Welcome. Thank you all for being here. The second seminar for today. My name is Paul Lowenthal, Division Chief Fire Marshal for the Santa Rosa Fire Department. Again, thank you and I'm joined for this presentation by Neil Bregman, our Emergency Manager. I also have Deputy Chief Mike McCallum. My mistake for not getting him on this slide. He is on the last slide of the presentation, so I promise he does exist and we have a slide for him to cover as well. So between the three of us, we've got Operations Prevention, Emergency Management all covered here and hopefully give you a lot of good information, but also more importantly, be able to help answer any questions you have towards the very end. So with that, you guys excited? All right. So we're going to dive right in and I will let Neil go for it. Hi everybody. Can you hear me? All right. It's one of my skills. I'm very loud. Neil Bregman, Emergency Manager for the city. I've been here since 2014. If you can hold your questions to the end of the presentation, we have a lot of information and most times the next slide will answer the thing you're going to ask, but we will stay here and give you plenty of time for questions, even if we don't get to it, but let us run through this and we'll make sure we get to all of your information. So when we have a wildfire, myself, my deputy in the back there, Brittany Miller, will be given a request or rather an order by the Fire Department and law to send out an evacuation warning or order. When we do that, we want to make sure you get the message. The way we're going to do that is this first slide here. Know your alerts. By the way, over at our fire department booth, there's copies of this. They're also available online if you'd like to print it out later after today. So I'm going to go through this. The city uses all of these systems depending on the size of the incident and the fire, but we will use them in combination because none of them are perfect and we want to make sure that we reach you in as many ways as possible. So starting at the top here, the first system the city will use is called EAS or emergency alert. This is the one that breaks into television, has the banner across in the middle of prices right and does the test. I'm going back a few years. The test was always breaking in in the middle of the end of prices right, right? This is that one that's on TV. We will use this one when an evacuation is large enough that we're going to evacuate a full zone. We've done that in 2020. We did in fact activate the system. The thing to understand is when we broadcast this, it goes out to the entire Bay Area broadcast area. So from however far north channel two and seven go all the way down to Gilroy or even further. So we're talking to a lot of people. We of course will do that. We just make sure our message is crafted to let the people who need to know know, but this is a very big blast. The next one down is wireless emergency alert. This is the one that everyone is familiar with as the amber alert. If your phone is on and not on stun, not on vibrate and on an iPhone, make sure that little orange button is off. If your phone is not on silent mode, if you're in the geographic area that we need to evacuate, your phone, your smartphone will receive a message and a tone anywhere from 90 to 360 characters telling you what you need to do. 90 to 360 characters is very short. To get all the information in there, we do a couple things. We use evacuation zones. I can't write out this street in that street. So the next slide is we're going to talk about those and make sure you know your evacuation zones. But the key is after you get that message, there are other informational tools on here, but we do have more character limits that I'm going to provide you with more information. The WIA is wake up, something's going on, get more info. The way WIA works is Brittany and I will draw a box on the computer of the area that needs to be evacuated. That message goes to the cell phone providers, to the cell phone towers, and that's where it gets a little tricky. Verizon and AT&T have different rules around what's near a tower, and depending on how technology works, you and I can be standing next to each other. I have an iPhone on AT&T, you have a Verizon Android. One phone will go off, the other one will not. We understand that. That's why we don't use justice technology. WIA is a great technology at blast a large area, but it is not perfect. In order to make sure we're getting the message to you in a timely fashion about the addresses you need, the next one on here in red is the important one, and this is your homework. Sign up for SoCo Alert. SoCo Alert is the city and county's emergency notification system. It is the only one that you will get a phone call on. Phone call, email and text, sign up for SoCo Alert. The difference between SoCo Alert and WIA is that WIA is based upon where the cell towers think your phone is. SoCo Alert, you're going to register and specifically tell us addresses that you want to know about. You're in San Francisco for the day. Where would you like to know about up here that might be somewhere that's being evacuated or in danger? It may be more than just your home. Grandkids' house, kids' house, doggy daycare, middle of the week work. Register every single location that you would want to know about emergency information for on every phone, home phone, cell phone. Absolutely free. If you're not sure if you've registered, it doesn't hurt to go register again. It will not hurt the system. If anything, I prefer you go double register and make sure that you're on there. That is a system that you will get a phone call and email and a text. It is the only one that will do that and is your homework. We also, a few years ago, gave out, moving back up here, about 20,000 NOAA weather radios. In an evacuation, those will tone out inside of your home. If you get one of those, they're about $20, $25 right now. We can help you program it. Very easy to do. I believe there's a few different booths out there where you might actually be able to get a radio for free today. Once you have the radio, if you are hard of hearing, the county actually has attachments for it that's a bed shaker and strobe lights. If you get the radio, we could have that to help you. Here's the thing about the radio. It's activated by the National Weather Service. They will do both evacuations at our request, but all other weather information within the county. The radio sits silent, but if there's any flash flood, any evacuation, anywhere in Sonoma County, that radio hears it and will go off. It will not discriminate, oh, you're in South County. You don't want to know about the evacuation in Cloverdale. So it's a great tool. I suggest you get one. It's redundant in that it doesn't require cell phone or power. It has a battery backup and relies on radio. So it's a great tool for all of you to have. But again, the disadvantage of it is that it's going to broadly sound off at times where maybe you don't want the message. But personally, I prefer to hear about every single thing that's happening in Sonoma County rather than having no information at all. Going down the list here, Paul has to say something. No, before he does the silo siren, I'm going to remind him that we can hear him really well, so just back away from the mic. He likes to make the noise. I make the noise. I do it as a party trick as well. So going down though, back to, remember, wea is wake up, get more information. Neil, where do I get more information? Other than registering for SoCo Alert, our local radio and television stations, the city's website being signed up. Here's your other homework for Civic Ready. Civic Ready is a replacement to Nixle for the city. We still put out all the same information we used to on Nixle. We're just using a different system. I need you to go and register for that one. That one doesn't have a character limit. I can write you a novel on where the shelter is, where the temporary evacuation point is, everything else. But I need you to sign up for that so you know where to get the rest of your information from. And I will say, because I know we'll get questions on us, so we'll try to head off some of them. Civic Ready did replace Nixle for the city limits. We have had a lot of feedback where people are concerned that they're not getting their Nixle anymore. That's a good thing. The reason that you're not getting a text alert if you've signed up for Nixle doesn't mean the system isn't working. It means that we haven't had a need to push an emergency, a message out at that level. We have tested it a couple times. We used the text feature most recently for it to advertise a prescribed fire that we were burning on the west side of Santa Rosa. More is a test to make sure people are getting it. So if you think you're signed up for Civic Ready or aren't sure and you did not get that test, then you're not signed up. We made a decision to switch away from Nixle based on our experiences with it. Santa Rosa pretty much put Nixle on the map. No one knew what it was until the 2017 fires. The issues that we had with it was that Everbridge that owns Nixle started increasing their rates and decreasing their level of service. So it almost became a little bit of a power pool. We also found that the system was unreliable. When the civil unrest was taking place in downtown Santa Rosa, we activated the system and used it to advertise areas that we did not want people to go to, like when the protesters are going up on a highway 101. Some of those messages didn't go out until 12 hours later. Their customer service wasn't great and we just had a couple other issues where we had rogue messages that were going out. We had a grass fire on Stony Point Road and Snowman County Fire District members got their notification up in the Porter Creek area. So based on that we looked at what options were out there to replace it and we went with Civic Ready. It has proven so far to be much more reliable, much better customer service. The few times that we've used it either for an actual alert level text message or what we're typically using it for now is for more community level messaging whether it's a press release from the fire department or the police department. But right now it's been working great and Civic Ready also has a relationship with all the cell providers where we have unlimited texting. With Nixle we had buckets where we had to be cautious of how many texts we send it out. What level of the text do we want to send out which was then making the community anxious because they want more information. With Civic Ready we have unlimited texting so if we have a reason to text we're going to text. Bottom line please sign up for Civic Ready. That is our secondary system for information. We will use the other systems first and you can find that slide other places. We will talk to all the local television and radio stations to make sure they have the information as well. So here when we do use the notification systems for the purposes of wildfire and or pretty much anything else here are the three types of messages you might receive and what we want you to do with them. So there's evacuation order, evacuation warning and shelter in place. Evacuation order means leave now. Oh we forgot to do the high lows on the last slide there. No that's fine. Every SRPDV all fire police vehicles have high low tones. The phrase to remember is if you hear the high low it's time to go. If they're in your neighborhood and you hear that tone you can do the tone for me.  