Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. I'm glad to welcome you all here in this wonderful room. I'm glad to welcome you in the name of the Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society and the Federal Agency for Civic Education, the Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Despite the weather like summer outside. Thank you for coming. This is the fourth lecture in our series, Making Sense of the Digital Society. With this series, we want to reflect upon an ongoing transformations due to the accelerating processes linked to digitalization. While general processes of digitalization started some decades ago, depending on whether you see information technology in general, or the internet in particular, a starting point, we can see a noticeable speeding up of establishing new technologies and trends. While it took the telephone or the computer, for example, many years or even decades to hit the 1 million users mark, some apps or new devices today reached this number of users of participants within hours and all these devices, or more and more of these devices, are today linked to the ability to collect and analyze personal data about our behavior. And it's not always clear or transparent who has access to this data as lately Cambridge Analytica and Facebook famously presented. In this context, the Federal Agency for Civic Education aims at helping people understand ongoing processes, want to create them in the broader picture. And together with the Humboldt Institute, we want to explore the ongoing transformation and focus on the European perspective. Only by understanding which implications come from using new technology apps, devices, platforms, and feeding them with information about ourselves that was long and for long strictly held private or simply not tracked, we can start to understand what possible benefits, but also which dangers are connected to them. And afterwards, or with this knowledge, make decisions as informed as empowered citizens. That is why I am happy that Marie-Anne Foucault will speak tonight about social order. In her work, she shows how various ordering mechanisms shape everyday life and how everybody is subject to many ratings and scoreings based on numerous tracking tools and mechanisms. And while these ratings are often justified with positive or even caring arguments, the question remains, do they in the end not simply divide people into two categories? Those that are in and those that are out? A question famously articulated by Karl Marx, whose 200 years of his anniversary was just celebrated this weekend, and Marie-Anne Foucault took part in a conference that discussed these changes in this anniversary. And I hope that maybe we can today identify possible steps to take in order to make sure that more people are counted to be in, rather than to be counted out. With these questions, I will now hand over to our moderator of the evening, Tobi Müller, who will introduce Marie-Anne Foucault properly. Thank you. Thank you, Sasha. Thank you for this wonderful turnout on an evening like this. Now is the time for the last touches to your hair to clean your glasses, because this is kind of a surveillance context. We are being filmed, but we're not being streamed due to technological problems. That sometimes happens even with a series like that, that those things do not work. I apologize for that to the people who can't see me now because we're not being streamed. But there is the chance that it will be shown the whole talk and part of the Q&A on the respective websites of the Federal Agency for Civic Education and the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, and I think YouTube as well. That's where our previous talks can still be viewed, actually. And I guess in this case, the whole hashtag at Digital Society has become obsolete too tonight. So, sorry again for this. After the talk of our distinguished guests tonight, there's going to be about a 30-minute conversation, I think, between us two. And then it's your turn, not via Twitter, but with live questions in the audience. There's, I think, about a couple of microphones that will be passed around, and you'll have the chance to leave your comments and pose your questions for another 30 minutes, half hour, I guess. So, our guest is a comparative sociologist. She studied and lectured at the Sorbonne in Paris. She then moved to Princeton with a stop at New York University, and she got back to Princeton again. And in 2003, she went to University of California, Berkeley, where she is now a full professor of sociology. She is also an associate fellow of the Max Planck Sciences Post Center on coping with instability in market societies. This is a Franco-German center in the social sciences. Her first book at Princeton University Press won numerous prizes. It is called Economists in Societies, Discipline and Profession in the United States, Britain, and France, from the 1890s to the 1990s. So, we see she has a keen eye on cultural or national differences, and that really showed when we had a little preparation talk on Skype, and she kept asking me, what do you think? Do we have to translate this? What's the situation in Germany? What's it in Switzerland? I come from Switzerland originally, so we talked a little bit about that when it came to social scoring, credit scoring, tracking, all that, of course. So, she really has a keen eye on those differences, and it really shows in her work. Her upcoming book she co-wrote with Kieran Healy, with whom she authored many articles. It's called The Ordinal Society. This is, I guess, in a nutshell, what she will talk about today. Social stratification and morality in digital economies. Please welcome Marion Fourcade. So, thank you very much for this invitation. It's a real pleasure. I love Berlin.  So, it's a real pleasure to be here and also to be part of this very interesting and distinguished series. So, we typically relate to digital services the way we relate to public goods, like education or national defence. We take them for granted and we don't think often about how or how much we pay for them. So, you can think of a lot of things, you know, search services or location services, you know, that come just with an internet or cellular connection. And then we can think of a whole range of services that, you know, used to be housed in our computers or in separate programs and increasingly come under the label of cloud computing. You know, they are stored in the cloud. So, you can think of social networking, communication, storage, all kinds of collaboration tools, the synchronisation of your computer and even increasingly office tools. So, you know, the question for us is, you know, we used to pay for these services. We used to pay for the software, we used to pay occasionally for the services and not anymore. Today these are off the shelf programs that come under this cloud computing label. So, we use Google Docs to store documents without giving us second thoughts and in fact many schools encourage their students, the kids to store all of their work online. And of course, you know, Facebook, Dropbox, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and so on also work this way. So, you know, this is the cloud. So, the question for us is, you know, what does it mean to have everything going through this technological infrastructure? Now of course, you know, companies had early on an incentive to offer free services. You can think of Google Earth or Google Maps. You know, they were expensive for Google to develop but they allowed it to draw people to spend as much time within its online ecosystem as possible. Facebook's business success by contrast depends on an internet structure that was more gated and segregated into proprietary realms. But so there are differences in the way in which different kinds of companies work, you know, find their way around this into this economy. But by and large, what we have is, you know, we have a sort of foster bargain, right? Of course, states never provided education or national defense for free. We pay taxes, right, and likewise cloud computing or search or all kinds of internet services are not free. This talk is really about the implications of that situation for the way we should think today about processes of stratification and inequality. I know, you know, when we talk about, you know, the new data economy, we worry a lot about privacy. We worry about questions of, you know, freedom. But, you know, we don't often ask, well, what kind of society are we building? You know, what kind of social order? How is inequality going to look like in that society? So, you know, this is what I'm going to try to present today and of course a lot of this is speculative because the society hasn't yet fully come into being. So let me begin with a quote. After a question that me, my research assistant and myself asked about mentioning people who express dismay about companies like Facebook, collecting personal data and building out personal profile, Jake Ford, CEO and founder of EagleNet exclaimed, hey, dealbag, you're getting it for free. They have to make money somehow.  They're real people, but they're not correct names and they're not correct company names either. So you have to admire the creativity that we put into producing this. But then he proceeded to explain his business model. He said, the big picture is that our goal at EagleNet is to have tens of millions of business professionals using the EagleNet platform for free or some form of free providing the data. And then we go and sell that data and those insights to enterprise customers. That's our business model. Here's another one. This is Max Buck, co-founder and CEO of another company, Elliptical. And he says, Elliptical is basically a free card source. I can't tell you what it does, database. So the way that it works is that it's a completely free product. Again, this language of freedom and users sign up in order to get this free thing from our database. Essentially, it's a gift to get model in order to get this from our database. You need to anonymously share your other thing with us. And you have lots of examples like this, obviously. And the examples are both for the relationship between companies and users, but also in the relationship between companies themselves. So for instance, a good example that another interviewer mentioned to us would be a company offering free or discounted services in order to run A-B tasting on a client's ad or in exchange for information about the company's final decisions. So for instance, a company wants, say, Google or some other advertising behemoths to run advertisement to a large audience for jobs. And then in exchange of the company providing information on who was hired in the end, you will discount the price. So again, this sort of gift to get exchange. So the client, say, may pay for 20,000 people, but the ad is run on 100,000 people. And then Google or whichever other company manages to get this additional information that allows it to refine this algorithm for the next time this kind of request comes around. Okay, so there's a lot. The modern digital economy is built upon an implicit foreseeing bargain. On the one hand, companies provide services for free, right, tempting us like forced with universal knowledge at the tip of our keyboard. But in order to access this information, we have to give away our soul, you know, to continue the fossil metaphor, leaving behind little bits of data that are so many indications of who we really are or what we really do. How interesting is it that in Latin, data may be translated as thanks given or gifts. In fact, the first English language definition in 1587 defines datum as a thing given, a gift delivered or sent. So how does that happen? Of course, on the technical side, there's a whole Internet infrastructure that enables a circulation of certain kinds of data. And you can think about it as, you know, phones and collars and geolocation services, JavaScript tracking mechanisms in browser and devices, cookies deposited on people's computers that facilitate the identification of users over long periods of time. And they help website build longitudinal files. And then, of course, identification is increasingly precise and individualized, you know, more and more sites require a login, IP addresses, anchor also the individualization.  