My name is Hosefa. I work with Z Hat as a principal product security engineer. I have worked on issues like heart bleed. If you've heard of heart bleed or you know, I've worked on a shock. So this year I'm going to talk a little bit about attacking email encryption, right? How many people in the room use GPG? Email address nowadays is associated with a lot of things.  So email is very, very common. Now the problem with email is that email is very, very old. These are protocols which are responsible for sending and receiving the email.  And at that time when internet started, internet was like 12 machines, which were connected together by some kind of a network cable or something like that, right? So one day internet would make the big that we will actually need security. So when these protocols were designed, they were not designed with security in mind. So later on when internet spread, when email spread, people figured out that there needs to be some security around these protocols, attackers, which are normally referred to as MIT, a man in the middle attacker, which could be your IT, it could be your government agency, or you know, it could be your network administrator of the company which you are working on. So you know, these people could easily see what you are doing. They could modify your emails and they could do a lot of harm. So later they figured out that, you know, we need to have some kind of a security around this thing. So basically two forms of security were invented for email. And this is what we will see in the presentation. There's one technology which is called Galu PG. And there's one technology which is called S-Mine, which is basically responsible for encrypting your email and both of them are susceptible to attacks. So let's basically see how your email works. So things which you see in green over here is basically trusted. So green solid lines are trusted. Green dotted lines are probably trusted. And Z lines are not trusted at all. So when you send an email, you start by typing your email from the device which you have, which could be your mobile or it could be your handheld device or whatever you have. It could be your laptop or your desktop or whatever.  And we assume that you have control of the device. So if you are working in a company, the company network administrator probably has a control of the device. So this is green. Then it goes to the SMTP server which is there. And since the SMTP server is controlled by the company which you are working for, which we are calling it as Corp 1. This is also green, which makes that, which means that all of these things are trusted. You can basically control whatever is happening. Now one thing which normally happens is your network administrator or your system administrator will often like to take backup of your email. And if he takes this backup on a public cloud, then it's probably not trusted because the data is going outside your company. It's probably not encrypted at all. Or if it is encrypted, then you don't know who has the keys to encryption. So if you host it on Google, you are not sure whether Google has the keys or not. So you are not sure whether Google is able to see your data or not. So that's why we have this dotted line saying that if you are taking a backup of your email, there is a good chance that this backup is not trusted and people are able to see your email. Then your email goes to the, your email goes to the antivirus server which is there. And antivirus software actually needs to see the content of your email in order to figure out if there's a virus inside your email. So most likely antivirus may not be trusted. It goes out to the internet. This guy in the hoodie is probably, or the guy with the cap is the attacker. He's able to see the packets which are going through the internet. He's able to see what you have typed on your email. And then it goes to SMTP corp2. Corp2 is the person whom you're trying to send the email to. And then it again goes to the same path. And then it goes to the device of your friend or whoever you are going to send the email to. So if you see the entire email path from the sender to the receiver, there's only a small part which is actually under your control. And there's only a small part which you can basically say that it is trusted. Everything else out there, once it goes out on the internet, then it is not trusted at all. So there is no such thing as my email. There is no such thing as my email. Once the email has left your machine, then there are a lot of people out there on the internet who are able to modify. They're able to see what you have typed. They're able to modify his high, high, high, these things. And in this presentation, we will see that even if you encrypt your email via GanuPG, even if you encrypt your email via SMIME, it is quite possible that by using a lot of attacks, people are still able to modify your email. So even if you own the email source or server, so even if you own your own email server, even if you have an email server at home, then it is not very useful because once the email goes out on the internet, then there is a problem. People can send the, people can change the email. So attackers have access to your email, right? So the solution is to use something called end-to-end encryption. End-to-end encryption basically means that you encrypt the sender will encrypt and the receiver will decrypt, right? So this is basically what end-to-end encryption means that normally when you use SSL TTLS with the protocols, like as I mentioned, there is SMTP which is used for sending email. Similarly, there is IMSS and there is POPS which is used for receiving email. These are not basically end-to-end encryption because the SSL TTLS tunnel is between the sender and the server only. If there is an SMTP server and there is a sender, the tunnel is between the sender and the server only. There is no end-to-end encryption involved, right? So end-to-end encryption basically means that you encrypt at your end and the email travels through the internet in an encrypted way and then it reaches the receiver and the receiver, only the receiver is able to decrypt it, right? So there are two standards which are prevalent on the internet. There's OpenPGP which is RFC488Z0, I think. This is the first standard to bring encryption to everybody, right? So any person can set up a GPG key, any person can do encryption, any person can send an encryption email. So this is the first mass encryption standard which was out there which anybody can use, most widely used, right? I have a graph which shows the statistics. So it is the most widely used method of encrypting emails. The only downside is you need a plugin for your email client. So most of the email clients will not natively support OpenGPG or AutoPGP, right? So if you are using Thunderbird, then there's a plugin called Enigmail or you know, if you are using other clients, there are different plugins which are available. So the only downside is a plugin is required. There is a second technology which you can use which is called S-MIME. S-MIME is normally favored by companies and the reason why it is favored by companies is because it works on certificates, right? So what normally companies do is they generate a per user certificate. So when a new person joins the company, they will generate a certificate for the person. They will put the certificate on a USB key, right? And they will give