Going on everyone, Sam here with late sports guards. We've been 23 pinning down our football hobby six-box break number two pick your team style We have a list of our names in our teams. You got Adam E with the Lions Chris are Commanders, that's Christopher J with the Falcons bears and Niners Dakota D Vikings Dan L Raiders Daniel and Cardinals Greg B Texans Heath F Cowboys JVP Rams Jason K. Bills Jeffery H Steelers Joe H Ravens Joe P with the Packers Justin C Chiefs Kevin A Dolphins Giants Lee G with the Broncos Matthew A Colts Matthew G Titans Michael P. It's Patriots Nicholas S Seahawks Nicholas U Saints Paul L Jets Ray G Eagles Also, what's up, Ray? I just saw your message. How you doing, buddy? Scotty with the Bucks Sean M Panthers Seth B Bengals towel in P Chargers wing as Jags and you know, I'm see with the Browns. Good luck everybody. Let's do it Yeah, exactly. Exactly. Luckily the defense we run you we're not super reliant on him having to go man-to-man on anybody That's like the big thing right there. The big thing is is he doesn't have to He doesn't really have to go like man-to-man on everybody on anybody. He's like more of a ball. Okay There's Devin Witherspoon Trey Tucker elite series rookie Quentin Johnson and Rodney Thomas the second It's up Stoic. How you doing, buddy? Stoic? Tray Lantz. Yeah, Tray Lantz still on this. Anton Harrison DTR the rookies Champ is here. Dressen Reed, DeMarcus Lawrence, Tank Lawrence. Actually interned for his agent. Really? In college I did. Nice. He was the agent. Bijan Robinson Cooper Cup, Power Plus, Justin Herbert, and Nick Fulk to 100 for the Patriots. He repped. Well, he still reps DeMarcus Lawrence, now he reps Xavier Howard as well. Okay. He didn't at the time and then the big guy the other big guy at the time was Eric Weddle He had Eric Weddle as well. Oh, yeah, that's pretty cool. He's got a couple other other guys. He's got like Matt Gay, Tyree Wilson, Justin Herbert, base, and Aaron Reiser. See who else he has. He has another really big name now. Not why I was there. Tank Lawrence is the big one. Olivia Vernon, Xavier Howard, Asante Samuel, Jr. That's why I was there as well. He has Von Bell and he didn't have Von Bell originally. Cam Sutton, Cody Barton, Dwayne Smoot, he's got as well, Mike Strachan, or Strachan, Matt Gay, Kamala Kareya, Nick Vigil. Damn, he's got a lot of guys. That's just for football. Yeah, yeah. That's pretty cool. Yeah. No, Clowney's pretty good. Clowney's been super productive this year. Tyler Lockett, Devon Achen, and Jameer Gibbs, Red Pressproof. Yeah, Marcus Williams has been, he's just missed a lot of time since we signed him. He's been injured, man. It's been my only issue with him. Jalen Hyatt, Xavier McKinney on the missing nameplate. Chris Jones, nice one there. That is DTR and Anthony Mc... No, they're not gonna draft the receiver. They already have.  They're not gonna draft another one. They're gonna draft Corner Depth. Corner Depth are like, interior linemen. Hi, Luba, are Lou Nichols, or even Passrush, again. Jackson Smith and Jaco. What's up, Manny? How you doing, buddy? Will Andrewsle? And Jalen Hertz, Red. Good to see you as always, Manny. Zach Evans, Saquon. Jalen Hertz and Brian Burns. Trace Hucker, Jalen Hyatt. Nice one there, Chase Brown. Canvass and Joey Bosa, jersey number two at 97. Traded Rokwon for Claypool. Yeah, now we're the fourth round. I know, I know, it's very happy with that trade. Miles Murphy. Bryant Young on the Canton Kings 2-199. Nice one there, Niners. Come on, Sam. Sass Gardner, action all for us. Cam Acres, I know. It's a bot lobby. Oh man, I'm dropping top players. What is going on over here? Somebody's got to put a 10 on this circus. Oh boy. Unbelievable. Unbelievable. Eric Gray, legend series, champ Bailey for the Broncos. That's a crazy-looking panel. Yeah, these are always nuts. Look at that. Always nuts. Chase Brown on the canvas 2-100, the brown. Brown, brown. Yeah, there we go. I didn't even notice that. Brown, brown. Let's go. Fletcher Cox. We got green greens and brown, brown. Yeah, green, brown, brown. I don't think if there's anybody else. Any other color names? Probably. Steve Purple. Violet Violet. Deuce Vaughn on the Optic Preview, nice one there. Congrats Cowboys. Red Blue. Red Blue. Just straight up going with the color names. Clayton Tune on the rookies. Bomb Squad, Jonathan Mingo for the Panthers, and Dexter Jackson, School MVP right there. Any CJ sightings? A couple of base rookies, that's it. Nothing crazy. One insert, one of those the rookies. Well, I think we hit last case, but other than that, nothing super crazy. What's up, John? Yeah, of course. John, absolutely, man. No downtowns yet. No, Juju Brents. Jerry Judy, nice one there on the Auto 299. That is the Highlights Auto, 67 yard touchdown catch against Seahawks. Congrats on that one. Broncos. Yes, they would be, Beau. Yes, they would be. This isn't a half, this is a third case. What's up? Yeah, third case, yes. So there's three of these to the case, man. Yes, this isn't half the case, this is a third of the case. Yeah, 18 box cases with Don Russ. Parris Johnson, Marvin Mims, nice one there. Yep, Riley Greene, exactly. Uh, Super Bowl, uh, Road to the Super Bowl, Josh Allen, Derek Hall, Rated Rookie, Red. Charlie Jones, Legends Series, Joe Cleco, Zach Charbonnet, and Brian Robinson, Jr. to 500. I'm whole rusty. Yeah, you're good, man. It's been a minute since Don Russ, been a year since Don Russ has come out. Always good for the refresher. Jake Hainer, Jordan Addison, the rookies, champs here, Legerius Snead, and Max Crosby, throwback. Yeah, it's kind of similar, like, but you know how the, how contenders, those like the the die cuts that are number the jersey number, everybody who, everybody is a one of one. They wear number one. Camere Gibbs, Tay Adams, Jalen Carter, and Najee Harris. Sold them a Holmes, Manny. Must have got a decent chunk of change for that, though. Derek Hall, Brock Purdy, uh, Dominators, a Flowers Bomb Squad, and Robert Rooks. I'm a Ravens fan, John. Dolphins. I'm a Ravens. Ravens and Dolphins. Dolphins. Ravens and Dolphins. Tue, Tue Palotu, uh, AJ Brown, Aaron Rodgers, and Killatrav Red. Optic contenders, uh, Red Sox Rangers, Metz, say they're out on showhead. Oh, nice. John X Bama players, nice. Nice. Yeah, there's a lot of those. There's a lot of X Bama players that are good. Jonathan Mingo, because it was seven at best. Nah, that's fair, Manny. Probably smart, then. Action all-pros of Kittle, Bomb Squad, Bijan, and Jalen Rager. Noah Phant to 75, nice one there. For the Seahawks. Christian Gonzalez, X Charbonnet Elite Series Rookie, and a Rishi Rice. God, the Dodgers are front-runner. Oh, Dodgers just have, like, an infinite money glitch, dude. It's unbelievable. Charbonnet, Aaron Donald. Alan Lamar, throwback. Pick up Sidian, or Opti- I'd take Optic contenders over with Sidian. I like them both, but I would go with Optic contenders. Rishi Rice, Frank Gore, Legend Series. Subtle looking more like a Yankee, I sort of like to hear. Lou Nichols, Kincaid, Cam Smith, missing nameplate, rated Rookie. Schoonmaker, Champus here, and Jimmy Smith. Yeah, let's go with some Jimmy Smith action. Let's come on, let's go, dude. Let's go, dude. Dwayne McBride, Desmond Ritter, Quarter Plus, or Power Plus, Clayton Toon, Quay Walker, Deuce Vaughn, Souse Gardener, Bomb Squad of Kincaid, and a Red Shack Leonard. There's no longer a Colt anymore. Darnel Mooney to 493 on the Purple for the Bears. Kenny McIntosh, Damien Pierce Elite Series, and Devon Witherspoon. Canvas, all right, sticky. Come on up here. It is Jordan Addison, nice one there, two-color patch to 49. Grats Vikings, Leather Kings. Road to the Super Bowl, Daniel Jones. That's ironic. Zay Flowers, Michael Wilson, Kirk O'Chains to 100 on the foil, and Cuba Hubbard. Downtown in the next three packs, or last box, fifth pack. Wow, look at Manny calling this shot. We got a Black Pandora, Optic Preview. Come on. That is a Devon H. O'Chain Jordan Addison. Let's go, 15 of 25. Optic Preview on the Black Pandora. Congrats, Vikings. That's dope, man. That is so dope. Take a Jordan Addison for sure. That is a CJ Stroud, The Rookies, Justin Watson and Tim Brown. Bryce Young, Rated Rookie. Okay, we got a Mike Alstott, Dominator's Auto to 50. Mack Jones going to the Patriots. Nice one there. Marvin Mims and Jason Kelsey. What? Jaden Reed. This is Bijan Robinson. Michael Meyer Bombsquad and Zach Evans Red. Just disappointing. Come on. Jalen Carter to 58 on the Orange. Nice one again, Eagles. A lot of Jalen Carter. Like a deer in headlights here. What are we doing? Jalen Carter rated Rookie. What are we doing, dude? There's Devontae Smith. Aden O'Connell. This guy's a Roomba. That's such a Roomba. Sean Clifford. Chase Brown, The Rookies, inducted of Dorel Rivas and Cooper Cup. Skaronsky, Elite Series Rookie, Jonathan Mingo, Jerry Kramer and Jake Ferguson. Gennlene, live over on Fanatics Live, as well, everybody. Quentin Johnson. His break's filling up quick over there. Josh Jacobs. Saw a picture of this cut. There's Marshall making that clean the leg's catch. What are they doing? What are we doing? What are we doing? Brandon Jacobs. And what is that? Come on. What is that? Come on. What is that? Tim with a spot in TC Jumb. Let me drop you guys a link to Breaks with Forest. Tonight here's the schedule. Yeah, still plenty of room. And those breaks tonight with Mr. Forest. We're in the Fridge Elite Series. Quentin Johnson and DeMar Hamlin Red. Will Leviss Rated Rookie. Mike Evans. Rich Eisen and Juju. Honestly. Honestly, John. T-75 Bradley Chubb. Nice one there for the Finns. On the die cut. Byron Young. Kenneth Walker. And Justin Herbert. Do you like Sean just trolling you the other day? All right. Stealing Carter. With what? Because he does it for everything. Since all of it. Yeah, dude. It's it's ridiculous, man. It's like my favorite part of Wednesday, dude. Travis E.T.N. Jr. Devon Achain. Just walking into a freaking nonsense. Oh, yeah. Absolutely. The funniest part is like he walked in.  There's Tony Pollard. Jay Caner and Tim Brown.  