Thank you very much, Mr. Ambassador, for those very generous remarks. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your presence and for your warm reception. Those were exceedingly, indeed, excessively generous remarks. And I'm very grateful. It brought to mind after I completed my service in Northern Ireland, I wrote a book about it. And when the book was published, I took what we in the United States regard as an obligatory book tour around the country to promote sales of the book. And I then learned for the first time that there are more Irish-American clubs in the United States than there are Irish-Americans. And I was invited to each one. And in each one, the introductions got more and more lengthy, more excessive, more separated from reality. And I loved it. My wife said she was worried that I was getting a swelled head. I assured her that wasn't the case until the last stop was in Stamford, Connecticut at the Stamford Irish-American club when my head was so swollen, I could just barely squeeze it through the door. But when we went in, the very first person I encountered was an elderly woman who rushed up to me. She's very excited. She said, I'm so pleased to meet you. She said, I don't live anywhere near here, but I drove 2 and 1 half hours just to come here, to shake your hand, and to ask you to sign my poster. And I said, well, of course, she handed me a poster with a large photograph on it. And I looked at it and I said to her, well, ma'am, I'm very happy to sign your poster.  She said, well, you're not. She said, well, who are you, anyway?  She said, oh my god. She said, this is terrible. She said, I'm so disappointed. I drove 2 and 1 half hours to meet Henry Kissinger, and all I've got is you. So that brought me back down to earth. And it actually, while I'm at it, I'll tell you most of it reminded me of an early time where I got a little bit of humility when I was campaigning for reelection to the US Senate. Maine is a rural state with very few large urban areas, but a lot of farmers. And so I was campaigning in an area of Maine for a couple of days at farms. And I stopped at one farm. And if you campaign enough in politics, you can tell almost at the moment of meeting whether you're going to get a good or a bad reception from the initial reaction. And the initial reaction was very good of this farmer. And he invited me in and asked me if I would have a picture taken with two of his cows.  So of course I said as though it happened every day, sure I'll take my picture with your cows. And he explained to me that he had two very prized cows, which he had just sold to the government of Saudi Arabia, which was in the process of upgrading its dairy herd and had an emissary for Saudi Arabia, traveled the country and found the best dairy cows the American bought them to send back. So I had my picture taken and I continued on my way. And the next morning in a local newspaper in the rural area, sure enough, right on the front page, nice big picture of me and two cows. So early that morning I was out making my rounds again with farmers and I went to stop at a farm and it was a very long way off the highway, long gravel drive to get to it. And as soon as the farmer, now very elderly general, I had a sense this wasn't going to go well. So groping for small talk, I said to him, gee, I said, you've got a very long driveway to get here off the highway. He said, well, he said, if it was any shorter, it wouldn't reach my house. I said, so I stuck out my hand and I told him who I was. He said, oh, I know who you are. I said, how do you know that? He said, I seen your picture in the paper with them two cows. I said, what did you think about it? He said, senator, I'm a Republican. I think we should keep the cows here and send you to Saudi Arabia. So anyway, now that I'm back down to Earth distancing myself from your introduction, I will say a few words generally at the outset. A little bit about Europe. I'm here primarily to speak at an OSCE conference tomorrow and then specifically about the Middle East and in particular the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. And then I'll be very pleased to try to respond to your questions afterwards. I begin by asking you to go back to the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, when in an effort to secure the peace and to promote stability, the United States and the Democratic peoples of Europe established new international institutions and alliances. The United Nations was created, NATO was established, the European Union was founded, a host of new international institutions from the World Bank to the IMF and others were created. Germany and Japan were rebuilt and became resurgent. The intention was to embed the nations of Europe into political, economic, and military alliances that would make it less likely that Europe's long history of war and conflict would be repeated. Everyone had in mind, of course, that in the preceding three quarters of a century, from 1870 to 1945, three major land wars devastated Europe. In the last and greatest of them, the Second World War, in countries whose populations were, for the most part, much smaller than they are today in that conflict worldwide between 55 and 60 million people were killed. And large areas of continental Europe, including many major cities, were laid to waste. In the three quarters of a century since then, that Europe has been largely at peace. There have been, of course, some local and regional conflicts, but measured against its prior history, the absence of major war, or now even of its possibility, particularly among the larger countries in Europe, is a heartening and a new development. And that's why it's so important, not just the Europeans or Americans, but important worldwide, that the EU's current financial crisis be resolved in a manner that does not undermine that impressive political achievement. The American people understand that decisions regarding Europe's future will be made by Europeans for Europeans. In the process, however, you will receive our full support, our encouragement, and whatever assistance we can provide. I believe that the North Atlantic Alliance and what flowed from it is an extraordinary example of leadership and collaboration at an important turning point in history. We now face new challenges, but we still need extraordinary leadership. One enormous challenge new to human history did not exist prior to the Second World War is, of course, the potential proliferation of nuclear weapons. The United States led the world into the nuclear age and has led the efforts to contain these highly destructive weapons with some degree of success. There are now in the world many countries with the capacity to develop nuclear weapons who have refrained from doing so voluntarily. But North Korea has raised the number of countries with such weapons to nine. And Iran appears on a track to make it 10. Iran's program in particular, but also possibly in conjunction with North Korea's, could trigger a collapse in the non-proliferation regime and result in a large increase in a number of nuclear powers in a relatively short period of time. So it remains of the highest importance on the international agenda that the effort to limit the spread of nuclear weapons be sustained and indeed intensified.  How it began, how it was brought to an end. The reason it's different now is that we're there to be in all-out nuclear exchange. It might be the end to conflict, as opposed to an end to a conflict. And there's greater urgency now even beyond the threat of nuclear warfare. The number of people on earth is increasing rapidly. The number of nation-states continues to grow and is now nearly 200. The number of non-state organizations which rely on acts of terror to initiate or extend conflict is also increasing. And sad to say, inequality, injustice, the absence of freedom, poverty, famine, and disease, all are the reality of life for vast numbers of people in the world. It took 18 centuries following the birth of Christ for the world's population to reach one billion. The most recent billion was added in 15 years. Think about that, 1,800 years for the first billion, just under 15 years for the seventh billion. Although the rate of increase has recently slowed, most credible estimates are that by the middle of this century, less than 40 years from now, there will be between 9 and 1 half and 10 billion people on earth.  And that means more competition for land, for water, for growth, for power, and inevitably more conflict. Much as we would hope otherwise, I think it unlikely or unrealistic to expect a world free of conflict. To the contrary, I think increasingly, the challenge will be to prevent local and regional conflicts from extending further. And all of this is occurring at a time when technology has enhanced the human ability to kill eboloja numbers of other men and women. Let me turn now to the Middle East, the Arab Spring First, and then Israel and Palestine. The Arab Spring represents a turning point in the history of the region. While the countries involved are predominantly Muslim and most are Arab, each has a unique history. And it is a profound mistake to think of them as all the same. There will be uncertainty and instability. There'll be different outcomes for different countries. And there will, I think, at least judged by our standards, be some good results and some bad results. History tells us first that revolutions are unpredictable and often require years, even decades, to play out. In my own country, the United States in a much less complicated time, seven years elapsed after the end of fighting before the United States was established. And unfortunately, history also tells us that it is often the case that very bad governments that are removed by revolutions are replaced by even worse governments. The most obvious example, of course, being Russia, where people were oppressed by the Tsarist for centuries, and then along came the Bolshevik Revolution and the murderous dictatorial regime of Stalin. So we have to be patient and realistic in our expectations, even as we do all we can to support the transition to democracy where possible in the Middle East. And we must always bear in mind that these changes came from within and will succeed or fail from within. We also must continue our effort to help end the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. Pessimism is now widespread and justifiably so. There are many, many reasons to be skeptical about the prospect for success, the most recent of which is the Arab Spring itself. The upheavals across the Arab world, especially in Egypt and Syria, have created anxiety and uncertainty among both Israelis and Palestinians, making progress in resolving their conflict more difficult than ever. Even before the Arab Spring, the conflict had gone on for so long, had engendered so much hostility and mistrust, had said such devastating effects that many in the region and outside regard it as not capable of being resolved. But from our perspective, the pursuit of peace is so important that it demands our continuing and maximum effort. The key is easy to state, very difficult to achieve. It requires the mutual commitment of Israel and the Palestinians and the active participation of the United States government with the support and assistance of the many other governments and institutions who can and want to help. The task is to reconcile the Palestinian goal of a viable, contiguous, sovereign and independent state based on the 1967 lines with agreed swaps and the Israeli goal of a Jewish state with secure, recognized and defensible borders. Early in 2009, just before leaving office, President George W. Bush traveled