That's the best part of my whole speech here. So evacuation order it's time to go. This is not the time to start packing the bag figuring things out it's leave now. Evacuation warning on the other hand is get ready the conditions could change though. You may need to leave in two minutes two hours or never but it's a get ready. Here's the thing if you are a slower moving person need more time feel anxious when the warning comes. Leave when the warning comes. There is no reason that you have to wait for the order. The worst that happens is you took a trip into downtown Santa Rosa for an hour that you didn't need to take. If it eases your concern that you're on the road and you're moving because the warning king and there's a threat in your area go. You do not have to stay and wait for the order. The other type is shelter in place. While we might have that for a wildfire that is more likely to be something like a chemical spill as my colleague calls it the methyl ethyl bad stuff cloud kind of in the air where we'll say please shelter in place do not come out of your house there could be an active shooter or something like that we'll use that. The key with that one is do not call 911 asking when the shelter in place will be lifted. We will send an all clear message until the message comes. Don't swamp 911 asking for that. Okay. So we talked about once you get the message I need you to know because I'm using those very short character limits what I'm talking about the city and county rather than trying to describe what area needs to be evacuated by saying north of river road east of this one has gone to a zone system and so I need you to go whether you live in the city or outside the city and look up your zone make sure you know it and write it down and put it on your refrigerator. We in fact have magnets over at our booth where you can do that and write it down and put on the magnet. So all the information we're providing today is available at ready SR.  We have an evacuation look up tool there. You can put your address in Sonoma County has one as well on their website. So whether you live in this city a different city or unincorporated you live in an evacuation zone and should know it. The county ones use usually a four number letter. So you're an EF 46 the city uses actual common names of neighborhoods. That's a difference but make sure you know especially if you live in an EF 28 what the heck that is because that's what's going to come across on your phone and that is not the time to figure out if that's on your phone if you are in that evacuation zone know your evacuation zone ahead of time. So another tool we have is making sure you know your neighborhood travel routes or know your ways out of your neighborhood. So aside from knowing your evacuation zone I want you to know the multiple ways out of your neighborhood.  What if that's blocked? What if now again I say you should evacuate and go to whatever your plan point of evacuation is at your friend's house.  If that way is blocked what is your next best route. Sometimes the fastest way that you think is not the fastest way to actually get there. It will get there quicker if you go in a different direction. In the in the glass fire everyone went down to highway 12 from Oakmont. They all turned left and came on 12. From up north in Calistoga they came to 12. Lots of traffic. If at Oakmont if people had turned right or in Calistoga that kind of area people got up and over they were to safety in 10 or 15 minutes. Our policy is unless we in the notification say don't go in a particular direction all travel routes are open and available. So go to that website there's maps there that show you all the different ways out of your neighborhood.  The time to print this out is not when the fire is happening you need to evacuate. Do it ahead of time. Know your ways out of your neighborhood. Know the alternate routes. So now Neil we've made you you made me evacuate. Where the heck am I going to go? I don't know. I do actually first I'd like you to make a plan. Obviously the safest and best thing is if you have the ability to get out of this area to a family member or friend that's somewhere else and the roads are clear get the heck out of here. It will help us the less people we need to help and protect and get supplies to the less burden you're putting on the people here who are still suffering. If you can get somewhere great if you don't have a plan we have a plan for that. You're going to come over to our temporary evacuation point on West 3rd. Anytime we issue an evacuation warning or order we will immediately open this. What is it? It's a big parking lot but we will have city staff there. It's a point of respite for you to take a deep breath. We will also have services like the Red Cross and Salvation Army there. If you just need time to figure out your next steps this is going to be a safe place. We'll again have city staff to help you navigate. If you need the services or if you need to get on your way after that we just know that this is on the west side out of the way hopefully from any fire. This will be open. We will be there to greet you. If you need a shelter we will figure that out as the next step as well but this should be your first stop if you don't have a plan to get out of the area. You want to do this one? Okay evacuation checklist. There's lots of good info out there. On our website we have lots of information on building an evacuation checklist. So you need to do two things for evacuation. You need to have a go bag with you. I'm going to call it your 10 and 10. What are the 10 most important things you will need to rebuild your life and that you cannot replace? Have copies in that go bag. You're leaving you don't know when you're coming back. I want you to plan for at least three days in a really fun shelter. So changes to clothes what do you need? A battery charger, phone cord, prescription medication all of those types of things that you are not coming back now. I want you to have extra of that in your bag to be able to grab and go. We're going to try and feed you and get all the goodies we can at the shelter but it might take a little time so I'd like you to throw in at least a 24-hour supply of food and water. Nothing special but just think about the things you need in the bag. So on our evacuation checklist though we have all sorts of stuff to prepare your family, prepare your pets. We have booths outside with animal services and halter project here. If you need more information preparing your pets. We also have a lot of information and we're probably getting into it more with Paul on preparing the outside of your home and your neighborhood. And again I just wanted to keep these last items in mind. The medications making sure if you have any medical equipment that you keep a copy of the instructions with you. If you need something that needs to be refrigerated what is your backup plan for your insulin?  We will help you but in the interim how are you keeping things that might need to be refrigerated done like that. Please think about your pets and prepare for them as well and have extra stuff for power. And with that I turn over to Paul Lomondall for vegetation management. Thanks Neil. So Neil provided a lot of good information on what to do in the event the emergency happens but we get a lot of questions about what are we doing to prevent the next wildfire here locally. Obviously 2017 was something that we never want to go through. We don't want to see anybody else go through. Unfortunately it seems like it's something that's becoming more and more frequent but from it we've learned a lot and we're doing things a lot differently now. We saw the benefits of a lot of the efforts that we're undergoing take into effect in the 2020 fires. You look at how many people were affected by the Tubbs fire and Nuns fire and the city limits and then look at all the improvements that were made for alerting defensible space home hardening and then look what happened in the 2020 glass fire. You only hear about the fact that we had about 35 or so homes destroyed in the glass fire. Commercial businesses out towards low skillicos and a triplex in Oakmont but what you don't hear about is that there were 1,152 properties in the city limits that were affected by fire and were in the footprint. Why were 1,152 properties in the fire because they were impacted but only 35 or so were actually damaged or destroyed because the systems that we put into place the efforts that people are taking are working. We're able to utilize the systems that Neil talked about get people out of harm's way. We're able to use a lot of the equipment that Mike will talk about in a future in an upcoming slide to get into these neighborhoods and the I'll say the coolest thing that I actually saw if you're going to call it cool in the fire was actually being able to stand in Oakmont with myself and our fire chief Scott Westrop watch the wall of fire come into the community, watch the embers rain down and around the homes and watch the fire basically go out without us having to do anything because it ran out of fuel. People cleared their gutters. People had the zero to five feet of ignition free zone around homes and they really didn't we in many cases didn't have to do anything because the fire literally ran out of fuel and the embers had nothing to ignite. So that was a real test for us. Obviously we want to get to a point where we don't have any structures destroyed or damaged but I'll take what we had to 2020 versus what we obviously unfortunately experienced in 2017. With that there's two websites you've heard about now. There's the srcity.org slash wild ready sr and then the one that brought us here today is the wildfire ready. So we'll get to it on the next slide but the the brains behind what's put a lot of these efforts into motion is our community wildfire protection plan. The cwpp as we refer to it was funded by a grant and it brought together a lot of recommendations that led to this web page. This web page is now kind of the hub and the home of a lot of the information that you'll learn about out here or as new changes and things go into effect you'll see it. So right now we cover our wildland urban interface what it is our cwpp the grant I've had a lot of people asking about the grant we've got a couple federally funded grants right now that are underway. One is to do fuel modifications on specific evacuation routes and another one is to help with defensible space and home hardening. We obviously get lots of questions on red fly warnings and fire weather what is can be done to reduce wildfire risk and then the big one that gets the most attention is the property owners resource library. There's a lot of great links and information on that page. I've had a ton of people asking questions about woodchips and bark. We've got a woodchip bark study on there so it really has served as a landing page for a lot of very useful information. Yes it's Santa Rosa's website but regardless of whether you live in the city or not there's so much information that is shared by whether it's us Sonoma County Fire District Cal Fire. We try and share similar messages some of it's just tailored a little bit to us but overall it's a great resource. Our weed abatement program that's currently under underway right now. The weed abatement program takes place during our more high-risk fire season here locally where we're inspecting all properties within our wildland urban interface and all the vacant lots across the entire city. When all is said and done our staff will conduct roughly 13,000 inspections which is clearly a lot but it's what we do and we've seen the benefits of the weed abatement program during the glass fire or whether it's a grass fire that we've had recently or in the last couple years where burn three five eight acres and the weed abatement program kicks in hits a break or runs out of fuel so it's been a very beneficial program and then most recently is our pile burning. We never used to allow burning like you would typically see in the county and unincorporated areas until recently so we have two type of burnings now that are we're promoting. One is we will now allow pile burning in the city limits but on specific parcels typically they're going to be on parcels over five acres in size and in our wildland urban interface and they're designed to help promote fuel reduction in areas that are typically inaccessible and would be cost prohibitive for a lot of people