You were like, Dude, because I was like, Yeah? No, because the first thing that came out was like, How did he, how did he figure out that it was a kid? Another Jaylen Carter. Rookie Jersey Auto 99. Congrats Eagles. What gave it away? The bag in the, in the, in the trash was like, was like, had like all little drawings all over it. Anthony Richardson. There's Will Anderson and David, like the little character in like Coney or whatever. That is awesome. The little ice cream cone. Like really dude. They had a little baby ice cream in the fridge too. Just kind of started to put the pieces together more and more. Figured it out. There's George Kittle Action All-Pros. Mahomes and Pukinakua Red. What are we doing, man? How old are we? Josh Downs. Gold 250. Nice one there. Congrats to the Colts. Jared Hall. Thurman Thomas and Aiden O'Connell. I do agree with you though. It is the same portion for less money. Dylan put me on to that. Yes. That was him. Not shocking. He also does that. But Luke Shoenmaker. Stefan Diggs. Two at 3.99. Nice one there. No, we have, well, we kind of, someone brought it up that it looks goofy or whatever. There's like astronauts in it, right? Nolan Smith, Nick Chubb and Hassan Haskins. See Jay Stroud rookie. Jonathan Mingo on the rookie Aiden O'Connell and Doug Flutey. The astronauts are bulls. I guess that kind of makes sense with the Texan thing because of the logo. It's kind of like a bull with laser guns. Dude, I'm in. I am in. I am in Anthony Richardson. Johan Dotson, Power Plus. Jonathan Mingo and Matt Judon. I'm so in on that. It's not even funny how in on that I am. Ojalari Aiden O'Connell. Nice one there for the C.J. Stroud Midtown. Midtown. Marquis Brown to 50 on the gold for the Cardinals. Justin Shorter, Killa Trav and A. Cedric Tillman. Jordan Addison, Rated Rookie. Aquius Test of Gardner Minchew for the Colts. Aquius Test. Nice one there. Daniel Carlson, Action Aura Pros. Lamar and Travis Kelsey. That is Tank Bigsby, Terrell Davis, Manuel Forbes, Pressproof Red. Dodges. I gotta look that up on eBay at some point. Chandler Jones, Missing Nameplate. Jake Hayner, Michael Wilson and Brandon Jacobs. Phoenix Suns Gorilla. Dude, the Phoenix Suns Gorilla is fire. I love the Phoenix Suns Gorilla. You see the Kings logo the other night? The lion? Oh, the mascot? Yeah, I was like, I kind of recognized that first. I was like, what are we doing here? What's going on? Roshan Johnson on the auto to 100 for the Bears. Nice one there. Chicago. Fields, Charbonne and Evan Moneymac. Evan McPherson, nice one there. Jordan Addison, Micah Parsons, Action Aura Pros. Fields and Chris Rodriguez, Jr. Spaceship Saturn and the Moon to 500. Derrick Henry, Masi Smith, Marvin Mims and Jonathan Mingu. Because Texas. Henry Key passing the torch. Nice one here. It's a three-colored Tua and a Dan Marino. It's a 49. Nice one there. Congrats on that one. Finns, 12 of 49. Marino and Tua. There you go. That'll work. Charbonne, Jordan Addison and a base. Hello, Timmy. What's up, Timmy? Bryant Young and Debo to 100. Brandon Cooks, Will Levish, Rated Rookie. Travis Kelsey, Terry Kill, Will Shields. Shadows also wearing pallorina shoes. God, there's a lot going on in that, man. Clayton Tew, Miles Sanders, Goff and Young Way Coop. Okay, let me go look really quick. I want to see what this one looks like. I'll show Matt, too, and see what Matt says. Aiden O'Connell, Derrick Carr, Jared Hall and Zeke Elliott. I'm a CJ Strong Fantasy one or so. That is wild, bro. All action knots. That's crazy, dude. What the heck? That's downtown for you, though. Yeah, that was a nice passing to Torch, for sure. To 75, Tanner McKee, Rated Rookie. You don't see a lot of patches on those, either. They're relatively hard to come by. Jalen Hyatt and Jack Campbell. Tank Dell, Rated Rookie. Travis Kelsey and C.D. Lamb. Chris Rodriguez, Jr. Legend Series, Champ Bailey. Tyree Wilson and Tank Dell. Red, Felix Anduike Uzoma on the missing name plate. Captain Kirk Smith and base. Kirk O'Chains. Terry McLauren, Emmanuel Forbes on the canvas. And Daniel Carlson, red. Keon White, Tyler Scott. Nice one there. We got Quinton Johnson. And base. J.Clarivia and Kendall Brown. N.T.R.F.I.A.'s graded to 50 as Layton Vandoresh. It's probably not the worst idea in the world, though, Rory. Jaden Reed and Miles Murphy. We had exactly 50 cards. Yeah, I mean, if you need to get it up there, you might as well. Joe Burrow, Mark Chase. Anthony Richardson, Rated Rookie. Nick Chubb, Ladanian Tomlinson, and Quentin Williams. That's true, Rory. That's very true. Jackson Smith and Jigba, Jerrick McKinnon and base. Ravens, 80, Browns, like 50. Yeah, that's probably, that makes sense, to be honest. Definitely makes sense. Nice. All right, continue on. I.J. Spears, Amonra. Deuce Vaughn, canvas, Lagerius Smith. Yeah, I did. I did see the Jeter. That's pretty cool. Lamar, Faces of the Game, Rich Eisen, Zidarius Smith. Derrick Carr to 100. Nice one there for the Saints. John Domingo, Mike Evans, Elite Series, and Jared Goff, Jalen Hyatt, and Cam Akers. Yes, they do, Joven. Yes, they do. Yeah, they're like a insert kind of thing. Zach Charbonnet, Bijan Robinson, Elite Series, Rookies, Jack Campbell, Dallas Goddard, Rishi Rice, Tay Adams. Nice one there for the Raiders. Face and base. Tank Bigsby. Nice one there on the Canvas Auditor 49. Congrats, Jacks. Luke Keekley, Tyree Wilson, George Kittle. Sam LaPorta for the Lions. Bombsquad D. Thiar, Bryce Youngred. Nice one there. Red press proof. That is a purple Eric Gray to 500. Nice one there. Giants. Yeah, usually Donnerus football. There's Deuce Vaughn, Jake Jettas, and Emmanuel Forbes. Yeah, true, true, Rory. He did have a good night last night. Jalen Carter, Rated Rookie. Pashk Mahomes, Jersey Kings, 2-3-99 for the Chiefs. Congrats on that one. Yeah, I've been buying Walker Kessler since he's been injured. Oh, sorry. Been my guy. Yeah, I picked up a couple. I picked up one on Golden two weeks ago and one on Golden last week. So it should be coming maybe today. We'll see. Nice, nice. Sean Clifford. That is a Devontae Adams, Miles Murphy, and J Herbo. Rishi Rice and more base. There is Davis elite series rookies of Anthony Richardson for the Colts. Congrats on that Colts. Quentin Johnson and Christian Watson. Kid reporter. Keegan's. Yeah, Keegan's a good play as well. Keegan's a very good play. Dorian Williams, Nick Bosa. Nice one there for the Niners. And Larry Maitonsi.  So I'm seeing if he gets moved to a different team. To 109, Derwin James Jr. Too many guards in LA and Clippers. Jaren Hall, Nick Chubb, and Marvin Mims. Aqueous test of Kway Walker. Congrats on that one there. Backers, Aaron Rodgers, and Max Crosby. Cedric Tillman, Ray Guy, and Quentin Johnson, Red Press Proof. CJ Stroud rated rookie. That is a Davis Mills to nothing. That's just a missing nameplate. Jonathan Mingo, the rookies. Ina O'Connell, Bomb Squad, and Dion Branch. Dion Branch. More spots coming in for today. Thank you all. Thank you to their Dean. Appreciate you as always, buddy. Appreciate that. Downtown Second and Last Package, Joe. And let's see it, dude. All right, all right. He's so in on that. Luke Musgrave. Lead series of Monra. Jack Ham, Trey Tucker, Red. Yaya Diabe, Stefan Diggs. Action All Throws, Mahomes, and Darius Slaton, Red. That is a Brandon Cooks to 75. Mr. Brandon Cooks to 75 for the Cowboys. Max Duggan, Kendrae Miller. And Tank Dalgert, Iron Kings, Rookie. Jaya Alexander, Aquius Test. Yeah, that'd be kind of cool if they did that. Prescott, and Mahomes. Bernie Kosar. Mazzie Smith, and Khalil Shakir. Jackson Smith and Jigba. Got Duzvon, missing nameplate. Nice one there. Trey Tucker, Bomb Squad, Ina O'Connell, and Chad Johnson. Did you catch the message Sean sent on Wednesday? I said, Matt choked Kyle out with his mustache. Yes, yes. And Kyle comes in and goes, I see the message come through. I look and I just see you two pointing at it and giggling. I know.  We're like pointing at it and giggling. Dude, it's so funny. It's up Kent. Thank you. Yeah, make sure to hit the like button if you guys are enjoying the stream for sure. That is Miles Murphy, completely free to do. He doesn't like free stuff. I know I do. Big free guy.  Mack Jones, dominators. Sauce gardener. It's always something really dumb. Yeah, it is. Just Matt looks like a smelly bobblehead. To 50 is Jordan Brooks. Who comes up with that, dude? I don't know. Who comes up with that? There's a talvin cook and Tank Bigsby. It's so funny. Oh my god. I'm always dying whenever he's. Cheese, dude. I can keep this one in check for sure. Dorian Thompson, Robinson. Dalton Kincaid. Champus here in Tarik Hill. Matt's a little newer, so he hasn't gotten as bold in the top loader chair yet. So I can keep him in check a little bit more. Some of the other ones are just lost causes. That's for real. Jake and Sean lost causes. I will say a day shift is way more different than a night shift. Oh yeah. Jaylen Carter. Wait till you have to do it. At some point, I'm sure you'll have to if someone's off or out or something. You have to do a night shift. We start losing. We lose it, man. Yeah, I told Forest last because when Dylan and Sean were going to be out last week, I was like, you can put me on the knife if you want, but. A.J. Brown. Yeah, that'll happen. Oh yeah, that'll happen at some point for sure. I mean, I'm already with Kyle once a week in there. Right. Nice. Zay Flowers do 100 on the rookie auto. Congrats, Ravens. That's awesome. Here we go. Love it. Love his auto, dude. So simple, but it's so it like works. It is nice, yeah. Jake Heiner and Eric Gray Red. This whole ZF. Yeah. It's like a V that's what even like Vaughn, Vaughn made a good point. He's like, if you're just going to do your initials, at least make it like interesting. Yeah, yeah, yeah. That Henden Hooker, the rookies. Dorian Thompson Robinson, Denzel Mims. Another Bradley Chubb to 75. Interesting. Congrats on that, Daltons. Kendra Miller, Saquon Barkley, and Jackson Smith and Jigba. Very nice. On to our, it looks like a Jersey pack here. Sam LaPorta, that is Nick Chubb, Jersey Kings, 2 at 3.99. Nice one there for the Browns, George Kittle. Jaylen Hertz and Aaron Rodgers. Devon Witherspoon. Shrae Tucker, Will Anderson Jr. and David Montgomery. Frank Lesser could not have been happy about the Auburn game last week. I have to imagine, right? No. Not a happy game for me. No. No. Because it all happened when I was driving home. Oh, man. Like when I stepped in here, they were like still up and they hadn't happened yet. And then by the time I get home, I was like, what happened? And he was like, dude, just started shaking his head. Not good. All right, we got our, these are the season statistic parallels, purple, Eric Gray, Derek Henry. They're all numbered to something different. Highest they go is 500. Ryan Robinson Jr., Darnell Mooney, Derwin James, to 100, Derek Carr, Debo, Kirk Cousins, Nick Folk, Chase Brown, to 97, Joey Bosa, to 90, Jaylen Carter. All these to 75, Bradley Chubb, Brandon Cooks, Tanner McKee, Bradley Chubb again. And Noah Phantz, 250 on the golds. We had Jordan Brooks, Leighton Van Der Resch, Marquise Brown, Josh Downs. Nice one there. Fair. That's fair, John. That's fair. We had Nick Chubb, Patch Mahomes, Stefan Diggs, Bryant Young, Jordan Addison, passing the torch of Dan Marino and Tua, to 49. Roshan Johnson, Jerry Judy, Zae Flowers, Mack Jones, Tank Bigsby, Jaylen Carter, and Jordan Addison to 25. That'll do it for the break, everybody. Thanks again for the filp. Up next is number three.


