Alright, so I'm making this video to show off my set up for compiling law tech documents.  So I think it's about time for me to get it off my chest and, you know, we just, you know, just never think about it again. So I don't have the best set up in the universe, but I'm pretty happy with what I got. So I'll go ahead and show you what we're dealing with. So this is my main law tech folder, and I have templates in here. So I have an article template. I have a beamer template. I have a handout template. And what I can do, I'm in Ranger, my file manager. And what I can do is say I have a shortcut N-A, and that stands for new article. And I can name a new article. Let's call it new.tx. And what that does is it just copies my article template to this new file. So let's go ahead and open it up. Let me maximize that. So here we are in this document. So you'll notice that I've called all the packages I usually need. And in all the places I'm going to write, like the title area, abstract area, main text area, I have these, you know, brackets inside of parentheses. So every time I press space twice, the cursor will move to the next one, and it didn't put me in a certain mode. So I can say like article title, press space, space again. So this is an abstract space, space again. Here is the main text. So I don't really have to think, I don't have to key out of everything. I can just, you know, let it be. So some people have their documents auto compile. I have compiling linked to a shortcut. So now the document's compiled. It's in the same folder. I have another shortcut that will open that up. So here's our document. Let's throw some, like, blind text in there. Just, you know, to make it look like we're actually doing something. So here's our document. So I work in linguistics, and I have a bunch of macros set up for doing different linguistics things. For example, let's say you might want to make an example sentence to illustrate something. So I just type in my macro. This is an example sentence, and it already makes the syntax. And when I'm done, space, space, get in the main text area again. We can recompile it. And you'll see I will have my example sentence. Another thing that's usually pretty hard to do if you're using, you know, word or something. Well, it's impossible to do if you're doing word functionally. And it's pretty difficult in law tech is getting the syntax right from glossing examples. But I have macros set up that will give me exactly what I need. So this is like a multilingual gloss. So let's say, hoquest, exemplum, latinum. There's the example sentence. This is example Latin. There's our word-to-word gloss. This is a Latin example, blah, blah, blah. Here's the main text. We can recompile this. And you will see that we have our example sentence right here. All three line glossed perfectly. Everything's lined up. Don't have to worry about it. So I have that all short-cut it up. I also have more conventional things, like I want some bold text or emphatic text. No prob. So I can do the basic formatting things pretty easily. Or let's say I want to make some kind of environment I have with double cursors. I can do things like this, center. So now we have this is centered, text, et cetera, et cetera, blah, blah, blah, blah. Here we are again. And you'll also notice at the very end of this document, I have a certain bibliography file called. And this is the bibliography file I keep all my sources in. So I can actually refer to them in real time whenever I want. So C, I don't know who we're going to cite. Let's say Chomsky, 2005, or, you know, Cinque 99 for more. And this automatically gives me these references. You'll see that everything, you just get it for free. You don't have to work on it. So to show you my bibliography file, I got everything I've ever cited in LaTeX, some, 1,300 lines of them. And I have them all sorted by the first author and the two digits of the year. So that's all I have to remember to cite anything. It's pretty easy to pound out a paper just like remembering things like this. So it's really efficient. So anyway, let me show you my VMRC just to give you an idea what it looks like. So I have all of these different LaTeX shortcuts for emphasis, bolding, italics, citations, glossing, lists, tabular environments, all this different stuff. And so I don't really end up writing much of the syntax in any of my LaTeX documents. I also have shortcuts for math mode for if I need to make some IPA symbols, it's pretty easy. I have shortcuts for those. And all the shortcuts work pretty much the same way. When I'm in insert mode, I just press semicolon and then R, that'll give me reference or a semicolon T, that'll give me a tabular environment. And that works because you never really put letters after a semicolon. So let's say we want a tabular environment, it doesn't have to look fancy, some kind of table. And yeah, I don't really have to do any kind of thinking to do the syntax. And when I'm done, just double space out. This is the main text. So yeah, it's like, you get it all for free.  I might get rid of that, I might actually have it compile in the background. The reason it's taking so long is because it's actually doing all the big text stuff at the same time. So I might change that around a little bit. And I will say I also have HTML shortcuts. So when I'm in an HTML file, I'll have a shortcut for bolding and all that stuff. So I don't have to write that either. And I even have shortcuts for adding BibTek entries. So anyway, that's my general setup. Video lasted a little longer than I want. But anyway, that gives you an idea. So thanks for watching.


Only about one in four people have heard of campylobacter, compared to 90% familiar with Salmonella. Although the incidence of these two gastrointestinal infections is amazingly high, infecting more than a million Americans every year, it is outranked by the incidence of a bug. Even fewer people have likely heard of X-PEC. Extraintestinal, meaning outside of the intestines, like causing bladder infections. Pathogenic, meaning disease-causing E. coli, resulting in millions of infections annually. Multiple lines of evidence indicate poultry may be a major food animal reservoir for bacteria that cause urinary tract infections in people, as I explored about five years ago. This is based not only on studies showing these kinds of E. coli from commercial chicken, meat, and eggs. It can cause blood infections, brain infections, and urinary tract infections in mouse models. Studies on women with multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections do report significantly more frequent retail chicken consumption. Similarly, elderly chicken eaters were significantly more likely to have Cipro-resistant bladder infections compared to those eating no chicken at all. Pork was also associated with increased risk, but not beef. There have been few observed associations between beef cattle, or retail beef, and human X-PEC infections, suggesting that beef cattle are not a reservoir for human bladder infections, whereas in chickens, of the up to 90% of chicken carcasses harboring E. coli, about 1 in 5 isolates tested had the potential to cause urinary tract infections. What about eggs? We know retail chicken meat is contaminated with X-PEC isolates that resemble the strains that cause human infections, but what about retail chicken eggs? Instead of 1 in 5 being X-PEC in chicken meat, it was more like just 1 in 20 among eggs, closer to down around pork or beef levels. Researchers are so sure that chicken is the primary reservoir that when they find the same kind of strain in a vegetarian, they interpret that as people saying they're vegetarian but actually eating some chicken, or evidence of human-to-human transmission, or even shopping cart to human transmission. Remember how most people fail to sanitize their hands after picking up a package of poultry in the grocery store? And so then, even a shopper who's not purchasing poultry could still be exposed to poultry contamination, pushing the same cart after them. It's difficult to estimate how much X-PEC exchange can be attributed to person-to-person contact after a chicken consumer's rectum has been colonized. Researchers went swabbing around public restrooms to try to quantify the risk. 1,000 samples from 56 public restrooms and 33 establishments. They found lots of evidence of E. coli in general, particularly in public park restrooms and fast food joints, more than gas stations, which surprised me, but this was really surprising. Women's rooms were worse than men's. But only about 1% of the samples they took were positive for X-PEC bacteria, though they were recovered from non-toilet associated sites that were not visibly contaminated. So one might touch with bare hands after turning the faucet off after you've washed your hands, so the risk may not be fully eliminated by careful handwashing or avoidance of fecal-appearing debris, though that's probably a good idea to avoid anyway. And using hand sanitizers after exiting the restroom, not to mention in the meat aisle after touching a package of poultry, may offer additional protection. What proportion of the 7 million bladder infections every year in the US are due to chicken meat? Like if no more chicken were consumed, how many E. coli UTIs would be prevented? How much would the prevalence decline? It's hard to tell, because the time lag between the acquisition and asymptomatic colonization of the intestine with an X-PEC organism and the development of an infection.  The reason we know it can take that long is by studying the intestinal population dynamics of UTI-causing E. coli between partners, increased rectum-to-rectum transfers might be explained by the high levels of E. coli present in the urine of an infected woman, which could then be transferred over, depending on certain intimate practices. Bottom line, there's compelling evidence that retail meat, particularly poultry, serves as an important reservoir for human exposure to antibiotic-resistant E. coli that is causing UTIs, urinary tract infections. Thus, instead of just UTIs, maybe we should call them foodborne UTIs, or footies, or maybe pronounced F-UTIs. Sure, we could decrease the burden of these foodborne bladder infections by developing some sort of X-PEC vaccine, or we could just cut down our contact with fresher frozen poultry. No harm, no foul.


