Hello, it's Waylon Chow. This is Law of Contract Formation, Module 3A, Part F. In this part, we will look at consideration, which is the third essential element of a contract. Let's go back to our old friends Daria and Jamal. Out of the goodness of her heart, Daria offers to give up her laptop to Jamal for free at the end of the semester. Jamal gratefully agrees. At the end of the semester, Daria changes her mind and does not give her laptop to Jamal. I will tell you upfront that Daria did not have a legal obligation to give the laptop to Jamal. But I'd like you to think about explaining why there is no contract between Daria and Jamal, and also suggest how the deal between Daria and Jamal may have been changed so that there is a binding contract. So we have two parties. One person makes an offer to the other, and that second person accepts the offer, provides an acceptance. So what that results in is an agreement or a meeting of minds. So we talked about that in Module 3A, the previous module. Now, what we also need to have a legally binding contract is an exchange or a mutuality of consideration. So consideration has to flow from one party to the other and vice versa in order to have the valid contract. So in other words, if we have just a one-sided promise or a gratuitous promise where one party is making a promise to the other and the other party is not providing anything in exchange, that promise is void for lack of consideration. In other words, it's not a valid contract. However, there is one exception where if that gratuitous promise is made under seal, it is a valid contract. We'll talk further about what is a seal later on in this module. What exactly is consideration from a legal standpoint? Forget about whatever normal meaning of that word that you know about. It has nothing to do with being thoughtful or nice or considerate. There is a specific legal meaning. Consideration is said to exist when one party gives or promises to give a benefit to someone else. Another way consideration exists is instead of giving or promising a benefit, it could also happen where someone suffers or promises to suffer a detriment to themselves. For example, if someone promises to give a smoking in exchange for a promise from someone else to pay them a certain amount of money to give up smoking. So giving up the smoking is not giving someone a benefit, but is that person giving or suffering a detriment to themselves. Consideration has to be what's called sufficient. Now, what that means is that the consideration has to be of some value. So that obviously includes things like money, goods, land or services, but it specifically does not include what's considered to be love and affection or gratitude or good feelings. So if you give a gift to someone and they are very thankful and they express their gratitude and good feelings. That gratitude and good feelings is not legally considered to be consideration. Consideration does not need to be adequate. You can pay whatever amount that you want or agree to pay whatever amount that you want regardless of the value of the item that you are getting. So if something is worth a million dollars, but someone agrees to pay one dollar for it does not seem to be a fair deal, but the requirement of consideration is considered to be satisfied. There is something in the cases that's called the peppercorn theory where someone agrees to sell this valuable horse in exchange for like a tiny peppercorn, which is practically almost worthless, but it does have some minute value. So in that situation where a horse is agreed to be exchanged for a peppercorn, the requirement of consideration is said to be satisfied. In our scenario, the first question, explain why there is no contract between Daria and Jamal. Although Jamal did accept Daria's offer of the computer, so there was offer and acceptance and therefore an agreement, there was no exchange of consideration. Jamal did not provide anything in exchange for Daria's promise of the laptop. Therefore, a contract was not formed between Daria and Jamal. The second question suggests how the deal between Daria and Jamal may have been changed so that there was a binding contract. If Jamal had provided any kind of consideration of any value, even something as small as a promise to pay one dollar to Daria, there would have been a binding contract. Or alternatively, if Daria had put her promise in writing and signed it under seal, there would have been a binding contract. Let's now look at the issue of past consideration. We already know that mutuality of consideration requires each party to provide consideration in exchange for the other party's consideration. The key word there is that there has to be an exchange. With past consideration, that's where the consideration was given before the contract was contemplated or entered into. In that type of situation, there is no mutuality and therefore there is no consideration that has been exchanged. For example, if you're my neighbor and you mow my lawn as a favor, and once you've already done that, I promise to pay you $100 for mowing my lawn. That promise to pay is one-sided. There is no consideration being given in exchange because the service has already been rendered, the service being the mowing of my lawn. Now, an exception to that treatment is where if an agreement to provide services or goods does not include any mention of price and those services or goods are actually provided, the court may find an implied promise to pay a reasonable price instead of finding a lack of consideration due to past consideration. If my neighbor agreed to mow my lawn and we didn't talk about a price, there was no mention of it being a favor, and then my neighbor goes ahead and mows my lawn and then asks for payment, then a court could interpret that as being that there was an implied promise on my part to pay him a reasonable price even though we did not discuss or negotiate a specific price. Let's look at the issue of whether a pre-existing obligation can be used as consideration for a new contract. So if one party is already obligated to do something or to deliver something under a previous contract, can that obligation under the previous contract be used as consideration for a brand new contract? The summary of the law on this chart will look at each type of pre-existing obligation in further detail in the context of the leading cases on this issue. The first type of pre-existing obligation is a pre-existing contractual obligation owed to a third party. So for example, I will do for you what I already promised to do for someone else. So that is considered to be consideration for a new contract because that pre-existing or old obligation is considered to be a new benefit for the other party under the new contract. The second type of pre-existing obligation is where the obligation is owed to the same party. In other words, I'll perform our existing contract if you pay me $500 extra. With that type of pre-existing obligation, it is not considered to be consideration for the new contract because there is no new benefit being given to the other party. The leading decision on pre-existing contractual obligations owed to a third party is the case of Pao An and Lao Yi Long, or I call it the Food Chip case because it involves a corporation by that name. The plaintiff in the Food Chip case had entered into an agreement with Food Chip Corp for the purchase of shares. So the consideration exchange there was that Food Chip shares would be sold by the corporation to the plaintiff in exchange for the payment of a certain price for the shares and also a promise not to resell those shares or not to resell more than 60% of those shares within a year. Now another agreement that the plaintiff entered into was an indemnification agreement with the majority shareholders of Food Chip Corp. So this is the agreement that was called into question as to whether or not it was a valid contract. Under that indemnification agreement, the majority shareholders of the defendants had promised to indemnify for any losses that the plaintiff may suffer. So if the price of those shares had gone down below a certain level, the majority shareholders would have compensated the plaintiff for that loss under