The first speaker is Professor Gekelman. Yeah. Yes. He's going to present Ohm's Law and the Collision of Magnetic Flux Robes. OK, thank you. This is experimental paper. And so everything that you're going to see is data, experimental data. It's not a simulation. These are my colleagues. I won't read all the names that worked on this with me. And first, I might mention what's a magnetic flux rope? Many may know. But essentially, magnetic flux ropes are bundles of helical twisted magnetic fields. And in the center of the rope, how you have this blue line, the field's nearly straight. It becomes more twisted as you go out. And then, of course, that magnetic field has to be accompanied by a current. And so when the current ends, then the field goes away. There are many, many instances of flux ropes in nature. I'm not even going to begin to tell you what they all are. But people are fairly certain that these things which are coronal ropes, twisted coronal loops, are magnetic flux ropes. They have currents. They're huge. The sun is absolutely covered with them. And there's a photo of the sun in UV light. And there's a picture, a little dot, that would be the size of the Earth compared to these flux ropes. So what I'm going to talk about is the ropes themselves. Because they're currents, and they're in a background field. There are forces on these currents. So they twist, they ride, and they can be kink unstable. And in fact, in this experiment, the ropes are kink unstable. I'll tell you what I mean by that. We're talking about two magnetic ropes. And in this experiment, we can force them to collide periodically when they do. Some magnetic energy is destroyed in a process that's called reconnection. I'll mention something called the quasi separatrix layer briefly, which essentially tells you where the reconnection is happening. The main thrust of this is we've measured every single term in Ohm's law to calculate the plasma resistivity. And what we found is that you can't use Ohm's law. It's non-local. Then we used something called the Kubo resistivity, which comes from the fluctuation dissipation theorem. And that actually allowed us to arrive at what the resistivity of the plasma is in space. And then I'm also going to talk about, I threw this in at the end based on some of the talks I listened to, the ropes are chaotic. So I'm going to talk about something called the entropy and complexity of these ropes. So this is a large plasma device. We've seen a couple pictures of it before. The one things I'll point out that maybe haven't been mentioned is it has 450 access ports, many of them with valves. So there's an enormous amount of locations where you can put probes and spectrometers and so on on the machine. It's also a user facility. It's funded by the Department of Energy mostly and National Science Foundation. And half of the time on the machine is given away to users. And anybody can become a user, including everybody in the room here. All you have to do is come up with a great idea and we'll do the experiment. If you're a theoretician, that's OK. As long as you're actively involved with the experiment, we'll work with you and do it. Use of the machine is free. So how does a machine work? Well, there are two plasma sources. On the left there, and then there's a picture of it down here, is a barium oxide cathode at 60 centimeters across. And it makes a plasma 60 centimeters in diameter. There are magnets, 100 of them, that go the length of the machine. And what I did was foreshorten this. Looks like there's only a few of those purple magnets. There's actually like 66 of them to show you just the geometry. So on one end you have this anode and cathode. Now how do we make the flux ropes? You need very strong currents that have their own azimuthal field. So on the left over here, shown schematically, we have a cathode, 20 centimeters across, made of a material called lanthanum hexaboride, which has an enormous emissivity. And so we can get very large current densities out of it. We then put a mask in front of it with two holes, one for each flux rope. And then 11 meters away we have an anode. So the background plasma has no current flowing through it. The cathode and anode are very close to each other. So it's very quiescent background plasma. But then we make currents of these two ropes done with a transistor switch. This is all experiment that I'm going to show you. So we have a whole variety of probes. These B dot probes are actually three-axis differentially wound magnetic field probes. The whole thing's just a few millimeters in size. And they move by stepping motors on probe drives. So we actually measure the magnetic field, the flow, with a Mach probe, the plasma potential with an emissive probe at about 50,000 locations in the machine versus time. So we were running the machine pulses once a second, 24 hours a day. This took about six weeks to do. And so how do the experiment work? We turn on the background plasma. That's the current versus time from that barium oxide cathode once a second. And then sometime after the plasma settled down, it's in steady state, we switch the rope currents on for a few milliseconds. So during that purple line over there, these are just some of the parameters of the plasma. Solunculus number S can be as high as 10 to the sixth. And for this experiment, the background field was 330 gauss. You can go to 2 kilo gauss in the machine, but it doesn't work well for flux ropes. So how do we take data? This is one component of magnetic field versus time. Now the flux ropes, I'll show you in another slide, are kink unstable. And so they're going to start kinking. And that's when they smash into each other to give you reconnection. But the time that the kink starts varies by 100 microseconds or so every shot. You can't control when it starts. At least we didn't for these two ropes. So if you just took 10 or 15 shots and averaged them, they'd average to a very small number, which wouldn't be the field. So we used something called a conditional trigger for all of this. Essentially correlated. We took one magnetic probe, which was sitting at the edge of one of the flux ropes throughout the entire experiment for six weeks. And it recorded the magnetic field versus time. When the thing starts kinking, you get the sinusoidal signal in the magnetic field. So we use t equals 0, not at the time when we turn on the ropes, but at the time when the ropes start moving. When you do that, you can do a beautiful average. So this is the average over the same number of shots. So this is data. This shows you what the flux ropes look like. On the right, the current density from the two spots in front of the cathode, current is about 5 amps per square centimeter carried by electrons. The blue are magnetic field lines. So this is all measured. So the field lines are derived from the measured magnetic field. I just colored them blue and red to make it easier to see. If you stare at this, you could see the ropes twist about each other, about themselves, like if you wrap up a towel. They twist around each other from the J-course B force and then on the left over here is a place where they collide. So this is shown again and again. This is data acquired at 50,000 locations. If you look at the currents, which we get the curl of B to get J, it's a little easier to see how the ropes kink. So I'm going to show you these currents versus time. Now notice the up-down direction is about 20 centimeters, 25 centimeters. But if you go from right to left, we're going out in this picture to seven meters nearly. So this thing's highly compressed. So these are the rope currents as a function of time. You can see them twisting up on the right. Then the plasma kinks, the ropes collide, the currents stretch out and unravel. And in fact, this happens again and again, this exact same thing for every oscillation you saw in the B field. So what we did was we made the ropes kink unstable. I think that's the next slide. If you have two ropes, there is a threshold current called a kink current. Which depends on the magnetic field, the length of the rope. R is the radius of one of the ropes. And so if you exceed this kink current, which we do by a factor of three, then the ropes are kink unstable.  So we adjusted them so that the collisions between the ropes would occur again and again and again and again. And each collision was more or less the same. The ropes have a dispersion relation, derived by Rutov. And this dispersion relation, if you calculate the frequency, predicted frequency of a ropes, it's something between five and eight kilohertz and the experimentally observed frequency of the ropes. And you'll see that everything is oscillating at about five kilohertz. So this is a magnetic field. This is all data. But only the perpendicular magnetic field. At one plane, very, very close to where the ropes are born. So you can clearly see them. And what happens is when they kink, the two ropes smash into each other. And I just drew two little arrows in to show you that when those two ropes collide, you have magnetic fields in opposite direction being forced together. And that's when you get free connection. This is, since we can follow the field lines, we can also follow them in space and in time so we can just look at two field lines and their separation as a function of distance going away. So when you're really close to where the ropes are born, on the bottom, they're not moving very much. The further away you get, these are all offset for clarity, the ropes eventually start moving so much back and forth across the magnetic field that they smash into each other. Okay? You can talk about something called the squashing factor. That is, if you have reconnection and you follow two field lines, there's no reconnection, the field lines will go like this and that. The separation between them will more or less be the same. But if they do reconnect, there'll be a point at which they suddenly may jump apart. So the field lines will rapidly diverge and this q is a measure of that. So q, that q there, the smallest value you can get is four. So if q is much, much greater than that, then one suspects there's reconnection. So this is data, again, this is about nine meters from the top to the bottom but only 25 centimeters across. This is the current at what instant of time those candy stripe things to guide your eye and that blue magenta curve is the quasi-separatrix layer, q 100. So this is really large. So you know the field lines are diverging and that quasi-separatrix layer itself is a flux surface. So it's B times A and it doesn't change and what I've drawn in it and it's hard to see because the lighting is pretty bad in here but the field lines which are colored gray get further and further apart as you go from the bottom to the top of the picture. This is what this looks like if you're viewing this quasi-separatrix. Same picture, just looking at it at different angles. So this quasi-separatrix layer isn't just a flat surface but it's a twisted warp thing and you can see the field lines get further and further apart as you go up. The reconnection rate, this is the definition of it essentially it's an induced voltage from Faraday's law. When you annihilate B field, you get an electric field and then E dot dl is the electric field integrated along a field line. I'll tell you in a minute how we get the electric field but if you do this integration along field lines you can get the reconnection rate. So that's shown on the left there and the reconnection rate is five volts and you could see just in the center that bright line where you have a large reconnection rate and then shown on the right it's just completely superimposed this is a plane of the log of Q, the QSL so 10 to the fifth is really big and the two are identical the geometries of these two things. So Ohm's law. For a long time I've been interested