All right, so, today was a great, this morning's talks were a great introduction for mine, and also the talks of last week. So, yeah, I'll have something to add about, including baryons into the effective field theory of large-scale structures. This is work that I did with Ashley Perko, a grad student, and Leonardo Senatore. Stanford University, with some groups, Slack, KIPAC, SITP, some various names. Okay, so this is kind of my outline, and I'll just start. So, where's cosmology today? I guess we're all gonna see all these mini introductions of cosmology in all these talks, but it's kind of unavoidable. So, in the CMB, we learned a lot about, about sort of the background of the universe. We know that the fluctuations are primordial. Mattias talked about a lot of these things. They came from before this, from before the era of CMB. We learned that there's scale invariant, there's some tilt in the power spectrum, et cetera. One thing that we do learn, we put some upper limits on how much non-galcianity there could have been in the primordial fluctuations. Okay, so that was nice. Speaking to these limits on non-galcianity, one way to look at this is to look at the effective field theory of inflation, or to just sort of look at this pi field represents the inflaton. The first line is just the free or quadratic part. If that was all there was, then there would be no non-galcianity, meaning all the interactions are just quadratic. It's a free field. However, if there's some cubic interactions here on the second line, that means that you would see some kind of non-galcianity. So, when we put limits on how big non-galcianity possibly could be, really what we're doing are putting limits on coefficients of these operators down here. So, for instance, there's some energy scale that suppresses a higher-dimensional operator, call it some lambda u, and we sort of put limits then on a lower limit on what that energy scale could be that's suppressing these higher-dimensional operators. So, we had WMAP a while ago, and then we had Planck. And really Planck was great, he measured a lot of things, but it really only increased our knowledge in this suppression scale by a power of a square root of three. So, we didn't learn too much by the non-detection of the non-galcianities. This is to be contrasted with, say, the LHC, which billions of dollars, you better have something to say no matter what happens in the experiment. So, we found the Higgs, but if we didn't find the Higgs, it would have strong implications because we were going up to such high energies that if the Higgs wasn't there, it would have strong implications for the theory. It would have this perturbative unitarity, bound would be broken, and there would be constraints on theory, even if you didn't find the Higgs. So, that's kind of what we want to get at with large-scale structure and non-galcianities. This square root of three is not that kind of change in scales that is gonna tell us anything new about the theories. So, what do we do next? We hope it's large-scale structure. The main thing is that if we can have predictions at larger values of k, we get more modes, we get more statistics, and essentially we get more information out of large-scale structure, and that would be able to have constraints on F and L somewhere down to 10, one, something. The thing that we're looking for is if we can constrain F and L, either find non-galcianities, or constrain it to be less than one, that represents a really big step in the theory. So, this is kind of a plot, which these are the sort of current bounds on F and L that we have now, and what we're aiming for is some kind of like tiny dot here would be a really optimistic idea of what large-scale structure might be able to do for us. So, you could tell this is just a giant shrinking of this plot. If we can understand to percent level the observables that we're looking for. So, I'll just give a brief introduction about the effective field theory. We heard that basically what happens or in the standard perturbation theory we try to expand out in terms of small fluctuations, but fluctuations are only small on large scales. They get big on smaller scales. And so, when we try to do perturbation theory and expansion in terms of loops and all this stuff, these high scales enter and the perturbation theory breaks down. So, we have to do something about this ultraviolet part or this small-scale part. Another point which has kind of not been stressed so much is that dark matter really isn't a collisionless fluid. Like, it is, if you open Dodelson's book, I mean, the largest scales, it's a pressureless fluid, but if you go to smaller scales, it's just not. I mean, dark matter probably interacts and it does some stuff, but okay. So, if you just solve pressureless fluid equations all day long, you're never gonna match dark matter because it's probably not that. Okay, so how do we take care of that? We need to deal with this UV and this is called renormalization. These are the standard variables of Eulerian perturbation theory. There's some equations of motion which you've seen a few times now. There's Poisson equation, continuity equation, then Euler equation. This bottom equation is the Euler equation for a pressureless fluid. The fluid is really not pressureless. You can see that even if you take all your fields here and you smooth them with some scale, I mean kind of like group dark matter particles and some radii, what happens is that you generate, you just generate extra terms from integrating out those higher things. And so, on the right-hand side, there's really some kind of some kind of stress energy tensor which on the larger scales is zero but on smaller scales is just not zero. So, what happens is that how it looks when we actually use it is that it's proportional to some of the long wavelength fields here, delta. There's some scale here. This has two derivatives. So there's two values of k and k space. And there's some kind of coupling constant parameter here which depends on the scale at which where we set some cutoff because it's used to make sure that we cancel the cutoff dependence in loop integrals. And so that all of our quantities are independent of some cutoff or the smoothing scale or something like that. And this is called a counter term or coupling constant or something. So this is what we've tried to match or measure in simulations. So I'll just stress that when I say that we wanna correctly treat the ultraviolet, doesn't mean we know what's going on in the ultraviolet. We're not as good as a simulation. We don't know what's happening in the ultraviolet but we're just trying to describe what happens on the largest scales and sort of encapsulate or summarize what's going on in the small scales and just say how it affects large scales. We don't know what's going on in the small scales. Okay, so this is just a plot which kind of shows the current-ish state of the effective field theory and its comparison to non-linear simulations which you've heard about. This line on the top is the standard perturbation theory at one loop and at two loops it's kind of even worse. I don't have it on here but you can see that we're sort of fitting the simulations