that promise. In exchange for that promise, the consideration provided by the plaintiff to the majority shareholders was a promise not to resell more than 60% of the shares within the year. So it was the exact same promise that the plaintiff had made to Food Chip Corp under the other agreement, the agreement for the purchase of the shares. So the issue was is that promise not to resell more than 60% within a year made to the majority shareholders, is that considered to be valid consideration because it was a pre-existing contractual obligation that the plaintiff already had to someone else, which was the corporation. And the court there found that that promise was valid consideration, that this previous promise is a new benefit for the majority shareholders under the indemnification agreement and therefore it is valid consideration. The leading decision involving pre-existing contractual obligation owed to the same party is the case of Gilbert Steele and University Construction, which is a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal. In that case, we have two agreements and they both involve the same parties. One party, the first party, which is the plaintiff, is Gilbert Steele and the second party is University Construction. Gilbert Steele was a supplier of Steele for construction and University Construction was the general contractor. So agreement number one between these two parties involved a promise by University Construction to pay a set price for the supply of Steele by Gilbert Steele. So Gilbert Steele had promised to supply several shipments of Steele at that set price. Now, as after a few shipments had been made, the world price of Steele had gone up. So Gilbert Steele went back to University Construction and told them about the increase in the price of Steele to see if University Construction would be willing to pay a higher price for the remaining shipments of Steele. So that led to agreement number two between Gilbert Steele and University Construction. Under agreement number two, University Construction had agreed to pay an additional amount for the Steele. And that additional amount was for Gilbert Steele to supply the remaining shipments as per the original agreement number one. The court found that that promise to supply the remaining shipments under agreement number two was not valid consideration because that promise had already been made under agreement number one. And that University Construction did not receive any new benefit from that promise to supply the remaining shipments. And therefore, that second contract, agreement number two, is void for lack of consideration. Situation involving a promise to forgive debt also involves an issue regarding consideration. For example, if you owe me $500 and you tell me that you will have a lot of difficulty paying me back since you lost your job, and I agree to forgive your debt if you pay me $200, then that is a promise to discharge debt upon part payment. The legal problem there is that the promise to discharge debt is unenforceable because no new consideration is being provided by the debtor. So in effect, I am discharging $300 of your debt in exchange for nothing from you. So there is no exchange of consideration. Now, the solution to that legal problem is one of three possible solutions. If the situation occurs in Ontario, there is a piece of legislation called the Ontario Mercantile Law Amendment Act, which says that you can't have a valid contract to accept part payment to fully discharge a debt obligation even though there is no new consideration. So that legislation essentially changes the common law position that there is no agreement. So the legislation overrides the common law position. Now for other provinces in Canada that don't have the equivalent of a Mercantile Law Amendment Act, the other way of making a promise to discharge debt, an unenforceable contract, is to make that promise under seal. And we'll talk about a seal on the next slide. And a third way of getting around this problem is to have the debtor promise to provide some kind of new benefit in exchange for the forgiveness of the debt. So if you promise to pay me 200, and I'll forgive you the remaining 300, but in addition you promise to pay me that 200 sooner than the usual deadline, than the required deadline, then you are giving me a new benefit, which is the benefit of early payment. And there is an exchange of consideration, which makes it into an unenforceable contract. So we know that a one-sided promise, where one party is making a promise to the other and the other party is not giving anything in exchange, a one-sided promise lacks an exchange of consideration and therefore is not an enforceable contract. Those one-sided promises can be made into enforceable contracts by one of two ways, even though there is no exchange of consideration. The first way is by using a seal and the second way is under the legal doctrine of promissory estoppel, which by the way is not covered in this course, so you're not responsible for that, so we won't talk about that any further. Now, what is this seal? A seal is a special mark on a written contract to indicate a party's intention to be bound by the terms of the contract. So what it would involve is simply the person who's making that one-sided promise, put that in writing and sign it and put a special red sticker on it. So I call it a magic sticker. So the effect of that magic sticker is to make that one-sided promise into a legally binding contract.


from New York. It's Ask an Engineer. Hey everybody and welcome to Ask an Engineer. It's me Lady Ada, the engineer with me, Mr. Lady Ada on Camera Control. We're broadcasting live from downtown Manhattan. That's the Ada Fruit World headquarters. We do our manufacturing, kidding, coding, videoing, soldering and more. Always making new products, new wonderful things to power your electronic dreams. But for the next hour we're going to check in with the world of making and what's going on. What new products and videos and guides and tutorials and open source hardware, Python news and more, including a discount code. Yeah, I know what's going on tonight. I will. Oh yeah. On tonight's show, the code is host feather. Probably can guess why we have a new product. It's host feather, 10% off the native restore all the way up to 11.59 p.m. Eastern time or when I remember to turn off the good. We do a bunch of live shows each week including Chantel. We just finished that right now. We'll talk about who's on Chantel and some of the stuff they shared. We do a little bit of a recap from the desk of Lady Ada, including the great search for our Lady Ada. Help find the things that you need on Digikey. We're going to do a GP product pick of the week or recap. Time travel. We're going to look around this week, some news, making sure you know the shipping deadlines and more as the holidays approach. We've got our highlights from our 80 Fruit Daily newsletter that circuit Python and Python on hardware stuff that you tune into each week to see what is going on in the world of Python on hardware. We got some guides and more. We are an open source hardware company. We publish our code, our guides and more. We're going to go over some of the latest. We have some New York City factory footage, advanced manufacturing, some glimpses from the factory. We open up to show with some selective soldering. We got a little bit more of that. And some surprises. 3D printing. We have a speedup and a project from New York Pedro. We're going to do IonMPI, a new product introduction. That's part of our Digikey. This week it is from COI devices. We got some top secret. We got some video that we recorded and also Lady Ada is going to show off some cool top secret stuff. We got new products this week. We'll answer your questions. We did that over on discord. That gets you into Discord. All that and more on you guys to ask an engineer. Like the micro machine's voice. You're like, beep, beep, beep, beep, beep, beep, beep. Yeah. Folks could look that up. There was a That's a gen X. I forgot the actor's name. I used to remember. I used to remember. And he used to do FedEx commercials because FedEx was trying to emphasize how fast they can get things. So this particular actor had the ability to speak very fast and then micro machines, fast and small and compact. Very similar thinking to some other voice stuff. So folks can Speak from a fast. You look fast innovators. Yeah, you gotta be.  