Mae'r cydweithio yn ei dweud o'u gwiaith i ddechrau y teimlo, mae'r cydweithio yn ein ddull Russell Justus. Mae'n rhaid i'ch clywed y cysyllt ac yw'r cysyllt gyda'n ddegasgwysu digwydd y cydweithio y d drunk. Mae'n dechrau'r cydweithio gyda'n ddull Eilor i ddechrau, Fygoffaith bod yn piech yn cyflwyfodaeth i ddiwylliant o'i gwyflau'r ffaith sydd o gweithio'r gwael iawn iawn, lle o'r bowdol a chael bwyntio eich cyffredinol, o'r lle i saiddau. Mae'n amser i'ch gyerthiau oes gyrfaith o fawr o'r gafodol ar y cwmdu Old Town i'r 16 ar ffiygoffaith y 2 mwy, oedden digwydd 83%. Felly, dyma rydym yn cael ei squirlu cyfraff a'r gwylliant rai negreithiol i Fygoffaith a'r gweithio i gyd wedi sutfynol. news releases and via key stakeholders to the distribution of promotional materials to partners, including libraries, nurseries and schools. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. Can the cabinet secretary comment on the impact it is having on keeping children in Scotland out of poverty? Does she share my concerns about the Westminster Government's two-child policy and undermining efforts? Will she be clear that the two-child poverty with its important rape clause will never be considered for the Scottish child payment? Can, of course, confirm to the member that the Scottish child payment is available for every eligible child. Modelling suggests that the Scottish Government policies will keep 100,000 children out of relative poverty in 24, 25, and that includes keeping 60,000 children out of poverty through the Scottish child payment. The UK Government, the member is quite right, could do so much more. They could lift a further 40,000 children out of poverty next year if they made key changes to social security, including reversing that two-child limit and introducing an essential guarantee. It is disappointing that the spring budget holds held none of those policies, and therefore those children will remain in poverty due to the Westminster's inactivity. To ask the Scottish Government what action it is taking to bring empty properties back into use for housing. We continue to tackle empty homes as a priority, bringing more homes back to use as warm, safe and secure housing. Our interventions have been recognised by an independent audit, which endorses the £3.2 million investment in the Scottish Empty Homes partnership that has seen over 9,000 private loan terms successfully returned to use. That is why I was pleased yesterday to announce a further £423,000 of funding to support that important work in 24, 25. Mr Briggs is also aware that I wrote to Parliament in September to outline the further actions that we are taking to enhance our approach, which reflects the wide range and complexity of circumstances that have to be addressed. Miles Briggs, I thank the minister for that answer, and I agree that we need to see a real call to action to bring the estimated 43,000 empty homes back into use in Scotland. Shelter has done some really welcome work in England to support councils to do that. I ask the minister to hear in Edinburgh, for example, in my own council area, that there are 3,000 council-owned empty properties. What work will the Government do to help councils to fund those projects to bring them back? Have the Scottish Government looked at an empty homes refurbishment fund, for example, to help councils to bid for money to bring those properties back into use? If I am back to the Edinburgh situation, I met Edinburgh just last week when we were talking about Void, which is a number that we have had at that discussion, and about the empty homes and what we can do specifically around that. We have asked Edinburgh for proposals specifically on that, to see how we can work with it. Again, it comes back to the further £423,000 of funding to support this important work, because I said that it would get on-going this year. I am happy to continue to discuss this with the member going forward. Much of rural and island Scotland derelict and empty properties litter the landscape, does the minister agree that bringing such properties back into habitation is vital to reinvigorate communities and, in most instances, considerably less expensive than new-build housing? What progress has been made over the last year and will be in the next year in delivering on that objective? I have been engaging closely with local authorities, housing providers and businesses in rural areas to support delivery of more affordable homes across rural and island areas, as well as how best use of our existing supply. A rural and island house national plan supports the delivery of Scottish Government's come-up delivery of 110,000 affordable homes, of which 10 per cent will be in rural and island areas. The plan recognises that, alongside delivery of new homes for rural and island communities, existing homes is a key part of our approach, including bringing empty homes back into active use. To ask the Scottish Government what assessment it has undertaken regarding the incorporation of the definition of deaf blindness into the work of Social Security Scotland. Social Security Scotland works with individuals and disability organisations to design services, and every stage of the application process has been tested. The initial equality impact assessment for communication support for deaf, deafblind and hard of hearing social security Scotland clients was completed in May 2022. People can apply in ways that suit them best, either by phone, online or paper application form, and local delivery advisers offer in-person support in every local authority area. We are committed to continually improving our delivery of benefits, and the people of Scotland can be assured that that will be based on dignity, fairness and respect. I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. The cross-party group on deafness, of which I am deputy convener, has worked tirelessly towards the definition of deafblindness being adopted in Scotland. It is the Nordic model that has been accepted in the UK since 1995, and the recognised definition across the EU, which the Scottish Government has frequently stated that they wish to align. My question is simple, cabinet secretary. Will the Scottish Government reassess its position not to recognise the definition of deafblindness so that people across Scotland are clear on what they may or may not be eligible for? I appreciate that there is an on-going campaign on the formal definition of deafblindness, and I appreciate that there was indeed a member's business on this matter most recently. I am happy to hear from Ross McCall in greater detail on the issue, as I am sure our colleagues in Social Security Scotland. Although the campaign may be on-going on this, it is important that we continue the dialogue, continue our discussions to make sure that we are supporting every client that comes to Social Security Scotland, and that, as I say, I am happy to carry on that dialogue, as I am sure is the agency. Thank you, Presiding Officer. To ask the Scottish Government what action it is taking to reduce social housing waiting lists for disabled people. The Scottish Government has led the UK in housing by delivering more than 126,000 affordable homes since 2007, more than 89,000 of which were for social rent, including almost 24,000 council homes. It will also invest 556 million in affordable housing in 24, 25, the majority of which will be for social rent. We remain focused on delivering 110,000 affordable homes by 2032, and to support that, we will bring forward a review scheduled for 26, 27 to 24, which will concentrate on deliverability. We are also working with the financial community in Scotland and elsewhere to boost private sector investment and help to deliver more homes. I think that there is also a role for local authorities in preparing their local housing strategies. Those are discussions that have local authorities in terms of that. One, to identify what the waiting lists are and two, the actions that they are undertaking in that regard. The minister might be aware that, in North Lanarkshire, 1,170 disabled people are currently stuck in social housing waiting lists, many of which are children. Instead of taking that issue seriously, the SNP Government has chosen to slash the housing budget by more than £200 million in the past year. Therefore, I ask the minister how he expects to cut down those lists when social house building is being discouraged by his own Government's cuts. I will come on to that point a little second. I think that one of the key things that I want to mention is about the reliance of consultation and housing for very needs in June this year and that closed in December. Of course, that is a new build. I think that when we come in to talk about investment in social housing, there are a couple of points of context. One, we build 40 per cent more homes, affordable homes than in England, and 70 per cent more than Wales. There is a 10 per cent capital budget cut from your Government, which obviously has no influence on what is over. The biggest cut in terms of that, and there is a choice to the Tory Government to cut the capital budget to ourselves. It started with the question that was getting heckled, disappointingly by some who had already been invited to ask a question. The answers are now being heckled likewise. We are not going to get through this if this continues. I mentioned about the 10 per cent capital budget cut. There is also the dramatic cut in financial transactions, which gave us flexibility around the bit. We also spend £90 million a year on discretionary housing payment, which is again due to policies by your Government. If we remove these, we would have £90 million extra to invest in houses that you are talking about. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. The minister will be aware of the Dying in the Margin's work by Mary Curie and the University of Glasgow, which has again reinforced the significant demand for adaptive properties for people who are diagnosed with a terminal illness. Not only the impact that someone has on their family when they have to move out of an adapted property very quickly, but can the minister say what work the Government is going to do to engage with that piece of work to ensure that the efficiency of adapted properties and that support for people who are grieving? Thank the member for his question. It was a good time when I spoke to Ellie Wagstaff at an event last night, and she talked about this particular project, and I think that we had both attended it. I had also been doing a piece of work with MND. In some of the positions, we are debilitating terminal diseases. We have been working with Elacio and Cozla in trying to deliver a pathway that gives effective adaptations at the time that they need to write at the outset. Elacio continued to work with MND and others in delivering that pathway. I am happy to pick up with the member after this. The minister must know that one in four wheelchair users say that their home is not suitable for their needs. 17,000 of them have unmet housing needs. So many in my constituency in North East Fife are desperate for a home, and they are desperate, yet only 1 per cent of the social housing is suitable. With 17 years of a social housing build programme, why are so many unsuitable for disabled people? I think that it is very much a partnership approach. I mentioned about the local housing strategies, which are obviously brought forward by the local authorities themselves. On the discussions that I have had with Fife and other local authorities, it is making sure that they are aware, first of all, of the number of people who are in that position, as Mr Rennie talks about. What can they do? We have talked about the adaptation of housing for varying needs, which talks about housing going forward. However, it is really up to the local housing strategy, which Fife has brought forward, to identify the number of houses that is doing that. I have raised it with Fife on a number of occasions, and I am happy to pick up with Mr Rennie after this. Question 6 is not lodged. Question 7, Russell Finlay. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on its plans to tackle social isolation and loneliness. We published our delivery plan for our social isolation and loneliness strategy, recovering our connections in March 2023. The plan aims to better understand social isolation and loneliness to reduce the harm caused by it and tackle this public health issue. The plan highlights the actions that we are taking, including funding support of more than £3 million to 53 organisations across Scotland over a three-year period, delivering community-led activity that responds to local needs. The Scottish Government will continue to work with the social isolation and loneliness advisory group to help us to deliver the plan and to collaborate on ways to tackle social isolation and loneliness for those who are most impacted. Russell Finlay, I thank the minister for that answer. The Sunday Post and Age Scotland have launched the big bra community, which is a campaign to reduce loneliness and isolation in older people by 2030. It is backed by the cartoon cavalcade legend Glen Michael, who is 98 years old. Most people in here, perhaps apart from Megan Renew who I am talking about. Today, using some good old fashioned newspaper language, I can sensationally reveal that the campaign is now being backed by none other than Ur-Willy, and that Scotland's nuttiest schoolboy is to break the habit of a lifetime by helping the old folk of Ock and Shugel starting this Sunday, so get your Sunday Post. Does the Scottish Government join Glen Michael, myself and Ur-Willy in supporting this excellent campaign? I am not sure how old the member thinks I am, but while I do not understand all of his references, I understand the one to the big bra campaign. We discussed it at the most recent meeting of the social isolation and loneliness action group. I very much welcome the support for the campaign to tackle social isolation and loneliness and look forward to working with everybody involved to make sure that we are all on the same page and doing all that we can. Thank you, convener. Somebody who can remember Glen Michael. Can the minister elaborate on what impact the £3.2 million social isolation and loneliness fund is suspected to have on the well-being of these groups and individuals across Scotland most in need of the support? I am happy to. I have managed to meet with quite a few of the organisations in receipt of the fund so far, and even on those very brief visits I have been able to appreciate the impact that this is having on groups such as older people, younger people, those with mental health difficulties and disabled people. The fund's intention is, of course, to support organisations to create opportunities for people to connect. We know that, from evaluation of the first year of activity, many organisations have reported increased social connections and the associated improvement in mental wellbeing of participants. One organisation reported that 100 per cent of participants have improved their confidence in going out and being socially active simply by engaging with the project. The evaluation also told us that some organisations have improved partnership working in order to increase the activities on offer to communities. The total number of beneficiaries predicted to benefit from funded activities is around 20,000 over the duration of the fund, and we will continue to monitor progress with the fund. To ask the Scottish Government what its response is to comments by the Chartered Institute of Housing Scotland, which describes Scotland as being, quote, in the midst of a housing emergency. I spoke to CIH at the conference last week on the day that they announced that. We recognise the current housing challenges experienced across the UK and are determined to address levels of homelessness in part through the supply of social and affordable housing. However, the UK Government failed to inflation-proof their capital budget. That has resulted in a near 10 per cent real-terms cut in our capital funding. The financial interactions budget has also been cut by 62 per cent. That is on top of Brexit, and UK Government financial mismanagement is causing inflationary pressures on construction supply and labour shortages. As I mentioned previously, we are also working with the financial community in Scotland and elsewhere to boost private sector investment and deliver more homes. After 17 years in government, what a shameful response from the minister. There are 10,000 children in Scotland in temporary accommodation. There are 130,000 households waiting for social housing, and that is the best that we get from the front benches. Shelter accused this Government, not any other Government, of gaslighting the people of Scotland over the housing emergency. Three councils have declared a housing emergency, and this latest organisation is one of a long line to declare such an emergency. Everyone knows it is an emergency, except this Government. Can I ask the minister, Shelter, to have specifically called on the First Minister to make an urgent statement to this Parliament about Scotland's housing emergency before the Easter recess? Will he, and if he won't, why not? First of all, I want to take up some of the points that he mentioned. If we look at the statement that Shelter also released about the UK Government, you will see that it was as damming as it was to the Scottish Government. If we are going to quote the independent analysis, I think that one of the key pieces of work that has come out in the last month or two was from crisis, and it was a homeson monitor, which was independent from Herotwong University. The two main things that they mentioned having the biggest impact on reducing homelessness was the local housing allowance, which has been frozen by your Government for a number of years, and there is a big demand on that. That also goes to the Labour Party as well. Once they come in, or if they come into power in the UK, then there is a chance for them to reinstate that as well. The second most important point that they mentioned was the universal credit rates. Again, that is a decision that has been made by your Government. When it comes back to 10 per cent capital budget cut, if we are talking about decisions, that 10 per cent capital budget cut was to pay for national insurance cuts for the most wealthy in society. Thank you for a couple of supplementaries. Can the minister confirm that, despite UK Government capital funding cuts, Scotland's affordable housing supply programme remains the most ambitious and successful programme in the UK? Our affordable housing supply programme is indeed the most ambitious programme in the UK, and we remain focused on delivering 110,000 affordable homes by 2032, despite the unprecedented UK Government capital funding cuts. Since 2007, Scotland has led the way in housing, having delivered over 40 per cent more affordable homes per population in England and 70 per cent more than in Wales. From 23 March 2022 to end of September 23, 15,765 homes have been delivered towards 110,000 affordable homes target, of which 12,188 are homes for social rent. Does the minister accept that, in the period since this Government came to office in 2007, on average more social housing properties have been constructed each year by this Government than was the position for the eight years before this Government came to office? Although all of us want to see more affordable housing developments undertaken, wouldn't it help if the Scottish Government budget wasn't subjected to the callous cuts in capital expenditure that we've experienced from the Conservative Government perpetually and consistently to enable this Government to fulfil its objectives and to address the legitimate concerns that are raised by the housing sector? I concur with the points that the Scottish Government has made that has consistently delivered more homes per pedipopulation than any other parts of the UK. On the budget cuts, I mentioned about the impact that has had on the 10 per cent capital budget cut. The 62 per cent cut in financial transactions has made this extremely difficult for ourselves in terms of that. It comes back to the point that we are talking about decision-making and where we go in regards to that. The 10 per cent capital budget cut paid for national insurance cuts for the most wealthy in society.