Hello everyone, welcome to groundwater hydrology and management NPTEL course. This is week six lecture four. In week six, we are looking at groundwater recharge and discharge, the multiple methods that are used in understanding the recharge. We looked at multiple methods and we also looked at some of the benefits and assumptions that are made in these methods. The last class for that lecture, let us continue looking at what are the key factors that are used for recharge estimations and how they are used for groundwater artificial recharge. As we ended last lecture, we looked at where the groundwater recharge issues are happening and since the groundwater recharge is limited, as shown in the central groundwater board, because every time when there is a groundwater recharge and it recharges back to the initial level, then your blocks are safe. You are using water and it is recharging, but if you are using more than the groundwater recharge, then it becomes a critical or over exploited block. So for example, these regions are critical over exploited red colors, which means you are extracting more than 100 percent of the annual groundwater recharge. Is this sustainable? It is not sustainable. So what happens is there is a need for augmenting the recharge because you cannot control the use of groundwater. So it is better to add more water into the pool so that when you extract it, it is sustainable, at least for some reasons. So let us look at what that means as per the central groundwater boards and reports. Because there are these groundwater issues across India, the central groundwater board in 2007 came up with this manual on artificial recharge of groundwater. It is a free open source book, anyone can find it online and download it. Just type in manual on artificial recharge of groundwater, you get this book. Here what happens is in this book, they describe the process of recharge. They will cover most of the things that we covered in class of water level fluctuation method, water balance method, rainfall runoff method, and also specific yield method, all those things. And they would also look at past groundwater data per state. And within the state, there are districts. So they look at statewide groundwater issues and they propose groundwater recharge methods. Some of the methods are given in this image. You could see that you have your canals which are bringing groundwater recharge, you have your lift irrigation, your recharge pits and ponds, recharge wells, check dams, irrigation bams, etc. All these are augmenting groundwater recharge. The central image that shows is they have a shaft which pushes water into the groundwater. You could see that the water arrow marks are going. So these help tremendously in increasing the artificial groundwater recharge rate through artificial means. The artificial comes because it is not nature-based solutions. At some points, we have to take non-nature groundwater recharge solutions because the extraction is not at nature rates. It is much, much faster. And we are over-exploiting the groundwater. So it is very important to put groundwater back into the system every year during the monsoon or good rainfall occurring months and then use your groundwater for irrigation domestic use or other uses. So this artificial recharge is going across the world. There is something called Manage Acrefer Recharge, M-A-R, which is developed by these international organizations. There are books, which is also free open source from IAHS. So please go ahead and look into these resources. But because this course is on Indian groundwater recharge and systems, I am teaching from this groundwater book. Moving on, let's take a look at some case study examples as per the book. So you would notice that from your previous figure, this place where Rajasthan-Pakjab region is highly depleted by groundwater. So I went into the book, I selected those states to look at what kind of recharge work they are doing. So what they do is they first, they have this area and in that area, you have area identified for artificial recharge. They take multiple parameters for estimating the area for recharge. So they put the focus on the groundwater aquifer type, the specific yield, the groundwater use, which is a groundwater draft and also how much water is available. As I said in my previous classes, you can have the best system to recharge groundwater. But if there's no water, there's not going to be any recharge. So make sure that when you plan these groundwater recharge activities, there is enough water to push into the ground. Otherwise, it is just an exercise of building structures without any impact on the society. So let's see what their results show. So their study shows that Punjab region is one of the most predominantly groundwater abstracted region and they have a block boundary, district boundary, etc. As I said, it is done by state and then they break it into districts. So in each district, they have identified area of the district, area identified for artificial recharge. And you could see that almost all of this area of Punjab is identified except very few. So they'll be given, take some portions which are not suitable for groundwater recharge, like hill slopes and other things. They will be neglected. So in Amitstaff example, you have 2403 square kilometers of total area of which 2271 square kilometers is identified for IR. Volume of unsaturated zone. So then what they do is they divide it into the aquifer layers. So they have the top layer, the unconfined aquifer or unsaturated zone. And then your saturated zone in the confined layer. So we have available volume in unsaturated zone is million cubic meters, is 27 million cubic meters of water. Available surface, subsurface space for artificial recharge is 3,025. Water required for recharge is 4,331. And surplus available for recharges 1178. So here, what you see is available space in the groundwater aquifer. So that aquifer should have space, which means the pore spaces and also the volume of the aquifer should be enough to store water. So that's how they do. So for example, if you have an aquifer this thick, let's say B is your thickness of the aquifer. And the entire thickness cannot be given as volume of water, because you have specific heat or you have porous space. How much porous space is present, etc. So suppose you have 50% of your solid material is solid and 50% is porous space where you have air or water. Then what happens is 50% of B, thickness of B can only be used as your volume for unsaturated artificial recharge. So let's say A. Okay, let's keep all same. Let's say A and then thickness is also A. So the volume of this cube of soil matrix is A cube. Let's say A cube is 100 cubic meters. So this 100 cubic meters is your full volume of your subsurface or unsaturated zone in this particular case. And I'm saying that there is no water, so it is unsaturated, but there is solid particles. So you have to remove that. And as I said, the porous space of the porosity is 50%. And if I remove the porosity, what would happen is I get around only 50 cubic meters for volume of unsaturated zone. And within the volume, how much is available for subsurface. Subsurface is very small on top. So this could be your subsurface. Okay, because that is easily infiltrated and you can store some water. Okay, so this is how they estimate first the thickness, the soil type. And then they also look at is there water currently there or not. And then they continue with experiments on looking for groundwater recharge zones. So this is how they would actually monitor groundwater levels, monitor because they already have the levels, then they find which areas are more depleting and identify key priority areas for groundwater recharge. Here it is, the book would be listed in alphabetical order. So don't think Amritsar is the key district for groundwater recharge. It is just ABCD. So you just go down and see which area is big or which needs more water. And then the area identified for artificial recharge is based on the physical conditions, the climatic conditions. And then based on those conditions, they assess the volume of unsaturated zone and then available for subsurface space, etc. So once you have all these details, you can propose the type of groundwater recharge. So remember all the recharge methods that we showed here, you can pick and choose based on your specific in the porosity and the climate, how much rainfall is there. For example, if there's very less rainfall, or it happens only in one to months. So it's better to capture all the rainfall in a form pond check dam kind of thing. And from there, recharge the groundwater rather than distributing the recharge and then losing it in this way. So here if you're distributed too much, you lose all the water because in between it is lost that plants are taking it, evaporation is losing. Let us check dams and deep shallow wells in the aquifer shallow aquifer, you can put a deep well and then recharge it shaft. All these things can be used. Let's take another state, which is also red in color, Rajasthan. Rajasthan state also has a lot of its locations in the red, meaning it is also using more groundwater than the annual recharge. It is not sustainable. So there is a need for augmented recharge, especially in the regions where the climatic conditions are not favorable. So if you look at here, the area identified for artificial recharge is much less compared to Punjab. Why is because there is less rainfall, even though you have good groundwater use, even though you have groundwater which has been extracted a lot, so you need to recharge it. The need is there, but the possibility is very less because of the rainfall and the air temperatures. It is very hot, desert like conditions and the rock material itself is not conducive for recharge. That is why they are removing the water. That is different. That is why groundwater extraction is happening. But that doesn't mean we can easily recharge. It's going to be a loss of money. Not all areas can be artificially recharged. So they pick and choose. Here, look at it. They have picked mostly along the sides of the neighboring states and they have recommended a lot of different programs for groundwater recharge. I recommend you to read the book and then find which is more suitable. Moving on, we have discussed only about recharge. So how do you do discharge measurements? I won't be spending more slides on this because it is very similar to recharge. Only the sign changes and most of the time it is a human induced discharge. So you need to know pumping. So groundwater discharge is measured or estimated by metering and physical methods. It needs a lot of data. It includes well data where you record the well. And then after you pump, you record the well. So you get a discharged curve. Then you have seepage data similar to recharge. You can have discharge also through seepage, which means groundwater is losing to the river through seepage. In your this week's homework, you will see a good correlation between the gaining stream and the losing stream. In a gaining stream, the stream is getting water from groundwater. So groundwater discharge is happening. In a losing stream, the stream is giving water to the groundwater. So it is a groundwater recharge. So here seepage data also is needed to understand discharge of river increase in water because of groundwater discharge. Then we have temperature. Temperature data is also used for measuring the seepage. Because normally groundwater is much cooler than surface water, depending on where you are. But in most tropical countries, like where we are, etc. The groundwater is more cooler conditions. So when it comes and mixes with the river and ocean at the interface, you can find where the temperature is changing. And that gives an idea of how much volume of water is coming. If you take other examples, for example, you have in a cold country, you have river frozen. Underneath