where we choose the counter terms in such a way that this is pretty good K, 0.5, 0.6, something like that. So if this continues, the amount of more information that we can get from large scale structure could really allow us to put constraints on FNL creeping down towards something like order one. Oh, the shaded area, so this is a two loop calculation. The shaded area would be our theoretical error coming from three loop, so we estimate the size of three loop terms and so basically we expect our curve to fail when our theoretical error becomes large. Okay, so, and there's been some other predictions which have been matching pretty well, bi-spectrum, velocity, correlation functions, et cetera. So, but let me get to the baryons. The idea is pretty simple. We wanna know how all these awesome processes like supernova and active galactic nuclei and heating gas and winds and cooling and all this cool stuff that happens with baryons. We wanna know how that affects the nice, placid distribution of the large scale structure. We don't necessarily wanna understand exactly what's going on there on the top, but we wanna know how it affects the large scale structure. Why? Well, like I said, we need to know these observables to present level accuracy in order to get enough information out of large scale structure to push down limits on F and L. So, if baryons have percent level effect on the dark matter power spectrum, we need to be able to take that into account. So, what are the challenges? Like, baryons certainly are not even close to a pressureless fluid on short scales. They have a pressure, they explode, they do lots of cool things. However, you might say that with dark matter at least, you could just rely on simulations because they are really simulating particles gravitating towards one another and that's what dark matter pretty much is. However, with baryon simulations, it's a little harder. There's a lot of sort of things you have to put in cooling or how much active galactic nuclei are there. You have to put in some winds to cool gas that gets too hot and it's sort of just still being developed and not really known a priori what kind of effects to put in and so that's one reason that we would want to understand this systematically. But maybe it's okay, maybe baryons, they explode but there's only a tiny, tiny portion of them that are being ejected away from black holes or something and it's just such a small portion that we'll take that as some systematic error in the calculation, okay, but maybe the bulk of baryons are still kind of just hovering around and we saw that kind of, yeah, in this intergalactic medium and on large scales they have some understandable effect. Okay. So I'll just get to the punchline. So what happens is that there's some counterterm expression in the power spectrum. So b here stands for baryons, c for cold dark matter. This is the sort of correction or error to a stands for adiabatic, which just means total matter. So the correction to the power spectrum, I should say these are just one loop results so we don't have any non locality in time issues. This is similar to what we found before what other people mentioned. There's some k squared p linear correction and now it shows up exactly the same for the baryons as it does for the CDM. Okay, so I'll just quickly show you. This is just, we do fluid equations except now we have two fluids. Yeah, there's coupled only through gravity. That's the only thing I'll say. So gravity just sources both the baryons and the CDM. Otherwise it's just two fluids. Forget about that. The end result is again sort of what I said. We have this typical standard perturbation theory expansion for the CDM and the baryons. You have your linear piece, which is P11. You have your one loop standard perturbation piece and then you have this counterterm piece. But now we have a second fluid. We have a second speed of sound or second counterterm and that's here encoded in these CAs and CIs. A stands for adiabatic, I for isocurvature, just a basis. Anyway, so we just add one counterterm. This CI squared, if it's zero, these two fluids are basically the same, which just means that there's no difference. They just act as one fluid. So having a CI squared different than zero is distinguishing the collection of two species as actually two unique species. So let's just go and look at some simulations. How much time? I guess I have more time than I thought. Five minutes, okay. So let's just look at some results. So this is the worst looking plot. This is, so let me just say what we compare to. So we got a set of simulations. We got a set of like 12 simulations. Each one including different kinds of baryonic effects. One has sort of, the best one has this active galactic nuclei included and then has some kind of cooling wind. And I have a table in here, but there's like all these different kinds of possible effects that you could run the simulation with. So we got a set of those. We get a simulation which has no baryonic effects, which is this one. With this one, we don't have very good data points. There's a lot of cosmic variants, but we try to get a rough idea of what the speed of sound is. We just basically try to make our prediction, EFT, divided by simulation close to one, get some value. I call this WB equals zero because that's the baryon fraction. So this would be our speed of sound with no baryons. So all the matter is just called, or is just like dark matter. So then they give us some simulations with baryons. And in those we could measure the total matter power spectrum and then we can see how the baryons affected the total matter power spectrum. So we get some pretty good fits. Like first of all, what we choose to plot here is in the simulation, we plot the adiabatic power spectrum for the simulation which included baryons and divide by the one which doesn't include baryons. These dots are from the simulation, the different colors are from the different simulations. These curves are pretty, the dots are pretty smooth because this ratio essentially cancels out a lot of the cosmic variants. And you could see that pretty much whatever simulation is on there, like our theory curves are pretty close to the dots. And in fact, it's like, it's pretty good. It's actually sort of too good. It's like less than 5% different. Now this K.6 is not what it seems like. This is in a two loop calculation. So our theory is really only good for the dark matter power spectrum to 0.3 which is the typical thing. But in this ratio, terms that we haven't computed are like canceling. So this failing at 0.6 is consistent with our one loop expectations. Anyway, so then we just look at the actual baryon power spectrum, PB, and we divide by the total power spectrum and this is fitting this isocurvature speed of sound or the baryon speed of sound. And again, the fits are kind of amazing and they fit for any kind of baryonic physics that you put into the simulations. Yeah, this one is about 1% fit. So okay, I guess what I wanna say is that baryons can have percent level effect on the dark matter power spectrum. It's complicated physics, but the functional form is known and all we need is one more coupling constant. So thanks.


