Welcome to the homelab show episode 31 file system layouts. I'm here and with Jay LaCroix Yes, we probably this is one of those fundamental building block videos that maybe should have been done sooner I don't know what you're doing it now Doing it now. That's all that matters better legion now Yeah, because this does come up from time to time especially when you're loading Linux just shows now We're gonna give some honorable mentions to some of the windows file systems But if anyone watched the most recent Linus tech tips video He did remove his window storage spaces and window storage spaces didn't scale to the large scale nature of some things And once you get into the enterprise market or having a really extensible large scale file system You'll find that windows isn't dominant there. This is not what the cloud platforms run on and If you're using windows is not because you're choosing between which windows platform file system you on it's well Because you have to use windows you'll end up using the file system that windows has So it's not like should I format my system with windows or not? So we're not going to spend too much time on the windows part of it Mostly the question comes up about different file systems is zfs butter fs xfs ex t4 Should we be using lvm? Should we use medm raid or manage it with zfs? Which actually can talk to the hard drives or butter fs that can talk to the hard drives and boy There's a uh, we got a lot to talk about. How's that? Yeah, we do we really do We feel like we could do like a series of like 30 episodes to go into the intricacies of each of the file systems So we're gonna summarize and bring up like the most important points of uh, each of our talking points and uh, that'll help Build the foundation enough so you can make a decision. But of course there is uh, plenty of forums and Debates and arguments over file systems over the years and even me and jay when we were trying to get a couple updated pieces of information You always got to check the year at each thing was written because some of them I mean with ext 2 versus 3 versus 4. Yes, there's definite version changes. But some of the other ones It's hard to tell what version they're talking about. They're just talking about zfs. You're just talking about xfs Uh, so there are features that have changed over time So, uh, there'll be a lot to talk about here But before we get started we got to think a sponsor of the show and that is linode And probably linode i'm gonna say doesn't run ntfs in the background. What do you think jay? I doubt it. I really doubt it Yeah, being and being uh, that they're a large linux based hosting Great place to hold your vms. We've talked about a lot of projects on here If you're listening to this podcast, it was downloaded from a linode server Which is even faster since I was at episode 30 we Before episode 30 j updated the memory make it a little bit bigger and give us a little more bandwidth because all of you Keep downloading this podcast and hey, we don't mind well knows pride in the band with us for it. Use it Click it download it We even make it just raw audio if you don't want to use an app you just want to listen to us raw all that's available And any of the projects or many of the projects we've talked about in here If you're looking for a place to run your servers linode is the place for that It's where this website's hosted It's where this podcast is hosted and it's where j has well currently all of his public facing stuff is all in linode as well So everything yeah, we want to thank linode to be a sponsor There is an offer code down below where you can get started yourself with linode and you know Get playing get some of those things out there use some of those predefined templates So you don't have to build it from scratch so you can test it out or then Learn how to build it from scratch and things like that use the use the pre-built ones as a reference because I've done that a lot man I don't know why something doesn't work when I build it But it works when I click the one click button and good ways to troubleshoot it So thanks again for the load for sponsoring the show and let's dive into file systems. Let's get into it What's the first one we want to talk about j? So, um, I don't really mind the order because I know we need to talk about lvm which isn't itself a file system But it's definitely a talking point. Um, but we should probably save that for a little bit later It may be Possibly go over ext4 first because it's developed on many distributions out there Yeah, ext4 is the fourth generation of the ext file system Now the one thing I like about ext and I think it's 100 backwards all the way Is you can import previous versions of ext into the upgraded version? I believe all of them can do in-place upgrades Is that correct j? I think so. I haven't done that in so many years I know that I'm was it ext2 to ext3 you you converted by just adding journaling. I believe yeah I believe yeah, so that was kind of like an interesting upgrade It's like adding the the feature there But um, it's been so long since I've had to upgrade anything from ext3 to ext4. I want to say what was it like 2008 Yeah, or something like that But it's unfortunate because there are some really old systems out there And so ext through all these generations has become a much more robust file system the way they distribute the journals on there Journals think of them It's all that data around where your data is and they spread them out across the drive This this isn't I mean we we could dive through and you know what we need is maybe we'll get Wendell to dive through the file system history with us We will do an episode on that in the history of fat file systems and how things were written the drives and Things were adapted in early days of Linux and unix with the basic file systems And someone says that's not the best way to do it hard drives are getting better And they added these journaling support to be able to have a journal of the transactions that occurred This makes recovery easier corrupted file systems was a big thing And you'll talk to older technicians that go oh man, there's so much risk of corruption It's actually such a minor issue in 2021 because of the robustness added for Things like the extra journals and the way they spread them out across ext4 ext4 is a Pretty solid file system. Uh, it is a default I think for debby and and all debby and basic distributions in my right jay Don't follow that pattern, right? I would say the majority. I mean you have um butter fs for I believe it's open Susa and possibly fedora. Um, it's like I review so many distributions that it's kind of starts to blend in After a while, but most of the distributions out there default to ext4 I like to think of ext4 is the general purpose linux file system because if you don't have a preference just go with that Yeah, and it works fine It has all the features you need of a modern file system So there's not any reason to not use it. It's solid. It's reliable It does not though and some of the other ones we get into it does not support any type of snapshots This is a contention point now. We're getting lvm. There's a way you can snapshot ext4 with lvm, correct jay We'll get a little bit later. Oh, yeah Yeah, but it's not a function of the ext4 file system itself And let's talk about the other one if you are over on the other side and you're wearing a red hat What type of file system would be the default over there? So I know I haven't used red hat in a while. So I'm thinking was it xfs. So it's a bit of a trivia. So I guess Yes, xfs is really popular. You'll find most of the documentation over there on the website for red hat now xfs addressed issues When it was when it came out against ext and when I see when it came out that was like 30 plus years ago So they they've been both developed. They're both longtime stable file systems and with xfs. There's also No snapshots natively built in there and me, you know, it's basically just red hat prefers using it There are some performance arguments of which one supports more directories versus which one supports more files in it There's lots of little nuance, but we're talking Like massive things that any home user was one never going to run into it It's only something you would think about on the cloud level scale of a massive System but both these have advantages now xfs seems to suffer a little bit more from small right issues But these are often contested in different tuning parameters I was reading through benchmarks to try to get a definitive it is not like there's a night and day difference There is a nuance difference depending on the workload What it seems that the xfs seems to handle some of the larger files So red hat uses it because they recommend it for like databases and things like that So there's there's a little nuance in there. So it's still a good choice It still works perfectly fine. And for most all your production environment, whether you're going exc4 xfs I think is a pretty It's a flip the coin. What are you most familiar with? What are you most comfortable using and are you using red hat? And it defaulted that anyways Right, that's a good point And I think it all comes down to what your use case is because if there was a clear winner Like a podcast would be like five minutes long We would say just use this one and we're done But you know, we can't say that because there's so many pros and cons And sometimes it comes down to the workload if it's like a database server Maybe one will work better for the other Maybe, you know, large files if you have like ebbobites I don't know if I'm saying that right of data like I mean one will be better for that But I mean if you have the much data like congratulations, that's amazing Yeah, and I don't really imagine too many people when you look at the maximum supported single volume size of exc4 or A xfs system I don't really imagine a lot of people are creating single volume sizes like that because when we get into zfs Anytime we see these incredibly large systems zfs is kind of the king of all that So we're we're spending a little more time talking about zfs But yeah, once you get into, you know, right now We have 1.2 petabyte servers on on the shelf on the other room over in air getting ready for a client project delivery next month and uh That's always going to be zfs for that type of storage. So is there existing storage? That's that big Yep So I think at this point It's probably a good time to get into lvm because I think some of the things we're going to talk about are going to kind of force a comparison there And lvm is not a file system. I want to be clear on that. It's like an abstraction You know underneath the file system. That's after the hard drive be you know beneath the file system That gives you additional features And it's one of those things that I say everybody should be using. I mean, if you're not using zfs If you're not using butterfs, I don't know if it works with butterfs. I haven't tried it but Not with zfs though if you're not using that then I think that lvm is a no-brainer because it's one of those things where you're not going to notice that it's there And maybe you'll use it and you'll never have a use for its features But it's not going to hurt anything And if you ever do need its features then it's there for you. What are the features? So One of the things that Is kind of a pain point for me is that when i'm working with a client, you know companies ask me to help them out their servers Right, so they're servers full their disk is completely full. Let's just assume. It's a virtual machine So if without lvm You have to rsync the volume to another volume if it's not the root file system And you know you add another virtual disk and you rsync everything over there and then flip them out point over to it There's going to be maybe a disconnect there. You're going