to do the modification so allowing them to burn in some of those specific cases helps make us all safer. The other thing that we're doing is actually doing prescribed fire across our community now which is something that we never used to do historically in the city. We did our first one last year on Old Redwood Highway next to the old Fountain Grove Inn. We did one a couple weeks ago near Youth Community Park and we plan to do additional burns between us and Cal Fire between essentially where the Fountain Grove Inn used to be and Mark West Springs Road. In some cases we'll probably work with Snowman County Fire District but the goal is to treat that area to prevent future fires from spreading up the hill or spreading down the hill into the valley floor. We're unfortunately seeing a change in our ecology in Fountain Grove and in our hillside burn scars where some areas are actually believe they're not unfortunately worse today than they were in 2017. Areas that used to be beautiful oak grass woodlands have now been replaced with Scotch Broom, French Broom and a lot of other really invasive species a lot of the dead and downed fuels so the burning is going to become critical where it's appropriate to keep our community safer. So the CWPP is a five-year plan. We approved it literally two weeks before the glass fire hit the city of Santa Rosa. We presented it to council. The plan actually identified the greatest risk to city of Santa Rosa was the exact area that burned in the glass fire literally two weeks after we presented it but it outlines nine objectives and 46 actionable items that cover everything from improving evacuation routes to structural hardening, outreach education. We are presenting our updates on that plan every year to council and we plan to put a new plan into effect at the five-year mark so it truly is serving as a roadmap to make our community safer and we're seeing the benefits of it actually pay off. So we've heard lots of questions. What is our wooey? So our wooey right now just for kind of getting everybody caught up. So this is 101, this is 12. This is generally what we refer to as our Bennett Valley wooey which is in between Summer Brookfield Road and Annadale State Park. We have our Oakmont wooey in between Highway 12 and then this is Oakmont Drive. So it's in between essentially Oakmont Dwipe Highway 12 and Annadale State Park. We have our mountain hop we refer to kind of our mountain hop wooey and then our fountain bro Montecito wooey which this is Rush Creek Road. The Flamingo is right here. The wooey has been in effect in our city since officially recorded and this current mapping since about 2008. Within our wooey are state cal fire, very high fire hazard severity zones. So the state cal fire typically maps areas outside of the wooey but they also map areas inside of our own wooey. So there's pieces of congro and oakmont that even though they're in the city limits of Santa Rosa, Cal Fire under their original maps from 2007 identifies areas of that they consider high risk. A lot is changing right now. So for those of you that follow it, Cal Fire released their maps for the state responsibility where areas that used to be high risk around the city are now moderate risk or a lower risk. Typically up in the areas, believe it or not, that have burned already areas that are outside of the burn scars. So like this is Hall. This is where I'm at. Hall and Heights over here off of Benna Valley Road. Cal Fire has actually increased the level of risk in that area. So we're likely going to have to change our wooey to catch up with what the state feels is more of a high risk. So in the coming years, you may actually see not just our wooey that you previously saw here, but you may actually see some additional ones down on the south side of Santa Rosa off pedal in the hill road and around the fairgrounds. We also expect to see the areas that were in the very high fire hazard severity zone by Cal Fire, which affects people's insurance. It affects a lot of things. That were in Skyhawk and Sound Grove probably come out of it and no longer be in the state's definition of a very high fires, very risk. Now you're still going to have to comply with defensible space and a lot of things that you have to do. But on the flip side, either maybe some benefits to your insurance, believe it or not. It's a very can be very confusing, but we're committed to as this rolls out and as there's changes, we will be doing a lot of outreach and a lot of education to our community. So we got Mike McCallum, one of our deputy chiefs who cover some of the operational improvements that are also helping make Santa Rosa a lot safer. And then after Mike, we are here for your questions. So as we've kind of been talking about throughout both of Neil and Paul's presentation since 2017, we've made several improvements and enhancements to the way we respond to fires both in Santa Rosa and around the state and fires that are impacting us, fires that can burn into Santa Rosa and affect us. So staffing, what are we doing? So during red flag warnings, we now have much better communication with our partners at the weather service throughout the county. We have operational meetings every Monday morning where all of the county partners, city partners are all on one phone call. We discuss and talk about the potentials from the weather that could be coming in, different things that are going on. So we're able to kind of predict and plan and prepare for those potential events like we had in 2017, 2020. And we'll upstaff for those. So when we get a declared red flag warning, we will actually throughout the county increase our staffing and preparedness to be able to respond to wildfires. We'll prepare with what's called strike teams. So five engines in a liter, and they'll be strategically located throughout the county to be able to hopefully get on those small fires, keep them small and keep them from becoming those larger impacting fires, configurations that we've seen that then impact entire communities. So we prepare for that. We get ready and we have that staffing on rather than calling them in after the fact. Emergency recall of employees. We have now plans in place, and we always really have, but it's much more of a robust system now. So when there is an incident that's happening, we have the ability to call all employees in. We all carry our cell phones all the time now, right? So employees are aware of the red flag warnings much earlier or aware of the potential impacts of whatever weather or other fires around the county or state that are happening. They'll be, everybody's well informed now. There's, there's no more reason or excuse to not know what's going on. Just like we hope the entire community is informed, all of our employees are informed. And when there's that incident, they're ready and able to respond back to town immediately. Staff fire engines, all of our fire engines, all of our reserve equipment, the entire city is an essentially an emergency worker. We will staff every piece of equipment just as we did in the Tubbs Fire, the Glass Fire, Kincaid Fire. We'll have firefighters in every piece of equipment going out and, and doing everything they can do to lessen the impact of whatever emergency is coming in. Equipment. So several improvements since 2017. We realized as a department we needed to improve our response to wildland fire in the wooey areas around and in the city of Santa Rosa. Like we said, many of these incidents have come from outside the city and impacted us, but what are we doing to keep our fires small in town? So since 2017, we've added a significant amount of equipment, specifically wildland equipment. We've bought two additional type three engines, which is a smaller fire engine than what you see normally driving through town. What we staff every day, our structural type engines is what we're normally on, but we've purchased two additional for a total of three type three engines. So we're able to cross staff and get on that equipment, get to the scene of a fire, provide better access, provide better tools and provide better abilities for us to fight the wildland fires specifically versus those type one engines. We've purchased two additional type six engines, which is even a smaller stature engine, basically like a utility type pickup truck with firefighting equipment. So we're able to get into the hard to access areas along the creeks and people's kind of the ranch lands or rural properties around town. We're able to provide much better access. We have two more of those on order, which should be here by the end of the year. Personal protective equipment. So we've outfitted all of our firefighters with with brand new equipment that is able to help them be able to to work better in the environment of a wildland fire. It's it breeds better. It's cooler. They're able to work longer, harder hours, but still have the highest level of thermal protection to be able to fight the fire. So just state of the art equipment. We've added new portable radios. Every firefighter in the city of Santa Rosa has their own assigned personal radio. So when we do that emergency recall, they can immediately turn on their portable radio and be informed and have that situational awareness to know exactly where they need to go, what's going on, and what the situation is that they're encountering. As far as I know, we're the only fire department in the state that assigns a personal radio to each firefighter. Improvement to fleets. We actually already kind of talked about this with the improvements with the new type threes and type sixes. So those wildland engines are UTV program. We just started in the last year, we were awarded a grant through Homeland Security and through the county to develop a UTV program. So it's a side by side and even smaller vehicle. So it's a utility vehicle. It has the ability to put a skid mounted pump. So a pump that will actually slide into the pickup truck bed, so to speak, on this little small vehicle. And then it can access even the tighter places. So areas we envision using that are many of the parks such as Anadale. It's stationed in Oakmont at our station seven. And the direction and policy is when there's an incident in the park, the Oakmont crew, if appropriate to do so will actually staff that vehicle and can be into the park now and have access to the all areas of Anadale within minutes. So again, the whole goal is to try to keep those fires small, put the fire out, keep to less than one acre if possible and stop those large incidents from happening. Command vehicles, we're in the process of purchasing all new command vehicles for our lion battalions. The goal is to have pickup truck style command vehicles. Now a lot of us drive SUV utility type vehicles and the reason for pickup trucks is again, just to enhance that ability to respond kind of into the wildland areas, get that access, provide additional tools and equipment to the crews that are working, just all around enhance our ability to respond to those fires and get there and keep them small. So overall, since 2017, we've made a lot of great improvements operationally. We're just trying to improve our ability to respond to these fires, again, keep them small as we can and hopefully not have those fires impact the community like we've had over the last several years. Now, hopefully we got through a lot of information and a really short period of time. And before we get to questions, one thing I do want to clarify is the talk about the two grants that we had that are funding the evacuation route and the home hardening. A third grant that we have actually came through HCD so housing community development through the state's program. It actually provided us with an additional half million dollars and part of that money is for education outreach. So this event is based on is in part because of that grant. So we're really doing everything we can to seek funding to put programs on and to improve our community's overall preparedness and resiliency here locally.


