So, to discuss an application of symmetry that's more relevant to actual chemistry, let's see if we can talk about the symmetry elements of some actual molecules. And we'll start with relatively simple molecules, like ammonia, NH3. So the key to finding the symmetry elements is to be able to first draw or visualize the object and then ask yourselves for each one of these different symmetry operators, which of them leave the molecule unchanged? So we need to be able to draw the molecule.  If I draw the Lewis structure for ammonia like this, and then start treating this as a visualization of what the molecule looks like, I'll start making all sorts of mistakes because the molecule doesn't have 90 degree bond angles. Lewis structure doesn't tell us anything about the geometry, it just tells us about the connectivity of the molecule. So you have to remember your VSEBR theory and be able to draw these molecules the way you've done since general chemistry. So for ammonia, that's a pyramidal molecule. I'll draw that with this hydrogen in the plane of the board. This one coming out of the board towards you, this one with a dashed line going back into the board away from you. So it's a trigonal pyramidal molecule. So that's what the molecule looks like three dimensionally. So now we just need to ask ourselves if we want to know the symmetry elements. Does it have a symmetry element that corresponds to the identity operator? And of course, the answer is yes. So here's the list of symmetry elements. Has an identity operator. The identity operator leaves the molecule unmodified. Does it have any rotations? Does this molecule have any rotations that leave it unchanged? And in fact, it does. The axis that points out the top of this pyramid, that is a C3 axis, meaning that if I rotate the molecule by a third of a circle around that axis, one of these H's spins onto another H. This one spins onto that one. This one will spin onto that one. So that three fold rotation or one third of a circle rotation is a C3 axis. So the molecule has a C3 rotation symmetry element. And that's the only rotation we'll be able to find. Reflection planes. Does the molecule have any reflection planes? Can I bisect the molecule in some way that leaves the half on one side of the mirror identical? A mirror reflection of the half on the other side of the molecule? That might be a little bit difficult to see from this orientation. But if I imagine that same trigonal pyramidal molecule, if I imagine the top view, if I look down upon this molecule from the top, so top view, then that molecule is going to look like this. So again, this is not a three-dimensional structure. This is just the top-down view. And what that allows me to see is I can, in fact, bisect the molecule along this plane. And if I reflect the molecule in that plane, this H becomes that H and vice versa. Or, in fact, I have a symmetrically equivalent plane that looks like this in which this H reflects onto that one. And there's a mirror plane here in which this H reflects onto that one. So there's, because there's three identical H's in this molecule, if I found one mirror plane, there's going to be three that go through the end. And one of those H's, there's going to be equivalent ones that go through the other H's. So there are, in fact, three of these mirror planes. Inversions? No. Wherever the center of the molecule is, if I invert some of the H's through the center of the molecule and out the other side, there's no H there for it to land on. So inversion will modify the orientation of the molecule. So there's no inversion center and there's no improper rotations. If I, there's no way I can rotate the molecule and then reflect it through a perpendicular reflection plane and then up with an unmodified molecule. So I won't be able to find any of these improper rotations. So the, the list of symmetry elements for the ammonia molecule is an identity, a C3 rotation and three different mirror planes. If we consider one more example, and now I will consider an example where there's an improper rotation just so we can get a sense of what the improper rotations look like when they actually do show up, we'll consider a slightly more complicated molecule, CH4, methane. So I need to be able to draw the methane molecule. Geometry of methane is tetrahedral. So one way I could draw that molecule would be like this, carbon in the center, one hydrogen pointing straight up from the top of this pyramid, three hydrogens pointing down, forming the legs of a pyramid with three sides. It's going to turn out to be useful also to draw the molecule in a different orientation.  In fact, as you get used to these symmetry problems, build every molecule that you're trying to understand the symmetry properties of. It's, it's very handy thing to do. So if I draw methane with a different orientation, it's very useful to be able to say for these tetrahedral molecules, I'm actually going to draw a cube. And if I place a hydrogen, let's say at this corner, and this corner, and this corner, and this corner of the cube, so there's, there's some other edges of the cube that are obscured in the back. So there's my cube. There's also a carbon at the very center of this cube that's bonded to each of these four carbon atoms. So perspective makes that look a little strange. If I want to make it more clear, I can show some of them coming out of the board towards us and some of them going back into the board away from us. But putting the hydrogens on opposite corners of a cube can also be an interesting, a useful way of picturing the symmetry of this molecule as well. Those are both, both tetrahedral geometries. I've just drawn them a little bit differently. One having this pyramidal shape and one having rotated so that the hydrogens appear on the corners of a cube. So if I now ask myself what are the symmetry elements of methane, always start out with an E, doing the identity operation to any one of these structures is going to leave it unchanged. So the identity always leaves something unchanged. Let's actually start with the S. Maybe not. Let's, let's, we'll go ahead and in order. So the C rotations. Are there any rotational symmetries of this molecule?  