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Great talk. Thank you so much, Xiao. So now we are going to start our panel. So we have some, we're going to start off with questions for Sami and Ethan. And then Reza is going to join us and we are going to hear a little bit from Xiao. So let's see, Sami, Ethan, are you here? Yep. Hey, Sami talk. Yeah, I can see you. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Now you're talking. Oh, yes, everybody. Let's look at that DSLR action. Yes. Okay, so we'll start with the icebreaker and this is for both Sami and Ethan. You both have been involved in the Cyclone community for a long time now very value members that community. So how long exactly have you been active? And what is your favorite part of being active in that community? What's the thing that you love the most about it? Oh, calculations. I think my engagement started around the time when Daniel came to Chloe Utre in Helsinki that's way before the COVID but I can't exactly now recall so it's maybe two or three years ago. And then we started working on some the Berlin event and I met Ethan there and stuff like that. So from around that time, what's the favorite feature? The people, of course, there's amazing people there and you can always get help and encouragement and everything you need to keep you going. Awesome.  Nice effect. All right, Ethan, your turn to answer. Yeah, I think I got involved. I don't know I had in the end of 2019 because it was right before my son was born, which means then that shortly after it started I was less involved. And I think, yeah, I don't know. For me, it's just a really nice group of people and I think one part of that is the one oftentimes we talk about not having kind of litmus tests around expertise or sort of level of, even in terms of level of familiarity with the things that we talk about so frequently. So there's a concerted effort to explain things from the beginning to always be willing to do that and to bring to make, you know, hopefully that makes it possible for as many people to get involved, you know, whatever their level of familiarity with data sciences or closure or certainly the things that we specifically have frequently discussed. And there will be lots of opportunities we will hear from Daniel Slutsky, all along this conference of the numerous opportunities there is to get involved with this awesome, awesome group of people. All right, Jao, are we here Jao and Renzo? Yes, we're both here. I think. Yeah, here. Can you hear me? Yes, yes.  Sorry for this. Usually people call me Santiago. It's easier to pronounce, but you're doing a very good job. All right, so, well, you know, I'll go with Santiago just because you told me so. Well, I'm going to use the usual icebreaker question that I like to do, like, is there anything surrounding you, some item that you, the curious item that you want to share with us? Curious item. I have all my bikes here. Oh, you can see them? Oh, nice. Yes. So, so this one, Starbot, not so exciting. This one I built myself.  And I unfortunately cannot show you my basement, which is also full of all bike bicycle paraphernalia. So when I'm not building, you know, bulgogi type things, I usually building bikes for my friends and stuff like that. Okay, but so those are like in your living room and do you still use them? Yeah, yeah. And the one I built, I just, I'm too anxious to leave this outside of my house, but I do use it all the time. Like it's meant for riding, not for showing on the wall. Cool. That that the way it should be, I guess, except for very exceptional bikes. Anyway, thanks. So I'll probably give the microphone back to Jordan for the first question to Sami or Ethan. Okay. And a lot of these questions are kind of dual Sami and and Ethan questions. I think there were lots of interest around clearly this took this recording took place over the course of several days. Yeah, so I can start with the very beginning part. The introduction was made around two weeks ago when the first deadline was for the for the conference. And we sent that to the conference and we still had all the work to do. So we just had the introduction. And basically, yeah, we were doing some mostly asynchronous planning of the of the setup. Also with Daniel he was he was very busy with it as well because of the workshop. And I think the most of the recordings happened this previous weekend so we did something on Friday some twice a week. No, I don't forget. I don't remember exactly. But yeah, because we have this situation of of a slight time difference, we have these windows early in the morning and early in the evening.  Yeah, so where where in the world are you? And where are you, Sammy? And then where is Ethan? I'm close to Helsinki in Finland, northern Europe. I'm near Seattle. Cool. Cool. I guess we we did know that. And okay, one more question. Who's responsible for the post process video editing? I know that can be hard. Did you just say, all right, ready set, go OBS. Did somebody have to edit and snip it and or you just you just rock, clearly you just rock with it. I loved that actually improv part of it. That was Sammy. Yeah, yeah, so so I did some editing because if we would have showed you the raw version, you wouldn't have been as impressed at our ability of being concise and good explainers. But but yeah, yeah, I worked a bit on the editing afterwards. I believe there were a lot of ums that were nicely removed. So we found more, you know, succinct. But I have to say, Ethan is a wonderful explainer. So a few ums away here and there and it was it was clear. It was a nightmare to try to make anything I said into coherent. But so most of the editing time I had to spend on myself actually, but I'm very happy we had a very good good communicator here on board. Well, we were definitely very impressed. So you did a very good job and that can be I can be the hardest part of this, this whole this whole deal. So let's go. It's fun to to to do that actually in this format because you don't normally in talks when you're live you cannot do it but now you can sort of play around a little bit with it. So we run with it. Yeah. Yeah, it was interesting. I mean we got kind of Sammy definitely guided this but I think we kind of ended this place where we could be kind of reasonably comfortable as we were just talking things through. And then kind of there are a few guidelines about, you know, kind of how how to do that so that we could still keep the what we were, you know, recording intact so that it could be cut together well. So it allowed us to be both, you know, to be kind of comfortable and normal bit more while we're recording. That's and you all have been pair coding together for years now through the Cyclone group so I imagine that really helped in the in the in the process of being comfortable. We had a question and discord about how did you get so good at pair coding. Well, doing it as long as you all have together. Yeah, and that's I think that's yeah that's a good point I think it's worth emphasizing that that is something I think we maybe we didn't we could have been more explicit and we're trying to showcase that but it definitely came out the practice definitely came out of the way we hang out on zoom for Cyclone is where we're just talking about stuff and trying to work through problems and being very open about about that. Yeah, I think that was showcase there certainly bullied us or, you know, there's been like hours and hours of study groups that have been done over zoom with like half a dozen people doing exactly what me and Ethan did live there so yeah that's that's actually nice feature I could have chosen that as my favorite thing about the community actually yeah. Yeah, and if you should we should plug those you know if they're people want to join. There's two communities that are two kind of threads on the closure in Zulu. ML study and another one that we call she foo SCI dash f you and ML study is, there's a lot of wonderful sessions Daniel runs. Most frequently that are looking into certain you know data science problems, and just looking at them and then she foo is one that I've been hosting and it is a bit more focused on learning the data ecosystem the libraries and with the aim of helping people get to the point where they might contribute to them, or at least understand their internals that more and how they connect. Yeah yeah and Santiago are you also involved in this I closed community. I would like, mostly from my, my fault. Like I, I gave, maybe one workshop so far, like I gave a workshop in this, in this conference. And then I have the couple of demos and some extra lessons with Daniel. And I also was part when there was, you know in the good old days of 2019 the data science meetup in Berlin. I was also around, but lately, I unfortunately didn't have enough time to just like produce stuff I'm trying to hope that bulgogi can be this entry into forcing me to just be a more active participant. But in general, I think both like Sami and Daniel usually hear from me and, and we exchange a couple of ideas from time to time. So, there are a couple of questions that you've been already answering as you are in the chat but I wanted also to make others aware of maybe you can answer them live as well. So one was from Yaku regarding would it make sense to reuse some of the feature computations such as Boolean to them from the cycle of libraries. So this is something when I first saw says and Ethan stock, like in the, in the back office. So I was like, wow, I was not aware of all this utility function that exists. And I've been thinking all the time. How could you bake in this functionality into bulgogi because at some point you're going to be repeating the same things over again. And it's just another namespace where you're going to have functions like convert milliseconds to something and are extracted an hour from a date. And I saw what they were doing. I was like, yeah, this is exactly it. We don't need to go somewhere else. So I think all of these utilities from tablecloth and all of these other functions that already exists. They just fit in very well because again, bulgogi you saw it just closure so there's nothing that doesn't interact with this and doesn't interact with the functions. It doesn't use at least from my personal use case. You don't need this whole data frame abstraction. But all of the tools that are being created to use the data frame abstraction like utilities, they will just go right in, and they would fit very well. Another point to say, if these things already exist, then it's very simple to bring a data scientist that works with Python or R or whatever, and tell them the things you want are mapped to these things in closure. And I would just need to learn the