So fast on the shark. Speaking of fast, can you quickly go through what free stuff they get when they add it to their cart? Yes. When you order from the food shop, you'll get some free stuff. $99 or more. You get this beautiful printed circuit board with a gold logo on it and some bumpers. It's perfect for putting your hot or cold beverages on, protect your desk. One for nine or more. You'll get a free KB 2040, a pro micro pinout compatible microcontroller board featuring the RP 2040 chip with USB C, stomach, UT, Neopixel buttons and more. It's a great little microcontroller board. $199 or more. You get free UPS ground shipping in the continental United States. It's trackable and insured and muted operated. It's great. And $299 or more. We still have circuit playground, expresses and stuff. Yay. So our favorite microcontroller board with a Sambi 21 processor, 10 Neopixels, two buttons, a buzzer, microphone, switch, light sensor, temperature sensor and tons of capacitive touch pads or alligator pads for connecting up hardware. It can run code.org, use discoveries, make code, Arduino circuit, Python, MicroPython and more. It's a great starter board for learning electronics. All right.  We just finished one. We just finished one. We just finished show and tell. On show and tell this week, this is what we do. You can check out Discord every week. We put the join link if you want to show and share your projects. Scott came by Web workflow. So if you're interested in the toy hacker board. Now has SD card support. Yeah. That means you can drag and drop files over Wi-Fi onto a microcontroller board. It's kind of cool. Ann has a neat project. This was how do you connect an old PC, but get all the software you want on it. Is it possible to connect it to a new PC? And it shows up as a floppy drive or hard drive. Yes. And Ann goes over that and has a playground guide that you can check out with all the stuff you'll need to do that. Liz has a really cool compass that points, of course, to the right direction. And you can see a really good use of a round display. Jepler came by, showed off some resin caps for keyboards and more, and then talked about some new updates to circuit Python, including some of the JPEG stuff that we're excited about. Erin came by, found a thrown away LED fireplace and was able to reclaim it and turn it into an amazing. When Erin beamed in, it was like, okay, here we are on like planet fire. They were thrown out because they said the person didn't like that it beeped. And Erin is like, it beeps, that's no matter for me and my soldering iron. JP came by with a circuit Python powered synthwave and Mark came by with the LED Christmas tree that is all souped up Lego and just able to do all these really elegant and subtle lighting. Yeah, using the stuff that we do here at Ada for JP on a project like that. And this is kind of like what I like to describe is like skateboarder, skateboarder maker style, which is like, that's a cool trick. Here, I'll show you mine. Here's a cool trick. I'll show you mine. So that was really neat. Thanks for coming by everyone. And thanks for coming by Mark. We do from the desk of Lady Ada every Sunday. And that's when we're like, okay, it's getting late. It's Sunday. Lady Ada, what's on your desk comes in two parts. What did you show this week? First up, I showed I was working on the Memento tester. And so I was showing the self test program that I wrote. And we're actually got that finished like last night. And so we're going to have those Memento boards in the store because it would be tested and pre-programmed with bootloader and example codes. It's very exciting to sign up. I know we have a lot of sign ups, but we're making them. The tester is the most important part. And then I also talked about trying to get this four inch 480 by 800 display board working. Probably I started in like mid 2020, went through many revisions, trying to wrap it up, but it's being a account contract. I like that sometimes show, you know, it doesn't always work magically the first time. So I have a, you know, I'm going to attack this problem a couple of different ways and try to get this display initialized and the ICN 6211 sending data. One of the things about connecting up multiple different ships and boards is it's like, if it doesn't work, it's just hard to find out what it is it's not working. So hopefully I'll get it working like we do tomorrow or Friday. And then next desk lady, I'll show how I fixed it. Wish me luck. All right. And then we do the great searches when lady use or power of engineering to help you find things on digitea.com. A lot of folks are like, I don't know. I just saw this post on one of the websites. They're just like, I wasn't able to do electronics until I could figure out how to search sites like digikey. And I watch a segment called great search by a little more free. And like, this is cool. That's me. Yeah. So what did you look for on the great search this week? Okay. So while I was debugging my TFT board that's not working, I removed some of the resistor packs and I soldered in these little wires, which were behind your head, but that's okay. And touch them to the pads and it'll come running in a second. Hold on. There you go. Wait, wait. There you go. Yeah. CC right there. And we use the macro mode on the overhead. I started these little blue wires and using wire wrap wire to do debugging on SMT boards is a really good skill to have and a really good tool. So I talked a little bit about wire wrap, talked about using pros and cons of using wire wrap wire versus magnet wire versus using Teflon or PVC coated, a couple of different options available on the digikey site. There's a multipack, which is cool. And the one I picked, which is one that comes in a casing that like dispenses it, which is a brilliant idea because you know, the one of the problems with wire wire wrap wire is it gets tangled up really easily. So dispenser is like super key. So I didn't even know that they had it until I searched for wire wrap wire. I learned something new on a great search. I couldn't hold my sneeze in from the next video saying I know you just tried to like believe me during what you know, both like sneezing and like holding back biology. Yeah, we'll be replaced by AI characters one day. Okay. So then there's also JP's product pick of the week. This is when we broadcast live from the product page. Just kind of automatically applied. Here's this week's highlight from JP. There, that's my product pick of the week this week. It is the B&O 0559 DOF Absolute Orientation IMU breakout. This is the one you want. If your project involves trying to figure out where you're pointing something or maybe where you're pointing yourself. The fact that it does the sensor fusion, which is to say it takes the magnetometer accelerometer gyro takes all of that and does the calculations does the math to figure out where the heck is this thing pointed in 3d space. It's going to use the direction I'm pointing as it's sort of relative starting point. So you can see, even though I'm not pointing at my monitor back there, I was able to get the orientation to work. That right there is my product pick of the week this week. It is the B&O 0559 DOF Absolute Orientation IMU breakout board. Don't forget JP's workshop is tomorrow and then Friday, deep dive with Tim. Sometimes it's Scott just tune in via discord or just, you know, pop by one of our live video channels across all of the social networks and more. Sometimes it's Scott. Here's what's going on in the world right now. I had to do just some logistic-y things. So shipping deadlines. If you want your stuff to show up before Christmas, go to our website, look at the banner at the top. Anytime you put something in your card, it'll say exactly what you need to do to get it if you have to get it by a certain date. So here's a webpage. If you wanted to do international, you know, that ship sailed pretty much, but you have pretty much the next couple of days. If you want it by Christmas, UPS three-day, going up to December 15th. That's two days from now. Second day, December 18th. Next day, summer 19th. International orders, you know, it could take up to a month, so hopefully you ordered by then. And then take a look at all of our company holidays and more. But if you want to get your stuff delivered by a certain time date, just check it out. Here's the banner across the site. You can see it here. It's all across every single page on all of our properties. So you can make sure you get the things that you need in time. Let's imagine you can't, no problem. Get an aid or two gift certificate. They don't expire. And people can use them for whatever they want. Good last minute gifts. You know, they get used. This is the one they want. Yeah. Okay. And then I did want to say, if you want to explore the website and get ideas, you can. We have a ton of shopping guides. So if you want to go to Adafruit.com's last explore, you can do the Whippersnapper IoT and sensors. We're interested in this and it's great. Hot off the press. We have LCDs and displays.  