Good evening everyone, this session today it is for the purpose of an analysis of the main essay paper 2020 essay paper. So, as you all know essay paper has two parts to it the first section section A which is very abstract and philosophical whereas the next section section B which is pretty straight forward. So, section A questions are asked by UPSE to test an individual aspirant it is to test whether you have understood about yourself or not that is the purpose of section A questions whereas section B questions are about whether you have understood the outside world. So, it is the these two aspects which are being tested by the UPSE in its main essay paper and while handling section B is very easy for most of the aspirants since you tend to learn about a lot about the outside world during your normal process of preparation when you read about society when you read about the political setup when you read about how the world functions. So, you do get a lot of points which you can make use of and write a very good essay when it comes to section B questions but it is in the first section section A where aspirants tend to have a problem because they are not used to this way of approaching various philosophical quotes and neither before coming into preparation or even after they come into the preparation the only relationship that they have with these kind of philosophical and abstract ideas is what they learn from the ethics paper. Otherwise, there is a very minimal exposure that is given on these kind of topics. So, the purpose of the session is to help you approach such kind of questions if they were to be asked in the next year or so let us have a look at the four questions. So, we have four different quotes which talk about four different themes or philosophies about a human life. So, in fact, I would even say that the answer for this question can actually be extracted out of your personal experiences and life and that can be the best answer that you can actually build for your entire essay. And let me also point out that many aspirants who get really good marks in the other general studies paper, we have four other general studies paper and optional subject also aspirants who get good marks in other papers many a times they also tend to go down in the essay paper. So, what could be the reason for this? What is the explanation for this? How can you score really good marks in GS and how can you score 90 marks 100 marks in the essay paper? The main reason is because it is not about you lack the writing skills that is required to score marks in the essay, you know, the reason is because your question selection was not appropriate. You were not cautious enough to choose the very correct answer that has a question that has to be chosen for handling this essay paper. So, why do we make such kind of mistakes? And even when you look at these four questions in 2020 essay paper also at least the second question is one which should not be attempted. So, the first the first important aspect of how you approach an essay paper is about knowing which question you should not attempt than choosing which question you should attempt. So, every year out of four questions at least one or two questions will be of such nature that better you avoid those kind of questions and why do I say you should avoid this question? It is because this word mindful manifesto, how do you define that? How do you define mindfulness? Every very subjective, each aspirant will have his or her own way of interpretation. The examiner will have a completely different way of interpretation. So it is no guarantee that the examiner will be convinced with whatever you have written. So, unless you have very, very good writing skills where you are able to convince the examiner with your writing that this is what this is the way how this word has to be understood. Unless you have such extraordinary writing skills, it is better to avoid those these kind of questions where you really do not know what it means or even if the question gives you the scope to define it in your own words and to take it forward, it is better to avoid them. And even in the very second question, look at the word tranquil self. So, you should be precise about the meaning of the words. If you if you are not precise about the words that are actually asked in the question and if you if there is too much of subjectivity in the question where it is not a straightforward interpretation, you have to define it and you have to take the essay forward better to avoid such kind of questions. We have three more questions to choose from. So, once you are able to avoid yourself falling into the strap, it would be safe to assume that you will get above average scores. The only reason why people get very low scores being pulled down just because of essay paper is doing a wrong question selection. So, avoid that first and we will have a look at the other three questions that we have. So, even among the three questions, I would say simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. It might appear to be a very very simple question. It might appear it is a very easy question. I can just go ahead and I can write answering about it. I know so many examples about simple people in life. I know about Mahatma Gandhi and I know about about APJ Abdul Kalam. So, and I have a lot of examples even in present day also. So, let me just write everything that I know about them. But the question is not about simplicity. The question is about simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. How do you actually understand this word sophistication? What is your interpretation of the word sophistication? Okay. So, unless you have the correct idea, correct interpretation, you will only be writing a vague answer. You will only be writing an answer which would appear as of simplicity is the best virtue. He is simple. He achieved all these things in life. This person is simple. So, Abdul Kalam was able to become the president even just having one suitcase in his hand. He was a very simple man. The question is not at all about simplicity. The question is about how well are you able to relate simplicity as the best thing that some people can aspire for. That is the meaning of sophistication. How do you say a person has a very sophisticated life when he or she has the best of materialistic things in his life? The car you drive, the furniture that you have in your home, the kind of computers that you have. So, the kind of mobile phone gadgets that you use. All that decides whether you have a sophisticated life or not. You can equate sophisticated to the best, the most refined, the most desirable products, desirable aspect to anything. That would be an interpretation of the word sophisticated. That is also the meaning of the word sophisticated. So, we have a different challenge here in the form of the fourth question. The question is asking you, how can you consider being simple as the most desirable thing? Right? So, you cannot just write examples or an example of simplicity. That is not what we actually require. But what is required is, how can you say that simplicity is what is the most admired and most desired? It is the most refined aspect of anything. So, how do you actually define that? And you will have to take an essay for 10 to 12 pages with this idea alone. So, this again has this particular challenge.  Okay. So, this is one other challenge that aspirants should be clear about. So, it is better to look at the other two questions also. Just because the question is small in size, it does not mean that you have to immediately jump and start answering this question. No. Any essay paper, the minute you see the question paper, spend some good 10 minutes just thinking and choosing questions. Total of 180 minutes you have to complete this essay paper. Just 10 minutes you can very well lavishly spend on question selection. The first important step is recognizing this is one question that I should not attempt. And out of the other three questions, this is one question where I might go wrong about the interpretation of this word sophisticated because unless you know the exact meaning, you will only be writing about half of the question. The other half of the question you are actually ignoring when you write the essay. You will not even recognize this mistake that you are doing when you keep on writing for 10 to 12 pages. It is only when you get the marks, you will be able to realize the mistake that you have actually done. So, it is better to skip this and look at other two questions also. Maybe you can write it. I am not saying that those who have written this question, you have made a wrong choice. No. My only point is, are you addressing the entire question or are you only addressing a part of it and assuming that you have written a well written answer or not. That is all. If you have addressed it clearly, then it is good. You will be getting good marks also. You can even choose the fourth question, but it is always better just skip the question number two because it is very, very subjective. There is a high chance of going wrong with this kind of a question. So, that leaves us with another two more questions, question number one and question number three. So, let us look at both these questions. I will also give an idea about the question number four also, but before that, if I were to write this examination, it is better to go for question number one and question number four and let us have a look at them. Let us think about them. So, question number one, life is a long journey between human being and being humane. Okay. So, what this question actually expects from an aspirant is to point out the different transformation that happens in the life of a human being. So, how do you differentiate between this? Life is a long journey. Okay. It is a journey between human being and being humane. Human being and being humane. How do you differentiate between this? Human being is just, it is a one other species created by the nature. Human being is just another, it is a human being is just like an animal. There is nothing differentiating a human being from an animal except for the larger brain size, the more capacity, intellectually that we have. That is the only point of difference when we are born. That is the difference.  