the USB key to the person who has joined. Now when he has to encrypt the email, what he will do is he will put the USB key in the USB drive, he will enter the password and that should automatically encrypt the email, right? So this is a more centralized, corporate way of encrypting and decrypting your emails, but again, you need an infrastructure for this. You need a certificate server and there's a lot of infrastructure which is required. So if you are doing this on an individual basis, then people will normally prefer open PGP. If you are doing it on a corporate basis, then companies normally prefer S-MIME. The advantage is most of the email clients will natively support this, right? So now how many PGP keys are there on the internet? So I think last time somebody saw they were like 300 million GPG keys which were generated. And if you see the graph over here, the graph shows a very interesting pattern, right? So initially when 1997, when the technology becomes slightly famous, there were very few PGP keys, right? And it goes up to 2004. If you see 2004, 2004 is the place where there is a sudden spike in the number of people creating PGP keys and probably using PGP keys, right? So you know why this spike is there in 2014? Snowden, so 2014 is the time when Snowden came out and spoke about NSA and how they are trying to snoop in onto your email and how they are trying to do stuff. This really enlightened people and everybody started creating PGP keys, right? So we see a similar statistics in Enigmail. Enigmail is a plugin which is used for Thunderbolt which is used for PGP, right? We see similar statistics for Enigmail as well. If you see 2014, in 2014 there's a sudden spike in the number of people actually downloading Enigmail and you know trying to use Enigmail, right? So now there is a problem with both of these tools and the problem is usability, right? It is not really easy to use Enigmail or it is not easy to use OpenPGP. It is not easy to use S-MIME and there's a lot of work done on trying to understand the usability of both of these different securities. So there was a paper which was published in 1999. There was a paper published in 1999 about usability of OpenPGP and the paper is called Why Johnny Can't Encrypt, right? Which shows how difficult it is for a layman to actually use OpenPGP, right? And then there was one more paper which was published in 2006 and the paper is called Why Johnny Still Can't Encrypt which shows that there was no work done on usability at all, right? There was a paper which was published in 2015 which is called Why Johnny Still Can't Encrypt which shows that again no work was done on usability at all. So let's talk about S-S-MIME for S-MIME there was a paper which was published in 2012 which is called Not Silled but Delivered, okay? S-MIME, Not Silled but Delivered. There was one more paper which says we are on the same page which means that there is no security at all. So these technologies are not, these technologies are not really easy to use. They are very, very difficult. They are so difficult that in 2014 Edward Snowden made a tutorial on the internet and the tutorial is still available on this website called Vimeo, right? So if you Google Edward Snowden GPG tutorial, you will, this will probably be the first hit. So Edward Snowden made a tutorial on Vimeo showing journalists how to encrypt, right? Because journalists are the most non-technical people out there at least most of the journalists are, right? Most of the journalists are very non-technical. So he wrote this video tutorial to show journalists how you can set up a GPG key, how you can encrypt by using GPG key, how you can decrypt so that, so, so, so that they can securely transmit information without the government agencies snooping into what they are doing and trying to figure out what their source of information is, right? So Snowden basically says that, you know, you use a plain text, you use g-edit or you know something like that and you generate the encrypted message, you copy the encrypted message, you paste it into an email client and then you do the same thing when you want to decrypt it, right? So Snowden's method is very, very easy, but again, there is a big usability factor involved over here. None of these technologies are very easy to use, right?  What is the worst attack, right? So in 2014, Enigmail version 1.7, right? So Enigmail is a plugin which is used by Thunderbird and you know as we saw from the last slides, there are millions of downloads. So we are assuming that millions of people actually use Enigmail to encrypt and decrypt their email, right? So in 2014, it was found that Enigmail will not encrypt your emails at all, right? So basically you open your Thunderbird, you type your email, you click on the button which is encrypt my email and you send the email, right? And you assume that encrypted email will be sent. So Enigmail will print a message saying email is encrypted, but email is not encrypted. It will send out a plain text email, right? So these are one of the worst attacks which were found. In 2017, it was of Outlook, okay? And this is a very unique case. 2017 Microsoft Outlook had a flaw in which it will encrypt your email. It will send an encrypted email, but it will also send a plain text email. Right? So this is very, very novel. It does encrypt your email. So I mean, it is doing its job, but it will also send a plain text email so that all the man in the middle attackers can actually read your email, right? So in 2017, there was a flaw with Enigmail and the flaw was with something which is known as a PAP extension. And what it does is basically it will send an unencrypted email, right? It not only sends an unencrypted email, but when you actually go to your sent items, in the sent items, it will show you that the email was encrypted and send in an encrypted way, right? So there is no way for you to find out if an encrypted email was sent or a non-encrypted email was sent, right? So let's quickly look at how PGP. So we are trying to, this talk is about trying to attack email encryption, right? So let's quickly look at how we can attack both of the technologies which we have, which is PGP and SMIME. So how PGP basically works. So I'm not going to go through all the maths and the crypto over here, but what happens is when you encrypt an email using PGP, M is your message, right? So M is the email, the text message which you are actually trying to send. What PGP does is it creates a per session key. So for each of the email which you are trying to send, it will create a random key, right? So if you send 10 emails, then each email which you are sending will have a different random key. So it creates a per session key, so it's called S. Then what it basically does is it does AES encryption, right? It does AES encryption of your message M and it uses S as the key to actually do the encryption, right? Now once the encryption has been done, it needs to send over the session key as well, right? Because this is symmetric encryption which means that you did the same key for encryption and decryption. Now this session key needs to be sent over as well. Does is it uses say and the GPG key which you have generated, it uses the GPG key to encrypt the session key, right? And this encrypted session key and the actual message which is encrypted by using the session key is then sent over the internet, right? And then we use a very similar protocol