But it tries, you know, it looks at the specific patterns of typing of, sorry, the specific configuration of the computer or increasingly the pattern of typing or using the mouse. So there is this whole infrastructure that, you know, that allows for things to be taken, if you will. But then, of course, the technical infrastructure would not deliver data if there were not people to populate it. So the power of digital companies also relies on a choice infrastructure that helps draw people in. Now I will discuss two fundamental aspects of it, of this choice architecture. The first aspect is what we could call the two-sided market problem, which is, which refers actually to an economic theory which sort of looks at the way in which this particular infrastructure might, might allow the creation of a network effect. So how, you know, how to, you know, how to make sure that your platform, your standard becomes the standard platform. So you have in two-sided markets, you have to cater to two types of audiences. On the one hand, you have your users, and on the other hand, you have, say, your developers. Or, you know, so for instance, the example that economists Tirol and Rocher give is, you know, Visa. So Visa has users, so they want users to adopt a Visa card, but it also has business owners, you know, store owners, and they have to also have Visa to, for the standard to sort of take on. Okay? So the way, and a lot of platforms work that way. The way that you will draw in users is typically by offering free services, but the way you draw in developers is by offering users in a sense. And so you add to the attractiveness of your own platform by attracting developers who will produce lots of additional functionalities. And, you know, of course, the app model was pioneered by Apple, and it was associated with hardware, you know, with the iPhone. But, you know, you can think of, you know, now all of these APIs that allow, you know, for this connection to take place. So the more third-party apps, the more application programming interfaces, the more users and the more users and more developers. So that's the sort of, you know, that's how you create this network effect. And, of course, you know, if you think of, say, Facebook, you know, which is now cracking down on these third-party apps because of the privacy problems. But, you know, in the early days, this is how Facebook and a lot of other companies managed to sort of expand rapidly. It was by offering lots of developers opportunities to create apps that would add, as one of our interviews said, functionality to the Facebook platform. Okay? So, you know, developers have to gain something from this, you know, and something is usually data. So that's the first problem, you know.  You know, you would, so, for instance, for users, it's in the third paragraph here, you know, for users it says, now, you know, we enforce the same set of privacy rules for your information as when you're on Facebook, but now you can choose to use your information in the applications developed by other people through your platform. And that's typically the way that this sort of network effect was produced. The other, of course, element in this choice architecture is, you know, getting people to consent. Right? So, on the one hand, you have to attract users, you have to attract developers, and on the other hand, you have to attract users, and you attract users, you have to make sure that the users will actually release the data. Otherwise, the developer's side will not be, you know, will not be flocking to your platform. And so, how do you do this? Well, essentially, and here again, there are economic theories to explain this. You know, this is the theory of Richard Teller and Cassenstein in their book Nudge, you know, you will find, you will have a choice architecture that will sort of bury the information about consent. So typically the way that, you know, websites have done this is through default setting. And the importance of default settings is very well documented in the economics literature. It's documented as a tool for policy.  You have a default setting in which they give their organs unless they opt out. Okay? If you want people to take health insurance, you will have a default setting in which they are enrolled automatically unless they opt out. Okay? Well, this is exactly the same thing. You know, you have a default setting in which you are enrolled unless you exit. Okay? So it's, you know, this default setting where a critical element in the architecture, if you will, the choice architecture that allowed for this process to take place. So the outcome, of course, of this is that individuals now release personal data into this sort of largely invisible material infrastructure. And then the usable data automatically feeds back to the original site owner and also via services through third parties. So the things are taken, right? You know, that was the technical architecture. There's a choice architecture that allows for this sort of gift to get model to take place. Another aspect that is really important is the way that things are being sorted, right? The question, you know, the question often with information is, you know, it's not so much whether you have information or not, all that information is. And, of course, we have, you can see, I mean, for those of you, many of you are quite young here, but for those of you who remember the early days of Facebook, you just liked, and that was it. But now, you know, you have all of this range of emotions that you can express, right? So the information is increasingly refined. So, in fact, these servers increasingly nudges to tag, to label, to share, to sort, in other words, to spontaneously refine the data ourselves. And, of course, this is on our end, but there's also a lot of it that is happening on the other end on the side of developers, where, you know, again, the interface between the site and the apps, the servers and the apps have also been refined. So that's one example, you know, the expansion of the possible, the range of possible emotions of Facebook. So the way that we produce more and more refined content is precisely by sort of, you know, making your users more engaged. And this is, of course, this is the way that the industry talks about it, more engagement is essentially more refining work. Here's another example of this, you know, from a write share, a writing service, a taxi writing service.  But increasingly, the driver, you know, they have all of these aspects that are being rated, right? So these are, in part, of course, designed to, again, obtain data that is more refined, but also they are designed to help encourage competitions among drivers, right? So you both help Uber refine its knowledge of the drivers, but you also create something in a place where you can at least excel in one of those things, you know. You can get like a badge, you know, for one of those things. Now, all of this work, in turn, serves to power the development of advertising services, predictive analytics, and increasingly in artificial intelligence systems. So, you know, in addition to things taken, things given, things sorted, we have things automated, right? So tag your own photos, and Apple makes giant steps in facial or image recognition. Click on the tense rather than the first link on your Google search return, and next time it will be optimized to better fit your preferences. Correct the translation, as I'm showing here, you know, this is the translation of my talk, and you are doing your part in helping Google develop automated translation through machine learning.   So things become automated that way. And then finally, you have things that are multiplied. That is, you know, once the data has been harvested, right, guaranteed you have that it's going to be used for the purpose that it was originally harvested for, collected for. Here's an example from an interview that we got. He's an interviewer who started, had built an individual level database from getting permission to access company email metadata. And he says, one of investors says, actually the most valuable data is people's purchase history. And that was not the purpose, you know, that was not for purchase history that the database wanted to, that was constituted. Ah, if I am blatantly honest, our terms of service is broad enough that we can do that if we want to. You know, that is, we can mine inboxes for purchase history, but eventually someone is going to find out and then it would be uncomfortable.  This is something that he shouldn't do. But, you know, there are other pressures, you know, pressure in this case from the investor to do something else to repurpose the data. So the data can be multiplied and transformed. Another aspect, how do you multiply? Again, how do you, you know, increase the amount of data is quite simply through addictive design. There's a lot of discussion right now around this. There's been lots of books and, you know, Trace and Harris started an initiative towards schools, you know, to, to, because of, to, to sort of try to. And make companies more aware of the problem, the addiction problem. But this is from a recent interview where, you know, we heard about last week, a few weeks ago, I've seen a guy in a keynote at a tech conference recently and I was pretty shocked. Because he was pitching a book about how to make your apps more addictive to other developers who are building these applications that my kids are going to use. And I hate my kids to be addicted to cell phone applications. Right. And then finally, of course, there's the continuous tracking, right. The, the, the fact that, you know, increasingly, the data is not simply there for, you know, on, on the occasions where you are logged in, but in fact, you know, continuously being produced by all kinds of devices that follow you. So, you know, why does this matter? Okay. And as I said earlier, there are legitimate worries about freedom, privacy, democracy, as in the, you know, Cambridge Analytica case. But my own view is that it matters because the Fustian Morgan is enabling the rise of a new kind of society, a new kind of social order. We've had this term, the new oil. Nili Kroos, the president of the European Commission, famously referred to data as the new oil in 2012. People are now saying the new electricity. You know, what he meant and what people mean by this is not simply that data is a profitable sector, but that data generation, refinement and use is actually the new fuel powering the end-house. It's a new fuel power economy. And, you know, we can legitimately ask ourselves, well, is this oil really new? You know, are we really in a sort of new stage of sort of economic development in which data really becomes, you know, launches us, if you will, in a completely different kind of regime? And to some extent, it isn't. You know, it might be worth posing at this point and ask ourselves, you know, how did we get there? You know, how did we begin to see personal data as the new oil? You know, where did we begin doing this? After all, if we look back, surveillance in the economy, that is, as Oscar Gandhi puts it, the capture or information for the purpose of producing intelligence or strategically useful knowledge is nothing new. Businesses have always had what Gandhi calls a legitimate business interest in collecting data about their consumers, their employees or their competitors.  And of course, there are many examples. If we look back in history, we can think of the rise of credit, the rise of insurance, the rise of marketing industries as, you know, having been enabled by the emergence of personal profiling in the name of precisely that kind of legitimate. Interest. So what I will do is I will actually develop the example of credit because I think if we think about the history of credit, we see encapsulated in it some very fundamental processes that can help us understand, you know, what our future may be.  So, if we look back in history, in the United States, we begin in the, you know, the rise of collecting information about persons began in the 1840s. The mercantile agency, which became done in Brad Street in 1933, sought to create a national centralized system of credit-checking for merchants. And interestingly, they relied upon the gift-to-get model. Interestingly, the information was obtained by third parties. So most of the data collection on these merchants, on these individuals, was done for free by local attorneys in exchange for referrals to prosecute debt collection cases.  