So, that is the essence of this particular question. And why do I say we can actually choose this first question? The reason is because it's influence with ethics paper. So, always try to choose questions for which you might be able to connect it with the ethics paper, GS paper 4 that you have studied. It is from that paper, you can actually pick up a lot of points and you can actually write an essay very well. And it's not a coincidence when I say that aspirants who score good marks in ethics paper will also score good marks in essay paper also. It's a common trend that is visible. So, since the question talks about life is a long journey between human being and being human. So, you can write endless amount of points from whatever you have studied from your ethics paper. So, there is an influence from ethics paper which you can actually bring in here. At least some 10 points you'll be able to write from ethics paper. So, this is one definitely one question which I would be choosing. Another question that I would actually prefer next in line. So, I can give equal priority for either for question number one or for question number 3 also. The reason why I choose 3 years very straightforward interpretation ships do not sink because of water around them. Ships sink because of water that gets inside them. Okay. It's very, very easy to connect also. Why would a ship sink? Maybe it's because it's faulty. It has a hole in it. So, it allows water inside it. So, then it sinks into the oceans. So, what the question actually talks about is as this entire section is very personal and very abstract in nature. The way you approach this question will be that there is a lot of trouble. There are a lot of problems each and every human being faces around us in our daily lives. But it is all about our reactions to those problems which determine our outcomes. The same aspirants, if we have to take the case of two aspirants who have given four mains or four personality test, both of them will have, will face the same kind of challenges and problems. The same criticisms will be faced. But one of them will be hardened enough. One of them will not allow those criticisms to disturb his mental state. He will just pursue in his or her own pursuits, whereas the other aspirant might get bogged down. The other aspirant might feel burdened by the criticisms that are pointed at him. So, that is going to be exhibited in the outcomes. One aspirant is going to clear maybe in the next item, whereas the other one, since just because he was worried constantly about what others will think, what will be the consequences even if I do not clear in this item. Because of that being too much bothered about it, he is not going to clear this examination. So, it is a very simple correlation that you can actually make out of it. There are just so many such examples which you can actually pick out and you can write as an answer for this particular question. So, before we get into the, into the thoughts and ideas that we can actually bring it in the question, I would say that question selection for this question paper, you have four questions. It is better to choose question number one, three. If not, at least it can be four, but definitely it should not be two. Either you can choose question number one or question number three or question number four, better to avoid these kind of questions. So, now that we have chosen one question, so let us try to discuss about at least one or two questions. So, I will just take question number three, ships do not sink because of water outside them. They sink because of water inside them. What is that UPSC is actually expected that I have just given you a hint, it talks about the external factors or you can say the problems, negativities, all kinds of issues that any person has to face in their normal lives. And to think about this essay, what all other points you can generate, you can even think about the question itself. You can ask yourself the question, why would the ship sink? A ship sinks because of water getting into it, right? So, why would water get into it? Either because the ship has a hole in it, it has a defect, right? The ship has a defect and that is why water starts seeping into it. It gets filled with water and naturally it sinks. The other reason why a ship can actually sink is also because of overloading. So, these two can be taken as a spark for taking your answer forward, ok. So, how you can relate the topic is, one is defect, defectors you have a hole and you start the ship starts admitting water inside that, which is actually the case with all these negative external factors. You have all the problems in life, people criticize you. So, once you start taking those criticism seriously, in that case then your efforts will also be affected. So, these are the actions and you will also have a consequential reaction for these actions. So, these reactions are exhibited in the form of failures, but whereas for some people, these criticism might not even affect them at all. They will just go single-mindedly in their focus, in their path and they will just achieve success in their lives. So, you can even bring in a lot of examples when you talk about this particular issue. An example in this case can also be about J.K. Rowling, so the author of the best-selling Harry Potter series. So, she was, she did in fact face a lot of rejection in her lives. So, when she wrote her earlier books and she wanted to get them published, no publisher was willing to take and publish her books, but that did not deter her at all. She kept on, she kept on pushing herself. She kept on persisting. So, it was the end result of her persistence which paid her back. So, she became the author of the best-selling book in this entire book, best-selling series of this entire world next to, just next to Bible. So, how did this happen? The same kind of external factors which would have faced by any other, any other authors, the same factors were also faced by J.K. Rowling also. The whole world would have criticized her. The whole world would have said that she is a failure. But in spite of that, when many authors would have just given up on writing, she kept on writing. She knew that she believed in something and she just wanted to achieve that goal. So, she was able to push herself forward, something which you can actually relate to this question. So, you have all these problems, but did she allow those problems to affect her? The answer is no. Similarly, the example of the aspirants which I have given, so that is also something that you can actually bring about in your answer. They can also diversify. So, diversification doesn't mean that you have to think on social, political, economic. No, that is not the way how you write these kind of abstract topics. When you write section B topics, when you write answers for section B essay questions, you can very well think about diversification on social basis, on economic reasons of patriarchy, social reasons of patriarchy, religious reasons of patriarchy that is very much allowed. But when you write these kind of abstract ideas, it is better to just write it as a flow instead of compartmentalizing into small, small, watertight compartments. Okay. Don't do that. That would actually have a lot of disconnect when the examiner reads the essay, when you break an abstract essay and when you make it into economic aspects of, you cannot even think of, you cannot actually divide an answer for this question into such kind of parts. Better for philosophical and abstract topics, don't compartmentalize the essays. Write a free flowing essay, connecting, establishing, connect across different paragraphs. That is all that you have to notice because the very idea, the seed of the idea should be very visible in each and every paragraph that you write. It's a core idea. The core idea is about whether we react to outside stimuli or not. That is a core idea. So, what differentiates in the different manner in which different people react to the external stimuli? Okay. Some people take it easily. Some people take it too much into them. So, it's the, it is this same idea which should be completely communicated through the entire eight-odd mind pages. You cannot break, there is no scope of breaking it into different, different parts. So, this is another aspect which aspirin should keep in mind. So, we can just try to come up with many other examples also. Another example in this instance would be, let's take the case of any financial crisis, any depression or recession, 2088 global financial crisis. Whenever the markets, whenever the markets are down, whenever the economy is down, you will feel, you will find that certain companies will go bankrupt. So, those companies would have been hailed as the best-performing companies just the previous year. But the minute a global recession happens or an economic downturn happens, many companies will just go bankrupt and bust. They would, so, whereas certain other companies will even overcome such kind of economic recession, three years, four years, in spite of markets not being good, even then you will find some companies overcoming this crisis. What differentiates these two? If you look at it, it's because some companies have a very strong business practices. They have very hardworking employees. The way they maintain their customers, the way they service their customers, it is all really much better than the companies which have gone bankrupt. So, that is the core difference. So, what I'm trying to point out here is, it is the same economic situation, the same negative economic situation, which is affecting all the companies together, but while some companies are able to perform better, while some companies are able to overcome those crisis, some companies are not. Why? It's because they are defective. They have allowed this negative external sentiments affect their company's performance. They have allowed low demand in the market affect their supply systems, whereas some companies, that was not the case. So, you can even diversify and think on those lines. So, these are just a few examples to show that you can keep on diversifying if you are just creative enough. And never think that any kind of a template approach will work. I will just memorize some commonly asked questions and I'll just come with prepared with some handy quotes, some 10, 15 quotes. I'll be able to just use that quote anywhere, everywhere, any kind of question is asked. No. Philosophical topics, they themselves are abstract ideas. You cannot add one more quote in the middle of philosophical questions and if you start answering that way, your entire answer, there is a chance that you will end up confusing the examiner even more. So, it is better to keep it simple, don't complicate by writing too many quotes for abstract questions because abstract question itself starts with a quote. It is a quote that ships do not sink. So, you are here to clarify and explain that quote further. It's not your task to add more and more quotes in this answer. Maybe in the other section, you can have the liberty of doing it. So having some originality and creativity when in approaching abstract topics will always be helpful in scoring some of the highest marks in Part A questions. And another mistake which aspirants tend to do when they approach philosophical questions, they just bring in a lot of examples. Never make it as if it's a paper where you just write 10 to 15 different examples. It's not examples that count, but what is the connect? Even while we approach this particular question, we can have these kind of examples. The examples are the life of J.K. Rowling. That's definitely one. Companies that are able to overcome the negative economic situation. Definitely, that is another example you can write. The instance of difference between two different aspirants. Why do they react in a particular way? Definitely, that is also an example that you can write. But what are the ideas behind these examples? What is that you have to focus when you write these examples? These examples are just to illustrate that there are certain traits, there are certain characters which help certain ships not to sink. Okay, so what are they? Why think of, think from the quote itself, what is given? Ships let water inside them. Some of them they sink, right? So what can make a ship not to sink? Because it's made of very hard wood that is very strong. Maybe that is why it's not able to let water inside. And maybe the ships which do not allow water into them have been properly repaired. That is, they have been taken care of. They are very well prepared, preparation. They are very well prepared to face the rough weather the stormy seas. Maybe that is another reason being prepared. Yes, so these are some of the ideas which you should also be bringing in your answer. Why is JK Rowling resilient enough? Whereas many other authors would have, in her position, they would have just given up on their dream. But JK Rowling was able to pursue further and further. What was the reason behind that? Because she believed in persistence. So you have to explain the idea of persistence in your answer. You have to talk about the virtue of persistence. Why is persistence really required? And it is only by talking about this value, you will be able to justify the NSA. Otherwise, it would be a very simplistic way of talking about people. It's not about the people or about incidents that we are interested. It is about the purpose. It is about the idea that has to be communicated. That is of much more interest to us in SAP. So similarly, maybe just, you can just compare it. Like JK Rowling would have had a very thick skin. When I say thick skin, you do not allow the external factors to come and affect you. You are strong enough.  