We have done the lumped mass system for modeling an explosion and as per the theory what we develop we found that there are two parameters which govern whether an explosion is possible or not. The first one is the ratio of the activation energy divided by the value of let us say the initial temperature that means this is so much joules per mole, this is also the ambient temperature T ambient into the universal gas constant and the other parameter is the ratio of the heat released kg per mole divided by we can say the specific heat per mole that means joule per mole Kelvin into T ambient. We said if both these parameters are large an explosion is more likely. We said based on this the activation energy must be large or the ambient temperature must be small. What does this non-dimensional term represent? It represented the tendency for spurting that means a small value of the chemical energy released time rather we said if I represent the chemical energy by the value of qc dot that is dq by dt and if I put the time over here well initially the reaction takes some time to take place but by the time the actual energy gets liberated it is in the form of a spurt and this happens when the value of the activation energy is large. Equalantly when I say well if the activation energy is large I have this spurting technique and the actual time of chemical reaction is therefore a small value. Well I say this is the chemical reaction time, this is the induction time td and therefore any explosion is associated with the small value of the chemical reaction time compared to the heat release time which we have seen in detail in the last class. Therefore what is this? Therefore activation energy must be large. We said for most explosives the value is around 80,000 to 160,000 joules per mole. The second point is if the ambient temperature is high what is going to happen? If the ambient temperature is high well the reaction starts off because the ambient temperature is high the reaction starts off at a fast rate and therefore the spurting tendency gets diminished therefore an explosion is more likely when the ambient temperature is small. Now this is the non-dimensional parameter which characterizes the spurt in chemical reactions or spurt in heat release after an induction time. This term just tells you what is the magnitude of heat release vis-a-vis the initial internal energy of the medium. If I have more energy release well an explosion is capable of forming a strong blast wave. These are the two parameters. What I do in the class today is maybe we will try to apply it for different chemical reactions one or two typical cases or maybe one typical case such that we know how to apply it. Like for instance let us go back to our starting point. You know we always took this example we said well I have a container in this container I have hydrogen gas I have oxygen gas which are mixed together. We told well hydrogen and oxygen can be in the container for years together let us say it is at room temperature it is at let us say 30 degrees centigrade which is the room temperature. It can be there at 30 degrees let us say one atmosphere pressure for years together nothing is going to happen. But if I want to start a reaction we said well I must put an electrical spark in it that means I deposit some energy at some point and maybe the reaction takes place. I am still within the confinement of overall what we said is uniform temperature uniform concentration therefore I am still looking at the lump parameter approach. I put some energy release and what does the energy release do? It takes the hydrogen maybe the hydrogen is takes place it decomposes the hydrogen or it breaks the hydrogen into H and H atoms 0.1. Because I am releasing some energy a hydrogen and oxygen maybe it breaks it up into H and H atoms we will see what this is. It also takes the oxygen molecules and breaks it up into O and O atoms and also maybe the hydrogen and oxygen since they are mixed together it could also break it up into hydroxyl OH and OH atoms. Now the H atom, O atom, OH atom are all active you know see this is something which is nascent stage therefore these are all active radicals and these are known as chains. That means what you do is active chains therefore what we do is the act of putting some energy release in it activates the hydrogen molecule into hydrogen chain H chain O chain and OH chains and therefore these three reactions I can call as let us say the chain initiation or active radical that is I say well I have chain initiation which takes place when some energy is released into the medium. I have let us say OH being formed it could react with H2 and what could happen? I could form H2O and H2O and 1H that means for every chain of OH another chain of H is being formed we call this as chain propagation that means the chain continues to propagate. It is still possible that I can have maybe the hydrogen molecule which is available when it when one of the chains like O comes and reacts with it I could form H and OH and similarly I could also have may be the O2 which reacts with the hydrogen chain which is formed here to form let us say OH and O O plus OH. Therefore in this case what happens one chain or one O radical or one chain forms two chains over here therefore we call it as chain branching therefore what has happened? The act of releasing some energy starts these reactions may be the chain initiation reaction chain propagation reaction chain branching reactions and what it does it produces a lot of these chains and you will recall we also talked in terms of may be that this axis represents the progress of a reaction we said that the energy could be plotted on the y axis well initially hydrogen and oxygen may be at 25 degrees it is at almost 0 may be at 30 degrees the energy content is over here and what happens they act I want to initiate the reaction therefore I put some energy it gives some activation energy takes it up to a transient stage over here and then what happens it reacts and forms the products and forms the product which is H2O and we know that the heat of reaction of the products H2O we will recall we had delta H2O heat of formation and the standard condition was something like minus 296 kilo joule per mole therefore this corresponds to the product may be lower energy level and therefore this is the heat of reaction which is given and therefore and this is the activation energy therefore what did activation energy do when we want to activate a radical or a reaction what we do is we are essentially forming these chain carriers and therefore what happens is I form all the chains which are in the transient state over here that means I form H I form O I form OH because of this is from this is all not stable it is all chains all active radicals and these things later on combine and what happens let us put this may be H plus let us say H may combine with OH to form may be H2O or let us say H plus OH you know whenever it combines like this may be sometimes the third radical also influences this but let us say well H and OH can combine to form a stable molecule or rather I can also form H plus O2 also can combine let us say HO2 but since these are all helped by the molecules which are available that means molecules which help such a reaction to take place mind you whenever we say chemical reactions the H atom and O2 atom must fit against each other if there are neighboring atoms which are also our neighboring molecules which also help this hitting and breaking the structure we call it as a third body I can also write it as HO2 plus M. Similarly, here H plus OH giving H2O I can write it as M giving H2O plus M I can form H2O by different means H2 plus O plus M that is a third body it could be OH it could be H2 it could be O2 which facilitates this reaction giving me H2O plus M well these are the recombination reactions I say these are the recombination reactions and when recombination reactions takes place well the HO and OH which are formed here come back to the products and I get the completed products of combustion. Therefore, we say well the reaction takes place through something like a chain initiation step followed by chain propagation and chain branching and ultimately the energy is released in the recombination why did I say energy being released in the recombination may be I have to look at these reactions a little more closely let us say what is the heat generated in this reaction because ultimately let us not forget this and what is it I am working towards we want to find out whether this reaction between H2 and O2 I do not know the proportion I presume it goes through these steps of as a function of time if I were to plot the heat release I for an explosion to occur I should have something like a phase during which not much energy is liberated an induction period followed by a spike and this is what I expect in a chemical reaction to take place and therefore let us keep our tendency for this spiking and therefore maybe it spikes and then it drops off over here therefore is it possible how do I calculate this let us go back and see what is the heat release in these reactions to be able to get the heat release it is necessary for me to know the heat of formation of the reactants and heat of formation of the products we tell ourselves well I go back to the literature and look at heat of formation I find that the heat of formation under standard condition for H is equal to the value of heat of formation for H is equal to 218 plus 218 kilo joule per mole the heat of formation of oxygen atoms heat of formation standard for oxygen is equal to plus 248 and the heat of formation of OH is equal to plus 2 no it is plus 39 kilo joule per mole you know in other words to form H I have to supply heat that means H2 has to be heated to form this therefore the heat of formation of H atom O atom and OH over here HF of OH are all positive this being 39 and this using this I can calculate the energy released in this reaction if I were to put it just below this what is the net value minus of heat of formation of H well heat of formation of H is 218 I have 1 plus 1 2 radicals 2 into plus 218 minus H is a naturally occurring element that means H occurs and it is at standard state minus 0 therefore the heat of formation of this is minus 436 kilo joules for this reaction so also for the reaction O2 is equal to O plus O we have heat of formation of O is plus 248 therefore it is minus of heat of formation of products I have 2 of O 2 into plus 