Oh man, good morning from Bucky's. If you don't know what Bucky's is, you gotta come here. I got one of the stickers for my bus. Over there in front of me, it says pump number 209, 210, that one is 231.  I mean, it goes on for days and days and days in here. It's seriously like my favorite gas station ever. And because they sell so much gas at quantity, they have some pretty good prices out here. I would say 19 cents, 15 to 19 cents cheaper than anywhere else. So yeah, actually I just got off the phone with Badge. He's still out there helping people out. It just blows my mind what a kind person he is. So he said, if anybody else comes out there, ask for the Jack's special and help you out. So he's in the comments. My UMB is his handle. So hello from Texas. And boy oh boy, do I have a lot of thank yous coming. I took the last two days off. One day, it was an errand day. I got myself, took back my boots that broke and some other ones arrived in the mail and some other kind of things. I got a camera cleaner with the little, to make sure the lens is clean. And then I saw, like I said, by a friend of mine who's going to remain anonymous, but he's in the entertainment industry and just a phenomenal, phenomenal person. So I got some great one-on-one time with him and was able to share 100% of my personal story, which I don't do with everyone. There's a lot of skeletons in the closet, you could say, but I think one day it would be nice to share in some kind of book or, you know, screenplay or, I don't know, something. Because it's, you know, this is a very interesting story and the story is just, it's still continuing. So that's, that was a lot of fun to see them and all that stuff. So let's jump into some thank yous because I have a huge long list. By the way, we've already surpassed what I make on YouTube. So thank you guys. It's just so nuts that people are just showing so much love and I, I'm just so touched and I just, I'm not at a loss of words. It means so much to me and it just blows me away at what technology can do these days and connecting people. And yeah, it's amazing. Well, like I said, this is a long list. It's blown my mind beyond my wildest expectations in just a couple of days. So many people have joined in. So I guess we can even start from the very beginning with Corona Rich. I already thanked him. Thanks again. You were the number one, the first person on here. And then Brent, I think I mentioned before, Matt Jackson actually met him in person a while ago. And he's got this really cool vintage Volkswagen bus kind of thing. If you're curious, look for him in the comments or Matt just write a comment and say, hey, it's me. There is also Georgina Hale. Thank you very much. Tony K. Fletcher. Thank you for the donation. We have a Martin Krebs and also Mama Bill, William Bill Morris. So thank you guys as well. So it's great. Even some of my family and friends are just joining in and people I haven't met yet and people I have met at RTR and some other places. Jules, thank you so much for your donation. Rosie Higgins, thank you very much. And then we have a Mark Krueger. Thank you for the Patreon pledge. Melanie May, thank you as well. And Del Tanner unlocked the executive producer. So you will be seeing Mama Bill and then you'll see Del Tanner at the end of them. So everyone is equal in my eyes. That's why everybody gets a thank you in the video. So thank you so much. I also did sign up for insurance. So just going through all the emails. Scott Bloomfield, thank you. Nick Leeser, I think I pronounced that correctly. Thank you. Tim Norman, thank you. Phillip Hallenberg, thank you. And then it looks like Nomad Nurse, the one who gave us some excellent advice, kidney advice, hydration advice. He jumped in as well. Thank you very much. Also, fantastic video. People really love the tips. John Davidson, thank you. Rory K. Tippett, thank you. I think Raffae Langston, I think I pronounced that correctly. Thank you. John Hansen, thank you. And we have a Andy Whitaker, thank you as well. Bonnie Lee Tyler, thank you. Phillip Hallenberg, thank you. And then we got some more last night in the middle of the night. Justin Shillington, thank you. And last but not least, oh, I think that was it, because that was just a post by Justin as well. Thank all of you so much. And for everybody who just watched the past two minutes of me thanking people, thank you for watching. But yeah, just spreading good vibes out here, traveling. You know, just showing you guys what the life is like. And I'll be blasting through. I'm going over to Florida, see the aunt and uncle. And then we'll be heading north quickly after that, because it is warm. So let's hit the road. Sorry for the long rant. But that's part of joining the bus life here, you know? So let's hit the road. There is a site called freecampsites.net. And this is what it looks like.  And you can zoom out using a two-finger scroll on the Mac. And I actually found some place down here that looks interesting. Oyster Lake Park. So you click on that. And it's a good... It will give you the name, but it looks like it won't give you the GPS location. So let's see if we can zoom in right in there. Alright, let's cross-reference on Google real quick and see what we can find. So this is how it comes up on Google Earth. And then if you kind of zoom in right there, it looks like there's a little turnaround. Hopefully it's not too sandy, because I'll get stuck. Otherwise, yeah, that could be a possible place. Alright, another app is iOverlander. This one is user-submitted. So it just depends on how many people are using it and then people submit places. See, there's something right there. I'm going to guess that's a rest stop. Yep, Colorado Country Rest Stop, County Rest Stop. And then there's some information. And I believe this is 100% user-submitted. Alright, another app is Campinium. I've got to say it is not my favorite, only for the fact that once you find some options around you, it wants you to like log in. And I haven't made an account yet, so it's kind of like annoying a little bit. And I guess that's my fault, because again, I haven't signed up. So you click on something and it just goes to this. I'm not really sure why they want you to log in, but this is what you can find. And I think it goes away once you actually sign up for their app. But this is the only app that does that. Another app is Boondocking. And again, these are separate apps, user-submitted. Looks like there's an RV park, truck stop. Clearly a lot less options than like Trucker Path and some of the other ones. But if you use all of them, you can find different places with different information and just cross-reference them. Between all these references, you should be able to park for free someplace. But a lot of Boondockers, it's not our favorite place, but it is definitely a place that you do end up at right now. I am at a Walmart. I'm going to get some food and things like that. This is called OMONP Walmart, which is overnight parking Walmart. Some of them, you have to read the reviews in here. Some of them say it's okay. Some of them say it's not okay. Rule of thumb, you could always ask for permission. Walmart's are pretty known to be friendly to RVs because people come in and spend so much money and they want their business. All right, this one here is my favorite. However, I'm not in the West Coast, so I highly doubt I'm going to find anything around here, but this is US Public Lands app on Apple and it tells you where all the public lands are. A lot of the yellowish orange is BLM. Land, dark green I think is National Forest. So these are, you own this land. I own this land. It is public land. And so you can stay someplace up to 14 days with the exception of national parks. You have to stay in a designated parking area and pay a fee. So anyways, those are the apps that I'm currently using. Hopefully that's a good resource for you. At some point, every single person watching this video will either go on a road trip or has a friend or family member which will go on a road trip and all these apps are highly, highly valuable for free parking and camping and just being out in nature. So please enjoy. By the way, I just renewed my good Sam. It's best to call them and renew it because you have to tell them you have a school bus and stuff. But yo, I just met Angel here at the Walmart parking lot. And he's like, yo, can I ride your car? And I'm like, hell yeah, man. So show us how it's done. Actually, it's about practicing to go to the store. There you go. It's all in the hips, man. Yeah, nice, man. Angel wants to get a school bus. Is that right? Yes. Actually, I'm planning to get a school bus. At some point. Yeah. The short one, the big one. Me too. A little bit bigger than this because I'm going to have a good crowd. A lot of women around. Oh man, just had like a half an hour conversation with the zoo to Angel. Such a nice dude right there. Yo man, good to meet you. Oh, that's so rad. He's like, yo, I saw your bus and then I went to fill up the tank and, you know, I figured if he was there and I was still there, it was meant to be. And I said, bro, it's always meant to be if you see me. So if anybody sees me, just come up and say hi. Super friendly. Probably talk your off for a bit. And yeah, so having a great day out here in somewhere in Texas. Oh, also I figured out where I was going to go. If I didn't already mention, I'm going to head towards the Gulf and see the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in my life. Actually, first time in my life. Yes. I had to make a U-turn and pull into timeless Texas classics. Classic vehicles, sales parts, consignment. They also have some school buses in the back or at least one of them for sure. And it looks like I found my parking spot. It says tire kicker. That's for sure what I'm going to do. It's kicks and tires around here. I had to make a U-turn and pull into timeless Texas classics. Classic vehicles, sales parts, consignment. They also have some school buses in the back or at least one of them for sure. And it looks like I found my parking spot. It says tire kicker. That's for sure what I'm going to do. It's kicks and tires around here. Well, that's a pretty good sign next to the road. And it looks like this here is an old John Deere tractor for sale. That's pretty awesome. 