So you can even say mental strength would be very, very much required. So as to not be affected by external factors. That can also be another idea that you can actually be bringing in in the answer. And when it comes to the example of this aspirant, you can even say resilience. Resilience is, in spite of four failures, the aspirant who had failed for last four times once again gets up from the failure and he or she is able to pursue forward. Okay, there are real life examples. In 2017, 18, I think there was a topper, all in their rank one. So he was also an aspirant who had failed for four, four examinations, four exams he was not able to clear. Fifth attempt he became the all in their rank one. So this is also another example that you can actually quote here. Example is fine, but the idea behind it is about the virtue of resilience. Why is it necessary to come up from failures? Not all people are able to do that. They tend to bog down. And they feel that the failures are too overpowering that they will never be able to get up on their feats. So maybe as a part of this, you can even bring in examples to say that the difference between a failure and a success is whether you're ready to get up after your failure or not get up and once again start your work after you have failed both or everybody fails in life. But whether are you just terminated because of the failure or you feel that you have to once again get up and strive and should you succeed and achieve your goal for the virtue of resilience. This should also be brought in in your own. So this is how you will have to talk about incidents, even examples. At the same time, connect them to some values, connect them to these kind of traits, these kind of personal characteristics. It is only by doing this, your essay will feel connected. Just by writing many aspirants I've seen when it comes to essay paper, they just write examples after examples without knowing that it is not the examples that matter, but rather it is the idea that is being communicated, that is being expressed, which actually makes even more sense. So this part is the most important part. Examples are just there so as to substantiate this part. You cannot just focus on this aspect and completely neglect upon this aspect. Okay, so we can also think about, as I told you, so how can we, so maybe once you start writing this essay, you will feel that I have written for five pages, now I'm not having points to write for another five more pages. So what can you actually do? How do I diversify? And believe me, all that economic, social, political, those kind of approaches will not actually work well for abstract essays. So how can you diversify for such a question? As soon as you hit the end, five pages, six pages, you're not able to push it further. So think about this question again. Ships sink because of water in them. As I told you, why do water enter? Because the ship is defective first. It has a hole, that is why it is able to allow water. Other reason is it becomes too overloaded, overburdened. That is also another reason why a ship might sink. So come connected to a real life. Why would a person become overloaded? So you can say there are also negative traits which a person can build in an inside home. Let's say being proud about oneself, the pride aspect. Okay, so once you start feeling that you are the most significant person in this entire world, you have achieved things which nobody else have achieved.  That itself is again going to lead to your downfall. This is also another creative way of interpreting this question. It's not that it's only the defective aspect alone has to be answered. It's also because of, you can also imagine in this manner, a ship getting overloaded. Similarly, a person also putting in too much into his head. He just cannot have his feet grounded on grounded. So that is also another reason. You can also make an example here. The example of Sachin Tendulkar versus Vinod Kambli. Both of them excellent players, equally talented. But while Sachin was able to succeed well in his life, Vinod Kambli ended up as a failure. So what could be the reason? Sachin Tendulkar was always humble, very grounded. So he knew that he had to always go one step further. He was never weak on practicing. But Vinod Kambli, he was just completely occupied with his success. He took his success to his head. And after that, his performance started coming down. He felt that there is nothing more beyond that to achieve. He's the best player in this world probably. So with such a kind of a thought, Vinod Kambli's performance started getting affected and he actually finally ended up getting pushed out of the cricket team itself completely. So that can be another point that you can actually bring in. So here we talk about certain traits that you should have. We can also talk about this Vinod Kambli example. And you can say, baggage is feeling unnecessarily proud of one's achievement. Okay, not having the humility that is actually required. So those are all some other aspects which can actually sink you, which can actually pull you down. So this is also another way of how you can diversify your essay. You can take your essay forward in this direction. So this is how this essay can be approached and you can write a, so this is just a template. This is just my imagination. I'm sure each one of you will have your own creativity and imagination and points to write for this essay. So why I would actually prefer for this essay is just because of the fact that there is no room for misinterpretation. You can only misinterpret it in this manner. It's very simple that anybody who reached this question can interpret it in this particular direction, right? But whereas question number two, as I told you, there is a high chance of misinterpretation of the question itself. Whereas question number four, simplicity is the ultimate sophistication, unless you know the word sophisticated properly, there is always a scope of not addressing the entire question. You will only be ending up addressing a part of that question, right? So these are some of the tips which you can actually have in mind. So when you have four questions, when you have four section A abstract questions, better exercise your thought in first choosing what question I should not be attempting in this exam. Once you're clear with that, have a look at the other questions and decide which is the most appropriate for you, where you can think about more and more examples, where it is very open for you, that you won't have to be an expert in any particular discipline, just by common sense, just by what we have heard from our lives. And these kind of examples and these kind of connect about the need for persistence, the need for strength, the need for resilience, if you talk about it, the examiner will also be able to connect himself well with these, because these are all aspects traits which all of us have, which all of us would have used at some point of time in the lives. So when you're able to write about these kind of ideas and traits, definitely the examiner is going to get impressed and he will be able to perceive that personal touch and connect when you write such an essay. Okay. So this is something which you can think about. Let me also give you some ideas, how could you have approached other questions? So when I said that in the fourth question, ultimate sophistication, as I told you, many aspirants would just give a lot of examples about simplicity. But where is this connect with sophistication? Sophistication is the best. You can see the most desirable advanced. So you can interpret it in these kind of manner. Okay. So how can you relate being plain simplicity, not being complicated? How can you relate these two aspects and build an essay? What kind of examples could you actually think about so as to connect these two aspects together? Another important challenge for approaching this particular question. Of course, you will get a lot of examples on simplicity, but how would you relate it to being sophisticated? That's the challenge. An example which I can actually give you here with respect to Apple, Apple company, if you just think once about why did Apple become a hit? Why were iPhones such a huge hit when they were launched? What was the reason behind that? The reason was it's complete simplicity. While during the time iPhone was launched, if you take Nokia phones or Motorola or any other mobile manufacturers, all of them were adding more and more buttons to the screen. On the front, you have buttons. On the side, you have buttons. On the backside, you will have some opening lens cover. Okay. It was becoming more and more complex and complicated. So Steve Jobs, what did he do? All he did was he just replaced all the buttons, all he had was a home button, nothing else. And he introduced touch in his wife phone. And it just became a hit. Why people felt it to be less complicated? It's not that for each and every function, you'll have to use a particular shortcut and a particular buttons. No problem with any of those things. So very simple, but at the same time, everybody desired an Apple product. They felt that it is the highest level of refinement in mobile technology. So it doesn't mean that you have to add more and more functionalities only by adding more and more complexities. It is not by only by adding more and more buttons. You can actually achieve a product which is the highest level in technology. It is by making it more and more simple and iPhone achieve what the other manufacturers were not able to achieve. This is one example that I can actually show, I can tell you. So as to help you connect these two aspects together, just writing about simplicity alone is not the key. But why is it the best? That why aspect is the connect between these two parts of the question. So that has to be actually brought out just by endless explanation of simple people in the world. We are not actually justifying the question. Another example which I can actually give you the same way is the classic example which almost all aspirants will be also aware of. In space, the pens were all not working. It's because you don't have gravity. So the ink was not flowing properly. And so they tried and the NASA, NASA experimented with all different kinds of methods. They invented new pens for that purpose, all that was done. But after all, what was the solution to this problem? The solution is just a simple pencil. Okay, it doesn't need much of complexity, not no more technology is required. Your purpose is just to write and make notes in space. That's all. So what is the best thing that can do? So when people started thinking on these complex manner, the actual solution lies in the most simple of things, which is just write with a pencil and get over with your problem. So in this case also, it's a very simple pencil and not a very complicated pen technology or writing technology, which actually served the purpose. So this is another example of thinking in a very simple manner. Okay, and you can come up with such kind of examples and another example which I can actually talk about is the simplicity of Mahatma Gandhi. But it's not just about the simplicity. That alone is not the demand of the question. So why do we say that it was the best? People had all kinds of ideas. They had socialist ideas. All concepts of economic drain were put forward by many nationalists. Few revolutionaries came up to the national struggle. They were even ready to sacrifice their lives. But what all of them had failed to do, Mahatma Gandhi was able to achieve. All of them put forward a very complex theories, socialist theories. They were able to explain why Britain were able to extract money from the people and how they were transferring it to London. All such theories did not strike a chord with the common man. But a very simple act on the part of Mahatma Gandhi, just renunciation. He gave up all his luxurious way of life. He became very plain, very simple, lived a very simple life. That was the reason why Mahatma Gandhi's words were widely accepted. Whereas many other people did not command the same stature and respect that Mahatma Gandhi commanded. So this is also another example of how you can actually connect simplicity with the purpose. What is the purpose? The purpose is mobilizing people. Gandhi was able to mobilize people with the simplicity. That's the best form of mobilization was achieved under the leadership of Gandhi G. Complete nation was galvanized.  