction and have friction also point in that direction. Well, we could, I guess, put it on a conveyor belt, but that's a whole different situation. It's still, in terms of us, slighting that crate across the floor, the friction's always gonna do negative work. When we look at the work done by friction, it's always gonna be with a minus sign in there because the friction's one direction, the movement's in the other direction. We can't change that, folks. Okay, should we do a couple sample problems starting from easy and working towards beautiful? How about I decide? I like that idea. All right, in fact, what I'll do is we'll leave a look at the chapter seven homework problem. So that'll lighten up the spring break a little bit. Maybe you can get one more six pack of Miller light in there now. Yeah, Mark, you like that idea? Yes, sir, engineering students gone wild. That video's coming up. I wanna see if you guys can get on with it. All right, so we'll look at one problem here. We'll look at a couple. We got a chance to do a couple here. All right, problem seven seven. How much work is done by a 70 kilogram man racing up the Empire State Building? 1,600 steps in 320 meters in 10.9. So we got the Empire State Building there. That's a scale drawing. It's 320 meters high. The man is 75 kilograms. How much work he does racing to the top. So here's what I want you to do on these work energy problems. Well, first, I think I told you this yesterday. I hope I did. If not, I'll tell you now. The work energy equation is very useful for doing a particular type of kinetics problem. Or kinetics problems are those that involve the forces and the acceleration and the position and the distance. We've got the forces in there. Did I tell you what type of problems? Work energy problems of the work energy equation is particularly good for? Yeah, position dependent problems, which this is. This problem depends upon his position going up the Empire State Building. He has a distance to cover. Here's what I'd like you to do with the work energy equations when you need. Now some of the problems just say find the work. You know, you just give them the force and the distance you're supposed to calculate for work. But this one, you're not given the forces involved here you're to find whatever parts of it that you can. So here's what I want you to do with the work energy equation. Write it down and then go look at any parts of it that are zero because automatically the problem becomes smaller. And the smaller you can make the problem, the easier it is to complete it. So go look at any part of the problem and see if you can make it smaller as you go through it. Well, we know there's work being done because that's what we're supposed to find. Plus, if he runs to the top of the building, he's gonna be pretty tired. And if he runs back down, he's not gonna get less tired to be completely rested at the bottom. He's gonna be even a little bit more tired. He might have recovered his heart rate some but he's still gotta make some effort to do that. So we're looking for that work. This is just to the top or to the top and back down again? I think it says just to the top. They do have an annual race up the Empire State Building and I think they only go up. I don't think they come back. They're all still up there. They don't come back down. The Delta K term, what do we look at here? This is velocity. Now, wait a second, wait a second. Do we look at the velocity or do we look at the speed? Remember, kinetic energy, one half MV squared. Do we put in here the speed or the velocity? There's no such thing as the square of a vector so it can't be the velocity. It's gotta be the speed. Notice that means then, kinetic energy doesn't care anything about direction. It just cares about speed. That's it. The matter if you're going up, down, sideways, circles doesn't matter. Any mass with some velocity has got kinetic energy. So the question is, is his speed changing from the start at the bottom to the top at the finish? He's standing down there at the starting lines. He says go. He gets up here. The instant he crosses the finish line, he stops.  That's what they do up there too. That's where they can come down into the floors all steep. So there's no change in kinetic energy in this problem. So already it's getting smaller. The problem's already 25% smaller. Is there any change in gravitational potential energy? Yes. Yeah, of course. All you look for is, is there a change in height? Is there any, is there a spring in the problem? No, there is no spring in the problem unless he has those really expensive nikes. Now the problem's 50% smaller than when we started. And so it becomes pretty easy to find the work done. We merely have to calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy. And you're given all those numbers. M is his mass because that's the mass that we're going up through the gravitational field. We're given the height of the building. G, I guess you have to look up. Simple as that problem becomes. Oh, except there's a second part to that problem. It then says at what rate is the work being done? We find this work, just plug in these numbers that we have and calculate that. In fact, it's such an easy calculation. I'll show you. It comes out to be 235 kilojoules. So you can check that if you haven't already. Then the problem says at what rate is the work being done? All they're asking here is how long did it take to do this? That would be the rate at which the work is being done. So we've got that term, we know how much work is being done and then they also told you 10 minutes, 59 seconds, just under 11 minutes. So that's the time it took to do that work. In fact, the rate at which work is being done is a term you're very familiar with. The rate at which work is being done. Because obviously anybody who's 75 kilograms goes to the top doing the same amount of work. That's all that was involved here. But if he does it in 11 minutes and my brother-in-law does it in two and a half hours, there's something very, very different about the two of those. They both did the same work, but one of them did it very, very quickly. In fact, it's hard to do it very, very quickly. That's why one particular person's the winner and nobody else is. Because he's the only one that could do it that fast. So it should be pretty obvious that doing work in a very short time is something different than doing the same work in a real long time. And it's a term you're all very familiar with. Anybody know what it is? Anybody have the power to figure this kind of thing out? No? Bill? What? It's power. The rate at which work is being done is power. I depend to put a double thing on it there because a lot of times I use P for a force that's being applied and so on. So I put that on it. Power. The rate at which work is being done. What are its units? Well, what are the units on work? Joules. Joules or Newton meters, either one. So we put both down and the units on time, seconds. Joules per second. What should we call that? Do we have a dead white male German physicist we need to honor? What? What? I've been waiting all year for that one joke. There's only three or four physics jokes and that's one of the best right there. That's a watt. That's how we define the watt. Another W, we've got three Ws now so be careful. We've got weight, we've got work, we've got watts. The rate at which work is being done. All right, so that problem is very easy to do with the work energy equation. Recognize that because a big part of that problem was, had to do with position, which is definitely a part of that. The position and the gravitational field. Actually the change in position for most interested in. Can you have a W1 of force? No, work is not a force, but it involves force. If there is no force, remember non-conservative forces, forces we can't turn around and get back to where we were before. If there is no force in a problem, there is no work being done. At least no non-conservative work. These are actually work terms, but they're conservative work terms. We can get that work back. So yes, this is not a force, but it involves forces. Remember, work is defined as F dot ds. So if we don't have any forces, we don't have any F dot ds, we don't have any work. Actually that's what we're gonna do in the next chapter. Those situations where there is no work being done, but there can still be changes in these. In fact, you're familiar with one of them. If this guy then steps off the top of the building and goes into free fall, he'll lose all of his gravitational potential energy. Where will all that energy go? Into kinetic energy with which he'll hit the ground. At quite a high rate of speed. That's a free fall problem we looked at. When there is no work being done and energy just goes between these three terms somehow, that's called conservation of energy. That term also you've probably heard. And we'll study that in chapter eight. This stuff is all chapter seven. Why was the space constant? No, he starts with no speed and he finishes with no speed. As soon as he crosses that finish line, he stops. They don't keep going, they stop immediately.  