very simple syntax of closure to write a new function that you want. Thank you. Jordan, you want to ask another question. Sure. And it might be hopefully y'all can answer this because it's a little specific, but Holy Jack asked in the discord that it was kind of out of topic, but he was curious to what you use to zoom in to the code buffer. When it appeared as a new on the top rectangle over both emacs and in the browser with bigger font. When rewriting map to emap. So, hopefully, Sami or even you know if not maybe we can get a more specific time when when that occurred. I believe that was more of Sammy's magic, but post processing. Yeah, the nice feature there is is a beauty. I also fell in love with it but but unfortunately it's made with the Da Vinci resolve which is a video editing tool so we still have to wait for that to come to emacs but but yeah, yeah, it's a nice nice little feature I think. To be built over the next question for Santiago. You mentioned that Python or are is low compared to closure. And I'm interested in why closure is faster than Python and are when Python as libraries like Mumbai, the are begot by see. So I imagine people in my organization country might claim that closure is faster with that. And I wonder what you would say in response. Right. So, I mean, to come for completion are has the same thing right we also have lots of libraries that are back by see your C++ or for train. So they, they should also not be seen as slower in comparison to closure. When I made that comment in the talk, I'm referring to vanilla Python vanilla are which is actually what we have to use when we deploy these things. So I'm not using NumPy or a NumPy like thing in production to calculate these features because it's such a small thing. I'm not going to use NumPy to make X minus why it's just overkill. And in those scenarios, if you also on top of this have all of the power of using all the CPUs at the same time from closure by just saying P map, right, then it's just faster. Of course, sure, maybe some use cases. This is not true. Cannot make like a blank statement, but that's definitely not the like the killer feature for me that closure is the best way for feature engineering because it's fast. I think it's just because it's simple. It's very well understandable. And it composes very well. But I think someone else also mentioned the type next so if you want to have as fast as faster than see performance then closure also has you there. Can I also respond. Yeah, I kind of it's interesting because that deep type next does give some of that performance speed and that's also the basis for the data sets tech amount data set is, you know, it's columns are built on deep type next. And I wonder if Bo Gogi could also at some point support data set and that, although that might not be important in many cases where you don't you just don't need that level of performance if there are some instances in which but you can write I mean if you look at Bo Gogi without my feature engineering lenses that I gave everyone. It's a very generic general purpose thing it's just getting some inputs telling here's some data here's some functions I want you to run. And it does that so what the functions are could be, you could even be calling an external API to do some word embeddings. Who knows. This is up to you. The what I really wanted to capture is this idea of centralizing this transformations and having this buffet right we can have everything in there you can choose whatever you want. So people can easily collaborate because they're collaborating on a single place. And so yes of course like using using data set here could be it's not my use case, but this is why we're having this discussion maybe you look and say well this is cool to use table cloth and other libraries. And then you're basically just passing a map through right I want to make sure. Yeah, exactly. And it's kind of interesting because there's a similar, not the same but similar pattern in the in the Maclosh ML library where it's called this like metamorph context, and it's it's a very similar idea where you're, you know, basically this map is being passed through and it collects stuff that is important and useful. I wonder if there's some, you know, cross fertilization that could happen there between those with your tool now and it seems like there's some pattern overlap, like, you know, might be wrong, seem like there's something. It sounds like we have room to explore stuff. Yeah, which is good. Yeah. So we have a question here from ray 1729 who says is encounter now dead. It looks like it's been superseded by table clock fast math and the Vega based visualization libraries. Encounter representatives here. Good answer. But I guess that this hasn't been very much activity on the encounter front for quite now I haven't looked at it recently but but I think it, it has been quite quiet for a long time. That is one aspect. But you wanted to comment on that. I was just saying that if, if I have the option of using the same type of tools from closure, I wouldn't use something that is interfacing with our from closure. Right so I would like to I would prefer having either directly using our and just commit to that environment, or commit to closure. So there's also the talk with bulgogi with some of people in my team that maybe we could have functions written in Python, because that will be easier for them. And then we have to interface with that. But it sounds like things are working out so well that maybe we don't need to have this connection right because encounter is nice but it always felt a bit like the last resource it's like kind of oh we don't have these things in here. So let's make a bridge to that world using this library. Okay, so we have. There's another question for Santiago. Again Ray asking why introducing microservice, why introduce a microservice rather than inlining code it seems like the network calls will only add overhead. Instead of using a microservice instead of inlining code. Yeah, well I know why I understand from this question is why are we not doing this inside every function or every model, right, together with the model where the model exists. This, this was the whole story in the in the talk right if you do this, which is what we do today, you have to deploy them together. And then you have to copy paste this code around or you have to extract the code into a library and manage the library, which is fine to some degree. This is why I said this is not. It's not a fix for all use cases. I'm working by myself and I'm a team of one in a company of not that many people. It doesn't make sense to build bulgogi, like you're not collaborating with anyone you don't have a problem to fix the problem only happens when you have a certain scale, and you realize people are writing the same things over again. And you, you don't have a nice, easy way to keep the data you get in development to be exactly the same as you're having production. So you have to duplicate these two things. So you're inlining code in two places. Right you have to inline the code in development in line the code in production. And on top of this if you get a new colleague that just says well I'm more efficient in Python. Okay, that's fine. Everyone does what they want. But then we just need to find a common ground where to collaborate and to do this, it, you just cannot inline code. And this is why bulgogi needs to become some sort of microservice doesn't need to be a microservice but needs to be extracted, in my opinion. That that makes sense it really seems like collaboration is the key of a lot of y'all working together. I have a question for Sami here from one time. Any reason for using the elis style and temptation when using closure, and he adds the result is less ragged code, and you can set the font size bigger to because the horizontal screen screen real estate is less of an issue. And it's very helpful for screen casting, he mentions. No, no specific reason that's a very good, good tip and next year. Wait for that indentation. So thanks for the tip. So Renzo do you have maybe one last question I think we are getting to the time to wrap it up for one break. I think we have one last question I think it was, why did you decide to, I think this is from Pavel before.  Is that specific to your company setup infrastructure, or there are other benefits as well. Oh no it's just it's very fast prototype it like this. I didn't I was thinking well, I just want to try a couple of ideas how this can this be implemented. Instead of making this a full setup, I can just share a script with someone else and say hey I run this in the command line. See if this does what you want. I think Babashka just enabled the whole level of prototyping that kind of existed before but now it's just at the script level, which closure was missing a bit and you always have for granted in our and Python. So no, it will not be a basket skip forever. All right. Can I just add a short since this became also discussion about post production panel so I'll just make a little shout out to any Linux users who want to work with a proper video edit. Emily, there is something for years and years I was waiting for something but a couple of years we had the Da Vinci resolve, which is not open source but it's free so we can do proper video editing on Linux. Thank you. But it doesn't work with a ready on GPU FYI. Yeah, you need to add that on the hard way. You need to Nvidia for that one, I think. True. Jacob had asked for Sammy kind of what he says is the status of the closure data science scene in the roadmap I do know that we are going to hear a little bit more about that from Daniel at different points during the conference but if Sammy has anything to say on that right now about what they're working on. That would be good to hear. Daniel is an excellent person to talk about that but I warn you a bit every time we ask Daniel when is it ready he says in a month or so in a couple of months. But yeah, we'll be honest this takes a lot of time but the amazing work that has been done now it's pretty far already it's pretty mature. It's not completely mature for beginners and stuff like that we have a lot of work to do still but it's making amazing strides it's exciting. That is wonderful and remember everybody to stay tuned Daniel Slutsky is the person to contact about that. And he will be sharing there's even an extra bonus day of the conference on Sunday, where you can dig in and learn more about that. So, so yeah, stay, stay tuned there's also the website the Cyclode website of you, or the Zulip. There's also the Zulip there's lots of ways to find out about this. Once again I'm going to thanks Sammy Ethan and Santiago for the wonderful talks and the effort they put into this.