248 minus anyway O2 is 0 therefore this is equal to minus 496 kilo joules if I take a look at this reaction these are stable things I have OH over here heat of formation is minus 2 into 39 minus 0 which is equal to minus that is minus 78 in other words kilo joules in other words the heat of reaction over here is minus 436 kilo joules heat of the reaction O2 dissociating into O is minus 496 the heat of reaction is minus 78 that means these reactions are endothermic that means they absorb energy no heat is being liberated in the three chain initiation reactions if we take a look at the heat of reaction corresponding to OH plus H2 giving H2O plus H2O what is it I get minus of H2O well we know by now yes heat of formation of H2O let us say heat of formation at standard condition for water as a liquid is equal to minus 295 kilo joules 295 296 kilo joules per mole therefore I put the value I have one mole of this therefore 295 and the value of H is but mind you you know 295 it is minus that means minus 295 plus H that means H is positive plus 218 that is the value of the two products H2O and H this is the heat and for OH well OH is minus 39 minus of plus 39 this is for the products and if I add this up the heat of reaction of this particular propagation reaction comes out to be equal to plus 28 kilo joules. Similarly I can calculate the energy for the chain branching reactions now I know the heat of formation of H I know the heat of formation of OH I know this I put together similarly I get the value for the chain branching reaction as H2 plus O giving me something like 70 kilo joules in a similar manner and for the last one O2 plus H giving O plus H the energy released in this reaction is 8 kilo joules well we find yes these two reactions and this one these three the chain propagation and the chain branching reactions are exothermic but the exothermicity is small how do I say it is small let us work out one or two cases let us find out the exothermicity of let us say a reaction like H2 plus O plus M is equal to H2O plus M if I take this well the heat of this particular reaction is equal to minus of H2O that is minus 285 and I have O over here we know heat of formation of water is plus 248 therefore I have minus 1 into 248 therefore the heat of this recombination reaction H2O plus H2 plus O plus M is equal to H2O plus M comes out to be something like plus 534 kilo joules similarly if I were to write the heat of formation of this may be H plus O2 plus M H O2 plus M we said well the heat of formation of H O2 if I go to the standard literature tables and plot it out well H O2 has a value of plus 2 kilo joule per mole and therefore the energy liberated in the reaction H2 plus H plus O2 plus M is equal to H O2 plus M is equal to we are talking of may be minus of plus 2 that is the product we have two M and M is the same over here minus I have H over here the value of heat of formation of H is equal to plus 218 minus 218 which is equal to something like 216 plus therefore because this is a small positive value over here it is plus 216 kilo joules therefore these recombination reactions have high value of exothermic heat release whereas the chain propagation and chain branching reactions have very small values 8 or 28 and all this whereas the chain initiation reactions have hardly they absorb energy they are endothermic therefore you know what is going to happen let us say I dump some energy I start this chain initiation chain propagation and chain branching reactions and as more chains and more chains are being formed I have the recombination reactions taking place and what is it I find I find well the energy is essentially liberated in the recombination reactions and hardly any worthwhile energy gets liberated here with the result what I can now tell is well during the initial phase of the reaction when I activate the reactions that means I look at may be the temperature gain what is going to happen the temperature hardly changes it just is endothermic which is balanced by the energy release and once the recombination reactions take place the temperature increases and I have a signature like this in other words initially there is hardly any value of chemical heat release and which is followed by as per therefore in this period I have chains which are being formed chains being initiated followed by a period in which the chains recombine to give heat therefore we tell ourselves well during the initial phase I have chain initiation chain propagation and chain initiation chain branching reactions that means initiation propagation and branching reactions for the chains and the chains combined in the period later on to give energy that means Tc corresponds to recombination and during the initial phase I just do not get much energy release well this matches with whatever we were telling for high activation energy and this is how a reaction progresses in practice having studied this you know why I am why are we going into these details see tomorrow we want to control a reaction or control an explosion if you want to control a control an explosion it is necessary that I do not allow this to happen may be I should somehow absorb the chains during the reaction and this is what I will do subsequently but to be able to be clear on what little we have been doing so far let us put it together in a plot of let us say the last plot could be may be as a function of dt by dt that is the rate of temperature rise as can I work it out as a function of time which means as a function of the temperature itself because we said as time increases the temperature increases therefore as a function of time I could be able to do this I want to take a look at this therefore we again say well my constraints are the following I also have a lumped mass system I have a volume I have a density of the explosive which is rho the CV of the explosive that is the specific heat of the explosive is CV I have the ambient temperature T ambient the temperature at any time is T the initial temperature could have been T0 well what did we tell ourselves well I have the mass of the system rho V into the specific heat that is the thermal mass of the system into I have dt by dt which is and this gives me the rate in so much kilograms or kilo joules per second or joules per second and where does this come from it comes from the rate of the reaction that is so much moles per cc second into the the value of volume that means moles per second multiplied by q so much joules per mole it also give me joule per second and this is what I am balancing I want to see how the value of dt by dt by dt that is d capital T by d small t changes and therefore now I write the value for the reaction I say well reaction given given by ACN exponential minus activation energy by r0 t into I have Vnq over here and you know you will also recall we had an expression for c we derived one expression for c these are well I can write the expression for c is equal to c0 into temperature maximum minus temperature at any point in time when the concentration is c divided by Tm minus the initial temperature we plug this in and then we say we can get the value of dt by dt is equal to well in this particular expression we need not be taken into account I have aq aq over here well I have divided by rho cv and then we have taken these terms over here therefore now we have only the value of cn therefore I can write c0 raise to the power n where we are still considering an nth order reaction or we say the rate of a reaction is proportional to c to the power n n could be 1 it could be it could be even 0 it could be 2 for a second order reaction and we said most of the reactions are n is equal to 2 and we said is equal to Tm minus t divided by Tm minus t0 to the power n AC0 into we have the exponential term coming over here minus ea by r0 into t into the value of q over here well this gives me the expression for the rate of temperature increase and if I look at the rate of temperature increase and let's say I first plot it with respect to temperature that means on the x axis I have temperature what is it I get well when the temperature is initially let's say the ambient temperature have Tm minus t0 Tm minus t0 well this is a strong term well it's a small number over here and as temperature increases and reaches the final maximum value it becomes 0 that means ultimately it becomes 0 over here and in between if my activation energy is large like what we have been talking earlier well the temperature increase is like this it goes it goes after a long induction time let's let's put it down more reasonably we tell ourselves initially the temperature increase is small because the activation energy ea controls it after some time well it peaks like this and it comes down to 0 over here this is the type of dt over d time curve and what is the temperature how it how does it change well initially the the temperature is t0 over here that is and it reaches the value and therefore if I were to now change this x axis instead of temperature I plot the time what is the type of relation what I get let's let's put everything together such that we can now interpret the reaction taking place and the rate at which the temperature build up takes place I have temperature versus time I have dt by dt I want to plot it on the axis again I also want to plot c as a function of time well let us first plot this well it starts with a temperature t0 and it goes to a maximum value tm this is the value of t let us now plot the value of the rate of temperature increase well it's it starts at a low value maybe somewhere over here the peak occurs well it goes like this peak occurs and comes back over here this is the value of dt by dt if I were to plot the concentration and if I denote the concentration c at any time well initially the concentration is c0 the final value of concentration is 0 because all the fuel is consumed and therefore maybe if this is initial value it starts like this and comes over here well these are the concentration plots the temperature increase plots the rate of temperature increase plots and we tell ourselves well based on whatever we have discussed for hydrogen oxygen and it's true for any hydrocarbon or most of the substances we can tell ourselves it is during this period that the chain initiation chain propagation and the chain branching reactions are there and avalanche of chains are being formed and these during this period recombination reactions take place during the actual time of heat release that is