And then he must do the Corning Tower run and throw up on that one. You know, the Corning Tower, the big, real tall building in Albany, they do a run up bet every year too. I think for MS Society Fundraiser thing. Yeah, you guys need to throw up more often, I think. Mark's going on the other one. That was good play. Take it easy, Mark. I want you to live through the term. No, actually, your tuition check is clear. So, all right. Other chapter seven problems. A lot of them you're just given a situation, say calculate the kinetic energy, calculate the potential energy, not necessarily looking at the change in those values. But that is very important to us in general, is the change in those terms. All right, so here's another problem. Also, clearly dependent upon position during the problem. It's number 67. You don't have to pull it out. I'll give it to you, it's very straightforward. Ignoring friction, it shows that a skateboarder goes down something like that. This part is 5.5 meters above the bottom. And that tail part over there is 2.5 meters above. And we're asked to find the final speed at this point here. So it starts here, finishes here. We're supposed to find this speed right there. I think it's 67, unless they, no, no, I'm still using the same addition. So the numbers shouldn't have changed. Isn't that 67? 7 to 67. So we're defined as speed at this point. Obviously, it's a position dependent upon a problem. It depends on where he is in the problem. That's what the basis of the problem is. Is this freefall, well, obviously gravity's involved because otherwise he wouldn't slide down the hill and then slide up this little part of the hill. Sorry, sorry, Mike. You probably want to see it as a Colorado mountain. Sorry, sorry, something like, because Mike's going to Colorado next week. Not that I'm jealous, but if I went to Colorado next week, I'd have to see my sister and I don't want to do that. Hey, there's Mike. What's Mike saying? Mike saying, whee! All right, there's Mike. Did I ruin the trick for you? You're really hippy laughing at us when he's at the top of the Bale Mountain and we're not chipping ice off of our driveways for another month.  We don't care. Anyway, what was there? Do you have any? Oh, a question? It's not freefall. What forces? Skateboard are going out. What other forces are there? Well, weight is, weight's a part of freefall. What's normal force? What normal force? Where? Yeah, anytime he's touching the rap, especially down here, when he goes across the bottom, there's quite a bit of normal force from the bottom. So it's not necessarily, it's not a freefall problem. Plus, we don't normally have freefall problems where the thing goes down and then comes back up. It's not going to come back up, but something doesn't help it do that. So, it does seem to be position dependent, so we'll look at it as a, write down the work energy equation. Don't forget the deltas. Doesn't mean anything if those are missing. Is there any work being done by non-conservative forces? If you remember, it may have slipped by an introduction to a problem, it said ignoring friction. So there's no friction being done. That's always, and maybe even our number one non-conservative force. Any other non-conservative forces? What about, what about that normal force right there? It's balanced with the weight, but that doesn't necessarily mean it's, how much work is that normal force doing?  So, there's the surface there, there's the skateboarder right there. Now I'm talking about the normal force. I'm not asking how big it is, I'm just asking how much work it's doing. Why zero? You're absolutely right. Why is the normal force doing zero work? Here's the normal force. The normal force is not pointed in the direction he's moving. He's moving in that direction. What's the dot product of two vectors that are perpendicular? Remember? It's zero. Dot product of perpendicular vectors is zero. So the normal force doesn't do any work. And there's no friction. I can't remember if it says, Joe, you have it open there? Does it say that he pulls or pushes off with his foot or anything or it just says he goes from there down to there? Starts from rest. Starts from rest. So if he was doing some pushing or something, we'd have to count that as some work being done. So what work is being done? Non-conservative work being done. What work is being done? Phil? Is there a centripetal force? Well, the centripetal force at any instance is gonna look exactly like this, isn't it? So the centripetal force isn't doing any work either. In fact, the normal force is the centripetal force for that curved part of the course right there. So what non-conservative work is being done? Well, coming up with any, there isn't any, there isn't any non-conservative work being done. This happens to be a situation of conservation of energy. All the energy we start with, we finish with because all it does is transfer from one section to the other here, is there a change in kinetic energy? What do we do?  How do we handle that? Under that curve, the area under this curve is how much dirt there is for that ramp. That's all that is. But that's not a bad try, except it's even easier than that. Remember what this kinetic energy term is? It's what? The kinetic energy, oh, my ride's here. All right, I got it, we hear it, my ride's here. The governor's coming to get me. What is delta K? Remember what our definition of delta is? Well, yeah, but what do I write now for an equation and something to do? It's K2 minus K1. Notice, I don't care what K is down here, I don't care what K is at one, what K is at two. It's all I care about, nothing else. I don't care about any other speed in between. In physics and engineering, we call that kind of thing that only depends upon the points. We call that a point function. Only cares about the end points. Nothing that goes on in between has anything to do with the problem, at least in terms of the kinetic energy there. Yeah, Len, you're right. That's not true with the work. Remember, the work is defined as the integral of f dot ds between two points, one and two. And that definitely does depend upon what goes on in between. Which one of, here's two points. Here's a, we gotta get from here to here. From S1 to S2, we can do it. We can do it with a force that does that. Or maybe we can do it with a force that does that. Do those two require the same work, not at all. Because it's the area under the curve. This one, the top one, has a lot more area than the bottom one does. Well, you know that. You need to push something from here to there. You push it straight to there. You don't push it out into the hall, down the hall, back again, out into the parking lot, cross the parking lot, bring it in, and then stop here. That's a whole lot more work, but you still only went from one place to the other in the same. Work is what we call a path function. Its value depends upon how we get from one point to the other. The path is very important. Kinetic energy, it's a point function. It doesn't depend upon anything else. Start and finish. Take the rest of the time off in between. Are either of these two things zero? Yeah, k1 is zero. There's no speed at the start, so the problem's getting smaller and smaller as we go. Is there any change in potential gravitational potential energy? Of course there is. We start at one height. We finish at a different height. Notice if the problem had been that kind of thing where that's point one, that's point two, now what's the change in potential energy? Zero, because we only care what it is at one and what it is at two. We don't care about what it does in between. But that wasn't the problem given. Could have been, but it wasn't. So that problem's still in there. And this? Zero. There's no string in this problem. That's all you need to look at and we're done with that one. So delta k is one half m v2 squared minus v1 squared, but v1 is zero. And in fact, we're looking for v2. Do we have this mass? We don't have this mass. Delta u, that's the same thing every single time. That's mg delta h and we don't have.  Let's see, yeah, the problem's in meters. So what are you gonna put in there? Yeah, not going to have one. But I think we need to vote. Who says we should, everybody agrees that the numerals are 9.81 and the units are meters per second squared. But a couple people said put a negative in there. A couple, I'm seeing a couple heads here. We need to vote. Do I put a negative on here before I put it in for g? Who says yes, put a negative. Everybody has to vote. Who says no, don't put a negative. It's about even. You say no, don't put a negative. Why not? Don't change the value of gravity.  