to have open files, for example It's not going to be very easy to do this But you can do it in worst-case scenario. It's the root file system. You might have to shut it down And that's not good. Now, obviously if you're doing everything, right You should never need to resize anything because you've chosen the right size for everything Your virtual disks are the perfect size. You don't ever need to upgrade anything So if you're doing it, right, you'll never need it But more often than not you're going to run into this and I think as an administrator You're going to appreciate having the ability to resize a file system online So for example, you have a let's just say a 100 gig root file system and it's it's nearly full Now what you could do is add a second virtual disk add it to the volume group And then expand it you can actually grow it online And you don't have to restart anything and all of a sudden, you know, your your full disk alerts go away um, it's a great thing on a physical server, it's not quite as easy because Depending on the hardware, you may not be able to hot plug a hard drive into a running server You might actually have to shut it down But if you have a spare hard drive, you could just have it connected inside the chassis powered on but just not used So if nothing else, you can always add it to the volume group later. I've even seen some people that would essentially not have not use up all of the space in the lvm configuration have like, you know 10 20 gigabytes that are not even claimed for that one off. Oh my god. I need space because everything is falling over But um to kind of go back a little bit. We've got to talk about what lvm actually is because I just talked about the benefits So if you think of lvm, it's more or less an abstraction on top of the hard drive It isn't itself a file system. You can use lvm with ext4 xfs whatever you want So you have different terms with um lvm which stands for logical volume manager That are kind of like these, you know, I think they're hard for some beginners to remember Especially considering One of the terms is physical volume and when you think of physical volume, you're thinking about a hard drive You can hold in your hand. That's a physical volume. You have a physical disc in your hand, right? But with a physical volume in uh lvm is not that it's just a disc It could be a virtual disc. It could be a physical disc. It doesn't really matter So when you create a physical volume, you are basically saying this hard drive is a physical volume That's going to be used entirely for lvm Then what you do is you create a volume group. You could have multiple volume groups that group together logical volumes logical volumes Is closer to a partition So you have a physical volume You have a volume group and then you have a logical volume which you could then format So you could basically have your root file system as a logical volume Home partition logical volume And you could keep going and have as many as you need there And the cool thing about that is you can resize them and grow them independently of each other So if you have extra space not used up, that's not claimed biological volume You could actually just go ahead and expand it and that ability May not be as useful to a home lab person because Let's be honest if if your server's full are you going to have a bunch of people coming into your office and complaining about it? I mean the worst case scenario your kids say hey the Plex server is not working. Can you fix it? But it's still kind of cool to have and there's no reason not to implement it because again if you don't ever run into that situation It's just silently running there in the background And it's a great thing And you could also create logical volumes on the fly. You don't have to shut down the server You can actually create a new one if you have space mount it you're done But another feature I like is the ability for snapshots now. This is something that I think it's safe to say let me know if you agree that the majority of file systems out there don't have snapshot features And I feel like snapshot features in a file system is more or less the You know, it's just a value add that some of them have but it's not something you generally find In file systems. DFS has it butterf s has it But I would argue that butterf s and cfs are more than just a file system It's almost like a um file system solution application hybrid. Um, if you know Yeah, anyways, um, but a pure file system is just you know Blocks and whatnot how you store data and that's that's really it now with lvm you can create snapshots and One of the things that really annoys me is that when you use let's just say a boon to for example and you're installing it And you you say I want lvm. It's going to use 100 of your disk Period 100 you used so when you want to create a snapshot you can't because there's no room snapshots with lvm require Like you know some extra space that's not used by a volume group or you know, basically free space in the volume group for the Um, you're not formatting the snapshot your snapshot is just sitting in the on you space When you install the boon to you don't have on you space because it uses 100 of everything Which is annoying because if you want to use that then you have to use a partition tool To basically create a volume group and set it up yourself Before a boon to is installed and then you just point a boon to to the partitions that you've already created that works I think that's one edge that the debbie and installer has over a boon to because With debbie and you could tell it don't use the entire disk for lvm Give me some you know unused space at the end there so I I could use that if I need it later Debbie and let you do that and I think that's really cool because then you could use snapshots snapshots are I guess in lvm something you want to try to use only when you need to You don't want to have a snapshot sitting there because if it uses up it's all the space Bad things will happen. Yeah snapshots are temporary.  I don't like that software. It doesn't work for me Revert the snapshot back and then it's like nothing ever happened.  So Basically you want to keep your eye on that but one use case I like snapshots for as arch Linux It's like the ultimate way to run arch because arch is rolling all the time. You have updates every single day So what happens if you have an update that breaks something it does happen happens to me sometimes If you take an lvm snapshot before you run your updates No problem if something's break, you know something's break you just revert the snapshot back It's like nothing ever happened wait a couple of days try the update again. See if it works if it does um Make the snapshot permanent. Just um get rid of it. It's good. Everything's fine. And then you have a A greater level of stability on top of arch Linux than you would get normally Which is kind of like the secret sauce. I think with rolling distros just create a snapshot before you update anything It's like the best the best thing ever You can quickly revert back. I think a couple things that in I seen this in the comments It's something I want to address is let's say I have a drive and okay I ran out of space and I want to expand not add another volume group expand the main volume with lvm So I pop another drive and I expand it Where's the data it's spread across two drives if I lose one of those I've lost all am I correct? Yeah, I mean that that's kind of um It kind of also depends on how you set it up because One question I get asked sometimes is like Raid with mdadm versus lvm you can't compare the two because one's right solution one's a file system abstraction, but I personally I think I might have once set up mdadm raid Software raid in linux if you will manually never again um What I always do is I set up, you know lvm With debbie and or a boon to and then of course we have part We have mdadm underneath and then you have lvm on top So you have your raid and then lvm is how you split the partitions out So in that situation when you have raid, I mean already you have a situation where if it's like raid zero You lose a disc you lose data But if it's raid plus lvm Depending on the type of raid that you set it up with you know raid five raid six For example, I always prefer six, but that's just me you can lose a couple of drives and you're fine But if you have straight lvm With um, you know no raid at all you can't lose a disc because it's you know part of the volume group that bad things will happen and I've seen uh junior linux admins make this mistake where They try to snapshot a virtual machine And you know just habitually they've snapshot the main disc and nothing works. Oh There's another disc. They should have shot at all of the virtual discs Because maybe they have that one-off client that's using multiple discs or whatnot So you have to take that into consideration when you have lvm all the discs are part of a hole If you take one out There's a problem and I think the only way you can get away with you know losing a disc is if you combine it with raid Yeah, um in something else worth mentioning is the way when you set up, let's say a deviant system You want to have a password on boot and this works with a bunch of as well I believe it sets it up with a lvm and locks encryption So you got a small boot partition where it can load the kernel and then it prompts you for the password You can can figure this to have different volume groups locked that way if someone ever takes the drive It they have to have a password in order to boot this system up They have to have that luxe password you set So there's no way for people to get the data off the drive it it puts the splits it up And you can even maybe you want the system to boot at least to a level where you can remote into it So you let it boot but then it has another volume group where your important things are And then you have to unlock that volume group with a password So there's a couple different strategies by which you can deal with that Yeah, and you can have a luxe encrypted drive without lvm But when you are installing like a boon to and you choose that option for encryption full disk encryption They only it only gives you the option with lvm. I mean even though you could separate the two I mean why separate the two honestly like just use lvm um One other thing i'll mention about lvm like I think I've alluded to and i've mentioned already use it on everything Absolutely use lvm on everything because when you are you know for example working in a company if you do that And you have a server that's mission critical and it has lvm You're going to feel like a hero like a rock star when you are able to solve that full disk problem without the server going down Without losing any pings all of a sudden it goes from you know zero percent free space to you know 30 percent depending on how much you give it it just it's just so awesome And it's so much more frustrating to have to plan a maintenance window to shut it down because somebody didn't use lvm at the beginning Of course i'm talking about the enterprise here But yeah, it may not be that big of a benefit for the homelab user But I still think it's cool and if you don't have to reboot it why right just use lvm And if you need it, it's there. I make it the default on everything I do Well, there's also an advantage when you're doing this It's it makes it a little bit simpler when you're running virtual machine So if you build your virtual machine and you set it up with lvm And you're like oh, I need to add more space to the virtual machine Shut the virtual machine down expand the hard drive easy or if it's ice because you can do it that way less easy Well, just more steps is now. How do you expand it if you didn't have lvm? There's a few more steps not you can't there's just more steps in it, but the steps are Shut it down