Look at a big round display. Like a big round display. Feather and feather wings, circuit python, young engineers, Raspberry Pi, JP's product picks the week for 2023, tools, accessories, books, $100 or less. This is all the cool stuff that you know will be a big hit this year. And is great documentation, example code, libraries.  Now what? Everything that we put in the store is good. And it helps us. We're an open source hardware company. We pay people great wages and benefits and days off and 401ks and all the things that make Adafruit a cool place to work at. We published our source code, give away the hardware designs, and that's our little dent that we want to put in the universe. But if you want to see more things like this in the world or just see us stick around. Now's a good time. We like to be a good cause in a business. Turns out those things are not diametrically opposed to each other. You can do both. It's just hard when not all other people did. So put some in your car and don't forget. Save some cash. Get free stuff. Okay, let's do some Python on hardware. Elena. Yeah. Circuit Python 9 is on the way. It is. You want to talk about something that's coming in there? Well, then we're going to talk about a PySpec. There's actually a lot of stuff that's been being updated in Circuit Python 9. The alphas are out. So people can please, please, please, please try the alphas out. IDF 5. So ESP32 support is much better because we've updated the underlying software from Expressif to be the latest version. So lots of updates and fixes. Definitely the RGB TFT support is much, much better in Circuit Python 9. We're adding JPEG IO in Circuit Python 9 so you can decode and display images. I mean, obviously tons of bug fixes, a lot more board definitions. But basically getting ready for adding even more Expressif 4 is like the C6 and staff and the P4 or whatever. We have to be in the latest version of their board support package. So that's essential. All of those new updates that Scott's doing for adding a better web workflow with SD card support. That's all in 9. I've been using 9. We're going to be getting to release candidate real soon. So if folks who are cool with trying out 9, I think it's a good idea. Yeah, please do. Yeah, get your feedback in, try out the cool stuff. Let's know it goes. This is, you know, highlight in our newsletter. We also have our Circuit Python 8 to 9 release. There's a couple updates. A couple bug fixes as well. We'll get to this PIAT standard in a second. Do check out AdafruitDaily.com. It's our separate website and we don't spam you. You can subscribe there. Unsubscribe anytime. You can also read it as a web page. You can get our RSS feed. We don't do tracking. We really like folks to just enjoy this content. We got nothing in there like ads. We just want you to check out the latest and greatest with Python on hardware. Projects, you can read all of them, but the thing that, you know, each week before the show, I'm just like, hey, lady, what are you going to talk about this week? There's two things. One, I really like this project is Circuit Python Powered Typewriter. Yeah, that's fun. But I think, you know, there's a pretty big community of people that are paying attention to what's going on with Raspberry Pi. And the Pi folks released a new standard for Raspberry Pi. So what is this? Why is it interesting? In Lediator Wars, I linked to the blog post on the pi.com site. Yes. So this is called PIP. So PCIe express component interface, whatever. Anyway, they're calling it PIP. So the PCIe slot on the Raspberry Pi 5 is pretty exciting because it means you can start to attach hardware to a high speed interface. The GPIO are not particularly high speed. They're not differential. And they don't have the existing standard. You can see the PCIe pins are length matched. I think it's one or two lane. I mean, it's one lane. But that means you can use cellular cards and crypto cards and GPU accelerators and stuff. So they didn't want to put a whole PCIe slot on there because it wouldn't fit obviously. But instead, they put this nice FPC connector. And in the documentation, it's just by how long the cable can be, actually millimeters or so. Although you can go longer, it's not guaranteed to work. And cable configuration impedances, pinouts. And so people can start making, you know, like there's a hat, but they said you can also put it underneath. I think Pimoroni designed an underneath board. It can be interesting.  They'll expose it via a low cost connector. And then, you know, people in the community can make it adapters. All right, I'm going to put you on the spot. I didn't tell you I was going to ask you this. Let's say you can pause time right now. But you can only make a hat with this specification. What hat would you like to see out there that you would like to make? What do you think would be kind of cool? I think the most useful thing, to be honest, would be, you know, like a cellular add-on hat.  But I think a lot of stuff can go through USB. iPhone. But yeah, like cellular. I mean, I just know that there's a lot. Of course, it describes people want to have storage so they can create a little network. That's cool. You know, NAS boards and stuff. So I think, you know, I think you might work on that. You know, I actually think that the community is doing a really good job making hardware. I don't have immediate plans. Yeah. Because that's why I said if you could stop time, because we're working on a lot of other stuff. Yeah.  I think, yeah, like an M2 adapter board would be fine. But like the Raspberry Pi Foundation, they have a design they're going to release and we'll stock it. Yeah. That's cool. All right. So that's the spec. I thought that'd be interesting for folks out there, especially like what Lamar said. I'd like to see a little cellular hat. Okay. That's our Python on hardware news. Don't forget, you can get delivered to you every single week. All this and more. And we cover even more than just Python and hardware, of course, but that gets us in the door. Wait for jelly.com. Okay. We do open source hardware. We publish our code. We do guides. We share. You know, what's on the big board this week? Okay. We've got a bunch of updated guides. So Melissa's been updating the QALIA guide to add bar displays, more round displays, all the configurations for all the new displays we put in stock. This guide got updated. The 2.4 inch feather wing actually listed this update a while ago and I forgot to enliven it. We now have the version to pin outs and code and examples for CircuitPython Arduino. This feather wing got updated to use the TSC 2007 instead of the no longer manufactured STMP-811 and everyone seems to be cool with it. So thanks, everybody, for being cool with a massive redesign new guide. Raspberry Pi 5 3D printed case. While this case is in and of itself very good and I think it's a great 3D printable case, this is also an awesome base. You can use this as like, okay, I want to make out something that mounts a Raspberry Pi 5. Take what you want, the mounting bosses and the, you know, the model and then delete the things you don't and then you can make your own custom case. And also the 3.5 inch TFT breakout. That got updated to also support capacitive touch. And I think that's it for this. Okay, cool. And then on Playground, this is where anybody can post their project. So we have the electric fireplace teardown where we're talking about that. Hey, look how we respect the teardown track on it. I know we are. Isn't that cool? Yeah, we've got a bunch of stuff.  