Hi everyone. Today I'm going to talk about a national research software agenda for Australia and what the ARDC is starting to contribute towards this agenda. My name is Tom Honeyman. I'm the software program manager at the ARDC. I'm joined by Paola Andrea Martinez, software project coordinator in the software team at ARDC. Software is pervasive in modern life. Research is no different. We really have come to depend upon software to do modern research. In a survey conducted by the UK Software Sustainability Institute, around 90% of researchers acknowledged the importance of software, with about 70% saying that their work would not be possible without the use of software. Software is also a common output of research, perhaps surprisingly so to some. A recent literature analysis showed around 25% of research projects result in new software. Software is increasingly called on to be made more broadly available. The recently revised scope of the 2007 OECD recommendation concerning access to research data from public funding not only now calls for code relating to research to be made available, it also suggests the development of a suitable workforce to better support this shift in practice, going so far as to name research software engineers as a necessary part of this workforce. Across the literature, three common concerns emerge. Software is hard to see, especially analysis code, which is very often discarded shortly after creation and use. But also for software created with the intention that others will use it, better visibility is still a concern. We need to standardize mechanisms and approaches to making software visible. It may be a common part of research and it may be starting to show, but I suspect we're only scratching the surface at this point in terms of just how much software is created within research. Best practice will certainly smooth the path to greater visibility. A common refrain is that for some of the software arising from research, it is poorly put together. There's a lot of reasons and potential solutions to dig into here, but simply put, it's pretty clear we need to better bridge the worlds of research and software engineering. Finally, for not all kinds of research software, but definitely for the research software infrastructure which researchers have come to accept and depend upon. It can be diabolically hard, under the status quo, to maintain these efforts to keep this software going. And so, we have three core concerns to address. My central message is that we need to see, shape and sustain research software. The ARDC is seeking to catalyze change with reference to these three areas, with the release of a draft national agenda for research software. The central strategic aim of this work is to seek recognition of research software as a first-class output of research. Hopefully you've either encountered it during the recent consultation phase for the draft release, or perhaps during the poster session at this event. But if not, if you'd like to know more about the agenda, please visit the link on the screen and then get in touch with me or my colleague Paula to discuss. So, now turning to a roadmap to address the call to see, shape and sustain research software, and ultimately the actions of the agenda, we must consider for each. What makes the change to see, shape and sustain possible? What makes these things easy? What makes them normal? And what makes them codified? For those that are familiar with it, this is a variant of the Centre for Open Science Strategy for Culture Change. Guidance here includes relevant materials and assistance. Advocacy here is shorthand for both advocacy and adoption of both policy and incentive structures. The agenda is a set of 12 actions, three layers and four columns, and a mapping of those 12 actions to relevant stakeholders. For the remainder of this talk, I'd like to put forward the actions and activities that we are beginning with at the ARDC with some initial indication of the areas of interest from partners that arose during the consultations around the agenda. I tend to use this table to give an indication of the coverage of the 12 actions of the agenda. Note that this can be read across for each row if considering complementary actions to work towards, for instance, the call to see research software in the first row, or it can be read from top to bottom. If your area of work is aligned with policy or advocacy work, for instance, it would be the last column. For a consideration of what actions we're looking to kick off, I'm going to consider this column by column. So turning first to the infrastructures. We're looking to commission three reports to cover off three types of infrastructure relating to research software. Software informatics concerns, research software as a form of intangible asset, and the research software tools authoring workforce as a form of soft infrastructure. For C, we're specifically looking at what we have at a national level, where the gaps are, and what is adequately fulfilled at the international level. In the agenda consultations, this was an area where opposing solutions and interests were put forward, and so we hope the report will help to clarify the path forward. For shape, we want to unearth the research software that is developed or maintained with significant Australian contributions. This unearthing will inform many of our subsequent activities. For sustain, we want to measure the workforce of research software tools, developers, and maintainers. This is harder than it sounds, given it is often not identified as the core component of a software author's role. Turning now to the guidance column, we will start with our ARDC core competencies, where there are parallel actions in data. We are otherwise looking to community activities to further drive priorities in this area over time. Relevant to C, we will initially focus on socializing our existing guidance for software citation and publishing, and further developing our resources. Many participants in the agenda consultations called for this. Consistent with our work in advocating for fair outputs, we will shortly begin actions to adopt the emerging Fair for Research software, or Fair for RS principles, arising from the joint work of many contributors to a Research Data Alliance working group, in which we have been active participants. Finally, we'll socialize the output of another working group we've been active in, considering curation of data and code for computational reproducibility, that's the Cure Fair group. Relevant to shape, we're mostly still investigating areas to focus on, but software quality checklists emerged as an early area of interest in the agenda consultations. Similarly with sustain, we're still investigating, but we will be keen to socialize the outcomes of the workforce report once it's completed. Broadly speaking, we are looking to seed community activity across all three areas. We're considering relevant researcher communities at a scale that we can handle, as well as working with existing research support communities. For shape, we're still investigating, but the agenda consultations unearthed a large number of potential partners to work with. For sustain, we're still too early to report back, but this clearly relates to supporting the Research Software Engineering Association of Australia and New Zealand, and we're keen to work out how we can do that. Finally, for advocacy work, some of our actions are waiting for the relevant communities to fall into place. We believe that the three reports will inform future directions and should hopefully unearth the raw materials for some good case studies. For C, though, we will straightforwardly continue our advocacy of the Fair Principles, but we will begin to shine a light on fair software as well as fair data. For shape and sustain, we're looking particularly to our international counterparts, and then also to communities for the evidence and exemplars that we can help to communicate across the sector. So that concludes the activities arising from the agenda that I can flag at this stage. As I flagged during the release of the agenda, we're planning to release a high-level implementation plan in the coming weeks, subject to the acute pressures of lockdown in Sydney right now, and also a final version of the agenda will be released, incorporating the feedback received during validation consultations, including, most importantly, the measure of actual interest in the agenda actions, as opposed to the levels of presumed interest that were recorded in the draft agenda. We're also anticipating initiating some further activities within this financial year that are not flagged here. Hopefully we will be able to announce these in concert with the release of these other documents. With that, I want to say thank you, and I'm very happy to take questions at this point. If you want to again read the agenda, you can find the link there, that's the Bitly link on this page. If you'd like to get in contact to discuss the agenda or the actions arising from it, we've included our email addresses there. Feel free to reach out to myself or to Paola. Thanks.