to decrypt it. You need to actually first decrypt the session key. Once you get the session key, use AES to decrypt the, so this is basically GPG, encryption, decryption works. Now there is a fundamental problem in this and a fundamental problem over here is AES uses CBC, right? So CBC is a mode of encryption. So mode of encryption basically means is that if you have a large message which you want to encrypt, right? So if you have say one MB or you know 10 MB or if you have a very large message which you want to encrypt, AES cannot work with large messages. So what AES does is AES will break the message into small blocks, right? So if I have a one KB message, what AES will do is break it into smaller blocks and it will encrypt each block separately, right? So if I have a long message, say break it into 10 blocks, encrypt block number one, encrypt block number two, encrypt block number three, do it for all the 10 blocks and then the encrypted output which you get, it's join all the encrypted output and it's going to send it out on the internet. So this is basically what mode of encryption basically means. CBC is slightly different. So what happens in CBC is I have three messages, right? So I have three blocks. So this is what we discussed sometime back that because my message is very big, my algorithm cannot handle such a big message. So what happens in CBC is that output of one of the previous block is used as a feedback for the next block, right? So this is basically what CBC means that we use the output from block zero as a feedback from block one, use output from block one as a feedback from block two and so on and so forth. So this is basically how the CBC mode of encryption works. Now what you see on the screen is actually the decryption process. So decryption also needs to work in the same way as the encryption process, right? So what you see is the decryption process. We have one block. So each block over here which you see is for example, say eight bytes or you know, yeah I better hurry up. So each block which you see has got some size, right? And we use CBC method to basically decrypt the blocks, right? Now the problem with CBC is that CBC is malleable. So what malleable basically means that when I change one of the blocks, then you know the output will slightly change. When I change one of the size, size, size for text blocks, then the output will slightly change and that change will propagate to the next block as well. So what the attacker can basically do is, the attacker can use the malleability problem with CBC and what he does is he creates something which is known as a CBC gadget, right? So there are a lot of things which I think I'm slightly out of time. So I'll try to explain it a little bit faster. So what CBC basically does is what the attacker does is, attacker creates something which is known as a CBC gadget, right? In which he's able to control what the output of the first block is, which is going to kind of, you know, transform into the second and the third block. So what the attacker basically does is, the attacker controls the first block, right? And by using malicious values in the first block, he's able to change the output of the decryption, right? So he's able to change the output of the decryption. So what the attacker has done over here is, the attacker has changed, if you see the last block. The attacker has changed content type and the attacker is able to change this and is able to change this to, is able to insert an evil link inside the email, right? So what the attacker, what the man in the middle attacker can basically do is, without knowing the key, without knowing the contents of the email, is able to insert a malicious link inside the email, right? And when you basically decrypt your email, you see this malicious link, right? You assume that this malicious link, which you don't think is malicious in the first place, is sent by friend or you know, whoever has sent you an encrypted email, you click on the malicious link and then, you know, done, right? So the attacker is able to do that. And the reason why the attacker is able to control the first block is, because in S-mime, the first block is always content type, right? So the attacker exactly knows what the first eight bytes or you know, what the first six to 16 bytes are. So he is able to, is able to properly control that and you know, he's able to insert this. And similarly, he's able to control the second block also, right? So similarly, he can use CBC gadget and he can control the second block. And what basically happens is, you get an email. You basically get an email which has got a malicious link. Some of the characters of the email are non-Ascii. Some of the characters are non-Ascii. But if you use HTML email, how many people use HTML email? Excellent. So if you use HTML email, HTML as a standard says that, if you have a non-Ascii character, which you are not able to render, then please don't show those characters on the screen, right? So if you have a non-Ascii character, which your browser or your email client is not able to render in the current language which you have set, those non-Ascii characters will be ignored and they will not be shown on the display screen. So by using this, the attacker is able to conveniently hide any malicious things which he has done with the blocks, right? So how we can prevent this? You can use Mac, right? And it is very interesting that S-MIME does not use Mac. Mac is a method of ensuring that contents of the email or contents of your message are not changed, but S-MIME doesn't do it. Similarly, we can have a similar kind of attack on S-MIME as well. And I'm just going to scroll through this because I want to show you something which is even more interesting. So he can use a similar, and he can kind of insert links in email, right? So one thing which we need to understand over here is your email is encrypted, right? You assume that by encrypting, nobody will be able to change the email. The attacker does not have your key, right? But in spite of that, the attacker is able to modify your email, right? So this is very, very important. So we can do this with S-MIME as well. Now one thing very, very important is how can we make this attack better, right? So we have a method of infiltrating into the emails and you know we have a method of changing the email, but we can make this attack better by using something called, yeah, by using something called as a back channel. And back channels are flaws which were found in email clients. I'm sure, you know, most of you are using one of these email clients probably, right? So these are flaws which were found with email clients. So for example, in Linux, if you are using Thunderbird, okay, in Linux, Thunderbird is a flaw in which it will load a JavaScript without asking for your permission at all, right? So if somebody sends you an email with JavaScript, right? It is possible for the person to hide the JavaScript in such a way that the JavaScript will run and load without your permission at all. So we can use a combination of the attacks which I described sometime back, plus these back channels to completely own the browser or to completely own the email client, right? And since I'm out of time, I'll probably, there are a lot of things. Yeah, last but not least, this is a very, very good email. This is a very good link which talks about how to set up GPG in a secure way, right? And that's it.