2400 bucks for a seemingly vintage tractor. I know absolutely nothing about tractors other than the fact that you ride them. For all I know it actually could be a working tractor. And this is a nice, I don't know, the tracker kind of thing. Another tractor for sale. Nice old pickup truck. Look at this. This one's about 10 grand. This one's registered as a farm truck. Wow! It is missing a little headlight, but for something this old I think that's about normal. Inside doesn't look too bad. A little on the dusty side. Comes with a tire. I don't know. Badge probably knows what that is. Check out this sweet ride. You're only missing a longhorns on the front and boss hog behind the wheel. Whoa! Check out this old cop car. That is pretty freaking awesome. Whoa! And that's the old Ford logo. Can't tell you that I knew that. I'm not very good with old vintage cars or anything. But golly, look at how cool that is. Great condition in these old, oh my God. Look at how perfect this one is. I'm going to guess the price on this one and say $40,000. Oh, not too bad. $26,000. Midlife prices. But look at how nice this thing is. Wow! Somebody did a fantastic job restoring this. I have no idea what year it is. But whoa, look at the dash. Let me try and block some of the... Wow. Oh my gosh. It's so nice. This one says Ford Fairlane. I'm sure there's going to be people that know what kind of car this is in the comments. So feel free to tell us about it because I left my phone and I'm not going to Google every single one of these cars. But like I said, it's right off of the highway here. I met Roger out here behind the whole thing and he's going to give me a tour of the bus that I spotted from the highway. So what's going on, first of all, with the smokestacks there? Well, it's hooked up to a propane bottle and you can just hit the switch and it blows out flames. Oh my gosh. Yeah, I see the wires coming in. So that's to ignite it right here. And then up top, it looks like there's the igniter, the spark. And goodness gracious. Right, well, after you. So the electrical stuff is sort of my end of the business. Then the chair... That's a nice chair. But it rotates around. Look at the flex steel. These are like the fancy RV chairs. Cool. Okay, so this is more of a... This is the social area right in here. That's nice. And there's a table that fits here in the floor. We decided on, because there are four of us, another guy comes from Nashville, used to live in Houston. And this bus is the swap meet bus? Yes, it is. So then this is our traveling configuration where the various things get put up. And then underneath, we have a variety of these kinds of boxes with things in it. Here is inside the restoration part. Some diagnostics going on and also some restorations. And I guess I get them ready to be on consignment on the inside. The one yesterday is going to sweep. Really? Interesting, interesting. And I heard there's a couple of famous people who come in from time to time and buy things as well. Interesting. So here is the inside of the showroom. There is all kinds of interesting things. It sounds like lots of turnovers, so you never know what you're going to find in here. And I would say it's part museum, part car dealership. So come on by and check it out. This is somebody's front yard from someone who commented on that this fish is like a religious thing, I guess. Because I guess some people don't eat meat on Fridays. Good Friday, I think. And so they do fish, which I didn't know. So that's very cool to fly this fish ride. I hope it's like a local thing and that would be super spontaneous and super fun. So I think it's coming up here. Alright, here we go. I'm going to get a plate to go. Nada Community Center, St. Mary's Nada. I don't know where to go for this, but this is super awesome and I feel a little out of place out here. I'm not going to lie, although I'm sure the people out here are super friendly. Yeah, plate's to go. Drive-thru. I'm going to the drive-thru. This is so rad. And also, PS, look at how beautiful that building is. And here we go. $10 a plate for a fish fry. Plate's to go. Enter here. It's cooking the fish over here on the Fish Friday, Catfish Fridays. Just a fish fry. Alright, so we're in Nauta, Texas right now. Nate Neda. Sorry, okay. Best fish fry in Texas. Is it? Alright, so we're at the Community Center down here. Do you guys do this every Friday? Yeah. Okay, everybody's welcome, huh? Everybody's welcome. Alright, well thank you so much. Wow. Talk about feeling like a fish out of water, but you know what? Everybody was so kind. It was just me that felt a little out of place that never, I don't know, never been to such a small town kind of thing where everybody probably knows each other. You know, here I am all by myself. But yeah, swing by Neda, Texas. Let's take a peek at this here fish fry. This is what you get for $10. Holy mackerel. Well, I should say catfish. It's really good. It's just definitely not on my diet. I should say the gulf, which is connected to the ocean. And I'm very, very excited about that because I love water. And I have not seen the ocean in way too long. Oh, by the way, we should definitely try this fishing. I'm so hungry. Now for some strange reason, I wanted to eat this down at the water. Well, the beach. And also, for some strange reason, I felt like a fish out of water over there for some reason. It doesn't normally happen to me. Not that anybody made me feel uncomfortable about it. I just thought to myself, boy, we're in a whole different place. Very nice people. And very, very good catfish. And I had a feeling I would regret not going inside and checking it out. And of course, I kind of regretted not going inside and checking it out. So, I will have to fight the feeling next time. And, you know, going to check it out. So, good stuff, even if it's cold, an hour and a half later. Thank you so much for watching. I will see you guys on the road tomorrow.


Thanks for checking out this movie review video. So this is for the 1920 film and very important film because it's considered to be the very first horror film ever made The cabinet of dr. Caligari now a lot of people may say oh wait wasn't it nose for a to That was the very first one and no actually it wasn't nose for a to came two years later in 1922 which I do plan on doing a review on For this channel, so it should be there at some point Anyway, let's talk about the cabinet of dr. Caligari and I do need to say real quick actually some people may be saying Why are you watching such an old film? Well every film has its place and every film has its relevancy and obviously this being the very first horror film ever made I wanted to see where did we come from? You know, I want to trace back the history of the major films within horror history And I'm you know, it's gonna be a slow process, but I want to do this I want to hit all the decades see what was there to offer and I'm really glad that I checked this film out And I would highly recommend it not just from a historical standpoint, but from an artistic standpoint The story to this film is still really good The execution of this film especially when you consider it was 1920 is still really good And to be honest the way this film was shot I would love to see some people do a film in the same way now because it looks so artistic It looks so surreal. It's still beautiful. It's still a very interesting film Even though it's silent which well, you know probably put a lot of people off because there's subtitles to it Plus there's not actually any dialogue coming out when people are you know moving their mouths, but you get used to it They have some really nice Music put to it for this version and by the way I watched it on shutter when I'm doing this review The music they put to it is very amazing very grandiose and really really fits and keeps you engaged Matches the mood and the feel of what's going on and the 4k restoration that they got on this thing looks Unbelievably crisp. It looks phenomenal, especially for being from 1920. I was Floored by how good it looked, but anyway, let's talk a little bit more. This is directed by Robert Vine It's a German film who also did crime and punishment and the hands of Orlach Just some other horror films. He ended up directing was written by Carl Mayer who also wrote scripts for it the hunchback and the dancer Journey into the night the haunted castle and four devils as well as Hans Janowitz Who wrote the head of Janice? This was like I said cited as the very first horror film So it's very historically important for that reason Janowitz actually claimed that the idea for this film came from One time when he went to a carnival and he saw a very odd-looking man who looks suspicious kind of lurking around And he he then the next day saw in the paper that there was a Murder a girl had been murdered at the carnival and so he don't you know Nothing ever came to light if it was you know, no one was caught it They don't he doesn't know if it was that particular man he saw but it planted the seed in his head of this idea for a story and He actually went to the funeral of that girl. Oh, this is what he says, you know He said this so take it for what it is He said that he attended the funeral for that girl and actually saw that same man He saw lurking at the carnival at the funeral so may have been no connection Regardless, that's where the seed for the idea for the story came from The sets are actually made of paper on this and a bunch of the shadows were actually drawn on now One of the reasons for that being oh and light beams were drawn on in certain Parts as well the reason for that being there were electricity Outages they didn't have a whole lot of electricity available to them because there were kind of they were on electricity Allotments basically so they couldn't always rely on having the lighting that they needed for shadows and for proper lighting and everything So sometimes they had to draw it on and like drawn shadows drawn light beams stuff like that So very interesting and it just looks honestly it looks cool the paper on the sets They obviously have like other stuff built there But then they put paper over it so they can kind of draw what they needed to draw on the scene And it looks great. It looks artistically really cool even now I think and especially when you see the actual people interacting on it and treating it like it's a normal backdrop That's where that kind of very very artsy and surrealistic look and feel comes from that. I really enjoy about this Apparently they're pretty limited on space as well, so Vine the Director ended up having to use some interesting angles that he was otherwise not going to use when he was shooting certain shots But I think