Lecture 22, As-Salaam-Alaikum. Welcome to the virtual university's course on business and technical communication. In today's lesson, we will look at how to write short reports. In this lecture, you will learn to identify the qualities of good reports and proposals. You will also learn how to choose the proper length and format of your report and how to make decisions on when to use direct versus indirect order. We will also be looking at how to organize informational and analytical reports, establishing an appropriate degree of formality in the report and also we look at the use of headings, lists, transitions, openings and summaries to guide readers through a particular report. Now, what makes a good report? All of you in business situations will need to write reports and you need to know what a good report means. Reports are essentially a management tool and even the most capable managers rely on other people to collect information and present it to them in the form of reports. And you may be surprised that a variety of documents are classified or they qualify as reports. The reports are not only thick documents which are 100 pages long, even short memos can be reports. And the word report basically covers everything from pre-printed forms to brief informal letters, memos to large 3-4 volume manuscripts. All of these are classified as reports. We write and read all kinds of documents in our business situations and many of them are reports. The goal of developing a report is to make information as clear and as convenient as possible so that the reader can find information clearly, conveniently and finds whatever has been written down in the report. The reader finds it accessible. Good reports have three things in common. First, the information is accurate. Whatever information is accurate in a good report, there is no mistake in it. Secondly, the content shows the writer's good judgment. Whatever is included in the report should show the judgment of the writer and the format, style and organization respond to the reader's needs. The reader who wants to read the report should follow the format, style and organization of the report and keep an eye on the audience. Especially, keep an eye on the company's style and keep an eye on the purpose of the report. There are three things in every report. Accuracy, good judgment of the writer and the reader's purpose and the reader's needs are written according to the report. The first thing is accuracy. The key thing that a business report must have is that it must tell the truth. To ensure accuracy, as a report writer you need to check the facts and you need to reduce distortion. If there is anything that you think is exaggerated or something is wrong, then reduce it. You need to describe facts and events in concrete terms so that there is no distortion. It's better to say something like sales have increased from Rs. 400,000 to Rs. 450,000 in two months rather than sales have skyrocketed. If you say that sales have skyrocketed then you are generally saying that sales have increased but you are not saying anything in a concrete way. But if you use figures that have reached sales then you are more concrete and your facts are more accurate. Also, you need to report all relevant facts regardless of whether these facts will support your thesis or please your readers. They are included. If there are any facts or information that you think your readers may not be happy or your readers may not want to read it but it is true and your thesis is matching your main idea with it or supporting it. If you are telling something about it then you will have to include those facts. Readers will be misled if you hesitate to be the bearer of bad news and leave out unpleasant information. If you feel that information is bad and you think your readers may not want to read it and you will not include it then you are not giving the right pictures to your readers and you are misleading them. So it is better to include whatever information is good or bad if it is relevant. You also need to put all the facts in perspective. If you tell your reader something like the value of stock has doubled in three weeks you are just giving a partial picture. You are just saying that it has doubled but you are not saying where it was first and what it has become now. So you will have a much better understanding if you say the value of stock has doubled in three weeks rising from Rs. 2 to Rs. 4 per share on the rumor of a potential merger. Now you talked more concrete in this and you put it in perspective as well. You compared the price of the stock and the current price and you also told the reason why this price has risen. Also you should give plenty of evidence and conclusions, whatever conclusions you are drawing. If you are telling that something has happened and it has happened because of this then you will have to give evidence along with it that why this thing has happened. Statements like we have to recognize the sales force or we are bound to lose market share may or may not be true. Readers have no way of knowing that you may lose your market share by having a smaller workforce to provide them sufficient data to support your claim. So if you are saying that we have to increase the market force or increase the sales force so that we don't lose our market share then you have to give sufficient data and give evidence along with your claim. You have to tell that with this sales force you are getting so much market share and if you increase it you will get more and what is the assumption on what basis you have searched for because of which you know that you can't claim anything just based on guesswork. Also try to present only objective evidence and conclusions which can be verified verifiable conclusions. Try to avoid drawing conclusions from too less information. If you have a little information and you feel that this is not enough then on the basis of that don't draw any conclusions. Collect all the information and then decide on the basis of that information. Also don't assume that a preceding event is the cause of what follows. If something has happened before then as a result of that the next event is not necessary. For example, if the sales decreased after a new advertising agency was contracted it doesn't mean that the agency is to