the water would come very warm. So the groundwater is always at a different temperature than the ambient temperature. And it depends on the cooling conditions inside or the warm conditions inside, relative to the outside air temperature. These temperature differences are used to understand how much water volume is actually taken by your flux conditions and also your recharge and discharge conditions. Then as explained earlier, you do have your tracer techniques, where chemicals are needed, tracers are needed. It has to be environmentally clear, those kind of things. Moving on, there are numerical methods. And numerical methods include your software and data. It's very similar to your recharge estimations. They are multi-dimensional, 1D, 2D, 3D and inverse modeling is available. Please make sure that of all this data, the pumping data is the most important well data, which is mentioned here for groundwater discharge. It is very, very hard to get. No farmer would readily share that data because they think you're going to build them. It's not correct on both parts because we need data to manage the groundwater, but however, their concern is also valid. They're not clear why the government is taking bad data. So there is a need for better estimation of groundwater pumping. And that can be done in multiple ways. Let's look at some. As I said, monitoring data for discharge is not as common as for recharge because CGWB wells, when I talked about the 15,000 wells in India, they are placed in locations mostly, which is not connected to the pumping or not the pumping well. It is a monitoring well. What is a monitoring well? It should not be disturbed. You cannot put in water, you cannot take out water. So it kind of captures a natural recharge, which is slow. But with pumping and all, it won't capture because it may be linked to a pumping well. But most probably, if the wells are not linked, you don't get the signal. You don't get the pumping volume in your discharge measurements. So you'll just see a falling water, but it could be because of other reasons also. The pump volume is not actually captured by these wells. So you would need to use secondary data. What kind of secondary data is the question? Let's look at some secondary data. Secondary data is defined as not the primary data or not the original data, which is being collected for your research for that purpose. For example, census data is about population, that is the primary data. But if you use census data to understand the division of people in males and females, and also education wise, are they educated or not, then that is kind of secondary. Because you're not going to schools and taking the education data, you're taking it through just surveys and secondary method. Here, secondary is, so in this example, primary means your well and pump, how much water is estimated or extracted. If you say secondary data, then that means how much energy is given and then the pump, or how much acreage of crop is done, then you estimate the water volume. That is secondary. You're not directly measuring, you're measuring through other means. So most of the time we use proxy data or data that reflects what you want. But here, let's say in the first image, you have a groundwater irrigation. You see where groundwater irrigation has happened. And it is area percentage, how much percentage of area is included in the groundwater irrigation. You could see how many canal irrigations have stopped, tanks irrigation has almost plummeted, but tube wells and other wells, groundwater resources have increased. And in the down figure, figure C, you have distribution of sources statewide, where it shows you what type of energy source they use for groundwater extraction. And mostly it is blue in color. What is blue? It is electric pump. And then you have the diesel pump red. So these are the two colors which are very, very prevalent. Windmills, very little. Assam has it. Erla has it. And then solar pumps, again, very, very little. Haryana has little. And then manual animal is a lot. So animals and man, you know, human lift irrigation schemes are there, pedals and et cetera, and others are there. But most importantly, your electric pumps and diesel pumps are prevalent and they consume fuel. As electric city, they consume electric power or they can take a generator and from generator to center city. And the diesel pumps use diesel. Here, you can kind of estimate how much volume of petrol or diesel they buy for their diesel motors. And then using the motor efficiency, you can calculate the pump volume per day and then estimate how much water is taken. Same thing can be used for electric pumps. Electric pumps, there is a time period, there is a meter, it shows how much electricity consumption is happening. These are not house electric connections. There are different connections. So you can clearly define how much electricity is used. And then from the electricity and the pump type, you can estimate the volume used based on how long the meter was turned on. Now here comes the question. The efficiency may not be the same. How you operate your cycle is different than how they can operate the cycle. And then the efficiency rates, maintenance, all these things. But still, it's some data which is in a place we don't have any other data. Energy used for groundwater pumping is huge. And you can look at India as always in the orange and red color, which shows tremendous kilowatt hours used for groundwater pumping. So if this data is available, you can indirectly estimate the volume of groundwater pumping. You can look at US also, most regions along the coast where they do grow California almonds and pistachios. You see all these groundwater being exploited. This can be used as a secondary data for estimating discharge. Need to be more creative on data for pumping, because this data is good. But then it doesn't tie correctly because of pumps, the efficiency, the losses, etc. Then there are studies like this, like Jinnasami et al in 2015. They used satellite imagery for Gujarat and estimated the rubby crops. And then you can see here, this is the monsoon crops. So let's leave the monsoon, because that is going to be taken from the involved no groundwater irrigation. Then you have rubby crops, which is lesser than the monsoon crops. So it has been covered most of the areas. And then your summer crop also is the extended rubby crop. It is a non-monsoon crop and also uses groundwater. So all the rubby crops would use some secondary water resource. Same, your summer crop would use secondary water resource. And it is mostly canal irrigation and groundwater irrigation. So what you see as a composite of all these images is no crop is only on the top where the cut region is there. It's not good for growing crops. Then you have big water bodies. So you cannot grow crops inside a water body. But then you have one season crops, yellow, which is very little on the north. Two seasons are mostly in this big, big Saurashtra region and other regions. Three seasons is where the canal irrigation is kept and groundwater access is there. So now if I know how much the water is released from the dam, which is easier to get, I can get at what is the remaining water needed for this acreage. So this is an area with the pixels and the size of the pixel. I can calculate the area of crops. And if I know the crops, which is not difficult to find it because most of these are monocrops, they grow only single type of crops in the Arabi season, you can quickly estimate, okay, for a particular crop, there is a particular evapotranspiration rate. And take that evapot transpiration rate, which is in millimeters, multiply it with your area, you get a volume. And that volume is the groundwater volume extracted after accounting for groundwater irrigation and water irrigation through canals. So the somewhat you can get close to a water balance using the area of and type of crop. This has been done in the study cleverly. Please go ahead and look at it. All these papers are online. You can you can get it and read these papers. So crops need water and what are used in non monsoon or canal is from groundwater, which is not from monsoon or not from canal irrigation is groundwater resource. So understand that part, either way, if the crop is growing as per the satellite imagery, there has to be some data on what crop it is, or satellite data can provide you with what crop it is and acreage and then you can quickly estimate the volume used. So with this, I'll recap week six. We discussed about recharge and discharge in the groundwater hydrological cycle. We looked at how important these two phenomenas are in the overall cycle. If there's no recharge, then there's no water going into the ground. If the groundwater doesn't seep out or discharge into oceans and the lakes and rivers, then the cycle is not fully complete. Okay, water goes in and it's stored and then plants and trees and etc use a lot of these groundwater resources and so it contributes to evapotranspiration. The estimates were looked at and discussed and how they are derived. For example, we looked at the water table fluctuation method and how it was derived using a case study. We looked at the graph, etc. Then there are a lot of estimates and assumptions made using your water balance. We looked at it and we discussed how some are correct, some are not correct. Then we looked at physical and modeling estimates. As I said, water level fluctuation, meterings. We looked at a couple of meters, seepage meters, etc. And then we jumped into, given all this, the recharge is not enough. That is what the data is showing from CGWB. And then we looked at what are the different artificial groundwater recharge areas that have been identified. The exact artificial type we will look at in other classes and we will also look at modeling in one week's class. Then master plans and examples were taken from the Rajasthan case and Punjab case and we did some discharge estimations in the last slides where we looked at either you take your groundwater level data or you take it from the pump data or you take crop area data and then understand the crop type, understand the volume taken. You can get away with groundwater use, which is your proxy data. So do refer this book. It is a useful book by Central Groundwater Board and it doesn't change much because the methods are same. It doesn't change much. So even though it is 2007, I find it very, very useful for understanding the key concepts because you can be very demanding on the data. But as I said earlier, the data is costly, time consuming, not relevant in some cases, representative, then you will have to resort to other methods. And even if you don't have data, you still need groundwater for sustaining livelihoods. So it's better to just start with groundwater recharge assuming the groundwater is going down. So especially India because of the volume that we extract. With this, I would like to conclude a week six lecture. I will see you in week seven lecture. Thank you.


Here we see the pairing of the Wolf Riot Star WR124 and the Nebula M167, which surrounds it.  The star shines brightly at the very center of this explosive image, and around the hot clumps of gas that are ejected into space at over 150,000 kilometers per hour. That's 93,000 miles per hour. The Nebula is estimated to be no more than 10,000 years old, which is quite young in astronomical terms. A version of this image was released in 1998, but has now been re-reduced with the latest software. Wolf Riot stars are a rare set of very hot stars with spectra that indicate a very high surface content of heavy elements, little or no hydrogen, and strong stellar winds. Their surface temperatures range from 30,000 to 210,000 degrees Kelvin. That's hotter than almost all of their stars. These stars are older, massive stars that have completely lost their outer hydrogen and are fusing helium or heavier elements in the core.