I like this jar of virtual fireflies. This is kind of cool. It's a port over from a Hackaday project, but it's like these little fireflies that glow inside of a jar, which is a project that we've seen, but we never did ourselves. Do you check that?  But I like that there's a lot of different people doing projects. So, you know, don't forget, if you publish something on, you write a guide or a note on a different Playground, don't forget to click show off. Because if you don't click show off, we will not show it off. You have to click show off and then we will put it on the front page for you. So don't forget click show off. And that's how you get it to appear. Okay. And depending on how much time we have on my PlayHerns video, we'll see at the end of the show. But otherwise, check it out. You can go to learn.adaford.com and then check out Playgrounds while you're there, if you want to post your own guide. And one cool thing, there's lots of cool things about it, but if anyone wants to see your guide, they don't need to log in. I know on lots of the other free sites out there for posting tutorials or whatever, everyone else has to log in. We don't do any type of ads or tracking. This is just our public service. Here you go. You can publish your guide there. So go check it out. Let's do some factory footage. Let's do some 3D printing. We're going to show these videos back to back. We have a cool tutorial video Pi 5 case from now, Pedro. And then we have a holiday theme speed up. Take it away now, Pedro. You can 3D print your own snap fit enclosure for the Raspberry Pi 5. This case houses the new Raspberry Pi 5 and it's designed to fit the official active cooling fan. The Pi 5 is available in two versions with either 4GB of RAM or 8GB of RAM. It features a 2.4GHz 64-bit quad core ARM Cortex processor with a new RP1 chip. Our case is designed to secure the Pi without any hardware and it features access to all the various ports and slots. You can get the files to make your own on learn.adaford.com. The bottom half includes built-in standoffs that snap fit into the Pi's mounting holes. The top features slots for the GPIO header, various ribbon cables, and vents to allow airflow for the active cooling fan. The bottom has a sizable opening for the micro SD card slot. With extra tall stacking headers, you can add accessories like this Adafruit iSpy Pi beret. To get your own Raspberry Pi 5 and accessories, be sure to check out the shop at adafruit.com. Okay, before we get to INMPI, don't forget the code is hosfeather and you get three stuff and more. INMPI, I brought you by DigiKey and Adafruit. Thank you so much to DigiKey for making this segment possible. COIA devices is this week's INMPI. This is a new product introduction. That's what an MPI stands for. Lydia, what is the new product? Okay, new product this week is loud and proud. This is COIA devices illuminated buzzer series, which is kind of like a brilliant idea. I'm kind of surprised nobody's come up with this before. But no surprise, COIA is really good at making, they're really good at making products. They're always making high quality and innovative stuff. So these are buzzers that also have LEDs built into them. So if you already have a design that has either LEDs or has a sound effect, now you can do both without having to drill two holes in your enclosure or changing your PCB design. So there's three sets of versions of this illuminated buzzer. So the first one is the PC pin version. So it's red, yellow, green, blue, LED variants. You have to pick which one. It doesn't do multiple color. And it has solderable pins that you just solder in or put into a breadboard just like you would a normal buzzer. And you know, LEDs light up when you apply three, I think it's like five to 15 volts, 12 volts is nominal. It's very loud. The LEDs light up. There's also a version that beeps and blanks. So it's not continuous town. It's like on and off every second. And actually I think I have one of those I can demo them. There's also a 23 millimeter diameter. Maybe it's 32, I don't remember. It's one or the other. The PC pin or 13 pin at 13 millimeter, I think these are, yeah, it's like 23 millimeter diameter panel mount. They look a little bit like arcade buttons. And I'll show those also have one of those as well, also available in red. The yellow kind of looks greenish, but it's red, yellow, green and blue. And then there's a larger panel mount one that's a flatter. So it's rounded on the top and it's bigger 36 millimeter. So four versions, four colors. So like 16 total versions available. And these are pretty loud. Even the PC pin one, I think it's 83 db. The Panama ones can go up to 100 db if you give them 15 volts, but they're like even without they're like 95 db.  So definitely we'll get people's attention.  You hand solder them. They're not washable.  The loudness does vary with and that, you know, current draw up to 15 milliamps does vary with voltage. So you can do as well as six volts. I'll draw about five milliamps, but it won't be as loud. And this is the panel mount version. I actually kind of like the panel mount version the most. I think it's you'll see it's got a nice lip and easy to attach. It's got spade connectors. This one does again, you know, 12 volts nominal, but can be powered from three to 15 very wide range, three kilohertz speaker and 95 minimum sound pressure and mechanical drawing.  Likewise, the sound and the sound level and the current consumption, you know, will vary. So you can power from a different voltage if you want to be as loud or just just be aware that the current consumption will increase the more voltage you give it. And then the 36 millimeter version, again, it's it's similar style that you drill a hole and then put this plastic nut in, but it's kind of got like a flatter top to it. Same sound pressure level 3.5 kilohertz also spade connectors, but they're offset. They're not centered and then a bigger hole. And then likewise, you know, the performance curve will vary from three volts up to quite says one to eight at the bottom. I think that's incorrect because it should be three to 12, three to 15 volts, not one to eight. So I think they just forgot to relabel their X axis. And all of them are in stock, which is awesome and amazing.  Yeah, just watch out, everybody. If you don't, if you don't want to hear a gigantic loud noise, this is nine volts. This isn't even, you know, the highest voltage. So I believe this is the line is positive. Yeah. It's not loud. I don't even know if it came through because the speaker might block it, but it's loud. It's incredibly loud annoying. So I'm not going to do that anymore. You can see the construction is a nice construction.  