blame. Other factors may have a role in the decrease of sales. So it is not necessary that if an event has happened then as a result of that there may be one factor or a small factor there may be a big factor but you need proof for that so first look at other factors and then make an assumption and present it as your judgment. Also an effective report is one in which there are no biases. Even if you have a personal bias in the subject of your report try to keep your feelings from influencing your choice of words. If you have your own bias you are going towards one side but don't show it in your report. Your report should be factual and not based on your feelings and you should use your words to understand that if your words are negative then they are not negative because of your personal bias or if they are positive then you shouldn't say that your actions are more preferable but what are the hard facts because such biases if you have personal biases and they come across in your report they not only offend the reader but they also obscure the facts and they provoke emotional responses. So since the reports have to be factual you can't rely on emotions. So try to keep your personal biases to one side when you are writing a factual report. Apart from keeping your personal biases to a side you also need to use your good judgment. Many of your biases have to be kept on their side but you have to use your judgment that what I am writing whether it is logical or not keeping in mind the facts and the evidence in front of you do not include anything in your report that might jeopardize you or your company if you feel that you have to read this report on which your company or your career decision will be then include anything that you risk.  Five points must be kept in mind when you are writing a good report keeping in mind the first is getting the main idea at the beginning of the report it is very important to present your main idea in the beginning so that the reader will know what is the report also the reader should be able to see all the facts in the report the facts on which you have drawn conclusions should be included in the report so that you can understand whether it is understood or obvious I don't need to tell the reader don't think about it you need to tell the reader every fact so that the evidence is recorded and the conclusion should be clear also the reader should receive the whole story don't leave out facts because you think that it is not important to include them or don't leave out things of politics or because you want to present one side of the picture give the whole story and let the reader have the whole story so that he can also judge and match his judgment to yours also include language that the reader can understand and try to give something in your report through which the reader will learn something that will make their job easier if in your report the things that are included are the things that the reader already knows and with that there will be no benefit in the work of the reader then there is no benefit of that report it is obvious that the reader will not be interested try to include things in your report which will actually benefit the reader in some way or the other things that will increase the reader's knowledge about that particular area or topic they should get something that will make the reader benefit otherwise it is obvious that in the waste of time that you are making reports and there is nothing new the same old things that you are repeating the format, style and organization of a report are very important so before you write decide whether to use a letter memo or manuscript format decide whether you want to group your ideas in a particular way and also decide on the style you want to employ do you want to employ an informal style or a formal style of writing all these things are important considerations in writing your report when making decisions about the format style or organization of a report consider the origin of the report where is the report coming from who are you in relation to the reader what is the purpose of the report and where is the material coming from whatever material you are collecting whatever you are writing in the report where are the things coming from and who are you in relation to what is the status of your company you will write from that you also need to consider the subject what you are writing about it will have a lot of impact on the content of the report and on the style and on the organization if the subject is that the figures are being used the numbers are being used the tables will come if the report is theoretical or qualitative data is involved and there is no mention of quantities then the organizational style will be different which is written on which which is given on which that will also affect how you write it and obviously where it is going to be read the distribution who are the people who will be reading the report the purpose why will they be reading it what do they hope to gain out of it and the probable reception how are they like how is the audience likely to react and to the content of the report will they accept it positively it will be skeptical it will be disbelief by keeping all these things in mind you will write the report and its format, its style, its organization all these things will affect it when we talk about the origin of a report we need to keep in mind who initiated the report who asked obviously a lot of the times reports may be voluntary which basically means that there are reports which were prepared on your own initiative and they were not requested by anybody as such you wrote the report on your own initiative and therefore it requires more detail and support as compared to authorized reports or reports which are prepared at the request of another person for example if your boss wants to write a report on this then you may have to work hard for it but you don't need to give such a background work because your boss knows something about it only then he has asked for a report if you have an idea and you want to accept it or show it to your boss then you will present it without a report you will also have to give background information because you are introducing this idea so voluntary reports will require a lot more background work