recombination of chains to give me the heat and these are essentially the chain formation stage we should know what must I do to control supposing I do not want an explosion and all of us are looking at at ways to control an explosion or to stop an explosion what must I do to to to stop the chains being formed maybe I should add something such that the chains do not get formed but before I do this let's quickly take a look be the chain initiation reactions we told ourselves well h2 forms h plus h you know the formation of chains is is is sort of facilitated when I have other molecules maybe I have something like maybe a wall maybe I have something like an energetic wall which can help in the reaction or I have maybe the oxygen molecule also provides a collision therefore we say the third body helps in the reaction and this third body does not take part in a reaction it helps in the reaction but it is it is available to me after the reaction as the third body itself therefore we say h2 plus m is equal to h plus h plus m and the rate of a reaction we called as omega so much moles per cc second and that is equal to 2.08 into 10 to the power 15 exponential the way we have been telling second order reaction therefore concentration of hydrogen into concentration of whatever is available as a third body over here we also find that there is a weak dependence on temperature coming over here you will recall when I got the value of omega I did say well it could be a small function of temperature and when we do experiments we do find it is a weak function of temperature in addition to temperature coming in the exponential term we do have temperature coming over here similarly the chain initiation reaction of o2 forming o plus o chains is also helped by a third molecule and the rate of reaction is given by in this case again temperature is quite weak over here explicitly a combination of the oxygen and the third molecule over here this is the reaction rate over here similarly for the chain proper chain you also could have chain initiation reaction in which I have h2 plus o2 forming o h plus h this is also chain initiation well in this case the temperature effect is not there the rate of reaction is given by this I can I knowing the rate at which the chains are there I can write the value of omega is equal to d hd of h2 by dt is equal to omega into using the law of mass action as concentration of h into concentration of of the third body I can solve for the rate at which the chains are being formed that means the rate at which h2 is getting depleted or dh by dt is equal to omega into h2 in plus m over here and of course I have two of them therefore two of dh by dt is equal to this and therefore I can find out the rate at which the chains are being formed this is for the chain initiation reactions I get a similar one for the chain propagation reaction o h plus h2 is equal to h plus h2o the rate of a reaction is given in terms of the concentration of o h and h2 and we have the rate of a reaction is there similarly the chain branching reactions h plus o2 giving o h plus o and the chain branching reaction that means for each chain I form two more chains or o plus h2 forming two more chains the reaction rates are given by this these are somewhat temperature dependent reactions in addition to temperature coming under the exponential sign over here therefore we have the chain initiation chain propagation chain branching reactions and when we talk in terms of chain termination reactions I write these two h plus o2 plus a third body mind you you know when we talk of these recombinations and a third body over here you know the collisions you need a number of h number of o2 because three bodies are reacting together at a point this happens essentially at high pressures because at low pressures you know you do not have the feasibility of three molecules colliding with each other therefore these three body reactions essentially happens at higher pressures and we have h o2 plus m we have h plus o h plus m giving h2o plus m and the rate constants of these two are given by this and we just now showed on the board that the energy release in these chain termination reactions are very much greater than the endothermic heat release or the energy absorption in the chain initiation and the small values of energy released in the chain propagation and the chain termination reactions therefore it is possible for us using these known values of experimentally determined rate constants to or the rate of a reaction to be able to plot to be able to determine the values of let us say h and o h and let us say o which are being formed in the reactions and find out the period or the time duration during which the chain initiation takes place and the recombination reactions take place having said this let us come back and take one last look at the chemical explosions from the point of view of the following well we said well hydrogen oxygen will stick to this because it is quite illustrative we said well I have let us say hydrogen and oxygen which is available can I say well all along for all conditions of pressure and temperature that means I want to take a look at the explosion diagram for pressure as a function of temperature in other words I have a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a container I have hydrogen and oxygen let us say I vary the pressure and temperature I want to find out well does the reaction does the explosion diagram look quite the same for all pressures and temperatures or are there some regions of pressure and temperature in which no explosion is possible are there some regions of pressure and temperature in which explosion is possible and that is what I want to take a look therefore we just do whatever little we have discussed so far let us say I am I am interested in pressure let us let us consider a pressure limit of let us say 10 kPa which is let us say 0.1 of an atmosphere and let us consider a temperature region let us let us now restrict ourselves to a temperature region around let us say 500 degree centigrade or let us say 400 degree centigrade because you know you will recall we said that the auto ignition temperature of hydrogen oxygen mixture is around 440 degree centigrade or so therefore let us let us keep this in mind let us say in Kelvin I am interested in a temperature of around let us say 700 Kelvin this is my region of interest which I am looking at therefore if I am basically interested in the low pressure region that is sub atmospheric pressures that is I am interested in this particular region can I can I say under what conditions will an explosion occur in this particular region well I I know that when the pressure is large that means when pressure is large that is of the order of let us say somewhere over here around 8 or 10 kPa pressure is large therefore the the collisions between the molecules H2 and O will be higher and therefore we expect more change to be created when the pressure is higher when the pressure is lower well no chains are created but if the temperature is higher well the molecules have higher energy and therefore I can say chains will be formed something like this that means when I talk of very low pressures and high temperatures I can say well chains are created in this particular region that means more chains are possible in this region as the pressure is increases at lower temperature more chains are being formed and therefore I tell myself this is the region in which more chains are being formed and therefore this corresponds to a lot of chains and these chains can recombine and generate heat therefore this shaded region that is the hatch region corresponds to an explosion in this region what is happening some chains are definitely formed but they go back they are absorbed by the wall because the chains are so few and therefore this region corresponds to no explosion this is in the region of sub atmospheric pressures let us now increase the pressure and still discuss this diagram further now in the region let us say I go to something like like like 100 kilo or let us say yeah let us say I go to 100 kilo Pascal or a little higher let us say 200 kilo Pascal then what is going to happen you know in this region well chains are being formed but we also found that the reaction H plus O2 plus M forms something like HO2 plus M which does not really give that much of heat but what happens the chain H gets consumed and maybe at higher pressure and higher temperature more and more chains are getting consumed and HO2 is being formed and HO2 you know is something which can can be kept as it is for some amount of time that means at intermediate pressures and temperatures it can form products and therefore this fellow continues to form HO2 that is the chains get depleted here we also find yes at higher pressures more and more of these things are getting formed chains are getting consumed therefore I can think in terms of the situation something like this wherein maybe if the pressure exceeds this limit well the chain gets consumed here since chain gets consumed over here no explosion is possible in this region that means I put that graph over here I say in this region no explosion is possible but in this particular region well I have the chains which are being formed and recombination reacts reaction generates heat but in this region pressure is high as temperature increases this reaction takes place no explosion is possible and ultimately therefore I say well this is one limit where in no explosion and in this region I have explosion taking place and now if I increase the pressure still further what happens well I have HO2 being formed and this HO2 can react with H2 to form H2O2 plus hydrogen that means chain is getting formed again and this H2O2 I am sorry HO2 plus H2O2 plus H over here and the H2O2 can again at high pressures heat against each other and form OH plus H therefore at very high pressures I again start getting the chain carriers which can go which can produce a lot of chains and these chains can combine to recombine to form heat release like H2 plus O giving H2O or H plus 2H plus O giving me water and therefore the curve goes back over here therefore in this case I have explosion taking place over here and in this series this continues over here no explosion therefore what is it I see well this corresponds to the second phase wherein the chain termination reaction is not allowing the chains to take place and I have no explosion over here but however I get an explosion