to Jerusalem where he made a speech setting forth American policy. It, in fact, described the policy that existed before he took office and continued after he left office. In part, he said, and I quote, the point of departure for permanent status negotiations is clear. There should be an end to the occupation that began in 1967. The agreement must establish Palestine as a homeland for the Palestinian people, just as Israel is a homeland for the Jewish people. These negotiations must ensure that Israel has secure, recognized and defensible borders and they must ensure that the state of Palestine is viable, contiguous, sovereign and independent. It is vital that each side understands that satisfying the other's fundamental objective is a key to a successful agreement. Security for Israel and viability for the Palestinian state are in the mutual interest of both parties. If I could reframe the President's words in a different way, Israel has a state, a very successful state, but they don't have a security. They want it and they deserve it. The Palestinians don't have a state and they want that and they deserve that, not just to have the right to self-governance but the dignity that comes with being able to exercise that right. Neither can attain its objective by denying to the other side its objective. Palestinians are not going to get a state until Israel has a reasonable and sustainable sense of security. And I don't believe Israel can achieve that unless and until the Palestinians get a state. When President Obama took office in 2009, he publicly reaffirmed that basic policy. But it seemed then that the culture of peace, which had been so carefully nurtured during the years of the Oslo process, had disappeared and had been replaced by a sense of futility and of the inevitability of conflict. Just four days before President Obama was sworn in, the conflict in Gaza had ended. The Palestinians were deeply divided and Israel was in the middle of an election campaign and the result was highly uncertain. There were very few then who believed that there was any chance of restarting peace negotiations, let alone achieving an agreement. And unfortunately, three years later, that remains largely the case, despite an intense effort. A solution cannot be imposed externally. The parties themselves must negotiate with the active and sustained support of the United States and other friendly countries. This will require of them compromise, flexibility, and most of all, extraordinary leadership. I still believe that the conflict can be ended. In part, because while negotiating a peace agreement will be very painful for the political leadership in both countries, in both societies, because both are deeply divided, I believe that the pain that their societies will endure if they do not reach an agreement will be much, much greater. There is no course that is risk-free. There is a risk to Israel from negotiating an agreement, the possible failure of the Palestinian state. But in my judgment, the risk is far greater if they don't reach an agreement. So it's going to be very difficult, but I think it can be done. There is a lull now, and it has created a false sense of security. But if history is any guide at all, that won't last. And if the conflict continues, both societies face dangerous and uncertain futures. Let me mention just a few beyond the dramatic and devastating results of a renewal of conflict. In particular at a time when given the tension between Iran and the Arab Gulf states and other countries in the region, between Sunni and Shia, the upheaval in Syria, the upheaval in Egypt, the possibility of further upheaval in other countries, an outbreak of violence now could spread in ways that have not occurred in the past and cannot now be perceived. There are many challenges on both sides. I'll mention just a couple in the interest of time. For the Israelis, the first is demography. There are now just a little more than five and three quarters million Jews living in the region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. In the same space, there are a little more than five and one quarter million Arabs if you include West Bank, Gaza, and Israeli Arabs. The two sides disagree on almost everything, but on demographics, there is no disagreement. The Arab birth rate overall is much higher. And in a very short time, talking about just a few years, the number of Arabs will exceed the number of Jews. The most recent population estimate from the region is that in the year 2000, there will be 500,000 more Arabs than Jews in that region. And when that happens, if the two state solution has been lost, then Israel will have to make the choice between being a Jewish state or a democratic state. It cannot be both in the absence of a two state solution. Now, this is not much discussed in the United States. I don't know about Europe, but in Israel, it's very actively discussed. Most recently and forcefully by Ehud Barak, the former prime minister and now defense minister who has described it as a painful choice that Israel should not have to make. The second challenge is the result of technological developments. Keep out suicide bombers. Israel built a large wall around the country. And it does keep out suicide bombers. But the threat to Israel's existence does not come from suicide bombers. It comes from rockets. Hamas has about 8,000 of them, crude, lacking in range and accuracy and destructive power, but nonetheless creating fear and anxiety. And that cannon should be no doubt that if the conflict goes unresolved, Hamas's rockets will increase in number and accuracy. Hezbollah has a very large number just on Israel's northern border. The public estimates are between 30,000 and 50,000. While they also have limited range, they are more accurate and they have more destructive power. And Hezbollah prior to the Syrian upheaval was engaged in a major upgrade campaign, not to increase the numbers of rockets, but to increase their range and accuracy and destructive power. But the biggest change is that Iran has now passed the technological threshold and moved from liquid fuel to solid fuel rockets with the range and the capability of reaching anywhere in Israel. They don't have the precision weapons that the United States and some of our lives possess that enable them to target and strike a specific building or a specific military unit. But they have sufficient accuracy that they could cause enormous, devastating death and destruction in large cities. Now the United States is fully committed to Israel's security. That's a firm and unshakable commitment to honor it. We have provided Israel with vast sums of money and military support, most recently in the development and deployment of an anti-missile system. But never in human history has a war occurred in which tens of thousands of targeted rockets were launched simultaneously against a country. And so no one can say with certainty whether an anti-missile system would intercept all, none or some, or how many of them would reach their targets. And so it's possible that Israel's very existence could then be threatened. The Palestinians also face serious problems. The first of course is the indefinite continuation of an occupation which has gone on now for 60 years under which they do not have self-governance and do not have the dignity that comes from self-governance. In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan of the region. Israel was to get 55% of the land, Palestinians 45% of the land, and Jerusalem was to become an international city with access to all. Israel accepted the offer. The Arabs rejected it. Six Arab countries invaded Israel and the first of several wars began. All of them won by an increasingly strong Israel. Every Arab leader with whom I talked and I talked with many, many of them in the last few years would today gladly accept that UN partition plan if it were still available, but it is not available. And it never again will be available because the circumstances have changed so dramatically. And since then, each of the plans offered to the Palestinians have been less attractive and they've rejected them all. I told Chairman Arafat and President Abbas both on several occasions that there is no evidence, not a shred of evidence to suggest that the offers are going to get better in the future. To the contrary, all of the evidence is overwhelmingly that the offers are going to decline in attractiveness the more time passes. So I believe that they should sit down, participate in and stay in direct negotiations to get the best deal they can to create a state. Even though it will not be 100% of what they want. That's the way they can bring the occupation to an end. They can get a state that they can build on and under the exemplary leadership of the current Prime Minister, Salam Fayyad, they have demonstrated that they can lay the foundation by building the institutions needed for a viable and independent state. Unfortunately, the state building effort cannot succeed absent progress on the political track. There is no possible way that they can get a state just through the building of those institutions. They need progress on the political track and the two are inextricably linked. It's an enormous challenge, especially given the extremely high level of mistrust between the two sides, the disbelief and the hostility that comes from such a long and painful and bitter conflict. But I believe that with the kind of extraordinary leadership that was demonstrated here in Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War, it is possible and we have to help them find a way to renew hope and to get an agreement. Thank you very much. With that, I'll conclude my remarks and I welcome any questions or comments and if you may have.


Yeah, yeah, it's happening man. No, I ain't going for that man. I don't like I ain't going for nothing never Ain't no time of the day, but do it to put it on the song though. Basically. I mean what I see Always go back to the I want to go back to that the uptown song that you this G's and what was that? Hey, I'm G's and mama sorry your son is It most time when they get together in a young we've seen it many times on this show where things don't work out But what made what made you go that route and then I see and I think I see walk a clock in that video, too But what made you was lining up in the most it had happened, you know, I mean what what had happened? Happened me. That's what you put it. Yes. It happened it man. I ain't going for that man. I don't like Ain't going for nothing never ain't no time of the day, but do it to put it on the song though. Basically. I mean what I see You just like I'm gonna go and put it out and I mean I had see You feel I'm saying and this that's what I was on cuz I ain't really without it It's I ain't without explaining myself and I Just be knowing what the be going on. Yeah. Yeah, just because I act like that and I be like that That's why they be Without it and I'm dope. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I'm a rapper and whoo, but I'm not with none of that rap So and I always been like this. That's real. That's the They're why they it's a little hate Know what's up with me man? They know this but they know I'm the one with They know yeah, well, I looked at the track record line. I see You feel a lot of this come from me man I'll be thinking going on, but I'm so cool about it. It's like, okay, okay gonna do your thing Yeah, I could I could see what's going on Yeah, that would make me cool But at the end of the day for you to do that song and then you basically just say, you know what? I'm gonna put it out there You wouldn't it wouldn't know turning back at that point you I said what I said it was what it is So I get it. Yeah, you weren't cool at that point. You're ready to talk No, I haven't listen at that time, right? I don't even do that. Yeah, so for me to do that That's what I'm saying. Yeah, that's it I haven't see what people the internet like most be trying to figure it out and they want they want you to help them figure it out Yeah, I'll figure it out. You believe what you want to believe. Mm-hmm. You feel the same, but I like facts Yeah, yeah, so they would I be standing on I'll be standing on like you'll be playing Games out here. Yeah. Yeah, you know until my and you don't supposed to explain everything But when you did at that time though, did you move you move like you always move because you already know When when no whole bunch of which and none of that man, don't look I see them with a thousand with them when you see them I don't been in place what he'd be. I know that it's got to be scared or something. It's a hundred You don't say you don't been on you don't see this and brought out that they was like family to me too Like somebody's like family meets them. That's family. Yeah. Yeah, you know, it's a month. So it'd be In his rap niggas be taking beef the wrong way Okay, because beef sometimes is misunderstanding. Yeah, I'm misunderstanding Yeah, see when everybody get to put in a little two cents and start feeling like they needed it You go you go starts dropping up.  Yeah, I'm gonna do something. Yeah, I come from that. Yeah. Yeah, yeah You don't switch up and play like I can't switch up and be another kind of way How you go from being like that and then just turning to just not being like that now like they forever Yeah, we on boss talk one on one. Yeah, we gonna