And so you had these sort of two parties on the one hand, the credit registry, and on the other hand, the local attorneys that were sort of working together. In the 1870s, we saw the beginning of consumer credit reporting which originated among retailers that was fairly decentralized. But by the 1920s, you know, you started having a more national credit reporting infrastructure that was in place. And that whole history has been described by Josh Lauer in his book, Credit Worthy. So, you know, the concept of financial identity was born someone who wanted credit. But of course you can think of insurance as working pretty much the same way. Had to subject themselves to intrusive probing of their character and behavior. In fact, Josh Lauer argues that a quote applying for credit was the original sin of modern consumer surveillance. So the difference with today, of course, was that then it was done by individuals often relying on rumor and gossip rather than, you know, on the mechanical operation of computers. Now the 1970s and the 1980s in the United States, so the rapid concentration of the credit reporting business. And now, you know, by the 1980s, you had sort of three companies that emerged as the most important ones. And of course, you know, with growing computerization, it became also a lot more efficient. The companies also diversified towards other types of data collection. So today, in effect, a lot of company-like experience, for instance, is holding much more data than credit. It is actually a data broker. So they started purchasing retail brokers and marketing data. So from then on, the way that individual data was used changed. So you started having, you know, very... So these profiles started moving from being individual profiles, from being sort of qualitative, right, with lots of verbal information to increasingly numerical. So what is a profile? A profile is essentially a primary list of categories that have, you know, this is from Gandhi, that have been determined to be relevant to some administrative decision that must be made by an organization with regard to an individual group or a class. Individual categories are variables of the dimensions on which an entity may be evaluated. And then, of course, subset of categories may be combined into an index score, sort of a grade if you want. The fundamental purpose of a profile is the assignment, this is an important aspect, is the assignment of an individual into a class or a category that represents a decision. So this is a process of identification with a consequence. So we have, if you think about credit, we have moved from a situation in the 1960s where essentially you were inside the credit market or you were outside. If you were inside the credit market, the conditions didn't vary too much across consumers, right? And if you were outside, you didn't have access to credit or you could maybe obtain credit but with sort of loan sharks and sort of more shady kinds of suppliers. By the 1990s and even more the 2000s increasingly, you know, the market expands massively and what we have is we have an increasing differentiation of people on the basis of these numerical information. So the purpose of a profile now changes and it's not so much about deciding whether the person should be given credit or not. It becomes, you know, at which terms should that person obtain credit. So the purpose is now to assign on the basis of that information the individual to a prediction. What are the chances that such a person will repay her loan? And you can think about this in every domain, right? What are the chances that such a person has diabetes? You know, that they will have an accident and so on and so forth. So this is, you know, this is the rise of predictive analytics, okay? So that, you know, we have the development, as I said, the development of the credit reporting infrastructure but of course that's true of other kinds of infrastructure allowed for centralization of surveillance. You know, now, you know, armed with this instrument you could expand your business to all kinds of populations on the strengths of the records held by the credit reporting agencies. And the real important change in the mid-1980s is the rise of pre-score, a statistical scoring tool using credit bureau data which was developed by the Fair Isaac and Company in the mid-1980s which now allowed banks to increasingly seek consumers that were pre-screened, okay? So scoring, you know, facilitates this assignment of an individual to a class or a category for the purpose of decision making. And the development of credit scoring was a decisive step allowing lending decisions to be now largely automated and of course this is one of the things that should, the massive expansion of credit and debt in the American economy. The FICO score, which is the credit score, was developed in, as we know it today, you know, is a score roughly between 300 and 900. It depends on different kinds of scores, but that was unveiled in 1989 and it is today entirely based on financial behavior, data, also FICO claims because this essentially comes from the FICO, that company, you know, this is essentially the information that they give but of course the actual algorithm remains secret. But by and large, this is what it looks like. A lot of, you know, the largest portion of your score depends on your payment history. The length of your credit history is quite important too. How long have you been using credit?  How much you owe and how much of your available credit have you used? So it turns out that, you know, you may be allowed to, say, borrow $10,000 on your credit card. You have a credit limit of $10,000, but it turns out that you shouldn't be using $10,000. You should be using, say, $1,000. And this is, you know, so, you know, the percentage of the credit that you have used relative to the credit limit. And then, of course, the different types of credit are also important. So this is what it looks like. And then, of course, you're probably quite familiar with this because in Germany you have Schufa, right? So I don't know much about Schufa, but this is essentially what it looks like. So, you know, I showed you, you know, the different components of the score, but then once you have a credit score, then you have an assignment of an individual to a decision, right? And the decision, again, is increasingly different terms of service. So increasing, you know, by the 2000s, the evaluation of credit risk was fully individualized and really based on individual behavior. Now, this is important. You may think, okay, all of this on credit, you know, it's not exciting. That has nothing to do with the digital society. It has everything to do with the digital society. Because that is the basis of essentially the kind of social order that is being produced in the digital society. That is sort of, if you will, the original model, the original, seen as Joshua puts it. The other reason why it's important is that in the United States today credit reports and credit scores have become wired into many different industries. So not simply credit, but also, you know, if you want to rent an apartment. If you want to apply for a job, you have to show a credit report. If you want to rent an apartment, you have to show your credit score. It becomes wired into insurance products. So, you know, it has these effects that sociologists in the United States call tumor performativity. That is, the score, you know, comes to have effects outside of the financial system proper into people's life chances on the labor market, on the insurance market, on the housing market, and so on and so forth.  But predictive analytics not only enables better risk predictions, it can also be mobilized to harness value. So in other words, you can actually score conditionally on the risk level. So the question is now different. Given someone's score, or they're fitting into a predicted category, how much value can I possibly extract? Okay? So there's two questions that are quite different, right? One is, you calculate the risk that an individual represents, or the likelihood that a certain outcome will be realized. Two, you know, on the basis of your knowledge of this outcome, how much money can you make? Okay? And of course, how much value can you possibly extract? You know, you know, depends on a lot of other considerations and behavioral data. So for instance, you may be scoring on the likelihood that someone may be tempted by a crappy loan offer or, you know, a crappy insurance plan. You know, now it becomes, you know, about trying to evaluate a lot of other things about who they are. Okay? This is where, you know, the financial behavior meets all kinds of other types of behavior. So the point now, okay, is very important. The point is to estimate the value or the profits to be made from particular individuals in known, that is in predicted situations. So from an economics point of view, for those of you who know a little bit of economics, this is trying to manage at the willingness to pay. Okay? So this means that prices and services will fluctuate quite significantly across space and over time, and that they will also be increasingly differentiated, not simply across groups, but across individuals. Okay? So now you can design systems that will offer different terms of service to different individuals, not simply on the basis of the risk that they represent, but also on the basis of these other considerations. Okay? So of course, in that situation, the better and more abundant the data, the better firms can predict, is it, the desired outcome.  And that, you know, this was used quite profitably in the last presidential election. But, you know, it can predict a lot of things that may be relevant to the kind of things that I mentioned earlier, like what is the kind of product that you may be tempted with. So what we have is that, you know, we constantly have, we have a situation in which, you know, people are being constantly tested upon, so as to refine, further refine predictability. The other thing, of course, that is happening is this fusion of information across the system. All data is good data, even that, which appears irrelevant, and the kind of data that I just mentioned, you know, your Facebook likes, which looks like it is irrelevant, right?  Well, it turns out it says a lot about the kind of person you are, the kind of social milieu you come from, the kind of family situations that you have, and so on. Now, of course, what makes these pieces worth collecting is an integrated, is a powerful cultural abstraction. You know, the notion that somewhere deep inside lies a knowable actor, an individual who might be understood, followed, and manipulated efficiently from cradle to grave. So, now, how do we think about this process sociologically, which is really what interests me here, you know? What do we have here? You know, what kind of society are we preparing ourselves for? So, Michel Foucault said, sorry, he said in discipline and punish that visibility is a trap. In history of sexuality, he argued that people are controlled by the fact that they are constantly compelled to speak, to put it all out there. Of course, that was in the context of the Catholic or the psychoanalytic confession, but you can see the implication here, right? Saying a lot about yourself is actually, you know, puts you at the mercy of the expert, the therapist, the priest, whatever.  So, resisting is actually hard. And the question is that he may not even be desirable, right? Maybe, maybe invisibility is a trap too. Those who are invisible to the system actually are of little use to it or worse. So, there's some really interesting work on sort of Facebook feeds by Tanya Boucher, you know, who shows that those who don't engage on Facebook, well, rapidly, they sink into, you know, the bottom, if you will, of the list. They become invisible to others, right? So, you know, if you don't chat with your friends, if you don't like posts and comments, you know, the algorithm is not going to put you in a position to be seen. So, you become invisible, right? Sociologist Janesh Fertizi at Princeton engaged in a clever effort to keep her pregnancy invisible from online vendors. She decided to spend only cash, not, you know, she told her friends not to mention her pregnancy to anybody, you know, she wanted to see what would happen. And so, what she wanted to do is she said, well, she actually wanted to buy a stroller and she said, well, how can I buy a stroller and she wanted a stroller that was not available, I forget, in her, you know, in a store right next to, right next to her. So, she tried to buy on Amazon, right? But she decided to use sort of gift cards, you know, in order not to tie this to her credit card. Okay? But it turns out that she went to the local, you know, convenience store and tried to buy $500 worth of Amazon gift cards. But it turns out that when somebody tries to do that, they will look suspect. And her husband and herself, you know, they were reported to the police. Because it turns out that if you actually try, you know, in today's non-cash economy, right? To the credit card-based economy, well, you look like a member of what I call, with Kieran Healy in my work, the Lumpens Corritariat. Right? You know, the bottom of the scoring scale, you know, the people who only work with cash and people who only work with cash typically in our society are coded as criminals. So, invisibility is a trap too. Those who deviate from behavioral expectations raise flags, signaling possibly illegal behavior. Okay? And then finally, the technological infrastructure of the digital economy embeds all kinds of truth-telling dispositives, you know, leading us to reveal who we really are.  