expand the size boot it up run the proper lvm commands to expand it You had the absolute most minimal amount of downtime to actually make that happen And I will add in and we'll leave it a link in the show notes for this You have a whole series on lvm. Do you not j I do actually it's all in one video that's all in one video guide You don't even have to have multiple versions. It's just one video and you learn everything yeah, so we'll have um We'll make sure we have that in the show notes that way you can just dive into lvm and learn about it I've I gotta watch it again. I I don't do enough with lvm because at least I usually so far my planning has been Hey, it's the right size. So I don't need to do much, but it's definitely a concern Yes, it is Another thing that I think I'd be remiss if I didn't mention this you can actually reduce instead of enlarge So if you if you have your you know lvm is using up your entire disc You can actually reduce and you know shrink that down to where you could get free space back I don't ever recommend anyone does that some file systems Absolutely supports reducing and shrinking volume sizes, but I've still run into problems I don't know why xfs has historically been one of the worst when it comes to reducing a logical volume um in pretty much you can't although I have seen some um patches and improvements that claim that you can now But I've still not seen it work And even with ext4 one time I reduced it and the whole system wouldn't boot anymore Even technically you can reduce but just don't um just start small and then go up if you have like a 500 gig disc For example, give it 400 gigs for the physical volume or I mean the volume group just leaves 100 gigs on use So you have that space to play with if you need it in some room to you know Oh my god, I need space right now. Okay, you have some space That's just sitting there waiting to be used and you're fine. Just don't go down just go up Yep, keep keep your life simple like that. Yep. All right. Where's the next one we should jump into So now that we have lvm out of the way Um, we do have riser fs on our list as well if you want to talk about that Yeah, I just want to give the brief history. This was an interesting one If you want to go through the history of things the riser fs was really an innovative and interesting file system written By a pretty small team. It has a more tragic history of what happened to one of the developers Which you'll find when you start reading on there But yeah, this was the first time and I want to bring you up in there Because it was the first time I ran into writing a piece of backup software years and years ago in the early days of linux Um, I said, you know, I can design this whole system to back up all these client computers And I ran into some of the limitations back then it would have been the x t3 because this was circa 2004 when I wrote this um, but that was one of the things uh that You know, I it's kind of interesting when you start running to with the scalability file systems And I thought I'd preface it with just mentioning because it's a fun dive into the history of what that problem went out to solve And how we ended up with both butter fs and zfs zfs being as we mentioned the king of all this And I just wanted to bring that a little bit of history. I think it's interesting Divers i'm a big nerd when it comes to the history of computer and technology Just like jay as we we get on these discussions like we did last night about the history of some of this stuff Yeah, it just really gets an interesting mention because it was a really clever and innovative file system, unfortunately with the tragedy And related to the developer of that with a primary lead developer That kind of fell apart on there. So it's also an interesting of what happens when a project falls apart doesn't have a lead developer and kind of goes stale now Another we mentioned that I think we talked a little about mda mddam. I'm saying it wrong mda dm There we go. So tom doesn't say it wrong the one thing i'll mention with mdm is that is Just a system by which it's going to manage the hard drives And I wanted to mention it because that's very different than the way zfs works or the way butter fs can work Now i'm much less an expert on butter fs But with zfs zfs isn't just a file system with a lot of features. It's also Directly talking to the hard drives to format them the way if you want to build a rate array with the xt4 or Lvm and then xt400 or xfs under it is first you would physically link all the drives together with the linux raid utility Then once it creates this new logical block device here, this block device then gets the file system added to it This is one step in zfs and this is where i'm dive a little bit into zfs here zfs is the Billion dollar file system as quoted many times by wendell and a few other people We've actually been trying to find the exact developer. I want to get them I want to get a clip of him saying it so I can just insert him It's because of the years of development It's kind of just one of those marketing terms in some ways But it's one of when that many large scale enterprise companies have worked on it for that many years That's the kind of money that's been spent on Really fine-tuning and engineering now the reason it was unpopular in linux is because Oracle is known for one thing more than any other and it's not actually java. It's lawyers If there's something oracle is known for it's being litigious So there was obviously concerns because oracle bought the right For zfs when they acquired some of the other assets they've acquired But either way that created some licensing issues and things like that now zfs was still a great system But the licensing around oracle created a lot of drama So this kept it out of the linux market, but it was compatible with the free bsd licensing Q years forward and thanks to a popular product. We've talked about here True nas and this is actually the parent company ix systems is a big sponsor and employees could a few people working on this This brings us all the way around to a system that works much better And has a better license compatibility with the modern versions of like open zfs It's stable and things like that. That's why we're starting to see it Finally get into the linux world as it goes to just the bsd world because now there's not that fear of the Giant gorilla in the room that is oracle and the litigious nature of that company. They're just not friendly No one likes them. That's cool to what they think of them Yeah, it's like watching them duke it out over licensing. I think they employ more lawyers than developers honestly, but anyways Yeah, I almost feel like you could create a netflix tv show with all this drama that goes in the background and you know suing an intellectual property and all that No, it's so many things and I think that red hat still Is kind of afraid of zfs in a way. I don't think I don't know if they've actually said that openly, but I mean the fear might be that red hat being such a bigger company that there They'd be a bigger target for lawsuits would they go after a smaller distro Probably not as much as they would go after one of the bigger companies Of course, that is all Just my opinion based on no facts just kind of what I've observed, but it does kind of seem to be the case Yeah, so it's it's one of those things and it that's not to get too far into the legal history of it but a lot of times what these companies do oracle definitely included is They sue the largest company because they want to set a precedent or sometimes the second largest They try to find someone they can set a case precedent with because if one individual Developing some distro or even a small team of them. Maybe they could set a decent decent assist But no one would think a whole lot of it and they probably wouldn't have the resources to fight it So when they try to set their sights on certain ones, this is that case precedence But back over to the point file systems and zfs So now that we're starting to see zfs on linux q the latest version of churnass scale just hit release candidate the other day but zfs Is one a way to manage the drives directly So you take the drives and you put zfs on the drives not another not an adjacent file system Not a anything else it is a file system format at that level So because zfs is talking to the hard drives This gives a lot more control over the developers for the extra features They want to add because you're getting to control things at a block level This is why things like zfs send where you duplicate a data set from one zfs pool to another It doesn't even care if there's a million files or two files. It doesn't matter. It always looks at everything from the block Jeff from craft computing actually just did a video on deduplication The reason it works so well and the way you can deduplicate data on zfs is once again It's operating at that block level. So this is another great feature So if you have duplicate sets of data, it is able to create duplicate deduplication tables to say nope That's the same data. It may have two different file names We know the data and the block level that it works at this is some huge advantage for Companies who go well sometimes we do have duplicated data across clients But we can't have the client seeing each other But we can't create deduplication where that data can reside there There are so many things we could probably do an entire video once again on just zfs Because there's so many things now snapshots. That's another feature zfs has that's outstanding It's very granular and on the fly You can just restore a snapshot and have things instantly reverted back and forth With granular control of how you want to do that Block sizes how you write the data to the derivatives matters how you write the data to a data set matters And there are when you're dealing with a singular volume in ex t4 Well setting the block size per folder. That doesn't make sense. That's not something it can do zfs can This is where if you have something that's going to do a series of small write transactions It would be better to set them to a smaller block size that matches the commit size of the database transactions But that same zfs volume can have another data set that's optimized for let's say video editing where there's larger chunks And it would benefit more from a larger commit for the way that does This is one of the reasons zfs is so used in the scalability of all of it You're talking about a file system that can grow Absolutely to maddening scale. I forget exactly what the upper limit is for it at the moment, but It's absolutely why it's used in enterprise and cloud environments Quite frequently because of its scalability and someone may bring up something like sef s sef sef fs I don't know why I've heard time saying it but these actually run in the background on zfs And you can check out 45 drives as a whole series on sef to kind of get a better understanding of some of those things That goes outside the file system type Swinging it back over to zfs There's also the ability with zfs to add Besides the drives you have that store your data what are referred to as data v devs zfs also has that advantage Of adding things like metadata or caching v devs or D duplication v devs these extra files This extra drive types that are attached to the file system It kind of gives you hardware level features that you're adding to a file system that is then presented Is just a place you store your data, but all the behind the scenes can be delegated out to the most optimized devices on there So as much as we thought here in 2021 spinning rust would be a thing of the past It turns out they're really good at keep re-engineering spinning rust drives to make them bigger, but these Small ssds might be better for certain caching functions metadata functions or the deduplication