So we will try to make it short, like around 35 minutes. So what I want to do is first, five minutes, just give you a few information about what is Odo. And after, we'll do a small demonstration about the product. And then I will show you a little bit of code to see how it works behind the scenes. So let's start with some information about Odo. Odo is actually a big project. But it's not very well known among the Python community. It started 10 years ago in 2005. And actually, the reason why we did it in Python, so I was at the university around 2000 in Belgium. And there is a guy. And I was coding in C in PHP. We were doing a lot of websites. And one day, there was a guy that came. And his name is Denis Frère here. I just found an email from that era. You see, people were talking about hosting some Perl web application, and he says, you should do it in Python. And he came to the university, to the dorms. And he showed us what was Python. And we started to learn Python. And since that time, Python is my main programming language. So I've been programming in Python for 15 years. And OK, let's go back to Odo itself. So Odo is a framework and also a set of applications built on that framework. The total code base of Odo is around 140K lines of code. 40K lines of code are the frameworks. And the rest is the 30 main apps. So we are a company. The company is named Odo. We edit the software. The software is also named Odo. And that software is actually 30 different business apps. And I will show you a demonstration of a few of them after. And then after, you have a lot of people that are doing other apps and using the framework or extending the apps that we ship. And so you have a very vivid community around Odo. We have around 400 contributors in the core with a truck factor of 11.  And if you compare to Django, for example, it's five percent. If you kill five percent Django, we'll probably stop. And Rails is seven. Odo is 11. The Linux kernel is around 150. And if you take account of the people that doesn't contribute to the core but to other modules, then there is around 2,000 contributors. So it's a very big project. And there is around 500 companies that do their living because of Odo. And some of them are in Spain. We have 2,800 stars on GitHub. And we have two millions of users. So by users, I mean somebody who every day sits at these computers and use Odo. Maybe not the whole day, but at least some part of the day. So every day, we have two million people that would log and use Odo. Why is it different? I think it's superior to many frameworks. Actually, to almost every framework. Maybe there are some frameworks that I don't know. But because it's very modular. And all frameworks say they are modular. But Odo is modular in a different way. And I will show you some examples after. It's business-oriented. So it has all the features you need to do business apps, like the security mechanism to people in the company might not see some information that other people can see. So all that kind of thing is built in. And it's only since one year that it's fully web-based. Before that, it was not fully web-based. It was at first started as a client and server application. So you had to run a client application on every PCs and you were running a server. Since one year, it's fully web-based. And it uses a special templating engines that nobody else uses. But I will show you why I think it's superior. And also, it has a small JavaScript framework built on standard libraries. And so it has a rich client. It's a full native application in JavaScript. And also, it is very simple. Because it's only 40K lines of code for the framework. And the API is around 30 functions. So if you know those 30 functions, you know how to consume and program everything you know. And the power of Odo comes from what is already available, from its add-ons. And you have add-ons for everything, everything related to business. So when you do, you need to make invoices, payment, manage product, deal with customers, with physical products, accounting, those kind of things, they are built in Odo. So I think many people who develop new web applications, they spend most of their time reinventing the wheel. Because when you do a new, for example, a new startup, at some point, you have to invoice customers. You have to do payment. You have to manage people. So those sets of features, they are built in Odo. And you don't waste your time doing that again and again. So why isn't it more popular? I think there are a few reasons. One of them is because it's business-oriented and business is not fun. People prefer to do games instead of business. It's wrong. Actually, doing business apps is very fun. Also, it was not web-based before. So now you can build web applications using Odo before it was not possible. It was just a tool to manage companies. So it's very recent. And also, we had no documentation or bad documentation. It's only since December that we have a good documentation. And also, Odo is not a good Python citizen. It's not packaged on PIP, for example. So you cannot do PIP install Odo.  And it's actually also lots of JavaScript, lots of other things. It uses PostgreSQL as a database storage. So it's not just a Python library.  And we fixed most of them in the V8 APIs that we released in September last year. So no, it's much more cleaner, much more Python-ing that it was before. Because we started at the time when RRM didn't exist. SQL object was the first in Python that I used. But it was much later after we started Odo. Yeah, so Odo was named OpenERP before. And before that, it was also named TinyERP. So we changed the name two times. So I will show you what it looks like. Let's go. So I will show you the new UI. The new UI is still alpha. So sometimes I might switch to the stable tree because some things might not work in the development version. That's the master tree. So basically, at least at the beginning, Odo was just a tool to manage company. And I will show you just a simple flow of what happens every day in not every but many companies. So we will look at the CRM. The CRM is a tool to organize your sales. So how it works is like this. And it's the same in many, many companies. So you first have a contact with the customers. And this is this, this customer that wants to buy some keyboards. So that's the first contact you have with the person. And what will happen is that you will call the customers, discuss with him, qualify his needs. Then probably you will do a concrete proposition about selling him something. And then there is sometimes a negotiation phase. And then after we get a deal, we lost the deal. So opportunities are just one of the simple objects that Odo managed. And you saw here, that's the view with the flows of opportunities. And I can show you what an opportunity looks like. It's just a few information with some fields. Like, OK, who's the customers? This is Agro-Lay. And what's the revenue we expect from that deal? What's the probability? And there, so it's just crud. So it's just information that you save. And you can see the flow there. And you see at the bottom of the document, we have what we call the chatter. It's just like a Facebook thread. And it's available on every business document in Odo. So when I look at the opportunity, I can discuss with my customers using this here. I need to add this email address. OK, it's already done. So I send in a message. What are you interested in, blah, blah, blah, blah? It will send him an email. If the person's reply by email, it will come back on the thread below. So I can manage all my communication from the opportunity itself. So at what point, the customer will say, OK, I want to buy this or this. So what I do, I will create a quotation. A quotation is just a set of things that I propose to sell to our customers, like maybe some keyboard here. And after, I can send the quotation by email. I send the quotation by email. The person can reply on the quotation. It will appear below. And then after, there are two ways you can close the deal. One of them would be, OK, the customers by phone say, yes, I want to buy this, send me the goods. Or you can also use an online version where I click here. I can see the quotation here. And the person can accept the quotation online, sign. It's difficult with the mouse. And here, I accepted the quotation. I go back into sales. And after the quotation is done, what we will do is to create an invoice. I create an invoice. And also, it will create a delivery order. So the delivery order, it's just a document that goes to the warehouse. And the people will deliver the goods to the customers. And the invoice is the order part. It's the customers that has to pay the money. And after the person's pay, I won't go into all the details because I want to make it quick. But you get the ID. After, the customers will pay. And we can reconcile. That's the old UI. I just wanted to show you here. It's the way you reconcile invoices with the payments. So you get some money on the bank account. You have some invoices. And then you reconcile them. And then the deal is completely finished because we've delivered the goods. And we've got the money from the customers. Very simple flow. And what's available also in Odo, we have a, oh, OK. I have lost the Wi-Fi. I wanted to show you, I had another version online with more data and more things installed. But I think I don't have internet anymore. So I want to show. OK, I can show it here. So you have also tools to do reports. For example, you want to know the sales made by every country, by every sales team. OK, it's always the same here. And you can also get nice. I will just install something. OK. So what you see here are all the application of Odo, the basic ones, the ones that we as the company Odo edit. And there are plenty more outside that are made by other companies. And I'm installing the CRM so that we get more data here. Let's go back to OK. So what we saw was just a simple sales flow. But there are other way to sell your stuff. One other way would be to have a shop. And Odo also has a point of sale. I hope it's open here. And the point of sale is just touch base. So you can click here, click, click, click, and pay. So that's what the person will use in his shop at the, I don't know, in French we say à la caisse, à la casa, maybe in Spanish. So here I pay some amount. I can validate. OK, I need to pay at least the amount, OK. Here, OK. And then I go to the next order, you see. So that's another sales channel. And I told you recently we added the web layer on top of Odo. Odo was already using HTTP because the client server protocol was XML-RPC. So we had a small web layer. But we decided that because we had almost everything that a company needs to manage itself, we were just lacking one step was the website part of the company. So we say, OK, let's do a CMS. And I know Plone was supposed, Plone or Zope was supposed to be the killer app at the time I've started with Python, but it didn't happen. So I will show you what the web layer of Odo looks like. Let's go now on the website. So we say, OK, because we have information about many things that happens in the company. And the company needs to be public, needs to have a presence on the web. So we wanted to make a simple tool to allow people to create their own website. And there are many CMS available, maybe hundreds, at least, of them. So we wanted to make something different, something really easy to use. And we made this website builder. The website builder works with blocks. So what you do is you drag and drop different kinds of blocks like this, OK, and you say. And then you edit these blocks. And that's the basic blocks that you see. But I will show you some team after. And then you can edit the content here and change it. And because you use blocks, you are not creating all the layout yourself. So you can have beautiful looking websites because some designers created some very fancy blocks for you. So for example, if you want to compare price, you can use this block to compare price and say, OK, we have three offers with that price, that price, et cetera. OK. And that's just static pages. After, because we use the same system, for example, here, I have a contact form. And when I fill my contact form here, it's linked with the back end I showed you before. So when I will fill the contact form, if I go on to sales, I can see that I have a new opportunity. Actually, it's a lead here. It's here. So each time I fill a form, I arrive in my CRM, and then the flow of sales begins, OK? Pretty straightforward. And after, we said, OK, we have all the information about the product. So let's do an e-commerce. And