And in many ways, this is the basis for a lot of very convenient transactions, you know.  But the more troubling side of this is the reconstruction by the digital society of what Irving Garfman called the backstage. You know, data-rich algorithms are taken to produce a truth about us, you know, that part of truth actually that we don't often, we don't control, you know.  But now, now, algorithms have access to the backstage, right? Because, you know, Facebook can predict when you're going to break up with, you know, your partner, for instance, before you even do it. So, after Foucault, of course I'm French, you know, you're going to get some bourgeois. And the reason is that I find that bourgeois is really useful here too. We can think of the totality of one's interactions with the digital economy, if you will, as a sort of form of capital in the sense of bourgeois. That is, as it calls it, accumulated labour, which has a potentiality to produce profits. We call this Uber capital, okay? And the reason is that it is a form of capital that results from everything, right? So, we have to find a trend that sort of captures that sort of status, right? It overlaps with the traditional forms identified by Bourdieu, like it overlaps, for instance, with your cultural capital, but at the same time it departs from them. You know, it has a clear materiality and it could take, in principle, a numerical form. It is accumulated over the long history of a person's recorded action built up from traces left on everything, from social media to credit bureaus to shopping websites and fidelity programs, courthouses, pharmacies and the contents, of course, of your emails and chats. It incorporates your social ties, which are now measurable, right, through the value of your social network, and, you know, some measure of your moral worth, okay? So you can think about this as a potentiality, right? So, we call it Uber capital. We have a larger term for it for the computer scientist among you, which is Eigen capital. And, you know, it's a little bit, Eigen capital, it's a little bit as if each system in your life was doing something like the credit scoring system, right? So on the financial side, you know, you have a credit score. But your social network data can be also subject to the same kind of scoring processes, right? And maybe your health data can do the same thing, you know, measuring your sort of fitness and so on and so forth. So you can imagine this as a sort of, as a vector, right, in a vector space among the thousands of dimensions of data that all of these companies are keeping about you, okay? And so if you think of a God's, you know, of a God view on you, that would be Uber capital. If you think more about the individual protections, that's the, you know, that's the Eigen capital. So, like cultural capital, Uber capital may exist in three, under three principle forms.  You know, that's the Foucailian truth. At the same time, it is also, it is objectivated or objectified. It is realizing the forms of access to goods and services. So when you have the capital, right, a certain kind of measured worth, if you will, you get access to certain goods and services. Better social consideration, better prices, you know, you bought early on the plane. You don't have to wait when you call customer service, right? And it is finally institutionalized in the sense that it may exist as a quantity that is widely used and, you know, the kinds of, of label used that I mentioned earlier, where, you know, it goes from credit to housing to insurance and so on. And of course it can circulate, okay? It can circulate also in, you know, very far away corners. So, you know, dating websites today increasingly are using your credit score. Okay? So the way that I'm thinking about Uber capital is if you will, as a potentiality, right? The technology is driving us in a particular direction, right, to the creation of sort of these increasingly measured qualities at the, you know, of the individual on different markets. But it doesn't exist as a fully coherent institutionalized thing. It doesn't exist as a number. I couldn't tell you, you Uber capital is like 596. But in China you can, right? So in the US it's only integrated very well on the financial side, but in China it is a reality. Okay? So as you probably know, I'm sure, you know, people who are coming to the Syria are familiar with this. In 2014 the Chinese government gave a license to a data company to develop social credit systems. And so the way that this works, and it was, you know, this is the one developed by the Alipay, the subsidiary of Alibaba, and the way that they produce a score is by scoring you on your credit history, on your ability to fulfill your contractual obligations. There's of course a verification element, which is always important, but it scores you also on your interpersonal relationships. So if I'm connected to you and your score is lower than mine, then that will lower my score, right? So I have an interest in actually breaking off the relationship. And then it scores you on all kinds of preferences and behaviors, right, that are deemed useful or not useful, right? And indeed the scoring system is also connected to third-party apps. So when you have a high score, for instance, you get access in other apps you want to rent a car, for instance. You get access to certain kinds of services, right, or certain kinds of preferences. And then depending on your behavior in that app, you know, say you run a red light or something with a rented car or something, you could imagine the system feeding back into the original credit score. So there is again, you know, the ability, you know, from the original score to sort of multiply through the third-party app in the same way, if you will, that originally the digital companies multiplied themselves with the developers. Well, that's exactly the same process that is happening, but for scoring. Okay? Now, originally the system was developed by a private company, Alibaba, but recently the state council has called for the establishment of a nationwide tracking system to rate the reputation of individuals, businesses and government officials, okay? So now there's increasing integration, at least planned integration, between public and private sources to develop a credit system that covers the whole society. Now, what is important is that then, again, it will help regulate pretty much everything, you know, that's the plan at least, your broadband speed, your foreign travel visa, your social benefits, your access to elite restaurants, your insurance premiums, possibly even the quality of schoolings offered to your children according to some reporting might actually depend on that. So you can see that, you know, you have a ranking system of individuals that will be connected to a system of reward and punishments. And there's a plan also for corporations, this is from the China Monitor last year, which sort of details exactly what the kind of data might come in for corporations and what are the effects on a certain number of outcomes. So you know, the condition of credit that corporation might have access to, the access to public contracts, travel privileges of the corporation, executives and officials and so on might depend on it. And then, of course, you can imagine also an integration, and this is part of the plan, an integration between the individual scores and the company scores so that if you are, you know, if a company is made up, if you will composed of individuals with lower score, that will also lower the score of the company. So, you know, you will have an integration. Why does this matter? Well, of course people, you know, worry about the political consequences of this big brother type of system. But perhaps more profound and more interesting are the consequences in terms of social stratification and inequality. So, you know, the road to increasing efficiency and profits will be now to match, right, individuals to what algorithm determine they deserve, right, that will be, you know, the process of value extraction, if you will, will capitalize on people's behavior, their dispositions, their habits, you know, refracted, of course, through the very particular classificatory architecture of the digital economy. Now, this is not new. Inequality has always been moralized, right. All form of nominations have been buttressed by distinctions between the deserving and the undeserving. And, of course, this is the base that we have constantly about the welfare state. You know, do people deserve the social benefits that they have access to, right? This is how systems of power always legitimate themselves. But in this particular case, you can see that this is a system that is going to be harder to contest politically. The reason is that first mobilization in this kind of system doesn't come about naturally, right?  The social collectives that actual practices produce are just sort of aggregations of people. Right now, you know, there's no natural solidarity among them, right? They're not solidarity communities bound by categorical status or by a voluntary choice. That's the first point.  But second, in this system, outcomes appear to be legitimate. In China, sesame credit is quite well accepted because it is seen as increasing trust, as Shao Jinqin, and I'm quoting from an article from the Zhezhechou Statue, actually, as Shao Jinqin from the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Informatization, in charge of the Hone Shanghai app, put it in a response to an interviewer. It is all about bringing order to the market, and ultimately, it's also about social order. So that's, you know, and this more, this remoralization of the whole system comes from the fact that differences in outcomes are seen to emanate only from behavioral differences, right? Rather than some other sort of difference, like categorical differences, you know, men and women, discrimination, whatever, which are protected by law, in this case, it's just you. It's your fault, right? And therefore, those who, whether individuals or corporate entities who are outside, are really truly outside. They are truly outside because the principle of their exclusion seems to lie truly within them. And, you know, as an article in Wired puts it in the end, it's just you. So, you can see now the social force of this kind of system, right? And of course, it's not lost to the designers in China. In the city of Rongcheng, oh, sorry, the other quote was from the Wired article. This is from the Zhezhechou Statue. In the city of Rongcheng, a civil servant tells a journalist from the Deutsche Zeitung who has come to inquire about his city's pioneering role in this domain. We want to civilize people. He proudly cites the founding document of the Office of Honesty of the City of Rongcheng, allow the trust worthy to roam everywhere and our heaven while making it hard for the discredited to take a single step. Now, of course, whether the system will work the way it's supposed to, whether it will be something totally fictional, garbage numbers that people ignore or whether it will be something in between like it kind of works, but not exactly how it's supposed to, we don't know yet. But if the Chinese situation is a guide to the potential appeal of universal scoring and remembering that similar if more decentralized tendencies artwork on this side of the world, there is little reason to think that this kind of design will not be part of our future. The way the FICO score is already embedded in our present. I will stop here and let you meditate. Thank you very much.


