All right, welcome to all 15 by 4, everyone. Today, I'm going to be talking about the science of metabolomics. A little bit about myself first, my name is Aaron. I'm a student at the Technical University of Munich. And currently, I specialize in what is my passion is time series metabolomics research and translating that into usable theory and being able to come up with functional conclusions from this data. So without further ado, we're just going to dive right into metabolism and see what it really is. So here is metabolism, right? We're diving into the deep end right now. So I hope you guys are ready to swim. I don't know if you guys can see. We have different sections over here. I have to use this blue lighter. So there's different little categories here. We have carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, vitamins, and minerals. And it's really all connected. We have these little nodes here. As you can see, these little circular dots, which represent metabolites. And the lines represent interconversions and conversions that you'll see that really create a network of metabolism within the human cell. So what metabolomics does is it tries to explain a little bit of this. But first, definition I'll be using quite a bit, or the word I'll be using quite a bit is metabolite. And so what is a metabolite? A metabolite is a substance that occurs within metabolism. It's part of the metabolic process that allows it to continue and allows it to follow through. And we can represent a metabolite through these convenient colored circles here. And we can call these primary metabolites. Primary metabolites are metabolites that are critical for the processes to continue. Without these metabolites, you'll likely probably die. So we need these. These are good. But within metabolism, a common theme is interconversion and conversion to smaller and lesser known metabolites. And we can call these secondary metabolites. These are useful for completing metabolic processes for specific pathways. And as these conversions continue, we can form other primary metabolites and other secondary metabolites through the action of enzymes, which are little protein components in the cell that allow this to occur. And we form a large network of metabolites and reactions. And remember the first map that I showed you? That's actually a very simplified version of what metabolism is, believe it or not. Because the number of metabolites that actually exist within the human cell is about 18,000. And the number of reactions that are possible to make this occur is 11,000. So metabolomics tries to explain this. And it's no easy test. So we'll jump right into what is metabolomics then. So I'm sure you guys have slept once in your life or ran or been stressed a little bit. And you kind of wondered, how does this affect your metabolism? And I've also wondered that too. And so what metabolomics does, it allows us to take either blood samples or cell either samples after these certain challenges, maybe after sleep, maybe after exercise, or anything you can think of. And we hand these samples over to different analytic techniques where we're able to identify the metabolites that are within these samples, as well as the concentration values of them. And from here, we are able to provide a snapshot of what actually is occurring within metabolism at that specific time point. And what actually separates metabolomics from other analytic techniques and traditional experiments is that usually we take a look at maybe one, two, or three metabolites or components of a cell. With metabolomics, we're able to measure multiple metabolites at once. So we're really able to provide a true picture of what metabolism is. And so when we have this map, and this is the camera, this represents metabolomics over here, so we're able to take pictures of the metabolism and really incorporate and be able to understand what's really going on at certain time points by the different concentration changes in which metabolites are present. And so we can take different sections, and we can also take the whole thing if you want. You just need enough money to do it. So that's a major challenge, actually. And so with any complicated science, I feel that we should always be able to break it down to cake consumption, something very simple.  So we're going to start with cake. During the first parts of metabolism is chewing. We have enzymes in our mouth that break this cake down to more fundamental components. And as we chew, and we chew and these enzymes work, it's going to start going through the digest process. And then from here, and also a little background in biology, it's going to travel through the suffocates and through the stomach. And it's going to start breaking down into further and further smaller, more fundamental bits. And once it reaches a fundamental bit, such as glucose or lactose or something of this nature, it's able to then be transported from the intestine into the blood, as you can see. And then this is where we are introduced to our first metabolomics technique. So as the metabolites are traveling through the blood, we're able to take a picture and see what's really going on. So we can also quantify which the levels of the metabolites that are in this picture. With metabolite one here, metabolite two, metabolite three, we are able to see how much is within. And then this is for identifying biomarkers. And what is a biomarker? A biomarker is a molecular indicator of an outcome. So as we can say, and this is a very simple example, these are biomarkers