In Chapter 2, we had just dipped our toe into the water of energy analysis by considering a simple setup. And by simple, I mean the least complicated that we could. We narrowed our scope to looking at closed and isolated systems first, and the only substances we were considering were ideal gases. The next step to trying to get a little bit more accuracy in our analysis is to allow for substances that aren't ideal gases, that includes substances that are gases, but we can't treat as being ideal, and also substances that aren't gases. So Chapter 3 is dedicated to properties of substances. And before we get into it, let's establish some ground rules, some of the default assumptions that we're making here. First of all, we are talking only about pure substances. And a pure substance, for our purposes, is one that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. We have a homogenous mixture of one thing. That could be a mixture of different gases, but the mixture itself has to be fixed everywhere. So if you have a mixture of say, oxygen and nitrogen, we are talking about the same mixture in every corner of the box that is our system. Or if we have water, it's okay to have liquid water and vaporous water, but we can't have a mixture of water and air unless it's evenly distributed. So right now, we are narrowing our scope to one mixture, one pure substance at a time. The next distinction we have to make is between phases. The reason that we have to do that is because our material properties are sorted by phase. So we have to determine the phase of our substance before we can determine properties about it. And to do that, we are going to be assuming that the phases are neatly organized, that there are clear distinctions between them, and that they are very simple and predictable in their behavior. So we are collapsing the reality of trying to distinguish between different generalizations of materials, i.e. phases into neat and orderly boxes with solid lines between them. And I think it's easiest to start this conversation by imagining a plot of energy. If you consider a substance, let's say water, for the sake of conversation, the lowest energy phase that we will consider for water is the solid phase. If you had solid water or ice and you added energy to it, you would be increasing the sensible energy of the ice, i.e. the energy would go into increasing the temperature. Remember that sensible and latent energy make up thermal energy and thermal energy is one of the components inside of the internal energy and internal energy is one of the components inside the energy of our substance. As we increase the sensible energy, we are increasing the temperature until we reach a point at which that water can contain no more energy without changing phase. At that point, it becomes saturated with energy. At that point, any additional energy will go into the latent energy of the substance instead of the sensible energy of the substance. At that point, a phase transition occurs. And here, we are describing that phase transition as going from a solid to a liquid. And this gap between solid and liquid is intentional. This is the latent energy associated with that phase transition. Going from solid to liquid requires an investment of energy. Going from liquid to solid gives off energy. That's why ice is so much more effective as a cooling mechanism for my coffee than adding liquid water because the ice requires energy in order to go from the solid phase to the liquid phase. The source of that latent energy is going to be the sensible energy of the surrounding coffee. It has to absorb enough energy to change phase before it can even begin to change temperature to try to reach some sort of thermal equilibrium. The latent energy is the same in both directions. It takes the same amount of energy to go from solid to liquid as it gives off going from liquid to solid. Then as we add energy to the sensible energy of the liquid, we are increasing the temperature again until it reaches a point at which it becomes saturated with energy. Then any additional energy will go into changing the phase from liquid to vapor. And I will point out that we can use vapor and gas interchangeably here. I will stick to vapor because that allows us to distinguish between a vapor and gas phase and gasoline when we start to talk about combustion and heat engines. So again, there is a gap in our energy chart here that is associated with the latent energy between the liquid and vapor phases. That latent energy is the same in that it requires energy to go from liquid to vapor and going from vapor to liquid gives off or requires an extraction of energy. But the actual quantity here is going to be different or isn't necessarily the same as going from solid to liquid. Therefore, we give them separate names. The one that refers to specifically the transition between liquid and vapor is called latent energy of vaporization, which is something that you can look up for a substance. And the transition between solid and liquid is latent energy of fusion. Again, something that you can look up. Then all three of these regions between the latent energies are the sensible energy associated with that phase. Again, for our purposes, the phase transitions are all neat orderly lines. There are solid boundaries between what is and is not a certain type of phase. And I will also point out that this is a very broad simplification of the reality of phases. I mean, we could throw in more, we could throw in different types of solids. There's like seven different types of ice depending on the crystalline structure, etc. But for our purposes, we're just talking about the solid phase as a general category. Furthermore, while there is another box up here for plasma, we aren't even going to touch that. We are looking only at this region here and more specifically, we're going to be zooming in on this region, because that is the one that is the most relevant to our analyses. But hold up, we're not quite there yet. First, while we are talking about terminology associated with phases, we have special names for the phase transitions between these, going from solid to liquid is melting. Going from liquid to solid is freezing. Going from liquid to vapor is evaporation. And note, for right now, you can think of evaporation and boiling as the same thing. When you get to heat transfer, you will start to distinguish between the two, because there are several types of boiling and they behave differently, etc. But right now, they are one and the same. And going from vapor to liquid is condensation. And if we have a process that involves a phase transition from solid all the way up to vapor, we call that sublimation. And if we go from vapor all the way to solid, forgive that terrible arrow, try that again, we call that deposition. For our three phases, our solid liquid and vapor, we have names for the amount of energy between the phases, we have names for the energy associated with the phase itself, we have names for the phase transitions, specifically based on direction. And we are zooming in on the phase transition between liquid and vapor, because that's where we spend the majority of our time. So much time will we spend here that it is handy for us to have more specific names within this region. So liquid and vapor are accurate, but not quite precise enough for what we want. I want to have a special name for this part of the liquid and this part of the liquid. I want to have a special name for this part of the vapor and this part of the vapor. So the names we associate with the borders of the phase itself are saturation. This border on the edge of the liquid is called a saturated liquid. It is liquid that is about to change phase. It has become saturated with energy and it can contain no more energy without changing phase. Similarly, the border itself here for vapor is called saturated vapor, because it is at saturation conditions still. Then the region between the two is called saturated liquid vapor mixture. The saturated liquid vapor mixture is the region between the two borders. That doesn't actually include the borders themselves, because on the borders you either have 100% liquid or 100% vapor at saturation conditions. So it's not technically a mixture of the two if there isn't some amount of both in there. Then anything to the left of a saturated liquid within the liquid phase is called a compressed liquid. And anything to the right of the saturated vapor within the vapor phase is a superheated vapor. And I'm not sure, I don't remember enough line theory. I don't remember if it's the curly brackets or the square brackets that represent up to the line, but not including the line, but whatever the correct abbreviation for that is, I'm going to draw a curly bracket for now. The superheated vapor region is the vapor region except without the boundaries. And the compressed liquid region is the liquid region up to but not including the boundaries. And again, I'm drawing that as a curly bracket, despite the fact that I don't actually remember if it's curly or square. So by using terminology like compressed liquid, saturated liquid, saturated liquid vapor mixture, saturated vapor, and superheated vapor, we have a better idea of where specifically within this transition we are. A compressed liquid is a liquid that is not about to change phase. A saturated liquid is a liquid that is about to change phase. A saturated liquid vapor mixture is a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. A saturated vapor is a vapor that is about to change phase. And a superheated vapor is a vapor that is not about to change phase. Make sense? Cool. And we have tables corresponding to these phases. We have a table full of superheated vapor properties of water. We have a table full of compressed liquid properties for water. The table that includes saturated liquid properties of water, saturated vapor properties of water, and saturated liquid vapor mixture properties of water. And