in what the plasma resistivity is is the plasma resistivity not classical and why if it isn't and so I thought the best way to do this is use Ohm's law, this is the MHD Ohm's law so we have to measure all the terms in this except for the resistivity which we don't know and so it turns out that the turn on the left hand side dj dt M over any squared if you put the numbers in that term is so small you don't have to worry about it it's orders of magnitude small than everybody else but all the other terms have to be measured you can't neglect any of them so this is how we measure it we measure the electron temperature everywhere and this is three meters away from where the ropes are born so Z equals zero is where the ropes are born this is at a certain time later and these are contours of electron temperature so it goes up to 12 EV in the middle of the ropes the background plasma from the barium oxide cathode is has about a four EV temperature it's much cooler that's the blue over there and the density which it goes to three times ten to the 12th in the middle of the ropes and turns out that the temperature and the density are contours of constant current look exactly the same right which makes sense because the current in the rope is large the temperature is going to be higher the ropes ionized so the ropes are fully ionized the background plasma is about 50% ionized and so if you have we need NKT that's one of the terms in Ohm's law so the ion temperature is very low about one EV and so this is essentially the pressure NKT so on the bottom is where the ropes are born this goes out to eight meters in this diagram and these are contours of constant pressure you could see the pressure is higher closer to where the ropes are born and get smaller as you go away the ropes actually eventually overlap and mix with each other and very very far away the plasma is cooler so you have a pressure gradient along and across the magnetic field this is the three-dimensional flow which is ion flow at one instant of time and you have this very I just started following a few flow lines so in magenta if you follow them all you won't see a thing but the flow is very very complicated the arrows over there are the flow arrows of flow and you could see if you just look at the arrows they're tiny on the right and they get bigger and bigger as you go down the machine that's because of the pressure gradient the pressure is higher on the right so it's pushing the ions away and so they're picking up energy and they're going faster when you get to the left but their actual motion is really complicated the ions actually meander back and forth from rope to rope so they don't gyrate around the ropes but if you look at the Mach number which is what the Mach probe measures which is the ratio of the velocity to the sound speed and since, by the way, we know the sound speed at every location because we know TE so this is whenever we calculate M it's based on the local sound speed but anyway you could see that the flow or the Mach number oscillates at five kilohertz exactly the rope oscillation frequency this is the electric field which we measured it has two turns, grad phi and the ADT the grad phi we get from an emissive probe which is a hot probe, plasma is dense so we have to make a probe out of cerium hexaboride that's a whole other story but we can make it hot enough to emit enough to measure the potential and the ADT we can calculate the vector potential from the 3D fields and currents so that's a derived quantity it turns out that the ADT is about 1 tenth of grad phi that the potential gradients dominate everything and these arrows show you they're pointing inward the electric field points inward so the ropes are negatively charged you might expect that they have tons of electron current and so close by you can actually see the two ropes in the electric field and you get further and further away the ropes get closer together and merge, twist around each other and you can't see the separation between them and it's too bright in here so you can't see what's happening at six meters this is the J cross B force so we have the current from the curly B the background field dominates though we can add the rope field into this as well and so very close to where the rope are born J cross B points inward just like the electric field further away it looks like the picture of the electric field it points inward toward the ropes but grad P, one over any grad P these are all voltages points outward so the grad P in the perpendicular direction has the opposite sign of J cross B and in fact they nearly cancel so what's left, oh I guess I didn't show it when you take all those terms and ohms a lot and add them up the thing that really dominates everything is grad phi gradient in the plasma potential the space charge, the electrostatic field the biggest thing of all all right so next what I did was put it into ohms law and calculated, I did this 10 different ways and I totally don't have the time to explain but I'd be happy to speak to anyone who wants to know all the various ways I tried to do it but one way I thought was to calculate the resistivity along field lines so I integrated E dot D L this is the total field with all those terms you saw along field lines divided by J E over J is the resistivity and then divided that by the local spitzer resistivity so you get the resistivity 50 or whatever means 50 times spitzer so here at this particular time resistivity is all positive and large and seems to be biggest between the ropes and on the gradients of the current but then at another time the parts of the resistivity go negative right so how can that be either there's some exotic dynamo which we've never seen and or large currents flowing the opposite direction which we never saw or there's something wrong with our measurement but we checked and double-checked for a year before doing this so I began to think maybe we can't use Ohm's law so instead we found this paper by Jacobson and Moses who talked about Ohm's law has the possibility of being non-local essentially that means when this is non-local you either have to derive a new form of Ohm's law but you can't use the one I just used verboten all right so that's the criteria if alpha is greater than one it's non-local that means that you're getting contributions to the local resistivity from large distances away in the plasma as these field lines flap around so we have all the terms in that equation so we calculate alpha and this is the calculation to guide your eye these are the two ropes red and blue and then these are surfaces of constant alpha so the red surface in the middle there is 12 that's bigger than one there's a surface alpha is three another one alpha is equal eight three nested surfaces if you average it over the entire volume it's one and a half so Jacobson's law seems to hold true alpha is greater than one you have to give up and you can't use Ohm's law so what do you do all right well found a paper saying that you can calculate from the fluctuation dissipation theorem it's a famous paper by Kubo 1966 using velocity correlations you can calculate a conductivity ac conductivity but to us that's perfect because the flux ropes are oscillating at five kilohertz so all we have to do is omega there corresponds to five kilohertz okay and we can calculate these terms uh... and I can show you later if you're interested how I did it but it's a correlation in velocity at two different positions uh... and uh... we used v from the current this is how we got the velocity essentially took the current divided by the local density times the charge and use that in that expression and then uh... for the z component of the resistivity I just took this is a tensor right because new and you go from one to three so uh... this resistivity along the field is one over sigma uh... just to show you these are all the components of that conductivity temp sir but the dominant one is the sigma two two and if you take the one over the sigma two two uh... this is not time-dependent remember it's five kilohertz but we can see what it looks like in space so what it looks like in space this is three meters away from the birth of the ropes as you move away while these uh... components change but you can then uh... get the resistivity and these are uh... three surfaces of constant resistivity and that quasi-separatrix layer where reconnections going on is drawn in and so first of all you see it turns out that on the right and left you see these big mountains of high resistivity twenty or fourteen times the spitzer value and in the middle same thing the middle spike in resistivity we associate with the reconnection because it's right on top of the quasi-separatrix layer the other anomalous resistivity regions are just where the currents are there's three regions the resistivity is anomalous in the currents uh... and this is just shown in contour maps uh... it can be up to thirty eight forty times spitzer in uh... right in the middle of the quasi-separatrix layer and then uh... you could see the currents on top and bottom eventually the re... the reconnection layer fades out because the reconnection is only really happening around four meters away three to four meters away and eventually all that's left of the high resistivity due to the currents so from the magnetic helicity here's an expression for relative helicity uh... this was just published uh... you can calculate the dissipation and transport actually the expression we use is a little different than this uh... we included flow density temperature and electrostatic field and what we found is uh... use this expression the arrows are the transport of helicity into the quasi-separatrix layer see that q equals one hundred is one of the contours of q and the hours are going in and then the dissipation is shown in color and you could see inside the quasi-separatrix layer uh... is where all the dissipation is happening and if you plot the dissipation and helicity flux into the quasi-separatrix layer they balance perfectly from this uh... we predicted and then looked in and at the magnetic fields themselves that uh... only point one gauss of the magnetic field is destroyed the flux rope have magnetic fields of up to thirty gauss so a small fraction is destroyed but that was enough to raise the electron temperature by one of the in the quasi-separatrix layer uh... and so uh... i'm not going to read this out but it turns out that when the ropes are colliding from this helicity uh... measurement then all of uh... all of uh... the helicity goes into raising the temperature as i just mentioned that when the ropes move apart there's also change in helicity and it turns out all of that goes into augmenting the flows around the rope so i'm going to talk about this which is uh... the other side of the coin complexity all right uh... one of the speakers mentioned the permutation entropy yesterday uh... i don't think he's here but uh... you can you can calculate the entropy of the time series and there's there's an enormous number of papers on this and how do you entropy is a measure of disorder and so uh... how do you do that