Hello everyone, in query processing today we are going to see block nested loop join. So learning outcome for this session is we will be able to analyze the cost of join operation using block nested loop join algorithm. So in the previous lecture we have already seen nested loop join. So in nested loop join we have already seen that we are going to compare tuple by tuple the relation r and s. So here we are going to process the relation on block basis instead of tuple basis. So here every block of inner join will be paired with every block of outer join. And within this each pair of blocks now every tuple of one block is compared with every tuple of the other block over there to generate the result. So this will save major block accesses. So let us see how this works. So in the nested loop join we have seen that we have read tuple of outer relation r and then compared this with all the tuples of inner relation s. Now the variation here is that we have to bring the first block of or we can say that the sequentially the number of the next block of relation r and the relation s to memory. After that the every tuple from the first block that is block br is compared with every other tuple in the block bs. So once we have finished the comparison the next block of tuple of relation s will be read. Again the tuples from the same block of r will be compared with the tuples of relation s. In that manner all the tuples of block the block br will be compared with all the tuples of relation s. And once this comparison will be finished the next block of relation r will be read and again this will be compared with all the tuples from all the blocks of relation s. So here instead of only bringing the tuple of relation R and comparing with all the tuples of relation S, we are bringing the blocks of the relation R and S and then comparing the tuple by tuple. So as we have discussed primary difference in the cost is that here in nested what you can say that in previous nested loop join this was a comparison against tuple. Now this is the comparisons against block. So let us look at the performance. In worst case again assume that the buffer can hold only one block of relation. So how many block transfers will be required? Now since we are reading this relation R only once so that we will be requiring Br block transfers. Whereas the relation S will be read as many blocks are present for the relation R. So for the first block entire relation S will be read means that all the BS blocks will be brought to memory. Then for the second block again all the BS blocks will be brought to main memory and that is why the total number of block transfers for S will be Br into BS and therefore the total number of block transfers will be Br into BS plus Br where of course Br and BS are the number of blocks in R and S. So how many SIC operations will be required? Again each scan of inner relation require one SIC and this inner relation has been read Br times. That is why for relation S we will be requiring Br SIC operation whereas for outer relation we are going to read it block wise that is why again Br SIC operations will be required for R. Therefore 2 into Br that many SIC operations will be required for this block nested loop join in worst case. What about the best case? So assume that if both of the relations are not able to fit it in main memory or one of the relation is able to fit in main memory then it is better to use smaller relation as an outer relation. So if neither of them is not fitting into the main memory then we have to go by block by block. Then what is the best case that inner relation fits in main memory? In that case it will be that inner relation is since it is available in main memory it will be read only once and therefore block transfers will be again same Br plus BS and 2 SIC operations which is same as nested loop join. So consider the example now again the same example that we have seen for the nested loop join that student and techs are the two relations the number of tuples in students are 5000 and the blocks are 100 whereas number of tuples in techs is 10000 and number of blocks are 400. Now again outer relation is student and inner relation is techs. So what is the variation here is that first block of relation R and the first block of relation S and then first tuple will be compared with first tuple then first tuple will be compared with second then first tuple will be compared with third and so on with all the tuples from this block. Then second tuple of the relation of the first block is compared with all the tuples of this first block of relation S and so on. this all the comparison has been finished then the next block will be brought to main memory. This block will remains in memory only. So, here is the case. So, as we have seen first block all tuples of block for one will be compared with block one of relation s. Then all the tuples of block one of relation r will be compared with next block then the third block fourth block and then the last block. So, assume that if there are three tuples it will be compared with all the blocks of this tuples. So, once this is finished take the next block. So, how many block transfers we have done? So, for the first block all the BS blocks has been read. For the second block again all the blocks will be read and that is why we are having BR blocks. Therefore, the total number of block transfers for this relation s will be BR into BS. Whereas the blocks of r will be read only once this is going to be BR. So, number of block transfers will be 40100 which is very less as compared to block transfers in nested loop join.  So, this is only 200 which was 5100 in nested loop join. So, again you can go back and see the result in the nested loop join. So, if it is best case that there is both relations fit in main memory or inner relation fit in main memory then we will be requiring only 500 block transfer whereas to sick operations. Now pause the video. Now if we will reverse the relations that text is the outer relation and student is the inner relation. Then find out the number of total block transfers and sick operations required. So, for this particular block first block of relation r we are going to read all the blocks of students that is why and there are 400 blocks in the relation text. So, total number of block transfers will be 400 into 100 plus 400 that is again 40400 which was 40100 in the previous scenario. Whereas the sick operations if we can see it has been increased to 800. Best case is remains to same that the 500 block transfers and number of sick operations will be 2. So, we have to see that the smaller relation will be sorry the relation which is the larger relation can be read only once and if it is possible try to fit it into the main memory that is why the number of block transfers will be reduced and number of sick operations will also be reduced. Now we can improve the performance of block nested loop join. How we can do is that if we are having the key defined on this attributes which are going to be used for join then this will be more faster. Another way is that we have seen that we are bringing only one block of relation r and one block of relation s. Instead what we can do is that we can bring m minus 2 blocks of relation r in the main memory one block of s and then one block for writing the output. So, instead of one to one mapping what we can do is that m minus 2 blocks of relation r will be compared with one block of relation s. So, which will reduce the number of block transfers. So, number of scans will be reduced from b r to b r divided by m minus 2 because instead of one we are bringing for example 2, 3, 4 and so on whatever the m is the value accordingly the number of transfers will be reduced and that is why the cost will also be reduced. So, if you can see that instead of b r into b s it will be b r divided by m minus 2 into b s plus b r block transfers and same is the case for 6. Let us see with example. So, previously we have seen the m was 3 now it is m is equal to 4. It means what instead of one we are bringing 2 blocks of relation r one block of relation s. So, all the tuples will be compared with the first block then the all the tuples of the block 2 will be compared with the first block. Once this has been finished these 2 will be in memory only next block will be brought to main memory of relation s again the comparison will be done in this manner all the blocks of s will be compared against these 2 blocks. And that is why the number of transfers will be reduced. So, it was earlier 40100. Now it will be becoming b r that is nothing but here number of blocks are here 100. So, 100 divided by 2 that is 50 that has been read compared with 400 blocks of s and so total number of comparisons or the block transfers will become 20100. So, thus we can improve the performance of this block nested loop join by taking as many blocks of relation r as possible in main memory. One way is that we can scan the inner loop alternatively forward and backward. What will happen due to this is that. So, if the data is remaining in buffer only. So, this can be used in previous scans. So, which will reduce the number of disc accesses and of course, if index is available on inner loop join attribute we can replace the file scans with more efficient index lookups. Thus how we can improve the performance of join operation using block nested loop join. Thank you.