You don't put a negative on it, I'm saying. Half credit, yes. The value of g. You're right. g is always just that number. No negative sign. Where's the negative sign come from? Yeah, we put it on there. So there's got to be a negative sign in here, doesn't there? Where's it going to be? On the delta H. That needs to be negative because we decrease in height in that gravitational field. G itself never has a negative. But this g, you think it stands for gravity. It doesn't stand for God. God said that this is what gravity is. We can't change that. Republicans will probably try, but they can't. So we've got mg and delta H. What's delta H here? It's what? We start here. We finish here. That's a delta H of negative three meters. So let's see. Let's put everything back into here now. Delta K. Let's see. The work is zero equals delta K, which is one half mv2 squared because v1 squared was zero plus delta ug, which is mg delta H. And we've got all those terms. Ah, what happens to m? Chances. That's why we didn't give an m. We didn't need it. And we've got all those things just solved for v2. How small that problem is. Start out with this equation. It's not all that big itself, but we know it has a lot of parts to it, whether it reduces down to something incredibly simple, which I like. I don't know about you. Well, John doesn't. John likes it. It's left complicated, challenging. Just keep them up nice. But I like simple why I am simple. We got all those parts. No negative on G. That's negative three. So we're losing gravitational potential energy that's going over here and becoming kinetic energy. That's where your speed is coming from. All right, any questions before I give you an exciting problem? Alan? A bar is going horizontal in your name on the wall. All we were asked was how fast is he moving at point two? So we don't care how far he's traveling. We would if we had to have friction in there. Who said that? Who said ignoring friction? I heard somebody say it. You're actually right. If we had friction in here, friction has a lot to do with the distance over which it applies. In fact, if this was, if there was a lot of friction, he might not even make it up to here. He might lose so much of that energy to that negative work. I guess what I'm seeing is that when those of you go over some of that motion that's going up into the air and it goes around, or who's to say it's all in a horizontal direction? That's not a vector. I don't care what direction he's going. So maybe it's right at that point that he is actually in that direction. I don't know. That's way more detail than we have on this problem. Okay. Let's up the stakes some. Here's a new problem for you. All right. Oh, in fact, I think I showed you this problem, this type of problem, the UPS delivery problem box. We'll put some numbers to it and do it. Package delivered of eight kilograms goes down a ramp that's 3.2 meters long where it meets a bumper to protect it from smacking into the bottom of the wall there. That bumper is 3.2 meters from where the crate is let go. Just to speed things up a little bit instead of giving you the friction I'll give you the coefficient. We'll go ahead and figure the friction. We'll have to find the force friction and then find out how much negative work that force is doing. Kinetic friction or static friction? Kinetic. The box is sliding over the surface. The two surfaces are in motion with respect to each other. Kinetic friction. The strength of the spring is 121 Newton meters to either stretch that spring a meter or compress that spring a meter. It's gonna take a force of 121 Newton. And the last thing, the slope here, 23 degrees. We wanna find how much spring squish there is because if they don't build enough space back here the thing's gonna hit the wall anyway. It'll compress the string completely and smack into the wall then. So we wanna prevent that. We wanna have a little bit of extra space in there. Need to find, with that spring, that ramp, that box, how much spring squish is there gonna be? Clearly I hope a position-dependent problem. We have this distance here. We have a spring, depends on how much that's squished. We have gravitational height changes, a very position-dependent problem. So you should suspect, and we're working with it anyway, that the work energy equation might apply. Right down the whole work energy equation, easy place to start, then go to the four terms and see if any of them are zero and we're done with them automatically. Any work being done by non-conservative forces, any kind of friction or problem, you're gonna have a work term. There may be other forces doing work. For instance, we could have somebody coming in here and push it down the ramp. Any change in speed? Well, there is a change in speed because the guy sets it there on the ramp, then it starts to slide down the ramp, then it hits the bumper and squishes down the spring away. What speed did it start with? Zero, he just sets it down on the ramp, let's go with it. What speed does it finish with? Zero as well, because that's how we can tell how much the spring is squished. When it squishes the spring all the way, it comes to a stop again. If it was still moving, there'd be more spring squish to come. So it's gotta be that point where it comes back to a stop. So there's no kinetic energy change in this problem. Yeah, well, there is a kinetic energy change, but start to finish, point one to point two here and where it's squished both speeds are zero. Starts from rest, finishes at rest. Problem's already 25% smaller. Any change in gravitational potential energy? Yeah, of course. Because starting high, finish low. Any change in spring energy? Of course, there's a spring just sitting there doing nothing and then in the end, it's squished up some so it's got some potential energy in it. So that term's in there as well. All right, so let's do the two term, the three terms independently. Because then we're working on little tiny problems. One thing that's absolutely crucial here is one, we gotta get the units right. I talked about that yesterday.  Also though, if you're not picking it up, we need to have the negative signs correct or this is gonna be screwed up. We gotta get the negative signs right. If we have a negative sign on one of these where we shouldn't, it's all wrong. You're doing a different problem. So what's doing work? No, well, gravity's doing work, but that's over here because that's conservative work. We can get that work back by just taking it back up to the top of the ramp. What? Yeah, friction. Friction's doing work, so that's negative F, negative because it's against the direction it's moving and the distance it's moving. What distance is it moving? Almost, it's moving 3.2 meters plus del because it slides a little bit farther than that. So it's gonna be 3.2 meters plus del. How big is the friction force? It's what? Let's work towards the number. So if you just throw out a number, half the class, I know when I was in the class, we'd go where'd that come from? Yeah, it has to do with the coefficient of friction times the normal force. Coefficient of friction we have, what's the normal force? Is it W? Box of any one time. There's its weight. That's not the same W as over here. That's why I like the 1 and 2 on here because it reminds me, this isn't weight, this is work. There's no weight. What other forces? The friction going up the ramp, that's why there's a negative here because it's moving down the ramp, friction is up the ramp. Other forces. Normal force. How's the normal, what's the normal force look like? The perpendicular surface. Perpendicular to the surface. So that looks something like that. In fact, in this case, the normal force is equal to W or a G. That's the same angle as the ramp. That's the 23 degrees. So it's W cosine theta because we're adjacent to that 23 degree angle. The angle between the weight and the normal is always equal to the angle of the ramp even if it's zero. So normal, since it's non-accelerating, perpendicular to the ramp, then the normal force must equal W cosine theta. UK, W cosine theta, and we have all those numbers. We have mu, we have W, well, we have M, but MG, and we have theta is the 23 degree angle. I just don't happen to have that number separate. Who's got a calculator handy? Go. 9.8 times 0.24 times eight times cosine 23. I want you to have it there. 17.3 newtons. All right, so this is minus 17.3, 3.2 plus del, and it's gonna be newtons times meters, newton meters. Notice how compact that term looks. It's not very confusing now when we took care of it all by itself. Delta UG, we'll go to the next little piece. Just do them one at a time. That way we can watch the units. That way we can watch any minus signs so we don't screw this up. Let's see, MG, delta H, and we've got G, we've got no negative sign on it. It's just G, what's delta H?  We're looking for del. We can't find del until we have the whole thing put together because we have a del in here. We have a del in here. We have a del in there. You watch, it's gonna become very easy. So I already have this one. Minus 98.1 plus 30.7 del, and it's kilogram meter per second square, which is Newton meter, it's Newton meters. So checking my units. Oh, sorry. Sorry, this is also a minus in here. Minus on both of those terms because it's going down from both of them. Oops, I didn't have my minus in here for the delta H. Make sure that minus sign's in there because we're dropping down. That's a pretty simple term too. It's gonna be very easy to put it in the equation with those terms. It's gonna be very easy. Delta Ue, oh shoot, we're out of time. Okay, we'll, oh, we have to wait a full week for the answer. What all, here, here's what I wanna give you. Just so you can see it, and then you can go. Wolf vision, that's cool. Here's why I like you to do each of these little pieces one at a time. Here's the equation, the work energy equation, when you start with it. If you replace all those terms, it starts to get that big. If you then take all the terms you know and replace them with the values you've got, it now gets that big. And you have to solve that for del, which is here, here, here. You can't miss one single minus sign.  Does that look like that's a, there it is, there's the whole equation.  I don't know anybody could solve that without screwing up. This, we're doing little tiny pieces one at a time. I'll post this whole solution online when it's all done. Oh, I do have it, I do have, there was a typo in it, but you can see what the solution looks like. When you put all these together, that's all you're left with. It's quadratic in del. Is that something you could solve? Yeah, quadratic equations are pretty easy to solve. Look at that compared to that. My way, here's your choice.  Joe's not gonna move that way.  All right, Mike, have a good, be careful, don't break anything else, just yield.