knowing which table to use is dependent on our understanding of how the properties are going to change between the phases. So just like how we have an idea of how the energy of the substance is related to the phase, we should try to develop an understanding for how the other big properties are going to change between the phases. Those three big properties, for our purposes right now, are pressure, specific volume, and temperature. And those three properties were related to one another in a very reliable way when we were talking about the ideal gas law. Pressure times volume was equal to mass times specific gas constant times temperature, i.e. pressure times specific volume was equal to specific gas constant times temperature. That was the relationship between pressure, specific volume, and temperature. They were related on a linear basis with a constant that we called specific gas constant. But for real substances, the relationship between them is not quite so cut and dry. Instead, we have to look at them one by one and we have to keep track of the changes on a very general basis. So if we start by looking at the temperature and volume of water specifically, we have a relationship that looks like this. If you increase the energy of water at a constant pressure, you are increasing the temperature, which is also increasing the volume or specific volume for a given amount of mass. This trend continues until the water is saturated with energy, at which point it changes phase. During the phase transition process, the temperature remains the same, but the specific volume or volume increases. Once it has increased enough to change the phase, it becomes a vapor and you can increase the temperature again. So for a line of constant pressure, the temperature increases along with specific volume in the liquid phase. The temperature remains constant as the specific volume increases for the phase transition. And then, once we have changed phase, the temperature increases with specific volume again. So on this plot, one represents a compressed liquid, two represents a saturated liquid, three represents an arbitrary saturated liquid vapor mixture, four represents a saturated vapor, and five represents a superheated vapor. That horizontal line is the saturation condition corresponding to the phase change between liquid and vapor. If we can look up the saturation condition, we can use our properties to determine the phase. So here, we must be looking at water because at one atmosphere, water boils, i.e. water changes phase, at the saturation temperature, the boiling point, of 100 degrees Celsius. So if we knew that we had water at one atmosphere and we knew that the temperature was 90 degrees Celsius, that must be less than the saturation temperature, meaning we must be in the compressed liquid region. Or if we had water at one atmosphere and 120 degrees Celsius, we would know that we would be in the superheated vapor region because our temperature is higher than the saturation temperature. So we can use the saturation conditions corresponding to the phase change and an understanding of how the properties relate across that phase transition to place our state point on a phase and look up the correct properties. So the general relationship between temperature and specific volume for a line of constant pressure is up in the liquid phase, horizontal line to the right for the phase transition, up into the right for the vapor phase. This is true for a line of constant pressure and different lines of constant pressure will have different temperatures corresponding to a specific volume and a different saturation temperature corresponding to the phase change. If I were to show multiple lines of constant pressure, you can see how much the temperature is going to increase for a given specific volume and you can also recognize that the gap between liquid and vapor gets closer together as the pressure increases. On this plot, we can compare the specific volume associated with a phase transition for multiple pressures and we could also determine an approximate temperature corresponding to a line of constant pressure and that would give us our saturation temperature for that pressure. Note when we are talking about a substance, it is often useful to combine all of these saturated liquid state points together and all of these saturated vapor points together at which point you create a dome shape and we know everything to the left of the dome is going to be a compressed liquid, everything to the right of the dome is going to be a superheated vapor and everything under the dome is going to be a saturated liquid vapor mixture. If we are directly on the left side of the dome on that line specifically, we have a saturated liquid, if we are on the right side of the dome, we have a saturated vapor and the very tippy top of the dome is the critical point for that substance which is the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical. So everything above their critical point has a blurry region between the compressed liquid and superheated vapor region. As a result, most of our focus is going to be on conditions less than the critical point or up into the right or down into the left of our dome. It is going to be useful for you to remember that a line of constant pressure on a plot of temperature versus specific volume i.e. a TV diagram goes up into the right. Easy way to remember that, you want to turn the TV up because you are young people and young people are always what with the turning up of the TV. A line of constant pressure on a TV diagram goes up into the right. This is different from a line of constant temperature on a PV diagram. On a plot of pressure versus specific volume, the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines make the same general shape, but a line of constant temperature goes down into the right. So if you are holding the temperature constant and you are adding energy, you are going to be decreasing the pressure until you reach the point at which you can contain no more energy without changing phase, at which point you cross the dome, you accomplish the phase transition. Once it is a vapor, you can decrease the pressure again. Of course, holding the temperature constant and affecting the energy is a little bit of a complicated setup, but what this means for us is that we can use the relative position of our pressure to the saturation pressure corresponding to a temperature to place our state point. If we look up the saturation pressure corresponding to a given temperature and place our pressure above that, then we know that our substance must be a compressed liquid. If we place our pressure below that, then we know that we must have a superheated vapor. Think of this like if you imagine a beaker of water sitting in a vacuum chamber. You start with liquid water, and as you pull air out of that vacuum chamber, the pressure drops and eventually you begin to boil the water. Think of it like you are expanding the molecules enough that they begin to transition from the liquid phase to the vapor phase. And if you drop the pressure enough, eventually the water will entirely vaporize into a vapor. There are videos of that process out on the internet. You can watch them. You can boil water at room temperature by dropping the pressure. And that is how we place the phase of our state point if we know the pressure and enough information to determine the saturation pressure. Again, it will be useful for you to remember that a line of constant temperature goes down into the right on a PV diagram. An easy way to remember that would be to remember the phrase, it's going down, I'm yelling Timber. Timber is a song by Kesha performed with Pitbull, and Pitbull starts with the letter P. Pitbull, P, it's going down. The line of constant temperature goes down into the right on a PV diagram. Or, you know, you can use whatever method you use to remember which line goes down into the right on which diagram and which line goes up into the right on which diagram. Since pressure, specific volume, and temperature are all related, it's also sometimes useful for us to look at a plot of temperature versus pressure. This plot, called the PT diagram, can allow us to visualize where our phases are for a given combination of pressure and temperature. Note that we have a special name for the interface between the solid, vapor, and liquid regions. That point is the triple point. And that's where our solid and vapor and liquid phases can all coexist at the same temperature and pressure. Furthermore, I will point out that all three of these plots, that's temperature and specific volume, pressure and specific volume, and pressure and temperature, are all three perspectives of the same thing. This pressure, specific volume, and temperature surface, also known as the PVT surface, is what we are using to position the phase of our state points. We're just looking at it two dimensions at a time. So when we look at it from this perspective, what we are seeing is the PV diagram, and the plot of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines looks like a dome, because remember, we are looking at the transition between the liquid and vapor phases specifically. We see the same general dome shape when we look at this from above, because it is the same dome, but we are looking at a plot of temperature versus specific volume then. And when we look at this from the right side, we see our plot of pressure versus temperature, and we see the transition between liquid and vapor as a line that goes up into the right, because we are looking at the dome from the right. The first step in determining the phase corresponding to our substance properties is to consider the saturation conditions. Let's try an example.


What's up guys and guys laying here with late in sports cards and we're ripping Chronicles football 2021 PYT six-box break number three. I'm gonna go over all your teams and we'll get ripping Andrew F. Raiders Anibos C. Cardinals Seahawks Brian S. Giants Charles L. Bucks David F. Chiefs Dexter H. Vikings and Colts Edgar B with the Browns Harper B. Bills Bangles and Chargers Jayman L. Cowboys Jeremy H. Bears Jerry B. Panthers Jesse G. Jags Jonathan M. Dolphins Kevin C. Lyons Luke K. Saints Mary W. Falcons Michael D. Niners Nathaniel S. Texans Paul L. Jets Rock Hell B. Patriots Rain G. Titans Richard R. Eagles Scott C. Broncos Sean T. Football team Steve W. Ravens and Rams Thomas O. Steelers and William W. with the Packers. Good luck everyone. Here we go We got a redemption first pack in Sam Elinger Trevor Lawrence Trevor Lawrence out of 25. There we go Jamar Chase and PS2 How about that? Justin Fields turn of the century auto. Boom There you go Bears Nice way to start out this half case break Bears on the board Rashad Bateman on the plates and patches Jumbo Relic out of 399 for the Ravens Trey Lance Kenneth Gainwell Kellan Mond Najee and Zach Wilson playoff Nice Zach Wilson there for the Jets Terry McLaurin Patrick Mahomes Cole Beasley Pat Fryer me Eli Mitchell Darnell Mooney out of 299 Trey Sermon legacy and Cadarius Tony Najee Ray Guy Ray Guy on the Ascension Auto going out to the Raiders Nice hit there Raiders. Ray Guy Nico Collins Bateman Felipe Franks Juventa Williams and Pat Fryer Mooney. There we go Trevor Lawrence on the silver legacy Kyle Pitts Dwayne Eskridge Juventa Williams Travis Etn and Chuba Hubbard Chuba Hubbard on the Prism Black Silver nice hit there Panthers Devonta Smith on the Flux Orange that's gonna be numbered five out of 75 for the Eagles Najee Harris Prism Black and Najee Harris Jalen Waddle Cadarius Tony out of 25 Rondo Moore and Matt Jones on the playoff momentum Billy Joe Dupree out of 50 for the Cowboys