of cake consumption. Elevated metabolite one, and elevated metabolite three are biomarkers of cake consumption. And maybe a more interesting study, an actual study this time, was done by Dr. Serge Rezzi. And what he wanted to find out is can we predict if someone likes chocolate without them even eating chocolate yet? And so what he did is he took plasma profiles of a couple of subjects, more than a couple. And he ran this profile and ran these analytic techniques and decided to find if there's any biomarkers that are outstanding between the two. And what he found is that in chocolate lovers, there is elevated citrate and phenylacetyl glutamate. And in chocolate, in different people who really just don't really care about chocolate, there's higher levels of carnitine and anacetyl carnitine. And these have functional implications, but it's going to take quite a while to explain this in probably another talk, so I'll just leave it at here. But nonetheless, these are biomarkers of chocolate lovers or people of chocolate indifference. So what's next? So as these metabolites travel through the blood, they are able to enter the cell, and then all those enzymatic processes that we talked about earlier in the map are able to occur. And then this brings us to our next metabolomics technique called single cell metabolomics. So now on a more serious note, we are talking about chocolate cake and chocolate, which is fun, but there's also real practical use for this. Dr. Zimboni here at ETH-Jerk wanted to find out if he can differentiate breast cancer from normal cancer. These cells metabolically, if they're metabolically different. And so he more or less takes a picture of the cell and then finds the biomarkers. And the biomarkers that he found are citrate, aconitate, fumarite, malate, acetyl-COA, and lactate, which separate the two. And to give understanding to this and to be able to further expand on the potential of metabolomics, I'm going to give a quick biology course real quick. So listen up. So here's a healthy cell. We have the nucleus. We have the endoplasmic reticulum. We have the mitochondria and some lysosomes hanging around. These first five metabolites, citrate, aconitate, fumarite, malate, and acetyl-COA are very much found mostly in mitochondria. So they're usually not found outside of it. So in normal metabolism, we have this plasma membrane, the cellular plasma membrane right here, and the mitochondrial membrane right here. And so we're going to do an example of metabolism with glucose, which is the primary fundamental sugar. So normally, glucose enters the cell, is converted into pyruvate, and then is able to get into the mitochondria. From here, we'll have energy production. This is the energy that really gives us life. We're able to think, breathe, basically do all our functions from this energy.  And I don't know if you guys can notice, but the mitochondria is not there anymore. And so the implications of this are when glucose enters the cell, it becomes pyruvate, and it wants to get to this mitochondria. But since there isn't one, it can't. So it gets converted into lactate, and then it's shuttled outside of the cell. So there's a large increase in lactate in and outside of the cell. So we know that lactate increases. And what do you guys think these five metabolites do? They probably decrease, and that's what they do. They decrease because there is no mitochondria, but lactate does increase. And this is actually a well-known effect. It's called the Warburg effect. This is one of the principles of cancer biology. And we can, which is the loss of mitochondria and the increase in lactate. We can represent this effect by this new black dot that will then join our friends over here, the blue, orange, and red dot. So what if we want to find out why this occurs? What is the context behind this? We want more details. We know the biomarkers, but what's really going on? Well, we can also measure metabolomics in real time. This is brand new technology that's coming out right now. And as our capabilities increase, it's going to be more prominent. So this is kind of a look into the future, as well as some fringe technology right now. But so we're able to look at it in time. We're able to do a time series metabolic profile of cells or of the human body. So we can more or less take a picture of each concentration level over time. So we'll have observation point time point one, where we have these four groups of metabolites measured. And we can start to form a system, which is the basis of system biology. And then we can then show time point one, which will be evidenced by these four lines that are representative of these concentrations. And then we can create a trend line from each of these. And as you can see, at time point three, this is where the real action occurs. We see the black dot decreasing quite a bit, as is expected, because those five metabolites decrease. And then we have orange and red here increasing, which we'll find out later. Then we also have time point four. So here's the interesting part. So we have our trend lines here. And we have our five metabolites and lactate here. We know that these are the black dots. This is the black dot. Which one do you guys think lactate is? By a show of hands, do you think lactate would be represented by the orange dot or the red dot? First, we'll go with the red dot. Just raise your hand if you guys think it's a red dot. Looks like the majority. And the orange dot, I guess, is not the others. But what it actually is, is the orange dot. And this is