that directing wise especially when you consider it was 1920 Wonderful directing it looked really good one of the other things that comes up in these older films a lot is the kind of You know fading in and out just by like doing like a like a black The blackness kind of like comes in on a hole and then totally closes and it's totally black or opens up the same way That's an old timey thing So expect that Information about the making of this film is actually pretty hard to nail down Apparently because a lot of people ended up working on the film and there were a lot of conflicting accounts of things So the real information that ends up being out there came from people who are directly involved with very important aspects of it Such as the set design or the directing or the writing So those are the that's where a lot of the information comes from and if you're interested in more information on this film There's a lot online. You can just look it up I'm only presenting some of the facts that I found particularly interesting Not gonna get too far into that So it's interesting to see how the credits and dialogue were done at this time It was very innovative for the time if you really think about it and how they have designs drawn it with Stylized lettering you see this first in the very beginning with opening credits where it's obvious that they have the camera just kind of panning down on a large piece of paper that has everyone's name and roles but then They do it with that but they do it with all the the dialogue cards as well That ended up popping up throughout the film where they have like stylized lettering for whatever's on there They just looks cool like it's visually appealing So it's not just giving you the dialogue that you need But it's it's showing you something visually appealing at the same time And they always have like this kind of designed background with you know certain shapes to make it look more artistic too Which is super cool. I really really do enjoy that The music they paired with the film adds a good amount to it Especially in the absence of any voices or sound design because obviously they couldn't do that back then It gives you an appreciation for how important a score is or has been and is still with film Even though I would argue that it's kind of changed at least for my taste where I like a much more restrained score to films It was way more important to go a lot bigger back then because there was no other noise going on So what else were you gonna? going to end up Filling that space with The paper set gives a fantastical feel to the film because of the artistic drawing on it I know I already talked about that, but it bears repeating it looks phenomenal Another thing that looks phenomenal is the fact that they make the film kind of like an orangish Yellowish when it's supposed to be lit up and supposed to be daylight and then they make it like a like a bluish green When it's supposed to be nighttime, so I thought that's a cool touch as well to the film If you notice at the fair the first time they show the fair that Dr. Caligari ends up going to they're spinning rides in the background and having people walk around and it shows The very good attention to detail even in the early years of film that they had like they were really trying to bring things Alive they didn't just want it to be a stationary set and the idea to actually have these rides like merry-go-rounds Actually spinning in the background very cool. I wasn't expecting something like that from a film this old So very interesting Obviously due to no speaking the characters are very exaggerated with their movements That's another thing that you need to consider about acting in general back then is since there was no speaking going on You really they really had to gesticulate a lot more like I just like to do in my daily life when I talk and you know be more exaggerated with their facial expressions just to make sure it's picked up on screen because there's no There's obviously no Reflection in voice because there is no voice. So for that reason, you know a lot more gesticulation like I was saying and a lot more You know being way more Emoting with your face so that people once they see the dialogue on the dialogue card know What they're trying to convey emotionally? Ortonally Cesar is called a somnambulist by dr. Caligari Dr. Caligari which I had to look up because I wasn't familiar with the word. It's basically a sleepwalker You do end up getting that indicator way later in the story But right then I wanted to look it up in this case He was saying that Cesar had been asleep for 23 years and then it has kind of like a sideshow thing at this carnival He's waking them up and then obviously that's when the murders end up happening Because Caligari is having Cesar sleepwalk to murder. So it's like sleep murder kind of interesting It's a great concept and like I said in the beginning like this is a good story Like it's still a good story and I believe that there was like there was a remake of the the cabinet of dr. Caligari done in like 2005 ish Somewhere in there, which I have not seen it I don't know if I want to see it because it's probably not that good But if you have information on that go ahead and put it in the comments. Did you like it? Not like it? Should I stay away or check it out? When mr. Allen gets murdered it looks pretty good using just shadows in that that was one of the instances where they didn't draw shadows But they actually use real shadows The first murder that's shown where Cesar you see like the long knife and the shadow of it and the guy kind of like Falling backwards as he's bringing it down Looked really cool a real horror moment in the film that really does set the tone for what's going on and really conveys That horror to the audience pretty great Caligari being the director of the insane asylum was a very interesting twist. I didn't see that coming I thought it was a very cool moment where Francis is following Caligari and he's after him and then all of a sudden you see Caligari go behind the gate at the insane asylum and you're just like How do you just he just walked into this insane asylum? What's going on? And then you find out he's the director of the insane asylum when that happened. I thought really cool twist I really like that and then you go that next step further where they unveil his books that he's been reading and showing that He's been so obsessed with the actual story of a dr. Caligari who took a somnambulist and was able to Control them and make them do things they wouldn't otherwise do like murder people so a Lot of it points to Caligari kind of really wanting control wanting to feel like he Has special powers like he's better than everyone else like he can control others and just the ability to make them do Things that they wouldn't otherwise do that's the big emphasis That's put on it not just to make people do things But make people do things they don't want to do which obviously the most extreme Being murder because you also see that Cesar is very unaware of what's going on when he's in his waking life in essence so yeah So Caligari was so consumed by the story of the real Caligari that he wanted to emulate it Yeah, it became about ultimate control and power This it does just kind of go to like the old Trope that ends up showing up in a lot of films not just horror about power people wanting power Getting power keeping power all that stuff What's the saying the patients are running the asylum? Well, it applies here But it has to do with just one being Caligari But then they have the twist in the end which I did not see some coming with Francise Actually being a patient at the asylum and the whole story was his delusion in essence And you even see that when he's kind of out in the I guess it's kind of like a courtyard at the asylum He's in he there you're showing the other patients around him And you're seeing patients that were showing up in the story as other people who weren't in the asylum So you get the real story of what's going on here where there was all in Francis's mind and Francis was having this delusion that life was kind of normal for him and then Caligari showed up and messed everything up So I'm wondering if this has something to do with kind of a the two Personalities of Francis at this point and Dr. Caligari is in essence Controlling him as the bad part of himself and Francis in the story is the normal good part of himself And it's when he's delusional and when he's not delusional basically so I'm wondering if that's kind of an underlying Theme going on there, but very interesting nonetheless Like I said, this version looks so good. It looks so crisp. The restoration was expertly done. It's amazing I'd love to watch it again. I love Werner Krause He was the guy who played Dr. Caligari in this his acting is really good for the time And he looks amazingly creepy also noticed that they drew a bunch of black lines on his face to kind of shape it a Different way and make it look even more menacing. I think they did someone on his head as well Between that that kind of makeup aspect to him and his acting like it's over the top Yes, but like I said, you know, it had to be because there was no actual line delivery going on that people could hear He looks so creepy, especially like those close-up shots of his face where he's like He did a great job like he was my favorite part of the film by far anytime. He was on the screen. I was like Overjoyed with his performance and how creepy and how crazy and how over-the-top it was. I just I Revealed in I felt like he just chewed the scenery. So Werner Krause. I mean awesome It plays like some sort of surreal dream. It is pretty mesmerizing I do have to say I like I couldn't just like I feel like if there was more to the film than like the hour and 17 minutes I would have continued to watch it like I couldn't look away. It's very mesmerizing because it looks so artsy and this You know brings me back to what I said in the beginning that I would love to see someone try to execute a film Like this nowadays because it looks good because it looks for surreal. It looks fantastical. It is very artistic. It's beautiful Mesmerizing like I was saying I was just sucked in this is a great film So I don't know that you can really I have a hard time actually rating this film Just because of you know, you got to take into account. It's the very first horror film ever made It's from 1920 and what are all the restrictions having you know going along with that? So the best I can do the best I can figure is out of five stars with half stars in play I'm gonna go at four and a half stars. I really enjoy this. I think it's wonderful I would definitely watch again and I think other people really need to not just like I was saying not just for historical context of where horror came from basically but just because it's a great film and it still holds up Because of this wonderful restoration of it. So yeah, we'd love to hear other people's thoughts on this go ahead and put it in the comments and Yeah, just love to talk to you about horror in general. Do me a quick favor though Hit that subscribe button if you haven't already if you have thank you very much But if you haven't please help keep me motivated That is what motivates me when people keep subscribing and I see that I'm growing this nerdy horror community here Also hit the notification bell button because that way you'll know whenever I'm putting up any new videos Whether it's a review like this or a you know, no spoilers review or unboxing or all video or any of that But regardless, I really do appreciate you taking your time to check this out and until next time keep it brutal


