Tell oh, what's poppin? We are on kick. Oh, no, we're not Tell oh, what's We are on twitch. We are not live But you can leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post notification bells man Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK Right above me. If we do go live you happen to miss it. This is where you can catch any of the highlights things of that nature Don't forget we do God patreon. We post Monday through Friday, man We just started Derek and we also gonna start Luther next week. So So the lineup will be Derek Luther only fooling horses line of duty and fresh meat And then we got merch man Appreciate everybody who caught some y'all stuff should be here this week or maybe next week probably this week It's Tuesday. Yeah, to be here this week This is Leah shut the key for should cover Now we watched beard meets food yesterday, and I was speaking on like somebody that eats soup food super fast But I wasn't talking about her but y'all y'all telling me she eats food super fast I think I seen her on Joel. Oh, that's funny beard meets food is in the background in this picture Salute and I knew I'm not I'd be watching these man So and I this is really surprising me that she looked like this and she about to eat this whole thing I don't even think I can finish one of these. It's so many carbs, man But y'all say she eat really fast. So let's let's check it out the record 11 minutes 55 seconds What is up everyone and welcome back to my channel? So today I'm at the Hungry Hossie in Corby taking on the big one in front of me here I have the most incredible look fellas. Listen. We need to focus on The task at hand. We're here to watch a food eater eat Competitively this looks amazing. Okay. I see regular toast. I see eggs under there. I see mushrooms. Is this bacon? I'm not really. I don't know what this is. No, this is bacon hash browns black pudding beans fried bread Regular sausages. I think these are potato Waffles or y'all version of waffles. I don't know what that is. I don't know what these two are right here Okay looking mixed breakfast platter on here We have a mixture of an Irish English and Scottish breakfast, which includes an amalgamation of Scottish British Irish Breakfast goods this one is a pretty incredible challenges.   Reaction re is welcome to the show Been going for a very long time and many people have failed I have one hour on the clock to get this down if I managed to do that. I was one hours. I Could probably I might could do that in one hour This is free and I will go up on the wall of fame However, if I fail I will lose my 30 pound deposit and I will go up on the wall of shame and today I don't when I get to the UK. I promise. I'm gonna try to link with beard meets food or Leah Or whoever else is out there that does this type of content and I'm gonna put myself to the test I will put my or I might just go pull up by myself It don't even matter But if they want to be so gracious as to bless the channel we're in the parents Parting with that money I drove a very long way to be here and I would like to do a good job Specifically to impress Roger who has already said that I'm not going to be able to Successfully do this challenge the record on this one. Leah got some drip. She got a little van cleaf brace alone Okay on is 11 minutes and 55 seconds So the aim of the game today is to eat this as quickly and clearly as I possibly can and try and get myself In that top spot if you enjoyed this video give it a thumbs up comment down below if you have anything else I don't if you haven't yet subscribed. Oh, absolutely.  This is the big one at the hungry horsey in Corby. Let's get into it guys Don't don't making me nervous with a countdown Don't don't making me nervous with a countdown Let's go Good day hungry hossies and welcome back to the channel making me nervous with a count. I know she just don't eat I Let's go Good day hungry hossies and welcome back to the channel where we love nothing more than a breakfast platter What was that Roger? Look how quick she just pieced together the sandwich. I even know what she grabbed. Can you cannot get an explanation? Right into a commercial is crazy Badie, you know, you know, it's a fruit It's a proven fact that people in shape can eat more than like really out of shape people like like they can eat way more than Like her Joel Hanson are in shape And beard me food is in in shape too man, and they beat a Randy. I Know you on a journey my boy Me too She's 48 9 seconds in and a third of it is going on a lot of things Today we're in the town of Corby taking on the big one at a charming venue called the Hungry Hossie Definitely not a typical breakfast It's very hot But I'm now yeah The gaff is like is it hot good? And here at this point I'm here for more so I'm very quiet I This challenge has been attended and failed by an incredible number of people and today we're doing everything in our power to avoid Gracing that wall of shame. My favorite thing is how these food eaters get on here and they get to acting like they're gonna fail like Anytime I see Joel Hanson and he'd be like, oh, let's see if we can see if we did finish that up Bro, we know you finished it if the video is under 15 minutes. Joe. You finished it I don't think I've ever seen Joe not finish anything And it's my first I've been seen Randy not finish some stuff I've been seen beer me's food not finish was the miss my first time actually watching her at all So let's talk a little bit more about the big one This is a unique breakfast challenge which includes a peculiar combination of English Irish and Scottish breakfast items Including oh, so this is the sauce circle sausage. Okay sausages fried eggs potato waffles potato scones Potato waffles potato scones burger patties beans bacon Black pudding mushrooms square sausages slices of fried bread slices of toast and slices of buttered bread Eating your words now, are we? I'm not gonna lie the true swallow combination that she got going on it.  She just but I know she got a game plan, but it's just so well manufactured You're not having any of my breakfast Get a spoon. Oh You're asking if I want some help. I don't need help. He's flirting with you And lots of mushrooms on this as well.  Are you happy? This 42 item breakfast also weighs around six point six pounds Six point six is that's like for y'all that's like for any competitive eater I feel when they get around ten pounds that eight nine ten pounds That's when they really get the strength and belly out and boasts seven and a half thousand calories Which is seven and a half that's three days of calories is an awful lot of calories The challenge will set you back 30 pounds But if you manage to complete it in one hour you get your money back and a portrait on the wall of fame Fail however, and you pay for the pleasure and you are immortalized on the wall of shame There's so many tomatoes and beans on the plate It makes it look like she has way more, but like she's almost done Is it hot? We're doing really well We're doing really really well Is that because you want to go home Roger? Who is Roger? Go home Roger. Y'all remember y'all don't know that show. That's Tia and Tamera Roger was the person that used to go go home right my bad The fact that she is eating this in the fashion that she is eating this in and hasn't spewed or Doesn't look messy at all is crazy It's giving me a headache watching her eat This is Chris and his Capital One venture Did you just hold on now? I know we're not gonna let that pass us hold on go back time up Look at this professional move. She got a sandwich in her left hand I don't think y'all ever even peep this way y'all watched it sandwiches in her left hand grabs the bread brings it around the plant scoops it on to the beans and it scoops it on Leaves it grabs another one makes a sandwich and then prepares the eggs over the egg sandwich Finish one sandwich on to the next one Careful now you almost bit the spoon didn't you? You know what's crazy? I Really feel in my heart if she had a spoon she could have did this fast Okay What are the gases? 10 minutes Need a shovel This is ambidextrous with this is real. This is the most athletic This is the most athletic eating that I've ever seen in my life Joy in the background like yeah, I keep my eye on the back of this chair. All right My bad my bad, Leah It's like you eating your words Roger I would like to take a moment to thank everyone at the venue for being the most charming audience and really making my day Stick around to the end of the video to catch some behind-the-scenes footage of my initial interaction with Roger a Regular at the hurry Hossie who has witnessed many people attempt the big one And it's crazy because on my tiktok. I'll be trying food the lit one of course Got almost 80,000 subs that I'm in followers there appreciate you Um, I'll be trying food and my plate don't be nowhere as big as this and I cannot use a Fork and knife to save my life and look look at this The plate is empty and her left hand has been occupied the entire time As clean of comment is I'm going to leave you guys to enjoy the rest of the video Thank you all so much for watching Don't miss the hour takes at the end of the video and I'll catch you all on a future installment of the shirts eats everything You still look very very very put together And I'm trying to be as respectful as I possibly can because as a woman You deserve respect And I'm here to give it to you, and I'm also here to do what I call Reaction reels I got really messy there near the end the best part is I get my money back And I think the gaffers just gone to the chill to get my 30 pounds back to give it back to me And that has made my day apart from the fact that we're now Number one, baby You're the best. Thank you so much I appreciate it Right then everyone so that was the big one at the Hungry Hossie in Corby complete in just over ten minutes That means that not only have we completed this challenge and I get my money back Which is always very nice, but I'm also at top of the leadboard and I am over the moon I was able to impress some people here today, and I am really pleased that I was able to do that So thank you also for watching if you I'm impressed enjoy this one give it a thumbs up comment already Did not below if you have anything already did outside if you haven't yet subscribed or followed do you consider doing you're right? Let me subscribe Turn that notification bell on Dear Lily we like comment subscribe turning your post notifications for me as well. I'm down