What up everybody? I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com and that is 2022 Bowman Sterling baseball four box pick your team Number eight from jaspyscasebreaks.com. The next one will be the final four boxes that we have in the store forever For the time being All right, so big thanks to this group for making it happen There's Darren with the double last spot mojo He got the diamond backs and the Brewers before we pulled the remaining teams out for the for the filler If you have a little rooftop next to your name right there That means you won that team in the filler for Kevin and Aaron and Oliver They won extra spots in the filler and then that's how they got those teams so those extra spots Coming in handy All right now you can see this is mark stack two that's mark stack three right there So you know they're all from the same case one two three for the left side four five six for the right side and It's six one two three four five six So this will be for next time. All right. We've got five mini box in here each of those Contain an autograph Good luck all-card ship Now I know Rex got in this break. He got the Royals. I know he's here watching but anyone else here watching and in this break What are you hoping for? Let me know Maybe we can speak it into existence Or if you're nervous about jinxing it, I guess suppose you don't have to say Kings leading the Tampa Bay Lightning three to one Which is good. Let's see if they can hang on in the third period. I started Crickets no one's no one's in this break. I suppose I could just do this tomorrow Let's make wreck would make Rex wait for Bobby with juniors mom. It's like come on man. Can't do that to me. All right See what we got here good luck There's Harry for not Henry Ford, but Harry Ford Brian with the Mariners There's Jaren Duran 93 out of 199 revealing a Luis Rodriguez. You know Rex that these comments are now recorded on these videos For everyone to see forever That's Harry and the Dodgers Brian see with the Mariners Jaren Duran going to Jonathan in the Red Sox To 199 and behind Alejo Lopez is Miguel Blis Red Sox another one for Jonathan Kent or first auto for Jonathan Kent. I mean it might It might who knows what happens in YouTube comments There's O'Neill Cruz 60 out of 99 speckle for the Pirates that'll be for Michael locia and there's Oscar Colas For the White Sox that's going to be for David behind Jackson co are is Colton Couser Brian C with this spot that he won in the filler Orioles All right next box Rex I'm trying to remember if Bobby with juniors a redemption or if he is he is live Maybe a combination of both Sometimes that happens next five mini boxes good luck. Okay, Greg sing looks like redemption. We'll have to look out for you Did not see a redemption here That's a goal no I looked like it was across the line Where's the goal line technology? There's Cutter Crawford 60 out of 150 speckle for the Red Sox Jonathan and there is Coulson Montgomery For the White Sox and that'll be for David behind Benny and the Jets Montgomery is Hendry Mendez It's Darren and the brew crew one of his last-pot mojo teams hitting while there's a Rex sing a Bobby with junior 25 up to 335 with nearly four days left Stuart Fairchild and Benny Montgomery, but but but Benny and the Jets that goes to Mark and And the Rockies Mark and Edge Bauer nice Like that wave design right here too. That's 48 out of 125 Sharp and behind Hunter Green 10 out of 150 Speckle for the Reds Jonathan Kent It's wow Ellie Della Cruz For JK. It's one of the one of the bigger names in the Reds system from the rookie Hunter Green Harry Ford to 199 reveals a arrow Vera 68 out of 150 for the halos That is for Patrick s and the Angels there you go Patrick on the board and Harry Ford for Brian and the Mariners All right halfway through this four box break another five autos and Another four box break in the store jasky's case breaks calm check it out Rex looks like it's just you and me in the chat. No one else is here Who should who should we gossip about? We were gonna talk about Terry wrath for a wrathman, but Terry's here What's his deal? Oh, you're working tonight not completely close. That's all good. I don't mind. Sorry. It's all good All right. There's Nicola Dolo 47 out of 75 Reds that'll be for Jonathan and a Lonnie white junior Joe Pizzles always lurking Rex, he's always lurking All right, Michael locia pirates There's Lonnie white junior again 119 out of 199 for Michael and the pirates and a Padre Rubio on Hellas on Hellas on Hellas, so what I'm gonna go with like Los Angeles Rubio, it's on a good top loader for Rubio That goes to Patrick and the Padres Much better top letter there Lars newt bar. He's from He doesn't say he's from around here. He went to a high school, maybe about 20 minutes north of us Louise Gill 60 out of 150 speckle for the Yankees. That's for Dan and Hyro pomaris for the Giants Kevin left the auto back there The autograph is Marcello Meyer four out of 15 That that cool background there that acetate And a cool pattern in the background too Nice Jonathan Kent Red Sox You know up and coming name in that system Bowman a lot of prospect in here. There you go Jonathan All right final auto of this box and then the final box of the break. We got Isaac Pacheco 10 out of 99 speckle And it's blaze Jordan 76 out of 150 the Marcello Myers and now blaze Jordan for Jonathan Two guys we may see We may see an action next year perhaps All right final box ladies and gentlemen good luck like I mentioned before The next four box break is our final four From that case and we don't have any more to post out I mean I suppose we may get more in the in the future But I don't know if we have any on order at the moment and the price may be different on this too So I would get in on the current price before Before that market potentially shifts Hydration let's see it's finished off this break. Oh also What else did I did I want to mention We have a little promo going on in that panini black random team break the football break If you buy a full spot you get a chance to win a full spot, but you have to buy it by Within 45 minutes if you're watching live 10 30 la time, so if you buy a spot By then in that random team break with shops tomorrow, you've got a chance to win a free spot And I'll run that randomizer tonight, too But the deadline is in about 45 minutes if you're watching live Chance for buy one get one no redemption rex do not see one Maybe at least maybe a rookie car or so. Let's see what we got. All right. Good luck to rex. Good luck to everybody Let's see what we can get for you We've got a Vlad Guerrero Jr. It's a 25 5 out of 25 now So the color match there Kevin with the blue jays in the autograph Jordan VR's Phillies Patrick S Got that team straight up gets an auto. Oh that's in that Acetate format to like the little the logo hiding right there as well. It's pretty cool. All right behind Yiddie cap is Ezekiel Tovar Rockies Mark You got a Colton Welker to 199 for the Rockies and a Jordan McCants Marlins Mark Mark Mark with the Marlins behind Jake Berger is Christian Santana that will be for The Tiger that's gonna be for Nicholas Nicholas S Detroit Tiger uppercut Tiger Got a Romy Gonzalez 40 out of 99 and the final auto of the break is Kyle Manzardo for the Rays Aaron and Tampa Bay All right, there you go boys and girls that was the break that was 2022 Bowman Sterling baseball four box pick your team at number 8 From Jasper's case breaks calm the next four boxes are in the store right now So check it out Jasper's case breaks calm. I'm Joe and I'll baseball some more with you next time. Bye. Bye


What's up everybody? Jayz over at jaysayoverjapsbeescasebricks.com 2019 upper deck Credentials hockey five box half case inner break inner case break half inner case break. Sorry Three men and teams each number six just sold out. So there's ten spots one combo team is Carolina San Jose sharks We're gonna triple up your names all cards ship and Let's do the break us roll it And we got a one and a three for four times one two three and four Steve down to John one two three and four Bluejack is down to the wooden pick jets Steve with the bluejack is John with the yolks Matt With the ducks David W. The oiler Steve with the panthers John with the lightning willing with the senator's Rangers John with the Canadians capitals Jack with the Bruins Matt with the hurricane sharks combo Mike with the penguins John with my Kings Mike with the Flyers John with the wild Matt with the flames David with the sea blackhawks John with the nights David with the Islanders Mike with the stars Steve with the avalanche Jack with the savers Steve with the Predators Maple Leafs willing with the nuts Steve with the red wings John with the blues Jack with the devils and John with the wind pick jets And if anybody wants to trade this is the time Let me know If not, I'm closing it. We'll continue on Matthew with one in the soccer Mitchell No trades done guys. Let's close it.  We got a rookie science. It's Kirby Dodge. Wow. This is nice Little steel wheels to 99 Cody glass for the Vegas Golden Knights. It's a very nice looking car Kirby Dodge me go rancid into one eighty nine Eric Brownstrom to 49 That is for the Ottawa centers and it's going to William Thomas Chevat. Oh, that's a little break through the boards or through the boards are his credentials little Sydney Crosby We got tarot Jack Hughes star of the night Yeah, you got hit right in the face, didn't you? I can't believe Milwaukee was coming back for this for a second. Well, they're still down by five.  I know dude, do you see Yanis rookies are going dropping in price mean the bronze are Kobe's are I know I Get Yanis though because like, you know, he's he's injured or something. Yeah, I didn't know that We're gonna drop out a couple thousand PSA 10s. Yeah, it's crazy Yeah, LeBron's are at like 15k the PSA 10 or 304 and now they're like 10. All right, next one Just some submissions me Nick Soon we're just getting a ton of stuff ready. Oh my god, I missed it. All right next one guys Jack Hughes That's a Colton white Elia for the Toronto Maple Leafs Jack Hughes Stunica Zuzuki. Yeah, you already asked me. I hope so too, Aaron. I'd be a very significant price jump right there drew in know who this Folks username on Instagram is I thought it was just I thought it was like Logan something Logan the and maybe he's message before love you see them and we got Coleman Did he is he missing something or what? And Walls from One of those It's a is it this was one that's been buying for a while Because there's a couple of loans up by I'm just trying to think of as the surface to one I was thinking of I thought not a couple but I thought there's like a logan there's a couple logan piece But Logan's not really the most common name. I guess All right, next box Mers Lincoln's and Gapo Gako. This is a cool one Kale McCar and we got Mario Ferrero That's a nice autograph Mario Very nice sharks that is going to Sounds it's a combo team mad am Patrick Hain Gapo Gako and Coleman Boston Bruins Gonna Jack B And we got Dennis Gilbert Devils Senators Walls from Taxi a Clifton What that is a straight-up push-off Clint Colston Shifley Kale McCar Rasmus Sandin at 25 You got Tony Panarin Middleton Belsers Taxi a Lake Lausanne 99 All right, last box guys and we got Bronstrom Trees Bergeron you use and Emile Benstrom tonight tonight That is for the bluejack is gonna Steve And we got a little coolman debut for credentials little Keeler clear Hanola we got Blackwell Fryman Paulson to 10 There you go And there you go guys that was a break so remember I believe everything does ship To get some nice stuff here One auto Benstrom we got Ferrero Wallstrom got a nice little steel card Sandin Coleman steel part right there Bronstrom right there and all the steel parts are very nice guys And one two three four five six autos appreciate it. Jack's case breaks calm


Flash floods have hit part of Germany, killing at least one person and not into the devastation of the flooding in the country this week that killed more than 150 people. Video posted on social media showed torrents of water cascade and through a road in Bad Shandau in eastern Germany. Sunday's death brought the death toll to 156 in the country's worst natural disaster in almost six decades. More than 110 people were killed in the worst heat in the Waila district south of Cologne. More bodies are expected to be found as the flood waters recede according to the police.