you take the time series and break it into bins so there could be typically five seven ten numbers in a bin so for example suppose you would have been with five numbers what you do is just count of those five uh... data points which is the biggest which is the next biggest which is the next biggest right and you get an ordering so for these five points i randomly chose point one is the largest point two is the next to largest point uh... five is the third largest and so on uh... but since there are five bins there's five factorial uh... possible combinations so then you go through the entire data stream and you ask how many times is this p one p two b five p four happen right so turns out just for this one example happens thirty times we're a thousand data points uh... so that's a probability thirty over a thousand and it's a thousand minus the five uh... and this goes into this quantity called permutation entropy so it's a measure of disorder there's another thing called the jensen shannon complexity which you may or may not have heard of i never heard of it until a couple years ago one of my colleagues discovered it the complexity is a funk is this complicated function of uh... the entropy s of p which we just talked about p e is the maximum entropy state it turns out that maximum entropy states of no-brainer to calculate if you have a thousand uh... numbers then if uh... every single data value is one over a thousand then that's maximum entropy total disorder and this is a combination of them when you do this you get something called a complexity entropy diagram you say what the hell is this good for uh... entropy by the way is normalized from zero to one the complexity uh... is always less than one but it turns out that uh... it was proven but by these mathematical people in statistics there are two curves called the minimum and maximum complexity curve and anything any anything at all has to lie between these two curves your data never be outside them and so i just show a few things you could take all these maps logistic map and map any of them they'll be uh... somewhere in there a sine wave is a point all the way on the left white noise if you just put it random numbers random numbers have very high entropy but no complexity so they're all the way on the right of that thing uh... but it turns out that on the top of the arch oh and fb is fractional baronian motion okay so on the toward the top of the curve uh... if you have data there that means uh... that you it's very chaotic because the complexities high so very chaotic stuff means complexity very high and entropy sort of in the middle of the road like point five normalized entropy also what these guys discovered is that uh... if your data is like the hennan map or whatever and it's up there in the region uh... we have high complexity the process that led to it being there is not run of the mill random stuff but it's deterministic chaos that means somewhere there's a set of equations which you probably never can find lead to this chaotic structure so a lot of these maps that you that you can uh... that lead to chaos you put them on this diagram they're all up there so what is our that's deterministic chaos region the chaos on the bottom ran is just random to completely random non-deterministic stuff like white noise this is our data this is uh... flux rope in the present of the background alpha and white and uh... there we are highly highly chaotic it has this uh... beautiful little hook there uh... there's several maps that i drew in the hennan logical map lorenz 3d map you can put in anything you like all right but if you're up there where it's read it's highly chaotic but the chaotic chaos is deterministic even though you may not know why and what we did to plot this there's actually fifty forty eight four hundred thousand dots each one of them is a magnetic field versus time and the thing is here uh... we did not conditionally average the data so when you conditionally average it you get this beautiful uh... sine wave kind of thing i'm just about done uh... but we didn't conditionally average it so essentially what we're seeing is this shows the chaos but all the field line pictures i showed you before show you the recurrent part the part you can average this stuff up there we cannot see this is what this looks like this develops in space so these are the minimum and maxity complexity curves and this is uh... how the complexity varies as you move away from the birth of the ropes the rope motion gets more and more complex as they go whipping around and uh... you get this large uh... hook in the complexity diagram this is what it looks like in three days the last thing i want to say i know uh... he's pointing at me everybody shows a spectrum okay well here is the spectrum for the uh... this is uh... power spectrum for the flux ropes magnetic field it's not it does not have a power law dependence it's exponential in fact we see exponential spectrum in plasmas all the time they're more common than power law spectrum the spikes you see are out there waves on the right over there and uh... the magnetic field those are the flux ropes all those spikes are due to the motion of the ropes on the left so of course they they're not they don't fall on the exponential spectrum but as if you take those things out perfectly exponential because what uh... there are if you look carefully at the magnetic field data uh... before it's conditionally averaged there are larency and spikes structures in the plasma and you can fit them to larency and function and once you have larency and functions uh... you get an exponential spectrum they go together okay i'll stop i'm over


Defcon 12 is pleased to present, then the toy is Jason Scott of textfiles.com and one's other one for me. He has been working on a documentary about the BBS scene.  Anyone here still use a BBS? Alright, curiously, how, what was the, yeah, yes indeed. It's the most dysfunctional Nielsen family. Alright, Jason here is going to be talking about, amongst other things, his documentary that documents and chronicles the BBS scene. Anyone here participated in the making of that? Including yourself, Jason. Let's see that hand. There you go. Thank you, sir. Alright, without further ado, Defcon 12 presents Jason Scott. Hi everybody, I'm Jason Scott. How many people here were involved in it? It's all just a big cast party. Actually, to tell the truth, there are so many people interviewed that, yeah, I just keep bumping into people who are in it. I'm like, hi, how's the kids and everything? My name is Jason Scott. I run a site called textfiles.com. That's how most people know me because it's this site that has BBS-era text files. That site came into being in 1998 when I thought that I would look up whatever happened to my good old dial-up bulletin board system, Sherwood Forest 2, that was my personal favorite, and then to my great surprise, there was nothing about it. There was not a shrine, there was no information, there was nothing. And then I said, well, at least I'll find out about what happened with the New York BBSes, and there was nothing about that, and then, of course, BBSes, and there was very little about that. And I thought, uh-oh, doesn't anybody have the complete collection of Biaka agent 003's Guide to Telecommunications?  These were important things. And nobody had it, and that's fine. I did. I had them in my basement, and so I went and grabbed these old five and a quarter inch floppies and put 9,000 text files up and unfathomably huge number that rates back to my days of youth. And that has grown, I don't know how many text files I have now. I think it's 60,000, but you kind of lose track. All of these are files from generally the bulletin board system era, an era when people had computers hooked up to foam lines that could answer them that were run by one or two people where other people could dial them up, leave messages, download files, and get in trouble with their parents. This concept, what ended up happening for me was that, you know, I decided I'd let the files speak for themselves. I put up these files and people would come and get them. Of course, anytime you put up two gigabytes of text, you end up with these unexpected side benefits. For instance, the number one reason why people come to textfiles.com by a factor of 20 is to download ASCII Middle Fingers. I'm the world's best source of ASCII Middle Fingers. What about Unicode Middle Fingers? Oh, I didn't have a good retort for that one. It was welling up inside me, but it was profane. ASCII Middle Fingers far and away and then come the bombs, but the sites constantly hit by Google, it's used by people to test search engines, people seem to be testing it to see how much of my bandwidth they can take and all of that. At some point, I started to get text files that weren't from BBS era, but the problem is how do you put soft docs for wizardry for the Apple II next to something about how to make the banner ads disappear from your mindspring account. So I created web.textfiles.com and said, anything after 1995, you go in this section.  And so they start sending me this. So I have been given these things often in the dead of night. CDs of old BBSes, that tapes of old BBSes, Apple II hard drives of old BBSes, and please do something with this. I have the machine that the Apple II port of Zork Zero was written on. I would call that a dubious honor. But they really had to do things to it to make it do it. So over time, people sent me things that were like text files. When I realized that it was the spirit that I was collecting, it really wasn't the files. It was this concept, this approach to how people lived online in the 80s. 80s are very important. Late 70s early 80s are important because that's one of the first times that people start to come online. And by people coming online, I don't mean purely technical folks. Right now, technical folks in a room, in a basement, somewhere some distance away from here are doing stuff that would make your colon let go. That's what they do. That's the benefit to being in that little room, and they create it. And then 100 years from now or 10 years from now, they're like, oh, we have holographic storage. And someone goes, like I did, back in whatever. You hear about people, they're now able to transfer the Bible and X number of seconds on this one internet. They're great. That's wonderful. But people couldn't use it. ARPANET existed, of course. Other network approaches existed in the early 70s. But people, you couldn't just go down to the store and buy connectivity. And it was only in the mid 70s when you started having the early adopters. And then suddenly, you can go down to the store. You can go down to Sears and buy yourself your G.I. Joe figure and buy your BBS hardware and software and your modem. And anybody could get on. Some people would say that is the great tragedy or the great wonder. Because people, it's just a person online. And that's something that happened throughout the 80s.  