Regarding the universities as a wellspring of radical, liberal ideologies, Jordan Peterson, Jason Taylor Depot University is called for defunding disciplines, specifically identity studies, sociology for being the wellspring of post-modernism. Do you agree with that as a solution? Well, who's going to defund them? So I've for many, many, many years, when I speak to business groups, I say if you want to help America, the one best thing you can do to help America, is stop giving your alma mater money. Because you're giving money to the institutions that are teaching that you're a bad guy.  So stop doing it in your own self-defense. Stop funding your enemy. So I'm all for defunding them in that sense. Now, again, do we want politics? Do we want politicians to decide which department's acceptable and which departments are not acceptable? Now, I would like, in my fantasies, I would like government to get out of funding education completely. I would like UT to become a private university. It's rich enough. It's got all those oil wells in East Texas. I don't want government to be involved in funding because that's the danger that some politician says there's a, that economics department way too capitalist. Cut them off, right? And I'm sure it's happened. I wouldn't be at all surprised that it's happened, right? So private people, absolutely. I mean, if you're an alma mater and they want money, send it to the engineering school or to the sciences or to the medical school. But don't give their money to the humanities or even to the business school. Because business schools are anti-business. Business schools are anti-business, including the one at UT. I was there, right? And I know the professors. Some of them are good. Some of them are not in a sense of pro-business. They teach, you know, they teach bad stuff. So if I had the money, I don't give to my alma mater because of this. Because I want to control. If I'm going to give the money, I want to make sure that it's going to promote values I believe in. And if every businessman did that. Every businessman did that. There was a story a long time ago, and it's not that long ago, probably. In the last 10 years, a Duke University, Duke in North Carolina, the student newspaper published this interview with a philosophy professor who was asked why most of the professors at the universities left? Why is Duke so dominantly left? I guess the newspaper went into the voting records and discovered that everybody's a registered Republican, like this is in the South, right? In North Carolina, 80% of the professors were registered Democrats. So he asked the philosophy professor, why is this?  He said this, right?  So they don't get PhDs. So they're not professors. So we're not going to hire them at Duke. We only hire the best professors.  Now you would think, now who's the alma mater? Who is funding Duke University? It's a private university, who's funding Duke? The alma mater, and who are the alma mater? They're business leaders all over the South. Now one of them is a Democrat, is my guess, right? Did they stop funding Duke because of that? There was an uproar, there were shouts, there were yells, people banged, the Board of Trustees came out with all kinds of statements. Alumni said, oh, we'll never give you money. And the next day they gave them money. So, you know, yeah, I think it'd be good. If there was an attempt at Dartmouth for where the Board of Trustees run by alumni to change the policies at Dartmouth, and it was squashed by the faculty. And at the end of the day, the faculty win. So if you want to defund them through the private sector, through alumni, through donors, absolutely go ahead and do it. I'm all for it. I think that's the only way universities will change. Well, there's another way universities will change, which is the other thing Jordan Peterson is doing. He's starting an online university. So the real way, I think he's starting a, he wants to rank universities, rank these departments, so parents see what they're paying for, and then he also wants to start an online university. The real solution is competition. Ultimately, there will be something that changes this, like Uber for universities, that really changes the whole structure of the industry. Yeah, I mean, Jonathan Hyde's very good on this. There are a lot of people. I mean, one of the good things that's come out in the last few years is there's a whole group of people clustered, I'd say, politically in the middle, primarily. And Jonathan Hyde runs the heterodoxy academy. You can look it up online, which monitors kind of politically correct BS on campuses and monitors this kind of social justice stuff. And he said you have to choose between truth and social justice. You need to ask Jonathan Hyde what he considers truth. That's a whole other interesting question. But he's right, and there is a movement. The intellectual doc web and people affiliated with that, there is a whole movement to try to correct us at the universities or at least try to offer an alternative. And a lot of you get a lot of stuff from YouTube that you don't get at universities, right? You watch Dave Rubin who does these amazing interviews with intellectuals that don't teach at UT. And you probably get more out of some of those interviews that you get out of some of your classes because you get some of the top people. And this is what I mean by they're gonna be disruptive technological forces that change our universities. It's before I send to the next question. Let me correct you in one thing. The university is not private. I'm a Duke, as a Duke alum, I can tell that 50% of the funding is public.  And then the rest of it's coming from NSF. So it's in a sense larger, right? Because they are, we are a cartel funded by the government. In a sense, there's no private universities in America today because all your students loans are funded by government. So there is no such thing as a private university. There's no real private education, unfortunately in the US, but that's tragedy. Yeah. Well, this Hillsdale, College of Ozarks, I haven't heard of that one, but Hillsdale was famous for being the only real private one because they didn't take any government money. So it's good to know that there's a second one as well. Yeah.


Hi, everyone, Joe for jaspeescasebreaks.com, coming at you with 2022 Panini National Treasures. FIFA Road to World Cup Soccer, one box picker team number 16, the final box of that case that we popped open. And we don't have any more NT World Cup at the moment. Let me turn on my camera, there we go, but I've been told that we have ordered some more. I don't know if they'll be at the same price, but we have ordered some more and they are on its way. So just keep an eye on jaspeescasebreaks.com over the next week or so. Here on 2 Tuesday, the 25th, picker team 16. Thanks everyone for getting in. I think it was Alex who ended up at last spot in Mojo, yeah, there he is, the United States, before we pull the remaining teams out for this filler right here. It's a random number block randomizer that we did in a separate video, so it's a serial number break, only applies to those teams right there in this one box break. Let's get that over here, we mark that RAM number lock 16 so we know this from the same case. Here's my knife, the tools of my trade. Alright, good luck everybody, we'll use this blank card right here to slow play and hide the hits a little bit. We got Marcelino Nunez, 3 out of 99 for Chile, Daniel with Chile. We got Antonin Barak for the Czech Republic, 20 out of 25, that's also for Daniel, Czech Republic. We got a redemption, it's penmanship, Thibault Courtois for France, that's going to go to Marc. No, Belgian? No, he's Belgian, my apologies. That is for Nicholas, pretty great keeper, Thibault Courtois. We got Callum Hudson-Nadoi, 16 out of 49 for the three Lions, be Alex in England. 21 out of 25, we got Neymar, that's for Brazil, Brazil is a number block team, 21 out of 25, so if you're not familiar we go by that digit right there. So Brazil 1 will be for Daniel.  Next up is 6 out of 49, Emmanuel Petit for Le Bleu, that'll be for Marc. 19 out of 25, legendary signatures, Johnny Heitinga. The Netherlands are a number block team, a random number block team, so that goes to Netherlands 9, and that will be for Carlos. A couple more here we have, ooh, Thiago Silva, nice, 53 out of 99, got you with a little number inscription there too. That's nice. Brazil 3, that's for James, James Hanna, nice. And the last one is another Brazilian, Roberto Firmino. Jersey and Autograph, 42 out of 49, Daniel Smith with the number 2, nice. And there you go, he's having a nice season too for Liverpool. Big thanks everybody. We're on break 16, we knocked out a lot of cases of this NT World Cup. Like we said, we are anticipating more to arrive in the store, so check it out, jazpiececapesbreaks.com, keep an eye on our website, and we'll keep talking soccer and breaking soccer throughout this month, throughout the World Cup. So join us, jazpiececasebreaks.com, bye-bye.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscaserates.com coming at you with 2017 a Panini contenders optic football two box Random team break number two. Yep. Patrick Mahomes rookie hunting See what happens big. Thanks everybody here. Thanks to the people who bought their spot straight up Thanks to the people who got into these fillers. Congrats again. If you want a spot all 32 teams are in Yes, basically you're trying to see if you can get randomized the chiefs. Let's roll it Let's randomize names first names and teams seven times five and a two one two three four five six and Yes, second and final time seven the final time five and a two make seven Joshua down to Joshua cook five into two seven times for the teams one two three four five six and Seventh and final time after seven times we got the ravens down to the boys Didn't see what the chiefs were We'll see in just a second here All right Joshua with the Ravens Hank with the Texans David with the bills Joshua with the Jets David with the Jags Adam with the Vikings Colin with the Steelers and the Colts PJ with the Eagles Jake with the Saints Joshua with the Giants David with the Seahawks Jake with the Rams and the Cardinals Joshua with the Patriots PJ with the Washington football team and there it is Matt Lieber with the Kansas City Chiefs. Good luck David. You got my Raiders Joshua with the Bears Nick with the Titans Joshua with the Packers Alec with the Chargers Matt with the Browns Joshua with the Buccaneers David with the Lions Bengals Falcons Niners Panthers Joshua with the Broncos Sean with the Dolphins and Joshua with the Dallas Cowboys All right, we're gonna sort by team. We're gonna pause the video see if there's any trades and Then we'll have to break stick around BRB All right, welcome back folks. No trade chatter in this this break right here So since we're only in break two looks like we opened up a fresh inner case There's still a really good chance I don't know what popped out of the first two boxes, but I don't think it was from the homes that someone would have told me I feel like see what let's see what happens here there It is 2017 contenders optic football two autographs plus one that's on card Got a redemption. I don't know if that's expired or not, but Penini's usually pretty good about Honoring expired redemptions one way or the other so we got a couple cool things right here already. There's Brady Blue Brady for the Pats Joshua That's to 99 already and here's rookie of the year contenders. No ink But Patrick Mahomes already from Matt Lieber I'm sure these base cards will still For this insert will still do pretty well in a secondary market 89 out of 