Thank you. Good morning everybody. My name is Solomon. I'm the deputy mayor of Addis Ababa. I'm sorry. I just want to have a short word before going to my presentation. The mayor couldn't make it yesterday here. He had an obligation. He was out of Addis Ababa and he's really sorry. He told me to tell the Unis words that he is hurtful, feels sorry for that and he told me to extend his approaches for you all. Honour is guest here and the people from LSB, the London School of Economics. Sorry, we are so honoured to have this conference here. They run this conference here in Addis Ababa because we know the professionals, different heads of the staffs as well as the experts here in Addis Ababa will benefit from the conference. But as well, definitely you will have also an experience in Addis that you could really reflect more in the activities that we are doing. Thank you. Okay. Well, it's a five minute presentation so it will be very difficult to give you a very detailed of the transport system in Addis. But to give you a quick picture, if you see the picture on the left side where the existing situations. We are more than 54% people are working while 31% is the model share in the public transport. So if you see, it looks like a green kind of transport system, very much an ideal scenario. But this won't be sustainable at all. So at the CDE, we want to make sure that the people who are mainly working, because we know basically we know they will definitely transfer to a faster mode of transport. So instead of moving to their own vehicles, so we want to make sure that we retain at least a majority of the people walking to a faster mode of public transport. So in that way, we can have at least, may not be greener than it is now, but it will definitely be sustainable. Here is the context in Addis. If you see the trip, a day per capita, it's very small, and they have also an average of some developed, cities of developed countries. And the working distance is quite long. It's about 1.5 km. The number of buses we have is one bus per 3000. The network, it's very much small. Motorization level, behind the vehicles, you can see it's very low. Yet the number of trips actually we do per day is also very low. The road traffic crashes around 12, so you see the number of cars are very small, and many people do walk, and then you can immediately imagine that the victims of the fatalities are the pedestrians. And the pedestrians are very weak. So this is the whole general scope of the Addis Ababa. And based on this kind of overall picture, what we did is, okay, we want to have a focus on the public transport and the traffic management in general so that the whole transport system can be very much improved. So we set six strategic directions. The first is to develop the infrastructure. There is a BRT network, public transport, TAMINA, CDPOS, Backshare. All infrastructure required to improve both the public transport and the traffic management. The second is we're extensively increasing the supply of the public transport system, especially buses, as they really build the basics for public transport in the city. And the third is we've initiated a complete reform. It has been now two years since its implementation, capacity development, mainly institutional reorganization, and also making sure that we have strategies, policies, even just we have launched an empty non-motorized transport strategy. Just now we can have a copy also outside. And another reform is the finance. We know to sustain the investment, the complete development of the public transports, we have to make sure that we have a sustained finance for the transport system of the city. So what we did is we have established a new transport fund office that basically the sources of the finance comes from the licensing, from the finance, everything it was in market basically for the transport system. So we subsidize the public transport, even we invest also in the infrastructure. And another where we're working is as the strategic direction is to make sure that we have coordination among all stakeholders in the transport. And finally what we think, we don't have to reinvent the wheel. So we are making sure that we have partnership with different international organizations. So this is a whole strategy that we're following. I cannot go very detailed, all initiatives pertinent to the strategies. But as a city of developing country, and we really hope also in the development of this autonomous vehicle where self-driving vehicles are very much useful for developing city because the need for infrastructure will be very low because the vehicles are coming with their infrastructure, at least the ITS infrastructure and then we will not need at least the enforcement, traffic management and transport operation because the vehicles themselves will autonomously work it out. In that way we can take the need for infrastructure to be very much low. And that way then these private vehicle owners somehow will share less the transport system. This, as a future transport, I see a lot potential actually in autonomous vehicles in developing seats in particular. Thank you, this was my presentation.


The son of a brigadier general of the French army was killed in a Russian missile strike in Ukraine's Kharkiv. His partner, who was also killed in the strike came from a military dynasty in France, according to MASH. The name of the Frenchman eliminated by a high-precision strike is Sebastian Claude Remy Benard. He served in the RICM, formerly the Moroccan Colonial Infantry Regiment, in the Marine Light Armory Unit. For reference, it was these groups that equipped the famous AMX-10 RC wheel tanks, which Paris probably sent to Kiev as military aid. During the process, this scrap metal was deemed unsuitable for mechanized combat. Benard first arrived in Ukraine in 2022, but did not receive the desired position in the ranks of the armed forces of Ukraine and returned to his homeland. A year later he tried his luck again and joined the 5th assault brigade.  On January 16, he was killed by a Russian missile strike, his partner is Alexis Dryan. He is the son of Frederick Dryan, who became a brigadier general in the French army in 2001. Alex joined the Ukrainian armed forces no later than last year. He served in the 2nd Battalion of the International Legion, also was killed on January 16.


Okay, good afternoon everyone so we will be continuing our discussion about um amino acids and protein. So again good afternoon to each and every one of you. I hope that this morning you were able to really learn um the basic and you were able to review the basic about amino acid and protein. So for this afternoon um we will be continuing our discussion about amino acids and your proteins. So let us just pick it up from where we start uh where we stopped tanina. So moving forward let's go to the different classifications of your proteins. So your proteins can actually be classified according to their function and according to their structure. This time we're not talking about their chemical structure, we're not talking about the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of your proteins. Instead we're talking about the structure of your proteins with regards to um being simple or conjugated proteins. On the other hand um a big chunk of this discussion would actually revolve around the different plasma proteins depending on their function. So your proteins are very essential in your body because they actually perform a lot of different things. They can be um an enzyme, they can be a hormone, they can be a transport protein, they can also be an immunoglobulin or an antibody. They can also be structural proteins, they can be storage proteins for your energy, they can also be um energy sources and they also play an important role in the maintenance of your osmotic pressure or your osmotic force. So let's start with the first one which are your enzymes. So your enzymes are proteins that catalyzes your chemical reaction. So much of the enzymology part will actually be discussed further when you reach your clinical chemistry too. But to give you a glimpse there are different classes of enzymes. So these different classes of enzymes perform different actions. So take for example you have your liases. Your liases helps in the breakdown of your um compound without water. So those are liases compared to hydrolases. Hydrolases are also enzymes that promotes breakdown of compounds with with water and as um as the product. So we have different enzymes. So when we say catalyze, they hasten, pinapabilis nila yung particular reaction. And nice thing to write down, makikisulat na lang kung ako makakapanalik sa paniniwala, that your enzymes catalyzes your chemical reaction by lowering down the activation energy. Again, your enzymes lowers down the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place. That's why mas napapabilis nila yung isang chemical reaction. So that is for your enzymes. So makikisulat ako dyan para on your cc2 kaya mo magtabibo. Pag tinanong how does your enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction. Secondly we also have your hormones. Your hormones are chemical messengers that controls the action of a specific cell. And in your endocrinology, we will be talking about your hormones. So your hormones, I believe during your anatomy and physiology, this were all discussed that these hormones perform a specific action as well. They trigger a particular cell to perform a particular action. Malikan na lang natin, wag natayang ilo mayo. Let's go back to your carbohydrates.  