I can't figure out my angles today. This is a weird room. This is a weird view. Well hello everybody and welcome back to my channel. I'm in a really weird space today because I am in my parents' home in Dilan, Florida. I am here over the holidays and I have no idea what I'm actually gonna be posting this video so it may be a while after I'm gone. I don't know when I'm gonna post this but anyways I figured I would show you because I'm here and I'm actually traveling back to Minneapolis in a couple of days and I wanted to show you how I pack my carry-on. I've literally filmed like two clips today because I'm doing vlogmas. Like vlogmas is over by the time this actually happens and my battery is flashing at me. Why? Why is it flashing at me? I don't understand. All right let me change it and I'll be right back. Okay I'm back. Hopefully this battery is better. I don't know what's going on and the neighbors are literally staring at me.  This is my mom's office by the way. So anyway I wanted to show you guys what was in my carry-on. I know I've gotten a lot of questions because I previously did a video on my new whipping post large messenger bag. I will leave that link below which will show all of the compartments totally empty. I just go into more detail in that post so again linked below but that is what I'm using for my carry-on and let me show you how I pack it. Here is my baby. There she goes. Again I'll leave the post below so you can kind of see how I package it. I do put a scarf on the side. I got this at Target. If I can find it or something similar I will post it for you guys. The reason that, hold on let me take it out and then I'll like actually show it to you. That's from Target a couple of years back and I really really like it. It's like one of those blanket scarves so it really just feels like a blanket. The reason I like this especially on a plane is it's really big first of all and then you can like cozy up if the plane is really like cold and such. Like a D.  But I like to put that on the end of the bag so that was living like on the edge of my bag here. As for the back of my bag let me show you real quick. Sorry this is like super cumbersome. I should have had like another chair here. So on the back side of the bag I have this is my itinerary that I already printed out and then in the slip pocket I always have my cell phone as well. So anyway that just lives in there and then going into the middle of the bag that is what I use the most. Oh also I should say on the edge of that bag there's that little tassel that is from Belkin. I got mine from Target but if I can find it I'll link it below. The really cool thing is oh my gosh I'm like having all the issues today you guys. There's just like no good way to show this. I should have had a table. This is a USB charger cord with a lightning port so this will charge my iPhone like on my computer or like any kind of other charger. So yeah but this is the bag. Let's go into the middle and I will show you an overview and then I'll just take things out as I go.  You might be wondering well where's your wallet? It's inside the middle but if I'm actually like going through security and everything I'll put it in that back slip pocket where I had my cell phone um at least for like pre-boarding and things like that and then once I'm at the gate I'll just throw it in the middle because it's just a little bit more secure in there. Here is what the middle looks like and I will go through every single piece that's inside of here because this is literally how I'm packing it for the way home and I added a couple of little things here and there because I replaced a couple things but I'll tell you what those are in just a moment. First things first I've got my Beats headphones. I will link everything below if I can find it. I know Amazon is sometimes easier for people so I will link those. These are Beats Studio Wireless in black. I don't know what version these are. I know you can do like a wireless Bluetooth with them.  I was living in an apartment at the time and they would have really really loud loud music all the time and I couldn't work and like produce videos for you guys and it was just this really really horrible thing so I actually ended up getting these because of that so thanks neighbors but it actually works out really good for on the plane and stuff like that. These aren't like 100% noise canceling but it does help if you're like listening to some music or just have like some sounds going on. I don't know but I usually just listen to a little bit of music or like watch a movie on the plane or something so anyway but love these Beats headphones. I'm just gonna throw everything down here. Alright and this is also all the like Beats components like wires and stuff if you don't want to listen to it wirelessly. I also have my computer cord in here too. These are just some mesh pouches that are from sharper image. I think yeah this is my only one from sharper image but you can find these all over the place. If I can't find this specific one I'll just post something that's really similar online. I think I got these in a pack of four or five. I want to say I got them from like TJ Maxx or Marshalls like many years ago but I love these things and they are really great for just like containing cords and things. Also speaking of cool containers I actually just got this little container which is from Amazon. I'll link it below. This has this almost like a hair tie like an elastic hair tie. It's brown and then it's like this really pretty charcoal gray and then on the inside I actually have my component for my camera which I'm filming on right now to plug into my computer and then I also have one of my external hard drives with the power cord. So I put that in here since I'm currently doing Vlogmas which Vlogmas is over right now by the time you see this. I want to dump footage onto here. I don't want to leave it on my computer because it just bogs things down really badly but anyway if you're interested this is made by Inatec.  I was considering getting another one as well for the Apple computer charger so I think I might actually do that at some point.  This is actually if you can see it let me see if I can focus it in for you guys. It says Amazon basics on there and this like I don't think it's real leather. I think it's just like a faux leather and it has a little velcro lining. It's got a little slip pocket in here which is nice. It goes pretty much the entire width. It fits my MacBook Pro perfectly and then if I do that again on the back side you can kind of see there are some little like a little or slip pocket here and then a bigger one over here so this is kind of a nice little feature but I love this thing. I think it's really nice. It's really sleek and I like the way that it really looks inside of the brown bag. This little leather thing and the actual color of the leather are not perfect but it doesn't really bother me and I like to have a little bit of a soft sided case because before I had just been like bringing around my MacBook Pro in nothing and I just feel like this helps like protect it a little bit more. And the next thing is probably well not the heaviest thing but one of the heavier things in my book or in my book in my bag it is a book. I have been reading the Rachel Cruz Love Your Life and Not There's. I will be doing a review or like talk about this at some point. I am that far through. This is the first leg of my trip. I will probably read a little bit of us on the plane if I'm not actually working or like editing YouTube stuff or whatever but I really like it so far and I think the principles are really great in it. Again I will link this bad boy below as well and then if you're actually interested I use for bookmarks the Aaron Condren little postcards that they give you. I never know what to do with them. I mean sometimes I'll send them out to people but I thought this one was like perfect for the actual like book I'm reading and it says believe in your future self. Like I think that's so cool because it is true believe in your future self like stop spending your money girl. I'm excited to finish this and when I do I'll talk about it. And then I got my money and this is my Michael Kors wallet that I love. I will leave a link below to the video that I did with my updated cash clip system. I won't show it to you right now because it is a hot mess in there right now just because I'm on vacation so there's been a lot of there's been some cash going in and cash coming out and I'm not like I'm sure you guys feel me when you're on vacation things get a little bit wonky. I did pull out all the cash I was gonna use and I haven't like gone through it all or anything but it's just really wonky right now because I don't have like my normal days figured out and I just went shopping. I actually only bought like one little thing but I've got like loose bills. I know where they go in the categories but I just got loose bills in there so I'm not gonna show you but love this thing and I will link that video below. And then also in the organizational components I've got two pens. I've got this one. This is the Paper Mate Ink Joy gel pen in the 0.7 which is my favorite. I'm definitely a team black when it comes to writing utensils. Also this is my favorite permanent marker. This is the pilot ultra fine point permanent type marker which is my fave. I'll link these guys. Actually these guys are always linked below but I love them. And then I am a fan of the Nivea, a kiss of milk and honey for my chapstick. I am a chapstick fan. I don't know. I very rarely actually wear lip products besides chapstick. Like this is my normal lip color all the time. I got nothing on my lips but chapstick so when I wear lip colors I feel like they just dull my lips a little bit too much and I don't like the way that looks so and I'm not a huge fan of dark lip colors so I just go with chapstick and I like it just fine. Every once in a while though I will do a lip color and it always when I edit the videos it always looks funny to me. Okay so that is it for the regular stuff that I keep in there and then on to the fun stuff. These are all the treats that I'm bringing with me. First and foremost you gotta have some gum for the ear poppage thing when you travel. I just chose the extra long lasting spearmint. I did purchase this while I was here. It is a kind bar. I decided to go with the peanut butter dark chocolate, eight grams of protein. Oh that's not part of the name of it Emily.  