And now you'll see why I wanted to draw this molecule in two different ways. Looking at this geometry, it's pretty clear that just like ammonia, there's some three-fold rotations. If I treat this as the rotation axis, if I rotate the molecule one-third of the way around a circle or around this axis, then this H will rotate into this one. This will rotate into this one. This one will rotate around back to the first one. And that's a C3 rotation. The difference with ammonia is because I have, because my rotation actually contains this hydrogen, I can have a C3 axis along this CH bond. It's harder to see from the picture, but you can convince yourself with your model kit that there's also a C3 rotation around that CH bond. If I take the molecule and I tip it so that that hydrogen is pointing straight up, it will have a C3 rotation just like when the C3 rotation was pointing upwards. Likewise, for that CH bond and for that CH bond. So there's a total of four of these C3 rotations. But we're actually not done. There's some additional rotational symmetries of this molecule. And those are easiest to see from this diagram. In this picture where I have two hydrons at opposite corners of the top surface of this cube, if I draw a rotation axis pointing out the center of the top of the cube, if I rotate by 180 degrees halfway around the circle, I'll just exchange the two places of these hydrogens. And I'll exchange the two positions of the lower hydrogens. So there's a C2 axis pointing out the top and bottom of the cube. Similarly, there's a C2 axis pointing out the sides of the cube where these two hydrogens will rotate into each other. And these two hydrogens will rotate into each other as I spin them by 180 degrees around this axis. And also out the front and back sides of the cube. In this case, these two hydrogens will exchange places when I spin. And these two hydrogens will exchange places as I spin. So those are, again, perhaps difficult to see on this two-dimensional diagram with my poor artistic abilities. But if you build this model with the model kit and can picture in three dimensions, it's easy to find that C2 rotation you can convince yourself that spinning the molecule by 180 degrees, there's three different ways you can do that to leave the molecule unchanged. So I have three C2 rotational axes. Next, we'll ask about reflection planes. Are there any ways? And perhaps I'll try to clean this diagram up a little bit so we can see the reflection planes. Are there any ways I can bisect this molecule so that the half on one side of the mirror is the mirror reflection of the other half? And probably the easiest one to spot in this diagram, we can spot some of them in either one of these diagrams, in fact. If I create any plane that contains an H and the central carbon and another one of the H's. So in this case, that would be this diagonal plane that cuts through the top of the box. So the full plane is, this is the front edge of the plane, this is the back edge of the plane, and down here is the bottom edge. So I've cut this cube in half diagonally. This H and this C and this H are all within the plane. This H, excuse me, is to one side of the plane. This H is on the other side of the plane, but they're mirror reflections of each other. So there's certainly a mirror reflection plane. We just have to count how many of that type of reflections there are. If I bisect the top face of this cube the other way, between the other pair of corners, now these two hydrogens are in the plane. This plane, cutting the cube in half diagonally that way, these two hydrogens are within the plane.  So on the top face, I can slice it in half two different ways. But the same exact thing is going to be true on the left face and on the front face. So I can, in fact, I can cut this cube. Maybe I should redraw it to convince you of that fact. So here's my cube with hydrogens here and here and here and here, carbon in the middle. If I take this face and I cut it in half either this way. So in this case the plane would look like, so I cut the cube in half like that. The carbon and two of the hydrogens are within the plane. These two hydrogens are on opposite sides of the mirror plane, so they're mirror reflections of each other. Mirror plane, each of the faces I can cut in half in two different ways. So I've got a top, bottom, left, right, front, back, face of the cube, each of which I can cut in half two different ways and that leaves me six mirror reflections. So as you can see, the more symmetric a molecule gets, a molecule like CH4 with multiple different symmetry elements, it can be somewhat difficult to visualize and to see all of them. As our last, I don't know, inversion center. Does the molecule have an inversion center? That one's easy to answer, relatively easy to answer. If I take any hydrogen, invert it through the center of the molecule and out the other side, it doesn't land on another hydrogen. There's no hydrogen that corresponds to the inversion of this hydrogen, so there's not an inversion center. Methane is particularly interesting when it comes to its improper rotations. We found lots of rotations, three-fold rotations and two-fold rotations that leave the molecule unchanged. It turns out there's also a four-fold rotation, but it's an improper rotation. So let me draw one more time this cube that contains the methane with hydrogens here and here and here and here.  So imagine I take this molecule, carbon in the middle, and I rotate it around this S4 axis. If I just do the rotation without the associated reflection, so if I just do the C4, I'm going to get... So if I rotate by 90 degrees, the hydrogens on one of these corners rotates to the adjacent corner, so I'm going to get hydrogens here. The one that was here rotates to here, and the two that were in the front left and back right go to front right and back left, so the one's going to be here and one's going to be in the back here and then still a carbon in the middle. So my carbon has just been rotated by 90 degrees. That is definitely different than the one I started with. So C4 is not a symmetry element of this molecule. But if I then do a reflection through the horizontal plane that's perpendicular to the S4 axis, since my S4 axis was through the top of the cube, the perpendicular plane is going to bisect the molecule horizontally. If I reflect this molecule through that plane, this hydrogen will reflect down to the bottom. This one will reflect down to the bottom. The hydrogen in front here will reflect up to the top and the one that's obscured here in the back will reflect up to the top and the carbon will remain in the middle. So what I have there, with two diagonally opposed hydrogens on the top and two diagonally opposed hydrogens on the bottom, that's exactly the same as what I started with. So the S4 action, which consists of a C4 rotation and a perpendicular reflection, leaves the molecule unchanged. Even though the C4 by itself didn't leave the molecule unchanged, the sigma by itself didn't leave the molecule unchanged. So here's the circumstance when we do want to include an S4 symmetry element because the constituent operations, the C4 and the sigma, go up in the symmetry elements. Last thing we have to do is just to count how many such S4 axes there are. And here, because the S4 axis points out of the face of a cube at the top and the bottom of this cube, there's going to be a similar one that points out of the left and right sides of the cube and another one that points out of the front and back faces of the cube. So there's going to be three S4 axes. In fact, exactly in the same direction as the C2 axes that I've since erased. But these three C2 axes, the three S4 axes, are exactly the same axis, but I can spin halfway around with a proper rotation or a quarter of the way around with an improper rotation. And they both leave the molecule unchanged. So it can be a little bit complicated, a little bit difficult to find all of the different symmetry elements of molecule. Again, if you have access to a model kit where you can manipulate these things in 3D, that will certainly help you a lot. But it's an important skill to be able to either visualize the molecule on paper and find the symmetry elements or in your head or with a model kit to be able to identify the symmetry elements of a molecule.