table functions And this is one of the reasons zfs because it can do all of these things and more than we have time to cover in this podcast It's one of the reasons it's such a popular file system and such a great choice but it's only more recently That you can really see things like installers with zfs built into linux. Have you tried any from j I have and ubuntu. I think they still kind of consider it beta even though it's kind of not I'm hoping that with the next release of ubuntu the next lts. They'll take the beta term off of it But the desktop installer server installer gives you that ability um I have to be honest though I think i'm a little bit mixed about this because When it comes to a server, it's a no-brainer use zfs. I mean that that's a great thing But when it comes to your laptop or desktop, I'm not really so sure like I don't know how you feel about this I know that the zfs cache has to come into play here and that you're you're kind of losing more of your ram Maybe not that much. Maybe they've adjusted it to make it work in a sane way But it kind of just seems like overkill on desktops and laptops But I know a lot of people are really wanting to use it there So I don't know if you have an opinion on that But I don't think I've noticed a big decrease in performance. But then again, I have really good laptops too. So I'm not really sure if I'd recommend it there. Um Also when it comes to proxmox so far, I have not had a good experience with zfs and proxmox I I don't think if there's anything wrong with zfs. I think it's just how it's implemented where I would go to see how much memory I have free. Oh, I have 40 50 memory free. I'm good to set up another vm. Wait a minute. Why is it crashing? Oh, because the memory that is telling me that I have free I don't actually have free and then next thing you know vm start falling over Um, there's there's definitely probably a way to better tune that I think I've done that in the past So on linux, I feel like it it can kind of be Depending on the context and what you're using it on but on You know trueness. It's just so great. Like it's just such a win overall Yeah, I as far as running it on the desktop, there are some goods and bads one all that complexity I talk about cool if you need that level of complexity on your desktop performance wise Well out of the box, you're going to have things like sink turned on that may not be The most optimal way you want to set up for performance on there That's a problem memory memory isn't expensive But it's the way it becomes implemented because zfs on linux is fairly new Hence the reason they still have like the beta tag on it for a bunch of You know figuring out and tuning how much memory you need allocated to zfs zfs by its default nature Says hey, if you've asked for this file once you might ask for it again So let me hold this much in memory and zfs if there's free memory zfs likes to grab that free memory and put things there I mean, you're not using it and this is the way it works over in trueness if there's free memory It's going to use that free memory to cache files This is why it works so well for trueness because what else we can do with the memory unless you've allocated to Maybe some different jails you have running there or in the case of trueness scales some different Containers that you've got running in docker unless you've allocated to other resources It'll use the memory for that This becomes a little bit trickier on a desktop or laptop a desktop or laptop environment You're going to have a different set of parameters and do you really need all that cool features that cfs has That's kind of going to be a personal choice on there and there is no matter What once you start talking about adding the complexities of zfs. No matter how much they tune it Well that copy on write file system type of journaling that it does does have a little bit of overhead on it So there is not going to be necessarily a one-to-one performance with the x t4 Because it has that extra data. It has to be written verified and synced along with all the other complexities That there's more code to run through so when that happens There is just more to do to ensure the integrity of the data which is amazing You know and save you from things like bit rot but is bit rot even a concern on a Desktop or a laptop. It's something you really want to focus on your nas. It's kind of up to you I don't see a reason truly not to run it But if you're trying to get the most performance out of your hard drive And you're only a single drive and as I said zfs rates the drive or mostly when people have arrays the drives If you're not building an array of drives in your desktop I don't really is I have a harder time justifying the use case. That's one of the reasons for me I'll still use a default file system I mean when it comes out, I'll do testing with it because I'm kind of excited Maybe I'll test a server with it, but it's not as likely to become the native thing I format it with when I build these Yeah, I agree. I almost wonder if they intelligently control what's being cached If we could get into a situation where the entire desktop environment is cached and your most common apps that you use are all cached in ram To increase performance that way would be pretty sweet if they go that direction, but one can only hope I guess Yeah, so it's a and someone pointed out and they're right about this if you the native default if you're running A zfs on linux is to only take up to 50 max of memory not a hundred percent like it is in bsd But that is a system tunable feature you can And that's obviously something that's going to go with that further certain distros may tune it differently than other distros So that's the default from prescribed by the standard, but people you know follow standards. What? We're writing our own distro. We got our own ideas of how things should be done Yep, we have our own ideas for sure Yeah, so that's kind of like I said without spending the entire episode talking about zfs That's what it is and it's as I mentioned briefly copy on right This is one of the final integrity checks is there's always a copy of your data and on right We confirm it. We commit it. We sync it copy on right means There's always an extra journal of your data part of that integrity checking is zfs And of course zfs is handling if you have multiple drives of parity checking on there And let's swing it over to the world of butter fs now I admit we read me and jay both read some on here neither one of us will it all claim to be butter fs experts Butter fs is also a copy on right file system My feeling is that butter fs was really pushed because zfs and the oracle debacle for years Butter fs has been around a little while Butter fs has also got the ability to but from anything I've talked to people that seem to be acknowledged on this subject They don't recommend necessarily having butter fs Directly manage the drives. Let me give you a great example of a company. I've talked to about this Synology Synology chooses to use the linux raid tool to manage the drives But then once they manage the drives with the raid tool the md adm tool From there the volume it creates gives you the option to ext for or butter fs But our fs gets you all these cool checksum self healing features journal features It's a copy on right file system And it seems like most of the complaints people have like for stability in regards to butter fs seem to relate to The butter fs directly controlling the drives, which is what the synology has chose to say Nope, that's why we don't have butter fs controlling the drives. We control the drives with the tried and true Linux raid tools We've optimized for it in the synology product line and it sounds not the only one by the way My understanding is there's quite a few other nas vendors out there that do the same thing They use the linux base kernel They use md adm raid to control the drives at the physical layer And then that creates a logical block device that you then can choose to format with butter fs And butter fs does have snapshots does have a lot of features And synology has done a lot of nice integration into it as of many other companies So it allows that extra feature set on there I don't think butter fs is necessarily that bad under that context as long as it's not directly controlling the drives It seems to be a pretty robust operating system but Without large scale popularity you run into Misconceptions you run into maybe less knowledge from developers implementing it So there can be bad implementations of it out there from less experienced developers Which can also lead to and there's much less documentation out compared to zfs In terms of years of use because of companies like true nas pushing zfs So it becomes a little bit harder to truly work on and understand And I don't know that it has all the same zfs send features and all the extra Drive vdev types that you support in zfs. So It's good. It's still a good system. It's not a way it's not reason not to use it But I don't know that compare honestly because now with the choices it was the open zfs I don't really feel the future of butter fs when you talk about a bunch of pushing zfs I'm gonna say I don't see it the really bright and shiny future for it May that's my opinion. Yeah, orange by the way Well, I mean my opinion is similar. I think that I could see Open zfs being the default for pretty much every server related thing at one point In the future. I don't know how far from now Maybe butter fs for the desktop because I think it's probably better for that anyway because it's I don't think it's going to have as much overhead I feel like there's a reputation problem And I've noticed that this in the linux community that reputation is everything and that's true of most things But even more so in linux like if you get a bad reputation in linux, it sticks for many years I mean, even though I mean, I don't even know how long How long ago it was that linux meant had that big problem where someone got into their database server and They had some bad iso images that were made available for download That was a really long time ago people still talk about it A long time ago ubuntu had the amazon shopping thing in the unity dash They don't even use unity anymore and people are still talking about that. So in terms of butter fs I think what I remember happening is that they declared it stable too soon And it's not just butter fs. It's not their fault necessarily because a lot of the tools like df and all those Standard tools for disk storage wasn't patched for better fs yet So people weren't even getting like an accurate representation of how much space they actually had free And then they would blame butter fs for that. Does butter fs have problems? Well, yes It does But now that some people have had problems and people started complaining about it on account of the fact that they declared it stable too soon I kind of feel like that caused it to really not be as adopted as widely as it could have And I almost wonder if like developers kind of abandoned it like the volunteer developers abandoned it because if it has a bad reputation Why am I developing for this thing that everybody seems to hate? And then because there's not enough people developing on it the progress slows down So I feel like in a lot of ways butter fs was kind of like a victim Um, and yeah, there are rough edges like you've brought up there always is but I almost wonder if like we'd be past all of that now If it wasn't for that declaration of 1.0 that they made prematurely Yeah, and like I said, I I'm not saying it's a dead project at all by far not dead It's just when I look at the 20 year down the road future not like the next five or 10 years I don't see as many people like I said with the excitement here But then again, there's a new file system underdeveloped right now I don't know