But Gandhi with his personal, simple lifestyle, renouncing all materialistic positions in life. So that was another way of how Gandhi was able to achieve the desired act, right? So the point here is not to give you more and more examples. The point is just to show you that this would have been the correct way of approaching this question, not just writing about simplicity. So similarly, we have another question also. The other question is about, life is a journey between human being and being human. So this is an entire question, which expects you to differentiate how a human being transforms from just a mere another animal.   What are those needs? The need to have a proper shelter. They need to have your basic needs of hunger satisfied. The need to procreate. So all these are the only same instincts which any other human being also has just like any other member of the animal species. But as you go ahead, you learn a lot of things from the society. You learn what you can say as the feeling of compassion towards others. This is something which animals can never learn. And it is not just compassion towards other fellow human beings. It is also compassion towards other species themselves. It's only human beings who have this capacity of feeling a compassionate towards animals, not to kill them, not to torture them. So this kind of a transformation, how does it actually happen? It happens because of our teachings, because of what we learn from the society. How do we perceive what are the different values in the society? So this is, so this entire question actually traces the role of, positive role of various other influencing factors on changing a human being. So you have to talk about education system. So you have to talk about certain human values that we have, the values of not stealing from others, the value of not killing others just for one's own purpose. Those are all what animals can do. But human beings, when we live in a civilized society, when we say that our life is civilized, we talk about certain basic values that we have to follow. So how do we learn those values? Why are the, what is the importance of these values? By having a connect with your ethics paper, whatever you learn from general studies paper four, definitely you'll be able to write a meaningful answer for this particular question. The role of parents, teachers, school systems, the role of your friends group, readings that you do from ideas of various people. So these are all some of the factors that actually change the nature of human being from being completely selfish. He becomes selfless. He starts wondering about others. He starts thinking many people. See when, when you say Bill Gates and Melinda, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, why was it created? Because Bill Gates started becoming humane. Until then he was just a human being. He was just competitive. Just like how animals fight for more and more resources. Even any business is also doing the same. It is just fighting for having more and more resources at its disposal. So yes, even Microsoft was doing the same thing, accumulating more and more money resources to themselves, becoming bigger and bigger in size, wiping out all their competitors. But at the end of it, slowly there's a transformation in the way Bill Gates himself perceives the world. He starts, whatever he has earned, he starts giving out for the benefit of others. Something which is the essential characteristic of being compassionate. Humane is being benevolent or compassionate towards fellow human being. So why does it actually happen? So when we human beings, when we go on the roads, when somebody is injured, immediately we stop our vehicles and go and tend to their problems. We go and give them some kind of a relief. What is the reason for that? It's because we are not just focused on our own selves, which animals would have been, but rather we tend to care about others. The external care is what is the entire demand of this question. You can actually write a good answer for this question by having connections with your ethics paper. So this is also fine. Even you can even choose this question and write an answer for that. So this is the way how philosophical essays have to be answered. So in a nutshell, I can conclude and say that there are three questions in the essay paper, which you can comfortably attempt. Just that you have to be careful when you choose this question. Simplicity is the best sophistication. Apart from that, the other two questions, there is no scope of misinterpretation. You have the question clearly before you. The way you interpret is exactly going to be the correct way of interpreting it. There is no other way of interpretation. So any other aspirant who writes this may give different examples, but the tone of all different essays will be the same. That is why I say these are very less room for subjective interpretations. You can only interpret in one standard way. The direction will be the same, but the kind of examples each and every aspirant gives will be completely different. So question number one and question number three would fit into that category. So I would actually personally prefer these questions. Question number one and question number three for attempting in this essay paper. Whereas question number four, if you can precisely understand the demand of the question, it is always welcome. You can attempt even question number four. So, but question number two is a strict no, unless you are really extraordinarily good with writing. So if you're good with writing, you can convince any kind of an examiner about the correctness of what you have written. So hence you can proceed in your path. You can even choose question number two, but for the general audience, my suggestion would be better to skip question number two, focus on question number one, three and four. Choose one among them. Have a connect with your personal lives. Find writing material from what you study in general studies paper four. And after that, write an essay, which is very clear. Good communication skills will definitely matter. A good writing skill without grammatical mistakes, writing ability to convey exactly what thought you had in mind is what actually determines the marks that you get in your essay. Of course, question selection is the most vital thing. Question selection is what ensures you do not end up choosing a wrong question and completely losing out your marks. But as soon as you choose a correct question, how well you are going to write about that particular question, decides the amount of marks that you will actually get. So having a very good connect across the ideas, across the different parts of the topic and writing it clearly without any grammatical mistakes. So all these aspects will definitely play a role in getting some of the good marks an aspirant can get in this essay examination. So with this, I think section A is over. Section B topics are pretty much simple. They are not confusing. At least the theme is very, very clear. The room of misinterpretation in section B topics is very, very less. And moreover, out of the four questions that were asked, at least two questions could have been answered if you would have prepared for the previous year's essay question paper. Let's say the question asked in this year in 2020 about patriarchy, that question could have been very well answered. If you have just looked at the essay paper of previous year and if you would have prepared for that topic, the problems faced by new women is a myth. The idea of new women is a myth. That was a question asked in 2019 means. Just if you have prepared well for that question, you would have understood the idea behind patriarchy. How is patriarchy visible in our daily life, in our homes? How is it visible in schools? How is it visible in families? How is it visible in the place where we work? So patriarchy is a kind of a domination that men exercise over women. It is not just physical domination, but it is just, it is manifested in various kind of ways. So if you would have prepared well for the 2019 question on new women, definitely it would become so easy to have handled this particular question this year. Similarly, many other topics also have a connect with previous year's questions. The question on economic justice, which is asked in section B. That is also something that could have been actually managed with all your previous year's question paper analysis, with the ideas that you get from general studies paper two preparation, those will be sufficient enough to handle section B questions in a right manner. But it is only when it comes to handling section A, you have to be a bit more creative. Never think that just memorizing something about various questions will be, will become helpful for me in the essay paper. Be as innovative as possible. Get inspired from various quotes that you would have actually faced in your lives. Think well about the quotes that you will be facing as a part of your test series when you write your main essay tests. And it's only by prior thinking on various quotes of philosophers, you will be able to think on certain themes. What are those themes that you'll have to think about? So as to be well prepared for handling abstract essay papers. Think about nature of human beings. Think about what gives happiness to humans, happiness in lives. You have to think about the role of, the role of family or instead I would say, the influence of society on human beings. In what way is it in a positive way or in a negative way that the society impacts upon individuals in the society. Think about it. So, and such kind of areas where you think about what is good, what is bad. What do we actually understand by this theme? What is right and what is wrong? So these are some of the aspects that you find actually being made as a question in section A of essay paper. So if you are, if you have already introspected on these aspects whenever you can actually introspect from your own personal life about the reason what brings you happiness in life. Why are you sad at times? So why do you feel that you will not be able to complete a particular work? So if you are able to connect your personal life and if you can bring in some thoughts that you will be able to answer for these questions, definitely that would be the best way to prepare for section A part of essay paper, okay? So I think with this the essay discussion is over. Thank you.