As an adult not at all first of all when all you guys are coming you guys are awesome What are we doing? I'm going to attempt to recreate ish Miss hazelizes peace What are we using here this is violet plum She's black, but I didn't mix any black and I used violet plum so that's Violet plums are my favorite purple. What's up JJ? Black her from color obsession is also very similar. So this is gonna look a little bit different because your board was not this color And I Don't want to get resin on my hands. So I'm using this to kind of Spread this purple out normally. I would just use my hands. Yep. I did My gosh, we could have a real party if we didn't hit a drive Yeah, she's using this stick because we ran out of gloves. So she's trying to be Missy that's what it's about, right? Yeah, that's right.  It's life.   Bring my nose With resin years, but you've been doing way back when Other pain I have an art degree, but so you just started the color in the middle. You didn't line it I made a X. Yeah, like like a crisscross in there. So over the black You started like Heidi Heidi wants to know a quick question Can I add alcohol ink into my resin to color it? You can but it's gonna fade on you Because I'll call it does not like that There you go I think part of what happens to when the rest of it It changes the tint stone coat has an amazing tint that That looks like alcohol and it acts like it. What's it called? Illumina light. It is beautiful. They send us. Um, do you have it in you? We don't we're gonna carry it And is it just like a transparent it is super good. You can put it in any color. Yeah, yeah it it doesn't act like the Alcohol in that it won't Well for Yeah, I don't know if anything has landed in this Sorry Alcohol in the limelight it it won't dry up out without having the activator that's in resin So you have to coat it for it to set like it doesn't just dry out like alcohol ink does Keep that in mind. So we need a lesson before we just start working with it, right? I mean You know alcohol inks very well. So I think you would be fine Just keep in mind that it You're gonna have to put a resin coat on it for it to dry because it's not gonna dry on its own Can you coat it with varnish first or so you wouldn't use it in conjunction with alcohol? Probably not. Okay. I'm just trying to cover up the seams from where the two Colors are while also making it make sense Colors work great together. So what's the white base there? It is the hybrid Just doesn't like and the stone coat He's trying not to get resin on my hands, but I should have known that it was gonna happen Can't stop it So I'm gonna have to do Now No ran out I did too many of those it's gonna cover it up all of the negative space so Just gonna see where I'm at and then go from there You're gonna You're gonna best me on this one. There we go. Yep I'm gonna do just purple to this black because that's my favorite part of those Mm-hmm part of it. I'm gonna do this This white is not working like I wanted to Just gonna have to be okay with being all resiny today Yeah, you want to use not a lot I'll I'll show you what happened if you use too much of it And why it's better to air on the like safe side So I'm gonna reswipe over all of this the whole that side, so That's why I added that much Also, I've lost the accrues. I'm gonna add some more of that No, if you were pouring at home On TV and I mean internet not in the class you have junkie clothes you wear All of my clothes are have become resin clothes You can just wear anything in your clothes to draw basically I got two drawers follow resin Also Sister to go my sister They're paint clothes We um Having started the channel we really don't do anything that isn't content for the channel at this point Especially since I try to post every day it's just Everything we paint we film even if it's just prepping a board we film it at this point Well, we we always post because I think it's Not doing anyone any favors if I don't show that there are fails no matter how long you work with resin and I Get really frustrated with the channels that only show the successes because it gives that false Sense, we're gonna be able to be perfect at all time and I don't want people to get down on themselves Should it not work out the way you want it to you know, I I really Hey, Claire. What's up? I think that it's important to show you all of what happens with resin One doing with the time change Oh No, it's not gonna end up looking as amazing as yours, so I'm I'm abandoning. Thank you JJ Yep, if I keep trying to work this into what I want it to look like It it will less and less look like that So once you like come to the realization Yeah, we're having fun over here in Vegas It'll probably still be a light side in the dark side But it's not gonna be a negative space piece anymore Anytime I use this a crew it looks like an acrylic poor to me. Yeah So fun that the light green color even though I think that's a horrible name for that color Yeah, and I told her that I was like, why did you name that a crew? That's Say hi Bronson Claire we haven't we we just we just been staying at the hotel trying not to get in too much trouble So that we can we can teach these these kind people that came to our class These lovely ladies that trusted me to teach them I'm going to let it set for just a second and then I'm going to tilt that Very much so If the bottom was white or a color that was in the piece in general wouldn't bother me at all It just shows that when there's like that clear hole to the bottom but since that color isn't Really with the palette that I chose I'm going to cover it I just want to take a picture of that that is beautiful Have any recommendations of websites or something where you can study composition think about studying resin composition is that Once you try to make something look like something Like I tried to do You have to make decisions all along the way true But since you have to make decisions as you go Your beginning composition doesn't really matter what you were going for Like this looks nothing like this and as I go I'm changing it up a little bit so There might be a website like that. I don't know of one Other than Pinterest, you know Gina says sell sorceress Erica sell sorceress Resident will always say hold my beer and watch this. That's true Or is like, oh, that's what you're trying to do. Mm-hmm. Yeah You know put some that crew over there, too Though there'd be basic composition rules that you would work for and I don't know them I mean if you Are into basic rules then study any photography Like the rule of thirds and all of that that will help you in what you're what you shoot for, you know Please and thank you Residents still don't know what it wants to do, you know, but in terms of composition photo Position rules will probably be the best. Mm-hmm. I think so for sure Thank you So Cheers JJ the flat case like these I can make sell up like the whites I'm just gonna tilt that back in so I can show you that demo So I can make these cells Like the just resin in this In this area By just tapping the heat onto it and creating breaks in the resin And tilting it a little bit I can