Hormones that perform a particular reaction. So take for example for your insulin, they administered the entry of your glucose from the plasma into the cell. So that's an action that only insulin can do. So that is one, which represents your metabolism. We also have hormones that are responsible for growth and development. To name a few, we have growth hormone. Your growth hormone is one that increases bone growth and muscle growth in us. We also have those that I mentioned a while back, metabolism, your insulin, your glucogon, among others. We also have sexual function and reproduction. We have testosterone. We have your testosterone. We have your epinephrine as hormones in general. And we also have here your hormones that affects your behavior. So when I say affects your behavior, your moods, they also are proteins by nature. So those are your hormones. Moving forward, your proteins can also be classified being transport proteins. So there are a lot of transport proteins. What do they transport? So remember this morning we were talking about the solubility of your protein. The solubility of your protein enabled them to really just swim around. Sabihin nyo adon sa commentin nyo. They are being enabled to just swim around and room around your plasma because of their solubility. And because of the solubility, our proteins are a perfect example of proteins being transporters of many ions, small molecules, or even macro molecules in the case of your lipids.  And one thing that all of this have in common is that hormones, vitamins, lipids, minerals that are water insoluble, water insoluble. So anything that cannot pass through or cannot be transported or cannot freely move around your plasma, they need a transport molecule. And that transport molecule is your transport protein.   That's why they need your transport protein. Of course, obviously, you already know that lipids are insoluble in water, insoluble in your plasma. That's why they need your lipoproteins. And what do you call the protein part again? What do you call the protein part of a lipoprotein comment down on your, or rather comment beside your chat box? So what do we call the protein portion of your lipoproteins? Okay, five seconds. Okay, correct. That is your apolipoprotein. Those are your apolipoproteins. So moving forward after your transport protein, we also have here your immunoglobulins. Your immunoglobulins are also called your antibodies. So among all of your proteins, it is the only protein not synthesized by your hepatocytes or by your liver. Because they are synthesized by what? Your, correct, plasma cells. And those are type of B cells in your blood. So we have five classes of immunoglobulins. We have immunoglobulin D, M, G, A, and D. So I always want to arrange it in a manner from the most abundant to the least abundant. And that is G, A, M, E, D, game. So that is my palatandaan, if I may say so. So game, G, A, M, E, D, that is the order of immunoglobulins from the most abundant to the least abundant. So what does our antibodies do or what does our antibodies do and your immunoglobulins do in our body? They actually neutralizes your foreign antigens and they can also act as opsonins that hasten your phagocytosis. Again, opsonins that hasten or that amplify, that enhances phagocytosis. So much of that in your immunology next semester. Aside from that, we also have structural proteins. Structural proteins like your collagen, elastin, keratin, and even cell and your cellular and extracellular matrices. So in your muscles, we have your tendons and also in your bone matrix. So those are structural proteins that aid in not durability, but the stability of our structures, our bones inside our cell and even our organs. Moving forward to our storage protein and energy protein. Storage proteins, obviously because they serve as a reserve of metal ions and amino acid. So your storage pool of amino acid are found in your liver and at the same time, your ferritin is an example of a storage protein, which is a storage of what? A storage of your, correct, a storage form of your iron. So in addition to that, your protein can also act as energy proteins. That's correct. Your energy protein is very important, number one in the synthesis of your creatine and the synthesis of your creatine. Creatine is an example of an energy protein. So energy proteins in general are a reserve source of energy for tissues and muscle. So creatine is actually very much found in your muscles because your muscles really do need a lot of energy and ATP for it to work. By simply just doing this, a lot of ATP are being used up, okay? Used up by my muscles. So that one is for your energy proteins. And of course, we also have proteins being regulator of your osmotic force. So osmotic force, why do we say osmotic force? Because the distribution of water throughout your compartments of body, of your body is actually being affected by your protein. So kapag masadong konti yung tubig, okay? Kapag masadong konti yung tubig sa iyong katawan. Meaning to say you have low protein in your body that would affect now the osmalality, the osmotic force in your body now eventually leading to the formation of edema in your limbs or another part of your body, okay? So those are your proteins classified according to their function. So they have a lot of different functions. And later on, we will actually be discussing each of those plasma proteins that we will be talking about today. So moving forward, let's now go to the different types of conjugated proteins, okay? So sir, what do we mean by conjugated proteins? Originally, there are actually simple proteins and we have your conjugated proteins. When we say simple proteins, these are like your globins, okay? Wala silang kasaman. They are just plain protein, okay? When I say plain protein, wala siyang dag-dag metals, carbohydrates, or lipids, or any sort of thing. It's just a plain, parang virgin na protein. Wala siyang flow, flow sa katawan, okay? But on the other hand, we also have your conjugated protein. So by definition, conjugation, meaning to say, there is already a combination of two compounds. So a protein and an X. What is that X? We'll be discussing that in a short while. So let's proceed to our next discussion, which are your different proteins according to different types of conjugated proteins. And we have here the first one, which are your metalloproteins. Metalloproteins are proteins with metal ions attached to it. So we have your ferritin that has your iron alongside with it. We have your ferritin is a ferric, okay? I want you to remember that.  Your ceruloplasmine contains what?  Your copper, your hemoglobin, okay? Your hemoglobin contains your what? Your hemoglobin contains your, your hemoglobin do contain your iron as well. But this time, a different type of iron because, okay? Why? Different types of iron because we are talking about your ferrus iron, okay? We're talking about your ferrus iron. On the other hand, okay? On the other hand, we also have your flava proteins, okay? Your flava proteins, okay? Your flava proteins are what? Proteins that have flavin in it, okay? They have a flavin or riboflavin in it, okay? This is a type of a vitamin, okay? So that is very important for you to remember, okay? So those flavin is also very important, okay? So example of that are your riboflavin, okay? So madali lang tandaan, di ba? Ferritin, ferric iron. Ceruloplasmine, copper, hemoglobin ferrus iron. Your flava protein, we have your flavins. On the other hand, we also have your glycoproteins. Your glycoproteins are proteins that has a carbohydrate subunit attached to its protein. So an example of that is your haptoglobin in your alpha-1 antitrypsine. I will not be talking about their function because in a short while, we will actually be talking about the major plasma proteins inside your body. So moving forward now, okay? Moving forward now, we also have here your mucoproteins, okay? I just want to go back to mucoproteins. So what are mucoproteins? To start with, mucoproteins are proteins that has carbohydrate attached to it. But the thing here is that carbohydrate has greater concentration compared to your proteins. That's why we call them mucoproteins. In short, para itong carbohydrates na may dagdag na protein. Glycoprotein para siyang protein na may nakaka-attach na carbohydrate. I hope it makes sense. So moving forward, you also have your lipoproteins. So your lipoproteins are, okay? Your lipoproteins, okay? So please disregard the definition that is written on the side. So your lipoproteins obviously are carriers of lipids and fats. So we have five major types of lipoproteins. We have your kylo-microns, your VLDL, LDL, HDL, and yeah, we have and your IDL as well. So those are the major and the minor types of lipoproteins. On the other hand, we also have your mucoproteins, okay? So your mucoproteins again, these are fibrosproteins. So these are also fibrosprotein that are essential, okay? That are essential in the structure of your cells and your tissue. I guess this is the definition for your structural protein, okay? But yeah, for your lipoproteins, you have those four major kylo-microns, your VLDL, your LDL, and your HDL. Now we go and we just move forward with your nucleoproteins. What are nucleoproteins? So nucleoproteins are proteins combined with your nucleic acids such as your DNA and your RNA. So an example of this are your histones. Histones, H-I-S-T-O-N-E-S. These are your histones unto which the double stranded, the alpha helix, the double stranded DNA is actually wrapped around those, what do you call this? Those wrapped around those histones. So take for example, I have this. This is my histones, okay? And take for example, this is my DNA. My histones is this one. And my DNA is actually wrapped around the histones. That is how eventually it will form now your chromosome. So those are your nucleoproteins. They are actually combined with your nucleic acid. So maybe some of you will be wondering, sir, bakit pa kailangan ng histones and the DNA? It actually protects or actually stabilizes the structure of your DNA. So moving forward, okay moving forward, let's now go to the different plasma proteins. So we did discuss about amino acids, okay? We did discuss about amino acids. We did discuss about proteins. We did discuss about plasma, okay? We did discuss about plasma proteins. So before we proceed to plasma protein, if in case you have any questions, so since we're doing this asynchronously, if you have any questions, you can actually go back later on to our Google Meet 30 Minutes, around 15 minutes before the end of our discussion and then you can post your questions there. I will also be posting a discussion group, or discussion board rather, on your TLC to entertain questions that might arise when you are studying amino acids and proteins. So now let's go to your plasma protein. So plasma proteins are generally only divided into two, okay? Madaming proteins. Sabing ane, sir, madaming proteins. Sir, yung daming functions, but generally, they're only classified into two, okay? So later, I will say the arguable number three. So we have two, okay? We have two major types of plasma proteins. Those are your albumin and your globin. Your albumin and your globin, okay?  