My mom and I were at the grocery store not too long ago. Actually no this was when I was at the grocery store I think by myself. I can't remember. I've gone to the grocery store a lot while I've been here and decided to pick this up because I thought this would be a good addition to the video as well as a good addition to my carry-on bag too. So I'll have like a couple of different things to choose from. I really don't like paying for snacks and stuff at the actual airport if I can help it. Obviously beverages I understand you can't bring those in any longer but the actual snacks I'd like to just bring those in unless I'm like really feeling ill. I will actually like get food on the plane or purchase some food before I get on the plane like if I'm on the plane or getting on the plane which actually that happened on the way here. So I actually posted on Instagram like the little snack box that I bought and I just wasn't feeling the best and I think I was just like stressed out and I don't know whatever and I was actually reading that love your life not theirs and I was like don't worry guys it's in the budget so if you guys watch my budgeting videos you'll understand but decided to go with this because I know that this would have been like three dollars at the airport and in the grocery store it was like a dollar 20 or something. So another good budget conscious tip is to take whatever you want to take on the plane and put it in a little ziplock baggie. These are raisinettes that my parents had and I figured hey you know what this would actually be really good for the plane.  I'll be like going a mile a minute like put some of these in a little baggie and this is what I'm gonna be bringing on the plane to stack on if I feel the blood sugar going along or whatever but yeah thought this was a really good idea. I'm also a really big fan of these for travel on the plane. These are just the sweet tart chewy sours.  I like these because they have the reclosable as well as they have this like little groove where you can rip it and actually I'm gonna rip it on camera because another thing that I like to do is I like to open these before I get on the plane or even before I get to the airport because sometimes these can be a little bit testy like they just won't open properly so if you open them while you're in your home you can always take a scissors you know what I'm saying. You can't bring a scissors on a plane so let's open them tada get opened perfect and then the candy's on the inside here let's try one see if they're okay and check out their poisonous they're really good oh those things are sour they are not lying feels good though and then you can just seal it right back up remove all the air and then pack it right back in your bag so anyway those are all of the things that I pack in my carry on bag now that I've updated it and transferred everything into my whipping post large messenger bag I hope you guys enjoyed taking a peek inside of my carry on hopefully this helps inspire you to maybe add some things or delete some things you know depending on your needs if you have any questions always feel free to post them below and I will get back to you if you like this video make sure to give it a thumbs up lets me know that you like these videos and I can do more travel related videos when I travel also feel free to hit that subscribe button if you have not been here before or if you've been lurking for a while I do that too I'm a big lurker on the internet takes me a lot of subscribe but when I do I'm like all in I am here every Monday Wednesday and Friday with new content for you guys and if you have any content ideas or suggestions you can always leave them in the comments below and you never know I might be filming one of your video suggestions in the future so anyway that is it from me thank you guys so much for watching and hanging out with me today and I will talk to you guys in my next video bye guys


Why don't I remember my dreams? Totally blank. Nothing at all. Well, you might want, there's certain herbs that will help you remember dreams. According to Sonia Chouquette, she says that if you put some lemon in your water, place that on your nightstand, drink a little of that before you go to bed, and throughout the night when you wake up, you will remember your dreams by doing that. You might also want to consider taking melatonin, either 3 milligrams or 5 milligrams. But I know when I take melatonin, my dreams get pretty wild. You might want to try taking a melatonin and washing it down with lemon water. I've never tried that, but boy, I'd be curious what kind of dreams you'd get out of that.


city and in the territory on west there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers and that's with a u.s. Marshall and the smell of gun smoke gun smoke starring William Conrad the story of the violence that moves west with young America the story of a man who moved with it Matt Dillon United States Marshall so matter you turn in yellow and get this over with cam why devil that's what he is that's why shut up take care of you in a minute nice you got anything against my hang on this murderer just don't devil them that's all get it over with I'll do it my way it's my brother a shot isn't it and in the back though it's maybe you'd like me to turn this bushwhacker loose is that it will ask him his name nobody's even asked him his name you'll hate this night all of you I was in on a lynching once and I swore I'd never be in on another well I guess the jokes on you isn't it fella look I hear you laugh again cam so help me I'll shoot you maybe you shouldn't be here I how can you hang a man you don't even know his name what do I care what his name is so long as he pays for murder and job what's your name fella what do you care you don't stop him you just want about your conscience that's all tell me your name it's Billy Staxman that's my name Billy Staxman how's it sound Billy why'd you kill Joe pal that's enough talk what difference it make he killed him and that's all I need to know yeah what do you care gonna hang me anyway right now Billy I I got a rifle I'll end it for you when we ride off you won't have this strangle from thanks mister thanks get back right I'm gonna slap that horse out from under him you ready that's for you that's concealed the hour of their death grant that we may pass our days in the practice of holiness and justice and then we may be able to quit this world in the peace of a good conscience amen may Joe pal rest in peace amen amen go ahead boys good morning camp I'm sorry to be here about Joe you're late for the burial Marshall well I was out at Fort Dodge last night just heard about it this morning uh preacher we are in the valley of the shadow of death Marshall Dylan well if you're all through here now I wonder if you'd read a few prayers over another man we got him in a grave just over the hill with another man man is born into trouble and the sparks fly upward Job 5 7 who was this man Marshall how did he die he was murdered last night I didn't hear about any murder outside of Job here where was this shooting Marshall it wasn't a shooting was a lynching I just buried my brother Marshall Billy Saxton shot him in the back aren't you using the word murder a little loose around here only the law can hang a man without it being murdered the law's too slow sometimes you know something about this all I say is that he shot my brother and he deserved hanging hanging maybe lynching is a different matter what difference it make he got what was coming to him he had a fair trial coming to him like any man for example cam I try to see that you get one what you're guilty of leading that lynch party I'll say it out Marshall you accusing me I got no evidence and you won't get me or isn't a man in the country will stand still for bush wagon Saxton got his due and that's that maybe all right come on preacher let's bury him who stole shed this man's blood by man shall his blood be shed Genesis night shake show with the grave Marshall why don't you just arrest cam Powell mr. Dylan hey he won't admit anything chest and I can't find a witness must be somebody who will talk cam's a bigger man than ever now with Job that the others don't want to cross him he owns a lot of land all right and Job also on the piece of the bank cam will get that now ranchers always need money so they won't talk yes and maybe they're ashamed too mr. Dylan yeah maybe I saw lynching once and not a man there could look in the eye for a long time afterwards you weren't in on it were you just oh my gracious no mr. Dylan I was just a small boy that was back in Waco they hung the cousin of mine there no why well sir it's kind of hard to explain he was about as honest to fellas I ever knew outside of some loose notions about other people's cattle but mr. Dylan I just don't believe that struck him as stealing why not well because there wasn't anything personal about it if you know what I mean well I don't but maybe you can explain it to me well sir just that there was all those cattle running loose on the planes and I guess they seem like a natural part of the landscape to him he figured anybody could own them your cousin wasn't very bright was he just I didn't know him well enough to say mr.  