make cells Be in any area that usually works only with flat paste I can try to do it with this but Like no shimmer And powders it Doesn't really work well either but we can give it a shot Besides you put my iPad aside today, but I couldn't hold out I'm getting a support group Baby cake needs a support group for resin a lot of times my vocabulary is completely made up The words that I use It's e-science So yeah these um these cells you can make Relatively easily by just using a torch Very lightly with The edge of this color This is bothering me so bad I'm gonna let this set up a little bit because I use so much heat here Exactly so what I'm probably gonna do is Bring this purple around and down because that's kind of the motion of the piece It's very curved this way. So I'm just gonna bring Probably these three odd Blobs down this way As soon as this sets up just a little bit Because if I did it now it would Oh, sorry. He's starting to set up cool You really want to make sure that what you just did doesn't move when you use the torch and tilt Did the notebook pages was amber d mason says thank you atd for coming to my first live on facebook I mean a lot to me. Thank you for well, you're welcome Were you you were the one that was doing the uh bright colors the uh Three colors it was like purple and yellow and black I believe I mean you take just a regular Right There that makes a little bit more sense, but I just don't like that Any of that it's kind of the good thing about this resin is I can Pick and choose What I can tilt off Because it sets up So easily Yes, the art coat art coat, yeah So there I'm gonna leave that one alone And now I'll do an ocean It's already beyond what I appreciate it Hello, and what'd you do I have different colors. I have blackboards over there I have How many tiles these guys Do you have any tiles Tiles. Yeah, like actual tile. Yeah Or maybe tile sized things We wanted to see um Erica was showing me She set the alcohol tile on fire Yeah Uh, yeah, we're doing a workshop here in uh In vegas at uh, we're here at bronson's place the naughty artist And this place is huge That's a whole nother side of stuff like this. It's a props for like weddings and Photography and all kinds of stuff That I can grab some I Hopefully it won't get too uh Pixelated but look how big this place is And that whole place back here. I'll just walk walk you guys over here I want to see him do that all this stuff Stuff's flying on our stuff form. It's top secret That's pretty cool. This place is nice Great place for photo shoots Vamp I found your section over here This would be a photo shoot just for vamp Pretty cool. I'll show you guys everybody's pieces Couple people did geodes as well I came out super awesome. Everybody's piece looks completely different on the other side What is this? Alcohol Everybody did so good. This is so nice right here And she didn't like it too much We love it So fun You can't mess up a geode And if you guys are new to the channel, thank you for joining for one two We have a geoclass coming up in december December 11th and 12th in dallas, texas These are the ones that erica did the other day With a demo surprise helper in geoclass Yeah We want it just slightly better not like some like a tepid kind of a right not really hot Kind of almost there come and not Right So watching you At two in the morning This is you too What you doing babe All right, let's get a little up close so you guys can see this ocean technique This is oceanic colors I'll probably still use I'll probably drop some dark turquoise Would you like a little more? Twist my arm. Oh you've got it down there You can pour your arm Is that enough of a twist? Bring it up What is that this is blue moon Don't get on to me for overloading my colors y'all. I know mary. We need to get her some gloves. We ran out and brunson ran out So Hey joe I don't She has all the things all the things in order to get the fuel off of my hand I'm gonna make a transparent color with this Mm-hmm We ran out of gloves everyone's we're gonna everybody's I ran out y'all Well, I get in trouble for PPE things all the time. Like why aren't you wearing respirator? So not wearing gloves. I'm really gonna get heat for it She just The dark turquoise Yeah, it's it's kind of hard to uh, this is 10 grams Yeah So I'm making a transparent with the dark turquoise They're gonna clash this went extra So I'm mixing a dark turquoise into this violet plum to give it more of a bluish ocean color So now it's this color I don't think we sell those I think that I mix other colors into mine, babe. We don't sell those right those small ones seven inch ones Which are the seven inch ones off? No, we we have seven inch, but not that round We have seven inch 18 inch 32 Um This is blue moon by resin art. It's one of my favorite blues Blue moon So this I forget I don't I've never I never know what day it is That's pretty awesome This the dark one is the the violet plum and the dark turquoise This one is Or that one which would be this this this these little pockets of color I might as well, but I'm not going to I know why don't you well That'll look good spreading it like No, I said that'll look good when you spread it like that You it's sunday come on, but we're in vegas, so December 2nd and is that when you're going on your trip? Yeah, I don't know anything about it other than when you get in the car Which I'm loving it. I hope it's a super fun time Are you taking the boys really really? We're flying I'm pretty sure so We'll look forward to hearing all about it I've been trying to I've been trying to give her a little putting a video together for that And I take him back and add just random things so it's just zero ideas My grief got really Get a really good time What happens in vegas ends up on facebook Art cruise. Yeah, let's do an art cruise. We've been trying to plan one for a while I even did a test to make sure I get all the things on board And I had no problem The chemicals the torches had no problem Okay Yeah, uh, yeah, I checked it You can take two bottles of wine You can take two bottles of wine Yeah, no, we're gonna do the liquor. Yeah And remember to take a corkscrew because if you don't take a corkscrew, they will charge you $15 to uncork your bottle Yep, the corking fee is just retarded Be ridiculous Art skate we ran out of gloves Just put it in your leg Let that set for a second Our friends brought it in fake suntan lotion bottles Normally when we get off like just at a stop we just load up on plastic any time it's on top bottles of like Titanium just plastic all in there. No metal on them walk right through never even know I tried to sneak like three bottles inside Hey, where are you? That's fun Look at that color. Yeah, all those other colors are disappeared. Yeah, blue moon ate it but So if I were to do public service announcement they're out of gloves Which which mod was that jj Sorry for my phone, y'all You're gonna swipe that Yeah Yeah, the stone coat versus See it in action it makes more sense Hello, Angela Go fish so those will continue to grow out ATD crews would be awesome We're getting gloves everybody we're getting gloves everyone