Hey guys, it's Julia and welcome back to my channel and for today's video I'm going to be doing a video talking about my booktube Slash kind of reading goals for the year of 2018 So first off starting with channel goals I have if you haven't done my feedback survey already. It's in linked at the top of the description box So please do it if you feel like it. I don't know. I think surveys are fun But if you have any opinions on my channel make sure to fill that survey out It just helps me and I like kind of hearing your guys's opinions and things like that But through that survey, I want to make adjustments in the new year. So Uh, I'm gonna keep up the weekly vlogs hopefully or at least do bi-weekly vlogs Or at least try to incorporate more reading vlogs because the majority of you guys love them So I'm gonna try to fit those in more and also Some of you guys said you want to see more individual book reviews for me. So my goal is to do two a month And things like that. I also want to keep up my usual two to three videos a week If not more but for the new year two to three a week would be my goal I think these are pretty doable for me I'm gonna have a separate video about my book to my reading bucket list for the year and like some rereads and stuff like that But for this video, I just wanted to talk about again some of my channel goals And then just some basic standard reading goals But I found it really interesting looking back on the survey that a lot of you guys were actually Quiet viewers. So I put this question there that was like, are you interactive or kind of more of a quiet viewer? Because I know for me watching certain people's videos, especially was not when I wasn't making videos I never commented on people's videos. I never like Talked to them on other social media platforms because I thought it like I was like why Like I don't want to talk to anyone and I was just kind of this quiet Watcher in the corner sort of thing So I was I was wondering like how many people really enjoy my videos But don't comment or don't like them or whatever So the survey I believe was like a solid 70% of you guys are more quiet viewers than you are interactive Which was really interesting to me and I encourage you guys to comment if you want to if you have your opinions on something I would love to hear them And yeah, but that was really interesting to me because I definitely used to be more a quiet viewer for a lot of people And even now I still don't comments on every video I watch just because sometimes I don't want to say Like I love the video, but I'm like what am I supposed to say great video like they have like 30 comments that say that So yeah, okay upload two three times a week keep up with the vlogs and then there's going to be a new intro and outro song every month Um, I know some of you guys especially this month are really liking the intro song Which I'm really happy about that, but I do change it up every month just to Spice things up same with my outro the design changes and the song changes every month But my intro which was made by ali her links are down below as well She made it but I change up the color in the music every single month. So that's going to be continuing Along with that also you guys probably don't care about my thumbnails the little uh Color behind the words that changes every month as well Just so I can add a glance I can see how many videos I upload in a month I'm hoping to do two review book review two video book review the month I'm also hoping to do again I'm going to be continuing with my monthly wrap ups and then I'm thinking about either monthly tbrs or Seasonal tbrs. I think would be really interesting And also you guys requested more uh recommendations videos from my recommendation series that I have on my channel Which I have a playlist for but a lot of you guys requested more of that So I will be trying to bring more of those to the table and if you have any ideas for What kind of genre or what kind of this you'd like to see for recommendations videos. Let me know down below I've done quite a bit of them. I think 20 But yeah, I'd love to know in the comments And then I'm still going to be doing I'm hoping to actually do my monthly favorites every month, but maybe Film like whatever my favorite is maybe fill more bits of it Just make it a little more fun and creative and more like I can look back on that month and see What I kind of did that month. So not just my favorite things, but what kind of happened that month I would like to do just to look back on So yeah, those are some of my reading my booktube goals my channel goals also I mean if we're talking numbers, I don't really want to Set a number But I guess my goal for the year would be like 10. Okay, that would be cool I mean honestly when I had 100 subs I was like crying so It was really surprising to me how fast my channel has grown in the past six months. I think So we're getting close to 8k. So thank you guys so much. It means so much to me So I guess my goal for 2018 would be 10k just because I think that's a solid number To be at I don't know. I just like that. It's a you know, round it up kind of thing And then for two little reading goals a month I want to get back into my classical month. So I did start that In the year, but then I kind of just stopped so I'm hoping to get back to my Don't knock things over Julia to my classic a month. That would be really nice. Um, I do want to make a Effort to read more of them and I also want to do a Stephen King book a month So this is just going to be spontaneous for me Just so I can read through all the king stuff because I literally get message every single day Messages every single day asking me if I've read this Stephen King by this Stephen King So I'm hoping to read more of them and I do have a ton of them. So I'm hoping to make an effort to read at least one a month Also with that, I'm still going to be continuing to do my read-a-thon a month, which I've Basically done this whole year. Um, I've already done a month. I think it's fun I guess the community together. So things like that are my reading and channel goals I hope you guys enjoyed this video Let me know your overall thoughts in the comments down below Or if you have any requests for the new year, I think you'd like to add about my channel anything like that Let me know down below because this video is about my channel, which of course the viewers are a huge part of So yes, let me know down below. Thank you guys so much for watching and I'll see you guys tomorrow with a new Vlogmas video. Bye