what even was called but I guarantee someone's doing it And um, that could be what we're using five years from now because someone just figured out something better You look at any any new technology if it's really well written and just solves all the problems But then becomes a simpler code base and we'll use like the excitement around wire guard Look how fast wire guard became popular now It's still not the drop in solution for everything But a lot of tooling was built around it very quickly because you're like, hey That's a really clever way to solve a problem of vpn We may have someone working right now or some small team that just has the next answer to the file system right now I think that still is the fs but a you know, the world does change So that's also if you listen to this podcast and just a reminder it is 2021 so right it's five years from now boy tom didn't know that this magic thing was coming Yeah, I wonder it's like it's funny to think about this because when I go back to the reputation thing I almost wonder if somebody could fork butter fs right now Give it a different name change nothing all the code is 100 the same different name Oh my god, this is the best thing ever everybody has to use this thing And it's just because the reputation doesn't follow it and they just give it a different name Maybe a different steward is taking it over or something like that. I'm not saying someone should fork butter fs If someone wants to do that they could do that But I almost wonder if that would probably happen if that were the case because it's just about the reputation That I think is holding against butter fs. I think it's fine for the most part and I plan on diving into it I don't know when I don't want to over promise But it is on my list to dive in a butter fs to start doing tutorials on that So yeah, I think 2022 would probably be a safe bet Yeah, and you know the someone I seen in a chat here and this is a fair enough Fair enough ask is like what about if the Synology switched over to zfs could they I don't know I really the devs seem to know it really well. Synology is Selling a lot of high-end systems We know because we've delivered a lot of high-end systems Synology and they've been really reliable really performance-based the engineers there have done a great job of making all that magic work Engineers that are dedicated and building a stable product aren't quick to change So sounds you would keep developing it because dropping in zfs would be a big development change because well all their tooling is built around butter fs But I think said you look at something like qnap. I'm not a fan of qnap for security reasons Follow steve gibson and look for qnap for reference on all of them not to get too off topic here But the qnap has zfs options. So that's something to think about There are other nas companies building it out there and they didn't always have them You know it once again comes back to that linux compatibility thing now that it's linux It's going to see out there But uh, you know as far as zfs and i'm always a firm firm believer in true nas but I have reviewed zfs on like the 45 drive system They have their own implementation of zfs and linux you check out 45 drive channel They actually do some nice dives into that but I think both are going to go for it Someone said better fs. I've always called it butter fs. I've heard both I think it's supposed to be better fs. But butter always just sounds better to me Yeah, I think it's it's butter fs I wonder if that individual said better fs as like um a remark on my um joke about forking it Call it better fs, which is very similar to the original name. I think margarine fs I seen someone suggest that that seems like an even better I can't believe it's not butter fs. Yeah We we can just come up with a lot of names here. I can't believe it's not butter fs is a good one. Of course, sure Ah All right, I think we we ran down the list and hopefully we educated a little about file systems And if you're really confused the end of this just use whatever your os default is because they've optimized for it That's why it's a default Yep, that's true. Yeah, that's a really honest answer I mean, I think it was I remember someone said is there what should I change at your default and To optimize it someone said if there was better defaults, they'd be the defaults I was like, that's like the best another developer told me that if there's better defaults, why wouldn't I make them the default? And I'm like, yeah, all right. Yeah, that's true I think we live in a world where the defaults kind of are out to get us in terms of security because of default Password and well to no updates. I think that our mindset Kind of becomes we need to switch away from the defaults because they're bad. That's not really true security Yeah, okay, it's bad, but it's no when your distribution defaults to it is probably fine I blame microsoft because unfortunately Broken by design is almost a default for microsoft for a lot of their security implementations So a lot of people There is a list of things you kind of need to do to lock down the system because they leave, you know I to my knowledge still the latest version of windows server is by default Vulnerable to memecats to keep on some backwards compatibility for really old stuff That I think should be something you turn on because why do you have something that old in your network that needs this weird authentication? Fine turn it on but don't leave these things on default. So I I can see both arguments for it because this is something I heard from a development team developing a very popular well-secured product versus not something Microsoft's like got a lot of things you got to change by default. So there's reasons to ask it There really are I think um, they're firewall when they implemented that in windows xp service pack two It all it did was train everyone to hit the yes button to allow everything in so then everybody thought that just having a firewall Was fine while they're just allowing everything in I think it kind of hurt the Overall mentality of what a firewall is and what it's good for among other things Yep fun stuff and uh, yeah, we will Do dive into some other topics for some next shows but I think we beat this one up We've covered it all we've got all as we can possibly Eek out of us. I will leave links to jays lvm video because that's handy. Do you have video on lux as well? I do but it's in regards to arch Linux specifically for Installation, so I'm not sure if I'd recommend most people do it But you probably use the same commands that I use in there to create a volume Yeah, that way is at least one thing to think about where you're creating file systems and zfs supports this and uh, we've with lux and combined with lvm like mentioned, uh, do encrypt everything I'm a big huge fan of encrypting everything So it because especially laptops are extremely easy to wander off And at the worst time and uh, you want to make sure everything's encrypted very well So I still what no matter what file system you use setting things up that way is uh, yeah protect your bits. That is that is huge All right, thanks for joining and uh, see you next time send questions and Comments and everything else to them on this video or reach out to us on our website We got a contact form and we do read them. So that's how we build our next q&a episode. Thank you. Thank you


In the previous session, we have learnt about what is cleaner production options and what are the different barriers, whatever the motivators, what are the drivers, what typically influences the company to adopt the cleaner production options. Now, let us try to understand this cleaner productions options through taking different examples and these examples are being sourced from the UNEP document or UNEP manual. So, let us start with the first example. So, this example 1 is example from the manufacturing company and they are in the businesses, business of producing additives for processing high polymer materials. Looking at the nature of business, the waste product for this business is wastewater discharge and this is what the total amount of wastewater discharge, they are discharging into the nearest local water bodies. What is the effect? The effect of this wastewater discharge was on the water quality and also the aquating life, typically killing the fish in the water bodies because there is a chemical associated with the wastewater part of this wastewater. Now, in any wastewater, so mostly there are three prominent, you will find that pollutants, water pollutants that is BOD, COD and TSS. So, here the maximum stipulated CO2 discharge at that point of time was fixed at 45 mg per liter of the wastewater. But whatever wastewater they were discharging, the content of the CO2, COD in their wastewater is way ahead or the far higher than whatever is being permitted or whatever is the maximum stipulated discharge that should happen. What they did? They got into a wastewater treatment plant with a very high capital investment and the annual operating cost is also 72000 US dollar. Now, further, so they got into the wastewater treatment plant and through that they could achieve whatever the maximum stipulated CO2, COD discharge happened in case of the, should happen in case of the wastewater. Now, the regulation changed and the CO2 discharge regulation now limited to 20 mg per liter and the solution to pollution is dilution over here. What they did? They revamped the existing outfall by increasing its length and editing diffuser-potasizer mechanism at an investment of 250000 US dollar. So, because there is a change in the regulation which limits the CO2, COD discharge again, they did the changes in their process. Further the tightening of the discharge regulation happened, so it is not 20, even less than that it was tightened further. Now, the options for the company is that they have to do either additional investment to upgrade the wastewater treatment plant or getting into a new plant, a new wastewater treatment plant. Additional investment in term of upgrading the WWTP is very extremely cost prohibitive because it was involving again a chunk of cost which was not feasible for the company and also the new wastewater treatment plant also cannot be planned because the land price were escalating and also whatever the land requirement that was not available. Now, what they decided is that rather than upgrading the existing wastewater treatment plant or getting into a new one, they thought of reduction of the source in the production process. So, what they did? They did a technical and economic feasibility of the cleaner production assessment of their company and by after this feasibility, what they did is that they improve, expand and improve the housekeeping, direct recycling in the washing plant, they did certain process modification like installation of a microprocessor based system to control quantity and rate of addition of the raw material, they did the installation of vacuum pump to allow the recovery of product that is previously lost with the wastewater. So, mostly they did improvement in their process and also they did the expansion in the process which were more environmental friendly. And whatever the changes they did within the short time frame of 6 months, the payback period is between 0.5 to 3 months. So, although they did the investment, the payback period for that investment is between 0.5 to 3 years. Now, what is the outcome? The outcome of this cleaner production options or the change in the process, they could fulfill the new stringent effluent discharge regulation easily that could increase their production by 15 percent, they could save the raw materials, water, one-fourth of the existing wastewater treatment plant was found to be not to be used again because they have made the changes in the process itself. And the lesson from