is very concerned with the gloves Pearl acts pigments into resin we sure can And They look good in it. You have to use a little bit more than you don't really would What's that that powders or likes a real faint usually so you have to really gotta load up He's not too ghosty Right What Kelly Martin I will do that BAM. I will email you Jeff regarding crews Who's gonna keep I know I'm just um Kelly Martin G'day from Australia. What's up, Sue? I don't even know about that part Start saving Joe fish Look what we got guys. Look what we got I Right scrub up ladies I really like that blue breaking under the yeah Be careful So I think I'm going to regroup and do Claire says I'm gonna start buying my yellow ducks now you can come around here I can put it back I can put it back To disappoint you guys No fear there's kind of looking northern lighty there. Oh, I love the northern the hint of the purple through it I went to alaskan. I saw them at from the airplane Minnesota, Wisconsin, we can see more their life. Yeah, I'd rather go to Alaska. Well, yeah I've been to Alaska. I love Alaska. I went up there for the last 13 years going out to dutch harbor and I've only seen it A handful of times in northern lights up there in Alaska. Yeah, even being up Okay, is it so overcast? Yeah pretty much Yeah People are coming. I want to go to Alaska I've lived in Wisconsin in I want to do it in Alaska every winter Same Whale watching and all that would be awesome the different colors that I expected it to be but it's it's all green So pretty because it's fluorescent. The ones I saw from the airplane Bright green like like like It was kind of cool because it like laid out like it's during the winter. It's kind of like resin actually JJ we're going to Belize uh to Judy's house I can't remember it's a summer. I'll let you know Well, will you scuba dive when you're there? Jeff probably won't it's the best place. Oh, it's awesome It's easier once you scuba dive is easier than it is because you don't have to fight the waves and you've got all the gear on Bar You don't do that on scuba Yeah, all ATDs all ATD fans going to go to the artist and summit you didn't want her to put the I am a crew this color. Yeah the a crew through it Island awesome. Thanks for watching. Maybe the dark the dark color I Yep, you're redeeming yourself. Thank you. That's what I'm just what I'm shooting for When is the summit April 7th and 8th 7th and 8th Here here, do you know which hotel the Westgate Westgate Westgate, okay Is Yeah We we spoke at it last year they asked us back this year so And it's Just record everything. I mean everybody's telling you what to do and how to do it, you know, like it's Last year there was there was probably about three or four So it was it was still nerve-wracking I've never spoken public ever I'm on a stage like that. I was freaked out Just last year, okay, it was our first year last year It's way different and we had to fill 45 So yeah All right, I think we are about ready to wrap this up. Thanks JJ All right, you guys I'm gonna go ahead and Bust out of here. Oh my gosh Thanks for joining us you guys are awesome. We will definitely be going Live tomorrow Probably from the strip somewhere Show you all where we're at how much fun we're having Thanks for joining us and we will see you guys later All right, babe You tell them everybody tell them your spiel Um, thanks for tuning in and seeing what we're up to today Sorry, I wasn't really paying attention All right We'll see y'all later. Um Thanks for joining us today. We find one another. Yes. I never know what someone's going through I'll see y'all me on us. Bye. I said bye Bye


Hey everybody, Bailey Slack here with Mountain View Dodge. Beside me I have Andy Astelos and he has just bought a brand new 2019 Ramp 3500. He is from Sylvan Lake, Alberta. Andy, tell me about your experience here today at Mountain View Dodge. That was really good. The sales staff and the manager were really exceeding my expectations. They had a lot of patience and they mocked me through the entire deal. It was fantastic. I really appreciate all the work you guys did. Thank you very much Andy. We really appreciate your business. We were glad that we could find the perfect vehicle for you. Please come down anytime and make sure you send all your friends and family. And thanks again for your business. Thank you.


to order. Madam Secretary would you come in, please? To Nathan Russell? It's Donato. Donato. No, he's in there. Donato or just Don is fine. Okay. You're here. I take it. Yes. Dave Bishton, Jerry Boone, Carl Weaver. Yes. Tom Martinez. Jonathan, would you prefer Jonathan or John? John's fine. John. Andy. I'm here. I'd like to call for any additions, comments or corrections with respect to the meeting minutes of August of 2019. Has it been that long since we've sat as a board? It seems like we had a meeting at the first of this year around then, but no. Does anyone have any additions, comments or corrections to the meeting minutes of August the 19th? Those of you that had a chance to look at them. For once I see nothing that I have to say about the forgotten if I did. Could we get a motion at a second? Yes, I was just about to do that. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. I move that we accept the minutes. Second. I was in favor say aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye. Aye cute. Thank you. Wow. Also with regards to the meeting at the last. Welcome to our meeting. And thank you. Donato. The, the purpose of the meeting tonight is to inform you. Of our plan to adopt the 2020. This code. already adopted these as a home rule. We don't necessarily have to adopt it, but we choose to because Longmont has a tradition of adopting the most current codes for our use. So that would include the 2020 NEC and later this year or I should say later next year we do plan to adopt the ICC family of codes which are the 2021 additions which will be a lot of fun and we look forward to adopting those next year. But that's for later time. Tonight, what I would like to do is have our electrical expert, master electrician, Matt, go over some of the main items that we want to inform you about in the NEC. And I wanna start with the actual amendments that we want to include into the NEC. I sent you a copy of the existing amendments. Those are going to stay in place. We're not gonna change those. However, we do wanna add a few more amendments that Matt will go over and discuss. And then when Matt is done discussing these or explaining these, you guys will have an opportunity to ask questions or any concerns that you might have regarding the NEC adoption. The adoption process does require public hearing that I found out that the contractors in the public just don't get too excited about the NEC adoptions. I haven't had any calls, questions, concerns. We made this meeting available to anyone who wanted to listen. I don't think we got it. Except for one person that did call Linda, I haven't had anybody express any interest in this meeting. So hopefully this will be a fairly cat and dry process. With that, I would like Matt to explain the new amendments that we are trying to