I welcome you in the course of leadership, emotional intelligence and the CN making. This is module number 10, and we are going to talk about engaging leadership. In terms of engaging leadership, we are concerned with the organizational perspective, just make a, our effort is that we have to increase the profits. We have to improve the sales. These are all the concerns which are required in engaging leadership because leader along with the follower is there to achieve these targets, goals and objectives. Along with the better sales, another thing we need to come up with is customer satisfaction because you all know that customer is the foundation which establishes the whole organization. So if your customer is not satisfied, then obviously your services, your products will not be able to sell well and if your production services will not be able to sell well, then you are going to compromise on your profits and you are going to compromise on your sustainability. So customer satisfaction is another phenomena which needs to focus on the leader. Another important thing is that there should be fewer accidents in the organizational facility where there are no legal claims, there is some productivity deficiency or due to which the morale of the employees will be down. So the leader is there to basically incorporate an environment in which the minimum accidents should be taking place and obviously accidents are the circumstances which are not required by any organization. Likewise, when we talk about engaging leadership, then there should be reduced staff turnover. It should be on the higher curve, it should be on the higher perspective. Or the absenteeism of the employees should be reduced as human outcome. Likewise, when we talk about engaging leadership, then there should be organizational excellence. There should be operational excellence in which there should be at least faults, at least your reverse orders, at least some defects are incorporated in your products. So therefore, remember that you should be there to improve upon whatever organization is doing and there should be a process of continuous development. Now along with all these things, where we are talking about profits, sales, customer satisfaction, we are also talking about the requirement in engaging leadership that the employees' enthusiasm should be incorporated. People should passionately work there. And there should be an emotional involvement of the employees, because as long as they do not keep their emotional association with the organization, they will not be able to correlate themselves with the organization as the correlation should be established. Likewise, when we talk about engaging employees, in the perspective of the employees, you have to incorporate positive feelings, you have to have a sense of fulfilment, you have to incorporate work-related state of mind in your employees. And along with that, you have to try that there should be dedication, there should be absorption among the employees about the culture, about the values, about the mission and vision prevalent in an organizational facility. Along with that, as an engaging employee, it is important for you that there should be an amalgam of commitment, loyalty, productivity and ownership. The people should be having a feeling that as if they are the true owners of the organization and when that thing will look like their own, then they will passionately and passionately work there. So, in engaging leadership, engaging employees is of utmost importance. Likewise, we have to incorporate the proactive and engaging behavior of the employees. And to incorporate that behavior, we have to see what are the developing contemporary circumstances evolving and how can we associate our employees with those new circumstances? Regarding those new circumstances, we have no evidence from the past that we can use for the coming future association. So that the people are ready to adopt new circumstances. Another important thing is, when we talk about proactive and engaging behavior, that we are there to offer collaboration, we are there to offer win-win relationship, we are there to offer the employees an environment in which they can bring their creativity and innovation to the world. Another important thing is, that the people are there to come up with their efficiency and effectiveness. We should welcome their innovation. We should create such an environment, such a culture in which the learning perspective is present. And with the help of a learning organization, employees will be able to get involved in a true engagement. Likewise, at the same time, the enthusiasm in them, the dedication in them, the loyalty in them, along with their work, along with their goals, we have to bring them to the world. If we conclude all this, then the responsibility of a leader is to engage and involve their employees, increase their commitment, promote their loyalty so that the outcome of the organization and the required outcomes of the employees can be achieved. Thank you.


It's quite challenging, and I've actually been having a lot of fun at Beam recently, especially finding some of these mods, oh, okay, ugh, okay, hello everybody, I'm EvilRabbit, we're here on BeamNG in a 350Z on a mountain road, we're gonna try not die, make sure you guys follow me on all social media, I'll post on the script box below, let's do it. And when I say not die, oh, I really mean not die, I mean as we're already starting off great by stalling the car, apparently I did not push the clutch enough, and I stalled again, my clutch was in, not starting off the greatest, so we're gonna go full send and see if we can, uh, drift this Z without dying, oh it's not, it's not looking very good from the start, whoa, I don't know, I don't know, this is gonna be, uh, greatest, oh man, don't die. One thing about Beam is I noticed that these mods, maybe you can use handbrake a lot, get them to really do what I want them to do, and that's probably just the mod itself, we scratched it, we just scratched it, we're good, just a small low scratch, are we still good? Little wall tap, bigger wall tap, oh, don't die, this is quite challenging, and I'm actually been having a lot of fun at Beam recently, especially finding, oh, some of these mods, oh, okay, uh, okay, induction system damage and oil starved, but we're still going, definitely have some wheel issues, oh yeah, we definitely hurt some steering components, it doesn't want to turn, yep, this car does not want to turn at all, okay, yeah, that car's really broke, yep, that's definitely broke, so we're gonna give ourselves a new car and try and continue, oh, that was nice, it was not nice, nope, that was not nice, but did we do damage? I don't know how much damage we actually did, but we're gonna full send, we're going, if this was a real life, this car would be done twice, uh, yeah, hmm, one of my headlights work, you guys like Beam and G, and you guys like this type of content, let me know down in the comment section down below, fully getting it, nope, as I say that, I should probably not talk, definitely gets bound up a little bit at lock, and again, that could just be a wheel setting that I need to alter, we are on the R12, and this is, I think, really my first time with the R12 here in Beam, we decided to just go full send straight