Remandre Stevenson Michael Parsons Mack Jones and Trey Lance for every one normal card I have I have eight Bob Willys Jamar Chase Jalen Waddle on the Prism Black Silver nice nice hit for the Dolphins Davis Mills You know Mills had hair No Devonta Smith Pat Fryer Muth out of 99 going to the Steelers I'm on Ross St. Brown and Justin Field. It's clear vision bingo Trevor Lawrence gridiron Kings Auto Nice hit there Jags right behind that another Trevor Lawrence Terris Marshall Clio Herbert Jamar Chase and Juventa Williams There we go Two huge quarterbacks already hit in just two boxes Big Ben on the Chronicles patch out of 199 Big Ben Trey Lance Felipe Franks Remandre Stevenson Jalen Waddle and Justin Fields Tom Brady Trevor Lawrence Jamar Chase on the silver Clio Herbert Kenan Wagu and on the Silver Prism Black for the Jets Michael Carter. What's up Jeremy? Devonta Smith Flux and Jamar Chase Hope everyone's enjoying their Wednesdays That's actually green out of 49. Thank you for the catch whoever did catch that green out of 49 Brevin Jordan and there we go Mack Jones Silver Prism Black Auto Boom, there you go Pats very nice hit there for the Pats Javonta William Terris Marshall Miles Sanders Chuba Hubbard and Tom Brady Aaron Jones out of 199 Yes, there is a waddle like that Mack Cadarius Tony Pat Frymu Clio Herbert Trevor Lawrence and Kyle Trask Jalen Waddle Jamar Chase Jamon to Williams Purple Prism Black Devonta Smith for the Eagles. That's gonna be numbered 69 out of 199. Nice hit there Eagles Kenneth Gainwell and Diamie Brown. Yeah, this product's really nice Docs Jalen Waddle PS2 Kyle Trask out of 199 for the Bucks Terris Marshall and Derek Henry Jordan Brooks Out of 25 from in sep from ascension going out to Seattle nice hit there Jordan Brooks Trey Lance Najee Harris Kellan Mann Jamar Chase and Eli Mitchell Jamar Chase on the Diagon Panini Silver nice one there for the Bangles Davis Mills Cadarius Tony Adafi Oe out of 199 for the Ravens Jamar Chase and Javon Holland Here we go second half break number three Javonta Williams Javonta Williams Jamar Chase Dwayne Eskridge Devonta Smith and Diamie Brown Brent Selick out of 50 on the invincible autographs going out to the Eagles Nice one there for the birds Brent Selick Go birds Y'all won't be hearing that much longer. Uzi's last day before college is Sunday Rhonda Elmore Rhonda Elmore and Derek Henry Trey Lance Mac Jones on the silver Terris Marshall Pat Frymuth Najee Harris out of 199 Mac Jones prism black base for the Patriots and Eli Mitchell. Let's go. Come on Jalen waddle silver prism black auto boom there you go dolphins You asked about it Docs there it is there is the waddle that matches the Mac Justin Fields Kellan Mon Debo out of 399 Jamar Chase and I'm on Ross St. Brown Jumbo relic out of 399 for the Steelers Najee Harris Jamar Chase Michael Carter Felipe Franks Jamar Chase and TV 12 Jamar Chase Tua Kyle Pitts on the silver Zach Wilson not numbered Ian book Devontis Smith Purple out of 199 on the Diagon Nice hit there Eagles Jalen waddle prism black and Kyle Trask, right? Exactly Docs lucky charm for the Dolphins for sure Trevor Lawrence Miles Garrett out of 399 Justin Fields and Jamar Chase Justin Fields Wesley walls out of 50 for the Panthers There you go Panthers Trey Lance Kenneth Gain. Well Helen Mon Micah Parsons prism black and Mac Jones Ian books silver Flux for the Saints Travis etn Keeney and Wagu JC Horn out of 99. It's going out to the Panthers Travis etn and Trey Lance Let's go Trey Lance out of 49 for the Niners boom What a half case 36 out of 49 Let's go And I'm Ramandre Stevenson. I'm on Ross St. Brown and Javon Holland mile standard Lamar Jackson out of 25 on the Chronicles two-color patch Rashad Bateman Greg Russo Mac Jones Kenneth Gainwell and Javon to Williams. I took zero pictures by the way. There you go Eagles Devontis Smith silver prism black Very nice hit Right behind that another Devontis Smith Davis Mills Kellan Mond orange flux out of 75 That's gonna be 13 of 75 Coyote Trask and Justin Fields. There we go last box break number three of Chronicles Javon to Williams Terrace Marshall Dwayne Eskridge out of 199 Kellan Mond and Patrick Mahomes From totally certified Jalen or Jayon Brown going out to the Titans Jayon Brown Tony Coyote Herbert Jamar Chase on the prism black and Terrace Marshall Cadarius Tony Diagon Nico Collins Javon to Williams Diamond Brown out of 25 nice hit there for Washington. Diamond Brown to 25 Rhonda Moore and Josh Palmer Carterson's Kyle Trask Silver prism black auto going to the Bucks There you go Tampa Nice hit on the Kyle Trask Rashad Bateman Zach Wilson TJ Hawkinson out of 10 Rashad Bateman and Derek Carr. Oh, come on have ink Trevor Lawrence out of 199 on the relic nice hit there still for the Jags Michael Carter Mac Jones Najee Harris Devonta Smith and Javon to Williams Last pack here break number three. Good luck y'all Justin Herbert Shane Bouchel on the silver Chuba Hubbard Kyle Pitts Travis Etn Jr. Purple Flux numbered out of 199 DeMonta Smith and Des Fitzpatrick that'll do it for break number three appreciate y'all we'll move right on to break number four


My name is Jimmy his name is Jake, and this is the weekly dumb Thanksgiving's over Christmas is here, and you got elves and they're not Alves Gobble-gobble and happy Thanksgiving for next year the first to tell everyone happy Thanksgiving for next year You see I'm demonstrating a new look Today that'll go down as one of my bad ones You look like you put those on and walk into a bookstore and no one buys it me or the book comment Jake or the book. Jake or the book below. Let's get right into the sports It's an interesting time of the year for sports you me and Zach's world cup is going on How about our USA the tie across the world Wales and England your two home countries watch out Scotland They pulled the beer right before the world cup and in the stadiums Budweiser Piss because they pay 75 million dollars To sponsor the world cup and they're not selling beers in the matches I don't get it. Yes, because they would have made money from all the beer sales But did they just think that they would have like did they think imminent danger was gonna happen? Like we're like too many fights and like stadium collapses and they set fire to the stadium like we can't have this You know temperance movement cutter guitar supposed to be cutter. I think so like breaking away cutter Number one movie where a kid pretends to be Italian and rides a bike around his college Zach Mine's breaking away. You can't take that one. I like that. We got a quote here from Diego Alnbrook a 29 year old from Mexico reasonable guy attending his first world cup and The New York Times got this quote of them. It's a disaster. I didn't expect I expect that one. I was ready for some stuff your trees do stuff, too And Not bad man We're going to this almost a breakdown Devils fans litter the ice with cans after the third not one not two not three the third. Well, yes, three Yeah, almost a breakdown the whole stadium broke down. I think it was the day before Thanksgiving So rowdy crowd three goals getting turned away and for three different reasons I think one was in the crease or interference. The other was goalie interference and the third was they kicked it in So three goals got turned away now the Devils would have won 14 games in a row say the Devils again The Devils would have won 14 games in a row doing a show the Devils And they didn't they didn't win because of all the goals that got turned away and the first fan threw a hat Like celebrating the refs a hat trick. Yeah, and the rest creative enough Harmless and fun the rest of the crowd just through their garbage When you said Devils you kind of sound like the old man in the neighborhood talking about the little kids Devils the Devils came into my yard.  He said I hit him And then little Devils never mess with his hole ever ever again More sports, please go bet on the World Cup or hockey or more sports at DraftKings Go check out DraftKings Jim this one. I don't know if you can bet on a Chinese man runs 328 Marathon while chain smoking you can bet on this somewhere a runner who goes by the nickname uncle Chen Yeah, obviously rip darts for a full marathon So we celebrate this man.   Yeah, this was just for me I don't want to do it. I don't want to do it Which would you rather do chain smoke for three and a half hours or run a marathon run a marathon? I mean you lose a whole day times of how long is a marathon? How long's a marathon? 26.2 miles. I can't do the the other ones It's either chain smoke for three and a half hours or you have to run a marathon Which for you I think we're looking at six hours. Can I wear wheelies? Definitely not. I'll do 10 cigarettes if I get wheelies. So now you're combining them Yeah, because you had one or the other I'm making a bet here.  No, one pack. I want to do two packs. Bad negotiation. Art of the steel. Art of the steel. Art of the squeal. Zach with the noises Yeah, horrible deal for you, but yes.  He has a name. Nudist Stuart Hayward. Hayward. His wife's name is Rona Hayward. They would go to vacation the same nudist colony All the time and he just gets to be in the breeze and free But they're too old to travel all the way to that colony now So he's asking his neighbors if anyone has a garden area that he can be naked in Just because he needs to get his fix one week a year. This dude needs to be naked and outside His wife's not a nudist. She's not going to be nude just him. Jim, you mentioned the art of the deal You know, he's not he gets how the world works. So he says I'm I don't expect you to do this for free I have something to offer in return. I'm willing to share my knowledge of gardening local history only sports history And anything which may be interesting to the garden owners. So he gave Oddly specific things and then anything and then open it up the board because I can learn and teach I mean he's 86 and he can still like think how local is local Because that's where I'd have to really figure it out. Is it this blocked highly local history of my house It's as local as it gets.  Yeah Be on the back patio with stew and the nude talking about local history. Those are the things you remember Where does he keep his clothes? Well, he's at your house. Do you make him de His car outside. Why do you need clothes?  I would discuss that in the contract I don't think he needs that my contract would be I get to spray him with a hose once a day And he can't know when oh stew would really hate that.  It's the employee of the week. It's the employee of the week I think this is a deserving one Kenny Kenny Kenny merch Kenny merch stuff black friday cyber monday all of it did a photo shoot You guys look good. You look great in your photo shoot everyone's in the photo shoot You guys look great in that photo shoot new merch joes with the trucker hat on So congratulations to chat Channy I got uncle chen on the mind uncle chen on the mind uncle chenny canny and uncle chen would have a face more from It's just jake That's just you in the end in your home That was a weekly dumb Today's episode of the weekly dumb was brought to you by draft kings download the draft king sportsbook app Now new customers use promo code jamboy and receive 150 dollars in free bets if their bet hits After placing a five dollar pregame football wager. That's promo code jamboy only a draft king sportsbook I was flying home when the u.s. Was playing england. Yeah, and california to new york on new jersey actually and man when that whistle blew And everyone's phones said f t for full time full time the whole flight erupted Yeah, yeah down with england down with england down with england stamp act.  Can you fact check that?