than authorized reports when you write a voluntary report you also explain your purpose more carefully you will also give a background and you will tell your purpose more carefully because now you have written that report on your own initiative and you want to convince the reader that they need to read this report whereas in authorized reports the reader knows that they want to read that report because they have told you to write that report you need to keep in mind the subject that the report covers the subject of the business report affects its format and vocabulary so whatever subject is about its format and its vocabulary will be written according to it for example an audit report would contain a lot more numbers often in the form of tables rather than a report where you are talking about the performance of employees working under you those would talk more in terms of the quality of their work the timing as I said was important when is the report prepared routine reports for example are submitted on a recurring basis they could be submitted on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis and they require a lot less background and introductory material because they are routine they are happening every so often periodically for them you don't need to do so much background material it may be that every week they are giving a report and it is a routine that at the end of the week on a particular day then you will not write the entire company's background to deal with unique situations and these then will obviously give more background the routine reports are often a pre-printed format because they have to be written every week you may have to write and many other colleagues have to write a report like that with their own views so many times the format will be printed and you have to fill it out the internal reports whether they are routine or special are generally less formal because they are only used within the company they are only used within the organization so their format is generally less formal than the format of external reports external reports are those that are sent to people outside the organization so because they are being read by people who are not part of your organization they will be more formal internal reports also are usually under 10 pages whereas external reports may exceed this limit generally the reports within the company that you will give to your colleagues will not be more than 8-10 surfers the reports outside can be this much or even more now the purpose of the report why is the report being prepared the purpose could be informational or analytical informational reports focus on facts there is one thing there are some facts there are facts and you are giving that information analytical reports however will include analysis there is something you are analyzing it there are some figures it will also include an interpretation of what you analyzed what interpretation you took based on the facts that you have in front of you conclusions and recommendations what was the decision and what decisions will be made what should be done what should be taken analytical reports will have an analysis interpretation conclusions and recommendations whereas informational reports will focus on facts they might have an interpretation section but the focus will be on the facts and not on any kind of interpretation or analysis when you are writing short reports be sure to follow the report writing customs your audience expects the following three elements influence the length and format of your report audience who it is that will read your report the purpose and the subject matter what is written in the report the length and format will be determined decisions about the format and length may be made for you by the people who request the document a lot of the times the report might be authorized by somebody and they will tell you how long it should be and what format to use for example if it is in a pre printed form then the format is decided for you anyway and the length generally speaking the more routine the report the less flexibility you have in deciding the length and format as I said if you are giving a regular report then you cannot change the format and length because it will be the same that you write every week and maybe your company has decided that how long the report is going into the routine you may perceive the report in one of the following formats it could be on a pre printed form which is basically used for fill in the blank type of reports and they deal with routine information and often this routine information is numerical it is given in the form of numbers or your report could be in the form of a letter for reports of five or fewer pages that are directed to outsiders a lot of the times they take letter format or your report could be in the form of a memo the most common format for short informal reports within an organization is a memo or a memorandum a format memos have four headings two from date and subject and then you will have the main content of the report signed by anybody because it says in the heading who it's from or your report could take a manuscript format which will be very formal and for a formal approach manuscripts range from a few pages to several hundred pages and these are generally directed to people outside of your organization now when you're establishing a basic structure of your report the choice of structure involves decisions first what to say what to say secondly you need to decide whether you're going to say the things directly or indirectly and thirdly how will you organize the ideas will they be organized according to topic or according to logic so will it be a topical organization or logical organization your report should answer the audience's key questions what ideas would you include when deciding on the content of your report the first step is to put yourself in the audience's position you need to see what it is that the audience wants and then include ideas accordingly then you need to keep in mind what are the major questions you think your audience has about the subject your objective is to answer all the questions in the order and sense whatever you think questions in the audience or you can ask you need to answer those questions in that order which is more