this example is that cleaner production should have been the first step to manage the problem pollution instead of dilution and end of pipe treatment. So, rather than getting into a wastewater treatment plant from the beginning, they could have just changed the improvement in the process, they could have done the expansion in the process to control at the source rather getting into end of pipe treatment because there is two, there are two implications. End of pipe treatment is again capacity based. So, with the change in the regulation, you need to change the end of pipe treatment again. And second, every time changing regulation and changing the capacity of this end of pipe treatment would not have been feasible. So, the lesson from this example is that it is always better to be proactive rather than reactive and what the company has realized by doing that. Now, going further, let us get into the second example. This is the example from a company which provides the food packaging solution to the restaurant. Now, since it is in the business of packaging, the impact associated with this is solid waste. Now, what are the issues associated with this issue of solid waste? There are regulatory issues with respect to solid waste disposal. There is a disposal fee escalated resistance from the neighborhood and also the attention from the local media that they are creating the solid waste. Now, what the company they did? They re-evaluated the system of the packaging and they improve their packaging in such a way that it will give us, give them the less waste. So, they took a initiative as the less waste initiative where they did the less waste initiative through material substitution and design alteration. So, they did some substitution of the materials they use for packaging and also they did some design alteration in order to address the concern or in order to address the environmental concern. Now, what are the innovation they did in the design? So, they reduced the rage design in the napkin. So, typically if you will find that the napkin, few of the napkin they have the rage design. They reduced the rage design on the napkin which unable 23 percent more napkins to fit into the shipping container which saved 294000 kg of corrugated packaging and 150 truck load of shipment. So, what they did? Just reduced the rage design on the napkin, they could save the space in their container, they could save the corrugated packaging and also they could optimize their load shipment which is equal to the 150 truck load shipment. Then they redesigned their drink shipment box to achieve 4 percent reduction in the corrugated packaging saving almost this much kg and they convert the lightweight and non-greasy classified food container from paperboard carton to paper bag and that also saved this million worth kg worth of the packaging. Now, there is a reduction in the toxic use because they use the soy based ink for printing the packaging material, introducing also the unbleached carryout paper bag. So, they use the soy based ink for printing and also use the unbleached carryout paper bag and the outcome from this is the saving from the second year onwards with the initial investment of 80,000 US dollar. This is the private benefit whatever the saving they did in term of the change in the design in term the financial benefit what they got. But what is the public benefit by this cleaner productions options? The public benefit is that there is a decrease in the packing paper translated into less trees being cut down, there is less truck load shipment translated to saving into the fuel, there is a decrease in the gaseous emission and better air quality because of less waste disposal and the toxic use reduction translate significantly into the less environmental risk and improves the workers health and safety. And apart from the financial benefit the company the intangible benefit what the company receive is that they are known as the environmental sensitive company in the market that increase their brand value in the market. Now, let us get into example three. This is the example of a service typically the hotel and the situation what this hotel was facing is that there is a challenge with respect to their competitiveness it was going down. So, what they thought of doing is that reducing the operating cost and also reestablish their foothold and create a niche for themselves in the market. The first thing what they did is that they did a water and energy audit what typically how much is their consumption in case of water how much is their consumption with respect to energy and how much they can save by doing by doing the change in the process or making some change in the design. So, they did a water energy audit and by doing that they after doing the auditing they did the few changes and what are these changes existing lighting was replaced with lower weightage lighting and which save almost 25 percent electric cost of lighting because the lighting was replaced with energy saving lightings. Then they used the floor restrictors on all taps and so on in their hotel which save almost 16000 litre of water per day and in term of financial benefit this is what the annual saving they got by using the restrictor in that day. Then they replaced the electric water heater with gas operated unit which is having annual saving of 17000 US dollar and they did a initial investment of 250 dollar they could shut down its fountain pump system for 5 hours in the night and thereby saving 2475 US dollar annually. The net outcome for the hotel is that it increased the occupancy rate decreased attrition from the employee and the bigger achievement or bigger performance what they got which is intangible is that they are known as the environmental friendly hotel or the eco friendly hotel. So, the from these 3 examples the lesson what can be learned over here is that rather than reactive the proactive strategy always helps there is a continuous preventive strategy prevention strategy that helps rather than the end of pipe treatment and attitude of top management is very important when we are getting into the cleaner production options. And the other factors which are responsible for adoption of cleaner product cleaner product option is that customer and community pressure or in a bigger scale the stakeholder pressure, resource availability and pricing, competition in business and there is a need for the image building and increasingly stringent pollution control number their enforcement is linked to the adoption of the cleaner production. And also it gives immediate benefit to the company those who are adopting the cleaner production option because this is linked to productivity that how water and energy can be saved, how raw material equipment could be reduced and how the output or production could be increased. Thank you.


The following is a production of New Mexico State University. What's the difference between that and that? Well, but you're not going to buy everything at the end, just because you're on vacation. Don't forget, we still need to save for the family reunion. Oh, why shouldn't we split a little? We earn this vacation. We must work a lot. That's right. And the reunion won't cost us a lot of money. It's so nice to spend some time alone with you. The kids and the customers. I'm sorry. It's good that the children stayed with the kids. Yeah, the neighbors seem like nice people. I got them thinking about buying a new vehicle. Do you want one like that? Oh, that's pretty. I love that color. I hope you want to buy one of my vintage cars. We're always thinking about selling hats and hoes during our vacations. I'm a salesman. And I'm as bad as you are. I try to sell as much as I can and it didn't go over very well. So I think I'm just going to give it a rest. I'm Kate and I'm a salesman. I'm a salesman. Let's go get some goodies. Hey, Carlos. I've never seen anything like this before. See? Cormet ice cream. Take mine. Well, Carlotta, you've planned the shopping trip pretty well. I've done a lot better since I started using the food pyramid. My little sister, Victoria, always uses the pyramid to plan the meals for the children in her closet. Oh, look at the salsa. It looks good. Yeah, I guess the pyramid would come in handy since your sister Vicki looks after all those kids. But let's buy it. And this one, too, to eat with the salsa. Yeah, it looks good, but at $3.79 a jar, I don't think so. They're crazy. Besides, these sauces never taste good. You're right, honey. Okay, Craig. Is this a good price for tomatoes? I don't have a real feel for produce prices since we get so much from my dad's farm. Yeah. We haven't had to buy onions in years. What other vegetables do you have on the list? We have onions, we have jalapenos, we have tomatoes. We need garlic, lettuce, green peppers, and asparagus. No, asparagus, no. It's not in season, so it'll cost a fortune. Mira nomás, qué caro. The corn's six for a dollar. Let's get it instead. Buena idea. The kids love the way you make it. Acía la faría. It's so nice that the cabins have outdoor grills that we can enjoy the fresh mountain air. How many should we get? Let's make sure that we get 12 of them. Look at these grapes. Put them down. Let's take the kids down to that orchard down in the valley instead and we can get some cherries. All right. I see you're spoiling pizcarlas. Oh, you know what? Let's get a cabbage. Es mucho más barato que la lechuga. Cheap. And you know how much I love. The chips back. I got these instead. The samuel used to like these chucharones, pero ya no puede comernos. ¿Por qué? I forgot to tell you. He went to the doctor. Now he's at a real high risk for diabetes and so all fatty food is out. Pobre de mi hermano, todo le falla. So I bet Samo's got high blood pressure, high cholesterol. Así estaba yo hace tres años. Dile lo bien que te ha ido con el diabetes. We all did it together. Too may I investe mucho. We changed the way we eat. Ahora comemos cosas más agradables. Hacemos ejercicio. Samo could get more exercise too if he got his walking mail right back. Es cierto. Empezó a engordar cuando le dieron ese trabajo de escritorio en el coreo. You know what? We still need some cereal. Compramos churros. Sure, churros will be fine. I'll get the cereal if you go get the mayonnaise and mustard instead. Okay. ¿Pas prefieres? The star bench? Tienes razón. Esta es más barata. ¿Qué están los ingredientes para el espagueti? This macaroni's unspecial. And noodles and noodles. Miren lo más que baratos. You know what? Can we find my tomato paste coupon? ¿No se te puede sacar en casa? Don't just stand there. Help me. Here's the coupon you're looking for. Perfecto. Hace mil años que quiero buscar este coupon. Even with the coupon, the store brand is still cheaper. Y las etiquetas son idénticas. Vamos a llevar unas esta mejor. Cada centavito cuenta. Back into the envelope with goals. Nunca me voy a deshacer de este coupon. Let me see your list. No se hace falta algo para unirse nada más. Let's splurge for tomorrow's dinner. I'll get a couple of frozen pizzas. Great. Lunch was a long time ago. Vamos a soltarnos el pelo. Let's get some of these pretty pastries. Sure. Yeah, you can pick some out. Okay. But what else do we need? Un buen pollo al carne. Okay. Son deliciosos. So Samuel has diabetes. I remember when the doctor told me I had it. I felt so scared and confused. Samuel debe sentirse tan solo sin saber a qué hacer con sus vivetes. A ver si logro convencerlo a qué entre al equipo de software. Aunque sea para qué se divierta un poco. Aunque no sea muy rápido para hacer las compras, mi corazóncito es mejor que todos los movistados. No Hollywood actor takes the time to compare prices like Craig does. The preceding was a production of New Mexico State University. The views and opinions in this program are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the NMSU Board of Regents.