Alright, originally there was supposed to be a talk here about Metal Cubed project, but unfortunately the speaker couldn't make it. Then as a secondary option, we had a connection of a gig speaking, and the second half hour of that talk was going to be replaced by someone from my company. However, that person had family issues, so couldn't make it. Hence therefore, I would like to introduce our next speaker, Walter Heck. He will now present this session. Thank you, Walter, for the introduction. Before we get started, I would like you all to get up, please. Everybody stand up.  Everybody else, get back on your seat. He is speaking around with the box. My talk is about designing for failure. My session is also an example of failure. You can never know why failure is happening. As I said, I am the secondary backup for this session. So, if it's a little bit rough, I was notified yesterday by myself that I was going through this. So, designing for failure. It seems like something very simple, something that you can do by default, but many times when you try to explain this, the answer is we're not designing for failure. We're designing for working software, so just make sure that works. However, we all know that the world is unfortunately not that simple, and the more complex your piece of software is, the more likely it is to fail at some point. I learned this lesson a very long time ago by someone I was doing freelance work for, Arjen Lentz from OpenQuery. If you're watching Arjen, thank you for teaching me this lesson. Even if in a time, failure is definitely going to happen. It's not an if, it's a when question. And therefore, if you're not designing for this failure to happen, you are setting yourself up for failure. If you're lucky, however, you have a couple of options to not counter failure. A, you move to a different job or a different company before that failure happens. Or B, the lifetime of your software or infrastructure or whatever the piece of engineering is that you've designed or created. Lives less long than the time for it to fail. However, as we've just seen, I think there were like maybe 10 people standing after we asked the question. So most of us have seen failure more times than we care to remember. I actually did RMBec RF slash on a production server somewhere in the beginning of my career. Not a proud moment, but it's a good learning experience. Failure happens in real life lots and lots of times. Since I heard yesterday that I was going to give this talk, I was looking at the real world around us and how many things are actually designed to fail. A very famous example is the Tacoma Narromus bridge, which was a bridge built in, I guess, the 40s. They forgot to account for a specific wind angle and speed. Right after the bridge was finished, it started wobbling and eventually broke down quite badly. On the right, we see a bridge at Milo Viaduct in the south of France, a giant spanning bridge. And as you can see, it's in a canyon and it's designed for hurricane wind speeds that they've never seen in that area. So it's much more resilient and designed for failure. But there are many examples of where we design for failure. In software and IT in general, we also have lots and lots of things that are designed to at least partially fail without immediately giving problems. Two examples, RAID technology designed for one or more disks to fail without actually giving you any data loss. And on the right-hand side, we see QoS. These days, with the growth of bandwidth and stability of networking, it's not. That's not something that many of us encounter very often anymore, but it used to be much more important. Basically, it says we have different types of traffic and there's different priorities for this traffic. So at the bottom, we see web email and file transfer traffic. And as important as that might seem that you can load your Reddit front page, it's actually much less important than the web traffic that's at the top. So there, within the network world, Quality of Service tries to make sure that at least audio can continue even when other types of traffic are no longer available. Recovery-oriented computing is quite an interesting project. It started by some very smart gentlemen over at UC Berkeley. I didn't have enough time to fully dive into it, but the website is full of interesting papers that talk about recovery-oriented computing, which means that instead of assuming that everything will always work, let's talk about how we recover from failure and how we make sure that a failure is not immediately a disaster. So, for instance, by having not one but two backup plans for this room for this half an hour, you have a degraded user experience, which is me. But that's still better than looking at an empty room with no speaker. And the recovery-oriented computing dives into the concepts that are related to this subject. Designing for failure can be done in many different ways. Unfortunately, failure is everywhere when ubiquitous, and we have to deal with it. In code, we look at things like exception handling. There are some programming languages that don't do exception handling. However, most languages allow for you to handle exceptional situations, and very often this is not done correctly, but it's something that you should definitely think about. Fault tolerance and isolation, how do we make sure that when something is not running the way we expected, the rest of our system is still functioning. Fallbacks and degraded experiences, when I just discussed degraded experiences. Autoscaling, what if we have more traffic than we originally assumed? How do we deal with that? In our cloud computing world, it's a lot easier subject than in many other environments, but autoscaling is something that can be very useful to deal with these things. Lastly, redundancy. We've all hopefully heard of the word single point of failure. Try to reduce the number of single points of failure that you have by introducing redundancy. The fun exercise that I always like to do is try to look at an architecture and pinpoint the single points of failure. There will always be single points of failure, even if the entire system is a single point of failure. The question there is how much is it worth to you to make sure that that single point of failure does not fail? Any time. Several examples. S3 has 11 nines of durability, which means that if you have 10,000 objects, a single object can be lost every 10 billion years, which is great, except that it's only 4 nines of availability, so that doesn't mean that your objects will always be available. It just means that they will be persistent and eventually will be available. Out of the SRE theory, hope is not a strategy. I think that we've all seen one or more situations. I'm in consulting, I work in consulting, infrastructure consulting, so I see a lot of places where people say, oh, we just hope that this never happens. Unfortunately, hope is not a strategy. I quite like that motto. We cannot just hope that that single thing will never happen. It will definitely happen, given infinite time. You just might get lucky. And to show that designing for failure is not something easy, a company like Google has 100,000 employees and still they're suffering failures.  Failure happens and it's good to be able to deal with that. When I talked about the person who taught me this designing for failure, one of the things that he said was in that consulting company we didn't do any emergency support. The idea was that we told clients, okay, we don't do any emergency support because we build everything in a high available fashion so that even if a failure happens, we don't have to immediately wake up and get to action. We can deal with it the next day. That was specifically MySQL consulting. So in the MySQL world, it's relatively easy to make sure that when a failure happens, it's not immediately a disaster. One of the things that I never liked is people asking me, what kind of SLA do you guarantee me? I don't know. Something less than zero downtime. It is almost impossible to reach zero downtime and if you do reach it, you are incredibly lucky. SLAs are important in the traditional world but they mean very little to engineers. It just simply means that we know how badly we're going to get scolded at when we break an SLA but simply put, zero downtime is not reasonable and therefore it's something that you can strive for and if you're lucky, you can maybe reach it over a short period of time but in the longer run, it's nearly impossible to reach zero downtime. In the infrastructure domain, put it a little bit closer to where we are to the topics that we're talking about today. We have lots of different examples of failure and how to deal with that and make sure that we can actually continue and not have a disaster when a failure happens.  It should help with improving uptime and making sure that the availability is good. High availability, a load balancer in front of a single server can or cannot do good things. It still doesn't allow for that single server to fail however it does allow for a degraded experience. The load balancer will simply return a 503 or something similar to indicate that there are load back ends that are available to serve traffic but that's still better than a service that's trying to ping another service and gets a zero answer. Resilience, how can we make sure that we adapt to a situation based on load as I said before? This is in the cloud world very easy with auto scaling policies but even when I say very easy, very often it's not actually that easy because it implies a whole bunch of design constraints on the software that you are trying to auto scale. Not the least of which are readiness and lifeness probes sometimes referred to as health checks. When you have a server that is up it does not necessarily mean that it is working. Those are two entirely different things. My laptop is up, it's just not working. For instance, I hope you've never seen it but I've seen it more times than you care to remember.  The server is still running which is not serving any traffic. A simple health check within an application that's running on that server can very easily determine, hey, is this server ready to serve traffic? Is it still able to have incoming requests? Those are actually two different things especially when you're talking about auto scaling when a server comes up initially the fact that the OS is up and network traffic is there does not necessarily mean that you have a working server and it's able to serve traffic. So you want to make sure that you have a health check that checks if the server is ready to serve traffic. The liveness probe on the other hand is more important over time where you're wondering is this server still able to handle incoming requests? Maybe indeed the disk ran full and it's no longer able to handle incoming requests and the liveness probe can tell you, hey, this server is not healthy anymore let's replace it with another one. Some example technologies, coursing, pacemaker are all the tools that I am quite familiar with. MySQL Galera is a quite interesting tool to make sure that we have multiple MySQL servers and one can easily die without having the others affected. Cloud-based infrastructure. So for instance, in the lab, we can see that the DNS can actually fail over our traffic to the static site if the original backend is not working anymore which means that we have a degraded experience but at least we can show some kind of context to the end user. Multi-AZ region in cloud so you can design for failure. I'll talk a little bit more about it in a minute but basically it depends on how much money you want to spend for how much failure you can account. So I always tell people to not overdo this. If you're Netflix, it's really cool that you can have whole region go out and nobody has to wake up. If you're not Netflix, then probably okay with having some kind of a simpler setup because it will cost your whole lot less money. I should be preaching to the choir about these things but as I said, I work with consulting so I've seen more than one environment that makes me not super excited. To give an example of failure in a software domain, so at the top we see a snippet that connects to MySQL and if the MySQL connection fails, then we store the fact that the database is not working at the moment and if it's up, then we make sure that we store that so we can, in the snippet at the bottom, check whether or not the database is up or down. So the reason that you want to store that is that if you just try this, this might actually, sorry, fail slowly because the connection hangs, the attempt to have the connection hang. So asynchronously check if it's possible to connect to the database. If it's not possible to connect to the database, very simply, designing for failure is sometimes not more than having an if statement. Say, hey, I still give a response but I don't actually try to connect to the database because if you didn't have that, this would probably hang and cause a much worse experience than being able to immediately be responding if the database is clearly not working. Hence, therefore, you're getting an error message. In software design there's also the circuit breaker paradigm and the circuit breaker paradigm is relatively easy for those of you who know something about electronics. The circuit breaker is normally always in a closed state which means that electricity can flow freely and in this case, traffic and logic can flow freely. If something happens in the electrical engineering world, we open the circuit breaker so that the power can no longer flow. In the software world, you open the circuit breaker to make sure that nothing can continue anymore and then you can open it with, for instance, one request or one query depending on the system that you're actually doing a circuit breaker design for and if that works, then you close the circuit breaker and the application can continue to work again. CICD, quite an interesting one.  