Three patrol coastal ships or PCs have been permanently stationed in the U.S. Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility as part of a 10-ship realignment. The ship's USS Tempest, Squall and Thunderbolt arrived in Bahrain July 3rd. The ship's Hurricane in Monsoon are scheduled to arrive in Bahrain by Spring 2014, completing the realignment. These moves continue the Navy's effort to provide platforms that are able to respond to emergent requirements in shallow water environments, while improving capabilities to operate with partnering Navy's and Coast Guards with similar systems. Generally an unaccompanied tour, PCs will host permanent crews, allowing families to accompany their sailors to help alleviate the strain of the six-month rotational crew model. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Brandy Wills.


Professor Schubins, my question would be, how does a platform work affect social security systems today? It affects it in its queer essentials. It's inviting actually social security systems, which traditionally have been designed for traditional workers to reinvent themselves. Rather than simply introducing platform workers or platform people into existing systems, the systems have to rethink themselves to make sure that they are very much welcomed into the system and that the systems are adapted to the way they are working. So it's not only a kind of invitation of bringing them into the system, it's about rethinking social security. Okay, so do you think that crowd workers need specific social protection? And if so, how should this look like? How could we actually protect them? I think from the financing point of view, we should be thinking more global or more European. They are not fixed in a fixed place with a fixed employer. So one of the elements we have to give much more attention is, for instance, the income and the income source so that from the income payment or the place where they get the income, you immediately can deduct contributions or whatever kind of financing towards the system. As to the schemes, they should also be much more income-based. We should think much more transferable, not in one system for the workers, one for the self-employed, one for this special kind of group. At the end of the day, people earn income across different professions, across different schemes and we have to make sure that we capture all of that income and we use that as a basis for protection, not only for financing, but also eventually to protect, to give them an income replacement at the end of the day. Okay, and since we are all researchers, what do you think are the most important research questions we have to answer in the next years? To what extent is work still relevant in the design of social security? I think that's one of the elements. And to what extent can you organize a social security system which is purely national for work which is purely European or international? Okay, thank you very much.


In this series of lectures on seismic analysis of structures, we shall be covering six major topics namely seismology, seismic inputs, then the response analysis of structures for deterministic ground motion, the response analysis of structures for random ground motion using the spectral method of analysis, then the seismic response spectrum method of analysis and finally, the inelastic response of structures for earthquake. We shall use the book by T. K. Datta on seismic analysis of structures published by John Wiley. The PPTs and the lecture materials all are prepared from that book. The last two links shows the or records the irata list of the book. So, they are available from these web links. The first three on the top web links they have the slides for these lecture series and one can download those slides free of charge because they are uploaded in a public domain. Now, before I start the seismic analysis of structures especially the first topic that is the seismology. Let me give you a very brief introduction about earthquake. Earthquake is a sudden and transient disturbance or motion on the surface of the earth produced due to geological disturbance within the earth itself. The earth has suffered hundreds of millions of earthquake in its formative stage before the human race came into existence. In the olden days people used to think earthquake as a curse of God like other natural disasters. It is only in the 17th century or rather the mid of 17th century that the earthquake was viewed as a geological process. Since then systematic data and observations were recorded and utilizing those observations and the data people try to understand about the earthquake phenomena occurring in the earth as a geological process. Those data also helped in providing the methods for the rational design and analysis of structures against earthquake. Those data also revealed some interesting features about earthquake that is its probabilistic nature. The future earthquakes are all random in the sense that the occurrence of earthquake is not precisely known. Therefore, the probabilistic modeling of earthquake and the probabilistic analysis of structures for the probabilistic ground motion became important. Both seismologists and earthquake engineers they are interested in the recorded data but for different purposes. The seismologists used the data for understanding the earthquake as a geological process and try to look into the different causes aspects and other associated phenomena that lead to a better understanding of the earthquake process as such. Whereas, the earthquake engineers used the data for constructing seismic inputs for structures and for analyzing and designing the structures. So, the data which are recorded they are utilized by both seismologists and earthquake engineers for their own professional purposes. The data that is recorded they are systematically analyzed and many kinds of inputs for the analysis of structures were constructed from this particular data. Now, before I get into the seismology that is the first part of our first topic of the lecture. Let me tell you that the seismology itself is a very big subject and rather a can form a series of lectures on the seismology itself. But, there are certain portions of the seismology data of great interest to earthquake engineers as well as to the seismologist as I told you before. They include the following that is causes of earthquake, earthquake waves measurement of earthquake, effect of soil condition on earthquake, then earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard analysis. So, these are the few topics on seismology that we will be discussing in the first few lectures of these series. Understanding of these topics help in earthquake design and analysis of the structure in a better way. Further, the knowledge of seismology is helpful in describing earthquake inputs for structures where enough recorded data is not available. This is extremely important because there are many places where the earthquakes do occur and there is not a systematic recording data on the first earthquake. In those areas, one can construct artificially some earthquake inputs from the knowledge of seismology that earthquake engineers derived out of the data recorded on earthquake. The seismology that we shall be discussing here requires some knowledge of the interior of the earth. So, before we look into the earthquake as a geological process, let us have a look into the interior of the earth. The figure 1.1 shows that the earth is made of several layers. The top layer is called the crust. It is a solid plate like substance, slightly curved so that it can cover the entire outer surface of the earth. Immediately below the crust is the mantle. Mantle is made of molten material and therefore, there is a distinct discontinuity between the mantle and the crust. The mantle is supported on the outer core and the inner core forming the core of the earth. Each one of these layers that is the inner core, outer core, mantle and the crust, they have a successively less density. That means the crust although it is solid object is having a less density compared to the mantle. Similarly, mantle has a less density compared to outer core and so on. Each layer has some distinct features and these distinct features in fact are the causes for many of the geological processes that takes place within the earth. First let us take the crust. The crust is a solid object or solid material that I told before. Its thickness varies from 5 to 40 kilometer. The least thickness is found near the sea bottom whereas the maximum thickness is observed in the region of the mountains. The seismic wave velocity through the crust is around 4 to 8 kilometer per second. As I told you before, there exists a distinct discontinuity between the crust and the the molten mantle. This discontinuity is called the aim discontinuity after the name of the scientist Mohorovic who first discovered this discontinuity by observing a sudden change of the seismic wave velocity as the seismic waves propagates from the crust to the mantle. The crust as such floats on the mantle with a by considering by taking a portion of the mantle along with it. Next we look into the property of the mantle. The mantle consists of again three distinct portions. The top portion is called the lithosphere which is about 120 kilometer deep. This lithosphere is integrally connected to the crust so that the crust along with the mantle moves over the rest of the mantle. Immediately below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. This asthenosphere is a plastic molten rock is having a thickness about 200 kilometer. The rest of the part of the mantle which is the bottom part of the mantle is fairly homogeneous and therefore, there is a less variation of the seismic wave velocity within this zone. The thickness of the mantle is about 1000 kilometer to 2900 kilometer. Next is the core. It was discovered by Wicker and Oldham. It is so dense that only p waves can pass through the inner core which is about 1 to 90 kilometer thick. It is very dense and very rare materials like nickel and iron they are existing or they are found in the inner core. The immediately outside the inner core is the outer core which has a thickness about 2200 kilometer. It has more or less the same density as that of the inner core. The temperature within the core is about 2500 degree centigrade. Pressure is about 4 into 10 to the power 6 atmospheric pressure and the density of the core is about 14 gram