Hello and welcome to Newsflakes International Roundup. In today's episode, we're going to discuss the recent developments in and around the Syrian conflict. So firstly, we're going to look at the three airstrikes, the three strikes performed by Israel in three different countries, one of which was of a Hezbollah camp in south of Damascus. And we're also going to see the recent advances made by the Syrian government forces in Idlib, which is one of the last rebel strongholds in the country. So probably starting with the Israeli airstrikes, which we're seeing that Israel has struck a Hezbollah camp south of Damascus. It has also struck Hezbollah media center in Beirut and weapons depot in Iraq. So in response to this, both Iran and Hezbollah have promised retaliation that they are going to respond to these attacks. So what do you think is going to happen in this situation? I think Israel is stepping up the escalation and there are two reasons for it. One is, of course, it wants to draw Iran into a war in the region, hoping that the United States would then step in and finish what it has always wanted to do, which is trying to destroy the Iranian forces. So this is, of course, a longstanding project of Israel, provoke and hope Iran retaliates and then United States steps in. So this is one part of the axis. The second is, of course, elections in now taking place at the moment in Israel. And Netanyahu, as you know, is a beleaguered prime minister. He's not sure that he's going to win the election. And therefore any military warlike postures he can do is going to help him perhaps in the election because we all know a short war helps an incumbent. And that seems to be his game. But how much can he take the escalation to without really having a war which can also have repercussions for Israel? So at the moment, it seems he has broken two separate, Israel seems to have broken two separate compacts. They've attacked camps, actually war depots inside Iraq. There are a number of strikes, not one. They seem to have done a number of strikes over the last 15, 20 days. And even the United States doesn't seem to be too happy about it because they leaked the fact that Israel was doing the strikes to the York types. So it seems that that's really what did happen, that there have been Israeli strikes in what they call as Iranian forces. But essentially there are forces allied to the Iraqi government, paramilitary forces in alliance with the Iraqi government, which have been fighting the Islamic, shall I say, Islamists, the ISIS, al-Qaeda equivalent forces in Iraq. So that's not something Iraq is happy about. The second part of it is they have attacked what they're again calling Iran, Hezbollah, concentrations, camps, preemptive strike against possible Hezbollah attack, a possible drone attack. We know that it is not true that Syria has allowed its territory to be used against strikes against Israel. So this story that this is a preemptive strike, of course, is something that Israel always pedals when it wants to take provocative action, wants to take military action. And this is a story we have heard so many times that it is losing credibility if it hasn't completely lost credibility. So essentially they have attacked what would be called forces which are helping the Syrian government at this point against the ISIS, against al-Qaeda forces. And this is therefore an attempt to send a signal to both the electorate and to Syria that we are still king of the pops, that we control this region. And that is something finally seems to have annoyed Hezbollah to the extent they have said from tonight Israel will not sleep in peace. Now what it means, what Hezbollah will do, we do not know. But it is true that a compact that Hezbollah will not suffer casualties which seem to have been there with Israel. That has been broken, Hezbollah fighters have died in Syria. And the fact that Hezbollah's video center seems to have been attacked by drone is obviously something which will be considered highly provocative by Hezbollah. So I think we are likely to see some limited action right now. The problem with all of this, this is something we have been saying again and again in the international roundups, what the Israelis, what the United States is doing is provoking Iran and these forces continuously in the hope that they actually retaliating against Israel and then United States will come in the big way. And this provocation is something Iranian forces Hezbollah has actually not fallen into their trap. But if they keep on the pressure like this, can they stop from any retaliation? That's a big question. And if any retaliation takes place, will it stop or will it go up the escalatory ladder to a final exchange? We do not know. Russians are involved, Iranians are involved. So anything in Syria can spin out of control. Anything in Lebanon can also spin out of control. So this is really entering a very dangerous territory. And moving on to Idlib, can you comment on the situation there now that Syrian government forces have taken control over the M5 highway, which is crucial to the supply of resources into the region? Well, if we look at the area over there, you will see that they really haven't taken control over the M5 highway. They have taken partial control over part of the highway. If you look at it, they have taken control of the highway now from Hama to Khan Sheikhul, which is only a part of it. It connects to Aleppo further and that stretch is still under the control of, shall we say, the forces which are either al-Qaeda or a light to al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda light as they are being termed. So this is the forces. Now, the Idlib area was supposed to be something which Turkey was to sort out. There was a debilitarized zone which was created at that point around the territory controlled by what you are calling the rebels, which are basically the al-Qaeda kind of forces. And the understanding was that this Czech post that Turkey will maintain, that will keep the Syrian forces out and they would solve the problem of Idlib. Now, they haven't done so. Idlib still continues to be in the hands, which are essentially, as we know, hands which are really different kinds of Islamist forces, which have been extremely inimical to any of the minority communities, as well as extremely hostile to any civil formations working over there. So it's a question of time how much will Syria allow this part of the territory of Idlib to be under essentially Turkish control in alliance with the rebel forces. So that stalemate, there have been enough warnings given. The Astana Accord said Turkey would solve this problem. Turkey has not. Therefore, Russians have also supported with their air force, the moves that the Syrian forces have made against the rebel forces in this part of the area. If you see Khan Shahi Khan was a very important town because that's where a supposed chemical attack took place. If you remember Khan Shahi Khan is a place where the United Nations arm, which looks at chemical weapons, did investigate and initially said there is a reason to believe there is a chemical attack. But a later document came, which shows the technical committee, which investigated, thought that these are chlorine cylinders, which is supposed to be the culprits replaced manually. So the huge question mark about the white helmet staged chemical attack. Was it staged by white helmets? Was there a real chemical attack which had casualties? It's very much open to question. We have raised issues here also that this seems to be a manufactured incident. And therefore, it is one of the places which has a history. So that has now been cleared for forces have moved in. It's a classic tactics they have been adopting. Move in, create a pincer attack, create what the Russians call a cauldron, then squeeze it. And allow the forces, the rebel forces or the contending forces to escape. So don't crush them because that avoids casualties and then take over. So they have done it, the Turkish check post are now behind the Syrian lines. So this is a completely new situation arising. It looks like from Latakia that you are also moving in towards what I call the Al-Gaab planes. And they will also then be talking about the M4 highway. So all of this now is looking like Iblip is moving towards a resolution. The Russia is no longer supporting Turkey's or doesn't have confidence in Turkey's ability to handle this issue. Or it's good faith in handling this issue. And Turkey at the same time has started talking to United States about its border with the Kurdish areas, what is called the SDF, which was really under Kurdish leadership, which is the east side. If you look at it, if you take the Euphrates River, it's on the other side of the Euphrates River. So that entire belt, which is under Kurdish control, Turkey wants the Nord, the Norden border of Syria to be handed over to Turkey. And the United States was negotiating with Turkey with this and Turkey, therefore, it appeared, was not doing what it is supposed to do, good faith negotiations on Syria. So I think one of the responses therefore Russia is okay. If we do this, let's solve the problem of Idlib, which we haven't solved anyway. And it does appear now, the SDF forces are very unhappy with this American tutelage, American attempt to solve the problem in this particular way. And they have asked the Syrian government, which they haven't for quite some time, to actually talk to them, and then see how they can resolve this issue within what the Syrian government has always said, autonomy, but not independence. And whether they are willing to accept this and will we see a new realignment taking place. So the Syrian situation seems to be breaking up in different ways. Turkey, United States, Russia is one axis. What happens? You can see that there could be a change in the alignments over there. Turkey has still now played ball with Russia. Will it go back to playing ball with America, United States in the southern borders? Will they actually not do that finally because they burned the bridges in the United States? Will they actually play ball still on the Idlib front? These are question marks. On the other side, we have the huge question mark, Israel, Lebanon, Hezbollah, Iran. And there is, of course, the United States on Israel side, the Russia on Syrian Iranian side in this particular theater. So this is really making it very, very complex at the moment. And we have Iraq was supposedly nominally the US ally who's been attacked in their own territory by Israel, who are also extremely unhappy with this. So I think we are seeing some changes. Will it lead to a new realignment or will it stabilize after some time? And these are only attempts, shall we say, some push and some pulls that are being inserted. But one thing is very sure, Idlib situation is likely to change. That part is very, that is, I think, very sure whether we will have a certain orbit in the region, a temp limited orbit in Hezbollah and Israel that we have to see. So thank you for joining us today. And that's all the time we have. Thank you for watching news clip.