here I have no explosion here no explosion here beyond a certain value of pressure I do get an explosion coming over here and therefore this gives me an explosion diagram this is the limit where we say is the first explosion limit wherein the vessel absorbs the hydrogen and I have no explosion in this case I have the chain termination reaction H plus O2 plus M which absorbs all the chains and does not allow an explosion to take place and well in the third one well because of the high pressure effects more and more chains are being formed I have an explosion taking place this is the explosion diagram and this this is called the third one wherein I form chains readily I illustrate this in in one of the slides which I will show now and what is it we see in this particular slide I just show the three explosion limits well this is the first explosion limit at low pressures this is the second explosion limit wherein the chain termination reaction robs of the chains over here and I have at the higher pressures the third explosion limit therefore we have a first explosion limit only on the right side which is shaded you have explosions you do not have explosion in this particular region over here and this is how we interpret explosions for the different explosives well this is all about it let's let's spend a couple of minutes on what I told earlier namely we wanted to find out whether I can control my explosion supposing I don't want an explosion what is it I do let's let's see what could be done in other words I want to do something to my explosive let's again get back to the starting point namely I have a vessel let's say I have a container containing hydrogen and oxygen now to prevent an explosion I must not allow my chains H OH may be O to sort of increase in large number and these chains should not react and form the chain termination reactions or given spurt in energy release in other words I want to control such that I do not create these chain chains at all and for this what is it we do well we use some substances which which are like methyl bromide we say CH3 methyl bromide we say methyl iodide or we say methyl chloride CH3 Cl you know these are halogen based compounds they can in general be denoted by Rx where x is the halogen and R is the organic radical the halogen compound Rx reacts with the chain carrier H that means it is robbing the chain carrier from the explosion forming Hx that is the hydrogen halide and the organic radical you know to be more clear about this let's take the specific example of let's say a bromine compound that means we are talking in terms of R halide being bromine RBr the RBr reacts with hydrogen that is the hydrogen chain to form R plus hydrogen bromide this hydrogen bromide so form reacts with more of the hydrogen chain that means it absorbs or robs more of the hydrogen chain from the reaction to form hydrogen molecule plus the bromine atom and therefore now you have effectively taken out H from the reaction that is the chain carrier from the reaction the bromine ions act with bromine ions to form the bromine molecule that happens in the presence of the third body that means the other atoms and molecules in the reaction and therefore bromine forms the bromine molecule and the bromine molecule further reacts with the hydrogen atom that is the hydrogen chains to form hydrogen bromide and bromine atom and now what is happening is see our again robbing hydrogen from the reaction or from the explosion that is the chain carriers are being further removed and this bromine atom again robs further chains of H to form H plus Br in the presence of the third body to form hydrogen bromide therefore you see a series of steps by which the hydrogen chain carrier is being removed and also we find well hydrogen bromine also our hydrogen bromide gets further regenerated in the reaction which effectively promotes further robbing of the chain carriers therefore the regeneration of HBr effectively removes the chain carrier H and in this way you are removing the chain carriers and when we remove the chain carriers well you don't have much of the chain carriers to prolong your induction time and also accumulate chain carriers by which you have a spurt or a peaking in the reaction in the absence of chain carriers therefore you do not therefore get an explosion namely a long induction time followed by the spurt in the reaction and this is how the halogen compounds like Rx are effective in removing the chain carriers and inhibiting the chemical reaction which could lead to an explosion we must remember that phosphorus compounds similarly react with chain carriers and eliminate them and therefore also inhibit the explosion process you use phosphorus compounds and these phosphorus compounds could be mono ammonium phosphate the formula being NH4 H2 PO4 and the second being trisodium phosphate formula being Na3PO4 therefore adding such inhibitors to our explosive substances will arrest the formation of chains and will not allow the explosion to occur well this is all about the theory of explosions and it's time we go to the next chapter but before I do that let's let's take one small model problem such that we revise the total what little we have done you remember we talked in terms of different types of explosions and I think it's necessary for me to tell one last thing you know supposing let's say I have a leak I have a leak of let's say propane C3 H8 or let's say I have a leak of methane such as it happened in Ural mountains in 1989 in which I formed a huge cloud of methane air mixture in because of some pipeline burst and supposing let's say I have this methane air which has which is accumulated as a huge cloud you know mind you this cloud is at atmospheric pressure the ambient is also one atmosphere pressure therefore it is just an unconfined cloud as it were it is not that I have a container or a bomb in which this particular gas mixture is available I can understand when I can contain a mixture in a bomb well pressure builds up on the bomb burst but this is an atmosphere itself in atmosphere itself supposing I have a cloud of methane or a cloud of propane with air which is formed can it result in an explosion the question is well it's not confined but I do realize that maybe propane methane or hydrogen cloud goes through the process of having let's say I plot it now the heat release from this particular cloud what happens initially I have an induction time followed by induction time I have a spurt in the energy release because I have this spurt in energy release after this induction time and this chemical reaction time during which actual heat release takes place is very small what happens is because of this spurt blast waves are generated and you can have an explosion even in an unconfined environment it's not necessary that I put my explosive only in a bomb or in a container and have an explosion it is possible to have unconfined explosions and this is what we will be considering subsequently we will talk in terms of confined explosions and we find even in unconfined conditions that is open unconfined it is possible to have an explosion let me quickly go through one last example may be a worked out problem in which I will now consider may be the example of the Texas city disaster we have done this problem already for the heat release what did we say in the case of the Texas city disaster we have ammonium nitrate and this ammonium nitrate was contained in bags several bags of them something like 7700 tons of ammonium nitrate this happened in 1947 and what is there you have the hull of the ship in which all these bags of ammonium percolate where ammonium nitrate I am sorry we are all packed one against the other you know this represented something like a well insulated system and little bit of energy release we said well under all conditions I can have some at even at room temperature some element of chemical reaction takes place there is a small amount of temperature increase taking place and therefore the small amount of temperature led to higher and higher temperatures and higher energy release and it resulted in a in a very drastic explosion now I want to find out what is the preheat required to cause this explosion when we look at ammonium nitrate well from literature I know that the activation energy is something like 90,000 joules per mole and therefore we say let on that day explosion occurred let the temperature be 30 degree centigrade therefore now I know from what we studied is Tc that is the critical temperature minus T ambient is equal to we have the value of r naught T ambient squared divided by the activation energy and therefore I get the value of the critical temperature minus the ambient temperature as equal to 8 universal gas constant into T ambient T ambient is 30 that is equal to 303 Kelvin divided by 90,000 and this number works out to be equal to 8.48 Kelvin degree centigrade therefore the value of the critical temperature is equal to something like 30 that is equal to 38.48 degree centigrade you find that the preheat temperatures are still small the critical temperature is 38.48 which Kelvin comes out to be equal to plus 273 is equal to the the value is 311.48 Kelvin I add 273 to it now I want to find out the rate at which energy gets liberated and we told yes I must evaluate it at Tc and there are some experiments which are conducted on the rate of reaction for ammonium nitrate and it has been shown by Heiner in one of the combustion symposiums that the rate of reaction of ammonium nitrate is given by 10 to the power 13.8 into exponential of minus 80,000 divided by r naught T second inverse that means it is something in which even the concentration is not playing a role it is this is the rate of a reaction and therefore how do we evaluate the heat release we find out the rate of a reaction under the critical condition that is Tc that means temperature is going to be 311.48 we evaluate so much second inverse we already know if I have ammonium nitrate how much energy is liberated we say well NH4 NO3 we have the products we find out the heat of formation of the products minus heat of formation of reactants we know what is the energy which is liberated per unit mass therefore for 7700 tons what is the energy which is liberated and this energy liberated into the rate at which it is being liberated so much per second that is second inverse gives me the rate at which energy gets liberated in this particular reaction and we find that the time constant of this at Tc is a small number compared to the heat characteristic time and therefore the explosion takes place this is how we do any problem relating to an explosion well this is all about the theory for explosions but mind you we have made a drastic assumption the assumption is we assume a lumped mass system for the explosion in the next series of classes we will try to see what is the effect of this lumped mass system and whether we can really remove this assumption and proceed to interpret an explosion and then we go back and look at confined and unconfined explosions well thank you an announcement please in the lectures 13 to 19 the energy release rate of energy release and the thermal theory for explosions have been covered in detail references for further reading connected with these lectures namely 13 to 19 and a set of homework problems are given in the downloads of this video course