We continue today with chapter 21, Reason and Perception, Introduction. Projection makes perception. The world you see is what you gave it, nothing more than that. But though it is no more than that, it is not less. Therefore to you it is important. It is the witness to your state of mind, the outside picture of an inward condition. As a man thinketh, so does he perceive. Therefore seek not to change the world, but choose to change your mind about the world. Perception is a result and not a cause. And that is why order of difficulty in miracles is meaningless. Everything looked upon with vision is healed and holy. Nothing perceived without it means anything. And where there is no meaning, there is chaos.  See it as damned and all you see is what you did to hurt the Son of God. If you behold disaster and catastrophe, you tried to crucify him. If you see holiness and hope, you joined the will of God to set him free. There is no choice that lies between these two decisions. And you will see the witness to the choice you made and learn from this to recognize which one you chose. The world you see but shows you how much joy you have allowed yourself to see in you and to accept as yours. And if this is its meaning, then the power to give it joy must lie within you. The forgotten song. Never forget the world the sightless quote see must be imagined for what it really looks like is unknown to them. They must infer what could be seen from evidence forever indirect and reconstruct their inferences as they stumble and fall because of what they did not recognize or walk unharmed through open doorways that they thought were closed. And so it is with you. You do not see your cues for inference are wrong and so you stumble and fall down upon the stones you did not recognize but fail to be aware you can go through the doors you thought were closed but which stand open before unseeing eyes waiting to welcome you. How foolish is it to attempt to judge what could be seen instead? It is not necessary to imagine what the world must look like. It must be seen before you recognize it for what it is. You can be shown which doors are open and you can see where safety lies in which way leads to darkness which to light. Judgment will always give you false directions but vision shows you where to go. Why should you guess? There is no need to learn through pain and gentle lessons are acquired joyously and are remembered gladly. What gives you happiness you want to learn and not forget. It is not this you would deny. Your question is whether the means by which this course is learned will bring you the joy it promises. If you believed it would, the learning of it would be no problem. You are not a happy learner yet because you still remain uncertain that vision gives you more than judgment does and you have learned that both you cannot have. The blind become accustomed to their world by their adjustments to it. They think they know their way about in it. They learned it not through joyous lessons but through the stern necessity of limits they believed they could not overcome. And still believing this they hold those lessons dear and cling to them because they cannot see. They do not understand the lessons keep them blind. This they do not believe. And so they keep the world they learned to quote see in their imagination believing that their choice is that or nothing. They hate the world they learned through pain and everything they think is in it serves to remind them that they are incomplete and bitterly deprived. Thus they define their life and where they live adjusting to it as they think they must afraid to lose the little that they have.  They try to reach each other and they fail and fail again. And they adjust to loneliness believing that to keep the body is to save the little that they have. Listen and try to think if you remember what we will speak of now. Listen.  Not the whole song has stayed with you but just a little wisp of melody attached not to a person or a place or anything particular. But you remember from just this little part how lovely was the song, how wonderful the setting where you heard it and how you loved those who were there and listened with you. The notes are nothing. Yet you have kept them with you not for themselves but as a soft reminder of what would make you weep if you remembered how dear it was to you. You could remember that you are afraid believing you would lose the world you learned since then and yet you know that nothing in the world you learned is half so dear as this. Listen and see if you remember an ancient song you knew so long ago and held more dear than any melody you taught yourself to cherish since. Beyond the body, beyond the sun and stars past everything you see and yet somehow familiar is an arc of golden light that stretches as you look into a great and shining circle and all the circle fills with light before your eyes. The edges of the circle disappear and what is in it is no longer contained at all. The light expands and covers everything extending to infinity forever shining and with no break or limit anywhere. Within it everything is joined in perfect continuity nor is it possible to imagine that anything could be outside for there is no where that this light is not. This is the vision of the Son of God whom you know well. Here is the sight of Him who knows His Father. Here is the memory of what you are, a part of this, with all of it within and joined to all as surely as all is joined with you except the vision that can show you this and not the body. You know the ancient song and know it well. Nothing will ever be as dear to you as is this ancient hymn of love. The Son of God sings to His Father still and now the blind can see for that same song they sing in honor of their Creator gives praise to them as well. The blindness that they made will not withstand the memory of this song and they will look upon the vision of the Son of God remembering who He is they sing of. What is a miracle but this remembering and who is there in whom this memory lies not? The light in one awakens it in all and when you see it in your brother you are remembering for everyone and from the workbook Lesson 166 I am entrusted with the gifts of God all things are given you God's trust in you is limitless He knows His Son He gives without exception holding nothing back that can contribute to your happiness and yet unless your will is one with His His gifts are not received but what would make you think there is another will than His? Here is the paradox that underlies the making of the world this world is not the will of God and so it is not real yet those who think it real must still believe there is another will and one that leads to opposite effects from those He wills impossible indeed but every mind that looks upon the world and judges it as certain solid trustworthy and true believes in two creators or in one Himself alone but never in one God the gifts of God are not acceptable to anyone who holds such strange beliefs He must believe that to accept God's gifts however evident they may become however urgently He may be called to claim them as His own is to be pressed to treachery against Himself He must deny their presence contradict the truth and suffer to preserve the world He made Here is the only home He thinks He knows the only safety He believes that He can find without the world He made is He an outcast homeless and afraid He does not realize that it is here He is afraid indeed and homeless too an outcast wandering so far from home so long away He does not realize He has forgotten where He came from where He goes even who He really is yet in His lonely senseless wanderings God's gifts go with Him all unknown to Him He cannot lose them but He will not look at what is given Him He wanders on aware of the futility He sees about Him everywhere perceiving how this little lot but dwindles as He goes ahead to nowhere still He wanders on in misery and poverty alone though God is with Him and a treasure His so great that everything