everybody and welcome to the class. We have been doing a lot of things in class over these lectures and our past lectures and every time I tell you something new. Of course today also we will learn something new, we will learn about culture, about how the Japanese behave, about how the Japanese interact in our coming lessons and lectures. But today, we will do how to say politely, how to use the polite expression in Japanese and how to request people to do something. So, well before that I will as usual, as always I do the assignments with you. We will do the assignments today before we actually start with our class. So, well are you ready? All of you geared up for more Japanese? So, well let us begin now. Hajime ma shou? I desu ka? Hajime ma shou ka? Hai, ja hajime ma shou ne? The first assignment that I had given you last time was circle the correct spellings. Spellings are extremely important because in Japanese we have the long sound. So, thus we need to concentrate on spellings as well. The first one is Tanaka san wa shizuka na kata desu. Na over here is for shizuka which is a na adjective. Watashi wa shumatsu ni kunie kaerimasu. Ni over here is for this time expression, shumatsu. Kinou no yoru amegafuri mashita. Ta is for the past is for kinou. Watashi wa tokyou ni sumitai. Tou, kyouu. Please remember in English we write T-O-K-Y-O but in Japanese it is T-O-O-K-Y-O, tokyou-O. So, please it is a double sound. Nihongo kurasu wa ku-ji-han ni hajimarimasu. Ni over here is for time. Eki kara takushii de kaerimashita. Takushii, please that is a long sound over there. Watashi wa sensei ni tokyou sashiyage mashita. Sensei ni over here is for to sensei. Then we have anata wa mainichi nanji ni sanpo o shimasu ka. So, well this was spellings over here. This is a simple exercise where you are to ask price. Look at these objects here. They are given in English. You are to write in Japanese. You know all the words over here. I do not need to tell you anymore. You can use kore-kono-koko to ask price. You can use dare also for who possesses what over here, whose watch it is, whose book it is, is it Tanaka-san's book and ikura of course is for price. So, you can do small conversation, important conversation by just looking at this picture. Then we have match the kanji in column A with pictures in column B. So, let us see these are the kanji is given. Simple kanji is over here with some pictures for you. So, well, the first one is hon-ue on top of this. Ouki desu, te watashi no te desu, hito miru, Tanaka-san wa terubi wo mimasu and kuchi. So, well these were some of the kanji characters given. I hope you did it alright. Take the correct kanji characters from the readings given. Well, you have the readings over here. You have to take the kanji corresponding to the reading. So, well, this is han-kan. Kan is time period kan. Han means half. This is tsuki meaning moon, mei, eyes, karada, body, chichi, fada, hanasu to talk, yomu to read and pun is minutes. So, well, this was readings and kanji for you. Please try to remember these kanji. These are important. You can do lot of games with kanji. Jumble them up, put them on a table. Try to match kanji characters. Try to match the readings. It is interesting and you learn as well. Then, we have assignment 5 which is make proper questions to fit the answers given below. So, well, the question is given over here. The answer is given here. Read the answer first and then try to fit in the question words or whatever fits in best. Sensei wa anata ni nani okuremashita ka? Watashi ni jishou okuremashita. Give it to me. Kono shatsu wa Tanaka san no desu ka? Iie, Tanaka san no de wa arimasen. Ginko no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka? Hanaya ga arimasu. So, this is the answer. Hanaya ga arimasu. Ginko no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka? Kesa dash o yomimashita ka? Iie, zashi o yomimashita. So, what should the question be over here? Kesa shinbu no yomimashita ka? Iie, zashi o yomimashita. Anata no oto oto wa dash desu ka? Amerika ni imasu. So, what should the question be? Anata no oto oto wa doko desu ka? Amerika ni imasu. Maenichi okaasan ni dash denwa wo shimasu ka? San-kai desu. So, the answer is san-kai. What should be the question? Maenichi okaasan ni nan-kai denwa wo shimasu ka? How many times san-kai desu or san-kai shimasu. Now, fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs. Well, you have done itadaku, ageru, morau, sashi ageru. So, let us see what all verbs are going to fit where. Watashi wa sensei ni denwa bangou wo itadaki mashita or itadaita for plain form. And ni over here is from. Tomodachi wa watashi ni takai toke wo kuremashita. Give it to me. Watashi wa Rao-san ni shatsu wo ageta, agemashita, ageru, agemasu or moratta, morai mashita. So, this sentence over here can have any of these as the answer. Watashi wa Rao-san ni shatsu wo agemashita. I gave it to Rao-san. Watashi wa Rao-san ni shatsu wo morai mashita. I received a shirt from Rao-san. So, any of these can fit in over here. Okaasan wa watashi ni okane wo kureta. Give it to me. Okaasan is older. So, kuremashita. Watashi wa ototo ni ii kamera wo ageta or agemashita or again you can use moratta. I received from my brother. Tanaka-san wa oku-san ni kireina doresu wo ageta. Over here it is only ageta because of dress. So well, Tanaka-san gave a dress to his wife. It cannot be moratta because it is a dress. So, you have to remember when to use moratta and when to use ageta. Watashi wa tarou-kun ni omoshiroi shatsu wo moratta or ageta. Again, both can be used over here. Kanai wa watashi ni atarashii nekutai wo kureta. Again, it is nekutai, thus kuremashita and kanai. Watashi wa buchou ni wine wo sashiageru, ageru itadaku. So, it can be any of these. Buchou is obviously higher in rank. So, sashiageru. If you are informal, ageru and itadaku, of course, you are receiving from buchou, then you have to say itadaku. Informal, murau. We have another assignment for you. Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Well, let us see what the pictures are. This is something you have done when we did hanami, if you remember. This is called dango. This was a listening comprehension for you. There is one kind of dango here on the plate and there is another kind of dango which is being roasted. Dango is made out of rice, sticky rice and it is over here, it is salty. So, well, this was the passage that I had read out to you. You can read it now. This is dango. This is also dango. Dango is a famous food in Japan. Children and adults love dango. Dango is sweet and delicious food. There are many kinds of dango in Japan. For example, amai dango, kurino dango, yaki dango, hanami dango, goma dango. Hanami dango is made during hanami. I ate delicious dango with my friends at the school yesterday. It was delicious, so we will eat dango tomorrow as well. The answers are given over here. New word over here for you is take gushi. Take gushi is, if you look at the picture again, you have the dango stick. Dango is R. The dango is or R as in English, R put into it and roasted. Over here, you can see the meaning. It is given. This is the new word for you. Hanami dango is another one. Hanami dango is made when you celebrate hanami or you go watch. Sakura flowers, that time you make special dango that is called hanami dango. There is goma which is sesme. Sesme dango is also made. All these dangos are very special, very tasty and this was the assignment. You can go through the answers and see whether you have done them correctly or not. There is one thing which is new over here, this bone. Bone is a counter and I am going to discuss about bone very soon. We have been doing counters for quite some time now and you have done a number of counters like counting people, counting small objects, counting big objects and counting dates, counting a lot of other things. One more counter today for you that is pon or bone. This is used to count specially long cylindrical things, long cylindrical objects like bottles, logs. You could have pencils, you could have brushes, pens, all these long cylindrical brooms, long cylindrical objects are all counted using this counter over here. So, well, we will practice this very quickly and then go ahead with our lesson. You could repeat after me Ippon, Nihon, Sambon, Yohon, Gohon, Roppon, Nanahon, Happon, Kyuhon, Juppon and of course when you have to ask how many there are Nambon Arimasu ka? So, well, you will see over here Ichi, Ippon, Roppon, Happon and Juppon are pon. All the others are in hon or bon, Sambon. So, well, you will remember them slowly, gradually when to use pon and when to use hon. So, well, now you will be able to count how many Take ushi were there on the plate very easily. You can also practice over here hon, bon or pon for long cylindrical objects. Over here you can see some bottles bin. So, bin wa Nambon Arimasu ka? Can you tell me? We just practiced hon, bon and pon, how many Ippon, Nihon, Sambon, Yohon and Gohon. So, we have Gohon Arimasu. You have another picture over here. You have brushes over here. Well, Fude wa Nambon Arimasu ka? So, well, let us count Ippon, Nihon, Sambon, Yohon, Gohon, Roppon, Nannaon, Happon, Kyuhon and Juppon. So, let us see how many there are Juppon arimasu. Then, we have another picture for you where you have a lot of pencils, Enpitsu ga arimasu ne, koko ni. Ja, Nambon Enpitsu arimasu ka? Ja, chotto mite mi wo. Hai, pen to Enpitsu wa Nambon arimasu ka? How many are there? Ippon, Nihon, Sambon, Yohon, Gohon, Roppon, Nannaon, Happon and Kyuhon and this is just the cap. Kyuhon arimasu. So, I am sure now you can practice your pon, bon and hon easily with your partner. You can show a number of things, long cylindrical objects and you can ask how many they are and answer as well. But please remember one thing, it is very, very essential that you have to count whenever you count or whenever you speak in Japanese. In fact, always speak loudly and practice loudly. What can be heard very clearly by you is most important. Now, today we will do this matte kudasai. In fact, we will do te kudasai, verb in te kudasai form. This is requesting people to do something for you. Well, let us see the conversation first.  