because, and you would assume that it would be the red dot, because it's increasing, lactate is increasing, but there is some metabolomics complications with this. So what we find is that the orange dot, which is lactate, actually is able to get converted into other metabolites within the cell. And from there, that is what the red dot is. So these extra lactate derivatives that we see are actually represented by the red dot. And this is new. So we have been referencing the Warburg effect recently, which is one of the foundations of cancer biology. And the idea with the Warburg effect is that glucose comes into the cell, it's converted to lactate, and then gets thrown out of the cell as a waste product. But what we're showing here now is that lactate doesn't necessarily act that way. It's kind of overturning what cancer biology, overturning one of the principles of cancer biology. And we'll get into that more real quick. But so, just a quick overview then of what time series metabolomics is allowing us to do, it's giving us a better understanding of the complete mechanisms. And it really connects the metabolism to the phenotype and provides a full picture of the biochemistry that leads up to these kinds of events that are occurring. And so now instead of the Warburg effect occurring where glucose enters the cell and then leaves the cell as a waste product, there is through external studies as well, we find that there's little, many mitochondria still left in cancer cells.  And then mitochondria are able to then convert lactate into lipid derivatives, which then are used for the structure of the cancer cell and the survival of the cancer cell. And all this is very new. This is 2017 research, and I think it's fascinating really. But so this is all the possible due to time series metabolomics. So just back to the metabolomics research itself. One of the goals is to identify what metabolism is on a system level. So we can use plasma metabolomics or we could use single cell metabolomics to really characterize the human body. But there are some pros and cons. For example, in the plasma profiles, we don't know where the metabolites are coming from because they could be coming from the lungs, they could be coming from the liver, from adipose tissue, from anything really. So when we're taking a picture of the plasma, we know it's there, but we don't know where it's coming from. But with the cell, we're able to identify with cellular metabolomics, we're able to identify the reactions that are occurring, but then we can't also connect it to a systemic level. So really the conclusion here is that we need both to be able to best understand biology. And the last slide here is the main goal of metabolomics is to identify a metabolotype. And metabolotypes are a very interesting subject. So we have our green people here and we have our gray and we have our red. What metabolites metabolotypes do is it categorizes people based off metabolism. Everyone has their own unique metabolism, but that uniqueness is shared among other people as well. So you're able to create categories of people who have similar metabolisms but are different from other people. And with that, we're able to create the metabolotype one, metabolotype two, and metabolotype three. And then we can start really understanding on a populational basis what we're really dealing with. And with this technique, even though we're not quite there yet, but we're still working on it, we will finally be able to accomplish personalized health in a matter that is more genuine and accurate than we've ever done before. So that's it.


everyone and welcome. Happy holidays. Hope everyone had a wonderful holiday weekend. Just taking a look here at the market. I want to see where we are at tonight here in the futures. Two, six, three, one, seventy-five. Two, six, three, one. Well, I mean we're basically neutral here. So let me just take this off and say bring clothes. Should we close it? Two, sixty, two, ninety-four. So we're down slightly, but I mean we're not down that much at all. So it looks like we're down slightly here from the close on Friday. Right now at six, thirteen, Sunday evening. The market opens tomorrow morning nine thirty. That's forever away, but I mean we're slightly down. So I don't think this is any catastrophe. I mean again, there'd be no real reason for us to be up necessarily gapping up. So the market open right now would be down slightly. How would I read this for tomorrow? Well probably a drop just because of the fact that we've shown so much weakness in the last week and then of obviously the last two weeks and then obviously going back into the middle of October until the market starts to show some buying and some strength again. I don't see a turnaround and since everyone in the planet keeps talking about selling and going down to this level of support, I mean it's almost like everyone's putting in out there that everyone should just sell out now, which I'm not saying anyone should do if they're in the market long-term. If you're in the market long-term and you wanted to sell, quite frankly, you should have been out here on the 12th. If you were in the market and you wanted to be out short-term, medium-term, long-term, if you were desperate to get out, you should have been out here. Okay. After we didn't follow through with the rally on the 7th. But again, if you're in the market for a long-term retirement or investment or long-term trades, we're still holding you up trying to, I wouldn't get out here because you're just going to have to get back