in the world contains is valueless before its magnitude He seems a sorry figure weary, born in threadbare clothing and with feet that bleed a little from the rocky road He walks no one but has identified with Him for everyone who comes here has pursued the path He follows and has felt defeat and hopelessness as He is feeling them yet is He really tragic when you see that He is following the way He chose and need but realize who walks with Him and open up His treasures to be free this is your chosen self the one you made as a replacement for reality this is the self you savagely defend against all reason every evidence and all the witnesses with proof to show you this is not you you heed them not you go on your appointed way with eyes cast down lest you might catch a glimpse of truth and be released from self deception and set free you cower fearfully lest you should feel Christ touch upon your shoulder and perceive His gentle hand directing you to look upon your gifts how could you then proclaim your poverty in exile He would make you laugh at this perception of yourself where is self pity then and what becomes of all the tragedy you sought to make for Him whom God intended only joy your ancient fear has come upon you now and justice has caught up with you at last Christ hand has touched your shoulder and you feel that you are not alone you even think the miserable self you thought you was you may not be your identity perhaps God's word is truer than your own perhaps His gifts to you are real perhaps He has not wholly been outwitted by your plan to keep His Son in deep oblivion and go the way you chose without yourself God's will does not oppose it merely is it is not God you have imprisoned in your plan to lose yourself He does not know about a plan so alien to His will there was a need He did not understand to which He gave an answer that is all and you who have this answer given you have need no more of anything but this now do we live for now we cannot die the wish for death is answered and the sight that looked upon it now has been replaced by vision which perceives that you are not what you pretend to be one walks with you who gently answers all your fears with this one merciful reply it is not so He points to all the gifts you have each time the thought of poverty oppresses you and speaks of His companionship when you perceive yourself as lonely and afraid yet He reminds you still of one thing or you had forgotten for His touch on you has made you like Himself the gifts you have are not for you alone what He has come to offer you you now must learn to give this is the lesson that His giving holds for He has saved you from the solitude you sought to make in which to hide from God He has reminded you of all the gifts that God has given you He speaks as well of what becomes your will when you accept these gifts and recognize they are your own the gifts are yours entrusted to your care to give to all who chose the lonely road you have escaped they do not understand they but pursue their wishes it is you who teach them now for you have learned of Christ there is another way for them to walk teach them by showing them the happiness that comes to those who feel the touch of Christ and recognize God's gifts let sorrow not tempt you to be unfaithful to your trust your size will now betray the hopes of those who look to you your tears are theirs if you are sick you but withhold their healing what you fear but teaches them their fears are justified your hand becomes the giver of Christ's touch your change of mind becomes the proof that who accepts God's gifts can never suffer anything you are entrusted with the world's release from pain betray it not become the living proof of what Christ's touch can offer everyone God has entrusted all his gifts to you be witness in your happiness to how transformed the mind becomes which chooses to accept his gifts and feel the touch of Christ such is your mission now for God entrusts the giving of his gifts to all who have received them he has shared his joy with you and now you go to share it with the world Amen


Hi, in this video, we're going to go over some basics of using Google Colab in particular inserting coding cells and running those computations. So without further ado, here we go. So we're in this practice document here, and to do my work to insert the code, all I have to do is hover over one chunk of code and click plus code, okay? And so right now, I've got a code cell, and I can enter any code I want here. The prompt for this exercise has me print out a statement, hello world. And so I can type out my code to do that. In order to make this happen, we'll use the print function, which will go over many functions in this course. So this is the first that you're introduced to the print function will just print whatever argument we give it in the subsequent parentheses to the screen. And so in quotes, I'll put hello world exclamation point. And that's my instruction for the computation here. In order to make this happen, however, I need to click the play button pretty straightforward. Note that when I do this, it takes a minute because it's connecting up here to Google servers. When we get the screen checkmark, it's connected and it can execute. Here it's executed and it's printed to the screen, hello world. Let's do something mathematical. So if we want to insert a code cell down here, again, hit code. Also I can go to insert and choose a code cell up here. There'll be another way to do it. And so the prompt here is to display the result of any mathematical operation. And so if I just do two plus two, if I treat this like a regular calculator and just do two plus two, it'll print out four. Note that I don't have to use print here because it just gives the default output straight to this. However, if I assign this output to a variable by saying variable X, for example, equals the result of this operation, it does not get displayed to screen, unless I resort to my print command. Note that I do not use quotes here because this is not, I don't want to print literally X. I want to print what is contained in the object X and it's four. If I had used quotes, it would print literally X to the screen. You see the difference there? Furthermore, some other basic operations are subtraction, using the minus sign, get zero, of course, division, you get one, multiplication, four, and exponentiation, what else do you get, four? One other thing to point out here in terms of basics is we can see what variables we have stored by looking at our variable list here. So we click on this variable list. It opens up the side menu and we see we have variable X stored as an integer here. If I make another variable, let's say Y equals four times eight, I print Y to the screen. Not only am I left with what's printed for X, but I also have the output from Y here and we get Y as an variable here. Note that when I click play here, it reruns this whole cell in order from top to bottom. So it does X first, prints X, does Y second, prints Y. Furthermore, the order that we run the cells, the coding cells is important. So if I insert another coding cell here and I do another operation, I say Z is equal to X plus Y, we print Z. Note that this is going to require X and Y to exist before I run the cell. So I need to run this one first so that X and Y are contained in memory. That is, I have them in the variable list here. And then I can run the second cell that has Z working with X and Y and now we have the Z variable. So pay attention to the order that you run cells in because if we restart runtime here and wipe out what's in memory, if I now try to run this cell without having X and Y, I get an error. X is not defined. And so then I would have to pay attention and say, well, I should have run this one first so that I have X and Y and now I can do Z. In subsequent videos, we'll go over how to use the text cell and more about functions. So for now, that gives you a good basic overview of how to use the coding cells in Google Colab.