Aloha and welcome to another edition of Hawaii's Living Legend Lawyers Project, brought to you by the Hawaii State Bar Association and Think Tech Hawaii. My name is Craig Weitfeld. I'm an attorney with Bays, Long, Rose and Hola and I'm a former leader of the Hawaii State Bar Association and have the privilege and honor of serving as host for today's program. Boy, I knew I'd get caught on that. The Living Legend Lawyers Project is an opportunity for us to meet and talk story with some of the attorneys who have been the pioneers in our profession here in Hawaii who have made a difference both among attorneys and in our community. And today's program called Promoting the Rule of Law, we have a wonderful guest, Ray Sanchu is here with us, a pioneer for women in the profession and for attorneys in general. Ray, thanks so much for being here. Glad to be here. Thank you, Craig. Great. Well, right now I want to start by just getting a little bit of information about you. How did you start into law and start on this road? Well, I guess I grew up in a family of PhDs. My father was a college professor, my mother was also a college professor. And so they said, well, I guess you'll be going on to graduate school and we'll plan for that. And so rather than going, I was thinking of psychology. But when I was in college, I took psychology courses. I found that everybody who was teaching psychology was a little bit neurotic. It was probably in the subject area because they're trying to figure out their own problems and so forth. Anyway, so I said, I think maybe I should go into law because I like things that have a beginning and an end. That was the second choice. It was teaching psychology or go to law? Practicing psychology. But, you know, of course, practicing psychology, there's never an end. You never find a resolution. Whereas, of course, with law, you know, we strive to move towards resolution. So I decided to go. Well, and then I was hesitant to go to law school because of the fact that I thought it was so male dominated and that it would not be a comfortable place for me. But I figured just going to go for it. So I did and I entered law school just at the height of the Vietnam War. And so they were, you know, joking that maybe it would be a lot of disabled men that couldn't go to war or women. And of course, luckily, I entered the law school and there was maybe 10% women and a lot of them were not straight out of college. A lot of them had been married, raised a family and went back to law school. But anyway, after I graduated, I thought, well, this is my chance to kind of move to where I want to live for a long time. And I thought, well, I'm going west. Either California or I was thinking California, of course. And then I ended up in Hawaii and I was assigned to the Hawaii Legal Aid Society. And I worked there for a while and then Brookhart was the public defender at the time. And I thought, you know, it'd be really cool to be able to just go right into court and build the confidence and get to know the system, which I did. I had about 130 misdemeanor cases when I started, practically the only one doing misdemeanors. There was another lawyer that did half-time misdemeanors. Anyway, so it was a great initiation into the... Did you enjoy doing that? Yes, I did. That seems like a really challenging way to jump right in. Exactly, exactly. But I had a lot of help. The judges sometimes were a little bit escance at me. Like, if I was in another court when my case was called, I'd come back into their courtroom and they'd go, where were you? I mean, one of you of them had a very, very stern attitude towards me like, you've got to prove yourself, girl, kind of a thing. And also, other lawyers that were practicing in district court at that time, you know, after a few months, they said, what kind of case do you have? I mean, like, I was the defendant, not as a lawyer. Right, right, right. And so, you know, of course, they always get confused and think that maybe I'm a secretary or a paralegal. That must have been difficult.  And then I moved up to circuit court doing felony cases and that was a great experience. I probably had about 40 jury trials in a period of about three years. And... Did you enjoy going to trial? It was a lot of pressure, you know, making sure you get all your witnesses lined up. And then a lot of times there were two or three cases scheduled for trial on the same day, on the same week. Because the court figure, you know, has them all kind of lined up in case one or two were settled. So, but for an attorney, you know, not knowing for sure whether your case is going to trial or not was tough. But, you know, we had to be prepared. And of course, well, public defenders didn't have as many resources as the prosecutors, you know. So we could not rely on the one investigator we had, you know, to help us line up witnesses and so forth. But anyway, it was fulfilling. But after all those trials, I said, well, I got to move on to something else. So I worked at the legislature and then I opened up my own practice. I was taking just about anything that walked in the door. Well, Ray, let me do your own horn here for a minute, because somewhere along the line here, you decided that not just for me, I want to make things better for women lawyers as a whole. Exactly. And you're one of the founders of Hawaii Women Lawyers. Tell us about that. Well, while I was in law school, it was the watershed years of civil rights movement. It was the Warren Court. And every other week, you know, there was a major case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court about the rights of women, rights of welfare recipients, the rights of defendants. And I worked at the Maryland Attorney General's Office during the summer. And in the plaza outside the office building were women protesting and pulling off their bra and swinging it around. And I really agreed with all the things that the women's movement were moving towards at that time and to this day, of course. But so I figured, you know, that I would form an organization bringing women lawyers together. Because at the time, when I was a public defender, there were very few women that were visible to speak of. Most of them worked in insurance companies or in offices as somewhat of a legal assistant or they were not in court, in other words, every day. So it was the prosecutors and the public defenders that were the more visible ones. But so I thought, well, I'd wait till the first class of the UH Law School graduated, which was 1973. And no, I'm sorry. Yeah, I think 1973. And I recruited several of the law school graduates to help me get started. Well, I think we have a picture. We look at photo number three here. This is, I believe, a newspaper article that has you piloting up the 1978 Constitutional Convention and also the White Women Lawyers Foundation. Right, right. So there was a picture there of Patsy Mink sitting next to me at a women lawyers meeting. And the top picture is myself speaking at the White Constitutional Convention, 1978, where there was, since we were a very new state, there were a lot of issues that we had to deal with, such as the way to pick judges, a judicial selection commission. And then the OHA was formed, Office of Hawaiian Affairs were formed. And they gave a voice to the Hawaiian people and a bunch of others, environmental issues, which I think is the best of any other state that I know. And no nuclear power in Hawaii, several other very aspirational things that got passed. Because we have some other photos here and some Hawaii women lawyers. Do you have photo number four to show? And I believe that there are a lot of people that went on to careers in law, but in politics and other things, but went on to become judges and others. This is a group of Hawaii women lawyers, correct? Well, we were celebrating, I can't recall exactly who's success we were celebrating, but when someone got appointed judge, like I see Leslie Hayashi and Lee Crandall in the picture, I know for sure that when those two became judges, we all got together and had lunch and celebrated their success. So it was a very good network. Well, certainly, and you were the one instrumental in bringing that together. Right. Well, the formal organization of Hawaii women lawyers. Carol Manly was someone who who kind of carried the torch on because right after we formed it, we, I ran and was selected for the Constitutional Convention. So she was a staff member at the Constitutional Convention and she also took the reins of the Hawaii women lawyers and got things going more on an organizational basis. Okay, but this is all, and I'm just going to use it, the lawyers parlance. This is all non billable time. I mean, this is all efforts that you're making to better both the community, but in particular the community for the lawyers, for the women lawyers in our state and such. And you did that on top of raising a family, yes? Right. Absolutely. Two children, right? And you can tell me a little bit about them. Oh, yeah. They're wonderful children. One of them went into law. Yes. Our son, Derek, went into law. He was born in 1984. And our daughter is joining the UH faculty as a full-time tenure-track professor this fall. Oh, that's fantastic. So someone went into education, your family. My goodness. My father was a professor, as I mentioned earlier. Yes, so I guess it gets passed on in the genes. Well, I'll tell you where I'm going with this. Although the name of the program is promoting the rule of law, in addition to doing that, you've promoted women in this profession throughout your career. And you've done it professionally as a practicing attorney. But you've also done it through your role with our Bar Association, and we'll talk some more about that. But through founding and helping to found the Women Lawyers Foundation, all on your own time. And at the same time, you did that, and you were able to raise a family and your wonderful family to show it for that. I think there's a message here for women coming into this profession. And that is maybe there is a way to have it all, if you will. How did you do that? Well, I wonder that myself. I think being organized and trying to kind of compartmentalize the various parts of your life, you know, like do not hesitate to hire help to clean your house, to make your life easier and more organized. And just, you know, make sure your partner, whoever else, you know, that lives with you is also helping to take care of the children. And just, you know, various other things that is always in the mindset and the willingness to just put out. Okay, we're going to take a little break here. You're watching Hawaii's Living Legend Lawyers Project on Think Tech Hawaii. I'm Craig Wagner. I'm here with Ray St. Chu, and we've got a lot more coming. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Oh, my name is Mark Shklav. I am the host of Think Tech Hawaii's Law Across the Sea. Law Across the Sea is on Think Tech Hawaii every other Monday at 11 a.m. Please join me where my guests talk about law topics, and ideas, and music, and Hawaii Ana all across the sea from Hawaii and back again. Aloha. Aloha, and welcome back. This is Hawaii's Living Legend Lawyers Project. My name is Craig Wagner, and I'm serving as host for today. I'm here with Ray St. Chu, who's been telling us a little bit about her career, and more importantly, the impact that she's had on women lawyers throughout our state. Ray, you were telling me sort of during the break a little bit about some of the impact and some of what that meant to you over the years of working both professionally and on your own time in the community and such to improve the law, if you will, and improve the situation for women entering this profession. Can you share a little bit of that? Yeah, well, as I said earlier that there were so few women lawyers in Hawaii at the time when I started that I was looking for friends and people I could connect with and talk about cases, talk about issues that come up, and so, of course, finding, being a founder or instigator of getting the ball going on Hawaii women lawyers was an important thing. And as you can see from the previous pictures, we have a strong bond among the women lawyers that we're practicing early on, and I continue to be really good friends with many of them. And I think that's important, and that would be a piece of advice I'd give to all women lawyers is that they find people that they can relate to, they find mentors, they find friends that have similar interests or going through the similar... Build your support group, if you will. Exactly, exactly. Now, you didn't stop there, though. You could have, and it would have still been incredibly impressive, but you sort of parlayed that then into leading our Bar Association. So let's talk a little bit about that. How did that come about? And what brought you to want to do that? And then what did you do? Well, I just enjoyed a lot of the Bar activities throughout my career. And then, of course, at some point, about early 1990s, there was a group of us started the Hawaii Women's Legal Foundation, which... Is that that? I think we have that photo number one, if we could take a look at that. That might give us a little bit of a picture of, is that the Hawaii Women Lawyers Foundation? Yes. Yes, yes, yes. And that's... So, yeah, so we found... Well, the bottom is an article about the Hawaii Women Lawyers Foundation in the Bar Journal. We changed the name, in fact, to Hawaii Women's Legal Foundation, because it's not just about women lawyers. It's about women's legal issues. I think I saw a picture of you as a supreme there. Yes, yes. That was in one of the Hawaii State Bar Association annual dinner, in which the entertainment was the lawyers who didn't really have any talent. But we tried anyway, and it was a lot of fun. Yes, you were right there with Judge Murray-Milks and Sandra Sims and yourself. Yes, yes. Yes, so it was other entertainment, too, but that was a lot of fun. And I think the 1993, which is just over next to that, that was the first bar dinner, wasn't it? Yes, the very first, right, when Sherry Broder was president and we honored lawyers amongst us that are in the picture. But you had to be elected to serve as president of the bar. Right. And if I'm right, you were the third woman president of our bar. Right, right. Yes. The third Asian woman that was in 2011, I think, no, no, I'm sorry, 2008 was the, 2009. Okay. 2009. Okay, 2009. Yes. Okay. It was right after the... How difficult was it to do that?  You've got a law practice. How did you balance all of that? Staying up late at night. No, not really. I think technology helped. I mean, of course, that's more in the last 10 years, but just the drive and the willingness to kind of move up to the next level. True. Yeah, and I really enjoyed being a Hawaii State Bar Association president. A lot, many HSBA presidents have said that their year as the president was like a highlight of their legal career, and I can understand that because you're looking at the big picture of where the bar is going, where the lawyers are going, and how to improve their impact on the community and improve their own practice. It lets you take a macro view where you've been so involved in the micro aspect of practicing law. And I can tell you from that experience, because you and your husband Rich played a very large part in a decision of mine to pursue a similar path and such. Yeah. Certainly without many of the obstacles that you faced as you went into doing that and many of the other things you've done. But then you were instrumental also in taking what has always been the Bar Association and helping you create a foundation. What can you tell us about that? The Hawaii State Bar Foundation? Foundation, yes. Well, a lot of that came from my experience with the Hawaii Women's Legal Foundation. Okay. Because we are the charitable arm of the Hawaii Women lawyers. Right. And they're a membership association, but the foundation supports the membership organization in many, many ways. Not only financially, but other ways. And I could see how beneficial it was for both organizations to have a charitable foundation stand up next to the membership organization. And of course with the Bar Association, we have, well, probably over 6,000 members, but maybe 4,000 that are actively practicing law. So it's a lot of lawyers. What does the Hawaii State Bar Foundation do? Well, you are the treasurer. So I'm asking a question that is obviously rhetorical for me. I know the answer to that, but I also want you to be able to share that because you're serving as vice president now. You've served in the past as president of the foundation. Tell us a little bit about what, why, obviously there's enough of a reason there that you want to be involved. Our main goal is to help the Bar Association and to enhance their work. And also the very important part of being a lawyer is to provide services to the public. Pro Bono work, we have a rule in our Code of Ethics that lawyers must provide pro bono work and help the community. And, you know, so we raise money and we have a donor list from those who have... And it's number six there. Let me take a quick look at that. This is a donor list of fellows. A fellows of the Hawaii State Bar Foundation in which we solicit donations from individual lawyers that we turn around and give out to various people in the community who are serving the public. And more recently, of course, with the Big Island and Big Island volcano activity, people being displaced from their homes as well. So we've been helping with that as well. Yes, as well as Kauai. Well, let me ask one other question because I want to get this in because it fits right into the theme which is, what is your message to young women who are entering the profession now? Would you tell them don't do it or would you tell them do it and what's your message? Do it, do it for sure. Yeah, I think legal profession is well suited for women because they're very verbal. They're very organized. I mean, not that men aren't but that they should have the confidence to get into the legal profession. And the balancing act is fun. It's good. Yes. So I think we've already got the message out that we want 50-50 going forward as far as judges are concerned. But there are other issues such as that are coming up now such as sex harassment and women's choice, trying to kind of keep religion out of women's private decisions with their own bodies. And then of course the other thing of sex harassment, feeling comfortable about coming out about that to basically stem the tide and that it's not okay for men to act like boys will be boys type of behavior. Sure. And as lawyers you're armed particularly to handle that one. Exactly, exactly. That's fantastic. Well, not only are you a pioneer in this but you continue to do that and continue to be both an inspiration and a help and a support to those women entering the profession. Thank you so much for being here today. Thank you for thinking about it. And that about wraps up our latest episode of Hawaii's Living Legend Lawyers. Promoting the rule of law was our show but it went a lot further than that. And a big mahalo to Ray Sanchiu to Think Tech Hawaii and to the Hawaii State Bar Association. I'm Craig Wagner saying thank you for being here and there'll be another episode. So look forward to that here on Think Tech Hawaii.


I'll send out some new copies printed, I'll send you some of them, and I've got one of your pictures in it. I've got one of our leadership meetings here, and I put some pictures in the printed copy, I'll send you some. If you're up this way anyway, you let me know and talk about it, and I hope that you do talk to Roy, and you all see what can be done quick, because tomorrow is Thursday, and this thing will be decided Thursday and Friday. Well, I don't get the right to work with you. Okay, you let me know, and if I'm not available, can the security be anything, call Lee White. Alright. Anytime you have any problems, call him anyway. Thank you. You know that, don't you? Alright. Okay. Alright.