we just published the product online here. And we added the had to cart button. And when you do add to cart, you actually do a sales order like I did before. I did the sales order myself. Now it's the customer itself that creates the sales order. But the object behind is the same. So for the whole e-commerce that you can see here, I need to fill all the information, blah, blah, blah. OK, shipping to the same address. And then I can pay. Here, I only install wire transfer, but we have integration with many payment provider, OK? And the whole e-commerce flow that you saw here takes only 1,000 lines of code, because we had all the built-ins in Odu already. And I only showed you the easy stuff, because you can add more and more features and get very complex flow in the companies by adding some options. So the forms I showed you when I do a sales order, it's just one or two fields. Let's go back to a sales order. It's very simple. Name of the customer's address, things to sell. But you have many cases where you need more. It's OK. You go in configuration, in settings, and then you enable new stuff. Like, for example, I want to display margin on the sales order, so I want to know how much I get when I sell something 100 euro, how much do I gain on it. And I go back to my sales order, OK? And here, you see there is a new field. And you can add many, many things. And at the end, you get 20 fields. And it's very complex. But the way it's designed is so that people can start easy. But if they have complex things, they can manage it. So let's go back to my web website. And what's displayed on the website, what you can see here, if I edit, I can edit everything. So here, if I edit this, it will change the name of the product, OK? If I change the price, it will change the price. So everything that appears on the screen, you can edit it. And we do that because we have a special template engines. And we know when we display something on the screen where it comes from in the database. And so you can edit everything. And the same system to edit static page can be used to edit products. So I can use also my building blocks here. And here, I save the description of the product. OK, so what I showed you is just two applications, the CRM and invoicing. And we also host it online for people. So we have a cloud offer. That's the pricing of the cloud offer. But you can see there are lots of more applications like managing, manufacturing, accounting, project management, inventory, point of sale, events. So if you want to manage an event like this, you can use also a do. Also, yeah, I wanted to say the guy who introduced me to Python. That guy, Denis Frère, was the guy who started Europe Python. So he started the first year in Charleroi. I remember we're organizing the event with him. So if you are all here today, it's because also of him. Let's go back to my, yeah. So I finished my demonstration. I don't want to be complete. I just want to tease your curiosity. So that after, you might go and say, that Python project looks interesting. So let's dive into the code and look what it looks like and why I think it's superior to many frameworks. OK, hello. It's big enough so that people can read. So in Odo, you define object like I think in many frameworks like Django or Rails by defining the fields. So for example, we will check an invoice. An invoice, that's a chore now. Let's take an invoice here, OK. Yeah, it's an invoice. So there are many types of fields. Odo stores its data into PostgreSQL, OK. So you have chart fields, selection fields, integer, Boolean, dates, and relational fields. So you have many to one when it's a relation to one other object and many to many when you have multiple relations between two objects. Pretty common. And what you have a special in Odo is the compute attribute. So when you say, for example, amount tax or maybe amount total, it's easier. Amount total is the amount of the invoice and it depends on the other order data. So it's a compute field. So you say, OK, this field, it's not a real field that is simply stored. It's a field that you compute when other value changes. So I will let's check, OK. So this function is called each time a dependency fields of the amount each change. So each time, for example, you add a line on the invoice, you have to compute the total again. So it's just a function here that you define and it will compute the value. And then you have two different ways to use compute fields. One of them is to say, OK, each time I need the field, just compute it. Or you can store it. So you say, store true. So it means that we compute it when it change, but then we store it in database. And by storing in the database, it's much more easier to after search for the value of the fields. Because if you want to search for a value, if it's not stored, you have to compute all the values to know which one is the correct.  And many of the business logic in Odo goes into those compute fields. After, you have a few functions, business function, that are linked to the different buttons on the object. So for example, when I click Confirm an invoice, what should it do? So that's all the code that we see here. And after, you have the view, so how to display the invoice on the screen. And I show you the back end view of it's in XML. So let's check a continuous. So that's the view description. So it's just the list of fields to display, with some layouting, like I want to see different tabs or group the fields together. And that's it. After, you have also web pages. But we don't have web pages for invoice. But for the sales order or the product page, I will show you what the page looks like. Website sales. No, I want to show you that. I will show you the extension mechanism. But it's also just an XML-based template, like Genshi, or Kid, or Zop template. Actually, it was inspired by Zop template. And what I want to show you is how to add new stuff on Odo. And that's the strength of Odo. That you can say, OK, I show you that I install product margin. It's just a module that adds a field and show you the margin. How does it do that? You can inherit object and override method. But everybody knows how to. It's common in Python, so it's very easy. But what you can do is you can add new columns on those objects. So you can add new fields. And once you've added those fields here, I added the compute fields. That's the old syntax. And I added the two functions to compute the fields. After, I want to display the field somewhere. So I go on the view, and I say, OK, I want to extend the view. And after this part of the view, I want to display this. And everything is constructed this way. That's why I showed you at the beginning that my form view was very simple. Where is it? I show you my form view is very simple. But the more and more module I install, the more complex it gets. And it's really small Lego bricks that you can build on up to. And you get a very, very complex system. And everything works together. I think I will ask if you have any question. I will take question. And I hope that I teased your curiosity and that you will look at or do. If you have any question after the talk, feel free to come to see me. I'll be there this afternoon. And also, I'll be there at the social event. So don't hesitate to come and ask me a question. Thank you. And let's proceed with the question if somebody has questions. Hello. I would like to know how you compute the read access and write access for documents. So we have two mechanisms of security. One is the access control list. So you can say this person from this group doesn't have the right to read, right to create things. It's almost like ACL in Unix.  It's record rules. It's more precise. It can give you visibility. So you say, every time somebody do this operation, apply this set of criteria. I didn't show you, but we have a filter mechanism here where you can say, I want to seal the sales order that are to these customers. So we have a syntax to express filters. And it's called domains. And you can apply domains based on the person who uses it. So for example, you can say, every salesman can only see his invoices or that kind of things. And it was built into Hadoo since the very beginning and it didn't change. How do you deal with large data sets? Because I'm familiar with the approach. The biggest deployment of Hadoo is 50 terabytes of data. And we don't do nothing. It's just Postgres is very cool. And Postgres can deal with a lot of data. So we rely on Postgres. And also, when you have blobs, attachments, image, they are stored outside the database. So only the business data are stored in Postgres. I didn't perform my question precisely enough. How do you deal with situations where a subset of users in these really large data sets, when a particular user only has access to a very small amount of documents? For instance, you have 100,000 documents. And the user can only see 15. And what's the problem? Well, if there's no, your implementation bypasses that. Yes, no, you can use this syntax. But what's the criteria? You have thousands of documents. Why does only, why does he see only 15? It's for whatever reasons. So, OK. You have to define the, once you define the reason, you get the system work. You just define why. And it just applies. OK. I can show you an example if you want. Hi. I have two quick questions. One is, if you start with a managed solution, is there a possibility to go to a hosted solution, so that you retain all the data? Actually, yes. So if you start with what you have for the 10 euros, I don't know, a month, and then want to host it yourself, if you can do it and retain all the data? So in the cloud solution, we only ship the basic apps, the one that, the 30 basic one. When you, if you want to use, sorry, I don't have access. If you want to use external modules, you need to be self-hosted. So you need to be on-premise. So the cloud solution is just for people, for small companies, because for simple companies. When you have complexity, probably, you need to go self-hosted. OK. And the other question is, when you have saved fields. When you have what? Saved fields. The fields where they save. You can add custom fields. And actually, I didn't show you. But you can do it from the UI. You can add fields and customize everything from the UI. You can do it in Python modules, or you can do it in the database itself. When do they know when to update? When you are on the cloud, we migrate database from version to version. So we keep the customization. And sometimes it's manual work, because we have to make sure everything works. And that's part of our offer. If you are on your own, you have to be careful with your customization when you migrate from version to version. Is it clear? Just come to see me after. Any other question? Yes. Hey, do you know about any company using Odo in Brazil? Yeah, I don't know the names. But there is a partner named Acresion. That's a company that integrates Odo there. And they have plenty of reference. I don't have internet access, but I could show you. No problem. Just curious, because in Brazil we have some business logic with this particular to the country. Oh, yeah. I know they told me that it's a hell about accounting and the paperwork you have to do. So they have a lot of module to deal with that. And I know it's very complex. So this is already done. So if I install Odo, and I can just use it in Brazil? Yeah, you can use it. And I forgot to mention, also in Portugal it's not in Spain. But in Portugal, the biggest installation of Odo is 500,000 people. It's all the teachers in Portugal that have to use Odo, because they use Odo to schedule to assign teachers to the school and that kind of work. So the Ministry of Education uses Odo for everything now. They replaced, I think, 1,000 different applications no, 100 different applications with Odo. Cool, thank you. We still have time for a very short question. Which one is the shortest? I have a short question. Yeah, OK. The answer may be long. When you go into price, one of the common challenges is integration. You have legacy apps. Some of those will go away. Some of those need to stay forever. So you need, at some point, to consider how to bring in data, either live or migrating, into and out of Odo. So would you think this is a good framework for that? Yeah, you can do it both ways. Either you access the Odo API using Gson RPC or XML RPC from the other apps, or you do it from within Odo using any Python library. You access the database or the API of other systems. So there's a lot of work and connectors for other systems. Yeah. Well, thank you again, Anthony. And the lunch is happening now. So just try to get some food.