The CD part of CICD can fail in 723 spectacular ways and that's rounded down by a lot. I've seen more pipelines than I care to remember that break is spectacular ways because of whatever reason the situation that you think you're going to deploy to is not actually that way at all. It's good to design for that also in your CICD pipelines, specifically if you want to be able to recover from failure from one pipeline failing. It has a tendency to leave things hanging in the middle which if you don't have one-minute way to recover from such a phase you're still looking at manual work which is not necessarily something you want to do. On the right side, we're talking a little bit about chaos engineering so if you've never done this before try to break not your production environment that's going to get you a lot less angry faces than trying to break your production environment. Try to see how your environment deals with failure. Turn something off and see what happens. Once you're more confident in breaking your environment you can try to do this on a production environment and see if that survives. There is a well-known suite of chaos engineering tools by boys from Netflix also that deals with trying to break environments in production. Make sure you do this during work hours because during work hours on a Tuesday at 11 o'clock in the morning you're around. You are ready, you're prepared for the failure, you are able to deal with it which is a lot better than on Christmas Eve at 3 a.m. when you are hopefully wanting to sleep. The volume of an error budget is something that can be quite useful. Instead of always implying very strict requirements on when you can deploy and how you can deploy and things you can change in your environment sometimes it can be good to have an error budget which basically says as long as the SLA stays above 99% we are free to do whatever we want to the production environment because it means that clearly we have a handle on properly dealing with the production structure. The moment we fall below 99% a bunch of additional checks get put in place. All of a sudden when you get below 99% and these levels are obviously up to you and the constraints are also up to you. You can say okay when we get below 99% uptime we will no longer automatically deploy and all the ploys need to be approved by the person next. In that way during normal operation you won't put too many restrictions on your team. However, if things don't go well for a while then you fall back to a more cautious way of working. If you're looking to start a little bit with designing for failures some of the things that you can do is look back at the last X times your environment failed let's say 10 and ask yourself could this failure have been better experienced by your end user? So instead of the user getting completely not working system the fact that because a search engine failed does that mean that we could have just designed a search on the website? If the caching layer fails does it mean that user is okay with a website that loads a bunch slower instead of getting error message because the caching service is not available? That can give you a good idea of where do we need to look at starting to design for failure and then another thing you can do is look at your biggest risks what are the things that will give you the biggest disruption and how can you design the end user experience because that's what you really do when you're designing for failure how can you make sure the end user experience is as good as possible? Let's say a database is not working that would be a problem depending on whatever your application is doing but maybe you can still serve some kind of page that doesn't require a database maybe only rights to your database are failing so maybe you can still have your application do read only If you want to do this you can deal with increasing levels of detail so start with small things and iterate from there it's basically a never-ending exercise so don't expect that you can do a project and make sure that your failures are better dealt with designing for failure should be in your workflow in every thought that you put into an architecture and from there you should iterate over oh, I'm over time Walter you have minus three minutes thank you for the notification I'll stick this slide also, thank you very much for your attention


Hello and welcome to Newsclick. Today, we have with us member of Lok Sabha from Tripura, Jitendra Chaudhary. We will discuss the recent bill that has been in front of the parliament regarding what would be called citizenship. Why is it that the shall we say the reaction in northeast, the northeastern states has been much sharper against the citizenship bill than the rest of the country? What explains this division? Shall we say the sharper reaction? Actually, this bill and which objective it has been conceived, and if it becomes law and implemented, it will have far-reaching impact to the country culturally, economically and politically, not only the northeast across the country. The impact would be manifold in northeast. Why? There you know that since northeastern region, the very particularly the Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, other states also geographically, it is very close to Bangladesh and for the centuries, the culturally and in other aspect that were together. So, after the partition, when Tripura joined with the Indian Union in 1949, so, there the what will say migration other thing, demographically it has already impacted a lot. The demography has changed. Yeah, changed. In Tripura once upon a time, the tribals were the majority. It has just outnumbered and again, not only after 47 or 49 in the 70s, when the Bangladesh liberation war take place. That time also, what then the population of Tripura, that number of refugees, that took shelter and a sizable number of people, it is believed, not only believed is fact, that they remain. Then after in 1971, the Indira Mojib Accord was signed that till the midnight of March 24 of 1971, whoever migrated this site or that site, they will be, their citizens will be agreed by both the nation, both the country. And similarly, that thing has been accepted by the people of Northeast and in 1985, while the Assam Accord was signed between Government of India and the agitator in Assam and same that Indira Mojib Accord it was once again agreed. 71 was the basis of the cut update. Now, if the present what will say, what will say the what the proposition has been made Modi government's proposal that till 31st December, 2014, whoever came and that is decided here, six years, they will be provided with this rent ship, though it is talked about the only the six religious group. So, nationally except the BJP, even some parties aligning with the BJP, they are also opposing because our constitution does not permit that on religious line, not only citizenship, nothing could be decided in this country. So, it is totally ignoring the spirit of the constitution. It is one hand. Secondly, for the Northeast, what you ask very particularly that if it happens, what will happen that in Bangladesh also there the fundamental groups are very active. They are also trying to have that is a indulge into the atrocities upon the minorities there. In Bangladesh, minorities are who are there, the Hindus and the Buddhists. Buddhists there. So, they will be encouraged to indulge more this kind of thing, what the RSS BCP is doing against the minorities in India. So, internationally that will create the political crisis and more people will be attracted to come into the influx into this region and it will have further impact to the socially, culturally, economically, politically in this region. So, that is why the reaction of the population of the Northeastern region, it is not only any particular community, entire population of Northeast is very sharp. If we have seen from Assam to Meghalaya, various of the states including Tripura now, this resistance is growing. You see, Meghalaya government, they are one regional party, they are the main, this is what I will say, this constituent of the government and BJP also aligning with them. So, that Meghalaya government is the first government to adopt resolution in their cabinet meeting and their assembly also. Then the Mizoram government, newly elected government, they also took the resolution in Assam, the AGP, constituent of the BJP there, they left now. And in Tripura, almost all the political party and social group because the people of Northeastern region were forcing that the immediate impact and how in long run it will have the far-reaching impact. So, that is why the reaction in Northeast is very sharp. You talked about Tripura for instance, recently there were firings and clashes on this issue with the IPFT and IPFT has been a partner of the BJP in the last election. So, how is this shaping up? So, there in Tripura you see this one, this Northeastern Student Organization, that is one of the umbrella organization of the all student wing of the regional political parties. So, when the Modi government in their cabinet took the decision that it will be introduced in on 8th in the parliament, that they shall they declared the bond. So, in Tripura the student wing of the IPFT, the early of the BJP there, the coalition government, they are student wing the TSF, then the student wing of the INPT, another group, another faction and almost all other tribal youth and students group, they are directly or indirectly associated with the NISO. So, they also called bond. So, that day on the Agartala Dharmanagar Assam Agartala National Highway, they were resorting to the blockadea. So, there see BJP communist bond so intolerant, so intolerant. They could have somehow manage it. Yes, the Tripura people, the entire nation has seen in the month of July in 2017, 11 days this IPFT the blockaded that national highway. How the left front government, the then government they have tackled the situation, not a single bullet was fired, not a single not his charge, nothing happened. But that day the BJP government they have demonstrated their matter and six people were injured there very seriously, grievously and not only that and what happened all BJP goons, they when they are attacked the people who the students and arson the shops and set fire to shops. So, these are things so that it is just a instigation that that does not remain within that, that resort to division among the people the communities. Dividing the Bengali and the tribal population. So, they are trying to push that incident towards that. So, that is why it is very, very dangerous hotel say trend has been developed now and the government of Tripura has been found so insensitive, busy all together found to be so insensitive, they are so adamant. The entire not distant region the state government they are opposing, they are at least are the opposing even though they are so adamant they passed the bill in the Lok Sabha. Now, you know last question to you on this issue is that we see rising tension in the northeast and the fractures in the northeast have been there. But this particular bill seems to raise this temperature in northeast much more. Do you see that the BJP which is planning for the parliament elections that they are basically thinking that the polarization amongst Hindus against Muslims and Christians is going to get them divided into Nassan and the northeast do you think that is the trajectory or do you think it is a larger issue of their majoritarian politics which is coming to the front here? Maybe in northeast according to my understanding their gain will not be that much. Hardly they are sporadically in Tripura and Barak Bali from a smaller section they could draw some sympathy on that and it may be that is aiming I the eyeing it for the next election. But I think their objective is to attract the other larger community of the rest part of the country. Though now it has been passed in the lower house since except the BJP almost all other parties are opposing I do not see that in your future it is it will be passed in the Rajasabha and you become a law. So, then why they are so hastily brought this thing and why not you see this JPC was constituted two years ago and during this passage of these two years three chairmen were changed and they are almost sleeping with that the bill and suddenly that JPC has again that is almost all except the BJP all other members they opposed and they brought it just day before they had the cabinet decision that afternoon they brought it in the BSE just day before the parliament the session was ending and brought it to the last day of the Lokshava and passed it. So, I do not see that so easily that will have the passage in the Rajasabha and convert into a law. So, even the knowing all this thing all this mathematics why they have brought it for electoral mileage only. But at the cost to the northeast and deepening the fractures that already exist that is really the price that northeast will have to pay for the kind of politics the BJP is indulging in in terms of this citizenship bill. Thank you very much. Thank you. Jitendra Chowdhary sir have to be with us we hope to have discussions on the northeast and on Tripura in future with you. Yes please. That is all the time we have for news click today do keep watching news click and our various discussions.