99 We got Antonio Brown back here and behind Jared Goff is Oh rookie on-card autograph Corey Davis Nick Stover with the Titans It's pretty solid and the redemption is gonna be Is gonna be David and Yoku rookie ticket autograph for Cleveland? Cleveland this is for you That'll be for Matt Lieber and the Cleveland Brown now as you can see it is expired expired on September 2019 But I'm sure sometimes a lot of times people say that they'll just redeem it and they'll get the card Otherwise, I think you might get the option of some points Commensurate with the value of David and Yoku Russell Wilson, I guess is Russell Wilson still staying in Seattle for a moment there. It looked like he was gonna be moved on But they rejected the offer from Chicago. So Maybe he's sticking around. I don't know David with the Seahawks We got defensive player of the year contenders Fletcher Cox. Yeah, he's pretty good That goes to PJ and the Fly Eagles fly 25 and we got Tak McKinley back here and then behind James and Crowder. It are two autographs So is the middle one the on-cards? Let's get the bottom one first So there's the sticker auto Isaiah McKenzie rookie auto for the Broncos my rivals Joshua E with that one not numbered and the on-card auto is It's a nice one rookie ticket autograph Dalvin Cook Vikings Adam Cofferman With a spot that he won got randomized the Vikings and gets the Dalvin Cook and this is Dalvin Cook when when he kind of started Expanding on his autograph a little bit early on in the season. I think it was just DC But then he gives you a little Dalvin almost little Dalvin right there. It gives you a little bit of cook Right here and gives you a number right there. He's pretty good real good And there you go Some nice autos, but no more homes yet So if you want to keep going go to jasmies case breaks comm and let's keep knocking these out I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


The Red Cross in Uganda says the country's health system is taking strain as the number of Ebola cases rises. The Ministry of Health says at least nine people have died from the virus, including a doctor. And there is a total of 43 confirmed cases since the outbreak was declared on the 20th of September. Ebola causes an acute serous illness that is often fatal if untreated. It spreads between humans by direct contact with contaminated bodily fluids. As the country remains on high alert, the World Health Organization noted last week that a current outbreak was first detected among a group of highly mobile people, raising fears that the virus could spread to the capital and abroad. Uganda's health system is taking strain. This child and her mother are waiting for an ambulance at the Mududu Health Center 3 in the country's western central district. The woman has a high temperature and blood-stained diarrhea, both symptoms of Ebola. Several hours later, they whisked away to an isolation center. The Ministry of Health says at least nine people have died now from the virus, including a doctor. And there is a total of 43 confirmed cases. The organization is at the forefront of evacuating suspected patients from communities and providing what it terms dignified burials. Until Uganda is declared Ebola-free, we may not promise that this will end during this period of December, January or May or March, you know. But we just have to keep resource mobilizing so that we are able to bridge the gaps, and our biggest gaps at the community level. As the country remains on high alert, WHO noted that the outbreak was first detected among a group of highly mobile people, raising fears that the virus could spread to the capital and abroad.


but before we execute that a few more steps and here I am going to give you some homework. Let us say now we have three distinct temperatures T 1, T 2, T 3 that T 1 is not equal to T 3, T 2 is not equal to T 3 and I will also say T 3 is also not equal to T 1 and this is strictly mathematically not equal to not may or may not be equal strictly mathematically not equal to. And we say let a 2 T heat engine work between T 1 and T 2 absorbing heat Q 1 from T 1 rejecting heat Q 2 to T 2 and let us work an engine between T 2 and T 3 and let us assume that it works by absorbing some Q 2 prime from here rejecting some Q 3 prime from here and providing W prime both these are greater than 0. Then the homework to you is to show that and you do not have to really go home in another 10 12 minutes we are going to have a T break you should be able to you know discuss this out as you have your cup of tea show that if you work an engine between T 1 and T 3 it will work like this as absorbing some may be Q 1 double prime rejecting some Q 3 double prime and greater than 0. This will work like this and not like this too many primes Q 3 triple prime Q 1. If you assume this this will violate assume that this will be true then combine this with this and this and you will be able to show that you are creating a 1 T heat engine which violates the second law. Now, I am assuming that you are able to prove this and now we will extend it what we have shown is now let me show it like this that if you have T 1 T 2 then if I work an engine between 1 and 2 it will absorb heat from 1 and reject heat to 2. If I work an engine between 2 and 3 it will absorb heat from 2 and reject it to 3 now only arrows are sufficient and that means if I work an engine between T 1 and T 3 it will have to work like this the interactions of work will be always positive but the interactions of heat will have to be in this direction and extending this suppose I have a T 4 here then such that this is an assumption that between T 1 and T 2 it works like this between T 2 and T 3 it works like this and between T 3 and T 4 also an engine works like this then if I work an engine between T 1 and T 4 how will it work it will have to work like this any other way will violate the second law similarly if I work an engine between T 2 and T 4 it will have to absorb heat from T 2 and reject heat to T 4. If it absorbs from T 4 and rejects it to T 2 it will violate the second law by what we have proved so far not only that we have proved that if an engine between T 1 and T 2 to distinct temperature works like this and if we allow a direct heat transfer between T 1 and T 2 without an engine across a diatomic partition then heat will be transferred only from T 1 to T 2 and not from T 2 to T 1. So, that means the ability of an engine to absorb heat from a reservoir reject it to some other reservoir and produce work it is equivalent like saying if reservoir 1 and reservoir 2 or system 1 and system 2 are brought into contact heat will flow from system 1 to system 2 and not from system 2 to system 1. Now, extending this means I can show may be another one equivalent of the previous page if T 1 and T 2 are such that a direct heat transfer takes place when contacted to each other from T 1 and T 2 and T 3 are such that heat transfer takes place from T 2 to T 3 when they are in contact with each other across a diatomic wall then if you bring in contact T 1 and T 3 heat transfer will only be from T 1 and T 3 and not from T 3 to T 1 that will violate the second law. And if I have another level T 4 such that when I contact make contact between T 1 and T 4 across a diatomic wall heat flows in this direction then if I bring in contact T 1 and T 4 the heat transfer will be from T 1 and T 4 and if I bring in contact T 2 and T 4 the heat transfer will be from T 2 to T 4. Notice the equivalence of this to this I have not shown the fourth one but you can show if you run an engine between T 2 and T 4 it will have to run like this heat absorbed from T 2 heat rejected to T 4 and a positive amount of work done. Now, what does this mean? This means that what we have is a hierarchy of temperatures all distinct temperatures can be set up in an order suppose now you get a temperature suppose we have two distinct temperatures T 2 and T 3 and I have a system at say temperature T x I can determine whether T x is equal to T 3 equal to T 2 is higher than T 2 lower than T 3 or in between how do you do that? First check whether bring T 3 and T x in contact with each other across a diatomic wall if there is no heat interaction T x equals T 3. If there is a heat interaction find out in which direction it goes we have shown just now that if the two distinct levels exist heat interaction can take place only in one direction. If it takes place from T 3 to T x you say T x is less than T 3 if it takes place between T x and T 3 T x to T 3 T x is higher than T 3 or instead of direct heat interaction try to run an engine between T x and T 3. If you can make that engine work by absorbing heat from T x and rejecting heat to T 3 T x is higher than T 3 if it is the other way round T x is lower than T 3. So, because of this now we are able to set up a hierarchy of temperature saying T 1 is greater than T 2 is greater than T 3 is greater than T 4 and what is our definition of this greater than? We will define this is our thermodynamic definition higher lower we say that thermodynamically T 1 is higher than T 2 if and only if a heat engine two T heat engine working between T 1 and T 2 produces work by absorbing heat from T 1. And rejecting heat at T 2 and which also means if you directly allow T 1 and T 2 to interact with each other across a diathermic wall Q will go from T 1 to T 2. T 1 will reject heat T 2 will absorbed heat and the engine if you make it work will absorb heat from T 1 and reject heat to T 2. So, this is now our thermodynamic definition for of higher and lower temperatures thermodynamic definition of higher and lower temperatures is that thermodynamically T 1 is higher than T 2 if and only if that means these two are equivalent statements that if T 1 is higher than T 2 then if you work a two T heat engine between 1 and 2 it will work by absorbing heat from 1 rejecting heat to 2 other way is not possible and which also means that if you allow direct transfer of heat from state stem 1 to system 2 it will go from system 1 to system 2 and not the other way round. So, the other directions for Q not possible why not possible because that would violate the second law of thermodynamics now it is time for us to discuss and define and appreciate properly that great word used in thermodynamics that is reversible like many other words in thermodynamics reversible is a special word we use reversible in general life we use temperature also in general life we use heat we say he is running temperature temperature does not run temperature is a property so my temperature is this, but you can go and tell a doctor that I am running temperature that means I have fever my temperature is higher than normal I am now at an isotherm which is at a higher level than normal try to tell that to a doctor and he will may be assign you to a psychiatrist if you try telling him something like that because the real life ordinary word meaning of some words is different than their proper thermodynamic meaning same thing is true for reversible you know we have reversible vehicles for example the local trains in Mumbai are reversible there is no head and