Have you ever noticed how the Democrats and media will deny that they're pushing far-left policies until it becomes undeniable? Then suddenly the narrative becomes well, yes, we're pushing it and here's why that's a good thing Well strap yourselves in because this latest example is gonna send us all to padded rooms But first a quick word from this episode's sponsor Imagine the confidence that comes with a retirement backed by a tangible proven asset Gold an asset that's not at the mercy of unpredictable market swings Bend off concerns about economic downturns and let your wealth thrive with the timeless security of precious metals this month The first solid quarter ounce gold standard bullion coin ever issued with Charles the Third's image Can be yours with your own qualifying gold IRA or 401k rollover with $50,000 or higher you can't go wrong with noble gold investments So call noble gold investments at<PHONE_NUMBER> to get started or visit noblegoldinvestments.com That's noblegoldinvestments.com find the link in the description pin comment And if you call make sure to tell them drum tech sent you and remember there's always risk in investment And there are no guarantees of any kind Okay, so you probably already saw this video from a pride parade over the weekend where the LGBTQ plus whatever mob ghoulishly chance. We're here. We're queer. We're coming for your children Is it just me or are these people becoming more brazen as they perceive the culture is with them and against us?  What slur would that be groomers? Well, when you say you're coming for the children It's not really an argument against it I wonder if they consider cis a slur or calling us all white supremacists a slur I guess it's probably different when they do it, but yeah, it's no big deal It's just a provocative expression and they've been doing it for years. Gee I wonder if right wingers are allowed any provocative expressions But wait, there's more over the weekend a short video circulated widely on social media of an Unidentified person at a New York City March during pride festivities saying we're coming for your children But one voice that is heard louder in the crowd is not clear who's or whether the speaker was a member of the LGBT community It's her saying at least twice. We're here. We're queer. We're coming for your children. All right They're already lying. It was literally a crowd of people marching and making this chant But to Brian Griffin the original organizer of the DNC Drag March if that's the worst they've heard It's only because he wasn't there this year.   Oh my god Oh Meanwhile they can demonize you with all the labels that they choose all right folks I got to go check myself into the looney bin But if you enjoy this, please hit that like button share subscribe and make sure to leave a comment to vent some of those Frustrations, I know you're all having right now. Thanks a lot for watching. See you on the next


but I think we should focus on that if there is any question in the audience so let me give you the mic thank you first I want to thank Irina for this great speech because well she started it with those two days focusing on the human dimension and I'd like to answer that it was great speech also in terms of the of what I felt I felt so many emotions because we can once again we can say about the Ministry of Culture about them operating and we can say that we can speak to this this ministry as to the partner so thank you for that and the question is you've presented so much data and some of them cause questions just just one number so you said there is over 1,000 museums including the museum headed by Vasily Grushko and they said about over 2,000 museums I understand that we have this Crimea and Donut situations but still I want I wonder why is there such a huge gap between this data and how should we get oriented in that data and how can we use it in order to build and rebuild the culture in Ukraine because as we said like this approach would be more evidence-based so I'll be brief these numbers are prepared are from the prepared register of the network of cultural institutions you know that for many years we've been talking about this register of cultural heritage we keep talking about it but we hope that this register will appear and then there will be different numbers so the numbers about the fund the resources and the collection is classified and we cannot expose that data today we have we have problems of this classified information and so these numbers are approximate and thank you for emphasizing that these numbers are approximate because it's not only hard to count culture in in general but even harder in Ukraine today the state statistical office stop together in the information until the war ends which puts us in the situation when we are disoriented about the those statistical numbers and the only thing we have is the taxes so that I mean the tax service tax authority gives us some numbers and we can see the decrease of the taxes paid by some cultural institutions for by 60% in the first quarter and based on that we can make some forecasts as for the number of cultural institutions indeed those numbers should be verified my question is also for Irina I really appreciate your speech because this is the first time that I face the ministry in such with such face if I can say that you've mentioned the binelli so as of February 23 when the project was the final stage and over 90,000 euros was spent on that by that time now no like no single dollar came to the accounts of binelli although the team was informed and aware of that well in advance and they were prepared for implementing this project and so I believe that the problems that can be easily justified by the war they are more structural for the ministry and they are not really related to the war does the ministry realize that this great image of this musical conductor with the sea that you've just described it's really far it was far from the war in fact yes this is this it is related to the system but only because the system is much bigger and it works and looks in a bit different way it has a player like the Ministry of Finance and the Culture Ministry trying to advocate the needs of the industry also faces some misunderstanding or as as mentioned was mentioned yesterday there's this prioritization and what how those priority priorities should be set is not clear and not understandable for us and yesterday the fellow colleague from Slovakia spoke about that management approach to the measurement to the count of profit from the culture is bad for culture but unfortunately the budget code of Ukraine is made in such a way that we should like count or measure culture in terms of finance performance as well that's why this fight for the budget is really bad for the culture and culture always loses there I don't know if anything's gonna change but I can say that you know culture is a complicated topic to discuss because it's huge and it's hard to see it because it's everywhere and when trying to talk about some material world world of ideas this is still the part of culture and we don't see those connections which cannot always be explained to decision makers including those financial decisions and so there's very this huge problem lies and the government poses a threat to the projects that are important for it and as for the human face of the ministry I've been working here for three months only as so I also have all the chances to get chances to get assimilated with the ministry we have two more questions I'd like to add to start with the question to Marsha if we're not talking about the sea and the musical conductor then what would the matter for be for me the trigger is what was discussed these days that Ukraine surviving and be and developing is kind of a mixture of horizontal connections where many agents took responsibility but you know as it was said when there's always this complaining for the person in charge who like is doing something wrong and doesn't realize doesn't understand what's going on so I think this question is open how these hypothetical business as usual before war didn't meet the needs of the requests of the cultural sphere and so if we don't change it now I think it will be much harder to change that later and coming back to this metaphor of the military force I can say that well I have a lot of friends in the military now and they say that army is also not it doesn't have the same structure there are but still they have the structure when there is this approval or order from someone from the top they value the life of a soldier and so those who are like down on this hierarchy they still have different they still still have this value of the human life and it's like that the commander in chief decides whether they should die or not but they still have some power and so this is for us to reimagine the structure it's the open question for me and I think that if not now there there's no other timing for that and so as for that matter for Masha what would be yours the black the matter well so it's fine we moved from the conductor musical conductor to the interstellar unfortunately we're out of time for questions so I think you can catch our speakers during the coffee break thank you for speeches I really enjoyed your idea of moving from sporadic support to the more strategical ones and I think that indeed we should work with this element of C and not just conduct it while it's possible