per centimeter cube. As I told you the lithosphere along with the crust float as a cluster of plates with different movements in different directions. These cluster of plates is known as the tectonic plates and the movement of these tectonic plates constitutes what is known as the plate tectonics responsible for the earthquake that is caused due to the geological disturbances. So, let us look into the plate tectonics which means the movement of the plate giving rise to different kind of interesting phenomena. The concept of plate tectonics emerged from the continental drift. In order to understand the continental drift let us have a look at figure 1.2. We can see that in this figure the in the mantle part there is a convective current and this convective current is produced due to the energy that is coming from the radioactivity of the earth itself. These are the portions or the part of the mantle which moves upward and it flows through the gap between the two plates. The reason for the presence of these gaps between the cluster of plates is that these convective currents are not uniform all through and also there exist a difference in the temperature and the pressure all along the periphery of the mantle. As a result of that the solid portion of the outer surface of the earth known as the crust is not a one single unit covering the entire surface of the earth and there exist a gap between two segments or in other words these crust like plate that is consisting of a number of plates and between two plates there is a gap. So, through these gap the mantle flows outward because of the convective current. This phenomena give rise to the movement of the plates in different directions with different velocity and this is known as the plate tectonics. Now, at the mid oceanic regions where two continents were joined together in the past at some point in the geological time. They are the drift started between the two plates because of the upward flow of the hot mantle. As a result of that the plates two plates drifted apart and gave rise to the formation of the continents that we see today. And therefore, the plate tectonics is the concept of plate tectonics came from the what to call continental drift. The flow takes place because of the convective circulation of the earth's mantle that I showed before and also I mentioned that this convective current is present because of the energy that it derives from the radioactivity inside the earth. Now, as the hot materials comes to the surface through the gap it cools down and forms an additional crust and these additional crust tries to make its own place. The new crust that is formed sinks beneath the sea surface spreading continues and when the lithosphere part of the tectonic plate reaches deep sea trenches. Then a subduction process takes place that is the crust which is already existing is experiencing a kind of thrust because of the new crust that is formed. And because of this thrust one plate which is already existing goes below the other plate and this process is known as the subduction process. We will discuss about this subduction process in more detail little later. So, the or material or of the existing plates which gets into the molten material of the mantle that starts what melting down and as a result of that the old crust or the existing crust they gradually melt down and a new crust is formed at the gaps and thus there is a mass balance between the crust which is newly formed and the crust that melts down due to the subduction process. The continental motions are associated with a variety of circular circulation patterns and because of this variety of circulation patterns only we have the movement of the plates that is continually taking place. The movement of the plates essentially takes place through sliding of lithospheres and as I told you before these sliding takes place in pieces and these give rise to the movement of the tectonic plates known as the plate tectonics. There are seven such major tectonic plates and many smaller ones they move in different directions at different speeds that I told you before. Here in this figure we can see those seven plates this is the Eurasian plate this is the North American plate this is the Pacific plate this is Indo-Australian plate then this is South American plate this is African plate and this is the Antarctic plate. Between two plates we can see that the four lines or the gap between the two plates that is continuously present or in fact these fault lines or the gaps divide between the two plates and these fault lines and gaps are very important in the sense that in this fault or the boundaries of the plate some tectonic activities take place resulting in the earthquake process that will be describing little later. Three types of inter plate boundaries that are existing these boundaries are existing because of the different kinds of interactions between the plates that take place. The first one is the convergent boundary where one plate goes below the other plate which I described little before and this process is known as the subduction process the plate which goes into the molten mantle that melts away and merges with the mantle. Thus there is a mass balance between the new plate created and the existing plates melting away because of the subduction process that is one plate going below the other there is a upward thrust created onto the adjacent plate and this upward thrust makes the end of the other plate going up this is responsible for the creation of the mountain. The Himalayan mountain that we see today was about a few feet height only at some point in the geological past and right now these Himalayan mountain has come to its own size because of these subduction process that is continuously taking place. This is called the transform boundary at the transform boundary two plates pass each other and this fault is called transform fault and we can see that in the transform fault the two plates move parallel to each other perpendicular to the perpendicular to the surface of the paper. This is the divergent boundary means at this boundary or the fault line two plates move apart creating a wider gap and this process basically is responsible or was responsible for the creation of the ocean. The movement of the plates outward that leads to some kinds of stresses and strains produced within the plate itself and that causes in turn some earthquake in the inside region of the plate which again will describe little more in details. Faults at the plate boundaries are the likely locations for earthquakes and these earthquakes are called the inter plate earthquake. The earthquakes also do occur within the plate because of the stresses and the strain that are developed due to the movement of the plate that I told you just before and when the stresses reach some limiting value within the plate then there is a slip of rock bed releasing energy there and this kind of earthquake is known as the inter plate earthquake. The slip that takes place within the plate where the earthquake takes place that creates new faults but it is generally said that the faults are mainly the causes of the earthquake rather than results of earthquake or in other words the most of the major earthquakes and the frequent earthquakes they do take place near the fault the earthquakes that do occur within the plate itself creating a new fault that process is rather rare or less. At the fault two different types of slippages are observed one is called the deep sleep the other is called the strike sleep. The deep sleep is shown in this figure we can see that in the case of the deep sleep the two plates move on an inclined plane like this or like this whereas in the case of the strike sleep two plates move parallel to each other in this particular fashion or forming what is known as the transform boundary. In reality a combination of the different types of slippage is observed at the fault line. Now with this background of the plate tectonics let us look into the causes of earthquake. There are many theories to explain the causes of earthquake out of them the tectonic theory of earthquake is most popular the tectonic theory stipulates that movements of tectonic plates relative to each other lead to accumulation of stresses at the plate boundaries and also sometimes inside the plate. These accumulation of stresses whether at the plate boundaries or within the plate finally, results in inter plate or inter plate earthquakes. In inter plate earthquake the existing fault lines are affected while in the inter plate earthquake new faults are created within the plate. During earthquake sleep takes place at the fault the length over which this sleep takes place could be several kilometers and the earthquake origin that travels all along this line and therefore, the earthquake origin is a point that moves along the fault line. The elastic rebound theory proposed by red gives credence to earthquake caused by sleep along fault lines. The large amplitude shearing displacement that took place over a large length along sanitary fault lead to the elastic rebound theory proposed by red. In order to understand the elastic rebound theory let us look at this figure. The figure shows the left hand figure or left side figure shows a number of parallel fences and these fences are on the surface of the ground below the fences at the crust level there exist a fault line which is perpendicular to the direction of the fences. Now, before the earthquake takes place the two plates on either side of this fault line they move parallel to each other like those in a transformed fault. And because of these movement of the two plates parallel to each other the strains are created at the gap or at the fault line over here. The strained layers are depicted over here because of the movement and the resulting straining of the layers the poles which are existing on the fences they are drifted apart in the direction of the motion. And the layers are now taking a shape like this this is just before the earthquake. When the strains which are accumulated along these fault lines they reach a limiting value of the strain then the crushing of the material takes place over the length of the fault line. And as a result of that there is a release of energy and the earthquake takes place and as soon as this release of energy takes place then these layers bounces back to its original position or in other words they again become parallel but creating a permanent drift between the