sensible which you think this order is more logical and because after this particular question the other question will be raised in the audience's mind group together so that similar topics come into the heading the question and answer chain what questions the audience can ask and what will you answer this clarifies the main idea of your report and establishes the main flow of ideas from general to the specific first you will start with a general idea then when you think what questions the audience can ask and what will you answer your idea will be more focused and then with a general idea you can come to the specifics and talk about it in your report also you need to keep in mind that business communication tends to be concerned with details, facts, figures hard data so you need to include that wherever possible within your report for example if you if you want to answer the question why are we losing money the answer to that would be that the production costs are higher than the prices now the one main question why are the company's losses and the general answer is that the production costs are higher and the price of your product is less now the question related to this why are the productive costs higher why are the prices lower these are two main questions you can ask why are the costs higher why are the prices lower then you need to anticipate the information in your report to give you the answer to these two questions with this we will have more questions in the mind of the audience and you need to include their answer so first think what questions the audience can ask what are the answers and then collect all the data collect all the information and put it in the report form you also need to decide on the order in which you present your facts the direct order gives readers the main idea first saving time and making the report easier to understand in the direct order you will give the main idea the audience will know what will be written and obviously what they will read will be easier to understand the indirect order on the other hand withholds the main information until later on in the report and that is useful in its own right because sometimes if you feel that you are presenting an idea to which there might be resistance then you don't give the main idea first if you feel that it will not be so easy to accept then you don't give the main idea first first you give the background information and then give the main idea so the resistance the barrier of the readers will be reduced it will start reading your report it will increase the factor of acceptability and then when they get the main idea then maybe they accept it and their reaction will not be negative whereas if you tell the audience in the room they may not read it they may not know it so depending on the purpose the audience the content you will decide the order as well whether it is likely to be accepted and then you will give the main idea first and if you feel it is less likely to be accepted then you will use the indirect order and save the main idea for later regardless of whether you use the direct or indirect order in your report you must still deal with the question how your idea will be subdivided and developed the order is one thing you have decided to tell the main idea first or later now you have to see how your content your main ideas will be subdivided how you will develop them how you will group them the key is to decide first whether the purpose of your report is to provide information or analysis if you are writing an informational report or an analytical report then your work will be very easy when you are writing informational reports or memos the purpose is to explain as I mentioned earlier so then when you are writing informational reports you do not have to worry too much about the reader's reaction because you don't have to persuade them you have to explain them so you don't have to worry about their reaction they also know that the information is being given it is not necessary to take any action so therefore the main objective of your informational report will be clarity not persuasion when structuring an informational report you can let the nature of whatever you are describing be the point of departure you can start from what type of thing it is that you are describing let your thoughts develop according to that for example if you are describing the company's sales you can describe the results for the whole country and then for the geographical region the purpose of this is your company's sales so you will keep the main point of departure that overall sales and then you will subdivide it region wise some informational reports are organized according to instructions supplied by the person requesting the report the person who requested the report has given you some instructions so this is the kind of information I need in this order then you will use the same order informational reports take many forms the examples that we will look at will give you an idea of typical organization and tone they can be interim progress reports these give the customer an idea of the work they are completed to date the style of such reports is more formal than internal reports because they are giving progress to somebody who is outside the company and when writing interim reports be honest about the problems as well as the accomplishments of your company that you are writing about they can be personal activity reports now these are often in the form of brief memos and describe the facts and decisions that emerge like events, conventions, trips business meetings etc these are personal activities reports if you have gone on a meeting or if you have gone on a business trip the reports that you are writing will be these so these will then describe the facts what happened and what decisions were taken personal activity reports are ordinarily in the form of memo format these are not so formal because you are giving them obviously nobody outside the company needs to know what your personal activities were or what you took part in meetings and because they are non-recurring documents they are not documents that are being written on a very regular basis they require more of an introduction than interim reports interim reports are regular so they don't need to give introduction personal