there is no tail what is head when it comes towards Mumbai becomes the tail when it goes away from Mumbai you have reversible t-shirts which you can turn around and the green t-shirt will become red and the red t-shirt will become green and so on but a reversible thing in thermodynamics is a very special meaning and the reversible is an adjective which applies to a process just the way quasi static is an adjective which also applies to a process and we say that a process is reversible when the following things happen let us take an example let us say we have two systems a and b and let us say that we have a process by which a goes from a 1 to a 2 and b goes from b 1 to b 2 and for simplicity let us say because we are considering two systems that they interact only with each other and let the interaction be i interactions be i you can say i 1 i 2 whichever way heat interactions work interactions everything then if it is possible for us to turn everything around so that we can bring a 2 back to a 1 b 2 back to b 1 and reverse all interactions in such a way that when you execute this say this is process p 1 and this process p 2 when both p 1 and p 2 are executed in order the system not only come back to their original state a 1 and b 1 not only all interactions are reversed but all trace of history is lost no trace remains that means systems at original states all interactions reversed no trace remains of the fact that the processes p 1 and p 2 really did take place it is a very strict requirement and it is only a process which we can think about that such a process could take place so it is a process about which we can think about which we can never ever expect to execute in practice at least on a reverse on a reasonable scale it is a very severe requirement remember that all interactions must also be reduced we can check that a 1 and b 1 are brought back to the a and b are brought back to their original states a 1 and b 1 but it is also required that all interactions in all detail be reversed and that means for a reversible process to exist first requirement is that it should also be quasi static but a quasi static process need not always be a reversible process you must have a process quasi static and something more to make it reversible and the process a reversible process is so funny that suppose the process proposed here is reversible then suppose somebody looks at the system at the initial state a 1 and b 1 and then goes away and when while when he comes back say the reversible process has been executed in the forward direction and then in the reverse direction when the observer comes back you will see the system at a 1 and b 1 but the observer will just not be able to make out whether that process took place at all in the first place if a local observer says yes I saw the system going from a 1 to b 1 and then it came back from a 2 b 2 back to a 1 b 1 all interactions were reversed the observer who went out would say how do I believe you there is no way the local observer can demonstrate to the external observer that the reversible process really took place first in the forward direction and then in the reverse direction no trace of history will be maintained no link to whatever happened will be maintained when a reversible process is reversed in fact if you have a world in which all processes are reversible then there will be no meaning to before and after because there is no trace left of anything which is reversed and is reversible. So if you have understood what is meant by a reversible thing then now we will use that word reversible not only for a process but also for a cycle because a cycle is also a process a reversible process can be executed in the forward direction and it can be executed in the reverse direction in exactly the same detail as if you are running the film backwards and we know that in real life no process is reversible because except in a still life film if you take a videograph of anything may be my lecture or anything happening and if you start playing it in reverse will immediately almost immediately or soon enough you will realize that something is wrong such things do not happen in real life because all processes in real life technical or otherwise are irreversible. A reversible cycle is such that you start off from some point you can execute it in one direction having all sorts of interactions you can also execute it in the other direction by exactly reversing the interactions and a reversible engine will be such that for example I will show here an illustration of a reversible 2 T heat engine. Let us say I have a reversible 2 T heat engine and let us say that when it works as an engine it absorbs heat q1 from the reservoir at t1 rejects it q2 to the reservoir at t2 and produces a positive amount of work when I reverse it because it is reversible I will say reversible engine it will absorb the same amount of work as earlier if this was 20 joule this would be minus 20 joule q2 was rejected to t2 it will absorb the same amount from t2 q1 was absorbed from t1 it will reject the same amount of heat q1 to t1 and that means if this works in the engine direction one cycle and executes this with the equal facility it can work in the opposite direction and if it executes one cycle in the opposite direction it will directly replicate all the interactions in detail so a one cycle forward operation and one cycle reversed operation will leave things absolutely unchanged so that no trace of the one cycle forward and one cycle backward operation will remain so why are we talking about a reversible process a reversible cycle and a reversible engine that is because the next thing we are going to do is we are going to prove state and prove the Carnot's theorem it is important because many many things will follow from the Carnot's theorem. Carnot's theorem talks about at least our version of the Carnot's theorem talks about two T heat engines working between two temperature levels T1 and T2 and let us say because now we have defined it is that T1 is higher than T2 so any engine which works will absorb heat from T1 and reject it to T2. Carnot said consider any engine working between T1 and T2 he said let us compare this engine with any reversible engine working between the same two temperatures the reversible engine will have some Q1 need not be the same I will and some W2 if you want you can put Q1 prime Q2 prime W prime the efficiency of this engine by the definition of efficiency is W by Q1 the efficiency of this engine by definition is W prime by Q1 prime and both the engines work between the temperatures T1 and T2 what Carnot said is that and that is the statement of his theorem the efficient let me call this eta R indicating it is the efficiency of the reversible engine what Carnot said is that the efficiency of the engine will be at most equal to or less than that of the reversible engine working between the same two temperature levels T1 and T2 are the temperature levels or reservoirs common reservoirs in which the engine E and the reversible engine R is working. Now, although we have said historically this is the first thinking of the first statement pertaining to the second law our statement of the second law is the Kelvin Planck statement. So, let us see whether we can prove this using the Kelvin Planck statement and the proof goes by again our normal method that we will assume that this is not true and then show that if we assume that this is not true then it violates the second law of thermodynamics. So, the proof is by what mathematicians call reductio ad absurdum whatever is to be proved is assumed to be false and that along with other logical stuff leads to a contradiction or absurdity and then we say that looks what we assume must be wrong. So, the negative of that or opposite of that must be true. Let us sketch the thing again let us say this is our engine E and it absorbs heat Q1 from the reservoir at T1 and rejects heat to Q2 to the reservoir at T2 and produces a work W and the reversible engine R. Let us say that we have adjusted it. So, that it absorbs the same amount of work Q1 from the reservoir at T1, but it will have a different efficiency. So, let us say that it produces work W prime while rejecting Q2 prime to the reservoir at T2 and let us assume that what Carnot says is not true. So, let us assume that the efficiency of the reversible engine is less than that of the given engine or because we want to remain in the reservoir same Carnot theorem says that efficiency of an engine must be less than or required to. So, let us assume efficiency of the engine to be higher than that of the reversible engine working between the same two temperatures. Now, efficiency is higher, but notice that the two engines are absorbing the same amount of work. So, if the efficiency of this engine is higher that would mean that W must be greater than W prime because this has now this is assumed to have a higher efficiency. And since Q1 equals Q2 plus W and Q1 equals Q2 prime plus W is W is higher than W prime Q2 must be less than Q2 prime. Because the sum of W plus Q2 is Q1 sum of W prime plus Q2 prime is also Q1. So, we have assumed this and from that we have concluded these two. Now, we say that this is any engine, but this engine R is a reversible engine. And so, now let me reverse R. Now, when you reverse R what happens I will use a different color when R is reversed let me say R inverse this W prime goes in like this Q2 prime is absorbed from the reservoir at T2. And Q1 is rejected to the reservoir at T1. And now I will look at this. You consider an engine which is made up of this reservoir at T1 the engine E and the engine R inverse. So, I consider an engine which is made up of essentially E plus R inverse. And of course, if you want you can include the thermal reservoir in it, but notice that the thermal reservoir will not undergo any state change because it rejects Q1 to E and it absorbs Q1 from R inverse. So, it just not effectively taking part in the thing. Now, how does this engine look like let us draw it this is E plus R inverse has no interaction with T1 now or T1 can be included in that. What does it do T2? Notice that Q2 prime is higher than Q2. So, it is absorbing Q2 prime from T2 it is rejecting Q2 to T2. So, it is absorbing heat equal to Q2 prime minus Q2 from the reservoir at T2. And how much work is it producing? It is producing work from E which is W and absorbing work in R inverse which is W prime. So, the work produced for work output is W minus W prime. There is no interaction on this side and what we see now is the following. Notice that W is greater than W prime. So, this is greater than 0 this also is greater than 0. So, what we have here is a 1 T heat engine which second law says is not possible. So, we started off by assuming that the Carnot theorem is not true. And the logical conclusion from that was that if we assume that the Carnot theorem is not true we are setting up a 1 T heat engine which violates the second law it is not possible. So, working backwards we now say that is the argument of the reductio ad absurdum type of proof. We have assumed something