to a drift car and a mountain road, see that, that, why is it always dull when I try and go, I'm in gear, what is on clutch, see, I got off clutch and I was in gear, started again, okay, you know, Beam will definitely humble you when it comes to drifting, if you play other games like Car X or even Assetto and some of the easy drift cars, if you come in here and Beam, it will definitely make you relearn everything that you may think you already know when it comes to drifting, oh, wall tap-ish, and I think the fun thing about it is we do do these dirty ebrake grabs, very long ebrake grabs, like foursman ebrake grabs, but if you do it too long, you will flat spot and blow your tires in beam, which I think is actually probably the funnest thing that I've been having with this stuff, and if you put too much power on the car, of course you're gonna overheat the engine, blow it up, we throw a stage two turbo in this thing, and we start redlining it, it's gonna pop, impact detection, it was definitely a major impact detection, so Beam and G definitely super fun and been finding a lot more drift mods and stuff like that, so we'll be doing a lot of stuff with Beam here in the near future, as well as of course Assetto Corsa, it's actually not bad, our clutch kick, my uh, wheel bound up a little bit, I don't know if you saw that, I kind of had to force the wheel some, I don't think we're gonna, oh yeah we did, it kind of got found up, and I'm not sure if that's like I said just a mod, we just got to do like nasty clutch drops, nor not stall this car, if it's just a mod that is doing that, or if it's uh like a weird, did that cone just rip my bumper off, it did, that cone ripped my bumper off, well so we're gonna go back to the home, I'm gonna try this again, but we're gonna try this in, in car with the kind of real head motion that Beam has, oh we're not starting off great, if they could get the head motion to work like Assetto, that would make this so much nicer, because this is extremely hard, because it doesn't really work how I wanted to, oh man, so I think that may do it here for this episode, here on Beam NG, you guys want to keep seeing more Beam content, let me know it's out below, the Z is definitely a super fun to drive, we have some more power options for it with, and you know, body kits, not the car, you know parts for this that we may do, maybe a re-listed style that you're building on this car, so maybe you guys follow me on all social media, I always find those good spots below, as always I think I should come back and watching, I'm gonna grab it, I'll see you guys on the track, I mean that acts like a really big air brake,


going on everyone Sam here with late in sports car driven 22 upper deck good win champions hobby four box break number 18 random letter style so look again at your random results as always you can find those on the website under the results tab as well as the link in chat do it it's fired up fired up Sean why cuz I'm a grinder I do on this oh man I officially own a burner account I gotta do it and last night I got banned three times did you I was laying in bed with Heather I told her about it she's like you're embarrassing like what it's funny we'll Lundell see something big see another survivor auto that was dope Roger Arias the R spot see her in base John Pack nice one there for the Jason later first wine and Zalatoris soccer and golf there's Alex Alcala for the A spot Joe you go to Joe out there yeah Joe text me your Venmo and you got a chance for yesterday oh insect insect it's gonna be a giga DOS yeah oh no Chiquita Chiquita that's what it is Chiquita I thought it was a C my bad Chiquita Chiquita bug that's when they're going to the C spot I know what yeah there's John back cicada oh yeah I know that the ones that come out every seven years right there's a Caterina Macaria yeah Tiger Woods nice the 499 nice one there for the tea spot their shells off the tree when they shed remember I was in like middle school when the Chiquitas were coming out and everybody was like freaking out about it and I'm like Jose Pardomo some bug they come out over seven years or something like that like shed I don't know Virgil Ortiz junior Virgil Ortiz junior Jose Pardomo for the J spot Aston Ladd and base Chandler Smith for the C spot what's it called moped go across the country yeah John Pack Zalaportis might drop the one for the next one that'll be number something Lebron splash of color there's Kate Bach the K spot see her Christian Hernandez C I guess just the nuggets and clippers left I believe yeah clippers and nuggets that is it on the next one guys later that show Marjan boat champ to 49 nice one there love that Marcelo Meyer future watch auto 111 or 299 there you go end spot so in there for the M spot Bobby Bobby picking that one up thanks Bobby more spots coming in Bobby tribute spots another Chinese New Year some another two renaissance renaissance spot coming in down to six to go on that stuff ties you know the Charlie Woods rookies that's gonna be awesome I'm in Thompson 13 14 I think yeah who knows honestly on that one yeah honestly entire staff yeah Marjan boat champ yeah me too Sam renaissance is fire Lebron renaissance is really good we're down to six to go on that now everybody so thank you thank you Sam and I believe William took the other spot really there's Caleb Williams for the C spot gaudy Chrome Zalatoris Sharapova shot a full box that is a Wayne Gretzky to 499 the great one splash of color W W. Wayne Gretzky Caleb Williams safe Arias gaudy insert splash of color Rajik Arias the R spot for good ol at the Yankees has been lad for skier the A spot a spot splash of color you need no capi there's gaudy Brady house oh a spin lie that's right MMA fighter forgot about that she fought Sasha who she fought recently yeah she a good MMA fighter too wow that's nasty will Zalatoris 22 st. Jude champion winner hand number 37 to 50 going to the W spot Matthew L do that's awesome will Zalatoris again 2022 st. Jude championship winner 37 to 50 absolutely on this one yes that's disgusting that's so sick so sick Marthello that's got a picture Shade on sharp he's really good he's out for the season I believe though Michael Foster yeah well he I think he's got some sort of injury he's not playing this year but I mean I remember when he made we got another insect relic it is gonna be a hummingbird clearwing interesting insects going to the H spot H Jolby hummingbird clearwing there's a Caleb Williams stop William hey do buddy up what up gaudy shade on sharp Gavin we are in a popka Florida so we're outside of Orlando APK APK all day willy-tea ribs willy-tea ribs barbecue hopefully Olga Carlin last pack of box two freaking awesome auto in that one yeti no capi all right Phil picking up a couple of spots thank you Phil 10 box Tuesday baseball out of G picking up a spot as well again guys down to 13 to get our 12 to go now on Chinese New Year again Revolution