I had a lot of intense emotions coming up in the parable of David early on and working with the Chorus and I could see that the Chorus was teaching there's only two emotions, love and fear so I was quite interested in the fear emotion because it was very intense, like a recoiling it was a very sharp and harsh, intense reaction and I was asking about that and like how the fear arise or how can I be free of the fear, how can I lose the fear and so as part of a series of questions I remember one time I did ask Jesus I said what is it that I am really afraid of and the answer that came back was love and at the time I remember saying to Jesus, I don't get that I don't comprehend that I don't understand what you're talking about I love love, I love the feeling of love, I love the experience of love I want to fall in love, I mean my whole life is dedicated to love and now you're telling me that I'm afraid of love, it's just incomprehensible so then I said okay, I don't get that at all, let's see you're saying I'm afraid of love so I'm defending against the love I don't get that, I need another way if I'm defending against love, what am I defending for what am I trying to protect against this love what am I protecting and he said a self-concept so that's where the fear is coming in I'm trying to protect the self-concept that's where all the fear comes up, that's where all the resistance comes up he says exactly, you are afraid of love and all your defense mechanisms and all of your shutdown feelings, your contractions, the sharp feelings of pain all those intense emotions are all part of a protective mechanism of the ego to protect a false identity, a false self-concept he said is this false concept a personality self and he said oh yes and more and more and the whole world you perceive as outside of that personality concepts, the planet, the stars, everything the black holes, everything, that whole subject-optic split you being a person, the subject, the perceiver and the perceived world that you see that's all the self-concept and every time you feel the sharp emotion, the contraction if you feel fear arising in any form in any degree from minor annoyance to minor fatigue hunger, irritation to rage and very seemingly violence kind of emotional reactions all of that is coming from the identification with self-concept so at that point I said okay then that's helpful then that means I need to pay close attention that underneath those emotions that are so sharp they aren't just emotions that are all by themselves they just have an existence of their own their strings underneath them there's attachments they're being generated those emotions are being generated by the cling to a false self trying to protect a false self so then I would just use all my encounters on earth to pay close attention to notice when the contraction would come up and now I was given my clue what was going on so I could see things in a helpful perspective and I could always relate the emotion to an identity attachment and that helped me start to empty my mind of identity attachments keeping it around the core so being a teacher or being a father, brother, sister, brother all the roles that the ego attaches to it made them up and tells us we are these things nationality, cultural background, pride and many shapes and forms you start to see that it's almost like just a balloon and if the balloon is the emotion the cord is the tether it's still or something still holding on and that's the journey of emptying the mind and he does say learn this course requires willingness to question every value that you hold not one can be kept hidden or it will obscure your learning so I just at that point said thank you thank you Jesus and bring it on let's bring it on let's get to the bottom let's get to the root of all these tethers that keep me from knowing who I really am and it was, it started to accelerate I think from that point it started seemingly more and more joy more and more consistent peace because I was getting more to the root of the error and that was what was holding me back


We were talking about how to invest in the production and the retail industry in India. For example, one idea is that we could start from end-to-end, meaning not from a plant, to design, to come into a fabric, and become a special industry in India. In the past two and a half years, because of the coronavirus, and so lots of people cannot travel, but from now on, we mentioned this to Mr Modi. We would like to bring various kind of people, specialty experts from various fields into India, and we want to make the growth in India, celebrate the growth in India further. I do believe that the IT talents in India are excellent. We have our own experience with them.


Now let's take a look at their rookie quarterback because that's the difference I think one of the big differences between this year and last year in the three wins the Jets have Sam Donald has quarterback ratings of 116.8 98.1 and 113.9 throwing 70 Ds and three picks in two of those games at Detroit and against Indianapolis he had a completion percentage that eclipsed 75% this past Sunday he was over 80%. Now he's had some regrettable moments his overall ranking quarterback rating is 26. However it's higher than all the quarterbacks he's judged against first year guys Rosen's 30th Mayfield's 32nd Josh Allen is last at 34th now over the last two weeks which will wins he has an 89.8 passing grade which is second in the NFL 71.4% deep accuracy percentage third in the NFL and 87.2% accuracy percentage with a clean pocket which is fourth in the NFL that's from pro football focus those are all good numbers you could see as you watch every game there's a decided growth in his game this guy think it's for real is it gonna be a superstar I have no idea I think he's gonna be a good quarterback the NFL for a long time well I don't see any panic I'm seeing good accurate throws on third and long which is usually where a defense will pin their ears back against a rookie quarterback and expose them and it seems like he steps up and makes the proper throws there's gonna be ups and downs certainly but right now through the first six games how can you how can you not be satisfied with three and three


In this video, we'll go over how to subscribe to Rhythmic from Bookmap. Please note that global or global plus packages are required for visualizing futures and stocks data. Click the link in the description to get these packages. If you're already subscribed to Rhythmic, click the link above to watch the video on connecting Rhythmic to Bookmap. Please note that Rhythmic purchased through Bookmap is only for visualizing data and not for trading. Let's go over the steps for subscribing to Rhythmic. First, go to bookmap.com and click on more than market data. Click on log in and log in if you already have an account. If not, sign up. Once you're logged in, click on Rhythmic CME market by order data feed. On the new page that opens up, add your exchanges of choice. There are four different exchanges to choose from. CME for equities like the S&P 500 or Nasdaq and currencies like Forex, comics for metals like gold and silver, CBOT for bonds like the Dow Jones and Treasury bonds, and Agriculture and NIMEX for energy like crude oil. Make sure you choose the right one for the instrument you're looking for. You can also choose a bundle of all exchanges.  If you're unsure whether you're a pro or not, check the definition from CME in the link in the description. When you're done adding the items to your cart, click on the cart icon at the top and then proceed to checkout. On the new window, fill in your billing details. After purchasing Rhythmic, you will receive an email with your Rhythmic credentials usually within 30 minutes. The next step after getting your credentials is to connect Rhythmic to bookmap, click the link above to watch how to do that.


But let's talk about the slide. You said, okay, not a clean slide. Was the retaliation a little bit too much on the part of Kelly? Why don't they just take care of things at the time? Well, this is the first series against the Red Sox and Yankees. So you have to establish yourself. And I think it's important to note that Aaron Boone and also Alex Korra are the first-year managers. They have to set a precedence. And this is a big situation for both sides. But last night, the Yankees losing 14-1. Maybe a little bit of embarrassment. They want to set a tone. I think this was dirty.  And to your point, Chris, this would happen to Dustin Padreuya last year. So you have to handle the situation, in my opinion. The slide was late. He's lucky he didn't hurt himself. And as an opposing team, we don't want to address anybody, but the person that did that. And I thought it was just. So that's why Joe Kelly waited, wanted to see whoever the pitcher was. They were going to go after Tyler Austin when he came up. Kelly was in that bullpen, spewing, and he wanted to be in that situation. Now, does that come from the bench? Does a manager, somebody kind of... It depends what kind of guy you are. It comes from me.  And that's the reason why you make that purpose and send that message that you can't do that to our guys. Train, I totally agree. It galvanizes a club. And you think about both of these teams. It's kind of strong-arming this situation here. Who is going to start balking on this? The Yankees have struggled early in the year this year. And that's why the Red Sox have to maintain that as well. You protect your own. Obviously, being the home team, the emotion of the crowd, that comes into it as well. But you think about it, they have 17 more matchups. And this is going to get very interesting. Yeah, the Red Sox going for their 10th straight win in this game, in this series, including postseason 2,196 meetings, including this one. And even though these are young players, they know the history of the Yankees and Red Sox. They want to live up to their side of things. And you're on the field. So you're feeling the intensity and the pride. Look at Kelly. And everyone's watching this tape. After the game, they go back in, and everyone sees who was out there, who has their back. That's like, I got Joe Bax, one dog. And you take pride in that. And you want to be around guys that will run through a wall. And the guys will never forget about Kelly doing that, protecting their part. You think about, too, maybe a meeting after, hey, guys, we have to do this. You did a good job protecting your own. But now there's these 17 more meetings. So it starts tomorrow. It's going to be pretty interesting to see how this evolves and who has the upper hand and who definitely knows that they did the right thing tonight. So who's guilty of starting this and was there an overreaction in the retaliation? Well, it really started last night. And it was a three-run homerun by Hunter Renfrow. And then Manny Margot takes us at bat in the ninth inning. So he triggers this. He two-one count. He's trying to lay a bunt down. In my opinion, he needs to swing a bat. You're at Coors Field. The next pitch, 95 on the rib cage. I understand he's apologizing, but this is a scenario that maybe he took it upon himself to say, you know, I didn't need to see you lay a bunt down. It's that competitive balance. That's what really happened, especially the type of ball player that Margot is. They expect him to swing the bat. It's emotional. The Rockies just gave up to lead. Three-run bomb in the ninth. So everybody's emotional. But again, if I've seen him at the play bunny, I'm going to be upset, especially the situation of the ball game. And the umpires said there were no warnings given, you know, until afterwards. So they thought they had things under control until Aronado was struck and charged the mound and then this ensued. And I know during this, Mark, it struck you as interesting as the throw with the glove. He missed him with the ball and the glove. He was off too. And he's running. Pradomo is on the move. He saw a bull in his eyes, though. He saw that energy in his eyes. Help me.   McGuire trying to retain or at least control. Talk to Aronado. Well, Mark McGuire, the bench coach of the Padres, understands this scenario so well because he was the type of player that ended up getting thrown at it back in his day. He also has a connection with Nolan Aronado. He's trying to be the peacekeeper here and also saying how many guys got thrown at and you're the best player in the game. You almost have to expect it because I think Nolan Aronado didn't believe he should have been thrown at. It should have been somebody else. Well, that's what happens in these scenarios to try to take control of it. You guys know the seven, they've played seven times already this season. The next road trip, the Padres go back and play another series in Colorado. So this is gonna get interesting moving forward. Obviously there's going to be expectations and the umpires are gonna take control of the situation. Yeah, later we'll talk about possible suspensions what we think, but the player's code, whether a young guy, a veteran, you should know this. You should understand this when you're out on the field whether you're the pitcher or the hitter. And that's what McGuire was trying to explain to Aronado that three of our guys got hit calm down.  But that energy, let's see how they react. You saw the error when they intensified. So let's see if the Padres can stay up there and battle this team because they're gonna be division rivals. It's gonna be exciting. It's gonna be post-season baseball in Colorado in San Diego between these two teams next time they face. Well, it's getting interesting.  Five ejections in that Rocky Padres. Three. First of all, you know I'm not a hair guy Bryce Harper is we saw that, which was pretty important. And you see him with the double blow dryers. Double fisting. We were wondering what you would do. Chris. I mean, you see it. Is that something? Yeah. What? Dottrell. Ah, heeey. Got me. That is Dottrell. And that's beautiful form right there, man. That is beautiful right there with a slick back all ready to go. That was Dottrell, that was your bug spray. You're the best, general. I love the elbow, the slow motion right here. You all right with me, general? I love it. How long does he stay?  You're gonna see a brawl right here. Don't rub the hair. We don't touch the hair. Don't miss it. I wanna keep my job. You don't touch the hair. You don't touch the hair. Yeah, for Mark, sweetie, our entire crew. I'm Chris Myers. How's the hair look? Looking good. Thanks for watching. It's holding on. I'll whip around tomorrow night with these guys.