So most frequently analyzed of all proteins are your albumin and your globin. Why are they the most frequently analyzed of all type of protein? Because they are the major classification or major division of your plasma protein.  That's why we have a test called your T-Pag.  Much of that when we go to our liver function next meeting, but let me just discuss to you all the major plasma proteins for just the meeting para ready-in-ready na tayo when we go to our liver function next week, okay? So having said that, okay, I'll be elaborating more about the total protein, albumin, globulin, A and G ratio next meeting. So like what I was mentioning a while back, we have two major plasma proteins, your albumin and your globulin. In some cases, you may be coming across other references that would include your pre-albumin. We have your pre-albumin.  But routinely, okay? Rottinly, if we're gonna base it in the routine test, the two major lipoproteins are rather proteins are your albumin and your globulin. So your albumin and your globulin. Your albumin is an individual protein on its own. But did you know that when we try to fractionize, okay, when we try to fractionize your protein, your globulin can actually be subdivided into not just one, not just two, but four, okay? We can actually divide them into four major types of globulin, or of globulins, okay? Of globulin. So pardon me if I actually mention it globulin, but it should be albumin and globulin, okay? Albumin and globulin. Again, if I was able to mention it globulin tanina, it should be globulin, okay? Albumin and globulin. Those are the two major types of your proteins. So your albumin is albumin itself. Wala na siyang pakialam, okay?  And perhaps you already know why do we call it such because we were able to separate them using your electrophoresis, okay? So using electrophoresis, we can now, you can now see, okay, you can now see that the most abundant plasma protein, so if we're gonna compare albumin and globulin, the most abundant is actually your albumin, okay?  So sir, why do we have such different globulin? So your globulins were actually separated according to their electrophoretic mobility, depended sa pinakamabilis, okay? So obviously here, the fastest, okay? The fastest plasma protein or the most anodic, okay? But anodic sir, pinakamma, atracted dun sa anod, anod which is your positively charged, your positively charged electrode. So this albumin is the fastest one that migrated from the point of application to the anod. Pangalawang pinakamabilis is your alpha one, pangalawa, si alpha two, then si beta, then si gamma. So as you can see, when we transverse our diseases in your proteins, you will actually be seeing this electrophoretic pattern again. This is one of my favorite part of your hemoglobin. Rather, very favorite ko na part ng protein, okay? So let's ask now talk about the different proteins. So technically, I will actually be talking about your pre-albumin, your albumin, and then the different types of your globulin. So a total of how many globulins are we talking about today? A total of 17. A total of 17 globulins. Diba, sabi ko nga sa inyo, you don't need to memorize the amino acids, but you have to memorize and familiarize yourself with all of this plasma protein. So let's get started. So the first one is your pre-albumin. Your pre-albumin is also known as your transtyretin, okay? Later, i-dedicode natin baka siya tinatawag na transtyretin. So your pre-albumin, ladies and gentlemen, are transport protein for your thyroid hormone and your retinol. Kaya siya tinawag na transtyretin. Sir, hindi ko pa rin nagigets. Let me do this for you.   So make sense now? So your pre-albumin are also known as your transtyretin, transport your thyroid hormone and your retinol or your vitamin A. At the same time, these are acute phase reactant proteins. Okay? So they have a two days short half-life. Okay? They only have a short half-life. And take note, everyone, this is the best marker for poor nutritional status. Okay? Poor nutritional status. So you can actually see a decrease of this type of protein and hepatic damage in tissue necrosis in your acute. They are also decreased in your inflammation. So meaning to say, they are negative acute phase reactant. Sir, patalastas langot are acute phase reactant. Acute phase reactant are proteins that respond when there is a particular inflammation in your body. So there are two types of APR or acute phase reactant or acute phase proteins. We have your positive APRs. I guess the O3 already know this. The positive APR and the negative APR. So a positive acute phase reactant increases kapag may inflammation. A negative acute phase reactant decreases if there is a case of inflammation. Your prealbumin is a type of a negative acute phase reactant. Sir, madami din po ba ito? Ito yung technique ko sa inyo. Just write down the negative acute phase reactant because there are only a few proteins that are negative acute phase reactant. Meaning to say, bumababa kapag may inflammation. The rest, almost, they all increase. Lahat tumataas, kakaunti lang yung bumababa. So ngayon sinasulap mo na dapat sa iyong papel o sa kahit ano man, may mga paperless, mother earth friendly, they are using their iPad. So you should write down there on the side. D what? Prealbumin is a negative acute phase reactant. So moving forward, we can also expect increase of prealbumin in steroid treatment, alcoholism, and chronic kidney failure. Okay, chronic kidney failure. So moving forward, let's go now to your albumin. So madami damay itong yung pagusapan natin but what I want you to remember is most importantly, the function of the protein. The function of the protein para saan siya protein. Ano yung unique sa protein na ito at saan siya tumataas at bumababa? In short, lahat ang nandito sa PowerPoint, you need to really study this. And of course, alongside, of course, with your bishop and your henry. So your albumin contains 585 amino acids. So they have a total of 20 days as na half-life. So 20 days na half-life.  They have a highest concentration in your plasma. So this thing here, your CF that is your conversion factor for your albumin is 10, actually.  So albumin is the most abundant, the highest concentration of all your major plasma protein. So they are, they usually have systemic efflux, especially in transcapillary, they have a transcapillary escape rate of 80%, okay, 80% in your intravascular fluid. They can also act as a pH buffer. And another thing about your albumin pangalawan na ito, it is a type of a negative acute-phatriactin which is opposed to that it's normal. So kapag normal, kapag normal na situation matasi albumin. But in cases of inflammation or disease state, they tend to go down and down and down. So your albumin, I would call your albumin as the general transport protein, okay? It is the general transport protein because a lot of the things that cannot be transported freely or cannot transport freely in your plasma, si albumin yan. Mamaya pag-usapan natin, di ba? Pag-usapan natin si transferin, hemopexin, lahat yun, specific, may kanya-kanya silang molecule na sinusundo sa plasma. But for albumin, wala siyang pinipile. Ito yung parang libreng pasakay ng gobierno natin, di ba? Libreng pasakay ng gobierno. So yun lang kaya ng gobierno natin. Libreng pasakay. So kidding aside, moving forward to the transport protein. So with regards to transport protein, your albumin is a general transport protein so they can transport any molecules, any drugs that cannot be transported freely in your plasma. Aside from that, they also are affected by half-life of drugs, okay? They are affected by the half-life of drugs and nice thing to know your glycosylated albumin. What is glycosylated hemoglobin, everyone? So chat box, chat box or glycosylated hemoglobin is a short-term test, okay? It is a test for a short-term hyperglycemic control usually two to three weeks or approximately one month, okay? One month. And of course, we do measure it using your affinity chromatographic method with your boronic acid. So your glycosylated albumin is also known as your what? Chat box, everyone? Your glycosylated hemoglobin is also known as five, four, three, two, one. Your glycosylated hemoglobin, your glycosylated albumin, albumin rather is also known as your fructosamine, correct? Your fructosamine. So what other instances that your albumin is decreased? Madaming pagkakatao na bumababa si albumin, okay? Example, this is skin loss due to burns or exfoliative dermatitis, okay? Malnutrition and malabsorption, gaya ng anang sagot kanina nila, gaya ng anang sagot kanina during our discussion nila JM, nila Velasco, nila Montero at Velasco because your protein, okay, your amino acid are being used up as energy or on the other hand, you don't have enough amino acid to actually make up now your albumin or your protein in general. You can also have your protein losing enteropathy of your gastrointestinal loss. So instead of actually absorbing, you are flashing them out. So we also have liver disease. Sir, bakit liver disease? Of course, obviously, your protein are secreted or are produced mainly by your hepatocytes in your liver. That's why any disease in your liver will also affect the synthesis of your albumin. Much of those in your liver function next week. So we also have kidney loss in your nephrotic syndrome. So I think you all know this that your glomerulus, okay? Your glomerulus are tightly fenestrated. So kapag lumawag na ang mga fenestra sa ating capillaris, luluwag, lalabas, hindi niya nang pag-fulter ang ating mga proteins. That's why your proteins, specifically your albumin, which is a very small, a very small protein with respect to other proteins, mas mabilis silang lumabas sa ating urine. So speaking of proteinuria, did you know that there is actually a more sensitive test for the presence of protein in your urine? And that is your microalbuminuria. Microalbumin. The presence of your microalbumin in your urine is called your microalbuminuria. So that is also part of your carbohydrates last time, correct? So aside from that, it also is decreased in hypothyroidism, delusion dahil polydip siya, inumka ng inum ng water, cheers tayo siya.  