PYT nuggets and clippers still available just nuggets and clippers yeah yeah yeah we're just late in sports cards calm Gavin I think it's been good time how about you here we go we have a second channel that's where it's gonna be Marina back Rome Roman Chuck track and field we have a second channel we're doing an all-star promo over there we're doing an all-star promo on channel to all group breaks over on channel to for that baseball Maria Sharapova Queens no baseball over here on the main channel today tribute does release tomorrow as well Jomani Swanson J spot tribute baseball tomorrow Matt and Forrest in the morning myself at night Kyle doing personals tomorrow Armando Cruz a spot there Stephen Berge wine a spot there's a Caterina Makaria for soccer splash oh color beauty no capi gaudy Alex Alcala a spot splash a color Bryce young Brady house gaudy there's a Ben Simmons for the b-spot to 499 only pro only company I'll find Ben Simmons autos in as well as what's his face there's her Chandler Smith come on be Amazon Prime day as well everybody Chandler Smith happy prime day a ring doorbell that I Marcello Meyer M-spot Brady house B-spot Marjanbo champ Riley green there's splash of color Brandon Maya Yeah, I mean a lot of stuff like the ring doorbell usually is 90 and we got it for like 45 we got like half off yeah pretty house pretty house again another big auto let's see it there's Henry Davis AI and keep on slow this there's an Allen Iverson portrait nice one there AI going to the a-spot shade-owned shop believe so yes anyway anyway is Hawaiian dream skate three fans yeah it's worth it you have like stuff you need it's like the perfect time to get it Mariana Beck Roman Chuck auto Stephen Berge wine nice one there for the s-spot not numbered on that splash of color auto very cool another spot came in another two for fast break Paul with an Asia team all-spots Tyler with the Clippersons rockets and 40 thank you Tyler Jeff with the D-backs Tanner and picking up the spurs and two in a sprake and then Brandon are with some gaming purchases so thank you guys yeah JBL speaker for $70 off yeah good guys two to go on revolution breaking next nuggets and clippers nuggets and clippers nuggets and clippers last one here guys there's Brian Acunha the spot will zalatoris Maria shot a pullback as well hello Ben sister Dyson Daniels the sister hello Taylor there's will zalatoris for the W spot there's will zalatoris gowdy that's gonna be Stephen Berge wine for the s-spot 499 goodwin champions from Virgil Ortiz junior for boxing there's Ben Simmons gowdy insert Sharapova see hern as well Armando Cruz for the a-spot splash of color Ben Simmons gold filled no no we haven't seen any here Joe Alphelix unfortunately I did you anybody tell you about that what you two courties by courties splash of color Brady house what'd you do that's messed up Matt Corral to 499 there was a couple boxes of Edie Kathy I've seen I've only seen one but there might be two of finest where every single car yeah one was on Brian Acunha cards infinity Chris he had one really good dude here's Garland yeah I'm not calling out every day sorry the wrong is Josephine Screver sure that Bryce wasn't anything important yeah now it's just a base thanks for the gifts then Brian Acunha, Taga, Nicola Jogic, Luba I've heard his calf up God turn the derby Peyton Watson Virgil Ortiz that's gonna be auto of Jackson Smith and Gigba to 299 great autos nice one there rats on that go into the J-spot Jolby here splash of color Katerina Makaria another auto Kennedy Chandler this time to 499 two autos very nice top prospects going to the K-spot he's a grizzly W Wang on that one John Peck I do 2J Brahmiel school SP so far I've like my Ray Lewis auto I have from 99 looks just like that as our Thompson base and base do a quick recap of our autos here guys really awesome break we had a Kennedy Chandler Jackson Smith and Gigba Steven Bergewine Marcelo Meyer and Will Zalatoris hand numbered 37 to 50 inscribed 22 st. Jude championship winner so awesome can do it for the break guys thanks again for the filth up next is revolution PY


Interseception is a cause of acute pain. It's prolapse of one segment of the bowel of the interseceptum into another and it causes acute pain in early childhood, under three years, 90% are ileocolic. The remainder may be ileocolic or ileo-olio, but this is what you're commonly going to see. 90% are idiopathic and have no leap point and they're just due to hypertrophy of prior patches, small nodes.  Here's another one, the target sign, you write abdomen and you'll lay it out, you've got the pseudo kidney sign, that is interseception, turn color on, if the bowel is viable you're going to see lots of color and it's sort of helpful if you're going to go ahead and try to reduce this because it tells you that you've got viable bowel and this is usually reducible. Here's another one, there's no flow, we made an attempt, a reduction it didn't work and that was the scheming bowel at surgery, leap points 10% of patients, more common at older children, the leap points include mechal diverticulum, polyp, hematoma, duplication cyst, and lymphoma and ultrasound you're just going to see a mass and the interseception. Here is the interseception, a multi-layered mass, right abdomen, right upper quadrant, not right lower quadrant, this echogenic part is the mesentery that goes along with the bowel, this is a mass that was a hematoma, this is an interseception, target sign, multiple layers, the echogenic part is the mesentery oementum and this was apollop, here's another interseception, multiple layers, there's an anechoic mass in this interseception that's a duplication cyst. The ultrasound factors that predict that you're going to have difficulty reducing this, if you see absent blood flow, I showed you that, if you have a large amount of fluid and the central interseception it's a bad sign, if you see a lot of trapped lymph nodes in the interseception and if there's a lead mass. Sensitivity 94 to 100% specificity up to 100% occasionally fecal contents, inflammatory bowel disease, hematoma will mimic interseception, this patient had acute pain and we thought maybe that was interseception, did an enema, this turned out to be a colitis and the differential is the other interseception, transient interseception, it occurs in the left upper quadrant, a life through the genome, it's very short compared to the standard interseception which is much larger, it resolves spontaneously and it's only the one lesion, don't touch it, it's going to go away. So, these patients, I had pain, we do look at the right lower quadrant but we also look, as I mentioned in the entire abdomen, if we don't find something in the right lower quadrant, this was in the left upper quadrant, it's a target appearance, it's an interseception, it's small, another one, it's small, those are transient interseceptions, we feel comfortable with that, we leave it alone.