Today I had to do a little episode I could not restrict myself from doing I was going to say I can't do it by myself because Justin isn't here but the trailer had dropped for perhaps the most anticipated sequel almost of all time was Ghostbusters Afterlife directed by Jason Reitman and I just had to kind of tell you about my feelings about this trailer because I could not keep them inside I could not just say nothing I had to say something about this I woke up this morning the first thing I did was watch the trailer and the second thing that happened was Justin messaged me and said did you see the trailer we both chatted about it for a little bit and and the first thing that came up was we said we hoped it wouldn't be just a stranger things rip off the trailer could be showing a little bit more than we want as far as that aspect of things I hope it's more of a marketing scheme than anything else so I've been drinking rum and beer all day these are the impressions I had and the first thing is they didn't shove Ghostbusters down your throat they didn't play the theme song once which I think is very very important they played cues from the first movie that I think die hard fans really appreciate and I heard those little cues vanquan first walks and Dana's apartment it hits you in the fucking heart I think harder than the theme song does not once they say the name Ghostbusters they show a bit of the technology but not enough to shove it down your throat at the end when they show the Ecto one and you show one of the kids shooting a proton pack that's attached to the Ecto one it is as Ghostbusters as you can get without ever saying the word Ghostbusters another thing I really dug about the trailer is the music as I said before they don't use the Ghostbusters theme at all but they use cues from the film which I think is die hard fans you get and they use audio from Peter vanquan saying call it fate call it luck call it karma and that when that kicked in I had tears in my eyes because I knew this was a real legit Ghostbusters sequel not like the bullshit remake rehash reboot whatever that was I did not have the spirit of Ghostbusters and you watch this and it has the spirit of Ghostbusters not only the movie but you even catch little glimpses of the cartoon in this in the cartoon there was the junior Ghostbusters and he really took their time to make this movie something for the fans I don't believe that the kids are going to be the Ghostbusters I really hope and believe that at the end of the movie is that Paul Rudd and the mother of the children are going to be the new Ghostbusters I really believe the children are going to have to go out and find the old crew Winston and Peter and Ray and convince them that something is happening and convince them to don the gear and come back they are going to have to convince the adults of the movie to take over their mantle and I think it really will be in the end a passing of the torch movie I also believe that whatever is happening in the small town in the trailer is that Egon has buried the containment unit under the ground because if he can't keep it in the firehouse where is he going to keep it the containment unit has to go somewhere to keep the ghosts I think he has buried it under the ground in this farmhouse in the hopes that there will never be a breach and in this case there is a crack or a breach in the containment unit and the ghosts are getting out and that's what the children see holy christ I'm completely looking forward to it and I will go on opening day I'll probably go the next day too and I have all the hope in the world that Jason Reitman will do all of us justice and we'll start a brand new amazing Ghostbusters franchise that will hopefully go on forever


So I'm going to divide my talk into three parts. In the first part, I'm going to talk about some parallels that we can find in quantum computing space right now with the development of machine learning and how the field of machine learning has developed. In the second part, I'm going to give you guys a little primer to quantum computing. Just a very quick rundown of different architectures and things you need to know about quantum computing to understand the rest of the day. And in the last part, we're going to speak about a little bit how you guys can help and how software engineers and computer scientists fit into the picture and how you can hand out your hand and offer some help to these projects. OK. So success of machine learning really falls down not only to machine learning scientists, but also a lot of work that has been done around machine learning to kind of help foster the ease of adoption of the tools and developments that are being produced. One of the big things that helped people develop their own machine learning solutions are machine learning frameworks. And here on this slide, I list a couple of the most popular ones. I'm pretty sure that you're familiar with scikit-learn or TensorFlow, at least, heard about these libraries. And really what these projects do well is that they have really nice, well-documented APIs, tutorials, they have a really good, basically, foundation that they offer to anybody who wants to jump into the field. So if you want to start machine learning, you don't need to implement your own machine learning algorithms from scratch in C++. You can rely on all these libraries and existing frameworks to help you build your models. And that's something that really helped people to jump into the field. Then there's a lot of tooling that has been developed that helps people to not only develop their models, for example, in the case of Jupyter notebooks, it's a really great collaboration tool, but also to share their models and deploy them into production. So for example, the Alux framework over here is a tool that helps you share your model and provide an inference pipeline, no matter what kind of framework you use to actually train the model itself. So you can see that once again the theme repeats. You not only need the underlying algorithms, but you also need to build a lot of tooling to bring this technology, machine learning, into the market. And last but not least, a lot of progress in machine learning is really fueled by just going for bigger and bigger architectures. There's this joke in the community that bigger is better and that the bigger network solves everything. And on this graph on the left, you can see that's a logarithmic plot. You can see how the different architectures that became really successful, how much training they actually need per day. And you can see that for AlphaGo, zero reaching like 1,000 petaflops seconds per day. So once again, basically this development is largely fueled by engineers working on large scale systems. On the right, you can see the pictures of the Google TPU, that's our processing unit, which kind of brings in the hardware engineers into the picture. So you can really see that it is an effort of a whole range of diverse backgrounds that is kind of being combined here to produce the successes that we see today. All right, so now let's kind of, you know, just keep that in the back of our minds and let's jump into the part of the quantum computing primer. So I guess you guys are here because you have been hearing a lot about quantum computing and yeah, there's like all these very hyped up articles. If you scroll through your LinkedIn feeds, you're going to see various sensational things being written about quantum computing. So yeah, the question is, how is it going to actually change our lives? And even more recently, a couple of months ago, Google has announced that they have reached this thing called quantum supremacy. And yeah, what does that even mean for us? Are we going to throw away our regular computers and everybody's going to just have a quantum computer now? It's unclear. So the hype is really, really getting higher and higher. This is the article that actually announced the quantum supremacy and you can see that they used a QPU with 53 qubits that can occupy a state space of 2 to the 53 because every qubit can occupy two basis states. And you can see that if you were to simulate this problem, it would take you, according to this estimate, 10,000 years on a state-of-the-art supercomputer. So this particular transition, having demonstrated that we have solved the problem which is not necessarily of practical value right now, is what we called... But it's basically solved on a quantum computer whereas we can't efficiently do it on a classical computer. That's what we call quantum supremacy. So it doesn't actually yet mean that quantum computer has surpassed classical computers on a practical problem. And that terminology is something that is being fleshed out in the field. Actually, Will Zhang here in the audience has a nice blog post about different terms we should use for achieving advantage in the quantum computing world with quantum computing architectures. So, yeah, right