In addition to that, they also decrease, ayan, in acute disease state, so like inflammation, ganyan. So mutation, ayyan, meron kang analbuminuria, so analbuminuria, albiuminemia, analbuminemia, meaning to say, wala ka ng, wala ka ng albiumin. We also have your bis albiuminemia. Your bis albiuminemia, I'll be discussing that further when we discuss the diseases because your bis albiuminemia extra band in your electrophoretic pattern. Ayan, similarly to delusion, your chemo delusion, ayyan, and also sepsis because it shifts your fluid. And ito ng tatandaan ninyo, sa lahat ng bagay, madaming bagay, yung magpapababa sa albiumin. Magpapababa sa albiumin, correct. But there are only two reasons why will it increase. Number one is dehydration. What about dehydration? Yung big sabihin wala ng tubig sa katawan, so obrang taas ng onkotic pressure mo sa onkotic force, your osmotic force, yung onkotic pressure, na tatandaan. So dahil magtaas yan, hindi siya diluted, but rather, kung wala ng water inside your body, that's why majority of your, in your plasma are just protein. Aside from that, ano pa yung pwede yung mag-increase sa kanya is your excessive albiumin and fusion. So excessive albiumin and fusion. So that is also one that increases your albiumin. So I hope everybody, everything is clear. So kung hindi, wag magalala, we'll be having a Q&A portion by the end of my discussion. So moving forward, let's now go to your globulins. So again, sabi ko nga, we will be talking about 17 types of globulins. So what are those 17 types of globulins? So number one is your alpha one, your alpha two, your beta and your gamma. To start with, your globulins are actually not directly measured in the laboratory. The only two things that are measured in the laboratory is your total protein and your albiumin. Total protein and your albiumin. Sir pa ano po yung globulin? Similarly to your LDL, we compute it. So as you can see, total protein minus albiumin is equal to your globulin. Total protein minus albiumin is equal to your globulin. Similarly to your LDL, this is derived. So your globulins have different fractions, different fractions of different proteins that functions differently and all of them has their own clinical importance. So this thing will actually be changing because there are different cases or different conditions that would actually have your proteins, your globulins be increased and decreased. So let's just start along. So as you can see on your screen right now, we have here your antitripsi, alpha-1 antitripsin, your haptoglobin in your A2, your transferin, in your immunoglobulin. So let's start and do talk about the different types of globulin. So kumaki kita nyo din. This is the electrophoretic pattern. So this one is your albumin, your alpha-1, your alpha-2, alpha-3, and your globulins. So let's start with the first one which is your alpha-1 antitripsin or your AAT.  So a positive acute phase reactant, it is an anti-protease neutrophil elastase. So this is very important because it neutralizes or inhibits the neutrophil elastase. Your neutrophil elastase kasi is also good in the body. It actually fights infection. But in severe cases na sobrang taas ni neutrophil elastase, it can now destroy your alveoli.  Okay? Your M5 sema. So there are deficiency in your alpha-1 antitripsin, namely your Serpina-1 gene, which can be one of the mutation. You can also have a ZZ mutation that has a risk of liver and lung disease. So abnormal form, um, there can, um, abnormal form of your, your, uh, what do you call this? Alpha-1 antitripsin can accumulate in your liver seen in your cirrhosis. So your alpha-1 antitripsin is increased in inflammation because it's a positive, acute phase reactant. We have also your pregnancy and your contraceptive use. Anong gustong tandaan, anong gusto, gusto ni Serganding na tandaan ng bawat isa, the name of the, the name of the protein saan siyang globulin bilang, so alpha-1, um, ano yung action niya at ano yung diseases associated sa kanya.  So your, um, your alpha-1 fito protein is actually synthesized in developing embryo. So it can also be seen in the parenchymo cells of your liver if you're already an adult.  So there are, um, in some cases your antibody can actually migrate into your, into your, um, fitus. It can, um, it can pass through the placenta and it can now affect your fitus. So your alpha-1 fito protein protects your, um, it protects your, um, it, they actually protects your, um, they actually protect your fitus and at the same time the mother. Okay, the mother as well. So in the electrophoresis it migrates between your albumin and your alpha-1 globulin. So, um, what is the use of alpha-1 fito protein? Screening test sa screening test for the gestational age, gestational age of the baby. Okay, so as you can see I hope you still remember this from your AUBF. It, your alpha-1 fito protein is increased in your spinabithida, in your neural tube defect, in your abdominal wall defect, in your anencephaly, in your general fetal distress syndrome, in, in the presence of a twin and also it, at this decrease, okay, mababa pagdating sa, um, trisomy 18 and sa down syndrome. Okay, down syndrome and your trisomy 18. So, in addition to that, okay, so, the levels of your alpha-1 fito protein is affected by maternal weight, your erase, and even, um, diabetes, um, or the, the, the diabetes MOM or the multiples of media. So, you have to compute for the, um, if you're gonna compute for the, um, for the MOM, okay, or the gestational age, you can compute it this way. So, again, your alpha-1 fito protein in adult naman, so yun yung gamit niya pag mga fitos, pag baby, pag pregnancy, matut about the adult.  A tumor marker meaning to say, it increases my chronic liver disease. So, um, in cases of chronic liver disease, okay, um, your AFP in the form of your L3 will be increased. What, it is a screening test for chronic liver disease and even in your HCC. What is HCC? That is your hepatocellular carcinoma. Your al, your hepatocellular carcinoma, you can observe an increased level there of your alpha-1 fito protein. Okay. So, let's just try to end the, um, alpha-1, the alpha-1 proteins before we take a quick, quick break. So, your alpha-1 fito protein, okay, your alpha-1 fito protein, aside from that, we also have your alpha-1 acid glycoprotein or your AAG. Also known as your acid gly, your acid glycoprotein also known as your orosco. Ayan, also known as your orosomucoid. Okay. So, your orosomucoid is a negative acute phase reactant. Is a negatively charged, rather, a negatively charged and is a positive acute phase reactant. Ayan, it is a positive acute phase reactant. So, it has a similar amino acid sequence as of your immunoglobulin. Kay, kitandaan niyang part na yan. So, it is important in drug, action, distribution and this position. So, it is very important in your drug metabolism. Okay. So, your orosomucoid is increased in cases of stress, inflammation, tissue damage, acute myocardial infarction, trauma, pregnancy, cancer, pneumonia, rheumatic arthritis and even surgery. So, your alpha-1 acid glycoprotein or your orosomucoid can increase in cases of those situation. And, it can also be used for the diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infection. Okay. Neonatal bacterial infection. Okay. Neonatal bacterial infection. So, moving forward to the last few, to the last few alpha-1, we have here your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin. Okay. Your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin is an alpha-globulin glycoprotein, which is acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant, which is a serine protease inhibitor or a serpin inhibitor. So, they inhibit enzyme activity.  So, in short, they are actually maintaining the they are maintaining the activity of your enzyme. So, they inhibit it para in case konwari na makaroon ng abrupt na increase lang yung mga yung mga protein yung mga enzymes na natin ay mapprevent natin.  In your COPD. In your Parkinson's and your COPD.  So, para sa mga nagingisip na ng tesis next year. So, you can actually measure the level of alpha-1 antikymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's. So, patients with Alzheimer's have a component of alpha-1 antikymotrypsin in their amyloid deposit. So, we go to our next one. We go to our next one. So, hindi ko makita. We go to our next one, your inter-alpha inhibitor. So, it is a serine protease inhibitor as well. So, it has a light chain, your bicutin. Okay, your bicutin. So, it is a positive acute phase reactant that increases in your inflammatory disorder and also in the presence of your carcinogens. Okay? Your carcinogens. So, I'll just be discussing one last before we go. Have a quick, quick break. So, we also have here your GC globulin or your group-specific component, which is a binding protein for your vitamin D. Okay?  So, vitamin D carrier. Bakit kailangan ng vitamin D ng carrier because fat-soluble siya alongside with vitamin A, D, E, and K. Okay? Asan na si A? Siyong nagbuhat kay K? Siy, pre-albumin. Siy, trans-ty-retin. Siya siy, retin, retinol, vitamin A. So, your GC globulin is important in bone formation, immune system, chemotaxis, chemotaxis of neutrophil and monocyte during inflammation. So, your GC globulin are increased in the third trimester of pregnancy, increased also with oral estrogen as a contraceptives, and decreased in severe liver disease and protein losing, protein losing syndrome. So, those are the first half of our major protein. So, hopefully you learned a lot. So, before we continue on our discussion, we will be taking a quick 10-minute break. So, let us all have a quick 10, let us all have not 10 pa lang masyadong mahaba. 5-minute break, okay? Everybody just take a 5-minute break before you continue watching our video. So, that would be all for the first, for the second part of protein and I'll see you guys in a short, short while. Thank you so much.