These people didn't have often a computer background and just started living online. And they are the vanguards of what comes later with the internet. Been there, done that. Now there's more of it. And so on. And so suddenly there's this massive move to the internet. Well, when people describe history, they're usually trying to summarize it in a fashion that makes it easy to understand. So when I was interviewed by USA Today about textfiles.com, the person, Janet Colmbloom, who is an idiot, could not answer the simple basic questions about this and was trying to write an article on it. She actually called me back and said, what should the opening paragraph be? Finally, after working with her, like trying to make a sculpture using oven mitts, we were able to come up with something. And she called them single use websites that were geared towards computer users. As people who have used BBSs, you might find that a slightly disjointed approximation of your youth. At some point, I got this project idea in my head. You know, I have all these BBS numbers. Why don't I make, what would be involved if I just took all these numbers and correlated them and just made, here was every BBS there ever was.  How big would that list be anyway? Who would be on it?  So I started to code it and I said, this is kind of fun and I wasn't going to do much with it. And within a very short time, I suddenly found that I had 45,000 numbers. And then I got slash dotted. Slash dotted has been good to me. It's okay. And I now have 103,000 numbers. And there are little stories. Even in the most, you know, all I have in it usually is name of the BBS, its phone number, what years it was there, who ran it, what software is on it. As an extra bonus, if somebody writes me and gives me comments, I add them in. Just in that little amount because you'll get, you know, the Wizard's Castle, the Freaker's Keep, and IDG Internet Services.  Well, one of the things that I didn't expect with having 103,000 BBSs up listed was that it was a honeypot for people to reminisce. Somebody would type their name into a search engine. And there would come up their name next to the BBS they ran when they were 16, when it ran, where it ran from, listed in this pantheon of every BBS in that area code, names that they had not thought about for 10, 15 years, just presented as if it was some historical concept. And people would write to me. Somebody understands. I would then be given a book called Let Me Tell You About My BBS. I got many versions of this book. Sometimes it wasn't very well written. Sometimes it was very well written. Sometimes it was astoundingly well written. Sometimes it was very angry. And so I would collect them. And I thought these were great.  See, because one of the things is that over time places like Time Life and PBS and Nova Storm and Blah and whatever to come along and they do the story, right? The Time Life Guide to BBSes. But thank you. Time Life Guide to Hacking. Thank you. You know, so on. The Time Life Guide to Napster. And, you know, okay, great. Historically. Great, wonderful. And you're done. And I went out and looked for it. And it wasn't there. And I realized it wasn't going to be there. And by the time it was going to be there, a lot of the people who did it would be dead or uninterested. They would go for the experts. They would try to focus on who died or had sex preferably at the same time.   And I thought, you know, I'll bet you I could do better. I had a film degree 10 years ago that I never used. Why don't I do something about this? So then I started working on this concept and that became something called the BBS documentary. This gets an, I put up an announcement. I put up, I register BBSdocumentary.com. I start working on it. And then I get slash dotted. It's fun to get slash dotted once. And people started writing, wow, what a great idea. Everyone remembers?  You know, long, big things from people. Wow, it's wonderful. So for three months I researched, said, how am I going to do this? How would I tell this story? What's it going to be about? What's it going to be going on there? Now keep in mind, my first thought was not where am I going to get funding for this? My first thought wasn't like, oh boy, now I've got to go come up with this spec sheet so I can go run this around to Tech TV and run this over to PBS and maybe somebody will give me some money. Where's Ken Burns home? I can go sit outside. And my first thought was, how am I going to get this right? Not where am I going to spend the money.  It's kind of what we're into. We like that. It's cool. So I wasn't so worried about that. I wanted it to be pretty good. I wanted it to look pretty good. I wanted it to sound pretty good. And I wanted it to be, you know, I knew that there were people I was going to interview that nobody had ever interviewed.  So I began announcing that I was about to go into production. I had 500 people ask me to be, to interview them. And those were very interesting people. And I began, you know, I had all of my research up because one of the things that occurred to me was that you're going to have to provide your research. Because I'd rather find out that I did it wrong in an email than in the lobby of the theater. So I got a lot of mail. And, you know, and it's interesting on that level because people have very different history ideas. One of the most common things I encountered was that people would think that the way things happened was the way they experienced them, which sounds like an odd statement, but it really isn't. People would buy a modem. Modems were a good example. People would buy their 2400-baud modem. And when they bought it, that's when 2400-baud modems came out. Period. And of course, you know, there's this massive variance, 5, 10 years for different people who buy it at different times. They would say, oh, this happened here. The biggest, you know, the number one letter I tend to get that makes parts of me wrinkle is these letters where people say, you can't tell, you can't possibly, you have to use as many adverbs as you can, you can't possibly ever tell the story of the BBS unless you interview this man. You know, you'll never truly tell the story of the St. Louis BBS scene unless you interview these six people. And very quickly, I discovered how big a subject this was and that instead of just frazzing through it that I was actually going to try to take an effort, and so I had to start telling people, I'm not doing a movie, I'm doing a movie about skiing, not ski trails. I can. You've got to do the movie on your favorite ski trail. I can. Because, I mean, 103,000 BBSs. The best you can do, if you look at it, is try to get examples of things and use them as archetypes, the freaking BBS, the multi-line BBS, the BBS software company and so on, and try to show these different things. Get a lot of people on film, and as it turned out, I got 200 people on film. Production was supposed to be one year, editing one year, and then something involving a lawn chair and a drink. But it ended up being three years of filming. And I'm not working on the other projects as much as I want to because I'm doing this other major project. And one of the things I discovered very quickly was that doing a story on the BBS is like doing a documentary on the car.  But they're both interesting stories. But how do you put those in the same one? Well, if you're like a lot of places, you do for eight seconds. You give each one eight seconds in equal time. So I knew at a very quick point that I was going to end up actually doing a mini series, a multi-series.  And that's one of those things, right? I can still remember being in the car telling people, how long is it going to be? I'm like, I don't know. Maybe nine hours.  Because the problem was I kept calling it the BBS documentary and so people would think it was this one big Stroheim production of like nine straight hours. You know, the Bladderbuster 9000 was going to come, kill them. Now, as it's turned out, it's going to probably, well, okay, it looks like it's going to be something like five or six hours split off into episodes where different aspects of the BBS that simply don't mesh are being told. Like I said, I had 200 interviews which yielded 250 hours of footage. This already causes certain people who work in that industry to go, my God. And then from there, it's been an enormous amount of culling, moving things around. I am still in the editing process. However, I went for this talk because hell, hey, it's Defconn, Las Vegas, come on, Las Vegas. But beyond that, it also inspired me to like get a little move on because I was going through a lot of interviews and now I have something. So with your permission, I'm going to show you something I made for Defconn. This does not exist anywhere else. Hi, everyone in the hotel rooms. Start your camcorders. That quality is so great on that screen. The Defconn UHF channel. So what I'm showing you is about 14 or 15 minutes of footage. And already some of you are like, oh. Jesus Christ. Here's what's going on with that. This is, again, like I said, this is a set of footage. And what this is, is these are kind of example passages from each of six episodes. And so you can kind of see them. They don't stand on their own.  You'll see where I'm going. And I tell people, and it's important with projects like this, these projects of love, certain people will watch it and be like, how do you get out of here in a way that's not too embarrassing for me? You know, maybe I could pull the fire alarm. And you know, that's fine. That's fine. And you know, you have to say, well, who is this for? And people go, oh, is this going to be on PBS?  You know, PBS will do horrible things to it.  So I love you Tech TV, but Tech TV with Nerd Nation, for instance, it's a bunch of remixed documentaries that have been chewed around and it's not the way that they intended it. So I always intended this to be a DVD set. So this will probably be a 3D DVD set with a lot of extra footage and everything else. And I'll talk about what I'm going to do with the footage afterwards. But you know, about, you know, three DVDs of these different episodes based around different focused parts of BBSs. I did not put, I started to put names under everyone, but I realized that that was probably just being way too crazy right now with this thing because the faces go by so quickly. People who I interviewed who may or may not have been meaning to you, like I said, of the 200 people, and this is very important, when you do a documentary, you go interview the four experts, the freak job that best exemplifies the weirdest aspect of what you're doing, and you get some sort of narrator. And I didn't want to do that because BBSs weren't about figures. They were about people. You want to interview people who use them. So I went and I'd say about a half to three-quarters of my interviews are just people. They started a BBS in 1986, they ran it till 91, and it went down.  