Not only do most breads have lectins and the most famous lectin and bread is gluten, most breads are just basically pure refined carbohydrates. Now one of the really sad things is that most of us know sugar is really bad for us and sugar is a combination of two sugars. Glucose and fructose. Fructose is the fruit sugar and so sucrose, which is table sugar, which we think of as sugar, is a combination of those two sugars that are bound together. When we take a starch, we'll use wheat for an example, and we process it into a fine powder. That starch is unfortunately easier to digest and appear in your bloodstream than breaking down straight table sugar. So many of you know that the glycemic index table, 100, which is basically the worst, was based on white bread because it is basically instant sugar and sucrose, table sugar, sits around 75, just as a comparison. Now, why is it important? Because most bread has about four teaspoons of sugar per slice. So that every time you have that healthy sandwich, you're eating the equivalent of eight teaspoons of sugar.  Now, having said that, there are some types of breads that are worse than others. Number one, topping the hit list, and I do mean hit list for your health, are sprouted breads like Dave's killer bread or Ezekiel bread. Why? It turns out that sprouting of any grain increases the lectin content. Now, why is that? Remember, lectins are the plant defense system against being eaten personally or against having the seed eaten, which is the baby of the mother plant. As the seed sprouts, that is it the most vulnerable. And so the lectin content in the sprout actually dramatically increases.  In fact, I've told this story, I've written about this story in one of my books, and I'll just bravefully mention it again. We had a woman with rheumatoid arthritis who wanted to get off her biologic medications, which we did. Her rheumatoid arthritis markers became normal. Her arthritis disappeared in her hands. As you know, I see my patients every three to six months. And when I saw her about six months later, I noticed that her rheumatoid arthritis markers were again positive after being negative. And she related that her arthritis, she could feel and you could see it in her hands. So immediately we went to her food list and I said, well, you know, what the heck? You know, you've added something. She said, no, I haven't changed a thing. I said, you've added something. And she said, oh, yeah, I've added a new bread, which is really healthy. It's Dave's killer bread.  Get rid of that. I'll see you back in three months or we're gonna recheck. Sure enough, getting rid of Dave's killer bread, her rheumatoid arthritis markers became normal again, and lo and behold, the arthritis in her fingers subsided. All because she got rid of a healthy lectin containing food. So perfectly well-named. If you want a killer bread, you get the message. Number two, whole grain breads. Now, here's the problem. Wheat, rye and barley and to some extent oats and rice have a lectin called wheat germ aglutinin in the germ. Now the germ is kind of where the new little baby is living and that's on the outside of the grain and wheat germ aglutinin is extremely well known as one of the most mischievous lectins ever discovered. Why? Two reasons. Wheat germ aglutinin is so tiny that it can be absorbed through the wall of the gut without the presence of leaky gut. On the other hand, gluten is a very large lectin and gluten cannot be absorbed without leaky gut. Now interestingly, as you know, gluten causes leaky gut, which then allows gluten to be absorbed, but back to WGA. It can be absorbed without leaky gut. Now, here's the problem. WGA is looking for sugar molecules to attach to and these sugar molecules are present in the lining of our blood vessels called the glyco calyx. They're present in the lining of our blood brain barrier. They're present in the lining of our joints and they're present in the myelin sheath that protects our nerves. And WGA is a foreign protein. So it is a splinter. So when it sticks to the lining of our blood vessels or the lining of our blood brain barrier or the lining of our joints, our immune system attacks it as a foreign protein. And there's very good evidence, and I show it again in the upcoming book, Gut Check, that WGA from whole grains is one of the leading causes of heart disease, leaky brain and dementia, arthritis, and even MS. And for 10,000 years, millers have been trying, trying to remove WGA, wheat, germ, agglutinin from grains to eliminate this problem. The other thing that I showed in the plant paradox is that WGA can actually attach to insulin receptors on fat cells and turn insulin receptors on and can actually contribute to fat accumulation. So whole grain goodness for goodness sake, stay away from whole grain. Now, number three, ancient grain breads. There are a number of grains that are, quote, ancient, a number of which actually have gluten. So, camot, acorn, farina. These are old names for cousins of wheat. And remember, barley and rye contain gluten. Almost all oats have a molecule that cross-reacts with gluten. So even if you see gluten-free oats, which is an oxymoron in my opinion, please stay away from whole oats. Also, as you know, consumer reports and the environmental working group have discovered large amounts of weed killers, including glyphosate, on almost all American oat products. Some of these weed killers are banned, but they still are present in our products. So, same thing goes with buckwheat. Years ago, when I was first coming up with this program, I was really excited that buckwheat might be a safe grain. But sadly, buckwheat, amethyst, quinoa all have major lectins, and so none of these are safe foods, despite what you think about an ancient grain. Now, I don't have a dog in this fight. I think buckwheat is great. I think soba noodles are wonderful. Do I think bread is one of the most addictive foods there is, absolutely true. I have nothing against these things, except they are major contributors to our illness. And let's not forget, ever since grains were introduced to our diet 10,000 years ago, we had dramatic decrease in our health. And even in our height, we shrunk about a foot in 2,000 years after grains were introduced. So let's beware of these.  Well, the safest, if there is such a thing, is non-holy white bread, but more in particular, sourdough bread. I'm not telling you to have white bread and sourdough bread. Let's not be confused. But they are better of a bad situation, but they're still not ideal. When I say after sourdough bread, we know that fermentation actually breaks down lectins as a part of fermentation. Traditionally, all breads were made by fermentation. The dough rose from yeast, eating the sugars in bread, producing gases that rose the bread. And gluten happens to be a marvellously stretchy compound and gluten can trap air bubbles. And that's how things rose. Modern commercial bread, even modern sourdough bread doesn't use fermentation to raise the bread. We use artificial ways of raising the bread using transglutaminase. And don't get me started on that. So if you get commercial white bread or commercial sourdough bread, the odds are you're not getting fermented bread, even if you started with a sourdough starter. Find a breadmaker that actually uses classic artisan fermentation techniques and you'll be much safer. But it's a variation on the theme. Also, most wheat in the United States is contaminated with glyphosate.  Now, one more tip if you are going to get bread and you are going to buy artisan sourdough bread. Let me share with you a tip I learned in England when I was studying there years ago. Many of you know that the English have served toast for breakfast and they serve toast on toast holders and their little racks that they put the toast and the toast dries out and cools.  But why do they do this? Well, there's actually method to their madness. Whenever we have these starches, we want to try to make them resistant to being digesting. And it just so happens that toasting bread actually increases the resistant starch. But get this, just like rice and other starches, if you cook it and then cool it, you get even more resistant starch.  So if you got to have your bread, toast it and then cool it and you'll be better off. Let's make this clear. I do not recommend eating these foods. It's not going to do your gut any favor. It's not going to do your arthritis any favor. And it's not going to contribute to healthy weight management. But I sympathize. These things are really hard to give up. My wife loves bread. And she realized after me hounding her enough that this was probably not a good practice. So we had to break her of that. And she had to use a mantra of I am a person who doesn't eat bread. And the other thing that we found and I counsel all my patients, I just did this weekend, please, please, please. When you go to a restaurant, tell them not to bring the bread. If they arrive with the bread, help them take it away. Why? Because if it's there, you're going to eat it. You won't be able to help yourself. If it's not there, you can't eat it. It's one of the simplest things you can do. And even that takes some effort. Now, just remember, there is no human need for bread. We did perfectly fine for millions of years without it. It's in every culture in the world because let's face it. It's tasty and it's cost effective. And you'll see that there were other reasons that bread might have been introduced, but that's enough for today. Now, I put together a list in my books of plant, a paradox, approved bread alternatives, some of which are commercially available. Bread seriously has several breads that are plant paradox compliant. I make a Gundry MD bread mix. I make a sourdough bread mix. A rice bakery makes baguettes and white slice low. Uprising foods have approved breads. There are great bread recipes like my sturdy sandwich bread in my plant paradox family cookbook, Claudia, Kershichi's cookbooks and blogs and lectin free Gourmet's blog. All have really good bread recipes that are plant paradox compliant. A disclaimer, just remember that patience and you and me can overdo safe breads. I have many well-meaning patients who hear me that, OK, these breads are safe. They are lectin free. That doesn't mean they are carbohydrate and sugar free. That doesn't mean that they will not raise your insulin level. That does not mean they will not raise your triglyceride levels. Even though these recommended foods are lectin free, I'd prefer that you have none. Even these lectin free flowers, once you grind them into a fine powder, they become mischievous in terms of your blood sugar. However, if you want to have the best possible results, look for breads or recipes with psyllium husk fiber, like my sturdy bread recipe has for some redeeming health benefits. psyllium husk feeds friendly bacteria, so you can have your cake and eat it too.