now we are probably, I would say, somewhere around the peak. I don't know how many people in the audience who are familiar with the field agree with me. And we're going to see how the hype cycle evolves and what it's going to do to the field. But the impact of quantum computing really shouldn't be that... We shouldn't be thinking that it's going to come here and it's going to replace all the methods that we already have to solve problems. Rather, what we should think about... We should think about quantum computing helping us solve more problems. So, what are the things that quantum computers would be good at? Well, these are problems like optimization problems. You know, a classic example is this traveling salesman problem where you try to find a path through a city that is most efficient and visits all the nodes that you specified, for example. Encryption and cybersecurity, we can hear a lot about quantum computers being threat to our cybersecurity systems because they're going to break our encryption. But we can also use quantum computers to develop better cybersecurity. So, it's a two-sided coin. And then there's a big subfield of quantum computing called quantum machine learning where people are trying to figure out whether quantum computing can help us solve some of the bottlenecks of scaling machine learning that we kind of have today. Then, on a more, I guess, near-term side, we can use quantum computers to do things that are much closer to what physical systems do. So, molecular drug design and kind of the design of different materials, for example, using organic batteries or solar cells, are fields where we expect that quantum computing is going to be, you know, probably providing some kind of advantage sooner than in some other domains. Now, that was a very brief introduction. I'm going to jump in this part of the talk a little bit into different paradigms of quantum computing and how does the field divide a little bit? So, there's three major areas. There's quantum annealing, discrete gate-based quantum computing and continuous gate-based quantum computing, and I'm going to jump into each of these individually. All right, so in quantum annealing, we're trying to find solutions to optimization problems, and basically what we do, we specify some sort of energy landscape. So, we define hyperparameters that define the energy landscape, and quantum annealing is a process that in the hardware tries to find the minimum energy state of the system. So, the system models this landscape that you can see on the left, and the minimum energy state would be the deepest valley of this diagram. So, that corresponds to the conformation of these little proteins that has the lowest energy. And the biggest player in the field is a company called D-Wave. They're a Canadian company and have been around for a while now, more than a decade, trying to tackle this problem. If you look at the hardware of quantum annealing, you might have seen the picture on the right. That's how the D-Wave machine looks when it's all closed up, but in the middle, that's the actual, I guess, the chandelier of dilution refrigerators, and you can see how the temperature is dropping all the way to the processor on the bottom. So, the processor itself runs on a temperature that is colder than the temperature in the outer space to minimize all the noise and thermal fluctuations. Here, you can see how the scaling of the sides of the chips and the quantum annealing kind of evolve. It's kind of a self-fulfilling property. The company is trying to achieve this exponential leveling pace that kind of reflects the Moore's law. And right now, actually, even bigger chip is in development. So, the highest chip on this graph is 2,000 qubits, and I want you to keep in mind that between the paradigms, the number of qubits or other metrics don't really port. So, if I say this has 2,000 qubits and in some other architecture, we have different number of qubits, that's not directly comparable. Here, you can see that basically, this is the architecture of the new generation, the wave chip. On the left, we have this 2,000 qu, called the chimera graph. And on the right, we have this new topology, called Pegasus. And the lines here really depict the connections between qubits. So, this kind of... I guess, yeah, determines which qubits can actually interact in the equation that specifies the energy landscape. So, the more connected, the better, but making more connected graphs is more difficult in hardware. So, this is how you specify the energy landscape. It's a, what we call, quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problem, because the variables here are quadratic, sorry, binary, and the terms are at most quadratic. That's all you really need to know. Don't need to dive deep into the details how you specified that equation, but it's actually not that difficult. It's basically you need to encode the constraints of your problem into some sort of energy penalties that if are violated, they no longer correspond to the lowest energy solution of that equation. You can see that the things aren't perfect.  We're going from digital to analog, and we might not be able to represent, you know, for example, floating point numbers with the precision we would like to have. So there are things that, you know, kind of come into the picture that you might not be used to, because you're simply dealing with a technology that is more lower-level than, you know, your regular classical programming language these days. Here is an example of how you, for example, would specify a problem. So this encodes an energy landscape of a checkerboard, and its lowest energy state is basically a state where the neighboring qubits are alternating in value. So they're 0, 1, 0, 1, or 1, 0, 1, 0. And you do that by imposing a very simple matrix of penalties here that is defined there over with the J matrix. And it's really only like a couple of lines of code using the D-Wave standard development libraries. So the workflow in the quantum annealing world is really you define a problem, you figure out how to, you know, encode that problem as this equation, and as I mentioned, you basically do that by imposing different penalties for situations that you don't like. So for example, in the previous case, I would impose penalties for two qubits being the same value. Once you have the equation, you try to, what we call, embed it on the graph, so you're going to make sure that the qubits that are talking to each other in your equation can talk to each other on the hardware, and then you just solve the problem on the hardware and you read out your solution. And if you want to guys play with it, there's D-Wave Leap. It's a platform out of D-Wave that you can have one minute of free QPU time to play with and some further resources for you guys to look at. Okay, the universal quantum computing, I'm going to speed up things a little bit. Here we are constructing so-called quantum circuits. So the big players are IBM, Google, Rigeti, and they're each developing their own respective libraries that, you know, you can use to specify quantum circuits and run down the results. A fundamental building block of quantum computing in this paradigm is qubit, and this is something that you might have seen previously. If not, it's completely fine. Qubit is specifically specified by two amplitudes, that's alpha and beta in this equation, and those squared specify the probabilities of sampling each of these basis states, either zero or one. And basically, in order to program the device, you construct a circuit. So very much similar to classical circuit logic, you specify quantum circuits. You basically have either operations that touch one, two, or multiple qubits, and by imposing those operations, you alter the state of the system. You alter what we call the wave function. And at the end of the computation, you just read out the result. So, for example, one of the things that you can do, you can basically introduce entanglement. It's one of the usual building blocks of quantum algorithms, and you do that using a Hadamard gate. Hadamard gate is nothing else than a certain rotation of the qubit. We can see the result of the rotation here for two basis states. Another gate that you can use is a CNOT gate, and if you were to combine the two, you can actually reach this combination of states, which kind of imposes that we can only get zero, zero, or one, one out of the system, which we call entangled state, or maximum entangled state. So we would do this using the... We get this library as described over here, so you can again see that it's a fairly simple way to specify the circuit. Actually, it generates a circuit in a language called quill, which is on the right, so it's very much like assembler-like in this particular sense. And here, the workflow is, again, very similar. You go from your differential problem, then you figure out the quantum algorithm, you