activity reports because they are not regular events so you need to give a little background for example if you have gone on a business visit then you need to give a little background of what was the purpose of that visit and then you and what kind of people you had to meet in your agenda and then you will tell what kind of work you did and what kind of meetings you had these are the informational reports now when we are talking about organizing analytical reports there are other types of reports the purpose of analytical reports is to convince the reader that the conclusions and recommendations that are developed in the text are valid through an analytical report you have to tell your reader that the conclusions and recommendations given in that report are correct and valid analytical reports are generally written to respond to social circumstances they are designed to guide the reader towards a decision as a result of the analytical report you will expect the reader to come to some form of a decision you will also a lot of the times through an analytical report try to change a person's perspective the reader's perspective as well regardless of which type of analytical report you are writing you will organize your ideas so that they will convince the readers of the soundness of your thinking try to structure and organize the ideas so that the readers convince the reader from your point of view in the examples that follow we describe the format and style of analytical reports which will give you an idea of how such reports are organized in the professional environment so let's have a look at some examples first there are justification reports these are internal reports to approve an investment of a project to allocate resources to a new project etc in justification reports you have to convince the top management to take a new step or make an investment a common format followed for justification reports is the use of recommendations to organize the report because you want the reader to take some action recommendations and they will it is those recommendations that are the main organizing principle of the report the structure is extremely efficient because it focuses the reader's attention immediately on what needs to be done foreign recommendations and through that they get a background along with the recommendations so it is effective because they immediately know what you are expecting from them and what you want them to take or there could be one form of analytical report could be a new business proposal to an outside client a client who is not involved in your company you are sending them a business proposal and these proposals attempt to get products, plans or projects accepted by outside businesses or government clients so here you are trying to persuade a client to get a business a simple formula followed by many professionals is basically in your business proposal to say here is my problem here is the solution here is what it will cost this is the problem this is the solution and this is the cost now you see if you want to be involved in it and you want them to be persuaded to feel feasible and to be involved in it they could also be troubleshooting reports whenever a problem exists someone must investigate it and propose a solution so by using reasons as main divisions in your outline you can gradually build a case for your conclusions and recommendations if you have any problem and you want to write a report then you will write why did the problem arise and then when you give your conclusions and recommendations you will have a background and you can support each of the reasons with evidence that you have collected during the analysis whatever you feel these are the specific problems to backup whatever evidence you have you will also present it remember there are analytical reports around a list of reasons that collectively support your main conclusions or recommendations is a natural approach to take as well if you feel there are many reasons which you will write and with the evidence you will support your main conclusions and recommendations then it is a natural way to write a report if there are many reasons which have a problem and there are only one or two or three solutions then you can write them together however some analytical reports are organized to highlight the pros and cons of a decision a lot of the times you will chunk all the reasons together and give all the recommendations together sometimes you will highlight pros and cons of a decision so then you will take recommendations separately and then you will also say what the pros would be of taking such a decision and what the negative aspects would be of taking such a decision as well and then let the reader come to their judgment when you are writing a report or a proposal you need to make it readable when the time comes to write a report you face the challenge in the most effective way to your audience obviously what you want to write is the most effective way to reach your audience so decisions about formality and structure affect the way your message will be received and understood by readers the issue of formality is closely related to considerations of format, length and organization if you know your readers reasonably well and if your memo or report with their approval you can generally adopt an informal tone if however you don't know your reader then you will adopt a more formal tone write informal tone reports in an informal style using I and U you will be direct just like how you talk to the reader if you know them and you are informal with them longer reports especially those dealing with controversial or complex information are traditionally handled in a more formal manner being formal means putting your readers at a distance and establishing an objective business-like relationship then you will not use I or U because if you don't know your readers personally and if you know them then this might be the case that the report is only for you those who are understanding will not read the same reader and also because the situation is more formal although the impersonal style has disadvantages this more formal style has disadvantages that it puts the readers at a distance use it if you feel that your readers expect it if you have a relationship with your readers