and led to an inconsistency. So, what we have assumed must be wrong and that proves that the Carnot theorem must be true efficiency must be less than or equal to that of a reversible engine working between the same two temperatures. So, with this we prove our Carnot theorem. Now, after the proof of Carnot theorem we do not want to stop there. We will now look at the corollaries you would have noticed that we are going to spend a significant amount of time now with the Carnot theorem and its corollaries that impresses on us the importance of the Carnot theorem. And although today we do not accept Carnot theorem as a primary statement of the second law of thermodynamics its importance nevertheless is not small although our primary statement is the Kelvin Planck statement primary statement of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot theorem is definitely a very important step in the development of the second law that is why we have proven it and now we will be going ahead with looking at its corollaries. The first corollary the following realization consider two reversible heat engines working between two fixed temperatures two reservoirs with two distinct temperatures may be it will be better to call this r a and r b. Let this absorb q a q a 1 q a 1 q a 1 q a 1 q a 1 q a 2 and produce work equal to w a. Let this absorb q b 1 reject q b 2 and produce w b. Let the efficiency of this engine be eta r 1 let the efficiency of this engine be e eta r 2. How do these engine the efficiencies compare with each other? One way is to use the Carnot theorem twice. Let us neglect the fact that a is a reversible engine just be conscious of the fact that b is a reversible engine and a is any engine. Then Carnot theorem tells us that the efficiency of r 1 must be sorry must be less than or equal to r 1.  Then this should be r a then what do we say the efficiency of r b must be less than or equal to that of r a. And that means the fact that both are reversible engine leads to a situation where one way of looking tells us that efficiency of r a must be less than or equal to r b. Another way of looking at us at it tells us efficiency of a must be greater than or equal to r b. And both the things have to be together have to be true together because both are reversible engine. And this means that efficiency of reversible engine r a must equal efficiency of the reversible engine r b provided they are working between the same pair of temperatures t 1 and t 2. Now, what does this mean we can generalize this saying that efficiency let me write eta r of any reversible 2 t heat engine depends only on t 1 and t 2 because if we change t 1 and t 2 r a and r b will change, but for a fixed t 1 and t 2 any reversible engine will have note this any reversible 2 t heat engine and depends only on t 1 and t 2. And in particular it does not other details of the engine for example fluids, materials used details of design and implementation. All that is required is that it be a reversible engine and a reversible 2 t heat engine. Now, look at the strength of this the strength of this is that now we are made to be conscious of the fact that moment you fixed t 1 and t 2 the efficiency of a reversible heat engine working between them is fixed. It does not matter how we make it whether we use air whether we use hydrogen whether we use steam or whether we use may be some esoteric material like liquid sodium with liquid potassium or ammonia or any other stuff you imagine or you could make perhaps if you could make a reversible engine out of rubber bands and plastic erases. So, long as it is reversible and working between the same temperatures and t 1 and t 2 it will have the same efficiency and particularly the fact that it is independent of the fluids and materials used tells us the thermodynamic importance of this. It tells us that the two temperatures t 1 and t 2 can be related to each other through the efficiency of a reversible engine working between them. And that means the efficiency of a reversible engine working between two temperatures t 1 and t 2 can be considered to be some sort of a scheme or some sort of a measure which will give us a thermodynamic scale for our temperature. Notice that what it tells us is the efficiency of a reversible engine is a function only of t 1 and t 2 and of nothing else you should never put a comma and a dot dot dot here the bracket opens here the bracket closes after t 2 and we are now going to use this to try to set up scales of temperature with a thermodynamic basis. But before we do that there is one step which remains a small step and I will tell you what it is and leave it to you to fill in the details.  So, I can write q 1 by q 2 by q 1 by q 2 to be 1 divided by 1 minus eta r which depends only on t 1 and t 2 let us not get into this remember that this that for a reversible 2 t heat engine the ratio q 1 to q 2 will be some function only of t 1 and t 2 we want to simplify the algebra working only with heat transfers rather than work transfer and heat transfer. So, remember this the consequence of the corollary of Carnot theorem is for a reversible 2 t heat engine the ratio of heat absorbed to heat rejected will be a function only of the temperature at which heat is absorbed and the temperature at which heat is rejected. Now, the question is what kind of function may f and for that we do the following. Let us say for three distinct temperature levels t 1, t 2, t 3 such that thermodynamically t 1 is higher than t 2 and t 2 is higher than t 3. Let us say that I work a reversible engine t 1 and t 2 absorbing q 1 and rejecting q 2 then let me work another reversible engine if you want you can say this is r a this is w a this is r b which produces w b which is w b let me say that this absorbs q 2 and rejects q 3 and notice that I have adjusted this q 2. So, that the net effect of this is absorbing q 1 from t 1 rejecting q 3 to t 3 and producing work w a plus w b. Now, let me run an engine directly between t 1 and t 3 let me say this is r c let it produced work w c and let me adjust it in such a way that it absorbs q 1 from t 1 what is the amount of heat it should reject to t 3. I will say that it must reject q 3 to t 3. So, that this and this are equal to the so homework for you is to show that this must be q 3 again reductio ad absurdum assume that this is q 3 prime and it is different from q 3 and see what fun you have. So, that step I am leaving it to you as homework and then let us look at what we saw here q 1 by q 2 is a function of t 1 and t 2. So, now let us look at q 1 by q 2 q 2 by q 3 looking at r a we have q 1 by q 2 equals the function of t 1 and t 2 then q 2 by q 3 is the same function of t 2 and t 3 and since we have proved I mean you have proved or we have proved that this q 3 is this q 3 from the third engine point of view this is looking at the engine r a this is looking at the engine r b and looking at the engine r 3 we will get the q 1 by q 3 equals same function f of t 1 t 3 r c. Now, you will notice that if you multiply the left hand sides of r a and r b you get the left hand side of r c and that means if you multiply the right hand side of the first two equations you should get the right hand side of the third equation and that gives us a hint about the type of function f should be function f should be such that f of t 1 t 2 multiplied by f of t 2 t 3 is f of t 1 t 3 this is the requirement for the function f. So, thermodynamics not only tells us that the ratio of q 1 q 2 mind you these are all for a reversible to t heat engine is a function of the two temperatures, but it also tells us what kind of function it should be it does not tell us exactly what function it should be it does not tell us that f of t 1 t 2 should be say t 1 plus t 2 or sin t 1 plus cosine t 2 or tangent t 1 divided by tangent t 2 nothing like that it tells us that you can have any function t 1 t 2 any function f provided that function satisfies this relationship. And it is obvious that a simplest function with satisfies this relationship is the ratio because we have seen it from here if f of t 1 t 2 is defined as a t 1 divided by t 2 then this thing will be satisfied and we can now say that the simple scheme satisfy this requirement is to say let f of t 1 t 2 be equal to t 1 by t 2 I mean this is the simplest one perhaps although I have not used the superlative here, but I agree instead of t 1 t 2 you can have t 1 square divided by t 2 square or square root of t 1 divided by square root of t 2 or sin of t 1 divided by sin of t 2 or some funny polynomial of t 1 divided by the funny polynomial of t 2 you know the sky is the limit, but we want it to be simple and we want it to be simple because we want to define a very simple scale of thermodynamics. And now this gives us the idea of using this basis for a thermodynamic scale of and remember the way we have defined our ideal gas scale including the ideal gas Kelvin scale we had a standard system for a reference point and then we had a thermometer in that case we had the thermometer made up of a system containing an ideal gas whose pressure and temperature pressure and volume could be easily measured and then we measured the temperature of that system when it is in equilibrium with our standard system and said well measure the PV product at the reference state. Then we brought it in thermal equilibrium with the system whose temperature is to be measured and we measured the pressure volume product for of the thermometer. And then we said the ratio of these two pressure volume products is the ratio of the ideal gas temperatures of the system and of the reference state. So, if you define the temperature of the reference state the temperature of the system is defined. Here also we are going to do a similar thing we are going to have a reference system and its state and we are going to assign a value to t ref and then we are going to define a thermometer and then using the thermometer we are going to define a procedure for assigning t. Here also we will do the same thing as earlier we will have some reference system in a reference state and we will say that the temperature is t ref and let us say we have our system whose temperature is to be measured or to which a value of temperature is assigned. What we do is we run a reversible 2 t machine engine between this reference system and the system whose temperature is to be measured. It is possible that this temperature is thermodynamically the system temperature is thermodynamically higher than t ref. Also possible that it is lower than t ref it does not matter in either case the result will be the same. Let us assume that t ref the t is higher than t ref. So, it absorbs q from the system at t and it rejects q ref to the system at t ref and let it do some work w. We have now this relation and we have said let this be and so f of t 1 t 2 remember was q 1 by q 2. So, we will use that and we will say that now our assignment of temperature is based on the measurement of q and q ref and get t. So, remember what we have done we have defined a reference system and its state we will assign it t find or assign different t refs and