It's like, I love my boyfriend, but if there were 24 hours in a day, we'd probably be arguing for like 85 of them. Do you know how exhausting it is to argue for 85 hours and fit it into 24? It seems impossible. Which is my situation about? You know what, Dr. P? I couldn't even tell you. It's like, I fell asleep at my conference last week because I was exhausted from arguing with him last night. And the worst part about it is, it's not memorable. Thank you for pointing that out. You are smart. You feel me? Because if it's not worth tweeting about, is it worth not smashing about? That's deep. Write that down. Is arguing normal for you? No. Not for me. I mean, I get stressed out. I can be tense, you know, but I hold it in like a normal person. I really don't argue with anyone else except for my boyfriend. Run me through a normal day of yours. Well, I normally wake up happy and excited about life. I'm setting an alarm, trying to get up earlier. So right now, I'm looking at like 7 a.m., got to get to work by 9 a.m., so I tried to leave by 8.20. Say bye to my man. Babe, I can't find my keys. Do you know where my keys are? Oh, I found them. Never mind. Have a good day, baby. Oh, that's so sweet. Thank you. I'm going to have a good day.  I'm not sure. You're smart. You're in the smart group, though. Love you, baby. Then I get in my Uber. If I'm lucky, no oblate in glass, because you know what, they like to say slick things sometimes. Those drivers when they drive you around, stuff like that. Other circumstances, you get shanked. You know what I mean? No, I don't know what you mean. Oh, it's just prison talk, but I will stab you in your face. Have you ever been to prison before? Oh, no, no, no. I just like to watch locked up on the first day of my period. It gets me through it somehow. Is that weird? Anyways, so this Uber driver the other day, right?  I guess. Sure. Well, you know that they have a new update where you can tip the Uber driver now. A lot of you people don't know that. A lot of you people don't know that, so you think just because my ancestors weren't able to tip on plantations that I'm not able to tip now. First of all, I was going to tip you. I'm a great tipper. I was going to give you a lot of tips. But here's a tip you can take.  I'm going to take it and smack it in. I'm going to take it and smack it against the windshield. How about that? Tip that. Turn right. Give me to my place. You said that? No.  I really was like, all right, sir. Thank you. Can you turn right? I'm found in. Thank you. But it was just the beginning of how people, I feel like personally, tried to attack me all day long. Like my coworker yesterday. You know what she said to me? I noticed that in meetings, you have a lot of great information. But you talk a lot with your hands. And it can get really distracting. You can't really hear what you're saying. And so I'm never sure if I should be like nodding a lot and we're ducking for my life. You know what I mean? It's just a lot. It's just something to keep in mind for future. Okay? What's so crazy about the future is it's not certain.   How about I take my hands and put them on you? You want to talk about hands? You can catch these hands outside, Sarah. You said that? Oh no. We share a cubicle. I don't want that tension at work. You know what I mean? So I just politely put on my smile and said, thank you, Sarah. Just put that on an email. Send them to me and I will adhere to them. Co-worker who has no authority over me. Thank you. But on the low, I'm building a case to send to HR. Anonymously. Got it. So how did the rest of your day go? I mean, the usual. You know, I execute and annihilate all of my daily goals. And then I go home exhausted and this is where the drama starts. Like, do you know the other day I come home? He's cooking. Let me tell you what he said. Okay. I just gave that Uber driver one star. He doesn't even care. They're reckless now. Hey, baby. Hi, baby. How you doing? What you making? Oh, fettuccine. Yay! Was my recipe easy to follow? I tried to leave you like cute little notes in between. I used a glitter pen. The one I found was online really good. The way your flavors worked did not really settle that well. So I just got one off of home recipes. So that's not my recipe? It's based off your recipe, which is fettuccine.  Hey, how is this trying to hurt you? No, it's just on your to-do list. It's on your to-do list and it's okay.  You've been dumb.   And I just want to take this fettuccine and I want to throw it on top of you. And I hope that you break out in Boyles and nobody likes any of your Instagram pictures for the rest of your life. Okay. So what did you really say? I just told you word for word. Like, I remember it. Then we got into a full-blown argument. And I'm like, oh, uh-huh, fettuccine. You know what I mean? I'm not eating this. And we're not watching Stranger Things tonight. No, we're supposed to have a Netflix marathon. That's canceled. Oh, sorry. This is my friend. You know what? She never keeps calling me. Oh, my gosh. She has anxiety. She's so needy. She's, like, anxiously attached to me. She calls me like back to back to back to back. She has dependency issues, mama issues, daddy issues. You name it. She's crazy. The girl needs therapy. Why don't you tell her that? Why would I say that and hurt her feelings? You're supposed to know emotions better than me. Get it together, doc. I mess it with you.  I think I might come back. This is a free trial, right? I don't have to pay for this. This, this one? Why would I say that and hurt her feelings? Hello, Lavaz. Trivia time right now. Click the I in the right hand corner. I don't know which side's your right hand side, but click the I right now and answer this question. What lesson do you think the previous skit was trying to teach? And if you guessed emotional regulation, then you are correct.  That gets often overlooked when it comes to our romantic relationships. Now, I was inspired to write this skit after reading this quote on Instagram. And it said that logic cannot fix feelings because feelings are not broken. This quote resonated deeply with me, especially in my young adult years. I used to say it all of the time, not that particular quote, but I used to say, you're never wrong for how you feel, especially in love. You're never wrong for how you feel. But as I got older, I started thinking about it. Then I realized, no, I'm wrong a lot. Like my feelings are wrong a lot. I did not use that. That's right from you. Oh, you're right. I use that in it. Anyways, you know what? It doesn't matter. Stop making it.   It's about our whole night.  I feel like it might be useful to break down what feelings actually are and where they come from. Now, I went to this class called Mind Lab and I was blown away to find out that the average person has 70,000 different thoughts every day. That means 50 unique thoughts each minute. That's a lot going on in our brain. And here's the kicker. 70% of those tend to be negative. And I know what you're thinking. Nah, Shambhudi, I go to yoga. I do positive affirmations. I am more like 90% positive and 10% negative. But put it this way. Have you ever driven before and envisioned yourself getting into a catastrophic car accident or try pouring a glass of water close to an edge right now?  That's because our brain is risk averse. Thus, our brain works on worst case scenario.  What is the worst this person can mean towards me? Is this situation dangerous? And it's important, but it can also be pretty annoying, which is why we have set up some filters along the way. Now there's three separate filters I want to address today.  We'll begin with subconscious.  It sees and experiences everything all of the time. It feels your heart beating against your chest. Now if we thought these things all day long, we would go crazy. And that's why we have the conscious mind. Our conscious mind filters out majority of the stimulation and chooses about 10 things or so at any given time that we're actually focused on or we're actually feeling. Now the third filter on top of that is our socially conscious mind. And thanks to modern day society, this one has become increasingly important. Our conscious mind still does think in worst case scenario. Our conscious mind still wants to protect rather than empathize. But our socially conscious mind is more aware of the people around us. And that filter is integral. And that brings us to the lesson of this video. As we follow Cynthia's day, which shout out to you Cynthia. Yo, you killed it in this role. We see her employ all three filters in every era of her life to ensure that she has peace, happiness and harmony, except when she gets home and then she turns that filter all the way off and just says whatever she thinks. And a lot of us do that. How many of us have heard our partners say that before? I don't have problems with anybody else other than you. Well, a quick answer to that might be because of the fact that they filter themselves with everybody else other than you. Nothing taught this to me more than my previous relationship where my partner and I fought constantly and I watched them in social interactions, take jokes really well, be lighthearted, take things on the chin. But as soon as we were in private, everything I said was an attack. Everything that I did, they took personally. I was constantly disrespecting them and it became this exhausting journey of trying to convince this person that they were not under attack around me. So when I got into my new relationship, I became really keenly conscious about my social filter. How much of what I thought was I actually saying to my loved one in an intimate environment. And I found the more that I analyzed what I wanted to say, the more that I realized that those feelings were very rarely based in reality. We cannot finish this video without discussing balance and balance is finding that happy middle ground on your social conscious filter. If your filter is turned all the way up, you err on the side of being non confrontational, which opens up a whole different set of problems. Or if you're turned all the way off, you're confrontational, which by nature means you're living in problems. Now, how do you know if your socially conscious filter is on the right dial? I personally go by the 80-20 rule. That means that 80% of the time you're existing in happiness and harmony and 20% of the time you have some healthy conflict. I'm going to explore this topic more in the next video. Question for you now. Do you think there is ever a relationship or circumstance in which you should or could be your real raw unfiltered self? Put your answer in the comment section below. I'm going to write mine down there as well. And before I go, I want to shout out everybody who started this video. You guys were all incredible. All of their links will be in the info box.


The Institute of Physics are supporting the development of a new degree, Integrated Sciences. They're working in partnership with the universities of Surrey, London's South Bank, East Anglia and Leicester. I'm Professor Derek Raine. I'm head of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Science. The new Integrated Sciences degree is an attempt to bring together the various sciences into a meaningful relationship so that people can address real-world problems from a scientific perspective. They learn to be scientists by actually doing science as science is practiced. The national programme has one key element and that is that the teaching of the sciences should be integrated. So we're not just teaching some biology and some physics and some chemistry. We're teaching those subjects in an integrated way. I wanted to do all the sciences anyway. I didn't want to just do biology because just doing a single one I'd find myself getting bored quite quickly. For me I wasn't looking specifically for courses. I'm a mature student. I wasn't looking to go to university until I learnt about this course. It was actually the idea of iScience as a composite subject coupled with the problem-based learning that made me want to come to university in the first place. So without this course I wouldn't have actually gone for any other course at all. The way that integration happens is different between the different institutions. The way we've chosen to do it is to take modules which are themselves interdisciplinary so that they can reflect the real-world situation. Other universities have chosen to have some modules that are interdisciplinary but keep the separation between physics, chemistry and biology at the core level and to integrate through tutorial system, to integrate through particular modules. Are you going to push it over that danger? This is not an easier way into science and the issue of physics is helping us to establish the fact that this is a fully fledged degree program at the same level as other degree programs. You learn what you like to learn. There might be a part that you don't want to learn but someone else will like that and they'll learn and they'll teach you about it and because they're enthusiastic about it, you know, they'll rub off on you and you'll learn more in depth as well. So it's the ability to have a broad knowledge and an in-depth knowledge of specific things. The level at which I understand some of the different areas of science has gone a lot deeper and I'm finding both the breadth and the depth of knowledge I'm able to apply to all other areas and, you know, just study in life and things I've come across and watched on TV. The way I see integrated sciences is that it forms the broad basis of science education that then feeds in a very positive way to teach it because you have enthusiastic educators who can teach across the board and that then produces a virtuous circle of people into science. Some small subset of which will then go on to be specialists in physics, chemistry, biology, sciences but the majority of which will increase the economic potential of the country and increase their own intellectual rewards. It can't really put it into words. Like, it's just the whole course itself. It's just interesting and fascinating and just the whole concepts of how you work together and you won't get that with an ordinary course.