in. Now you could look at that in one or two ways. You could say, well, we could get out and get back in. Fine, sure. But where are you going to get back in? Till the confirmation happens that the market is actually going to follow through with the buying, it's going to be at a much higher price than we are right now. And I don't tell people or teach people or think it's even a good idea to buy support or buy the dips. So I mean, at this point now, we could see more follow through of selling tomorrow. But I would advise people to just sit tight and kind of wait it out and see what the next week brings because the market could have a turnaround week this week. I don't think anything happens tomorrow for the turnaround, but I'm saying the market could turn around if, in fact, Trump resolves something with China at the summit on the 30th. So I mean, that is in a week. So if that happens, the market could turn around. Now, if it doesn't, we could fall even farther. So, but I'm just saying, I mean, if you wanted to be out, you should have been out way before today or Friday or Monday morning. But as of right now, if we open here, we're going to fall tomorrow. We might not open here. Maybe we'll gap up.  This is a baby gap. But as of right now, we look slightly lower for tomorrow morning. So we'll just see where we go. And again, I'm looking at the spy. You can look at the S&P, you can look at the Dow, but I think the spy is a better indicator of everything that's going on right now with the market. Good luck, everyone. Be very careful this week. And if you're in the trading with me, you're lucky because I'm going to read the market every day and give you really a very good perspective of what's happening with the market based on my gap analysis. And if you're interested in the next Golden Gap course, email me. It's December 15th and 16th. You can email me at listofthestockswish.com. Have a great night, everyone.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with our last one our last filler break 2013 tops museum collection baseball We did it. That's gonna unlock the quick hitter Baseball mixer in a separate video Coming up next Big thanks to Everyone here. All right, just Sarah Daniel David and Adam appreciate everybody getting in There's all the teams right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it Two and a three five times for names and teams as always we're gonna do the break itself first one two three four and five Two and a three five times for the teams one two three Four and fifth and final time. All right. Here's the first half of the list right there And there's the second half of the list right there Hollywood with a bold take he's gonna he predicts that Daniel is gonna get nine of the ten spots at the end Hot take folks. You heard it here first Hollywood really going out on a limb on that one. All right, let's see which mini box we're gonna do So we're just down to two. So we'll go on the dice roll One two three for the left one four five six for the right one easy Got it all the way on top of the box one two three for the left one. This will save I guess for some other mixer in the future I guess Whatever it may be. I'm sure we'll come up with something Good luck. Once again. Thank you everybody. The next video will be the quick hitter All right, there's Chris sale to 424 and behind Willie Mays is Dual relic and autograph. That's Billy Butler 298 out of 299 Royals and it'll be for Daniel. All right Now let's flip back here. Let's see who's gonna win those spots You dice new list and let's roll it. Let's randomize it six and a five eleven times top ten After 11 Good luck one two three four five six seven eight nine 10 And 11 in final time So from 11 on down Sad times Sorry, Sarah and Adam But David looks David Farley you're in and the rest should be Daniel's There you go. Nice. Congrats Thanks, everyone. I'm Joe for jaspys case breaks.com. We'll see you in the next video for the next break. Bye. Bye


Okay, this week, we have some retro tech. This was a little different because it's not exactly old, but it works with things that are old. So here it is. A long time ago, back in the 70s, this was a, I guess one of the first versions of crowdsourcing ideas from Sony. It's a little truck that you put on a record and it spins around the record, record stays still, truck drives around and it plays what's on the record. And this is the statement on the website from the folks who make it modern one now. And it says, instead of a stationary needle, the needle moves around the surface of a stationary record. Record player, we're the built-in speakers. It's developed for promotional use only and it was first displayed as part of the Exhibited Internal Sony Idea Contest established to encourage all employees to adapt unconventional thinking. Came complete with both motor, enabling the car to run around the surface and the record and a cartridge and it's undercarriage to ensure the needle remain within the group. So there's a company in Japan that makes the record runner and you can get this. And it's officially licensed. This is really officially licensed from VW. They did all the right things. And it looks like a car, looks like a little van, but then the secret's underneath. That's the needle and you put the batteries in. Yeah. And we have our own record here at Adafruit. So we decided, well, let's make sure it works. You tried it out. And we tried it out. And that's retro.  If your work you cared about, you would put it flat on table anyways. Yeah, we'll put a car on it. All right.