different reference systems will give us different scales. Then thermometer is a 2 t reversible heat engine major q ref and then use this equation to obtain look at the similarity earlier we had p v by p v ref here you only have q by q ref for a reversible 2 t engine working between the them. I said that let us assume t to be higher than t ref thermodynamically, but you can assume t ref to be higher than t thermodynamically all that will happen is the arrows here for q ref and q will change direction this also will flip instead of t by t ref is q by q ref you will write it as t ref by t equals q ref by q, but finally algebraically it makes no difference. So, this way we get the thermodynamic of our system now it all that is left is to define this reference system its reference state and define or assign the value of t ref. Now this may lead to some confusion which will get clarified after some time as we produce as we progress we now come to the thermodynamic scale name after Kelvin thermodynamic Kelvin scale because we already have the ideal gas Kelvin scale of temperature we now define thermodynamic Kelvin scale of temperature. We define that by saying our reference system as earlier contains water or ordinary water substance the reference state is triple point because that way we do not have to specify even the pressure and t ref is 273.16 k and if you want you can say you can put here k th indicating this Kelvin on the thermodynamic scale. Now you will immediately have a question we have a system we have its temperature on the ideal gas k scale and we can also measure its temperature t on the thermodynamic Kelvin scale before that some people will say that sir we have already defined Kelvin scale using an ideal gas why unnecessarily confused thing by using the same name Kelvin scale. The reason for that is well we will soon be showing that they are equal there are two ways of showing that they are equal one which we can do in a slightly complex way soon just after this. The other way is the physicist way of doing things is that do not talk about the ideal gas Kelvin scale continue assuming everything is the thermodynamic Kelvin scale derive relations between properties and then use Joules theorem Joules law to demonstrate that the thermodynamic Kelvin scale and the ideal gas Kelvin scale are equivalent. We will not follow the physicist method we will follow the engineers method we will now define a cycle name again in the name of Carnot a Carnot cycle and then we will derive its characteristic particularly that of efficiency and using that characteristic of efficiency we will show that the ideal gas Kelvin scale and the thermodynamic Kelvin scale are the same its 1230 now. So, the Carnot engine the Carnot in the Carnot cycle and the equivalence of Kelvin scale we will leave for the after lunch session. Thank you.


Welcome to our interview show in which we interview LGBTQ guests who are important contributors to our community. We want to acknowledge that All Things LGBTQ is produced at Orca Media in Montpelier, Vermont, which is unceded Indigenous land. Enjoy the show. Welcome to All Things LGBTQ. Today we have Jazz Whitney and she's going to talk to us about their project, Copwatch. So, hi Jazz, how are you doing? Hi, I'm well, how are you? I'm very good, thank you. How did you get involved in this project and are you originally a Vermonter? Yeah, yeah, so I am from Jericho, Vermont just outside of Barlington originally, but then have lived in several other places, including when I first got into Copwatching. I was living in Austin, Texas for just around five months and they have a Copwatch group there. So there are Copwatch groups kind of all over the country and internationally even, but they're all autonomous. There's no kind of centralized. But yeah, the project, the group there was called Peaceful Streets Projects and that's when I started filming police interactions with small groups of folks who would go out on kind of group shifts. And so when I got involved with that, I was visiting Barlington just to visit home for a bit, but it just happened to coincide with the time that some body cam footage had just come out of the Barlington Police Department and cops assaulting Black men, the Mele brothers at the bottom of Church Street in spring of 2019. And so at the time, I really, I thought I was just going to be visiting for a couple of weeks and put an event on Facebook just to host a Copwatch training and small group shift to go out and I was thinking it would be great to get three or four people out to just show the cops that we have eyes and cameras on them. But the Barlington community was just so obviously ready to mobilize on a larger scale. And so yeah, BTV Copwatch kind of formed out of that. And I threw Copwatch honestly, like found really rad community here. And I left Burlington for a little bit, but then came back and have been around Burlington since and so I know you work in coordination with Black Lives Matter. Are there any groups that you're also coordinating with and is this only in the Burlington area or are we going to try to get this all over the state of Vermont? Yeah. So yeah, when we first started kind of forming BTV Copwatch a little bit more formally, we partnered with Black Lives Matter of Greater Burlington, which was really good because first of all, to have Black leadership to be accountable to that because obviously policing is an issue that disproportionately affects Black folks. And also just because I hadn't been living in the community for so long, it was important to build strong ties with folks who had lived here for a long time, not to just have an outsider come in and kind of just go rogue. And then about in March 2020 was when we started partnering with Food Not Bombs, which Caleb will talk about a little bit more later. We've collaborated with the Burlington Tenants Union, with the food shelf here to an extent. We definitely like we collaborate with some nonprofits. We just want to keep boundaries such that we can really stay true to our vision and our mission and values and not really be, you know, not have strings attached with funding or anything where we can't be political and true to kind of, you know, what we believe in. And yeah, Sarah, what was your second question? Well, I think about doing in the rest of Vermont. Oh yeah. Yeah, we have actually, we've reached out. A couple groups have reached out to us interested in starting smaller, you know, small cop watch groups or mutual aid groups in other parts of Vermont. I believe we did a training perhaps last year in St. Albans.  We're really happy to be in touch with folks and offer trainings and just kind of talk about what makes sense for their community. Yeah, we had an incident here in Montpelia, probably last week in some, which someone was coming, a man was coming out of the theater with his boyfriend, and someone drove by in a pickup truck rolled down the window and yelled the N word at his boyfriend.  And so, you know, I really think for me to be the object would be to get this everywhere. I mean, I know if I see a cop stop someone, if I can, or if I will, I'll stop and just observe if possible. So, you know, I really think this is so important. Yeah, yeah, I think racism and also policing in general just really manifests in different ways, in different contexts and communities. And sometimes it's more insidious. And, you know, we've definitely received comments of like, Oh, why does Burlington, Vermont of all places need cop watch. And yeah, I mean, it's been very clear to us now, having spent a lot of time keeping our eyes on the cops, how racism shows up in their work. And, and also just like there, you know, the homeless community is a huge target of policing of harassment and assault. When I first came back to visit Vermont, and just was kind of chatting with people around downtown to get an idea of where the cops hang out and what, you know, they do immediately multiple folks who are unhoused, had stories to tell me, you know, recent stories, old stories of getting harassed and assaulted. And so it was very clear, very, as soon as you start talking to people outside kind of the white rich liberal bubble, you realize that policing is an issue here, just, you know, it may be to different severities, but certainly it's, it's appreciated here to keep an eye on them. Well, you know, as we know, the whole culture of policing and what that means. So, in addition to watching, is your group advocating for different ways of policing also? And are you involved in that movement at all? Are you just kind of staying away from that and doing what you do best, which is watch them?  And I know a lot of us kind of feel sometimes frustrated or disempowered by some of the more traditional, like, you know, working within the system reforms, things like that. And so a lot of the work we do, and especially as, you know, maybe people involved with Cop Watch will go to city council meetings or things like that, but Cop Watch as a group is mainly staying as, you know, kind of an outside the system strategy. And, and it has evolved into, like, watching cops is certainly part of it, right? So that's like kind of the main, the main thing, you know, had film police interactions for de-escalation and solidarity with the folks involved. But very naturally and organically, other projects have come out of this. And so we have done like some political education events. A couple years ago, when the cops were hosting events like Creamy with a Cop, where they were going into the community to talk to folks and kind of perpetuating their cop agenda, we would show up with a lot of abolitionist literature and be willing to talk to people and honestly just meet people in the community because so much of this work is relational and solidarity building and hearing people's stories and talking about how, what we can do to protect and serve each other. So we're not as dependent on, you know, armed dependages of the state to de-escalate situations. And that has also come up recently, recently a business owner in Burlington was really struggling with someone who was in a mental health crisis and acting very aggressively towards them and their staff. And they didn't really want to resort to using the police because they were worried about this person's safety because people with mental who are struggling with mental health are obviously at risk of being harmed by police. And actually, they did end up going to the police, but the police weren't particularly helpful. And then they reached out to us and asked if we could help with de-escalation and kind of offering an alternative. And we just had people show up in shifts as a de-escalatory presence. We've hosted de-escalation trainings in the past. So, yeah, Cop Watch is kind of just like this ever-evolving project that really serves and care, like offers community care in whatever way that the community needs, which is ever changing. So how do you, how are you getting the word out about your organization and how people, I mean, we'll put up your website or how to reach you when we do the show