Welcome to the fifth technical lecture for the political economy of the environment. Last time we talked about how incentive-based regulations such as taxes or permit systems can be used to achieve efficient levels of pollution reduction in a cost-effective manner. Incentive-based regulations effectively put a price on environmental degradation. They lead firms and consumers to protect the environment when the cost is less than the tax or the permit price. Today we will discuss why incentive-based regulations may be especially important for addressing climate change. Consumers can reduce their carbon emissions by driving less, retrofitting their homes, taking fewer flights, or wearing sweaters in the winter. Firms can reduce emissions by increasing energy efficiency or converting to renewable energy sources. It is not obvious which actions will be the most important and least costly method of reducing carbon emissions. A carbon tax or a carbon cap can give everyone incentives to reduce emissions in the least costly manner. Assume that Springfield is deciding how it is going to reduce carbon emissions. The city's demand for carbon emissions is given by the equation C equals 3000 minus P, where C is equal to the number of tons of carbon emissions per day and P is equal to the price of pumping a ton of carbon into the atmosphere. Note this daily demand curve for a city of about 250,000 people is consistent with the US demand curve underlying Boyce and Riddle's research. To graph the demand for carbon emissions, rearrange terms so that the price of a ton of carbon is a function of quantity, or P equals 3000 minus C equals marginal benefit. We can graph this curve as a marginal benefit of carbon emissions, which could also be thought of as a marginal cost of emissions reduction. The marginal benefit curve has an intercept of 3000 and a slope of minus one. It looks like this. If a cost nothing to emit carbon, firms and consumers in Springfield will emit 3000 tons of carbon a day, at which point the marginal benefit of emissions is zero. Suppose that after careful study, policymakers in Springfield determined that the marginal social cost of carbon emissions is equal to $500 per ton, and they decide to place a $500 per ton tax on carbon. Note that this tax is considerably higher than most proposed carbon taxes, including the $200 ton tax you will consider in your homework. But let's say that the residents of Springfield are convinced that they should use a very low discount rate when considering the future benefits of emissions reductions. The Springfield places a $500 tax per ton of carbon. How much carbon will the city's consumers and firms emit? We can find out by calculating at what quantity the marginal benefit of emissions is equal to the carbon tax. We see that a $500 per ton tax will reduce emissions to 2500 tons per day. How much revenue would the tax raise? We can multiply the $500 tax times the 2500 tons emitted each day to see that the tax would raise $1,250,000 or $1.25 million each day, as illustrated by this blue rectangle. Does this tax create or reduce society's total surplus? Given our assumption, the answer is that it increased society's total surplus. Like the long-run environmental cost of a ton of carbon is indeed $500, the tax actually increases the total surplus by avoiding carbon emissions when the marginal benefit is less than the marginal cost. The carbon tax increases long-run total surplus by $125,000, as illustrated by this red triangle. Of course, most of the benefits of mitigating climate change will be enjoyed by our grandchildren and our great-grandchildren. If we were to assume that the current generation receives none of the benefits of reduced emissions, then the tax will reduce the short-run total surplus by $125,000, as illustrated by this second blue triangle. Once the tax is implemented, springful residents will choose to abstain from some carbon-intensive activities whose long-run costs exceed their short-run benefits. Residents may choose to keep their homes slightly cooler in the winter or use more renewable energy once they are forced to pay the true social cost of carbon emissions. However, the main insight from this simple model is that the short-run costs of a carbon tax are dwarfed in magnitude by the tax receipts which come to $1.25 million every day. A carbon tax would significantly raise prices on energy and other carbon-intensive goods, and it could lead to the public's rejection of the policy. For this reason, some economists have proposed a cap and dividend policy, which would rebate the revenues from a permit system on an equal per capita basis. Let's analyze how a cap and dividend policy would work for Springfield. In a cap and dividend scheme, this city would auction off carbon permits, assuming that the long-run marginal cost of emissions is $500 per tonne. How many permits should they auction off? Well, again, they should allow emissions until the marginal benefit of a tonne of carbon no longer exceeds a marginal cost, which means that they should auction off 2,500 permits. In a competitive bid, permits would auction for $500 each, and the auction would raise $1.25 million, just like the tax. In a tax and dividend scheme, these revenues would be rebated to the public on an equal per capita basis. Since there are 250,000 people in Springfield that comes to $5 per person per day, or $1,825 per person per year, the key to the tax and dividend is that most Springfield residents would pay less in the form of higher prices than they would receive in the form of their dividend. Some that Springfield is representative of the US as a whole, so that the poorest 70% of residents are responsible for 40% of the emissions, and that the richest 30% of residents are responsible for 60% of the emissions. On average then, poorer residents would pay $2.86 in higher prices each day, and richer residents would pay $10 in higher prices every day. Since everyone would receive $5 back as part of their carbon dividend, most people would be better off with a cap and dividend policy. The policy may make it possible to significantly increase the price of carbon-intensive goods without triggering a public backlash. On your own, consider the following. Assume that without a tax, Springfield emits 3,000 tons of carbon per day, but that its demand curve is actually given by the equation C equals 3,000 minus 2p. The government still caps carbon emissions at 2,500 tons per day. It auctions off the permits and rebuts the proceeds on an equal per capita basis to its 250,000 residents. Now, how much money would a cap and dividend system raise? What would the dividend be for each resident for Springfield? Do you think that there would be public support for the policy? Why or why not? Thanks for listening to your 5th technical lecture on the political economy of the environment.


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This is stock number 7T482B. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used SUV headquarters. Today we are checking out this super clean 2012 Chevy Equinox. This vehicle has a 2.4 liter four-cylinder motor which pumps out 182 horsepower. From this HD video, you will be able to tell that this vehicle is extremely clean all the way around inside and out. No dents, stings, or cracks on that front bumper. Very nice and clean. The headlights are nice and clear. Steel-green metallic is the color. I always thought that this was one of the best Chevy colors there was. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the car with me. Factory alloy rims. These are 17 inch Falcon Pro G4 tires on here. And they have probably about half the tread left on those tires. So we'll get them on tread left. That steel-green metallic. It's got a lot of metal flake in it. Very shimmery in the sunlight. That hood is in really nice condition. I didn't see any major dents or dings on it. Very nice condition. Passenger side fender is in nice condition as well. There are no scuffs or scrapes on this passenger side tire. Looks like we might have did brand new brakes in the front here. And as we go down this side of the vehicle you can see just how clean that body is. How reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down. You can still see the vehicle, hear the vehicle, end of confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. Down this side of the car. I didn't see any dents or dings. The wheel lips look really good on here. Back rims are in nice condition as well. And the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. No scuffs or scrapes on that rim. So we come around to the back. No dense dings or cracks on the rear bumper. You can really get a good idea of that color. Like I said it's got a lot of metal flakes. So if you have HD capabilities turned around you can really see how nice that paint is. Back storage area is in really nice condition as well. No rips or tears in that carpet. And it does come with a spare tire and the jack tools. Those seats do fold down. Almost completely flat. Wish we'll show you in just a little bit. And this one does have a backup camera. As we come around to this side of the vehicle just as clean as that passenger side. That back rim is in nice condition as well. And once again I didn't see any dents or dings down this side of the car. Very nice condition. It does have the power heated mirrors with the built-in blind spot mirrors. Inside this is an LT1 package which gives you the black cloth interior. There are no rips or tears in these seats. Power driver's seat with lumbar. Factory floor mats throughout. And this one has power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Auto headlamps. As we hop inside here. Hard to believe that this vehicle has 98,039 miles but it does. Just goes to show how nice the previous owner has kept it. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. It has a leather wrapped steering wheel. Bluetooth audio controls on that side. Cruise controls on that side. Has the, I believe it's the Chevy MyLink system. This is where your backup camera shows up. And this one has serious XM radio capabilities as well. You have your climate control right there. A CD player. This one does have a power sunroof. And you have all your controls for your map lights and that power sunroof right there. On-star capabilities on this car. Passenger seat is very nice and clean as well. No rips or tears on that. Smells very clean in this vehicle. I'd be very surprised if it was ever smoked in. And we'll take a quick look at the back seats and check out under the hood. I'd like to thank you for checking out the video today. Hopefully so far you can tell just how nice this vehicle is. And that's why we do the video so you can have the confidence to make the trip down. And know that you're getting a high quality vehicle at a great price. Latch child safety system for the car seats. And we have factory floor mats back here and the carpeting is very nice. Like I said these seats do fold down almost completely flat. And they got that little plastic there to slide stuff up on them. And we will take a quick look under the hood. Side curtain airbags as well. Under the hood we have the 2.4 liter four cylinder motor. Engine bay is very clean runs very smooth. This equinox has been fully inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this vehicle is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this vehicle or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it we got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have all at summitauto.com. If you want to make this super clean 2000 Chevy equinox yours. Give us a call right now,<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates to make this one yours and put a hold on it for you. Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. And if you'd like to check out more videos you can go to youtube.com. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this vehicle and all the videos that you see there. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more used inventory videos like this one on your right. If you have not been to our website and the bottom link to this vehicle on our website. Click those check us out. And we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2012 Chevy equinox LT. Thanks again.