And they speak much more honestly about this than somebody whose professional job is to say, telecommunications are the forefront of the surfing of the blog, AMD tech thing, peer-to-peer. So I wanted people with names, quote-unquote, because it's just great to meet them. I got to meet Tom Jennings who wrote Phytonet, got to meet Wayne Bell who wrote World War IV, got to meet Vinton Surf, got to meet Ward Christensen who did X modem, Chuck Forsberg who did Z modem, who's Mark Herring who did Quick Packets. A concept. Okay, I'll forgive you that one. Anyone know what Quick Packets are? Quick Packets were this great idea. See how popular it was. So basically this guy Mark Herring wrote a module onto bulletin board systems that would take all of the messages and put them into a packet that represented those new messages. So when you dialed up with your client onto this thing, it would pull down a block of, here's all the new messages and then disconnect, and then it would provide them with an offline reader and writer and you could write all your replies, take all the time you wanted to, and then it would call and when it came up, bam, up came your 15 messages in full, you know, technicolor, you know, and even though everything went to crap, that would have revolutionized things. Mark Herring told me about... Whoo! The guy who... What do you call it? Did Quick Packets told me about sysops who were quadriplegics who could be on their board and run things and leave messages and not be tying up their own board for hours on end, typing with their mouth. And you'd never know. I dedicate some of these episodes to different people and there was this quadriplegic sysop. I just thought that would... Anyway, all that said. So a lot of names are going to go by, a lot of faces are going to go by without names and so on, and you get an idea for it. So there you go. It is, once again, it's a logo, six little excerpts with filler music, and then a trailer called 200 that I just put up on the website about two days ago. There's a trailer on the DEF CON disc called Where's. It's really weird. I just did it for fun, so, anyway. It was very important to me not to betray people. It was important not to say, you know, thanks for telling me your true and honest story, but it's about piracy!  So anyway, you do what you do.  We didn't just suddenly wake up one morning and we had the Xbox. We didn't wake up one morning and the Internet was there. You know? How did we get there? That's what you want to know about history for. January 16, 1978, I went out to go to work and it had been snowing most of the night, and I was unable to get out because it just kept snowing and kept snowing, and I lived on an alley which had to be shoveled. I didn't plow it for a long time. So I think I shoveled for like two hours and probably came in at like 9.30, 10 o'clock and realized I was not going to work that day. So I called Randy. I asked Ward, you know, could he write some software that could, that people talk to each other? And I said, you know, I've got the computer club recorder where people can call to find out when the next meeting is and delete questions and things like that, and why not take that line and put a system on it that people could upload newsletters and things like that. The whole BBS thing was for our computer club to be able to produce newsletters. That was the whole idea of it. It worked. From wherever it went from then, fine. I found Ward's system originally, CBBS Chicago, mentioned in an article like, if I recall, it was in Info World. And I went, that's cool. And I called it on it and went, that's really cool. Within two years, there was easily 200 to 300 phone numbers that you could call into the RCPMs, the RBBSs, the CPMNet guys. And, you know, we celebrated 100 calls. It took us almost three months to get 100 calls on the bulletin board because nobody had modems. So the only people with a calling bulletin board were the guys that were running bulletin boards. We said, we had our own computer. Wow. Everybody's job dropped. All of the stuff where we could get our hands on, we got, we transferred it over the phone lines and we looked at it and we learned from it. Yeah, well this actually was a custom cabinet and a frame build for me. I had all these boxes or floppy disks. Each of these boxes holds 70 disks. Somewhere around here or so, they change from 360Ks to 1.2 megs. And basically these disks here, which numbers from 1 to 1,800 are all shareware. This is all DOS. Very little Windows, almost all DOS shareware that I collected from BBSs.  I put it on two CDs. Well, and that's a line that is not different here than it is everywhere. And that is, something has a purity about it that should not be sullied by even accepting money if people want to give it to you. Free market here. And I believe that marketplaces are the best way to tell what has value and what doesn't. Because I think it's a test as an engineer, it's just like putting a meter on something in my view. Because you can tell yourself what counts and pretty much make anything sound like it counts. But when other people tell you it counts, they can tell you a couple of ways. They can tell you with words, which are cheap, or they can write checks which say it really does count. And so I'm very much a believer that money doesn't sully anything. It ratifies it. I guess I vaguely talked with them as the fuzzy people. Now, I don't know why I came up with that term other than that they tend to have beards and they tend to divide right when you were talking to them. They moved a lot. And so I could never focus on them. So I called them the fuzzy people. They didn't know what they wanted. They didn't know how to get that. And they knew somebody else was going to get it first. Now, there was a period of time that you'd start to see advertisements on TV where they would actually mention at the bottom of their ad, their Baltimore system work, where you could contact them. That was impressive at the time. Actually, until you mentioned it, I didn't even remember that they were paid BBS. See, it all goes bad when he introduced money, introduced business. And I woke up and I was lying in bed and my eyes opened and I just... I saw the little light on the hard drive was flickering. It occurred to me. I'm like, it dawned on me. Somebody's using this now. This computer's not being wasted. I'm asleep, but someone's using it. That was the... I think it's like running something and seeing people using it and maintaining it and, you know, watching. You were the king or the queen or whatever of your own little kingdom. I used to watch people see exactly what they were doing. I could come home. If there was somebody on my board, I could turn on my monitor and see exactly what they were seeing and see what they were doing. At the end of the day, it's the sysop that is the ultimate judge, jury, and executioner. I would put the sysop screen up and start talking to somebody and if they were nice to me, I gave them special access and if they weren't nice to me, I would, goodbye, kick them off. Any time the system had gone down or something strange with a modem or something like that, I felt this great responsibility to take care of it.  A lot of sysops got this protective feeling about their users, you know? Like they were my users. You were over here trying to steal my users, you know? Well, first thing is this is that there isn't no such thing as my users. They're fickle.  I was never into the sysop, cosysop type crap, anyway.  I don't need any help. I mean, the system runs itself. And number two, where does a cosysop do? Never sysop was the co. When I was in bed and at night it was dark and the screen was turned off and I was just lying there trying to drive chirping away and making its little music, I could tell exactly where people were on the board based on the notes and the sounds that it was making. I could tell what door game they were going into, whether they were reading a message or posting a message, you know? If they were just logging in or if they had just logged out, I could follow their progress through the board just by the sounds that they made. Imagine you're limited to creating a picture with 16 colors and only the letters are on your keyboard. That's what you're given. You're giving this finite resource of 80 by 25 or 80 by 23 and you have this many rows of characters and this many lines. This art concept, this thing that they call antsy, how do people actually make these? They look impossible to build. It's just incredibly hard to explain to someone the entire concept of a community based around dialing up to another computer, downloading files, art associated with scenes, the entire concept of a scene. I mean, these things are so hard to verbalize, to vocalize, to paint this picture of an entire subculture that most people have no idea has ever existed. A lot of people have forgotten about art groups and about antsy art and it's a shame that some of the most incredible artists and artwork I've seen have been on computer, antsy, art, VGA rips. It was always this battle and it's tough to put in words, but there was this feeling of acid versus ice. Acid and ice. Ice questioned it. Dude, I got 40 to 50. Once you've discovered the internet and even when BBSs were still going strong you knew that it was the future.  It just was becoming a hassle with three kids. Ran it until 1994 when I was a little boy and I was a little boy and I was a little boy and I was a little boy and I ran it until 1994 when we had the big Northridge earthquake and I think it was a 6.6 earthquake and of all the things that happened during that horrible earthquake my computer was up and running and the disc was spinning and that was not a good thing to have going on during an earthquake and it crashed. It came down to I was going to have to spend a fair amount of money at that time to replace the hard drive and there were just few enough calls that just said that's it. Sorry guys, I'm shutting it off. And that was a sad day in my book. I think the last time I went on a BBS it was actually a rant going you guys have to get on the internet. You know, it's weird. There doesn't seem to be a direct analog to the original BBS scene online today. There are some localized web boards and actually they are.  Usenet isn't really like BBSs. You know mailing lists aren't really like BBSs. None of those things kind of have the same feel. There's something about dialing up, you know, and getting the busy signal and waiting to get on man, I want to be, oh come on where do we get off? I want to get on line. I think that the percentage of idiots is the same now as it was back then, but if you have 20,000 people instead of 50 people on a board you're just going to have that many more idiots. I had just spoken part of this class at Cal Arts. Communications Arts or something like that. I had to explain what a bulletin board message base was. It's like well with this program you have on your computer you dial the number and you enter your name and password and then you can go to the messages and you can read these messages. And then you could add one. And if you waited long enough and I had to say months other people would have called in and left messages and after a few months you have a conversation. You know like why?    