We're trying to move away from fossil fuels to be more sustainable, but then we're using these rare earth materials in the electric motors of the EVs. And so I wanted to figure out a way where we could have electric car motors that don't use the rare earth materials and would therefore be more sustainable. And I know there are designs out there that don't utilize the rare earth materials like the synchronous reluctance motor, or I ended up going through 15 versions of my motor before getting a successful prototype. So I'd say kind of like learning it all myself through the trial and error was difficult because I mean, reluctance motors are pretty complicated machines as one would imagine. I made a pair of boots that allow me to run faster. It's kind of like a pair of stilts with this lever that bends and it stretches a bundle of speargun cords, which stores like elastic potential energy, allows you to run faster. And on the second version of those boots, I actually got up to 22 miles per hour with that machine, which is almost Olympic level running. So I thought that was a pretty cool project. Being the day when EVs are fully sustainable due to the help of something like my electric motor innovation, that would be a dream come true for me. If you walk along a river in any city, it's only in Paris where you get these stalls with wonderful books. We just saw something, a magazine, the fine magazine, of when we were born. So somebody kept this for 60 years, my goodness, wonderful.


So Tucker Carlson of Fox News decided to talk about the wildfires that are taking place along the west coast and After pretending to care about the people who are currently suffering because of said wildfires He then proceeded to scold anyone who dared to bring up climate change Because why would you bring up climate change? When talking about wildfires that are now becoming more common and more severe. I mean What a part of something to do Why would you politicize this issue by talking about climate change? Which you have to discuss when talking about these types of occurrences.  They consider how they can help We've seen that kind of selflessness before in this country. This is remember the anniversary of 9-11 But there are others for whom altruism is an unknown concept. Self-interest is all they know These people do not pause they never do they relentlessly press forward for any advantage under any Circumstances they see human suffering as a means to increase their personal power These are the people who turn funerals into political rallies and feel no shame for doing it as Americans burn to death people like this swung into action immediately. They went on television with a partisan talking point Climate change they said caused these fires They didn't explain how exactly that happened. How did climate change do that? They didn't tell us, but they just kept saying it in The hands of democratic politicians climate change is like systemic racism in the sky You can't see it, but rest assured it's everywhere and it's deadly and like systemic racism It is your fault the American middle class did it they caused climate change.  They had too many children a lot of them wear t-shirts to work and didn't finish college and that causes climate change too and worst of all some of them may vote for Donald Trump in November and if there's anything that absolutely definitively causes climate change and literally over a hundred percent of scientists agree with this established fact It is voting for Donald Trump.  You're kind of screwing over younger generations who are going to have to deal with this I mean, we're already dealing with this.   It's your fault. The American middle class did they cause climate change? So obviously this is not just a stupid argument, but it's also a straw man Climate change is caused by large multinational corporations 100 of which account for 71% of all global greenhouse gas emissions Nobody's saying that we're gonna blame Bob and Sally for climate change What we're saying is that we have to regulate the fossil fuel industry because if we don't we will all die The planet will become uninhabitable to them profits are more important than people So if we don't get them under control rain in their destruction of the planet for monetary gain Then it will lead to the destruction of our environment. It's not political to say that it's a fact of reality Now I will say that the fires aren't Exclusively the result of climate change like it's really difficult to prove that any one event is Specifically the result of climate change But is it logical to deduce that climate change had a lot to do with this? Yeah, I think that if you don't bring up climate change when talking about these wildfires and how severe they are Then you're you're not being honest. You're not having a serious conversation about this You're not actually trying to address the root causes because yes It may not be the main cause but climate change does have a lot to do with these wildfires And as the New York Times explains the forests between Eugene and Portland haven't experienced fires this severe in decades Experts say what's different this time is that exceptionally dry conditions combined with unusually strong and hot east winds Have caused wildfires to spiral out of control Threatening neighborhoods that didn't seem vulnerable until now We're seeing fires in places that we don't normally see fires said crystal a cold in a professor of fire science at the University of California normally it's far too wet to burn the fires in Oregon Which have led to the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people and are approaching the Portland suburbs Stand out from what has already been an extraordinary fire season in the West where global warming land use changes and fire management Practices have combined to create a hellish mix of smoldering forests Charred homes and choking air fires are common in the east Which is normally dry according to Philip moat a climate scientist at Oregon State University in some areas of eastern Oregon The return period or length of time between major fires is as little as 20 years He said but the western slope of the Cascades Which catches most of the moisture that blows in from the Pacific Ocean is normally wetter out here The return period can be hundreds of years He said that protective moisture has faded in large part because climate change has altered precipitation and temperature patterns Tim Brown director of the Western Regional Climate Center at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada Said the extreme warmth had caused vegetation to become exceptionally dry and to burn more readily Temperature humidity wind and solar radiation combined to dry out brush and are the key elements for fire We call it evaporative demand. He said and in recent weeks He added the West Cascades have been really dry from the evaporative demand those dry conditions were most likely exacerbated by climate change According to Meg Krochik a professor at Oregon State's College of Forestry And they had the effect of teeing up the landscape for a wildfire She said the critical moment came Monday and Tuesday when a windstorm carried hot air from the high desert and the eastern part of Oregon over the mountains Rapidly spreading the fires in the more populated western part of the state according to Josh Clark Fire meteorologist at the Washington State Department of Natural Resources The lesson of this week is that the state must now prepare for more of the same said Dr. Mote the Oregon State climate scientist who recalled that extreme warmth had also led to a record low snowpack in 2015 the situation of large fires and that low snow year These are both things that I and my colleagues who have studied climate change in Oregon for 20 years have been saying what happened Eventually, he said and now they're happening. I'm sure that Tucker Carlson would be outraged when listening to all of these Scientists talk about how climate change played a role in these wildfires. Why would they use these partisan talking points? Aren't you supposed to be scientists and not partisan hacks? It's almost like climate change isn't a partisan issue And if you think climate change is a partisan issue, you're actually the partisan hack Because climate change is not a political issue or it's not supposed to be it's a human issue, right? We're supposed to try to figure out why these wildfires are happening specifically and address it yes, but Climate change is part of that discussion because these types of things will become more frequent Hurricanes will become more severe and common because of climate change all of the things that we were warned about years ago Decades ago are now coming to fruition. So to say oh, well, it's preposterous to bring up climate change Like do you have to politicize everything?  No, Joe Biden is right about this I don't believe that Joe Biden is actually going to take adequate action to address climate change in a meaningful way But he's right to at least note How climate change played a role here again? It's not like these wildfires happen Exclusively because of climate change but to deny the existence or the role of climate change in these wildfires It's irresponsible and idiotic so Tucker Carlson once again is using his platform in a dangerous and Irresponsible way. He's trying to get you to think that the people who are citing the likely role that climate change played in These wildfires. They're actually the bad guys and the people who deny climate change We're actually the good guys. We're the people who are just trying to you know Lend some compassion to the people who are affected by this. We're not trying to politicize the situation for partisan gain No, but you are by denying climate change You are taking an inherently partisan action and the reason why you're doing that is at the behest of the Republican Party Which you do propaganda for because Fox News's Advertisers donors to the Republican Party include the fossil fuel industry So if we actually took action to mitigate climate change that would hurt their bottom line So that's why Tucker Carlson is going to tone police anyone who brings up climate change and tries to make it seem as if They're overly political and they're trying to weaponize this issue in some way. No climate change is here This is a reality.  So, you know, this situation is frustrating and when you have ghouls and propagandists like Tucker Carlson Trying to scold anyone who talks about climate change. It just makes matters worse.