Well, very good morning to you. Welcome back. This is why in the morning it is a pleasure being with you today on this particular Monday morning You're just in time for the next conversation of the day and it's all about goal-setting and dream alignment How can you set the right goal for you for yourself? How can you best align your dream with what you desire and what are the Determinologies that we are looking at here. How do you know how can you differentiate between the short-term goals the long-term goals and Dream we well they say all dreams are valid. Yes But then at the end of the day, how can you align yourself with the right dream? Well, ladies and gentlemen today I am with a sefunjo Vanessa a war. She is a from Japan get the Djenga youth Nairobi She's the chapter lead caribs Anna Vanessa. Thank you very much. How are you? I'm fine. Thank you. You look lovely Thank you so much. You're well. Yes. I'm well. Yes, now. Yes Now remember we are coming to you laugh from the broadcasting house here in Nairobi, Kenya It's all about youth and career talk and as you continue with this conversation Remember we are so streaming live through our website www.kbc.co.ke Fourslash Y 254 that is www.kbc.co.ke Fourslash Y 254 engage with us. The hashtag is why in the morning ask your questions when it comes to setting the right goals Ask because this will help you in your career The hashtag is why in the morning tag me at Ram Aguko and that Y 254 channel is where you can be able to engage with There's also let us know where you're watching us from. Okay, even as go as you ask your questions, Vanessa is here to answer them Cindy or absolutely now let's first of all start Why is goal setting important? What what makes it so significant in the life of a youth right now, especially this agent time I think at this age and time For I use like myself and the rest of you know the people in my bandwagon I think it's important because it gets to a point where you realize that hey We're not just here for games and fun as you get to a point where by there's so much pressure And you start asking yourself. Why is my life headed to what am I going to do in the next five years? And everyone you meet is asking you Where do you see yourself in the next five ten years and most of the time you realize you might not even have an answer for that Why is that maybe because you have not had that thought process and you have not put your thought in order to see Like hey Vanessa, what would you want to do five years from now? What do you want to do next week?  So I think it's important to give you that perspective to give you a clear vision of where your life is headed to And where you're going as a youth As a youth, that question it has reminded me of a conversation many people always have I don't know if some have it, people who have just started dating and they ask themselves Where do you see each other in the next five years? And that's when things get tricky Because now your partner is asking you a question where they see themselves in the next five years Or is asking you where you see yourself in the next five years And you don't know whether it's a trick question You don't know whether it's a trap or not But it's important because when you set your goals right you can go to predict how far you can go Absolutely In a few years time That's so Now let's get to know this When it comes to goal setting What are some of the tips that we need to have just briefly The tips we need to have that can help us to set the right goals for ourselves Like those guidelines that we can have so that we don't end up mixing one thing with another Right, like I'd say when you're setting your goal first of all you need to know yourself You find yourself entangled between You find yourself in a conundrum whereby you're trying to look at your neighbor or your best friend Or even your boyfriend or your girlfriend at that point in time And you're trying to look at where they are And you're trying to be in that competition and you don't realize that you're in your own lane So the moment you are very mixed up You will find yourself borrowing goals from other people And at the end of the day as you seek to fulfill them You will not find that satisfaction because it's not what you wanted to begin with Because you're copy pasting someone else's dreams Yes, and that is very common So is it bad to say that I would like to be like somebody? No, so that's different because now that's a point of inspiration You know the entire haze on social media right now and everyone is like Social media is fake and it's leading to depression And it's leading to you downgrade yourself as an individual It's because you're not looking at the other person as an inspiration You are looking at them, you want to be like them One of my very hard say someone I look up to in the social media space She says, look I'm not perfect, there are things you can borrow But borrow them and in the meantime remember to be yourself even as you borrow those So it's basically really important for you to It's really important for you to Even as you seek to look for inspiration from other people Remember to be yourself as you set your goals That's the first thing, very important And then after that That's when after you realize who you are and what you want out of life It's easy to pen them down Remember you're told it's easier for you to write your goals down It's easier for you to track them You can see last week you wrote this and you did not actually get to fulfill it So you can actually track your So write them down Absolutely, write them down Now where do you write them? You know some people write these goals in sticky notes And then they stick them on their wall Some have them in notebooks Others have them maybe somewhere near their bed Where do you write? Is there a particular place that is good? Because you don't want to also lose your paper Your piece of paper Yes, I'd not say this is a specific formula for that However, I'd recommend a few tips here and there What is taking over our current U3M right now Is something called a vision board It's something I have, it's something my friends have And it's something that has proven to work over the years So a vision board is one where you can put your goals down The only difference between putting your goals down in a vision board And putting your goals down in a journal Is that a vision board is more visionary You can actually see what you want to get at the end of the day So when I say at the end of, for example By the end of this year I want to have graduated, right? So a vision board actually has a picture of maybe a graduation gown So you can actually see it And you can put it on your wall Others prefer to journal and it's okay Others have a diary where they put it down and it's okay The sticky note group, it's also okay As long as you can be able to actually store them And be able to trace them, sit down one day and say Okay, let me see my progress since January So what have I done, what have I not done Whether it's long term or a short term goal So you get a vision board Yes And how can you make it? Because now people come from different backgrounds Is it possible to get a vision board from the comfort of your home How can you make your own regardless of where you come from Yes, a vision board You can actually do it yourself It's very budget friendly You just did a cardboard And for those who can't afford a cardboard You can use a box So what you do is You just cut out a box Whichever size fits you And your goals Depending on how many goals you have And then you can go online Download the pictures you want That are relevant to those goals that you have So if it's graduating Get a graduation gown If it's traveling on a plane For those who want to get on the