It's got nice potting material here. It isn't, I think waterproof because there is a hole here for the volume to come through. And then you can see the LEDs, SMT LEDs all the way around. So this is that one. And then this is the pin mountable version, which I think this one is, this is also kind of cool because it's like, it's exactly the same size and shape as a normal buzzer. But you can see in addition to the piezo element, there's a little driver chip inside. So create the square way for you and the LEDs that go around. So let me likewise try powering this and then I hope I get the right polarity. So this one is the blinking one. So you see it's blinking and beeping, you know, one Hertz approximately. And then this is yellow and that was blue LED. So the color of the plastic determines the LED color. So that's why you want to decide what color you want to match. What color you want because it's not a new pixel or anything. The LEDs are the color that they are soldered in. But a wide variety available from Digikey, they're all in stock. Yeah, so here it is. You can get them today. Time of this printing, as they say, screenshotting. You can get them. And that is this week's INFEI. Okay, don't forget we're about to get a new product. So post feather is the code. Let's get a new product. Okay, we have in stock and nice beautiful new photos of the official Raspberry Pi, USB Type-C power adapter for the Pi 5. This is a chunky, chunky power supply. Very beautiful. This is nice. We've got the black plastic version. This is power delivery. Wait, go back because the text is important part. So it's power delivery. It's not for the Pi 5 but it should work with any Raspberry Pi computer. And what's amazing is it'll give you a full 5 amps at 5 volts. Amazing. Up to 2.25 at 12 volts, 3 amps at 9 volts and almost 2 amps at 15 volts. So, you know, good for the Raspberry Pi computer, which needs 5 at 5 amps. But it's also good for a lot of other projects. You can also pick up one of our HUSB 238 breakout boards if you want to extract the 9, 15 or 12 volt power out of this. But a nice chunky power supply, 27 watts max. Okay. Beautiful. Next up. Next up, we have more square screens. This time we have 480 by 480. When you have already stopped, you're like, this looks just like the 4-inch display that you had before. That was 720 by 720. This is 480 by 480. So fewer pixels but means like maybe you can draw faster. You don't need whole 720 by 720 pixels. We have version without and with capacitive touch overlay. I'll show what they look like. I'll also show a demo on the overheads. Yeah, folks said the noise cancellation got that so a little bit of a beep but it worked out pretty good. It was unbelievably loud. Just believe me. Okay. So this is the version without. Let me mix up here. Hold on. Sometimes stuff is so bright that it confuses it. Okay. This is the version without and the version with. So you see that this has a nice bezel over it and this does not but it's less expensive. Actually this says 720 by 720 but it's not. It has the RGB TTL 40 pin connector which works great with our qualia board. Make sure that whatever you're using to drive these displays has that RGB 666 pin out and this is just a quick touch screen demo. So you got like the rainbow display and then I can draw like hearts and stuff and stars and I don't know sorts of shapes and stuff. So it's got a capacitive touch overlay on it with the FT 6336 iSquared C touch controller. So yeah you'll want to drive it with a chip that can control RGB 666 displays. In this case I'm using an ESP32 S3 but not everything is going to be able to run this. Looks really good in person but I know it's always tough to have a what is it like a TFT through a camera through a TFT through a camera. So but it does look really good. It's nice and bright. We have a photo added to the website that's nice and it's beautiful. So we now have almost every square bar and round display that I ordered originally so check those out. Many varieties to choose from. Yeah you know let me um let me see which which photo you're talking about. This one. Oh you know this is the only one that I didn't get into. Yeah because it showed up it was right before either the shell. Yeah you know what that so but I have technology. You have technology. Yeah there it is. That's what it looks like right here for me. Yeah it's really beautiful. Yeah these are very beautiful IPS displays. Okay next up. Okay we've got a revision to the USB isolator in addition to updating the silk screen. It now has an SMT USB type A connector which works like we found it works really great and it makes manufacturing a lot easier. So yeah we've just updated this we did a little bit of revision to make this a little easier to manufacture. So we also updated the um this is a I think universal yes it's the universal thermocouples it does a KJ and QTR FS whatever thermocouples through SPI and it's a really great thermocouple adapter shown here with this type K thermocouple. The update is and now we've updated the silk screen a little bit and it now comes term with terminal blocks pre attached so you don't have to solder the terminal block anymore. Okay next up. Okay new we've got um the enclosure kit for the memento camera we're solely putting these in stock I just finished a tester for these. An open source Python powered camera can you believe it? Yes so this this kit comes with the back plate and the front plate the front plate is also an LED wing which I'll show in a moment and comes with some hardware as well. So this is the overhead. This is an open source digital camera. So you can see the camera board sandwich in between. So this is the LED wing overhead and then this cable I pulled out but normally would be tucked in so it wouldn't be sticking out as much but what's nice is that this can give you like cool LED effects and it's an RGBW LED. So if you give me a second and this is the the back plate it's just protective turn this on and give it a second it's like booting up beep beep beep beep and then oh you know my battery's dying one second battery dead yeah too many live demos okay sorry back uh I just plugged in yeah yeah sorry it's uh you know batteries batteries no longer dead um a lot but then it was like you you had your battery die does that can tell it's a really a live demo beep okay now we're back we're back in business okay so uh let's go to the LED level okay so now you can see I've got green yeah maybe pointed up to the camera so folks well yeah that's cool right yeah red purple blue and this is of course each color can be different but you know to make it um uniform it's all the same color and of course rainbow modes you can do cool photos with rainbow effects and white so it's got natural white LEDs and so if you're trying just to illuminate a subject or do like you know close-up photography a good ring light is of course essential so this gives you eight LEDs eight LED lights um and then the natural white light will give you like the most it'll look best for people for humans so yeah demo and different this is not even the brightest this is like the lowest brightness so it doesn't blow out the camera lens but um yes this is the camera it would work it has a good um hand feel too like holding this in your hand it's like oh this is I like this is a little camera that I that I can not a disposable camera but it's like it's a fun camera because it's not your phone that's telling you everything terrible that's going on in the world at the same time it's like a little fun camera yeah so anyways um we like it okay uh let's go on to the next thing okay next up we have a camera case from Flurk um yeah that's the name uh Flurk they do um they done a lot of stuff with like infrared control and what did I say you said camera case because we were just looking at a camera sorry it's a Raspberry Pi 5 case from Flurk they've done infrared and um like TV applications for the Raspberry Pi and they also have these beautiful cases so this is for the Pi 5 not a lot of pieces for the Pi 5 they'll be official one soon but um this one's nice it has passive cooling um but that's only if you keep the top on I think if you move the top um you no longer have past coolings use the active cooler um basically a beautiful aluminum case with like little silicone nubbins and the price is really good so if you have a Raspberry Pi 5 and you want to protect it um this case is wonderful next up Hacker Tools for Hackers Hacker Tools for Hackers okay so this is the nugget it's a cat themed ESP32 S2 you know OLED hacking tool which has like some cool apps like you know like the authors and um ducky pad and and other like you know I don't remember the entire list of um capability so it's kind of you know it's people like oh we know how does this compare to a flipper this is not a flipper it's gonna be a much simpler this is like flipper training wheels it's a good tool in your hacker tool chest just one thing to keep in mind like all these hacker tools you should be an expert because you might not be able to get a you know step by step I'm a beginner yeah it's definitely you know there there are some guides but it's it's definitely for hackers who are like oh I I want these are projects that I you know build myself but I want a cute toy version that you don't want to read the manual anyways yeah it's