adopt. Thank you, Blas. So, Don, if you could pull up the new amendments that were also attached to the memo. So after discussing with myself and two other of our electrical inspectors, we decided to add just the three of these amendments to the code. Sir, you wanted me to bring up the amendments? The new amendments, these proposed new amendments. All right, there we go. So the first one that says we're going to remove and replace some existing code text. And one of the reasons we want to revise this is to correlate with the most recent power and communications, construction specifications. They wanted to make sure that we have a service disconnecting means on the outside of each building so that in the case of a fire or other emergency, they can easily de-energize the building. And so we did that by changing the language in article 230 and actually adding an A1 location. The service disconnecting means shall be installed at a readily accessible location on the outside of a building or structure, as described below. On one or two family homes, the disconnecting shall be located in line with utility ground box or transformer and accessible by the utility. The service disconnecting means shall be accessible by the utility on non-dwelling units as well. And I did add the exception in there for fire pumps. Fire pumps don't necessarily need a disconnecting means. And so that one does not have to be on the outside. And then the second one, the bathroom lighting outlets. We wanted to add that into the GFCI protection requirements for single family and commercial. GFCI protection shall be provided for lighting outlets installed on walls and switches within the zone measured three feet away from each other. And walls and switches within the zone measured three feet horizontally and eight feet vertically from the wall to the top of the bathroom rib or shower stall threshold. So that's basically so that if you are in the shower, you reach over to turn the light on, you don't get shocked. So GFCI instead of shocking you. And then the third one, we've had multiple problems with this on inspections, specifically on roofs. There are set goals outside, mounted the outside of the building to have a vertical clearance. And that less than 12 inches from final grade roof surface or similar location. We've had some problems where we go to do an inspection and the receptacle is under snow. And so we decided to add that in there to make sure that the receptacles are sitting at least above a 12 inch snow load. Any questions on that? Don, can you unmute yourself? I don't have a question on any of them, Matt. I would just point out the sort of the obvious. You're making notes on basically all of these. I mean, you wouldn't necessarily see the receptacle outside unless they made a particular note of it. It'd be easy to miss that if you're doing a review, but like the service disconnect when you're doing your commercial reviews, if you saw it like just inside, you would catch that and put that outside and mission accomplished, then it would be on the plan. So therefore you wouldn't have necessarily somebody with something to complain about, you know what I mean? Yep. Yeah, I don't really have any questions or issues with any of those three. It's just the whole, you gotta warn them or they yell at you. Yep. All right, no other questions? We can go on to the significant changes of the NEC. Do we need to move to do that? I'd second that. Let's call that a motion and I'll second that. Matt can't make motions. He's not a board member. I would be happy to move that we approve the amendments to the 2020 NEC as presented by the building. Do I have a second? I second. I will some favor. Say aye. Aye. Those opposed? Aye. Oh, sorry, not opposed. I was late to the party on that one. Yeah. Let the minutes show that no one opposed the amendments. Now you wanna review, Matt, you wanna review the changes now? Yeah, you could bring up the 2020 NEC changes. So this list I made, because we didn't quite get to go to class, our classes that we originally had scheduled, I actually went through the code book page by page and put together this and the highlighted ones are stuff that will really affect our day-to-day operations. I mean, it will run into constantly. And then the other ones are kind of stuff that stuff more for the occasional situation and our electrical inspectors really need to know. So the first big one is the GSI protection required in all circuits on 125 volts to 250 volts. Previously it was only 120 volts where the GSI now protected, but now even your two-pole, 140 volt perceptible thing to be GSI protected. So associating as a car charger in the garage will now have to be GFI protected. The next one is on all receptacles and basements need to be GFI protected. That's finished and unfinished. And that was due to mostly because of flood areas because of that change. The next one, GFI protection required in laundry and bathroom sink areas and other than dwelling units. It's always been required in dwelling units for laundry areas. They decided to add in commercial spaces where they have laundry areas now and bathroom sinks. They have to be GFI protected. And the next highlight of one requires a switch at entry to attics, crawl spaces, use rooms and basements. So previously they didn't require a light in the attic or another space if it didn't have equipment. Now requiring that it does have a light in those. And then this is a big one. All services supplying dwelling units should have provided the search protection device. The code specifically states that that is including service changes. So if somebody goes to upgrade their service or change their panel out, they will have to add a search protection device. And then the 3, 14, 16, the ground wires are both four wires. That will be important again for us electrical inspectors and the electricians as it reduces the amount of wires you can fit into an electrical box. 406, 9C is what started us on getting the light, bathroom light in there as well, that the receptacles can not be within three feet horizontally from a bath or shower. So as of right now, there's a lot of contractors who are putting a receptacle just outside the bathroom area or the bathtub area. So now they have to get minimum three feet away from the bathtub. And almost every code change, they add requirements for Tampa resistant receptacles and they're going to garages, accessory dwelling units and especially buildings to the units, common areas of multifamily motels and their common areas, dormitory and assist living facilities. The next one adds some pumps, dishwashers, cordon pressure, cordon plug, connected high pressure washing machines and bottle fill stations to appliances that need GFI protections. This was just, they just added more specific appliances that require GFI projections that aren't included in 210.8, the general GFI area. And then the last one I highlighted mostly because we do have some hospitals and things that are being built. They require separation of life safety branch circuits from regular branch circuits so you don't get any electromagnetic frequency disturbance or anything