generate the quantum circuit for that algorithm, and you compile it to the hardware so the hardware can only use certain operations, so there's a step called compilation where you make sure that the gates that you're using are actually implemented on the hardware, and then you run your thing on the quantum processor and read out the result. Okay, another paradigm, and the last one that I want to talk about is continuous verbal computing, and here, instead of having these two basis states, you have a continuum of basis states, so instead of qubit, we call the computational building block the q-mode. And, for example, one of the applications or one of the kind of building blocks of these systems is quantum boson sampling that you can use to, you know, sample from complex protodistributions. It's well suited for graph problems. For example, we wrote a paper on using Gaussian boson sampling for certain molecular docking problems, so that was basically trying to find maximum cliques in certain graphs that we generated. So it's really, you can see that you can have to combine, you know, knowledge from quantum computing with knowledge from computer science in order to achieve useful results. And the biggest player in this field is Zandu, and actually we have a speaker from Zandu here today, so he's going to tell you more about this domain. More resources if you guys are interested. You can find it in a slide deck. So, at the end of the talk, I want to kind of talk about a little bit about how can you become part of this and, you know, what are the things that you can actually do to, you know, help the field out. The nice thing about quantum computing is that there's a big push in the community for the things to happen in the open source way, not only the research itself, but also like all the underlying building blocks. The libraries are available open source, and, you know, it really helps reproducibility, but also it helps more people join the field. So like all of these, not all of these, many of these quantum hardware providers are also providing open source libraries to program their devices or play with their quantum virtual machines, quantum simulators, and that is really nice for us to be able to, you know, spread the knowledge. The kind of implicit thing about the field is that it comes from, you know, academia to a degree, and many people working on these open source projects are scientists, and they're doing a great job, but many of them are not software engineers by training, and there's a huge potential in, you know, more of software engineers being involved in helping, you know, scale and design APIs and just build the system in a way that follow the best practices of software engineering. So there's like a huge list of projects on our website. The links are on the right, and you can use to see a, you know, quite exhausting list of different projects in different areas, and I want to mention some of those here. So these are things like quantum compilers or quantum circuit optimization, where you try to make sure that you modify the circuit in such a way that you, let's say, optimize the number of gates, and at the same time you produce the same kind of result at the end. There are things like development of control systems, so we're actually going to have a speaker today speaking about an open source project for control systems in quantum computing. We have things like quantum games or IDE tools, visualization tools, so there are a lot of these things that need to be developed. Now we can draw the parallels that I was speaking about in the case of machine learning. A lot of work needs to be done and it has to be able to do research and really develop this field further, and all of that work is, you know, fundamental software engineering basically waiting to be fulfilled, so feel free to jump into any of those things. Community is very open, and I'm certain that they would love, you know, helping hand from people that can, you know, tell them how to structure or package their Python library better and put it on PyPy because maybe right now it's on GitHub and it's not even installable for PyPy. So there are a lot of opportunities like that if you guys want to jump into the space and learn more about the area. And if you guys feel even more adventurous, there's an incubator that is dedicated to quantum computing slash quantum machine learning. Actually, Sean is in the room. Sean is one of the people organizing it. Sean, if you could wave your hand, I could talk to you in a break if they're interested. And that's actually where my company started, so shout out to these guys. And if you want to help with, you know, education and outreach, you can speak to me and Mark. We're running the Quantum Open Source Foundation. You can join our Slack channel if you want to become part of the community and know more about the events and things that we're organizing. And yeah, for that purpose, you can also follow us on Twitter or other social media accounts or just GitHub or GitHub if you guys fancy that. And with that, I thank you for your attention. Also... Oh, yeah. And there's also a microgram program from Will called Unitary Fund, so that's Unitary.Fund. You can check out if you are interested in doing a project, but you're not sure if you could support it yourself. There's a way to get funding for that as well. All right, so that's... Thank you for your attention and let's wait for the next talk.


Hi, I'm Dick Simmons from the popular web series Red vs. Blue. And I'm Doc. And today, we'll be talking about a holiday that really should be talked about more. That's right! It might not be Christmas or National Thank Your Mailman Day, but we believe it's overdue for some recognition for being the dumbest and most pointless day in the history of days. That's a little harsh. If there were a single day on the calendar that we could replace with National, slam your head into the door day, it would be this one. Geez, what do you have against Labor Day? Oh, you think I'm talking about Labor Day, do you? Well, April Fool's! What the what? This PSA is about April Fool's Day and how it should be wiped from the face of the earth. Why? Because it sucks, Doc. And no one wants to talk about it because they're afraid of looking dumb. Well, I for one am sick of living in fear. Oh, come on. April Fool's Day can be fun. Did you know it was started in the middle of the Great Depression, when morale was so low that school teachers had to come up with a date just for jokes and pranks? You didn't? That's because that's not true. We just lied to you. What? That's not real? Nope. I changed the teleprompter. April Fool's.   Great prank, guys. No notes. Real funny. There's more to a prank than just lying. No, there isn't. That's literally it. Hi, my name is Captain Dick Doinkins, and this is my co-host, Rock. April Fool's. No, it's not. You see, it's just nonsense. Oh, come on. Not all the jokes are that lazy. Do you remember what Sarge did last year? Hey, Gryff, there's a package here for you. Something about a giant toucan. Made of cheese. It's here? The cardboard is here? Whoa! Ow! And the year before that? Hey, Doc, what's the reality show about chefs competing a day to end a model is on? I thought Beefcake Bowl in A's Island didn't come back till Thursday. The year before... Doc, that guy you performed CPR on is here to thank you for saving his life. Oh, well, I thought he died on the sea. Oh! Yeah, I remember. And the internet has only made things even more tiring.  Dumb brands thinking they're funny. Here's an overused meme. Here's a fake trailer for a show or product we all want. Wow! You changed your name on Twitter? How funny? And original! This joke totally wasn't conceived at a corporate meeting between six different departments, making sure it's as inoffensive and shareable as possible with the sole purpose of selling you wet wipes. That does sound a little exhausting. Fake news is already a problem during the rest of the year. Why do we have an entire day dedicated to it? It's just gaslighting, the holiday. And Think of the World actually does end on April 1st. Then we'd really be unabind. Exactly! So next April, we need to take a stand against April Fool's Day. But wait! How can I be sure this isn't an elaborate setup for an April Fool's prank? Like we're all gonna put our guard down, and then you're gonna swoop in and get us! And that's the problem, Doc. Everyone is afraid to look like a fool, so every year we all look like fools. Yeah, I'm just not buying it. What is there to buy? There's no prank here.  Yeah! Okay! Nice try, Simmons.  No, come on! There's no prank! I swear! Please!  I told you he wouldn't fall for it! Dang! Well, somebody's gonna be walking across this totally solid ground one way or another!  Yes, sir. Thank you for watching this episode of Red vs. Blue. If you want to check out more, go to Rooster Teeth. It's an app, it's a website, it's a lot of stuff.