Kono shousetsu yomimashita ka? Iie, mada desu. Omoshiroi shousetsu desu yo, yonde kudasai. Hai, ima kaimasu. Rao san, watashi wa okane harau kara. Harau naide ne. Arigatou gozaimasu. Wakarimashita ka, minasan. Sukoshi guraio wakatta desu. Ja kondo watashi wa yomimasu kara. Yoko kiite kudasai. Yamada san to Rao san no kaiba desu. Kono shousetsu o yomimashita ka? Iie, mada desu. Omoshiroi shousetsu desu yo, yonde kudasai. Hai, ima kaimasu. Rao san, watashi wa okane harau kara. Harau naide ne. Arigatou gozaimasu. So well, this is a simple conversation between Yamada san and Rao san. They are at the book shop and Yamada says, Kono shousetsu o yomimashita ka? Have you read this book? Iie, mada means not yet. Omoshiroi shousetsu desu yo. It is a very interesting novel. Yonde kudasai. Please read. Hai, ima kaimasu. So, he says I will buy it right away. Rao san, watashi wa okane harau kara. Harau naide ne. Rao san, I am going to pay for this book, so do not pay. So, Rao san obviously will say arigatou gozaimasu. Thank you very much. So, there are a couple of things which are new. Mada as I told you means not yet. Yonde kudasai. Please read. You have already done this kudasai earlier. We will discuss it right away and then harau naide kudasai. So, well we will do it right now. Now you can I am sure read as we have done Hiragana and Katakana also. You can read I am sure you will be able to read quite a few of this easily, whatever you cannot, you can look up a dictionary and see the word meaning. This is a translation of what we just read. Sometimes it is not exact translation, it is what one would say in English. So, please keep that in mind when you are reading this. Now we did te kudasai just now, verb in te kudasai form you can read what is given over here. I will explain right away. Do you remember doing this word kudasai? We did it in the beginning with noun o kudasai, please give the noun to me. For example, if it is hon o kudasai, please give the book to me or ringo o kudasai meaning please give the ringo to me, I am going to buy it. So well over here noun o kudasai. Now this kudasai is being used with verb kudasai, verb in te form plus kudasai. Basically this te form is new, te form actually with the help of te form you can say a lot of things, you can express better, you can join a lot of verbs together and say what you want to say in a better way. You can convey more in short, so thus te form is extremely essential, it is important and we will be doing a lot of te form using a lot of te form in different combining it with different things and saying learning new ways of speaking in Japanese, saying more complicated things, making more difficult sentences, trying to say what we actually want to say. So well over here you can see noun o kudasai and verb in te kudasai form. Now what I want to do first is I want you to practice this and then I will tell you what exactly it is. Well o yoi de kudasai, kaette kudasai, atte kudasai, katte kudasai, migaite kudasai, hanashite kudasai, kaite kudasai, yonde kudasai, waratte kudasai, tabete kudasai, mite kudasai, nete kudasai, akete kudasai, shimete kudasai, shirabete kudasai, okite kudasai, dete kudasai, kangaete kudasai. So well you will see that in this section you have te as only te plus the verb and kudasai. But over here in this column you have i, d, e, t, t, e, i, t, e, n, d, e, sh, i, t, e. So you have a lot of te form over here which is different from what we have been talking about. Well that is there is a reason for it and I will just tell you what the reason is. Form 2 is group 2. So it is very simple all verbs in E R U and I R U are in group 2 and by just removing the mass form and adding te to it, you can get the te form for group 2. For example, mi masu tabe masu, mi te tabe te, remove the mass form over here. It is easy to do it thus we are doing like this but there is also a different way of doing it. Then for group 1, there are a lot of exceptions in group 1 besides the normal group 1 verbs.  Now what you have seen over here is i, d, e, n, d, e, sh, i, t, e, i, t, e, t, t, e. The verb is over here. So well the reason is that there are a lot of exceptions in group 1. There are a lot of verbs which end in ku, gu, bu, su, mu, nu, two vowels, su. So there are a lot of verbs ending in this and thus we have all this variation over here. That is the reason you will see that there are lot of different endings over here. But well you do not have to be worried, it looks very difficult but it is not that difficult at all. The sound is very simple, you just get used to the sound and you start using it in conversation. So well let us see, we will practice and you will get to know what is he doing. The verb is kiku, kiite kudasai, sensei ni kiite kudasai. The verb is suru, there is a denwa over here and the verb is to do denwa, well shite kudasai and what is it? Denwa wo shite kudasai. Well the next picture is kaku is writing over here. Kaite kudasai, namae wo kaite kudasai, then miru, sensei is teaching in class, teaching kanji in class and then mite kudasai and kokuban wo mite kudasai. Kokuban is the blackboard, kokuban wo mite kudasai. Well we can practice more now, there is more practice for you. You can see two gentlemen over here, he is giving money to Tanaka san, well what is it? Kashi te kudasai, okane wo kashi te kudasai, so please lend me some money, kiku, she is looking at the menu, a little worried, what do you do, waitress ni kiite kudasai, kiite kudasai, kore wa nandesu ka, kiite kudasai, kiku also means to listen, to hear as you have done in your previous lessons, kiku also means to ask, ireru is putting it in the post, well 入れて kudasai and post ni 入れて kudasai. Then we have nomu nonde kudasai, kohi wo nonde kudasai. So well, now I want you to practice, let us see whether you remember your verbs well or not. So we have this gentleman going to the post office for what, tegami wo okutte kudasai, okurimasu is to send, what do we have over here, people watching a film, so what is watching? Watching is, can you tell me, watching is miru, ega wo mite kudasai, then we have someone just gotten up, so well, shikenaru kara goji ni okite kudasai. So well, you have a test tomorrow, goji ni okite kudasai. Someone is just about to drink tea, kocha wo nonde kudasai. So it is a request for someone to do as the verb is saying. So I am requesting you to do something for me is te kudasai or de kudasai form. This is shinbun wo yonde kudasai. Another one is writing, shigoto wo shite kudasai or report wo kaite kudasai. Any of these you can use or benkyou shite kudasai, any of these you can use and practice te kudasai. Well, there is a small dialogue over here, irassha imase, sumimasen ano kutsushita wo misete kudasai. Dore desu ka, asoko no akai kutsushita desu, okyakusama kore desu ka, hai, sou desu. So I am quite sure that you would have understood all of it over here and I do not need to explain anything except irassha imase. Irassha imase is a phrase which is used when you either go to someone's house, you enter someone's house or you enter a shop meaning welcome. Irassha imase, most of the time it is used in shops, in hotels, in restaurants, in all these places. Okyakusama, it could have been san also over here. Sama is on-rific meaning exactly the same, okyakusama means guest or customer. So well, instead of kutsushita you can use kutsu, boushi, tokei, kaban, jisho, any of this and instead of akai you can use shiroi, ookii, kawai, chiisai and misete kudasai. Please show it to me, it is a request to show something to you. So when you say please tabete