like that. So 706 is there's revised requirements for ESS which is electric storage systems. So that would be batteries to include mostly with solar panels and such. And there was a lot of nomenclature changes and that's really about it. Next one allows for fire alarm dishing to means be secured in the on position. So previously you weren't allowed by code to put a lock on the fire alarm panel circuit breaker or over current protection device to keep it on. You just had to put a sticker on this as it don't turn off. So now the new code allows you to actually lock that fire alarm panel in the on position. And ARCO 800 is they're slowly moving into the NEC slowly moving into requiring low voltage systems to be inspected by us. And that's just one more step toward there. What I've been told that last year's International Association Electrical Inspector Meeting is that they hope to start requiring low voltage to be inspected by 2024. What's the virtue of that, Matt? A lot of lighting systems are going low voltage and it's gotten to the point where if you're not inspecting and going by requirements of the NEC for low voltage wiring, you're not really looking at the lighting wiring anymore. It goes to a box somewhere in the building and then from there on it's all low voltage wiring from a lighting control panel. And so at this point, we're not really looking at the wiring to lights in especially commercial spaces. That and with all the updated technology and all the data lines we have to look at, we're going to start looking more and more at even Ethernet cable requirements. A lot of communications. How much of this is going to be applicable to additions and remodels? Distant remodels, the GFI requirements at the beginning. So any added 240 volt receptacles will need to be if it's a finished basement, and now the finished basements as they're adding in receptacles, those will require those to be GFI protected. And even if they add any exterior outlets, including the air conditioners, they'll have to be GFI protected. And then obviously if they do a bathroom and all that stuff though, that will also be added into the three foot minimum and the wall switch. So for a new restroom, for a new bathroom, but not for an existing one, cutting up the walls and putting in the... If they cut up, if they tear down the walls and open up the entire walls, we will require them to move it. Not opening up the walls. Okay, if they're not opening the walls, then no. If it's cost-rehabitive and if they're not working doing, if the extent of the work isn't that much, we wouldn't make them change that. That'd be grandfathered in. Yeah, obviously there's quite a bit of cost with all this extra ground fault. Yeah, the ground fault and the search protection device on service changes is gonna be extra cost. Yeah, but I completely agree that there's a bunch in there that I wouldn't want to see just because of the constant extra cost. And they wonder why these houses are so expensive. But at the end of the day, we're not really... We're just adopting what somebody else has already decided. I mean, the state has decided and by as large as much as possible, we need uniformity. That doesn't mean that I don't support the amendment changes, but you want an electrician who's licensed across the state to be able to show up in any individual jurisdiction and know what he's supposed to do. And not be overly surprised. And again, that's why the plans, take care of what's expected on that review. So I mean, just because I don't like it doesn't mean that I wouldn't vote for it. It's decided by the state. There's a bunch of stuff in regard to say, state licensing that I don't care for, particularly with the plumbing part, but it is what it is. Don, you're muted still. Mr. Hernandez, do you have anything to add? No, I can see Kerry's face every once in a while. Kerry, I think came in late. Kerry works for LPC. Kerry, can you introduce yourself and tell the board members what you do? You're muted, Kerry. You're muted. Okay, I didn't, I couldn't hear that. I don't know if you guys heard that. No. Kerry, do you have your microphone on? I think you do. Ms. Speer, I'm Kerry Spots. I work for Longmont Power and Communications. I'm the electric meter shop supervisor. Kerry. My phone, so. Yes, I always say. Good to hear her, she's, her name is Kerry Spots and she works for Longmont Power Communications. She is the electric meter and supervisor. Thank you, Kerry. So, I guess at this point, I want to ask the board members if they have, if you guys can approve these changes to the NEC, because if you guys are okay with this, our next step would be to move to city council for them to approve it. This, this is a little unusual because in other cities, they don't go through the board to approve them. We just have to have public hearings to announce the changes to the contractors if they're interested. But I believe the way this is set up, the master board does have to review these amendments and changes and then approve those before we could move on to the city council. At least that's, that's what it was, that's what was explained to me. So, if you guys have any more questions, I would ask that you guys would consider these changes for approval. I thought we did. I thought we did approve them. You guys have to vote on them though, right? We did. Am I missing something? We'd vote on something else. Best, I thought we approved them. I'm asking the spot forward and seconded to approve the amendments to the 2020. I'm sorry, I must have not been paying attention. That's all that's all we're asking for. And I see Jerry is on board now. Hi, Jerry. How are you doing? Yeah, Jerry, Jerry. You're muted, Jerry. Jerry, you need to unmute. I believe Zoom has a facility that if you said it that when you speak it automatically unruits you, it has such a facility if we're going to use this tool. I like Zoom, but for some reason, the city wanted us to use my Vax. Linda, I don't know what that is. In Zoom, you can have a setting and whenever somebody starts speaking, they automatically unruited. Some people may not like that, but I ask of you. Hey, hi, Jerry, how are you? Hi, fine, sorry. I'm late, I had a conflict. Hey, Jerry, do you mind introducing yourself? We have some new board members. I just want to make sure everyone knows who you are and what you do. I'm Jerry Boone and I'm a retired structural engineer. Congratulations on retirement. Yeah, it's great. If only I had somewhere to go and something to do. I don't have any more for the board to review. This was what, this was all I wanted to present for now. And so, unless there's any other business, this is what I, Linda, go ahead. I just have one comment and I could be wrong, but I know we approved the amendments, but we are adopting a new version of the code. So would you like to make amendment or motions to adopt the 2020 national electric code since we've been on the 2017? I understand. I'm sorry. I thought that was all you were going to act on this evening was the amendments, but we can't unless we approve the code now, can we? Yeah. So I need a motion to approve the 2020 national electrical code from