Hello and welcome to another episode of Frightfully Forgotten Horror Movies, but before we get started, what are we drinking? Today we are drinking Tommy Doyle's Crushed Pumpkin Ale. Today we're going to bring to you a Patreon request by John Goldie. And this one is 1979's Satan War. Sounds pretty epic, doesn't it? Sounds spying-tingly-dingling. This movie is directed by Bart LaRue, and he's actually done tons of voice work in a lot of 60s sci-fi shows. He's all over the original Star Trek. He does the voice of the Guardian in City on the Edge of Forever, which is one of the best episodes. Sally Shermerhorn is in this, and so is Jimmy Drankovich. Well, he's got a drank in his last name, so that's good. It's a one up for us. So this movie starts off with some pretty cool opening credits. There's a cool music playing, and it's like a slow zoom out of this painting. It starts with a narration saying Bill and Louise have just purchased this house, and they're moving in, and it was a good deal. It was reasonable. A little too reasonable. They start unpacking. You hear another voiceover of Sally. We had a big fight when we moved into the house. We've never had a fight before ever. I was crying. They're unpacking and they take out this cross that was on their wedding cake. So they put the cross on the wall. Then almost immediately, the cross starts turning upside down. That music... See that it's upside down?  They kind of fix it.   Bill comes in.  It's clear what she did.  This chair kind of moves super quick and hits Louise. At this point, something's amiss. Cross turns upside down again. Super long. At night, they're trying to sleep and Bill kind of hears something. We don't hear it though. Not really. It's all muffled and everything. He gets up and gets his gun and six-shooter. He looks around and doesn't see anything. He goes in the bathroom all quick and Louise is in there. I thought I heard someone in the kitchen. She gets all kind of freaked out. She goes and grabs this cross off the wall again. It starts like, in the name of the Father and the Son of the Holy Ghost, get out of our house. I'm kind of unsure of who she's talking to at this point. Is it a ghost or is she actually thinking that will get an intruder on that? Yeah, this ought to do it. Right away, the house starts all shaking and everything. They grab each other and think it's like an earthquake or something. They run out of the house. What was that? Bill is like, it was just an earthquake. But it's all over now. Let's go back to bed. If it's some storm, how come nothing's happening outside? It's only storming inside. They put the cross back on the wall. They go to lie down. And the cross, you see it turning again. It goes upside down again. Louise is in the kitchen. She feels something sort of touch her hair, lift her hair up and feel something's there. And all of a sudden, you see these hands kind of come up her dress, right?  And when Bill first sees it, he kind of looks at it. He's like, ah, ah. Then he just goes outside and sits down and starts smoking his hands. Not urgency to clean this up. And they start cleaning it all up, jumping at it with their bare hands. Like, wouldn't you put on some gloves? You don't know what the stuff is. They go for some drive and they go to talk about it. Making fun of the fact that Louise got attacked. They're all kind of joking. You just tell him, you leave the rape, the sex, and the molestation to me. All right? So you're kind of blinded.  Then we see that cross turning again. Louise is in the room changing and she gets attacked again. And Bill is reading the paper and there's all these flames that come up from the paper.  Somebody committed suicide in the house and there's an evil presence. And she just kind of does nothing and then she's gone. I have to leave.  In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Leave our house. After that, things seem okay, I guess. He's all shaming. And there's this entity walking around in the house wearing like a ninja house and ninja robes. And he's got a knife. Bill gets up, he grabs his gun again and he goes to search the house to see what that is. That's where we're going to end the plot. So if you want to see what happens with the rest of the movie with Louise and Bill, this ninja entity of some kind, keep watching Satan War. The plot of this movie reminds me a lot of when you first bought your house and you thought it was haunted. Huh. Adam is coming over to see my new house. I am going to Justin's house to see his new house. I think my new house is haunted. Oh, see? In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, leave this house. Your table's at an angle. Oh, I did not notice. Everything's all right now. Satan War, is it trash or treasure? Well, that'll start us with the treasure. The effects for this movie, given the type of movie that it is. Given the low budget, yeah. Are actually not that bad, right? The whole attack aspect on Louise is kind of neat. Yeah, like the way they did it, like when her hair kind of just flips and you don't see nothing, it just kind of moves and then when those hands come up or dressed or whatever, that's a good effect. Yeah. And also when she's getting attacked on the bed too, you kind of see her movements and everything, but they just show from the chest up or the neck up almost. That's all you need, right? Yeah. It's effective enough. That is an effective scene.  Again, it's probably a cheap, simple effect, but it works.    