enclosed there are tutorials but you'll let you know the the codes on github you'll have to upload it there aren't step by step tutorials for all that there's like a web uploader but you still have to go find the binaries um that said I think it's like a very cute little toy and yeah we want to support the hacker community that keeps making hardware um I think I met this person and hope last year yes okay um let's go to the stars show besides our team lady at our community all the customers everyone who makes us go it is the usb host feather weighing that's the code of the day which is host feather so this is um using a chip that's actually you know it's I want to say long on the tooth but it's a tried and true the max 3421 e has been used for usb host shields for a very long time and we've been doing more stuff with usb host and one of the challenges with usb host is not a lot of chips have usb host support there's a lot of chips that have that you can make the main usb port act as usb host but then you lose the main like they don't have two ports you only have one and then when you swap between the two it's going to be a pain um for the rb2040 we made the usb host feather and um you can do that on the rp2040 but what if you want to use uh you're the esp32 s2 or you want to use your samd 51 or the nr 52h 40 or other chips like I said they don't have a secondary usb port that's where this chip comes in so this again it's tried and true and it's been around for like a decade or more over spi provides a usb host interface and what's really neat is tac who's developed tina usb and works with data fruit has added support to tina usb for the max 3421 e it's sort of like as a native back end so for chips that have tina usb support like the esp32 s2 and s3 rp2040 samd chipset nr 52s if they have tina usb support and they can use the tina usb adrino library you can now have usb host work with it and it works really great so you've got keyboard and mouse and mass storage and cdc uh serial input um you know it's a low cost way of adding usb host without having like a separate chip that that's a separate of some of my control that could do um the interfacing so um check out the tina usb library for some of the demos that we've got i've been using um the usb host mode and tina usb for a couple months now to do all of our programming and it's great i'll say you're not going to get super hyper speeds because it's going through spi but you definitely can add keyboard mice um disk drive you can connect to a usb serial converter like an ftdi chip or a cp 2104 or you know native usb if you want um could be interesting for hacking or like making more complicated projects that use off the shelf usb peripherals and that is new products for this week okay so uh don't forget the code is host feather now you can see why there's all this free stuff you can add to your cart if you're curious about what you can purchase for someone but you miss deadlines or problems or if your chip gets discount doesn't apply to those of course um we're going to answer some questions but first um we're going to do some top secret put your questions up on adafruit it slash discord adafruit discord server discord dot gg slash adafruit let's do some top secret and then we'll answer some questions lady at area right yeah i'm going to grab the board i was going to show off and you should have video first up on top secret this we record a little video this is a cool native thing for motors and lady it'll be back to the other thing is that all right lady you know what is this okay so we've got these two motors here this is a plastic gear motor and what's interesting about this motor is it's like double headed it's got um the rotating part coming out both sides and we're going to request to get the um metal gear motor that we stock also with two ones on both sides so this is the sample and uh looks pretty good and then uh testing the torque hold on so it's nice to do the metal gears it's like really good torque so this is tested and works great it's um a three to six volt motor and one to ninety uh gear down and uh works great i'm going to get this stock in the store all right what else you can show okay um just got this prototype in so this is a dev board for the let me get the part of the correct adv 7611 analog devices hdmi to ttl converter so we've been using the tfp 401 but the tfp 401 has been frustrating to get back into stock post chip shortage it's still not really available and it's driving me a little nutty uh we got some but um this adv chip is kind of neat because um it supports i2s so we have um a uh cs4334 i2s to audio converter here and then we also popped on a rp2040 to do the control and maybe make passive touch or resistive touch adaptation so this could be like a really nice general purpose board that takes hdmi signal and converts them to ttl and then you can do stuff with it i don't know i think we have me and that's up secret this week okay we're going to roll all right into questions we have a few line up first uh lady aida origin story why did you open up a business in york city um i got a fellowship at ibeam for doing art and i was like well i'm living here yeah and then by the time the fellowship was over um the hardware kit business was working out enough that i could pay rent and i just sort of didn't leave it out kind of like new york and i'm from boston so like it's a lot of you know bostonians go to san francisco or or new york i kind of like that there was and new york has a good feel for me it's like lady who likes to play the video game on hard level um can we get speakers that have built in rgb leds too we've done a couple guides with speakers and rgb leds um but like if you're talking about those piezos those you'll have to see why to see if they'll make them this is more of a comment but that's cool the flood case is perfect i was just looking for a decent pie five case on amazon you can find a quality metal yeah this is a really good case i'm so glad to see this next uh suggestions for signal conditioning of adc and posterior than vdd 12 to 50 plus vdc challenges concerns rebeck's practices thanks i mean you can just resister divide or them down right if it's if you know what the max analog input is um just use a resistor divider and bring it down to zero to three volts because not a lot of adc's that are going to take 12 to 50 volts input you know you're going to need to um reduce some of these there might be an might be an op amp that can go that high but really these are providers the way you are all right cool question adafruit sounds like jpeg library coming out coming but any advice on optimizing dot bmp for display ito um you know it's tough because bmp's are uncompressed definitely jpeg is or gift display is going to be smaller uh disk size but you can do bitmaps that are um 256 color um palliative and that you're going to it's going to be only eight bits it'll be you know half the size of 16 bit color okay next up suggestions for building a four-channel logic monitor on a feather needs to handle five volts and 3.3 volts um i would use a if it's the logic input only you can use a um 74 uh hc ahc or lvc 40 50 or 245 the i think of the hc or the vhc series can be powered from three volts and take five volts input now that'll bring the voltage down to 3.3 okay how well do you cope with the nyc administration i recall lewis russman going nuts about it and being happy about leaving yeah you know everyone has their own new york experience from what i recall because i saw some of those videos there's uh some people are in different type of uh rental situations some people are in retail space um we're zone for factory um i'll say this uh being engaged with the city and making sure you know all the regulations making sure that you're doing everything right having a building um that you're a part of you know we lease a space that's um good at what they're doing is helpful um it all depends uh i'll say this it's very challenging for all the bureaucracy so there's multiple different sales tax all over new york state there's also every you know state rule and regulation and for the most part it doesn't i don't think it really matters too much where you go it's more about your