So important that you're doing a physical warm-up taking care of your body. Here's just a few simple stretches I was doing obviously I did a little bit more than this and as I go through my session I stop and do a little bit of stretches as I'm resting and Just listen to my body if you're tight in certain areas Just take the time to stretch as always you should be doing dynamic stretching not static stretching You'll do static stretching at the end of your workout The first thing I did was ball control and you guys don't need 20 balls to do these drills You can use cones and in reality you don't even need cones You don't even need markers. What's important is when you're doing these drills. You're just challenging yourself You're pushing the speed you're trying to go faster You're trying to get yourself out of breath and you're just making the training realistic now to start It was just casual as just walking with the ball, but this is better than just juggling on the spot This is going to force you to have more directional control and it just makes it a little more realistic So I just warmed up with the walking juggling and then I went more into running with the ball or moving with the ball quickly So this is much more realistic These are touches that you're probably going to have in the game at some point when you're controlling the ball out of the air So just try to keep the ball off the ground and move quickly fluidly with the ball Yes, I'm trying to go in and out of these cones or in this case the balls as The markers are set up there. I'm just running. I'm just having fun with it But I am using these balls as obstacles to go around Next I went into dribbling and this is where I really want you guys to start pushing yourself So you're doing these drills to start. I'm just going to focus on my right foot Then I'll move to my left foot and then I'll use both feet But when you're doing these it's so important that you're pushing the pace If you're not losing the ball every once in a while if you're not running into cones and losing control Then you're probably not going fast enough. So yes, this is great for improving your dribbling and your touch But it's also going to be a great form of fitness So when I'm doing these drills, I'm just going as hard as I can as quickly as I can while keeping good control For about 30 seconds then I'll stop and I'll rest I might just get a quick sip of water Might do a little stretching or just juggle the ball on the spot and focus on my breathing as I recover And then I'll get ready to go again for another 30 seconds. You should be out of breath You should be losing control of that ball. It should be difficult If you make your training difficult, then the game is going to become easy Using the same markers I put the ball away and I just focused on doing a little bit of fitness and some speed and agility work So I'm just running at any ball and I'm focusing on quick cuts and changes of direction Sometimes I'll get around them.  It's not what you actually do in the game So think about dribbling with speed making a sharp cut getting away from the defender at the last second Adjusting your body focusing on your technique and getting your shots on net after you hit that shot You can jog back to your ball and just go to the next one and get a little fitness out of the process as well Now if you only have one ball it's going to be a lot of running So I suggest you start building up a little collection I've just built up a collection of balls over the years And honestly the more balls you have the better it is for your shooting training So I hope you guys enjoyed this video if you did Please please give me a thumbs up. Give me a like it really helps me grow my channel Make sure you share this video with your friends and teammates and come back tomorrow for another training video I'll talk to you guys real soon


The first one is just in general, you know, how do you sum up before and 12 season from the quarterback's vantage point? It's disappointing. You know, coming into the year, you always have high expectations and a belief that you're going to, you know, be competing for a championship in January into February. And when that doesn't come to, you know, to fruition, it's, it's disappointing. So, you know, we're all obviously disappointed with how this year shook out. And hopefully, you know, better days are ahead for us. Raheem just said a few minutes ago, he thinks the team is close. He pointed to being able to run the ball better and getting a pass rush. And he said this would be a team to beat. You've talked about how close and how fine the line is. What do you think is missing to get you guys over the hump? Yeah, I think, you know, it's, it's a few things here and there, a few pieces here and there. And, you know, I do think we're closer than we are far away from, you know, being in the mix and giving ourselves a chance. But we have to, you know, share those things up. We have to be better. We have to find ways to finish games better than we have. Do you want Raheem Morris to be the next head coach of the Falcons? I love Raheem, you know, I think he's, he's done a great job for us. He's a great football coach, whether it's here or somewhere else. He's going to be a head coach in this league. There's no doubt about it. He's, he's a good football coach.  And so we'll see what happens, but I've, I've loved Raheem his entire time here. How closely are you going to watch the coaching search and are you going to have any input with Rich McKay or Arthur Blank? No, I think, you know, it's, it's in their hands to make a decision to go through this process to find the best person for, you know, our, our organization when it comes to head coach and GM and they know where, you know, I'm out if they need me. I'm obviously available and, and willing to, you know, give my input. But, and I've done that with them consistently throughout my career. And so they, they know how I feel, but it's, it's definitely on them. Does the preferred style or background of the next coach matter at all to you? I just want to win games. You know, I think that's, that's where we're all at style to me. You know, let's just find the person who's going to help us get over that hump and find a way to, to win more football games and, you know, to be competitive late into the year. Do you plan on trying to talk Alex Mack into coming back? Uh, that's a conversation I have to have with Alex. You know, that's, that's one of those things.  Certainly not, you know, the way you'd like to end a year, but he's, he's had a great run here.  You were sacked 41 times this season. What do you feel like is missing for this to continue to be a problem each year with you now being sacked 40 plus times in three straight seasons? Well, there's a number of reasons for it. You know, a lot of, a lot of those happen in, in situations where you're late in games trying to get back in and, you know, if we can play more consistently in, in, you know, have, you know, our entire playbook at our disposal, whether it be run game, play action or, or whatever, I think that, that helps. And then, you know, I think we'd like to run the football more effectively than we have. I think, you know, when, when you can do that, it certainly helps pass protection. From August to now, how would you say your rapport with Hayden Hurst has grown? I think it's gotten a lot better. I really do. I think, I thought his production was, was really good for us the last five, six weeks.  Obviously, with Julio out, we, you know, had to adjust. And I think he showed that, that he could take on that role. And I think his, you know, it's going to be a nice piece for us moving forward. And, and I think he's hungry to, you know, continue to get better. Got a big picture NFL question for you. A couple of long playoff droughts were snapped today. What were you doing back in 2002, the last time the Browns made the playoffs? 2002, I was, gosh, I was a junior in high school. So I was, I was playing basketball at this point. Football season was long over right in the middle of basketball season, enjoying myself. What happened on that handoff to Brian Hill that he fumbled or that there was a fumble? Yeah, that was, I was trying to seal off the back edge and I've got to do a better job of, of getting, um, getting the ball in his stomach and, you know, trying to, there was a free safety pressure off the weak edge. I tried to kind of use my hip to keep him from blowing the play out, but I've got to do a better job of getting it in there. What are your immediate plans in terms of the off season and what does a successful off season look like for you, just in terms of your preparation for next year?  But I think a successful off season is, is, you know, putting in the work, finding ways that you can be better, you know, attacking a handful of things to try and be a better player. And then, you know, trying to get your body ready for the long haul of the season. And I feel like I've got a good process for that.  And so, but it requires a lot of work. And so putting in that work and making sure I'm physically fit and mentally, you know, ready to go is, is my focus. Do you think there's any chance that you're not back with the team next season? I don't think so. But, you know, I think, you know, I think I'm here. I feel like I can be, you know, a really good football player for this team for a long time. You know, but no one knows, you know, you never know in this league what can happen. But I feel, you know, I feel good about it.