This study compared the effects of three dietary supplements on gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC krill oil, lean and fatty fish, and hyaluronic sunflower oil, HOSO, with added astaxanthin. The study found that krill oil had the most significant impact on gene expression, downregulating the expression of 13 genes related to glucose and cholesterol metabolism, beta-oxidation, and inflammation. Lean and fatty fish also showed some changes in gene expression, but these were less pronounced than those seen with krill oil. HOSO, with added astaxanthin, did not have any significant effect on gene expression. This article was authored by Amanda Rundblad, Kirstin B. Holvin, Ingebruheim, and others.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping five boxes for Joel W We have one box of 22 23 Chronicles soccer one box of 20 to 22 23 select Premier League soccer a box of 21 22 Mosaic basketball hobby box of 22 23 obsidian basketball hobby a box of 22 Donner's football And then you have a sealed box of our ship sealed box of 23 Bowman hobby Joel's here. All right. Here we go. Good luck Let's start off with Chronicles soccer Looking for Nick's arsenal and Raiders Get you Brandon soppy side in Silver just to 199 Charles Pickle Rookie. Oh, that's nice looking Silhouette relic auto to 139 Glacin Bremer. I really like the look of that card. It's a nice patch in there, too.  Oh did it nice Gomez One cruise rookie cracked ice to 23 tools of the trade Dual patches 10 of 10 rookie Pablo Torre FC Barcelona because a lot of rookie to 99 Chronicles David Datro Fofana Optic silver rookie 199 are not Dunjuma Manchester City Sergio Gomez tools of the trade dual relic to 49 pull looking card 49 Alexis McAllister Let's do these select Premier League soccer Moussandro Martinez red Lice James Madison It's a field level and auto Steven Gerrard From Liverpool Ryan Christie unstoppable We need to change that from decent to phenomenal That is blue Nathan Patterson rookie Everton and from born of born of us Lloyd Kelly 99 and white and 49 purple auto Andrew Cole Sander Isaac equalizer silver Brennan Johnson rookie field level and Silver field level Raheem Sterling Towson Adara Boyo Silver Christopher Ager and camo Morgan Gibbs white to 199 Maddie Cash William Saliba Rookie red and Gavin Mazzuno everyone. Artinelli. There's an arsenal field level. There you go Arsenal for you Raheem Sterling Jersey Chelsea and Erling Holland unstoppable silver Leon Alvarez rookie silver and camo Christian Erickson Kiliman Harvey Elliott silver and Harry Kane equalizers Jesus those field level Arsenal tricolor Rodrigo Moreno and Purple field level Martín Odegaard So 135 key for more silver and rookie purple Levi Colwell Found some Chelsea cards in there for you Let's do Don Russ football. We'll close it out with basketball It is elite Chris Godwin Monra press proof Bradley Chubb Just double-check and see what ships on this one Don Russ all-card ship. Okay. Give me on Pierce rated rookie Dominators miles Garrett Ryan Robinson Jr. Rated rookie canvas and Jameson Williams rated rookie press proof nice pack I'm Robinson jr. Rated rookie. There's a no-name Kyler Murray They should do a Kyler Murray card like a nickname card where they put his username on call of duty Tyquan Thornton elite series rookie Elijah Moore franchise futures now team Hicks under booth No been Jalen Hurts dominators great iron Kings George Pickens and Mike singletary 2002 throwback Now usually all-card ship it depends on the break Traylon Burks rated rookie like in most of our bowman breaks It's yeah, it's an intentional error. It's just a like an error variation a manufactured error It's a Jonathan Taylor elite series and Jordan Brooks Like the 1989 leader Bill Ritkin error That's brilliant letting that thing slip through rookies insert Christian Watson Sondhaskins rated rookie canvas And Cameron Thomas rated rookie press proof Fonte Kingsley Passing the torch jersey To 199 Jamar Chase Chad Johnson school Mack Jones power plus Aaron Donald and rated rookie press proof Channing Tyndall Old Bill Ritkin. Yep. It's Justin Tucker action all pros Good iron Kings Jonathan Taylor JJ Watt John Metchie elite been scouring it Champ is here and Miles Gaskin press proof That didn't like to go for the end Tua Rain Johnson rated rookie canvas and Peyton Manning. Oh, two Yeah, I want to try one. Let's drill them forward rated rookie Otto Randall Cunningham Justin Jefferson highlights and Nixon Chris Alave rated rookie rookies insert Sam Howell Kyle Hamilton And I cut rated rookie Trey McBride Dominators Micah Parsons David Bell rated rookie canvas Stevia no two Ghost energy sour patch blue raspberry, huh? Yeah, it's pretty good. Is it? Yeah, Skymore. Um Matthew Stafford elite David Long Champ is here So I like the color blue obviously Um I don't like Any drink that's blue I don't know why Arnold E Stevante Adams action all pros West Welker gridiron Kings and drake Jackson rated rookie 95 It's numbered to 95 I know I wish I did Yeah, like there's James and Williams rated rookie Jordy Nelson legend series Joe burrow highlights and JJ Watt press proof Melton this breeze hall rookies insert and Trey McBride rated rookie canvas Tonta Smith press proof red It was the best color to eat and drink I'll eat blueberries I won't eat blueberry cereal anymore, but that's a whole traumatic story Johan Dotson elite. I don't gross anybody out. There's rain Wilson fans of the game Bradley chubb press proof red Yeah, I like some seafood. I think lobster is horribly overrated The best lobster I've had is no better than average shrimp Crab legs are okay, but they're a lot of work Um Then like tilapia grouper like or some fish I like Like catfish is trash Yeah, I'm not a big seafood guy. Jane McDaniels Mosaic Marvin Bagley Red mosaic rising stars Frans Wagner rookie insert Kevin Durant stair masters Cade Cunningham rookie Thomas Ann Kissford debut Crabson's Luca Silver carousel overt Davion Mitchell rookie red mosaic Jalen Green rookie debut LeBron Olympia and Davion Mitchell Salmon What's up chat? How's it going? Kai Jones rookie silver billen brooks red And anthony edwards straight fire Aruba Charles Bassie Ribs and cheese burgers. Yeah I don't so my favorite cheese burgers are without cheese So just a burger called anthony silver. Yeah, kim reddish mosaic It's weird too. Like there's an awesome food truck not far. There's jalen green national pride rookie There's a really good food truck, but I'll say I want a hamburger, right hamburger and I like our all right. We'll kind of cheese Yeah, and like the last couple times they've asked me like repeatedly kawai mosaic and josh christopher red mosaic rookie One of them one of the times there's stef montage wiggins and marant um Nice chatting appreciate it. Yeah. Good luck. Hopefully I think I should be able to get to it I hope it's not three hours to go. So yeah, lots of room. Um, I remember what I was saying.  I think it's gone That moment brought to you by unprotected chair shots to that There's kawai linard tj mcconnell red mosaic red van vleet stare masters jail and sugs debut lebron Oh, yeah, so she Asked me if I wanted Cheese and I said no and then she started listing off the different options for cheese And no wasn't one of them For john rondo and rookie blue arm. That's not that's the color red rookie red mosaic quarry kispert Griffin and davion michel introductions mosaic insert scotty barns rookie and james book night Do you I have good intentions. I'll eat chicken breast, but man, I could not cook it like they make it at a restaurant Yeah, I'm wearing spasso It's Pascal siakam red lamello and debon booker moments that is Brandon boston jr. Rookie Otto Joshua primo Rookie silver pj washington red Jalen green stained glass rookie insert davion michel primo and jones all right One box to go There we go. Joel. Good luck Obsidian basketball closing this out Stained glass. No, I don't think so. They used to be pretty rare At one point I think when they were in prism, I don't Yeah All right, let's see what we got It's kyle kuzma electrocatch purple to 99 and volcanics joel mb mb ryan roland's rookie and jaylon brown to 149 magnetic signatures max truce And a redemption on the back to close out your break that is rookie jersey ink electrocatch purple A j griffin right that'll do it for your break joel appreciate it. We'll get these right out to you


We are doing it through not only under the Department of Finance but to other agencies as well. For example, the DILG or the Department of Interior and Local Government. Actually, they are spearheading policy advocacy. We are doing what we call the Environmental Natural Resource Management Tool which will track revenues and expenditures of local government units on industries, on mining oil, gas so that we can draw the linkage between these receipts to projects that would solve poverty and environmental degradation at the related issues. The challenges is getting the policies approved by our new set of government officials and of course for us to roll out the environmental national resource management development tools to the local government units and making sure that they provide accurate data so that we can use it as a feedback mechanism for accurate policy making. The opportunity is to develop more information systems that would let us a better interpretation of the linkage between poverty, climate and other sustainability and other considerations.