or when we air the show. But just for people who are listening, if they want to contact you or start another chapter someplace else with your support or however, or whatever they want to do, how are you reaching people? Yeah, so we try to maintain a pretty consistent social media presence, both to maintain those contact share information, again, like a way for to do some more political education, commentary on what's happening locally. So, yeah, on Facebook, if you search BTV Space Cop Watch, you can reach us there. We're on Instagram as well, BTV Cop Watch and Twitter. And yeah, we're really happy to talk to anyone. Great. So, what would you like the audience to know before we leave? Is there anything, you know, like you'd like to tell people, should people like stop if they see, you know, someone of color or, you know, just be observers, even if they can get involved as people in your actual group? There are ways, I guess, that you could help. And so people should reach you about that too. Like if you're driving along and you stop and you're taking pictures, do they send them to you? Yeah, absolutely. So yeah, I mean, part of kind of the mission of Cop Watch as well is to empower folks to feel comfortable filming cops in any scenario. So we do, you know, we have done small group shifts in the past, which is a great way for folks to feel comfortable, you know, filming the police because it can obviously be a scary situation to be in or uncomfortable. And everyone, you know, has different, you know, there's different risk levels based on your identities and the context of the situation. And so there is, there's a training online. There's a YouTube video. It's about an hour long of our Cop Watch training that you can access. Again, if you contact us on social media, or if you, I think if you look up on YouTube, BTV, Cop Watch training, it should be findable, which kind of just lays out some of the like main tips of how to stay safe doing it, the legality of it as well, because we have had instances of cops threatening to arrest us while filming, which is, you know, they're not, they're not in the right there. But like in Austin, Texas, for example, they, over the six or seven years that the Cop Watch group existed there, there were about 20 arrests of cop watchers. Luckily, they had a pro bono lawyer working with them that got every single one dismissed or dropped because that's, yeah, it is legal to film. But yeah, so it's just, the training includes a lot of considerations that people should, you know, really think about before pulling out the camera, because there are risks involved, but also kind of assures you of the legality of it. And let's see, what else? Yeah, really just that, you know, again, Cop Watch does a lot of different things at the heart of it. It's really about community care and showing up for each other. And yeah, just our kind of informal motto is strong communities make police obsolete. And we know that we're not going to abolish the police tomorrow, but the more we can build those foundational infrastructures and like alternative processes of, you know, still holding people accountable in our community when they are causing harm. But also holding them in community in ways that is not, you know, mimicking the carceral system of isolation and exile. And really just, yeah, just really believing that we can, you know, start creating this better world that we can envision. And so if anyone wants to, you know, be involved or has any questions at all, I'm super happy to talk to folks. Well, thank you so much for your activism. And, you know, what you're doing for the world in our community and spreading this word, I think is just awesome. So thank you, Jazz Whitney, for joining us tonight. Thank you so much for having me. I'll see you soon. See you soon. Me too. Okay. Hi, everybody. I'm here with Caleb Yusadi, who is a member of Food Not Bombs Burlington. And Caleb and I have a lot to talk about this afternoon. I'd like to start, if I may, with a description of Food Not Bombs that describes the national, actually international organization. When a billion people go hungry each day, how can we spend another dollar on war? Food Not Bombs is an all volunteer movement that recovers food that would otherwise be discarded in over a thousand cities and 65 countries in protest to war, poverty, and destruction of the environment. This is so, these goals are so laudable. We are not a charity, but dedicated to taking nonviolent direct action. Our movement has no headquarters or positions of leadership, and we use the process of consensus to make decisions. We also provide food and supplies to the survivors of natural disasters and people participating in occupations, strikes, marches, and other protests. That's a great project. Welcome, Caleb. Thank you for having me. I see that Food Not Bombs was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1980. And this is a particular interest to me because I was living in Cambridge in 1980. And it was involved with the Seabrook Nuclear Project. It was protesting it in New England. So tell us a little about the Burlington chapter. Has it been long-standing? When was it founded, approximately? Yeah, Burlington's chapter of Food Not Bombs has had a couple iterations. I think the earliest one was in the 90s. Then it came back in the 2010s. And the current iteration of Food Not Bombs has been going on since 2017. Let me echo Linda's question to Jazz. Does it serve only Burlington? We are very centrally located in Burlington, but we do interface with other organizations and actually a few other chapters of Food Not Bombs. In Winooski, I think we reach out to Montpelier in certain ways, but yeah, we're primarily focused on Burlington. When and how did you become involved? I became involved with Food Not Bombs at the beginning of this past summer. During the Black Lives Matter protests, there was an occupation of Battery Park in Burlington. And Food Not Bombs was one of the groups that provided food continuously to the occupation. And towards the winter, when the occupation of the park ended, I wanted to continue being involved. And Food Not Bombs was a great way for me to continue doing that. So I've been pretty involved, yeah, for the past year since the end of last summer. So you were a participant in the occupation? I was. And discovered Food Not Bombs that way. That's right, exactly. Are you from Vermont? I've lived in Burlington since high school. But prior to that, I lived in North Carolina. There we go. Does your queerness influence your social activism? And if so, how? It definitely does. I think that there's such a huge overlap between queer people and radical people. I mean, it's a somewhat natural relationship. And for me personally, I think that Food Not Bombs has actually influenced how I do think about my own queerness, especially with regards to activism, because I've come to realize that they're so interrelated. And definitely the community around Food Not Bombs. Yeah, I mean, it's revolutionary, and that's what queerness is. Absolutely. Food Not Bombs isn't a charity, but you asked for donations. Would you mind talking a little about that? Definitely. Food Not Bombs is a mutual aid organization, which is to say that we are not giving to a population, taking from certain groups, donations or sponsors. We're not allying with corporations. The goal of a mutual aid organization and the goal of our mutual aid organization is to lift up everybody. So although we try and do succeed to operate outside of traditional capitalist or hierarchical structures, it can sometimes be helpful to utilize certain resources. And if people want to contribute financially, then that's definitely part of allowing everybody to come in and be part of it and support it however they're capable. And you need money for the social activism too, right? Less than you'd think. We are strongly partnered with a lot of farms, with a lot of restaurants. There's so much food that we make, and there's enough food for everybody. Everybody in Burlington can eat and is entitled to it. So farms, surplus, restaurants that operate with certain government grants, but also with surplus food as well. We do food salvage, none of which depends on financial donations, which is incredible and surprising and surprisingly robust. Isn't your motto to not be hungry as a human right or food is a human right? Yeah, exactly. Makes perfect sense, doesn't it? Exactly. How can our audience best support you? Yeah, and your group? The best way to support food and not bombs is definitely to get involved. If you live in Burlington, you can get involved with our group directly. You can cook, you can come to distribute, which we do every day. We have a hot or cold meal depending on the weather. Every day from one to two at the Cherry Street Park and Garage, Sundays in City Hall Park. You can, of course, donate to the national organization. And if you don't live in Burlington, you can see if there's a chapter that exists wherever you are or get support in starting one. The best way to get in touch with us is through Instagram. We are FoodNotBombsBVT. And the best way to get involved or learn about the chapter as a whole, as you said, is foodnotbombs.net. Very good. Kayla Busati, thank you for joining us. You're doing great work. Thank you very much. So are you. Thank you. As we reported on a recent episode of All Things LGBTQ, there's already been a Pride event in Burlington this year. And it was called People's Pride. And joining us today is Valentine, one of the people involved with People's Pride, to talk to us about what it was and what it might be for our community going forward. So welcome, Valentine. Thank you for having me. Yeah, I am so glad that you were able to join us today. So why don't we start with People's Pride? What was it that people were, what was it that you were hoping it would be and what it would represent for our community? I think in order to discuss that, I have to discuss a little bit of what I saw when I went to like official Burlington Pride, which was banks and cops and supermarkets.  