Welcome to Toffy TV. It is the Everton News Daily. Carlo Anciolotti has said that Everton will do everything they can to achieve their goal of European football on Sunday when they face Manchester City at the Etihad. The final game of the season is upon us and Everton, if they win, will probably, well not probably but would give themselves a very good chance of securing European football. Tottenham travel to Leicester City and again Leicester City have to win to have any hope of achieving Champions League football. It is a huge task of playing against a team that is probably the best in Europe and may prove that next week when they face Chelsea in the Champions League final. What Everton will be hoping at Manchester City have got one eye on or if not both eyes on that Champions League final just six days later. Everton can catch them cold. City have lost their home four times this season. Everton won away from home eleven times and it's a great opportunity, something on the game for Everton. Anciolotti is hoping that that will bring out a fighting quality in Everton. We've got simply nothing to lose. If we can win the game then like I say I believe that will give us European football next season. So it's a big ask but stranger things have happened this season for definite. Seamus Coleman and Michael Keane praised the Evertonians last night after the 1-0 home victory against Wolves at Gooderson Park. Six and a half thousand Evertonians were at Gooderson to witness the Blues win the final home game of the season. Only the second time Everton have won a home in this year. But the crowd were instrumental definitely and Seamus Coleman and Michael Keane touched upon that after the game saying that the crowd helped them get over the line, made the difference, Guilfee Sigarton also said the same and Carlo as well in his press conference. You could visibly see the Charlesons performance improve and obviously scored the win and go with the header and you could see what it meant to him so hopefully the six and a half thousand will grow to full capacity by next season. And we can all be back at Gooderson Park. I was there last night, it was fantastic. The atmosphere was great to be back and hopefully we'll have a full Gooderson Park next season to help the boys win a lot more games than what they have done this season. According to reports, Everton events are leading the race to sign Manchester United goalkeeper Sergio Romero. Romero is out of contract next month at Old Trafford. It was close to joining Everton on deadline day last summer before Manchester United blocked the move. He then didn't feature for them and hasn't got off in January basically and hasn't played for them so according to reports Everton events are leading the race to sign him. Reports coming out of Spain today and Brazil that Everton wants Emerson Royale, the Brazilian fullback. He is on loan at Real Betis. He's registered four assists this season for Betis and only missed four games. He's very, very quick. Six foot get up and down that right hand side from right back. Everton are in the market for a right back this summer and Arsenal also credited with an interest so being an interest in one obviously Max Arons has been a name that's been bandied around for a few months. Everton interested in him. Ridley Bach who as well at Wolfsburg is another one who's being discussed so Everton quite clearly looking at that right back situation to give Sheamus Coleman some competition there. Going to be interesting summer ahead but we'll see what happens. That is it for the news daily. Make sure you give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't and if you want more videos join us over on Patreon. See you later.


What's up everybody, I'm MewRabbit and today we're here on Torque Drift to talk a little bit about low-powered drift cars. A lot of people have been talking about the low-powered cars having problem drifting and stuff like that. So today we're going to get into some low-powered drift cars and have a little fun with it. It's looking like we got some sponsors to take care of and some sponsors to approve just our little audio up a little bit there for you guys. It is my own sponsorship so we are going to just collect those. I have it there for aesthetic reasons. So looks like we got the hidden path and Speedway so we're going to hop over to Speedway real quick. So when I say low power I say in the 400s. A lot of people are saying that, oh what did I do? A lot of people are saying they can't drift unless they're over 5 or 600 horsepower. So today we're going to take out one of my cars that is low-powered. And by low-powered I mean just over 400. This one is actually at a 602. Probably drift that too but my BRZ is actually only at 437. So it's basically bare aftermarket parts are put on the car. So we're going to go here see if we can't find a battle and see what we can do with this car being only 437. Against the 740 on Speedway at Cali Bank. We're going to kick ourselves in the third gear and just full throttle this out. Kick ourselves in there. Let's throttle a little bit so we don't smack the wall but we still tap the wall anyways. And lost our drift but we were able to drift the entire bank. So you don't need an incredible amount of power to drift in this game. You just need a good setup and stay on power. A lot of people I see getting off power because you can tell when the exhaust backfires. And they're getting off power which on a lower power car is not a good thing to do. So that's why you see I'm constantly on throttle. And then I use handbrake but I'm still on throttle. When I use my handbrake that was a really low entry. Not the best entry I could have done. So definitely we probably are not going to take the win on that one just because of that low entry. We're just off. We're trying to rematch it. He wants to rematch. So we're going to rematch on this. See if we can't maybe not smack the wall and maybe take a win. So I'm just doing this to show that you don't need an incredible amount of power or some super high power cars that have a lot of fun in this. There we go. Wall tap. Stay in angle. Use that handbrake and gas at the same time. You know, maxing out the revs, getting off the clutch. Or get off the handbrake still on full throttle. We got a 52 and a 57. So he stepped up his game as well as we stepped up ours. So definitely going to have to make sure we're initiating good. We're going to stay in second gear to start this one off. Shifting third. Got a little bit of a behind on that. That's not the entry I wanted to do. So we'll try and rail him in the latter section. We are definitely outpowered by him by a few hundred horsepower. So we just barely lost. Just barely. We are going to get a rematch at this because this is a pretty close battle. You know, because we're right there. And you know, we're at a low power deficit as well. Because we're a few hundred horsepower short. Take that in. Run the wall. Stay nice and high. We definitely upped our game on this final run there. Throwing in some major points. A 70,000 wall run. We're definitely going to be able to take the win on this one, I think. So, goes the show. You don't need an incredible amount of power to do this. It is quite possible with 400 in some horse. And as long as we don't bottom out our car there. Log it out. Indicate in. Make sure we stay nice and high on the bank. Oops, too high on the bank there. But still nonetheless a decent chase. So hopefully the lead was enough to give us that win. We did and he doesn't want to go against us again. So we are going to go to Cali Bank. And do the beginnings course, the full course. And see how we can do with a low power. And see how it works. See what kind of speedway. I just did the speedway in a battle. I want to go beginning. I'm not free. The beginning. There we go. The other bank is beginning. Going to run the whole course. And see how we do in this BRZ. With just aftermarket parts. We do have that trajectory line on now since we are in practice. That was a nice wall ride. Why couldn't we do that earlier? Tap that in there. Oops, just a tap. It didn't raise the wall a little bit too much though. Take it this way. So practice does make perfect on these cars. A little bit too much hitting the wall. Not the run I was looking for. I was looking for over 100. We are going to retry that. We are going to try and not smack the base. And hit the wall with the back end of the car. And lose our points. So I know a lot of you guys are struggling on lower car cars. And maybe just starting out of the game. And not having a lot of power in your car. You don't think that maybe you can compete. Or make a solid, fluent run. But that's not actually the case. As long as you stay on throttle. Use your clutch kicks and your handbrakes. You can definitely do a very solid run. In some low powers. Like that. That should be over 100,000 which was the goal. Or just 100,000. Or just under 100,000. I mean, okay. Just under 100,000. But we were able to still bang a pretty decent run in this car. An extremely high caliper run for say the higher horsepower cars. No, because those are 150, 200 point, 200,000 point runs. And it's not helping to smack the wall like that. Or that. So 400 horsepower. It is possible to get a very good run. Is it easy? Obviously not. If you take a look at what I'm doing right now. It definitely is not easy. But it's doable. You still have a lot of fun with it. You definitely have a lot of fun chasing in low power cars. I did that a while back on the live stream of Panda. We were in some low powered S15s. And we were just having so much fun on Hakone. So we go back to the lobby. And we're going to go to 600 horsepower S13. And see the difference in that. So we get close to 100,000 point run with a 400 horsepower car. So now we're going to go to 600 horsepower car. Which we're going to have to change our tires on. Because it looks like we are almost out of those other tires. We're going to throw some nexus on here. And we're going to throw out this S15. And see what the difference is between roughly 200 horsepower. I know it's not the same car. But you'll get kind of the gist of the idea of difference in the ability to grow the car longer distances. And hold different lines. How much power and speed you can throw. By having say 200 more horsepower. So roughly the same run though. Of course that wasn't actually almost the same run exactly. So I wasn't exactly on my wall rides and such. But it was still a decent run nonetheless.  That's fine and dandy. And I give you mad props for running that all the time. Consistency is I think the hardest thing. And practice definitely makes perfect. Because that is definitely not the way I wanted to enter into that section. Against myself. But we can't get some nice door love against ourselves there. So 400 to 600 horsepower I feel is very similar when it comes to driving because I showed earlier I was able to keep up with some horsepower here.  