mindset you're always going to have things to deal with there's always going to be bureaucracy they're always going to be something in a city or town i do know from talking to people in many many different countries um you know america has lots of uh problems and faults but it still is one of the easiest best places to run a business it still is i'll say that i mean i i don't know what what louis wassman's issue i mean i'll say i just i really don't follow his his story but um i know people who live in some of the most business friendly states that have told me that they that there's things that they hate too yeah it's it's really like it's not like there's this mass and no matter what you're going to get caught in the net it's like if you if you what you're doing just happens to intersect in a way that doesn't work with them it totally sucks yeah but also it's not like you it's like it's not like there's a magical place where you're going to escape yeah taxes and government and regulation like there's a lot of federal law someone in chat said i guess well this was apprehensive about you know hiring a specific type of lawyer to deal with some of these things so we're not scared to work with experts so that's what we've done we have the pokemon set you absolutely have to have you do and legal yeah and it does it does i know it you know it's annoying no expensive but it but it it's worth it if you want to do business the right way um and that's what we decided to do so for us there is um expertise that's out there that can help you with this also new york city they do have a lot of resources it just depends on how you want to engage like everyone has a different experience well you know we saw you know bunny today and i remember bunny gave us some of the best advice i ever got like 15 years ago we went to lunch with him yeah at new york city because he went to court for something which got resolved but the judge was like you know so you went to MIT and bunny's like yeah i went to MIT and he's like okay so you're a smart guy and bunny's like well like you know i hope it's a smart guy and the judge was like if you if you spent all of this time building your business and making money why didn't you spend any time or money in protecting it yeah and like bunny was like oh my god you're right it isn't just like you run the business to run the business you have to spend some money on protecting the business and protecting yourself and your employees and your customers and that's you you should do that it's like you know if you if you have like a termite infestation in your house don't DIY it you get someone who like they come with the machine and you know they they they help you up because it's king it can get too late so you know if you're if you're having an issue with your business DIYing it if not i wouldn't i would not recommend it you can you can do a lot of stuff you can DIY but not everything yeah so not know if that's an issue i'm just saying in jail so we always make sure that we have experts whether it be a city resource or someone we hire to help navigate things like we make the decisions but we do like to work with experts that say here's the right way to do sales tax and all these different jurisdictions here's the right way to do this here's the right way to do that and it's worked out for us because we think what we're doing is important it's a good cause we want it to be a good business too we also want to you know have our team to be proud of everything we do we're very transparent anytime something comes up or like here's what we're doing here's who we're working with here's the challenge we face and then here's the outcome yeah next up so what would you think you just say burger bloods anything you put on the screen i'll just say next i think um yeah some folks mention other countries are very difficult to it to run a business uh and again this cool about new york is like i literally just went i mean it was annoying but i went downtown i followed paperwork and i was out in an hour i mean it was annoying because i sent me to like different things but eventually i found the place i handed in the piece of paper and they're like great you're now registered business here's your sales tax certificate pay us pay sales tax um you know that's what they want they don't they don't actually care and uh you just do it one thing too um because it was mentioned in the chat you know some folks can't afford layers if you're running a business generally speaking there is a wide range of lawyers that'll work with you some of them will say oh you're a small business i'll give you a different rate to get you started there's also people at their firm that depending it's one of the nice things about being a cause-based thing too it's like you can sometimes find resources also i'll say this there is a lot more help that's available online so uh whether you like ai or not new york okay can i say something wait wait wait i gotta call us out new york city yeah has an ai that they trained on all the new york regulations excellent resource for people it would be like hey so they took all of the new york small business data and everything and they made an ai that you chat with there's way more than there used to be so this is very recent like as in last week so i do think the automation of the resources will help but anyways okay i'm i'm actually going to call this thing of like oh well you can't start a business that lawyer it's actually total bullshit because i started ate a fruit just by going to the library and took i checked out a bunch of no-lo books about how to start a an lc or single member llc i read the books which were free from the library you need to check them out you can read them in the library if you don't have a library card um the the form to file for an ein in the united states it's free it's available on the irs website i have called the irs helpline and they have like helped me out when i had a question and like i said in new york state you just go to this the state house and you fill out a piece of paper um folks the amount of effort that you spend on deciding whether you want to get a playstation five or an xbox one or whatever uh spend or switch use that much effort to research what you have to file to form a business and you're done it's it's actually not it's not that hard like it's not easy but if you really if you want to do it right if you care about having a business you'll just do it and you need a lawyer when you get to like hire employees but you're not that's not happening on day one so chat dot nyc dot gov is the um nyc chat bot that's all of the business services that you can ask and uh it's been helpful for some people so that that that's one of the things like you don't know who to ask for a lot it's a lot of it um and uh there's a lot of city workers they're there to help um use the resources so anyways um so yes it is playing the video game on hard mode in york city but i i really don't think if you're running a business it's going to be that much different wherever you go also it's your own mindset and what's important to you um we we like to eat glass and do things that are very difficult for great greater goods and york city was a place where we could do it um you know the song if you make it here you can make it anywhere yeah right i mean like i like i we data sheets that lie to me all the time and yet i still have to like figure out how to write a driver so it's like reading the you know laws about paying sales tax in york it's like just think of it that way it's just a good data sheet you have to navigate all right those are all the questions good work thank you to everyone for asking some good questions tonight we very much appreciate this has been an ate a fruit production we'll see everybody next week special thanks just made behind scenes who's helping out in the eight fruit slack chat with our team and everyone in chat everyone watching thank you so much very much appreciated post feathers of code we'll see everybody next week here is your moment of zener thank you everybody


I am very proud of you all, we are here today to participate in the performance. Happy Vizaghi! Happy Vizaghi! Happy Vizaghi everyone! Happy Vizaghi!