Everybody forced here ripping the gold standard of immaculate mosaics eight box NFL mixture number one random teams We're gonna randomize right now and then get right into it. Good luck. Everybody all teams in on this random five and one six times one two three four five six Johnny B down to Robert B and the teams here one two three four five six Jaguars down to Ravens All right Johnny B Jags Martin G Browns Terry F Vikings Connie J Titans David J Lyons Derek S chargers Terry F Niners Stephen B commanders Josh H Texans drew our Falcons Branson K with the Bills Keegan B bears Caesar D Bengals Rory C Cardinals Timothy V Raiders Nathan F Cowboys Eric P Steelers Michael J Buccaneers Tyler F Broncos Anthony M Panthers Dan M Giants drew our Rams Josh H Seahawks Bradley P Eagles Michael J chiefs Chris H Saints Jonathan W Colts Brandon W Patriots KCB Packers Tom B with the Dolphins Brandon W Jets Robert B Ravens Well, don't ever say that strive. Oh boy. No, I hear you Shane, man. Yeah, I I Don't I don't like that there that was valuable slab. Yeah, unfortunately the way it is Wish it were different Anytime I get a chance this on the SGC I do though give it's you know If I want it back super quick or whatever maybe they do a promo or I just want some PC slab Then yeah, all right y'all here. We go link can be found link is in chat for the results You can find them anytime a link sports cards calm quick link at the bottom. I'm gonna double-check the boxes here Three gold standard one immaculate collegiate one mosaic hobby one no huddle and two choice. Yep, we're good. Let's go Bangles didn't didn't take advantage of some bills mistakes and now those are back in it Greg's back There's a Leviss debut really good first game solid second game. They didn't win But he's playing all right. I've got many don't got many options that throw to outside of D hop down there Orange to 199 drew breeze Saints silver Eckler Chargers Carbon copy, I'm gonna roll a die for all carbon copies in the break if there's a numbered card We're gonna random it instead We'll go one two three left four five six right on the die roll It is a three say three these will go left Left if they're numbered all random instead Jay Jetta's moments in time blue mosaic to 99 99 Vikings redemption coming up as a flowers debut for the Ravens The redemption is a nice rookie autumn was a grad Jackson Smith and jigba for the Seahawks You go Seattle. They got what's up today though Seattle was a dexter Lawrence Giants red rookie Sam LaPorta for the Lions this car Lions and Silver moments in time is Kenyon Drake the Miami miracle Glad I wasn't watching that live Was walking into my cousin's wedding when I got the notification that Patriots lost and I was like, how did they lose? How did they lose the Miami had that like other own 30 Gibbs debut? That's all the replay I Immediately at the wedding time like eight beers like I can't deal with this right now. Yeah, congratulations on their marriage Whatever. Yeah, I'm always that cow pits Falcons. Do you know what just happened? You understand Figure if he needs to be a jessels because they're local to you. I love that my other I like BG I like my BGS. I was like the sub grades I've never used them. No big red. I might try them out for something. I might see what it's what it's all about That's true Shane. That's where they got you was a cookie Roshan Johnson bears Purple juju for the Patriots. I actually had a good game today. It's 49 Patriots. You just miss Schuster and Center stage mosaic is cut for the Rams What is that at try not to like Use even like any part of my hand like scratch my eyes cuz like they're dusty anyway debut is Richardson Colts red mosaic name of the Jets silver Terry Rice Niners Silver Swagger sauce gardener Jets This stuff is the dustiest Mosaic is miles Garrett Browns orange mosaic Peyton Manning going to the Colts to 199 Lost in space lost in space got chiefs Dante Hall on the mosaic autograph You go chiefs Dante Hall Otto Got ready mosaic DK Metcalf Seahawks Silver rookie for the Packers Luke Musgrave all you know that because my dad would say Danger will Robinson every now and then I was like this mess with me silver montage Devonte Adams for the Raiders Never never seen the show. I know they did like a like a kind of sort of like a pseudo remake of it on Netflix I think a couple years ago Well, honeycomb coming up Mosaic rookie Clayton tune Cardinals honeycomb rookie for the Rams Stetson Bennett very nice Good stuff for LA Rams there drew are we go drew a Mosaic montage of Russell Wilson Denver Greg's lost it Bigsby Blue mosaic almond Ross St. Brown the 99 for the Lions good color match there silver Clinton Portis for Washington We need to get a training staff here The Jean debut Falcons mosaic rookie will Anderson debut for the Texans red Aaron Donald Rams Introductions Richardson and a silver Eckler Chargers right into the no huddle Nice paper cut from this from this thing right here. Mmm. Yeah, I'm a Hungry little fella Part of that. Oh, it's a dog back in the beginning tasting of the car warning. Hey holes are closer than they appear The food in his car thing Yummy Got disco rookie Garrett Williams for the Cardinals Spears and minutes Be sure to like the stream y'all Subscribe if you have not already done so We are live tomorrow at 10 a.m. Eastern again rookie silver CJ Stroud Great time to get this there you go Houston Like that for you Houston this dude This dude had one of the best rookie QB games ever today Josh H Maybe the best was the best but yardage wise. Yeah, maybe it's up there as one of the best games right there game winning touchdown under 10 seconds left There you go Josh disco J Jettas for the Vikings Dave fumble and even see it Well, I've seen this commercial to pass like 25 minutes here. I I don't think they're playing anymore disco Michael Thomas Saints No, I remember I remember a job But a bunch of Jacques Cousteau books and like stuff like that in the house when I was a kid Purple Josh Jacobs Raiders out of 49 or no these are two to 50 50 Let's go montage Rogers Jets I Bejawn debut disco Randy white cowboys No huddle auto coming up is gonna be Giants Otis Anderson. What's the game tomorrow? Josex scripts tomorrow is Chargers and somebody Who's it tomorrow charges in it silver Thurman Thomas Bills disco carbon copy Mahomes Hertz Johnson Dorian Thompson Robinson Speed racer, I mean all I know is if they lose tomorrow, they got they got a fire the cook we were talking about earlier I didn't watch a lot of TV growing It's a team that charges need to be pretty bad last place. I wanted to be was in my house We'll levice debut for the Titans disco burns Panthers Blue disco rookie Denzel Ward not rookie sir, but Denzel Ward for the Browns 75 disco Nick Chubb montage for the Browns Good reporter cards usually just toss them out or they kind of just get They get used for us like Phil Yeah, if like if I don't toss it will keep them and like you can just stack them together to Fill up, you know for like shipping purposes You know if you're like ship a solo card on its own you stack some cards with it to make it thicker and more durable Rookie disco tank bigsby Jags. I remember that Greg. You remember twib This week in baseball Pink disco nice Aaron Dong for the Rams the 20 good break for the Rams so far Silver Stafford as well for the Rams disco burrow men of mastery for the Bengals That's a pretty famous clip in hell yeah, it is say flowers debut mangled disco young blood Rams young look crazy catch In traffic You have control are you gonna say incomplete? I don't know if it's a catcher We discover each year brown for the night. Yes. Yes, Shane at a 75 disco montage. Jamar chase bangles That downhill skiing stuff is insane What do they call the They're solemn and there's um, there's one way to go off the huge ramp that's called lunacy Two choices now need another mix and touchdown. That's what we need. We need to mix in a mix and touchdown Silver TJ watt for the Steelers mosaic Fletcher Cox for the Eagles How about Anthony Richardson rookie red and