In order to have fun with this game. I have fun with this game on my low power cars as well as my power cars. So I think we're going to switch up to a higher power car. Going up in little steps here. Just to kind of see the difference. So we are going to go probably that's over a thousand. So 871. So from 200 up to another 200. To this MX-5 which I'm not sure if I've really even tuned this car too much. We are able to put some points on that ladder section in this rotary. That kind of way off and this car is definitely not. Definitely not have the good suspension tune on it. I can see I'm way off all my points and just kind of all over and nowhere near the high score runs. So just you definitely need good suspension setup to run lower cars and have good solid lines. I can't stress enough suspension is a big thing. And it's not always about the power. If you have a good suspension setup the car will handle how you need it to. And you'll be able to throw those big lines and throw those amazing lead and chase runs. So now we're switching up to even more power. We're going to the E46. One of my pride and joy cars. I love this car to death. And a lot of people have seen it in live battles as well as seen me throughout the day on getting some sessions. Getting some slides with this car. Definitely been working a little bit more, wow that was a really wide swing. More and more on the tuning of this car as well as my S14. Trying to get a more stable car, stable tune. Not the highest point run on that one either. Seem to be right at that 99 threshold. Can't seem to crack it. But we're getting there. So mainly I wanted to bring this torture video out to you guys. To show you you don't need a lot of power to have fun and be able to throw those good lines. A good suspension setup helps. If you guys check some of my other videos I've shown suspension setups on my S14s and stuff. Which we're going to bust out the 1300 horsepower S14. And see how this does. Slam that thing right in the fifth gear. And try not smack the bumper too hard on the wall. Should have been a lot higher on that wall. Especially with this car. But we were not. This car can throw massive angles. And see, it's kind of twitchy at the moment. And I think I need to change the suspension tuning a little bit on this car. I think we're going to be right at that... Right on the step. This one's actually lower. Because it was nowhere near the walls. So you need to definitely get a good dialed suspension where you can run against the walls. That's where the most points are had. I know there's a couple guys I've seen that are running 450 horsepower. That run 200,000 point runs on Cali Bank. So I mean it's possible to run low power cars. You just need a little bit better of a suspension setting. For sure. We're going to dive right in on ourselves here. Oh boy. I still got my own car. They're written off my own car. Just tap. It is kind of fun to have that trajectory line. And just be able to bang on your own door of your own car in practice. Practice is a big thing. And a good dialed suspension setup definitely helps. So just wanted to bring this out to you guys for a little video here on torque drift. Just throwing some practice laps into different cars showing you that I have a wide variety of tuned power fans in this game. Because it's always fun to have multiple different types of cars. Because you drive in these high-powered cars all the time. It's fun to go back to pretty much a grassroots car with not much power. And just throw it around and use the weight of the car and have a lot of fun like that. So as always you guys don't follow me on Facebook, Twitch, Twitter, and Instagram. All of which are found in the description box below. As always I thank you guys for watching. I'll be a rabbit. I will see you guys next time.


The five different questions to answer before you submit a job application to META RPM program. Here are the framework you should use to answer these questions effectively. Those are the different kind of lists of questions META will ask you. For example, first question is regarding why are you good fit? How much of your past experience can help us grow our product team? You should use three by two framework, three reasons, and each one with two sentences describe their specific challenges related to contribution you can have to META. When you answer this question, make sure to highlight your transport skills to contribute to the growth of the META team. For example, your past experience can relate to military, educational, how much it lead into those leadership, create thinking, and helping you to be a better product manager at META. See the part two of the video where I share with you the answer to next interview question at META right here.


All right before we get into all of the news today. Oh my gosh, is there a lot? Nintendo financial report all that I want to feature a comment from our comment of the day yesterday our comment question of the day which was what are you worrying for Halloween and why and all of that jazz and the comment I picked out there wasn't a ton of responses but it came from five and tie and he's trying to say sweet and tie no I am not dressing up for Halloween I will be sleeping in bed naked thank you so you sleep naked too glad to know I'm not alone all right today's comment question of the day is actually gonna be also Halloween related we're gonna go with what is your favorite horror game spooky game whatever it might be what's that game that you like to play maybe every year or maybe it's just a favorite game you have played during this time period what is your favorite horror game I think that's a great question for this holiday season now let's get right into the news there is so much and we're gonna start by updating Nintendo's top 10 selling games because oh boy let's go all right so Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is now at nineteen point zero one million units I very likely the Mario kid Mario Kart 8 Deluxe will hit 20 million this holiday a Super Smash Bros. Ultimate is now the second best-selling game on Nintendo Switch at 15.71 million units again that released last December Super Mario Odyssey released all the way back in 2017 and that's a 15.38 million units by far and away one of the best-selling 3d mainline Mario game Legend of Zelda Breath of the Wild by far the best-selling Zelda game period at 14.54 million units it's sold over a million units this fiscal year already and holy crud I have a feeling the Breath of the Wild is going to hit 15 16 17 million before it's all set and done Pokemon let's go Pikachu let's go Eevee one of the big holiday titles from last year is that 11.28 million and that kind of rounds out the top five but moving on down Splatoon 2 is at 9.28 million maybe it'll crawl till 10 I don't know but that is a big bump over the Wii U days when it only sold 6 million a Super Mario Party just churn it in at 7.59 it's moved a few million this year that's excellent new Super Mario Brothers U Deluxe has not actually moved a lot since launch it moved around 4 million at launch and has only moved a few unit sets we'll see if it does well this holiday Super Mario Maker that was one of the hot titles this summer one of the big titles for Switch is already in the top 10 at 3.93 million units and what's interesting is that Link's awakening that just released not too long ago is at 3.13 million units and they only have nine days of sales data and links awakening is already in the top 10 now granted this is just top 10 Nintendo published games this will not include third-party games of any third-party games have sold many millions of units like Minecraft Switch Edition probably has that would not appear in this top 10 so this is just Nintendo published games but that's impressive it's probably likely going to become the best-selling top-down Zelda game of all time because right now that title is held I think by Phantom Hourglass about 4 and a half million or so so it's probably gonna surpass that just this year in the holiday season and who knows where it's gonna go from there Link's awakening is clearly riding I don't know if it's right on the coattails of Breath of the Wild or what's happening there but there's just a lot of information going on and speaking of game sales data we have to talk about Fire Emblem 3 houses that was another big release it's not in the top 10 yet it might get there but Fire Emblem 3 houses has sold 2.29 million units and to give you an idea of Fire Emblem awakening during the same period you know that launch period sold 2.28 million or so and yeah that's that it beat that this is a huge launch for Fire Emblem and it's definitely something to keep your eye on if you are someone who is debating on whether or not this is the Fire Emblem game to jump in with well it's it's on pace to be one of the most popular if not the most popular Fire Emblem games which seems to be a running theme with games on switch moving on this is interesting here Nintendo plans on making more 3ds franchises available on switch now for a coward so this during the Q&A section he didn't really specify what 3ds franchises we're talking about we already have like a brain age style game coming over but they're still like Nintendo dogs out there that's been more of a 3ds DS kind of thing there is still Rhythm Heaven and stuff like that so there's a lot of 3ds franchises I mean Kid Aker is uprising as an example we get a sequel Kid Aker is uprising too that was only on 3ds so that's encouraging for just having a wider slate of games on switch from Nintendo that they're actually looking to bring more 3ds franchises over to switch and obviously they're trying to convey the appeal of the light system which I know Nintendo I mean if nothing else this is them confirming that hey the light is our 3ds replacement all right moving on the Nintendo switch itself is now sold 41.67 million units 41.67 million holy crud you know that that already slates it as the fourth best-selling Nintendo system of all time just behind the SNES the software sales are 246.01 million which again would place it at number four and this is just for home console systems remember Nintendo does call a switch a home console system it is likely gonna pass the SNES and the NES at some point in the next couple of years will it ever get touched the Wii numbers I have no idea will it be a hundred million unit seller I don't know we're less than three years in and it's already a 40 you extrapolate that to six or seven it's gonna be pretty close if the sales keeps trending upwards but yeah what we also learn is the switch light sales for those that are wondering how well the switch light has sold it shifted 1.95 million units since it launched so that's actually pretty good it is still behind the original switch