The paper lighting on fire, that's kind of neat. Yeah, it's, again, a simple effect, easy to do, but it works, right? The whole rape or attack aspect of the movie, they kind of went there before the entity did. Right. Even though the book had been out already, but it's kind of neat that you see this on film. The final scene, there's that robe guy walking around the house and Bill's got his gun and good job of building up the tension. At that point, it might be somebody that broke in too. Yeah. The way it's done, right? Yeah. It doesn't necessarily have to be a ghost. Right, yeah. The music is treasure too.  And that'll bring us to the trash aspect of this movie. Which is also the music. Yeah. Just because the music is good, doesn't mean it has to be played throughout the whole movie. Almost nonstop. The same music. Doesn't stop. It never stops. Or it gets to the point where it's humorous.  Overshadows like the speech and what they're talking about doing everything. The music's too loud in the mix. You can't really hear the dialogue when they're talking because that music is too loud.  It is probably about as amateur as you get.  And the dialogue that's written for the characters is abysmal. What is happening? I think we bought a haunted house. She's probably a little bit of a better actor than the guy who plays Bill, but not by much. You really think it's haunted? I don't know. I do. You do?  She's like 40-something and he looks like he's like 20. He's like, what? They don't look like a couple at all. There's no character development either. They think the narration is good enough for character development, but no. She's like, we had a fight. Well, show the fight, show them moving in and getting into an argument. You don't need a narration to say that. The movie's only an hour long. You could have put that little scene in there where they get into a fight. Yeah, and it would sort of maybe allude to the fact that the house is sort of foreboding or something, right? You don't feel anything for these characters at all. No. And the pacing, it's abysmal too. And it's interesting because so much stuff happens right away, right? That has an aspect to the haunting. But it's too much too soon because of that it's almost pace too slow. You don't need to see the cross turn upside down super slow. The whole rotation, like four times in the movie, like every time they put the cross back on and it turns upside, they show the whole thing again. They show it starts. That's enough. It's all we need. You don't need to see the whole thing.  You don't need to show the whole endeavor.  Like pull out the mop. Yeah, we get it. We know that you're cleaning it up. Boring establishing shots of outside the house. Like when you know they're in the house, you don't need to keep showing the outside of the house. They haven't gone anywhere. Yeah. We know they're in the house. It's shot so poorly and dark, barely see the house in these establishing shots. It's so dark that I guess that's a house. I don't know. It's just bushes. It starts off with this documentary style with the narration. Yeah. And then it just loses that from there on. So you're like, did they just give up halfway through and we're just going to make a movie now.  It's kind of confusing is what route they're trying to go. It tries to tackle a lot of things but it doesn't do anything well at all. This is like way below. I'm not sure even what tier this is just above high school project. And why is it what we call the Satan War? But there is no Satan at all. That ninja guy in the cloak is Satan. I'll take your word for it.  You never find out. You don't know.  They never came back. Okay, good enough for me. After this movie ends, that narration continues into a different thing. 15 minute voodoo documentary after the credits. Like what? With that same music. Yeah, the same narrator and everything. It's like is this the same movie? It doesn't really have anything to do with the movie. It's one thing if it was a documentary about hauntings or something but it's a completely different subject. Why is it there? But is it trash or treasure? You know what? Treasure. I'm just saying treasure because it's so bad that it is good. Yeah, like you have to make light of the bad aspects of this movie and just kind of go along with it. It keeps you entertained because it's so bad. It's definitely worth at least one watch. It's only an hour long so it's not like it's a ton of time. You definitely give a Satan War watch if you're in the mood for a good bad movie. Don't be upset that there's no Satan. A movie called Satan War is like oh man this is going to be like the prophecy or something like some epic thing about it. Some epic battle or whatever. Nothing can do it.  Well, until then, keep drinking.


During the first poisoning in 2015, I think it took about two days for my organs to shut down. Vladimir Karamosa has, by living his life, has honored the memory of Boris Nemtsov. Put together a count of Russia account and hopefully the Senate as a whole will pass new sanctions against Russia for interfering in our election. Sometimes there are near misses and one happens to be sitting before you, Mr. Chairman. Twice in the past two years, in May of 2015 and just last month, both times in Moscow, I experienced a sudden onset of symptoms consistent with poisoning. What happened to Alexei Navalny is a deliberate poisoning. I have absolutely no doubt about this. It's a deliberate poisoning directly motivated by his political activity.