And for years, I just avoided Church Street in September. I avoided official Burlington Pride because it was alienating. And over the course of years, I just wanted something that felt real, that felt like it was by LGBTQIA plus folks, for LGBTQIA plus folks. And this year, in the wake of a year and a half of isolation, kind of came to a boil. And what I wanted was, at first, all I really hoped for was a march. And after I hit up a few friends, one of whom was Jazz, who spoke earlier, and more and more folks got excited about it, I realized it could be more. And it still ended up being more than I had, than I could have hoped for. Yeah. So what I'm hearing from you is, and I'm going to circle back a little bit that we're going to talk more about you personally, is what you were looking for was the original vision for Pride, which was street activism, and visibility, and radical politics. Exactly. Yes. So, but I also heard you saying that you stayed away from Church Street in September. So that also tells me that you've been around here for a while. I have been. I've been here since 2013, which me coming here and me radicalizing and me admitting who I was in terms of gender and sexuality are all very closely tied together. Because I came here for college and was very quickly shown that poor kids don't really get to do that. It turns out that you can be poor enough to not qualify for financial aid because you're too much of a risk. And after becoming disillusioned and having to leave college, I just started seeing more and more of just the horrendous injustice and inequality that rules everything. At the same time, I was figuring out who I was in terms of gender. So when I showed up at my first Burlington Pride back in 2013, it didn't feel right. It didn't feel like any of the prides that I heard about from my one intergenerational queer connection that I somehow managed to have grow enough. It just felt like, I don't know, yet another pretty shiny college event, quite honestly. It felt as though our history and activism was for sale, but I don't get to bid on it. Yep. I could never afford that. Yeah.  So if you came to Vermont in 2013, where were you before that? I grew up in the swamps of Rhode Island, raised a hard right evangelical, not a great way for a queer person to grow up. I did have a few ties to actual queer folks, some of my siblings who were not raised alongside me, and an older relative who was bi in California in the 80s. As such, caught what you catch when you're bi in California in the 80s and nobody cares about gay people. It's one of the reasons that we have PrEP from taking part in studies for longer than I've been alive.  And then, yeah, I came to Vermont for college after graduating high school, actually, to jump on the graduating high school and connections to queer history.  It's really sounding, and it's Anne's question of how your queerness shapes your involvement and your activism. So I want to go into people's pride. Was this a one time event? Are there more things that you would like to see this mishmash of activist focus on and accomplish? And what am I going to be able to interview you about for activism a year from now? Well, to address questions in order, absolutely not a one time thing, already not a one time thing. In fact, although we have recently had to step back from indoor events as coronavirus numbers start to rise again, we've had multiple events since the original people's pride that happened back in June. And we're just going to keep organizing might not be the same folks if folks need to take steps back. But the goal at the very least is to just keep having real pride events. If that looks like once a year and act a real pride march that in and of itself would be a win. But it's looking like it's looking like there's a big ol hunger amongst not just Burlingtonian LGBTQIA plus folks but folks across the state folks outside of the state some of the attendees that made sure to get our contact information came across the Adirondacks to get here for people's pride and talk excitedly about maybe hosting queer get togethers on their farms in the middle of state New York. This is going to keep happening in short. So how do I not miss when you have an event coming up? How will I know about them? Currently the best way to stay up to date is unfortunately tethered social media just because the easiest thing for a lot of folks to use. We are fairly active on Facebook under people's pride Burlington. I believe there were rumblings of getting an Instagram set up as well. In addition to that since we're as emergent from other Burlington activists in Vermont activist groups as we are a lot of the events that we throw are either tied to or promoted by cop watch was interviewed earlier. We also throw up flyers but that's more of a if you're walking already walking around Burlington kind of thing. So currently Facebook is the best way. So to follow up on the questions that keeps getting asked how do we support you in this? That's an interesting one. Since it's such a young project. The best way honestly is let folks know. Spread the word of events. Most of pretty much all except for I think $20 that I spent on some D cell batteries for a megaphone but everything besides that in terms of costs for every people's pride event which just because I don't think I've mentioned this yet was I believe a close to eight hour long event from the start of the March to when until the last artist stopped playing. All of that was funded by donations. Just folks who showed up and sent and sent money over Venmo when we shout that out on stage. And that's that includes renting a generator, renting a porta potty, making sure that we had all of the supplies we needed and paying all of the artists who wanted to be paid. All of that just through folks sending us money at the event. So like the best honestly the best way to support us is to show up and if we ask for $5 just to pay our artists, toss us five bucks if you got it. I'm hearing the fire of old activists in your voice and I have to tell you how encouraging that is. And what I also heard you saying is that this you're not just Burlington that people from outside the greater Burlington community have been reaching out to you. So is it possible that people's pride would also be present to add and sponsor other events? Yeah definitely at least in terms of boosting other events. Sponsor is a word that has a lot of different meanings. We can't necessarily provide funding for other events but we can put the word out. That's one of the things that people are asking us about at the original People's Pride Burlington event. And if someone wants to throw an event of some sort in Burlington outside of Burlington and it holds true to actual radical queer ideas. If there aren't going to be any cops there, if there aren't going to be any banks funding it, if there aren't going to be politicians talking and showing how queer friendly they are and then forgetting us the rest of the year. Like as long as it's by queer folks, for queer folks, and not assimilating, we'll boost it. We'll let folks know that it's happening. And some of us might attend, some of us might not be able to because of the three of us who organized it, I think maybe one of us has a car. We're local poor folks but we'll send folks towards other events for sure. So this all sounds very much like how queer activism started. Thank you for your voice. Thank you for your fire. Know that all things we will publicize. Any event for which you give us information. Thank you for spending this time with us. Thank you for having me. And I hope to see y'all at our events and I hope to see your viewers at our events. Have a great rest of your day. Thank you. Thank you for joining us. We'll see you in two weeks, but in the meantime, resist.


Hello there everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with Stock Squish Reviewing, NVIDIA. NVIDIA was a gap up today on earnings that actually gapped up last night. We did not do it. We did not go long this. We didn't do calls in it. I am not going to right now. Will I someday in the future? Maybe. Right now there's too many things going on in the next 24 hours with the market, with the Jackson Hole meeting and of course the market has fallen all day today. Part of that was NVIDIA, but there was other things too. There was a drive in the market. It was selling, real selling.  I prefer to short. I'm shorting gap downs. I did not short NVIDIA. We're ridiculous to short. This is the strongest stop in the market.  Then we did do nice shorts. There were other things. We did not short this. So again, NVIDIA is strong. I'm not denying that. I'm not at all. I mean you look at the move that it made, but it kind of got screwed up a couple of days ago when it had to move into the earnings and we didn't do it because the auctions were priced so ridiculous, so crazy going into the earnings that it didn't make any sense to do. Could you have made money? Yes, but I mean the day to go long to NVIDIA really was here. I looked at it. I thought about it. I just chose not to do it. But again, I would have never held that trade if I had gone long and gone done calls. I would not have held it into the earnings because you never know. The earnings could have been the reverse direction. This could have opened at $400. But this trade was a bust to play as an earnings trade. And again, this is something that's been on my radar for a while. We've done trades in this. We've done lots of different things in this. And I was looking forward to this this week, but I knew Monday then it was off and it wasn't going to do anything really right. And you watch it. You see, I know what to look for in the setups. I'm very good at reading the one-minute chart. I'm very good at reading the pre-market. I'm very good at reading the post-market, which I did last night. So this just failed. So if you tried to go long this today, or if you're still long this right now, you're asking for trouble taking this into tomorrow, not knowing where the market is in the morning, because this could fall another 50 points down until it reverses again. I think this is pretty much just done here for the moment. I mean, something would have to really convince me. The buying would have to come in 100% to make me and convince me to want to go long this anytime soon. And again, with the Jackson Hole meeting tomorrow and the Fed talking about interest rates, it may be if we rally, but there's no way to know that right now. So NVIDIA was a no-play for us today. I did watch it. I knew the numbers. I knew what to look for. I knew what it had to do. It didn't do any of the things right to go long. And then it fell. Actually, I think this fell the second that it opened. It opened at 502.16 and the high was 502.66. So it made an attempt for a 50-cent rally and that was it. It was all it could do the whole day. So for those who didn't know what I do, I trade momentum. We prefer to short. Again, NVIDIA would have been a long if it had set up, which it didn't. We would have done calls or gone long as a day trade. It was a bullish gap, but we didn't do it. If you have questions, you'd like more information about trading options with me or the day trades, email me and Melissa at thestockswish.com. Have a great day, everyone.


The study aimed to evaluate three single-session interventions, SSIs, embedded as cocoa mini-courses on Tumblr to improve hopelessness, self-hate, and the desire to stop self-harm behavior in teenagers. The SSIs were completed 6,179 times between March 2021 and February 2022, with high star ratings and completion rates relative to other digital self-help interventions. Paired T-Tests showed significant pre-post reductions in hopelessness and self-hate, and an increase in the desire to stop self-harm from before to after completing the SSIs. The results suggest that brief SSIs embedded within popular social platforms may be a promising and acceptable method for providing free, scalable, and potentially helpful mental health support on the web, particularly for teenagers without access to other mental health supports.