two layers or between the two poles in the direction of the fault line. So, this is a typical picture of the fences that was observed after the earthquake. Now the modelling of earthquake based on elastic rebound theory is of two types one is the kinematic time history of sleep in which the sleep is continuously monitored over time and we have a time history of the sleep that or relative movement that takes place between the two plates the other was other is the dynamic shear crack and its growth. So, the cracks that takes place and how it grows is monitored over time. So, based on that we can model also the rebound theory. An earthquake caused by sleep at the fault proceeds in the following way or in other words we can summarize how the earthquake is caused due to the sleep. Weighing to various slow tectonic activities strains accumulate at the fault over a long time. Large field of strain reaches limiting value at some point of time then sleep occurs due to crushing of rock and masses. The strain is released releasing vast energy equivalent to blasting of several atom bombs. So, the energy that is released is very very large and the strain layers of rock masses bounces back to its unstrained condition and this is known as the elastic rebound theory. Now the sleep could be of any type that we have described before that is deep strike or mixed giving rise to a push and pull forces as shown in this figure. This is before the earthquake. So, the layers are strained over here two layers are strained and after the earthquake takes place the strain layers they bounces back to its parallel position creating a permanent drift and this movement of the two plates as a elastic body creates the push and pull forces. These push and pull forces they in fact make the energy to propagate in all directions that we will see in the next slide. The sleep velocity at an active fault is about 10 to 100 millimeter per year. The push and pull forces can be conceived of as a double couple like this and these kind of double couple of forces that is generated at the place where the earthquake takes place. As a result of that we have the forces occurring in this direction as well as perpendicular to this direction and in this direction basically the wave start propagating. So, therefore the waves produced due to the earthquake they propagate in all directions from the point it is generated and these waves pass through the crust as well as the soil layer over line the crust. Propagation of the wave is a very very complex process and is responsible for creating displacement and acceleration of the materials of the medium and these displacements and acceleration of the particles of the medium that basically we measure on the top of the ground and that gives us what is known as the earthquake record. The majority of the waves travels through the rocks within the crust and then passes through the soil to the top surface. This process of the generation of the waves can be explained from a simple example. If we consider a pool of water in that if we throw a stone then immediately there is a input of energy into the water mass and because of this energy input the ripples are created and the energy that is inputted travels by creating these ripples in the water medium known as the water waves and it passes energy from one point to the other. In the process also it temporarily or locally moves the medium particles up and down but it does not carry the materials along with it or the particles of the materials along with it. The other theory of tectonic earthquake stipulates that earthquake occurs due to face changes of rock mass not because of the slippage or the slip that takes place at the fault lines and these face change of rock mass is accompanied by a volume changes in a small volume of crust and these in turns creates what is known as the tectonic earthquake. The volume change which is associated with the changes of the phase of the rock mass is again is created due to convective current that is continuously taking place in the mantle. Those who favor these theory they argue that the earthquakes do occur at greater depths where faults do not exist and therefore, the theory based on the slippage of the rocks at the fault line they no more becomes valid. Now, let us come to the seismic waves that are created due to the release of energy at the point where earthquake takes place. The large strain energy which is released during earthquake propagates in all directions because of the push and pull forces that we described before. The seismic waves move within an elastic medium. This elastic medium is the medium which is primarily consists of the solid rocks or the crust plus the overlying soil on that. These waves called seismic waves transmit energy from one point to the other and finally, carry it to the surface. How the seismic waves transmit energy from one point to the other that was discussed in just before by giving an example of a pool of water. Within the earth the waves travel in almost homogeneous elastic unbounded medium because within the earth itself when the earthquake moves it moves within a very large volume and therefore, we can say that the elastic waves are moving within an unbounded medium and these earthquake waves which are moving within the earth itself is called the body wave. When these waves arrive on the surface they move as surface waves. The reflection and refraction of the waves do take place near the surface at every layer because we have seen that the interior of the earth is consisting not only of a few large layers called crust, mantle and so on. But within the crust itself we have several layers and the layers which are adjacent to the surface of the ground they are the reflection and refraction of the waves do take place and as a result of that the nature of the waves get modified or get changed. The body waves are of two types P and S waves. S waves are also called the transverse waves. The P waves are shown over here in the P wave the particles of the medium move in the same direction of the seismic wave whereas in the S wave the particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. The other two are called love and Rayleigh waves they are different categories of the surface waves. But before I discuss that let me show you with the help of this figure the kind of reflection and refraction that takes place near the surface. For example, here the P wave after reflection becomes a S wave so then it is called a SP wave. Similarly, there is a PS wave that is SS wave that is a PP wave PP wave signifies that after the reflection the wave remains again the P wave. The surface waves which are propagating on the surface of the earth they are in fact at the polarized transverse waves either in the vertical plane or in the horizontal plane. These surface waves are of two types the L waves called love waves or the R waves called the Rayleigh waves. The L waves here the particle move in horizontal plane perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation and in the R wave the particles move in an elliptical path which is shown in this figure. This is the love wave in the love wave the particles move in the horizontal plane whereas in the Rayleigh wave the particles move in a retrograde elliptical path. The wave propagation velocities are given by these two equations equation 1.1 and 1.2. The first equation gives the velocity of the P waves the second equation gives the velocity of the S waves. The E is the modulus of velocity G is the modulus of shear modulus of rigidity rho is the mass density and nu is the Poisson ratio. The P waves arrive ahead of S waves at a point and the time interval between them is given by equation 1.3. If delta is the distance between the two points then this is the time gap between the primary wave and the S waves. Now as the waves come onto the surface then one can measure the earthquake records by measuring the ground displacement and accelerations and these shows these figure shows a typical recorded ground acceleration left hand side is the point of interest or the site itself and we can see that the P waves arrive first followed by PP then followed by S waves then followed by SS waves and at the end we get the surface waves. Now these waves can be classified into four categories first one is practically a single shock it occurs near the source that is if we take a record near the source we will get this kind of trace it is observed in the firm ground and for shallow earthquake and then we have got moderately long irregular trace of earthquake this is observed for places which are at moderate distance from the source also recorded on firm ground an example is that of El Centro earthquake the a long ground motion with prevailing period this is a typical this typically happens when there is a soft soil and the ground motions gets filtered through the soft soil the example is the Loma Prieta earthquake and finally the ground motion which involving the large scale ground deformation that that is a disastrous earthquakes where landslides soil liquefaction etc do take place the examples are Chilean and Alaska earthquake the most ground motions are intermediate between those described before or mixed type amongst them nearly white noise type of earthquake record having a variety of frequency compositions are more frequent on firm ground these earthquake records are called broadband earthquakes narrowband earthquakes are the ones which are typically observed in the soft soil where concentration of energy is limited within a small band of frequency that is how it is called a narrowband earthquake this figure shows the single shock kind of record and one can see that after the first shock itself the ground records they almost die down this is the mixed kind of ground record which are frequently observed in most of the earthquakes on firm ground this is a mixed frequency and has a broadband characteristics that is the energy of the earthquake is distributed over a large range of frequency and this is the ground record or taken for the soft soil condition there is a predominant frequency as I told you and around that frequency the most of the energy is concentrated so this is the predominant frequency one can see we have different kinds of the earthquake traces you know or the four categories of the earthquake traces that I described before so with this earthquake records we make many kinds of earthquake inputs that will be describing in the subsequent lectures