Hi, good afternoon. My name is Erin Gallagher and I'm a multimedia artist, a translator, and a writer with Revolution News. I've been blogging about the Ayotzinapa protests last September 26th. 43 normalista students were forcibly disappeared in Iguale Guerrero. And in the course of that reporting, I kept running into this weird software. So I started reporting on that as well. I had hoped to present here today with Alberto Escorcia from Lo Que Sigue in Mexico City. He couldn't make the trip, but he has helped me tremendously with researching his topic. And he is really the expert with bots in Mexico. Alberto is using a variety of open source tools to detect bots in Mexican Twitter. I have a basic idea of how his software works. And I'm going to show you several graphics and videos that Alberto has made demonstrating the bots that they're finding in Mexican Twitter. And really, I've come here today with more questions than I have answers. There's also just a quick warning.  So if you need a trigger warning, this is it. A 2014 survey by the competitive intelligence unit in Mexico found that 96% of Mexican citizens between the ages of 20 and 30 are using social media. The mainstream media in Mexico is quite bad. So they use social media to spread alternative news. They also use social media to organize both digital protests as well as street marches. And they're using Twitter in some rather innovative ways, creating networks of people that ultimately help benefit society. Bots have been active in Mexico since 2012. The current president, Enrique Peña Nieto, used bots to spread political propaganda during his 2012 presidential campaign. They've been known as Peña Bots ever since. Initially, they were used only for spreading political propaganda. In October of 2012, they started attacking hashtags. Since last November 2014, the bot attacks have escalated dramatically. And as of December 5th, Alberto has counted 75,000 automated bot accounts in Mexican Twitter. And he estimates that since last December, there are many more. This first video is a recent hashtag attack. A Twitter user recorded their screen while it was going on. And it doesn't look like much is really going on here. But these bots are censoring a trend denouncing nepotism. The niece of Enrique Peña Nieto, Sobrina means niece, and EPN is the president of Mexico. His niece recently got a job at Pemex, Mexican state-owned oil and gas company. So the bots are doing two things here. They're filling the trend with spam, which is a sensor in itself. It drowns out the real conversation with spammy repeater tweets. They're also sort of gaming the Twitter algorithm by altering the novelty index. So they're regulating the speed of the hashtag, which we believe triggers some sort of spam mechanism causing the hashtag to be kicked out of the top 10 trending topics. So the hashtag gets bounced out of the trending bar. So I've observed these bots doing a variety of activities, and I break them down into five categories. Hashtag spamming. I've also seen it referred to as hashtag poisoning, creating fake trends, spreading smear campaigns, sending death threats, and spreading political propaganda. The first time I ran into a live bot attack was last December 1st, during the 1DMX protests in Mexico City. This was a protest for Yotinapa. There were large street marches in 60 Mexican cities, as well as international solidarity actions. Also, protesters in Oaxaca shot down the airport. You can see they also redecorated a little bit. So the march in Mexico City was massive, and it was entirely peaceful all day long. In the evening, towards the end of the march, a hashtag rompe el miedo was activated. Rompe el miedo means break the fear. And rompe el miedo is a network of media workers, so journalists, photographers, activists, and human rights defenders, who use this hashtag to document and aggregate human rights abuses during protests. When the hashtag first started trending, this map was one of the first things that was tweeted. It says, la zona roja repleta de granaderos. The red zone is full of grenadiers. Evita la zona. Avoid the zone. So this map was a warning to tell protesters to avoid that red zone and safely exit the protest area.  For myself, I was reporting remotely in the safety of my own home. I was in contact privately with an activist who was on the ground with human rights defenders, but for the people on the ground, they were not receiving these safety notifications. Arbitrary arrests began shortly after. Protesters were cuddled. These men in white are human rights defenders. They formed a wall to protect some protesters from the police. This woman was not involved in the protests. She was a 43-year-old mother who was beaten by the police. Her 19-year-old son was with her, and he jumped in to protect his mom, and he got arrested. Activists were beaten. Protesters were beaten. And the end of the 1DMX part, protests ended in brutal police repression. It's possible that these folks still would have been beaten regardless if they were getting the notifications or not, but clearly this was putting them in real danger not being able to access this hashtag. So the next hashtag I'm going to talk about, I'm going to backtrack a little bit from Rompel Miedo. Maybe you've heard about this. It means I'm tired. Jamé Cancé is considered the most powerful hashtag in Mexico. It trended for over 27 days straight at a constant speed, and amassed over 4 million tweets before bots took it down. After Jamé Cancé was overthrown by bots, tweeters started using Jamé Cancé 1, Jamé Cancé 2. They kept adding a number 1 after Jamé Cancé in order to keep the hashtag trending while avoiding the bots. And Jamé Cancé had in total 34 iterations, 23 of them made it into the trends bar, so 23 Jamé Cancé's were top 10 trending topics. Locasigue, Alberto from Locasigue, recorded this short video, and he wanted me to put a disclaimer at the beginning of this. This is a software called Flocker. Oops, let me pause. It's a very short video. This software is not a precise tool. Alberto describes his process to me. He uses Flocker initially in order to detect if bots are present. Some of these accounts are not all bots, and I believe what he had told me was that Flocker only shows bots that are interacting with other accounts. So if the bots are not interacting with anyone, they're not going to appear in Flocker. But this here was a 22-second video, and you'll see, I'll play it twice if it goes too fast, the bots are on the outside. So this sort of demonstrates the effect of what happens when they're spamming a hashtag. This is a graphic Alberto created using a software called Gelfi. This is a visual representation of people tweeting into Jamé Cancé. The pink and purple are real people tweeting, and the weird formations in the corner, the greenish blue and beige, those are bots. Alberto calls those tumors. He has a very long video. It's not very long. It's about 10 minutes. This is the interface of Gelfi. So this is what Jamé Cancé looks like in Gelfi, and he's zooming in here on one of the tumors, and you can see he's pulling apart the bots. This software, as far as I know, is not very user-friendly. I don't know how to use it. But this is one of the main tools that he uses to detect bots, and it's very precise. And I just wanted to show you the interface to see what it looks like. So the second activity that I've seen bots do is creating fake trends. They're doing this on a daily basis now in Mexico. Alberto says they're averaging two to three fake trends per day. And the fake trends, basically they make these absurd fake trends that overpower real trends. I covered a protest in February. This happened in Acapulco, Mexico. There was a set de guistas from the Mexican teachers union, said they had a protest in Acapulco on February 25th.  The injuries were brutal, and the pictures went viral. Later on in the evening, a Mexican journalist, Pati Peñalosa, denounced that she thought bots were censoring Acapulco. There were two other trends in the top two slots that night. Soya Montede and Donde Firmo Para. Alberto ran a comparison in Topsy, and you can see that despite the Acapulco has over 300,000 tweets, Soya Montede and Donde Firmo Para are in the number one and two slots. Soya Montede means I am a lover of, and then you sort of fill in the blank with what you love, and Donde Firmo Para means where do I sign for this, or where do I sign for fill in the blank? These two fake trends pushed Acapulco down to the 10th position and eventually bounced it out of the trending bar. This is another visualization using Flocker. So this is what the real humans tweeting into the Acapulco hashtag looked like. And this is the Soya Montede trend. So these are bots. And the bots always look like this. Humans make a massive network. They connect. The bots never make a network. The bots that created Soya Montede were not tweeting spammy repeater tweets. I'm sorry if you can't quite read that well, it's kind of small, but so they tweeted sort of the same words only in different arrangements. So there was a repetitive feeling to it, but they weren't just spammy repeater tweets like the regular hashtag spamming. This activity is not as obvious as hashtag spamming. If you don't speak Spanish, you might not realize that they're repeating certain words in this, but you can see here, we're here at Valerie, or we'll look at Lucia. She says, La verdad, Soya Montede, dormir juntos me gusta mucho. The one below her, Soya Montede, dormir a su lado me gusta mucho. Soya Montede, ir de viaje me gusta mucho. So they're using the same words and just flipping around the arrangements. Bots are also spreading smear campaigns. The campaigns are usually against students and teachers, also against journalists, certain media outlets. The smears can bleed into the mainstream media narratives. Alberto estimates at least one smear campaign per week is spread by bots. And some of the most notable campaigns were run against John Ackerman, Lydia Cacho, San Juan Martínez, and Rosana Regillo. And I'm going to talk in a moment about what happened to Rosana. The setegistas, again, had a protest. This protest was in Chilpan-Singo. And this picture was tweeted. And I don't know who Daniel Gomez is. I'm picking on him at random because he was one of hundreds of accounts that tweeted this picture. The tweet says, teachers from the seteg throw rocks at riot police in Chilpan-Singo. This protester in the photo is what they refer to in Mexico as encapuchado. So encapuchado is someone who wears a hood. These are people who mask up to go to protests. The encapuchados are frequent targets of smear campaigns. They're usually seen as the troublemakers at protests, also anarchistas occasionally. So I don't know which tweet was first sending this picture out, but a deluge of tweets followed. And you can see this is not organic activity. This is a fraction of the tweets that were sent out using this picture. It was almost kind of comical. So these were smearing the setegistas saying that they were attacking the riot police with rocks and also spamming the Chilpan-Singo hashtag. Another smear campaign was run in February. At the end of February, there was a protest in Mexico City. Protesters painted some graffiti on the Angel de la Independencia. This is the main monument in the middle of Mexico City. And Mexican artists tweeted a translation for us, eternal hatred for the exploiters. Bots began to tweet about the graffiti on the monument. They used a similar technique to the fake bot trend in Soymante de, using the same words over and over again in different arrangements. Although they didn't tweet a hashtag in their tweets this time. This trend was also directed at encapuchados. They