yellow auto for the Colts big congrats to the Colts That one's going to Jonathan W. There you go, Jonathan That the mag for you buddy bonus auto as well. You got a Tory Holt's red and yellow auto or the Rams Rams are killing it here These ready yellows are your member to 80. Got Barry Sanders Lyons Brian Urlacher Bears and a black and gold Buccaneers Julio Jones to eight Julio Jones bucks number to eight Red and green Lions rookie handed hooker and see how shirky Zach Charbonnet. What was that Joe? Like under through is weird You threw it too fast Interesting silver Dan Reno dolphins mosaic young blood for the Rams Next is a oh, we got another two auto box Ricky Williams red and yellow auto for the dolphins here Ricky Williams and Cardinals rookie auto Parrish Johnson, Jr Red and yellow rookie is Felix. I don't think it was all my number to 80 for the chiefs Debo Samuel to 80 for the Niners and Choice peacock SP Tyler Lockett Seattle, that's basically that's a close you get to a color match pretty much the peacock Yes, I do red and green rookie Tillman for the Browns and Nolan Smith for the Eagles That rod can you repeat it on the stream right now? No three gold standards now Holy crap, what the hell it's a different time Got booted so even then clearly wasn't yeah Even remotely Considered it's never is but no Jones to 49 for the for the Giants Yeah, for sure Shane rightfully so though Will Leviss rookie number to 99 for the Titans rightfully so done done today Nice Leviss there What's up with these 75s these are going into 60s. Maybe I should be using six leaves in no It's a 99 Bateman for the Ravens Niners jersey card at 299 Nick Bosa. You claim whatever you want You claim where you want it doesn't matter. Yeah That's black and white right there. There's a right and a wrong Ain't right rookie Jersey to 399 Cedric Tillman for the Browns Dak Prescott Cowboys Jersey to 299 schoonmaker for the Cowboys on the RPA to 49 I schoonmaker and Jameer Gibbs rookie Jersey out of the 149 Detroit you go to 149 Detroit anyway Who's the game tomorrow? Chargers need to win though. They need it so bad I feel like if they're like they're like one or two losses away from Saley just getting fired mid-season I think I'll get fired the end of the season, but this point with them like you Like the so the belief is either like you got a fire now and just Do what you can or like maybe you can salvage a season to push for the playoffs again. I don't know I don't know it ain't good either way Harder's Jets. Oh, I think I picked Jets earlier. I said someone asked what else I think the Jets are gonna win They're in New York the Jets D is nasty, so Rookie to five is Joy Porter jr. For the Steelers Nice little number there for the Steelers miles Murphy rookie to 14 for the Bengals We go Bengals got a Christian Kirk jersey card of 299 Jags No reason to apologize great But I do want to change subject either way it's totally okay to talk about things like that But then we don't want it. We don't want to sit too long on it Devon H and rookie Jersey Dolphins at a 399 where you go fins They stink Cooper cup on the mother-load closure at five-way Jersey to 299 for the for the Rams Cooper cup Rams having a solid break still Steelers rookie Otto Darnell Washington to 199 and That's got to be nice one here Rashi rice One of ten rookie patch Otto going to the chiefs Dude, look at the Lamar hunt patch on this thing.  He's really good to Rashi rice chiefs RPA to 10 Lamar hunt patch It's like Bengal score a touchdown on this possession. I'm probably over He hasn't been perfect, but I feel he gets better and better, which is These are issues and these gold standards All right, this guy's awesome dude Downs rookie to 99. He's so good Josh Downs rookie to 99 Colts 75 Ricky Michael Wilson Cardinals Khalil Herbert white gold Jersey to 299 for the Bears Jerron Hall rookie Jersey to 399 for the Vikings I hope he's okay because he had a he had a good start today until he got the concussion Viking's the other mess, but he he had a good start He was like five for six for 78 yards and then he almost ran for a touchdown, but got a concussion Jalen Hurts five-way Jersey to 299 Eagles keep throwing these like stupid dump offs But they're getting pressure and he literally can't even step into just stupid third dirt and gold play right there That's something you try like first and goal They're batting it down every time. Okay. That wasn't a misto. He literally it was batted down That was probably a touch. I didn't get a hand on it Brenton strange rookie audit to 199 for the Jags Nah, he was like running and like was like try to dive with like the goal line must have taken a weird hit And as a flowers rookie triple Jersey audit a 149 for the Ravens great Zay Go Zay flowers Yeah, there wasn't much for the Titans so far there was some base levis cards in the Zay which are all right And I'm at collegiate Last one here everybody got an Alvin Camara to 35 going to the Saints After that a Greg Olson four-way Jersey card to 99. He's retired.  Those are game-worn. That's kind of cool Not not not not not the best school there, but Greg Olson was good Kenny McIntosh Seahawks RPA to 99 Eric Gray RPA number to 99. He is a giant, right? Eric Gray is a Giants redemption Rookie patch auto Chris Rodriguez jr. For Washington Chris Rodriguez jr. For Washington and a 65 RPA Jordan Addison Minnesota That kid's a baller That kid's awesome and Jordan Addison RPA for the Vikings Sorry didn't do so well just me you got a good team though Just didn't end up hitting anything big with them though. Unfortunately Titans definitely one of the teams to have with Levus playing like he is Okay, here we go. We got relics of Greg Olson Jalen Hertz Jarron Hall Just broke Ortiz's desk. Yeah, Khalil Herbert Cooper Cup Devon HN Christian Kirk Dak Prescott Cedric Tillman and Nick Bosa Autos now You had Eric Gray Kenny McIntosh Zay flowers Brenton strange Darnell Washington Jameer Gibbs good gold standard hits looks good maker to 49 Ricky Williams Parrish Johnson jr. Tori Holtz Dante Hall Otis Anderson C. Hawks redemption Jackson Smith and Jigba Ricky Otto red for mosaic and RPA redemption from I'm at collegiate for Washington was Chris Rodriguez jr. Your mags here We had Anthony Richardson Ricky Otto for the Colts Red and yellow rushy rice number to 10 RPA chiefs nice rice Lamar hunt patch and RPA to 65 from I'm at collegiate Addison for the Vikings Good break there. Thanks again everybody moving on now to more football


Commander Fleet Activity Sasebo was host to 27 students from both Korea and Japan interested in international relations who visited as part of a discussion sponsored by the American consulate in Fukuoka. This was a great group to interact with, a young group of college students who have great futures ahead of them in both Japan and Korea and being able to engage with them discuss important issues about safety, security in this region, something that you know they're going to take with them into the future as they move into their future positions of leadership of their countries. By visiting CFAS and having an open discussion between themselves and base leadership, students can carry the day's lessons with them into the future to ensure the stability of the region. Petty Officer Michael Sanchez, Fleet Activities, Sasebo, Japan.


Okay, let's try this one. Let's try this one real quick and we'll go back. So, write the equilibrium constant for this reaction. So, equilibrium constant KdQ, remember, is the concentration of the product over the concentration of the reactant. Only if they're gaseous or aqueous. If they're solids or liquids, you're not going to put them in the equilibrium expression. Okay, so, the products in this reaction are ammonia gas that we're going to do Nx3. And the coefficient of ammonia is 2, so we're going to make it the superscript there. So it's Nx3 squared. And then we're going to come over to the reactant side. N2 times H2. And notice H2 as a coefficient of 3. So we're going to Q H2 like that. Okay, so that would be the first, that would be it.