the floor. The motion has been made and seconded. All those in favor say aye. Aye. Opposed? Thank you. I was going to call for a discussion from the public, but it appears that there's no one from the public present. Let the minutes show. New business for the beard. Madam secretary, you had some new business or you have some things with respect to nomination of new officers? I don't know. You guys discuss it. We are one, you know, two months away from January. Do we want to? No. I mean, I don't know if you want to do that vote for a possible two meetings. There are several members that... Nope. You're muted, Don. He's making the vote. We've been using Zoom for years, you know, you just... Sorry. There are several board members, including myself, whose terms expire at the end of this year. And that's... Yeah. I'll wait until next year. I assume that we'll be having meetings more regularly than we have been, at least for a period of time to discuss the UIEC, IBC. Yes. So out of the three of you members, have you decided if you're going to just carry us so that we might know if you're going to reapply to the board? That would be Don, Dave, who's not here, and Jerry. I'm stepping down. I'm not reapplying. All right. Okay. Good to know. I think I... I think I've applied. Great. Okay. I delivered my write-up to the city clerk's office yesterday and not done the day when somebody came and I presented it to him for better or I have no knowledge, but I did request to continue. Good to know. Thank you. That's all I have. One business from... Well, I'm sorry. Don, go ahead. No, I was just going to say, are there new business or comments from board members? Yeah, kind of a question, Blossom. So when we do the adoption of the larger amendments, that's, you know, it's like 80 sheets or something like that. Is there an efficient way that we have in mind and boards that are great if we have an individual code question, right? That's what they're kind of inherently kind of designed for. But to go through all those amendments, how is it that that works? Because if we were doing that in this kind of format, my gosh, we'd all be a thousand by the time we got through it. We, the last time we approved the amendments on the code, we took it as a lump. We discussed them all and approved them, as I recall, Linda, correct me if I'm wrong, but we approved them all in a single motion. Yeah, that's what we ended up doing. There was discussion on, okay, let's part it out to this and this and this, but there were so many. I think we reviewed them all, or you all did, and then make one big blast of emotion. Yes, I think, oops, hold on. Would it work well if they were disseminated? Obviously, they'll be disseminated in advance if you put out group emails to each other, just, you know, you probably not gonna have comments on the vast majority of things, but there might be, let's say one out of five things you have either a concern about, a question about, or something of that nature, but it's sort of a broadcast email work. It has to be discussed on the record, Andy. It can't be discussed solely between members. Gotcha, so even though all members would be involved on the criminal chat, it has to be in a meeting forum when it's discussed. A little record. You know, Andrew, I just wanted to let you know that this amendment, these amendments, I didn't give you much notice, and I apologize. We were kind of in a crunch and we spent too much time waiting for training and then it never happened. So we were kind of delayed on this, so I apologize. But I guarantee you, when you guys see those amendments for the building code and the others, I'm gonna give you plenty of time to look at these things. I'm gonna give you at least a month, if more, you can, you know, because it takes time to read them and understand them. So I will send those out to you so that you can read them, formulate your questions, and then when we have our meeting, hopefully we can manage the questions in an efficient manner in a public setting, public hearing, like Don mentioned. So, I mean, I don't know how to make it shorter or run faster, and it is difficult to do it on a radio conference like this. I agree with you. It's gonna be not fun, but we have to do it. And so the best I can do is send all of the amendments as we propose, give you guys a chance to read them, and then go from there when we go to our meeting. Hopefully we can answer the questions you guys have and then proceed from there. Have your comments from your business from the board? I believe we decided to see who gets re-appointed and what new members may be coming in and then look for installation of new officers after the first of the year. I assume we'll be having, do you know, Blas, if we'll be having a December meeting or are you ready to start discussing in December for the next meeting? I don't plan to have a meeting in December unless you guys want one. Well, if we're ready to start discussing the codes, then it would be January. Right, I think, well, the building codes, we do have the building codes are available to me once and that the changes have not been published yet. So the changes are nice because then we know exactly what those changes are, that those are not available at this time. So it'll be sometime next year. Thank you, Blas. Any other new business or comments from members of the board? Mr. London, glad to have you aboard. Mr. leaders, thank you for meeting coming tonight. Good to see you. Even if it appears that this will be the last time that we see you. Yeah, possibly so. Good luck. Thank you all for attending the meeting. I appreciate it. As always, we look to you for guidance and your approval means a lot to us. The next one is going to take a little more time. So I'm just hoping I hope it goes smoothly. And if I don't hear from you guys between now and next year, have a happy holidays and stay safe out there. I'm always in trouble with building inspection on one thing or another Blas, but I guess I would call for a motion. I'll make a motion to adjourn this meeting of November the 4th, 2020 of the city of what month, Master Board of Appeals. Do I have a second? I second. I was in favor of I say aye. Aye. Opposed? So moved. Thanks everybody for coming. Thank you very much. Yes, sir. Thanks, Matt. So have a good night, everybody.


This study examined the relationship between cardiovascular parameters measured during submaximal exercise tests and maximal oxygen consumption, VO2max. The results showed that maximal oxygen consumption can be accurately predicted from submaximal exercise tests performed at either the anaerobic threshold, AT, or the respiratory compensation point, a CP. Furthermore, the authors found that body mass and body fat had the greatest impact on the somatic equation, while variables related to aerobic capacity such as VO2max at AT and RCP were more influential in the other two equations. These findings suggest that submaximal exercise tests may provide a reliable estimate of VO2max, which could be useful for both sport and clinical applications. This article was authored by Skipe and Reacher, Pashemislos Soren-Keshak, Piotasud, and others.