plane for the first time Get a picture Get a picture of a plane You stick it there Yeah, just stick it there And just put it on your wall And every day in the morning you wake up And you remind yourself Okay, this is the goal This is the prize For the year, for the month, for the week But the problem is now Every day you wake up And you see that and this discourages you Does it mean you set the wrong goals for yourself? Perhaps if you feel discouraged Okay, it's two ways You might feel discouraged Because maybe you set the wrong goal And you should go back and retrospect into that Or you could also check your mindset Because sometimes it's all about the mindset You feel discouraged Not because you cannot do it But because you feel like you're not enough And you're not worthy That goes back to who you are as a person And how you feel about yourself And that's what I said in the beginning You have to know what you really want And not depend on what other people think you want So that way you cannot in your own capacity This is what I can get Your parents might want you to come back home With a first class But you know your struggle And you know how you cope in school So your vision board The moment it reads first class And you know very well It's a struggle for you And you know your capability As you know like who you are Then it becomes a problem That's when you feel discouraged So sometimes it's basically You describe it because you know very well It's not something that has come from within you It's something that you have borrowed Or society has put pressure on you Like proposed to her before 30 Get a wife before 30 It's not something you'd want, you know But perhaps because society has said so And now it's on your goal Or it's on your vision board You won't even want You won't even love this wife It's just because you know Society has said so The moment it's something that you want from within I think it becomes easier And the issue of downplaying yourself Becomes a history Because now you've brought in A very important point here You do something because Somebody else wants you to do them Many are doing courses that They didn't plan on doing Somebody chose their course for them And of course the question is How does that How deep can that affect Someone's own personal goals Because now you want me to do this course But I don't want to do that course How deep can that affect That someone's goal And as you answer that You'll also let us know For those who started doing something Because someone else forced them Or they were obliged Because of circumstances to do that Is it possible for them to still Realize themselves into their own goals Later on Yes, I'd say absolutely Okay, first of all I feel like the concept of People kind of choking down What they think is best for you Down your throat It's very destructive This is why You find that you had a goal You want to be a chef You want to be a chef for example You want to spend your first four years In campus doing a course for your parents Right After you take the degree back home That's when you say Okay, now I can proceed to do what I wanted To do in the first place So first of all there's an issue of time lapse There So you find that you've spent so much time Doing something that you would not necessarily Have wanted to do If it was up to you Right So there's that There's that heat You find that You even blossom later Compared to your peers Because now you start Your journey starting after everybody else Has kind of finished Yeah But I'd say it's totally okay To realign yourself It's never too late It's never too late Again the issue of timelines I think it's just a blur The society has created To put pressure on people This thing of someone saying Ah When zaku ame wo ame When zaku ame wo lewa Whom I find it Did you set the right goal For yourself Yeah You can even attest the fact That the people who are usually Forced into Let's say A good example Because I've seen the consequences Marriage You find that You know When ame wo lewa And everybody's pressuring you But the moment you get into that Marriage Are you even happy No you're not Okay ten years down the line You're divorced You have to Go back to square one So it's It's a concept I've always had an issue With Because I feel like It's derailing most people And it's fairly they use Because the pressure begins The moment you hit 18 Okay What's going on Why do you see yourself So it's It's highly most likely That there'll be that pressure And that pressure will lead To someone doing something That you want to do in the first place The consequence of this Is that this person Will be dragged down by society By the time they're Realigning themselves It might be It might be I don't say let It might be They might have taken some time But I feel like It's still okay to go back And realign yourself At the end of the day Self-realization is the goal Even if you're 40 50 So long as you Get that point Where you realize who you are And what you actually want Out of life And I think that's The most fulfilling thing I don't even I don't even know I don't even know Why their time Stumps to that But I think the moment You have that Value of self-realization You'll be good to go No matter the time And It's still going to be possible For you to realign Your dreams Well Regardless of the time Absolutely Now How can you rate success? How can you say that I have been successful in my goals? You know When do you say That you are successful? Because now many have Set goals for themselves But You know Some are achieved Others are not achieved At what point Should I say that I'm a successful person In your view In my humble opinion In my opinion Honestly And how I usually Operate as an individual And this has kept me going It has kept me from Getting into depression It has kept me from Self-degrading myself Or devailing myself Because I haven't fulfilled ABC I feel like I rate success Even with that one thing That I said I'd do And I have done I might have had A to-do list of ten things Yes But if I managed to Tick even just one I pat myself on the back I mean We live in a society Where by It's very hard to get Even a compliment Of hey you're doing great I love what you're doing Keep doing what you're doing So you're your only Cheer person If you have others You're pretty lucky But you realize that You are your cheer person If you do not pat yourself On the back No one else You pat your back For you So for me Success is Even that one thing I said yesterday I'm going to do it And I've done it I'm going to say good job Vanessa You have done well for yourself I should not say that Because I've not achieved this Okay If you have ten goals You've achieved one Yes Are you successful As opposed to somebody Who has achieved nine And failed in one Again the issue of self comparison Comes in there Because you realize Instead of looking at Okay this is what I've done You're like Okay what has he done And you get so demoralized Because If we start sitting down And comparing Your mates Who are even in campus right now I know we're still in school But you find someone is working Someone has a side hustle Someone is getting money So the moment you sit down And you try to like compare yourself It becomes a problem So that's why it's very important To just Realign yourself And focus on what you are doing It's good to be challenged Don't misinterpret what I'm saying It's good to be challenged By other people But don't let it get into your head In such a manner that now It's an issue of I'm not good enough He is better Or she is better So for me Even that one thing I consider it a success And the rest We'll figure it out We're all figuring it out So do not feel the urge Of feeling less worthy Just because you're not On that path yet Yeah And now For