in that same time period but that is totally fine and acceptable they moved around six million or so total switches this year they have a projected of 18 million obviously they have two quarters to go and we know the third quarter is their biggest quarter of the year because that includes the holiday period when they end up making usually 60 to 70 percent of their sales for the whole year all right so that's impressive news in that of itself but let's move on to the next story and that is that Nintendo reconfirms release dates for upcoming major switch games Breath of the Wild 2 blah blah blah so this is let's see here our Ring Fit adventure which has already come out Luigi's Mansion 3 which hey we're releases today everyone go pick up Luigi's Mansion 3 if you're a fan of Luigi's Mansion I guess I don't know I know some people the bit block might not be the biggest fan of this version of the game but hey I really liked it at E3 still has potential to be game of the year so let's see what happens there obviously Pokemon Sword and Shield reconfirmed as as a 15th the new brain training game coming to switch is is confirmed for the end of December on you know December 27th Tokyo Mirage Sessions the Effie Encore edition is confirmed for January 1st or sorry January January 17th I should say Animal Crossing New Horizons again confirmed for March 20th Xenoblade Chronicles the definitive edition no release date except that it is coming next year at some point Famicom Tentai Club Kiata Kiyoshi New Tatsu Shouju that might just be a Japanese only thing after all has Famicom in the title 2020 Bayonetta 3 is still TBA no surprise there Metroid Prime 4 still TBA we just did a video on that recently where it looks like Metroid Prime 4 is quite a ways away a Legend of Zelda Breath of the Wild sequel is what they're officially calling it TBA so those are three big titles TBA I think we'll hear about Bayonetta 3 potentially at the game awards so pay attention to that in December but otherwise Metroid Prime 4 Breath of the Wild sequel I think next time we have a chance to hear about it is sometime next year you never know maybe a surprise direct happens and Nintendo teases Breath of the Wild then gives us a release date but right now all TBA but even 2020 you'll have an Animal Crossing Tokyo Mirage Sessions New Horizons definitive edition I realized two of those are ports but it's still nice and it's early and we're not even to 2020 yet so I think all those three games will probably be in the first six months of the year you know they have the United States States as well which are exactly the same and the same for Europe so there you go that's kind of the upcoming release like from Nintendo side of things does not include third parties next up Nintendo has hints that it is ditched the game development on the 3DS and a lot of that is just going back to that quote about leveraging evergreen titles and all that says for the Nintendo 3DS family we will continue to fully utilize the platform's rich software library to appeal to consumers purchasing game hardware for the first time or continue the dry sales of evergreen titles that leverage the hardware install base basically we're not really gonna be making any new games they already previously talked about bringing 3DS franchises the switch but we're gonna leverage basically how cheap the system is and that we have amazing evergreen titles to try to move units during the holidays and to be fair they really have some modest goals for 3DS sales for this fiscal year I mean what we're talking like planning to sell like a million 3DSs for the whole year they are definitely not looking at 3DS as a seller anymore they've clearly abandoned the system but if you're looking for an Nintendo platform it's gonna have steep discounts as holiday look no further than 3DS don't be surprised to see really steep discount discounts on the 2DS 3DS XL the new 3DS 3DS like the whole line across the board is gonna have massive discounts along with a lot of 3DS games so if you're looking to you know get your hands on a whole bunch of 3DS games that maybe you've missed out or wherever this holiday is gonna be a good time for that guaranteed switch I don't know how many deals there's gonna be for switch but 3DS is definitely gonna be heavily discounted because Nintendo really just doesn't care too much about that platform they've kind of it's pretty much dead in the water to them but hey parents are usually willing to pick up you know super cheap video game systems from a reputable company so who knows maybe it'll surprise this holiday but switch will definitely be leading the way for Nintendo the most popular switch light color for those who want to know is turquoise that is what Nintendo said there's three colors out there turquoise is the most popular that might change of course when when Pokemon comes out because there is a Pokemon themed version and if it's probably limited edition so it might not last too long but if it's not limited edition and they're just gonna keep selling it and selling it that could become the most popular version so there you go that is the end of the stories for today so I want to thank you guys so much for tuning in this was a lot of information to take in what the big takeaway from it basically is that Nintendo is killing it absolutely killing it so that's that's amazing I still can't believe the switch is basically a 42 million in sales in less than three years less than three years that is insane me by the time we get to end of this fiscal year switch has a chance to be above 50 million units in three years that's just insane to me that's PlayStation 4 levels of success that's we levels of success that's you know DS 3DS like we're talking some pretty popular platforms here that the switch is comparing favorably to so I will have to wait and see what happens down the line but for now thank you so much for tuning in happy Halloween to everyone if you're wondering what my kids are dressing up for as Halloween my daughter my oldest my daughter she's dressing up as Jesse from Toy Story and she's gonna be carrying her on a woody doll because she has a woody doll and she really isn't I want to dress you guys around the buzz light your one we have a buzz light your one too my son is dressing up as a dinosaur my middle child Aiden he's gonna be a dinosaur it's gonna be a lot of fun and my youngest son there's some hope for him yet he's dressing up as Batman heck yeah Batman of course let's hope for all of my children but if I want a kid to be nerdy might be my youngest that has a chance anyways thank you guys so much for tuning in happy Halloween if you have kids happy trick-or-treating with them tonight stay safe and if you're going to Halloween parties you know have a good time on me the the the soonest Halloween party I might be going to is tomorrow night if things work out but whatever thank you guys for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video


Yes, if you are an author of a paper that you're submitting to an IACR event, you need to know what your keyword should be. And being the archivist, I thought I would try to do some sort of word analysis and see how it might help the IACR, it might help understand something about the events. So for example, crypto 2016, use these words. The size of the font is proportional to the importance of the word. So it's really not very surprising that security and key and function and scheme and input and output are there in the small print. You'll find Alice and Bob and several other people. So I thought, is this going to vary over time? Is it going to vary over events? What do words tell us? So let's take a different event, Eurocrypt. Eurocrypt uses by same words in about the same proportion, just no surprise since crypto and Eurocrypt are kind of twins. Random is important. So let's go on to Asiacrypt. I thought Asiacrypt had a slightly different genetic bent to it, but it doesn't really. It uses the same words. So it's as though there really is one vocabulary for cryptography. It was established long ago and really the same words get used over and over in about the same proportions, at least in these three major events. I had expected to find variation over time, which was what I found when I did this analysis for the security and privacy conference. But no, maybe the topics do change and maybe you'll find down in the smallest words oblivious and things creep in. But the big words remain the big words. PKC uses the same words, but it has a narrower range of importance. So it just loves scheme and loves signature too. That's not very surprising. Chess. We begin to see something different here. Chess likes the same words as the others, but Chess is about attack. So attack implementation algorithm is very important here. FSE, the same thing. So FSE and Chess seem to be a cluster. They're cousins to the other four events. TCC, I thought I would see some differences there. There really is a difference in balance on important words, but still it's kind of the same things. And again, not varying much over time. So one way to visualize this is I took all the words that are important for crypto and put them in dark blue. And then words that are distinguishers for other conferences are in different colors. So you can see that Chess likes implementation. And there are some other clusters. It's not that popular in crypto, but it is favored by other conferences. Parameter and element are sort of distinguishers. Another way to look at this is what I call word chromosomes. So in this bar graph, we have the most important words in the conferences. And the color, the size of the color of the bar indicates how important the word is. And this does clarify FSE and Chess, which are at the top in the dark red and orange. They really do use different words. But TCC comes in there and distinguishes itself in a couple of ways. So if you are writing an IACR paper, you must use the word key prominently. Otherwise they might say, maybe you should submit this to a different conference. If you are writing a Chess or FSE paper, you will have to say attack, bit, implementation. Otherwise they might say submit this somewhere else. And if you want to distinguish yourself from crypto because you didn't want it to be a crypto paper, then put in polynomial or round. Round is also an odd word. So what can we do with this scientific information here? The IACR, I believe, has really an unfortunate acronym. I don't think it's very interesting. So we ought to be able to use this analysis to get a better acronym for the IACR, something that's keyword-based and has a meaningful presentation. So input is one of our most important words. So let's start with an I just the way it does now. Key, key is a keyword. It is the most important keyword. Encryption, very important. Let's finish off with algorithm. And we have the perfect name for the IACR, Ikea.