Dylan yeah I'll be back later Chester yes you're mr. Dylan hello I can remember when you'd give me a smile no matter that's right someone been bothering you you might put it that way well you last night Matt why weren't you around and Chester and I wrote out the foot dodge on business it was late so we slept there I thought this town could go one night without trouble you sure thought wrong didn't you you're upset about the lynchings that's it aren't you I heard Billy Saxton spent some time in here yesterday I hate men I think they're awful savage be be worse if it weren't for the law kitty now tell me about he could tell you himself Matt if you hadn't picked last night to wander out of town I'm sorry Matt he seemed like such a nice kid where was he from I never heard of him around here before the decoders somewhere it was just a cow puncher looking for a job no more a gunman than I am you can't be sure kitty he say he'd ever been in Texas the power came from Texas didn't make really Billy never mentioned Texas one way or the other what do you talk about horses mostly how you'd like to have a little spread the zone someday and a woman I see and it's nice about it he wasn't like these hard cases around here anything else camp how was in this morning told me not to talk about Billy especially to you know what you say I told him I'm not afraid of him but maybe you are so why didn't he warn you against talking to me I also told him if I was a man I'd kill him who else was an honor kitty I don't know one thing though right Stuart came in here last night must have been afterwards he sat over there in that corner and got drunk all by himself real drunk I'd like right no but maybe he was in on it and couldn't stand himself afterwards maybe that's why you had to get drunk I'll go see him anyone who was there would be in trouble too wouldn't they matter yeah I have a feeling cam really headed this thing and if I can prove it I'll have him up for murder I'll keep my ears open Matt thank you I think I'll write up to the Stuart ranch rice isn't a man who can lie it was much conviction good luck Matt yeah I'll see you later we'll return for the second act of gun smoke in just a moment but first do you know how old the school building in your community is if it's over 25 years old the chances are that it's woefully inadequate to the present demands on it joined with the groups in your community working for better school conditions remember better schools build a stronger America now the second act of gun smoke that I'd like to find rice first anything wrong no I just like to talk to him rice come home real late last night he was awful drunk first time if you'll forgive me miss Stuart I better find him all right guess I'd rather rice told me about it himself must be something up campfire earlier hasn't been around in one word you say rice was ma'am hasn't strayed far from the house today he's coming in for coffee thinking drunk at gallon already well I'll be back for some myself alright I skipped to the house Marshall but I think it rather talkier miss Stuart already asked me and she hasn't heard about what happened in Dodge last night has she right no Marshall she hasn't how come you how come you didn't mention it to her when I tell my wife was my business Marshall that you know she's bound to hear about it later maybe she'll wonder why you didn't tell her right off and still my business she said campowl was here this morning anything wrong in that you don't feel very good today do you rice I got drunk yesterday last night I got drunker is that what's bothering you I'm not as young as I used to be so you're a poor liar rice I figured you would be yeah I suppose I look rice I've known you for four years and I've never heard a bad word against him but yesterday you were a little drunk and got mixed up in something you're ashamed of now campowl's threatened you if you talk about it isn't that right that's right Marshall or if you decided what you're gonna do about it I don't know Marshall I just don't know well then maybe I'm wrong about you maybe you know better than cam and the rest of the kids done with now Marshall I can't we just forget it but we just can't forget a lynching rice that would make it too easy for the next time I kill the man that starts another one why are you gonna let cam get by with this one by heaven I'm not I should have stopped it then I don't know what was wrong with me but I'll face up to it now what do you want to know Marshall where were you when Job got shot at the longhorn about six of us were having supper Job went down the street for some cigars and then we heard a shot out back and we run through the kitchen and found the cook outside old Billy Saxon he shot Job when he passed the street under the alley the cook see it she said he did then what happened and cam went crazy when he found Job was dead and I don't know Marshall but before I knew it we'd slip out of town with that boy cam hung him on that little tree about a half mile down the road yeah I know I cut him down that cook that hank something brother I remember he grabbed Saxon's gun when you were not back I can't get it off my mind nobody ever even looked at the boy's gun see if it had been fired cam just hung him on the cook's word for it all right right thank you would you be a witness if I need you I'll see you through now Marshall all the way I feel better already all right let's go get some of your wife's coffee rice and I got to get back to dodge it's good coffee Marshall quite hey hey where'd you get it what are you up to now Chester I sent St. Louis fortune I thought he'd be a good idea to make the hitching rail out back all white well what for well sir we might be in an awful big hurry some night in that all right Chester all right all right look I want you to go get cleaned up I want you to have supper at the longhorn tonight well I sure do thank you mr. no no no Chester I I want you to go there alone oh yes it's for a reason do you know the cook over there hank something or other that's Hank Ashford he's not a very good cook mr. Dylan how long he's been around oh by a week I don't think he likes cooking much he don't seem to be very willing either well it doesn't matter I doubt if he'll be around for a long why not sir I'm guessing that he'll be wanting to get out of dodge fast after you let it drop real casual like mine but I've ridden out to arrest Cam Powell is that so you're gonna bring Cam in tonight mr. Dylan no no you're just gonna make Hank Ashford think I am and don't let anyone else hear about it though I've got it you happen to know where Hank rooms the dodge house mr. Dylan that's pretty fancy for a cook in it yes all right you go to supper about six o'clock and I'm gambling that Hank Ashford will be packing his things at the dodge house by seven all right mr. Dylan all filled up Texans mostly oh that's fine what rooms Hank Ashford got there's 310 Marshall top of the stairs straight down the hall huh hey even up to anything to be in a mile of a hurry when he come in he's here now went upstairs just a couple minutes ago now something up Marshall leave that gun lay where it is mr. put it in my belt less likely to get you in trouble that way you're the Marshal agent you leave in town Hank yeah I am why I'm tired of cooking that's why you got Billy Saxton's gun up here Hank or shall I tear your stuff apart and find it myself oh it's in that drawer yeah but I wasn't that litchin Marshall I'm sure you weren't was clean I thought this gun killed Joe Bowell but yes I cleaned it that's all you're pretty neat Hank for a hash house cook yeah catches now what and you handle that gun pretty well too for a cook look at the way you hold on it now I don't want that gun what are you trying to prove more sure a gunfighter not a cook Hank all right Marshall I used to handle a gun but I'm looking for the peaceful life now any law against a man changing no but you're under arrest anyway what for I don't think of something let's go breakfast mr. Dillon that's too bad he says he won't be here long anyway they all say that don't they may be right I see camp howl coming across the street for him right now you're gonna let him go mr.