Stealing software isn't as personal as it used to be. Getting the game as fast as we possibly could if that meant over knitting the game from you know data soft or broader bundle whatever we would do that and then when we'd get it we'd have it cracked by morning. You know that was our goal. And then we could post on our bulletin board that we had the game and that was if you could do that you were first to town you were the king of the hill. That was the whole deal. Serious competition developed between different groups. These groups would compete with each other and then with me as an individual in getting out you know these new ways and who can get it out first because ultimately whoever got it out first their version and their name by extension would be the one that dominated. The playing of the game it's a little secondary unless we're talking about something like chocolate which was such a wonderful game. He didn't care about the game so much anymore it was more about being first. Competition. Yeah. Classic hacking mentality. We call it what is. So that's why what is and what is what is. Waiters. I mean that was what it was all about. I can remember getting Ultimate 3 before it was actually in stores from one of the the local AE boards. And it's odd to talk about values when you're talking about pirating software and so on. But there was a code of ethics involved. Nowadays I think that code is slipped quite a bit but back in the good old days if you released a crack and it didn't work you got a reputation as somebody who was a slacker or whatever you made every effort to go back out and re-release it and make sure that people got fresh copies and so on. That's the big reason why Golden Boards existed was that people could find out what new games were and crack them down and hack them down and copy them faster than anybody else. That was the big game. It was a competition to get who could get there first. Whoever could crack it first you'd have your name up in lights. Twenty years later now we're getting it in lights but here's the lights. Well thank you for getting through that. So basically what you're seeing there like I said are six episodes I tried to split them up in the long general senses. There's actually a seventh one but I didn't want to kill you. No Phytonet because I've got all these people from Phytonet it just worked out that way. I got to be in the living room where Phytonet was created. In each of these cases as you can see I tried to go for the early days of BBSs but that's pretty simple. Out quote unquote sorry. When you see the HPVAC that's the one that they would normally only be the one they're putting up. That's the one they want. But I wanted that particular episode I don't know if it's quite obvious from that footage but you'll notice that it really wasn't about coming out to kill people in their homes which is like the underlying aspect of most hacker documentaries professionally is these people are going to come and kill you, come meet your enemy. And this particular one is like boy we sure had a whole fun time and we had our little code and what we wanted to do and it was really important to us to win against the other guy. Those are members of the Midwest Pirates Guild that's the freeze let's see there was a number of other figures who I keep forgetting the really spastic guy with the two pinball machines is named Jeff Keegan and was one of my best interviews. He he basically channeled the 80s in front of me it was amazing I'm feeling it I can't get online ah so that was really wonderful BBS's are not dead that's kind of the important thing to point out I interviewed people I interviewed a group of Texas area sysops who still meet once every month who still run all BBS's and still do their thing BBS's are big in other countries BBS's are huge in Russia and so on so it's not like that but on the other hand it's not like it was now here because of the internet so in splitting it apart I think I'm going to tell a better story and I'm hoping at the end of it that I've done these people right ah with this talk I've actually cut through I don't know if I really have time for questions so let me say what one of the plans that I always intended to do let me cover two things first of all people are like well you're producing DVDs are you concerned about pirates and as I was explaining to the duplication place I said you know of course you understand that Deviance is going to have a release of this while it's in the plane coming to my house yeah yeah yeah so you can spend your life you know there's a certain spectrum of people who use media correct I mean you have people who would never think of you know everything was for sale never would think of taking it or quote oh well not taking it you know I mean copying it and then you have people for whom if they do not get it free it is a personal insult and what you'll notice is that companies and people who create content don't know where to draw the line if they you know there are these guys over here I don't care what you stick in the package or what you do they're going to take it and if you treat everyone like they're those people everyone's miserable why are you doing that my goal is to come up with reasons why people would want to buy it and you know I may have it that people can send me messages that will be included on the DVDs you know things like that you know take a creative aspect to it do the best you can but realize yeah of course people are going to copy it and oh no more people are going to learn about BBS's they sure screwed me so you know that's going to be that's going to be fine the other thing is what about all the extra footage because one of the things that really pisses me off whenever I see a documentary they'll have an interesting guy and I'm like I just want to hear that guy talk for an hour so I've already made arrangements with archive.org that basically full interviews are just going to go on there a year or something after release where it's like wow word christiansen what does he have to say for five hours which was how long our interview lasted well you're going to get it I am word christiansen only video interview the man who made X modem only appears on footage I shot I thought that's wrong same with the guy who created Z modem a lot of other people I wanted these stories so that in another couple of 20 years when they go wow you know BBS's actually did turn out to be important they can go back and they can just pull up this footage and go oh there it is wonderful you want to trade for it so you know I guess what I'm saying is I'm trying to do this right doing it right has been a lot of energy doing it wrong doesn't take much energy I could have shot it in a month but I wanted to do it right can you write me a good wrap up sentence I'm kidding basically what I'm saying is the amount of effort it took on my part to go from there to here was merely wanting to do it and sticking to it and there are a lot of people out there who I hear talk about projects and I have to do it but I just got to get this or I need my server to be right or I haven't gotten the HTML I haven't gotten the cascading style sheet to look as good as I'd like it to so I can't start my programming project and I'm just like just start it just start it it'll all work out in the end there's been a lot of people who have helped me along the way there have been a lot of people who gave me things it probably isn't much of a secret and I certainly won't make it a secret there was one person I interviewed who said wow this seems really important here's $10,000 because he saw what I was doing and what I was going about and he gets a free copy you gotta do comps take two but it became by being honest to people I always told people what I was doing what I'm doing this about and I always made sure that when I showed somebody that it was honest that you weren't seeing Trekkies yes sir where can we get it when it's available if you go to bbsdocumentary.com there is a notification list you can sign up for there's trailers you can look at photos of the interviews which I did and you can sign up for it and it's not a commitments thing of course just go up there and say how many you want and then my people will come for you anyway so I hope that my bulletin board system is the worst one ever made and that the really good ones will be the ones that go he did it wrong we can do better and they'll start making them that's really important to me because this is my bag bulletin board systems and I'm saying make your own worst documentary too if nobody else is the rewards are quite amazing okay yes I'm going to distribute it myself I trust nobody well you know I mean in the old days there were like three networks and they all hated you and they wanted your stuff for free sometimes they would pay you to make stuff that they would then take from you for free I don't have a lot of I mean I went to film school right and then I started to learn about how they make films and what's involved in films and I was like woo computers and you know I'm not I'm not gonna fill up a huge rant but you know the days for the moment the days of where you had to get a person to do it are kind of over I mean I shot it on video I shot it $3 an hour on this Canon XL1 this one piece of equipment and you know got it as a floor model from B&H Photo picked up a couple of microphones and shot it myself I have a I have a 1.5 gigahertz machine running Vegas video with 4.5 terabytes of USB 2 storage and that's how I've been doing it and when I'm done if you have something I can hold it for you all set all set it's loud in there but you know there you go people are like what about Wade on an apple why didn't you do it I'm just like I just did it if I did it a way that isn't as professional it still got made so I guess that's really about it someone's giving me the finger two fingers do away finger two fingers again I guess when will it come out oh you scare me I will not let 2004 pass without it so there you go yes sir one more in America yeah yeah primarily white I tried to play the game of like well I need to get it worked out to white males from suburban neighborhoods a few women who wanted to think they were the only women this is what I objectively I got to tell you and a few black guys and a few Asian guys and a few other you can't can't make butter out of air man I shot the footage that was there and but one thing that did come out of it all was that at the end of the day for everyone I interviewed it wasn't about the code it wasn't about the hardware it was about the people that they met when they were there it was the people the friendships they made the loves they had and they lost and that's the glue that stuck around years later no no however BBS babies came behind the camera on two occasions are you interviewing about and they said what's that that was kind of anyway I interviewed one kid who had never been on a BBS that wasn't as productive as I hoped a man is coming to kill me alright thank you very much and thank you for your patience I forgot one other thing I am now going over to the electronic frontier foundation Dunk Tank so if after enjoying my film you wish to make me wet just come on over to the electronic frontier foundation Dunk Tank not so fast folks I need everyone out that door