kudasai, mite kudasai, atte kudasai, itte kudasai, swatte kudasai, non de kudasai, matte kudasai, it means that you are requesting the person to do something for you. That is what the verb is saying, please do this for me, that is what te kudasai means. Well, now we have this is an exercise for you. I hope you remember this picture. We did it in one of our lessons. Look at the picture carefully, try to remember where you saw it, I have something to say about the picture, listen to it carefully and then answer the questions that are given. So well, yoku kite kudasai ne, minasan. Watashitachi wa kono e wo mai ni mimashita. Kore wa doyuu mono desu ka, sore mo benkyo shimashita. Kono e no naka no mono wa nihongo de nan to imasu ka, sore mo kurasu de sensei ga oshiemashita. Watashitachi wa mai ni oshiemashita yo ne, minasan ni, dakara mite kudasai. Kono mono wa donna matsuri ni kazarimasu ka, ima wakarimasu ne, omoidashimashita ka? Ja, minasan, ima iro iro omoidashimashita kara, minasan ni shitsumo no shimasu, ganbatte kudasai ne. Ganbatte kotaite kudasai, ganbatte kaite kudasai, i desu ka? Minna de ganbarimashou, shitsumo no yomimasu ne, minasan, e no naka no mono wa nan desu ka? Wakarimasu ka? E no naka no mono wa nan desu ka? Hai, e no naka no mono wa ningyou desu. E no mono wa dochira no mono desu ka? Dono kuni no mono desu ka? Dochira no mono desu ka? Hai, nihon no mono desu. Kono mono wa donna matsuri ni kazarimasu ka? Matsuri no namae o yuette kudasai. Donna matsuri desu ka? Kono aida watashitachi wa kurasu de menkyou shimashita yo ne. Ja, kotaite kudasai. Hai, Hinamatsuri desu. Matsuri wa dochira no matsuri desu ka? Mochiron, nihon no matsuri desu. Nihon no mono desu kara, nihon no matsuri desu. Matsuri wa nan gatsu ni arimasu ka? Wakarimasu ka? Hai, san gatsu ni arimasu. Matsuri wa nan to imasu ka? Asaki watashi wa imashita kara nan to imasu ka? Hinamatsuri desu or doll festival desu. Nihon no yumei na Hinamatsuri desu. Ja, ne, minasan, ima takusan wakatta kara jibun de chiisana sakubu no kaite kudasai. Hai, dou deshita minasan, wakarimashita ka zenbu? Wakarimashita? Ja, ganbatte uchi de kaite kudasai. Hai, koko ni zenbu kaite arimasu kara yonde mite kudasai, soshite shitsumon mo arimasu, kotae mo arimasu. Hai, douzo, ninyo, nihon, Hinamatsuri, nihon, san gatsu to Hinamatsuri or doll festival desu. You can also look up the net and see about the doll festival and you can write a small, a very small essay, may be 10 lines, a small composition on Hinamatsuri, that could be your shukudai. Well, we have other things to do now. So, there is a small expression over here. You have Tanaka san and Mariko san over here and Tanaka san is giving something to Mariko san. What is the expression? Ano tsumaranai mono desu ga meshi agatte kudasai. This is when you just start a conversation, tsumaranai means something very small. It is a small thing. So, when you give a present to someone, however big it may be, it is always tsumaranai mono desu ga. It is a small thing, but please meshi agatte kudasai. So, meshi agarimasu is polite for tabemasu and thus this is a cake. So, meshi agatte kudasai please have it, please eat it and the reply is arigatou gozaimashita. So, please remember whenever you visit someone, you take a present and when you give the present, this is the phrase to be used tsumaranai mono desu ga meshi agatte kudasai. And as we always do, we are going to do katakana and the sa series sa. You can see how the stroke order is 1, 2 and 3 and there is a slight slant over here. So, please keep that in mind sa shi and with shi, it is very important. It goes from here towards the top over here and not the other way round, it is from bottom to top. Sa shi, you can see it very clearly now, please notice the first stroke is this and the second stroke is this and not the other way round. Well, sometimes we do learn incorrect method of writing but well, you have it given right here and you can practice and learn and then you have it all in front of you, all in one. You can see very clearly what stroke to write first. Now, we have some kanji characters over here, some kanji's you have done, some kanji's we will do. Today we have this kanji over here na kanji. You know the word, you have done namae and we will do the kanji right away. One, two, three, this character you have done kuchi, do you remember doing kuchi? All of you, no, like this, my drawing is very bad, well, one, two, three, four and five. One, two, three, four, five and six. It is a six stroke character na, namae no na, namae is name. The first letter in namae is the first kanji character na. Once again for you over here, one, two, three, four, five and six. It is a six stroke character as is given over here. Then we have done this word, soto, opposite of naka is soto, naka, naka and soto, similar character and to. It is a five stroke character, one, two, three, four and five, like this.  You have already been using that word, simple word over here, well, the word is namae as we just now did, namae na na, the other word is gaikoku, soto means outside, naka means inside. Another reading for soto is gai and this character, if you remember we did, koku means country, so gai koku, meaning foreign country, which is outside yours, so gai koku, once more for you, gai koku, gai koku and of course, if you add gin over here, hito over here, it becomes gai koku, gin meaning a foreigner. So, please remember these are two characters, namae, namae, then gai koku and gai koku and gin over here, you have foreigner over here. So, these are words that you have already done, now you can remember them as kanji characters. Anytime you see them, you will know how to pronounce it and namae of course, is very important because anytime you need to fill a form in Japanese, the first place that you need to fill and to concentrate on is, there are some words over here, meibutsu, the meanings are given, these are just some words which you can remember, make sentences with and feel more comfortable, meibutsu, gai koku go. Of course, as we are doing it in India, for us Japanese is a gai koku go, which is the foreign language, gai rai go, any Japanese word is a foreign word for us, meijin as you can see is a master or an expert at something, igai is beyond or besides and soto kabe, soto one reading is soto outside, kabe is a wall. Then we have been doing koto waza in each lesson for quite some time now. Today, this is very interesting, a simple koto waza over here, makeru ga kachi, makeru means to lose, kachi means to win. So, if you want to win, you actually have to really, really work hard and lose some time because when you lose, you want to work more, you work very hard and your road to victory is clear. So, well for us also, we are doing Japanese, we are working very hard, it is difficult, it is not simple, but you do not have to feel bad at all. When you make mistakes, it does not matter, you should not feel bad because when you make mistakes, you learn and you want to work hard and do better. So, the more mistakes you make, the better it is, the more you learn, makeru ga kachi. Anytime you make a mistake, do not feel bad, this is when you are actually going to work very, very hard and learn more. So, please remember this koto waza, this koto waza is very, very important for us, for all of us here. We should not feel bad about mistakes or making mistakes, we should not feel shy, just keep going ahead. Defeat is the first step towards victory. So, anytime, remind yourself of this and things will seem better. Well now, let us see what we have next. There is vocabulary, you can do this vocabulary at home, I will just read it out once for you to get the pronunciation. You could also repeat after me, kasu, kariru, 入れる, iraschaimase, meshiagaru, okyakusan. And please remember, okuyaku, the ku in the end is silent, okyakusan, miseru, okuru, okoru, shitsumon and kotai. So, the meanings are given over here, you can repeat it also at home and practice.  The first one is of course, as we always do, match group A with group B. Then we have these sentences for you over here, you have to join these sentences and make a single sentence out of it. There is fill in the blanks, then there is these pictures and what you have to do is, you have to practice how to request people to do something for you and then there is counters, please write about these counters and try to see which counter is going to be used where. Then we have match group A with group B, make good sentences, make proper sentences, they are all jumbled up and this is going to give you good practice to speak as well. That is all for today. We have done a lot of things, new things, you can practice te kudasai, you can practice numbers, you can practice counters over here. You can do simple small conversation over here and rest, we will do in our next lesson. Till then, chayounara arigatou gozaimasu, minasan mata aimashou.