The study investigates four different endocytotic uptake mechanisms, including phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin, and cavelin-mediated endocytosis, in mouse macrophages, J774A1, and human alveolar epithelial type 2 cells, A549. The study uses fluorescently tagged marker proteins to determine the involved pathway in nanoparticle uptake by optimizing specific inhibitors for each endocytotic pathway. The results show that macropinocytosis and phagocytosis, as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, play a crucial role in the uptake of 40 nanometers polystyrene nanoparticles in both cell lines. Additionally, cavelin-mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of nanoparticles in A549 cells, while clathrin-coated vesicles are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in both cell lines. Overall, the study suggests that a combination of several distinguishable endocytotic uptake mechanisms is involved in the uptake of nanoparticles in both macrophages and epithelial cells.


Where do bladder infections come from? Back in the 70s, longitudinal studies of women over time showed that the movement of rectal bacteria up into the vaginal area preceded the appearance of those same types of bacteria in their urethra before they infected the bladder. But it would be another 25 years before genetic fingerprinting techniques were able to confirm this so-called fecal perineal urethral theory, indicating that indeed it's the E. coli strains residing in the rectal flora that serve as a reservoir for urinary tract infections. Yet it would be another 15 years still before we tracked it back another step and figured out where that rectal reservoir of bladder-infecting E. coli was coming from. Chicken. Researchers were able to capture these extraintestinal, meaning outside of the gut, pathogenic, disease-causing E. coli straight from the slaughterhouse to the meat to the urine specimens obtained from infected women. We now have proof of a direct link between farm animals, meat, and bladder infections. Solid evidence that urinary tract infections can be a zoonosis. Urinary tract infections as an animal to human disease. And UTIs, we're talking millions of women infected a year, costing over a billion dollars. Even worse, the detection of multi-drug resistant strains of E. coli in chicken meat resistant to some of our most powerful antibiotics. The best way to prevent bladder infections is the same way you best prevent all types of infections by not getting infected in the first place. It's not in all meat equally, beef and pork appear significantly less likely to harbor bladder-infecting strains than chicken. Can't you just use a meat thermometer and cook chicken thoroughly? How have you even known for 36 years? It's not always the meat but the cross-contamination. If you give people frozen chickens, naturally contaminated with antibiotic resistant E. coli, let people prepare and cook it in their own kitchen as they normally would and poof. The bacteria ends up in their rectum ready to cause trouble. In fact, five different strains of antibiotic resistant E. coli jump from the chicken to the volunteer. And they know it was cross-contamination because the jump happened after the animal was prepared but before it was eaten. Not only did it not matter how well the chicken was cooked, it didn't even matter if you eat any. It's the bringing of the contaminated carcass into the home and handling it. Within days, the drug resistant chicken bacteria had multiplied to the point of becoming a major part of the person's fecal flora in their gut. Here's all this drug resistant bacteria colonizing this person's colon yet the person hadn't taken any antibiotics. It's the chickens who were given the drugs. That's why the industry shouldn't be routinely feeding chickens antibiotics by the millions of pounds a year because they can end up selecting for and amplifying superbugs that may end up in our body. What if you're really careful in the kitchen? The effectiveness of hygiene procedures for prevention of cross-contamination from chicken carcasses in the domestic kitchen. They went into five dozen homes, gave them each a chicken, and asked them to cook it. Now I expected to read that they inoculated the carcass with a specific number of bacteria to ensure everyone got a contaminated bird, but no, they realized that fecal contamination of chicken carcasses was so common that they just went to the store and bought any random chicken for people. Now after they were done cooking it, there was bacteria from chicken feces, salmonella, campylobacter, both serious human pathogens everywhere, on the cutting board, utensils, on their hands, on the fridge handle, cupboard, oven handle, doorknob. But this was before they cleaned up. What about after cleaning? Still, pathogenic fecal bacteria everywhere. Okay, fine. Obviously, people don't know what they're doing in the kitchen, so they took another group of people and gave them specific instructions. After you cook the chicken, you have to wash everything with hot water and detergent. They were told specifically wash the cutting board, knobs on the sink, the faucet, the fridge, the doorknobs, everything. Okay, and the researchers still found pathogenic fecal bacteria everywhere. Fine, okay, last group. This time, they were going to insist that people bleach everything. The dishcloth immersed in bleach disinfectant, and then they sprayed the bleach on all those surfaces, let the bleach disinfectant sit there for five minutes, and they still found campylobacter and salmonella on some utensils, a dishcloth, the counter around the sink, and the cupboard. Definitely better, but still, unless our kitchen is like some biohazard lab, the only way to guarantee we're not going to leave infection around the kitchen is to not bring it into the house in the first place.  In this study, the chicken bacteria only seemed to last about 10 days. The problem is that people tend to eat chicken more than once every 10 days, so they may be constantly reintroducing these chicken pathogens into their colon. For example, if you start feeding people only sterilized meat that's been boiled for an hour, within three weeks there's a 500-fold drop in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria passing through their bodies.