were protesters who were wearing masks that painted the graffiti. Excuse me. And these tweets have a very sort of indignant tone to them. I translated a few of them. Bad people at the Angel. They are encapuchados. It will end badly. Bad people at the Angel. They are encapuchados. They gain nothing by painting it. Careful at the Angel. They are encapuchados. It's all painted. So you can tell the tone of these tweets was rather condescending. The encapuchados graffiti made the news the next day. Two people were arrested. Bots are also spreading death threat campaigns. In February 2015, Mexican academic and blogger Rosana Regillo started receiving death threats on Twitter. The threats continued for over two months and spilled out of sight of Twitter into other social media platforms and personal emails. She received tweets, everything from memes to pictures of burned bodies, indicating what was going to happen to her for supporting the Ayotzinapa protests. And initially, Rosana thought there were only five accounts attacking her. After analysis was run, it was discovered there were actually massive botnets supporting the attacks against her. This is another graphic from Gelfi. And Rosana, you can see, is the green target in the middle. This shows the last 200 interactions of attacks directed at Rosana. So the number of bots that participated in this attack is unknown, but it was a massive attack. Finally, spreading political propaganda is probably the most obvious activity we would expect bots to do. They've been spreading political propaganda in Mexico since 2012. In May, digital news outlets, seen embargo, got a copy of an agreement with a company called Agaves Digital. The agreement was for Agaves to procure an army of Twitter trolls for the Green Party in Mexico to support the June 7th elections. Instructions were included on how to position an organic hashtag as a trending topic. So, Agaves, their website describes them as an online media agency specializing in performance strategies through search engine marketing, social media, and web analytics consulting. Since they have eight years' experience in the internet industry and have worked with various big clients such as Yahoo and Google. Agaves has currently 47 contracts that date back to 2012 with the Mexican federal government. These are listed in the Mexican Transparency Portal. Some of them are current, some of them have expired. Let's see if this is going to go online. So this is the Mexican Transparency Portal with the federal government. This one is a recent 2013. They don't give a whole lot of description. They tell the amounts what the contract was for, the dates that it was valid for, and just a brief description. This one is in effect until December 2013. And also the department. This one is, I believe this is the department of, sorry, I forget what the title is on this one. But anyway, they're all listed in there. Mexicans are very familiar with this company. And just to be clear, I'm sure there are many companies in Mexico and around the world that offer these services. And I'm sure that Agaves also offers standard media services and promotional services that any media company would offer. So, as far as I'm aware, this activity is not illegal. But this is information warfare. And it's sort of invisible. It's hard to measure the damage to Mexican society and free speech. But social media is the new public square. Mexicans are relying on these networks to get their news out to the world and to communicate with each other. So when these networks are manipulated, it is extremely damaging in Mexico. Human voices can't compete with this software. It's like playing the computer. The bots always win. In Mexico, a hashtag is not just a hashtag. It's a way to make the invisible visible. So two of the big questions that we have, who is operating the bots? And can the bots be stopped? Are there any questions? Thank you. Thanks a lot, Erin. We have about four minutes left for questions. So if there are any questions, please come up to one of the microphones that you can see standing. And I see there's someone standing on the left microphone. Please go ahead and ask. Yeah. Did you have any feedback from Twitter, whether they did anything to filter out all these bots? On the one hand, on the other hand, as you are able to visualize what is bot entries and what is real human interaction, wouldn't it be a nice idea to come up with some kind of Twitter browser where you can exclude the bot part to see the real meat of what's happening on Twitter for real? Okay. I think I understood your first question was, has Twitter done anything about this? Yeah. I don't know. They may be working on it, for all I know. They're certainly aware of it, because this activity happens in many countries. I also submitted a support ticket myself reporting an app, but I've never heard back on it. I believe they're aware of it. I hope they're working on it. The second part of the question was... Well, you seem to be able to detect the patterns which define bots and which are definitely not humans. So that should be an important first step to find a way to have a Twitter visualization where you don't have any bot interaction. That would be fantastic. I'm not sure how to do it myself, but that would be great if something like that was possible. Hello. Hi. For my experience, this kind of bot of network are controlled by Twitter application. So every book subscribes to a specific Twitter application and this application can behave in the Twitter name. This is a metadata of the tweet. So you can analyze which application is sending the tweet or controlling the retweet. And that's going to be a pattern to spot those networks. I'm sorry, I didn't quite understand the question. Sorry about that.  Make write them tweets or make retweet, make favorite. I'm very sorry, it's the language. I apologize. Come find me afterwards. We will work that out. Sorry about that. So we have time for one last question. I see someone queuing up at the right microphone. Please go ahead. Yes, I would be interested in how easy it would be to transform this analysis to different countries. You already said that this is happening in other countries as well. And I think it would be interesting to have a global monitor, some kind of network to see where this is happening. You said you think it would be interesting to have a global network to find out where else this is being used? Yeah. Yeah, that would be amazing. That would be fantastic. I don't know how to do it myself. Again, I'm Alberto May and I think that's actually something that he would be very interested in doing as well. He's been working a lot on different ways to connect different social movements. So that would be right in that category. So thanks a lot, Erin Gallagher, for informing us about this. Thank you.


Ibadji used to be a district and fortunately, some years ago, Ibadji was created as a local government area and the former district that had become a local government area now has three districts. The three districts also put together have ten political words in the districts and the words all put together called Ibadji. We have about sixty-eight communities. Things have changed, not for better this time, but for worse, because the River Niger is coming beyond the level that it used to come. It's coming now in such a large volume that the whole place is flooded, and when it is flooded, it comes with all the devastation. If I mean I'd be helping me in short, since I grew up, I mean this time I got married, got 60 issues. I still being in the farm, because I know what he has helped me. But the time we are faced with this crop in August, we look at the difficulty to take it to market. That is either it's our popular market, where you can see anybody to buy. But if the water flows to come well, they carry the engine boat. They follow the big river here from the middle, the entire corner inside here. It would be better for them to load the corn, whatever they want to buy, they will buy and fill the engine and go back to it. Before from Ibadji to either it's off to twenty minutes, you don't reach it. But now, off to two hours, you can't reach it either. Especially when rain falls like this, everywhere will be water, no waves. Particular, Lukugomen means government aids. The road is bad. We started since morning by 10 a.m. and we have not even gotten to our destination yet. We are still on the road. I start now, you cannot travel from Ibadji to Ibadji, to Onedega, the headquarters of Ibadji Lukugomen, because of all these ponds, because the road has been badly damaged as a result of flood. So the road is bad. We are cut away from other parts of the country. Even from the other parts of the state, Ibadji is being cut away. So there's nothing we can do now. If you want to move out from Ibadji, a step, you pass through Rivananga. And then if you are going to other parts of Ibadji, those that are in Heaterland, they will find it extremely difficult. How they transport their farm produce to nearby markets is a problem. Even how to get farm inputs, like fertilizer, which is bulky, has become a problem. They cannot go anywhere, wherever they reach and they cannot move any longer, they drop them. And people will come and carry the other by head or by motorcycle. From Odogu, to Unale, from Unale to Ijogono, to Ijogono to Onedega, we did some little diversion to make sure our people get to the headquarters of Ibadji Lukugomen. So that is the little we were able to do. There can be a solution. One way is dredging of the river Niger. And when we say dredging, we mean making the river deeper, not just throwing sand on the bank of the river. We are proposing, we are advising, we are pleading with the federal government to do some dams in the country. So that is not every drop of water that forms the flood that will come and overflow the Ibadji land. Good morning, Provost. Thank you very much. Good to see you. The flood water passed through forest, passed through the place we can call Refuse Domesai, where different type of waste, dangerous waste, waste that are Cassinogenic, waste that are Hazardous, waste that are industrial, industrial, I mean, that are Cassinogenic, they are all inside this forest and the flood water carry them. They take them to the communities. And the communities reflect this water for consumption. They can be outbreak of common communicable diseases, cholera, hypolemina. So the communities should be educated. They should be intensive and extensive education by the professionals, environmental health officers on the, particularly on the method of purification of water. Water should be purified, water should be treated before consumption. You will know that it got to a point that the road stopped.  So it's not as if the state government is not doing, but you just discover that, I mean, it cannot just be done any day. It is, it is a project that is still ongoing. And we are trying to see how the road can be completed to Ibagi, because we know that when you talk of rice in the state, honestly, rice coming from Ibagi, if were, and if, you know, were funded, I would say it automatically that it can feed the entire state. When the flood has come, we can't get anything to buy in this area because we are all farmers. When you buy yam, there is something to take makeshift. We can't get it because of the distance from here to Ida and the road is not good. There's no other way. You can't get to Ida. That is where we suffer a lot. For that two months, the flood will stay before I go back. We suffer a lot. There is nobody who will come this side. We will remain until the flood goes before it starts coming out. We will remain until the flood goes before it starts coming out.