many people who have Now started Let's say they Planned to achieve something And then at some point They had to change Their plans Their dream was to be Ex But now at some point Because of life Life happens And Nairobi can treat you Now you leave that dream You had initially And do something else How should this person Understand This particular conversation That we're having here today How can we bring in that individual Who had to leave one goal For another Because life happened Yeah So I think From a realist point of view Because you know Goals are beautiful Just like laws Laws are beautiful on paper Statutes are beautiful But the implementation It becomes a problem Right So I feel like The goals are nice To keep you on track And to make you not forget Where you are headed to Who you are in the first place However If it comes to a point Where you realize You're going like I planned There's no working for me And I have to survive So I have to adapt I have nothing against that Like honestly I believe I honestly subscribe To the school of thought That you do what is required You make hay where the sun shines At that point in time If it's required of you To do that thing And it's illogical for you To keep holding on to a goal That is probably Impossible to keep Roll with it Whatever floats you As long as You do not forget The real purpose You might A goal might be postponed But do not cancel it You can postpone it But don't cancel it For anything Don't cancel it So it's okay to postpone And say Okay I will achieve this later Start doing something else But if possible Go back to your original goal If possible yes If possible Yes Now when it comes To that particular aspect What would be your piece of advice To that person Who is watching you today And they are about to Today people are We are starting the journey Of the KCPE Yes I remember sitting by KCPE It was It was Yeah But there is Somebody There is a young person Who is watching you today And they have Finished They are done with the examinations They are now at home And they are standing They don't know what next They don't know which course to choose Yes They don't know which career To align themselves in They don't know how to set their goals right What would be your piece of advice To that particular youth I'd say I'd answer that question As I reflect back to Who I was at that point in time And I tell you There was so much pressure And you think This is the end If I can't choose a course This is the end of my life And I'm not going anywhere after this And even if you said Okay it's 400 In international school And you get 370 And now you have to go to provincial school You feel like your life is going to end But for that particular group I'd honestly say Like from experience What I'd tell a 13, 14, 15-year-old me Is like It's okay Take it easy on yourself You might not be able to achieve All these things You're only 15 honey You're only 13 It's okay not to have it all figured out I'm 22 I can tell you I don't have it all figured out And at that time I did not have it figured out So it's totally okay for you To be in that kind of confusion Do not beat yourself down You will figure it out with time And as for those who are selecting courses It's a conundrum I know I was there I've been there However if you know what you want To go for it If you do not consult There are people who see you And they can actually tell you Like hey you can do this And you have not thought about it But the moment they pitch that idea to you You start thinking about that And along that line So be open Be open to ideas and suggestions If you do not know where you're headed to And if you do Kindly go for it Run with it Run with it But at the end of the day Just don't be hard on yourself We don't all have it figured out Wonderful I want us to bring this to a close But before we do that Gijenge Yes Let's talk about the Gijenge What is Gijenge all about? Gijenge Youth Organization It's a CBO And it's also a YBO It's a community-based organization It's a youth-based organization So Gijenge's main aim I'll just summarize It's to make society a better place So you find that the programs we indulge in Are majorly aimed at Helping Either the less fortunate Helping those in need Or helping those who do not have a voice for themselves When I talk about Gijenge You'll hear programs like Gender-based violence You'll hear programs like Mental health Which is now a conversation that is emerging And I'm so happy about it You'll even hear about street kids We will ask other organizations To help them out of that situation Out of the streets And even if we can Even get them into the entrepreneurship Line of thought Or line of life So Gijenge is all about We are all inclusive We have a girls program And we have the boys program as well So we are focused Everything around SGB Everything around menstrual health Everything about sexual and reproductive education Everything about mental health And also we do some bit of environmental work So we plant trees We clean the streets Can you just give me just a brief A glimpse of the girls program And the boys program So they are taught separately Yes, they are taught separately But they are taught separately So they take all of them together Yes, absolutely But something like menstrual health Because it's majorly It's majorly affecting the girls You find that we focus mainly on The girls when we are delivering on that program Issues of sexual and reproductive health Of course it's both But we teach them separately Because sexual and reproductive health for girls Is a tad bit different From sexual and reproductive health for boys But of course in some aspects We do bring them together Because in matters of sexual and reproductive health Is something that's common to every single person And then the boys program Majorly we We implemented the streets program for the boys Because we realized in Kisumu Because Kisumu is the motherland for the program There are so many street kids and their boys So that program was majorly brought in for them And of course the program around Entrepreneurial skills whereby we train Them We find maybe experts or professionals In that field who can volunteer To train them And then they can be brought into the entrepreneurial Space so that they can be able to find That financial freedom they need to get out of the streets Something along those lines, yes Vanessa, you're doing a good job Thank you How can we find you on social media Because now you've talked to the youth And you've engaged with them And they want to get a hold of you Yeah, we're on Instagram as Djenga Youth Organization We are on Facebook as Djenga Youth as well And we also have a YouTube channel It's called Djenga TV Yes Djenga TV Yes Thank you so much for coming Thank you I wish you the best Thank you And I love the fact that you talk about Gold setting And from today I believe that from home You're going to set up your goals Vanessa Messema It should be personalized Exactly It should be personalized You said we'll write it down Yes You said we also do what? We put it on Give it timelines, yes Give it timelines Don't let it be vague, you know There's something you said Before you said give it timelines That's a board Oh yeah, put it on a vision board Yes, that's what I was looking for A vision board And of course you said give it a timeline Yes You said that in case you leave one goal For another Don't drop that one Go back to it later on Post-poll it Don't cancel it Post-poll and don't cancel Yes I'm looking for a part two for this We should talk about this Thank you for coming Vanessa Thank you so much Asante Yes That was just to the end of this Particular conversation Writing on why in the morning But we still have more Lined up for you Coming up in a bit Keep it Y254