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game today. Warriors beat the Kings last year in game seven of that first round series. It's a game seven type environment again tonight in Sacramento. Do we have confidence Chandler that the Kings can figure it out. Again in this scenario one game sure anything can happen. If I'm betting man I'm betting going State Warriors tonight. They're just the big brother of the Kings. They've always had their number. I think the minute that Kevin Herter and Malik Monk went down for this team. That is a huge hole. It's a huge void. I'd love to see Fox come out early tonight. Makes Jeff Curry work on the defensive end. It's a bonus. Dominate although he has not played great against the Warriors but those two guys have to take 20-plus shots tonight. Like this is this is it for them. They need this game and again because if you lose this game then it gets real dicey in that next round but but I like the Warriors. Kings going to sleep. This is what we wanted to. We wanted to change the Lakers and the Warriors to get 7-8. This is no diss to the Sacramento Kings. I like the team that they've built. Again it's two guys in the NBA. I don't bet against when it's for the money. Steph Curry for the money he's putting them to sleep. You like the Warriors more than the Lakers. I like Steph Curry. Oh okay that's a different. Are we looking ahead? I'm just saying like would you rather bet it Warriors tonight to win or would you rather bet the Lakers tonight to win. If they played each other. No that game or that game which one do you what do you think's more of a lock. I think the Warriors game is more. Whoa. Okay Warriors are more why do we just trust them more. It just listen that that Pelicans Lakers game got a lot of star power in it. Got a lot of star power in it. New Orleans is playing really good basketball. I just think the Lakers are the type of team that they get methodical with how they go about games with game planning with strategy LeBron James is gonna go out there. He's gonna manage the game. He's gonna manage the pace. He's gonna manage the flow. It's gonna go his way. It's gonna be tilted his way. So I think the other game is gonna be a little bit more of a lopsided way. And you know it's interesting you were saying whoever wins that first game like congrats you're gonna get the different nuggets. It's the opposite on this. It's like okay if we can win this game then go get the next game. We have a real shot at actually going and beating the Oklahoma City Thunder with a better draw. So this this yeah it's almost like we said Laker Nation wants them to sit. That's not gonna happen but it is a more favorable matchup to get the 8C and the West is here than the 7th. That's what I'm saying. Sometimes you don't want to be great. It's a better position for these two teams almost to go and go balls to the wall and win these next two games and then get the Thunder rather than rest and sit. Lakers cannot do that. No I don't think they can either. Let's just take a road a trip down memory lane because this seems like a bit of a rivalry building. Stuff had 50 in game seven of the series last year and of course there was the Dremont stomp on Sabonis and his chest in game two. We got up there. Does this have enough to be considered a rivalry and I was in the building when Dremont came back in that one and he got a standing ovation which is everything that's wrong with the world but that being said Chandler I will say Sacramento fan base is awesome. Yeah they're going to be loud. They're going to be rowdy. They're going to try to light the beam tonight and they're not going to let Dremont Green forget about that moment. Every time touch the ball they are going to boo him and it's going to be a crazy atmosphere. They're so close in location but the Warriors pack a different punch like the Lakers. There's going to be so many Warriors fans also in there that love Steph Curry and love Clay Thompson. So how's the drive to Sacramento from here? It's not from here. From here? Like seven. It's about pulling up. Seven hours maybe. I live a life of seven hours. I don't live that type of life. I know and a lot of it's just kind of boring so you can just cruise. And also anytime Dremont Green's on the floor there's going to be some sort of physical yeah there's going to be some sort of environment that's going to could possibly be hostile especially when there's already been excited for these games man. I think Lou really wants to go to the night. I'm excited. It's been a long time since we've seen so many great matchups. So many great matchups making the greatest players in the world earn it. This is exciting. I'm excited to see these games. And think about the people that didn't like the plan initially like if they didn't like LeBron. These two teams would already said whoever created the play and should get fired. These two teams would already just be home. They wouldn't even have a chance at going to get hated the idea. No it's it's it's it's brilliant. It's better than anything we could have asked for. And also on this bonus thing he's never had a triple double against Dremont. So how do we get over the that huh. Do we get over that. Like I said he's got to be aggressive. He's got to do the same thing Anthony Davis. He's got to come out. It's one game and then you to go to the next one. But he's got to dominate again. He's never played great again. Dremont Green's a great defender. Right. He's physical. He's mobile. He's one of those rare guys that can move his feet and stay with guards and he can also be physical with a strong so bonus like this. So I just think like I said it's got to be him and Fox especially with those two wings out they have to do the majority of the scoring. I take 20 shots. Take 25 shots. It doesn't matter.  This is going to be fantastic. Also Dremont said it too didn't he said he hates the playing game. But then he also loves it. That's everything created. That was actually a really good Dremont quote. Um the youngest. If you're in it you love it. If you're not in it you're like why is there the playing tournament right. Like that's probably one of those things that's that's not relevant to you until you need it. I think you love it if you're the one in two seats too because it gives you a couple more extra days of rest. I mean those guys all have like a week off. It works for everybody. The Lakers made it to the Western Conference finals out of the playing tournament right. He made it to the NBA part out of the playing tournament. So clearly there's something here that works. Especially when it's so deep and everyone the 10th seed what was their record this year. Everyone's above 500. Everyone's above 500. They're the 10th seed. Yeah. They deserve a crack at it. They got this right. Um let's talk young dudes on the Warriors. They've been a huge part of what they've what they have done on the court. What's the impact you've seen.  They love all three of those players and Kominga we've seen develop into that second option on any given night. He he has qualities that makes him a star caliber player. Um and he missed some time late in the season with a knee injury. Um he's on his way back. He's looking better to close the year. They need him to step up tonight and for the rest of the playoffs. He's also extension eligible Michelle. So seeing how he how that goes in the summertime after his third season will be interesting as well. That's exciting for everyone involved. Uh look I just I want to look ahead because I think this is the gazillion dollar question as well. If the Warriors lose this thing. Is this the last time we see Clay, Steph, and Draymond playing together? I think so. I think so. I can see Clay.  So we're buying that. I am and I think he deserves it. I think he's got one more crackhead to go and be the guy and I think with everything that's happened going say this year for them to basically the the 10 seed and go and get knocked off by their little brother the Sacramento Kings. I think this would be their final game together. This this big three. These three guys are Hall of Fame group. Um they've done a lot together. They've created memories. They were a championship group. I love to see guys start and finish their careers in one place that they they've done so many great things for. Something just feels like there's time for a change in in uh Golden State. It just it just feels like it you know when you're around this game for so long you can tell when the energy is shifting and it feels like that's the that's the vibe um going into this playoff run that we're probably seeing the last days of this three together. It's basically Clay's gonna be gone. That makes me a little bit sad. That's why he's taking everybody on the boat. Steph always shows up. That is not we're not worried about that. But is there a chance we get an old school splash brother's performance which would mean and here we go. Uh Steph and Clay both have to score 25 or more which right now is at plus three eighty nine. With those odds I would take it. I think Steph definitely is gonna go over 25 and Clay's had these games where again he has hot early he can make you know seven eight nine ten three. So at plus three eighty nine I would definitely take this little part like that one. Clay Coiley got worked back into the star ladder. We never discussed it. Yeah. The whole come off the bench thing was a blip on the screen. Yeah. And he's had a few of those are like twenty seven points seems to be his wheelhouse. Dream on by the way first player to record a double double without attempting a field goal or a free throw. That's crazy. That is a weird stat. So here we go. Eight or more assists. That's magic. Yeah. That's that's crazy. The subject's not having a free throw. That's also magic and weird. Yeah. There's a couple weird moments in the end of this one. If he scores eight or more and eight rebounds assists and rebounds plus two eighty six. I liked it. Yeah. Yeah. Just look at Lou right down. He's going to take that one. Just assisting rebounds. I like just crazy as we were talking about a player who the points are the hardest thing for him to get. Yeah. He's going to get the rebounds. He's going to get the assist the swing swings. He's playing with the best shooters ever. His average are kind of up this year though. Points. I'm just saying if you told me all right or dream on eight eight and eight which one's he not going to get. I would probably say points. Yeah. I think that would be okay. He's on the floor for thirty plus minutes. He's getting eight assists and eight rebounds. He's the ball a lot. He's crash he's crashing the glass. It's the points that are going to be the tricky part. I buy that one as well. Kings. We've talked a little bit Chandler. You've mentioned the huge injuries by the way of the last month this season. Is there anything on Malik Monk that you can share. Malik Monk is going to be out well into April and May. There's I mean he's not going to return anywhere in this play in turn ever. He's out for a season. That's what you're saying. So I mean the Kings are preparing to move forward here. If they do make it in the playoffs for at least the first round through the first round without Malik Monk. That's just such a bummer and they do have guys to step up the do of the you know Keegan Murray. They have Harrison Martin these guys have stepped up but yeah Malik Monk provides just that spark to energy the outside shooting everything and it's going to take a collective effort. You know Davion Mitchell he's been better. He's been making some shots outside but that's a big holder of place and then on top of that Kevin Herter your best shooter he's out to. Those are those are I think too tall of a task to overcome. That's two big ones. Let's go ahead and predict this bad boy. The odds on Fandall Sportsbook right now have the Warriors two and a half point favorites and they were split. The series was split when the Kings won both their games. It was by a single point which is interesting to me. Lou who wins Golden State Golden State the beam I'm sorry Sacramento I don't I don't feel like that beam is going to be lit. You know and you guys should be on edge and y'all should be there and be very supportive of your team. You know this is the team that just took you out seven games the last time we were in this position. So you know the proof is in the pudding right there. I still like going to stay. Yeah. It's going to be a great game. It's going to but I can see even Golden State pulling away with this you know double digit. I think they're going to come out. Dang double digits. I think they're going to come out ready to play and I think yeah this is what we wanted right this is what everybody wanted. A little Wild Wings. I want to be entertained. I want to see a triple overtime thriller. I wouldn't mind that. Warriors and wonders when pretty big especially on the West Coast watching sports so much easier out here. Yeah. Take a triple overtime. Don't mind it.