or if your readers expect that the report is formally written then you will use the formal style you will feel that it is very cold or very distant now coming to the structure as you begin to write your readers have no idea of how various pieces of your report are linked together in your own mind maybe you have already written this but when your readers are reading that report then they don't know how all the sections are linked so your readers will see the report one page at a time so as you begin give the readers a roadmap of the report structure so that they can see how parts of your report are related to each other the roadmap could be in the form of a table of contents or it could be in the form of a brief introduction in the beginning saying what the report is about and how it will be structured basically so that your readers get an idea and as they keep moving the page they are not at loss or they are not turn the page blindly thinking what will I come across on the next page in short reports there is little danger of your readers getting lost Zairek Chutiti report if you have 4, 5, 8, 10 phones you don't have to give them a roadmap because they will find their way but as the length of the report increases so do the opportunities for readers to become confused and lose track of relationship amongst ideas so in longer reports you really need to give this roadmap four tools are particularly essential for giving readers an overall structure of your document keeping them on track when they read the first is the openings then there is heading and lists then smooth transitions and ending opening as I said in the beginning give a short introduction of how the report is structured headings and lists put your information under headings give lists to make your ideas clear make sure that there are smooth transitions between the different sections of your report and that there are links between them don't let the audience think that there is a jump and also the ending of the report should be clear and it should sum up let's have a look in detail as well of what we mean by all these a good opening accomplishes at least three things it introduces the subject of your report it indicates why the subject is important and it gives the reader a preview of main ideas in which they will be covered a heading is a brief title at the start of your report guiding the readers to the content of the section that follows a list is a scheme of words names or items arranged in a specific order using headings gives the readers a gist of your report then when we talk of transitions such phrases like to continue the analysis on the other hand additional concept etc are giving structural clues to your reader so that they know what is to follow and that you are going to continue about the same topic or that you are going to change the topic but it gives them a hint of what is to come later on in the text you can use additional details like moreover furthermore in addition besides etc these are also words which make for good transitional markers or you can show casual relationships by using words like therefore because accordingly thus hence by using these words you are showing a cause and effect relationship whereas by using words like moreover etc you are telling the reader that you are giving additional information some examples of words used for transition if you are going to show a condition then you will say though if if you are showing comparison then you will say words use words like similarly here again likewise in comparison still to illustrate a point you will say use words phrases like for example in particular in this case to give a summary you can use phrases like in brief in short to sum up to repeat a point you can say that is in other words as has been stated this is so that you can reinforce ideas now coming to the ending of your report in the ending as I said you will reemphasize the main idea or the main ideas in the ending research shows that endings or the final section of the report leaves a strong and lasting impression on the reader so make sure that your ending is very effective ending provides a final opportunity to emphasize the wholeness of your message it basically ties up the different sections of your report and it should leave the reader with a strong impact in this lecture you learnt to identify the qualities of good reports and proposals choose the proper length and format of your report and you also learnt how to decide when to use direct versus indirect order we also looked at organizing informational and analytical reports and the differences between them how to establish an appropriate degree of formality in the report and how the use of headings lists, transitions, openings and summaries guides the reader through the report with this we come to the end of this lecture until next time, Allah Hafiz


iance due to genetic change and VIP is that this isogenic but due to noise so the theory says that across all components this should be proportional and so for example for given mutation rate this follows the single line and so that means if one component is very highly variable by noise it's also variable by mutation and that can be that means it can be easily evolved so we can predict in some sense phenotypic evolution and this is consistent with the experiment as shown here okay so I'm sorry I don't have time and so we need of course further confirmation by experiments of this low dimensional reduction theory and global proportionality and so far theoretically we checked this in catalytic reaction network model as I said but also it's true gene regulation network model and also we did some kind of spin glass model and in this spin glass model so we consider a phenotype of spin configuration determined by some kind of spin Hamiltonian SIJ and here a genotype is given by this JIJ and then we make kind of evolution to increase some kind of fitness and fitness is for example given target spins and align these target spins and then again we can consider this evolutionary process and how this target spin change by putting some external field or by putting mutation and actually we can see again across all spins this is proportional across all spins by evolutionary change and by external field and actually that is true only for finite temperature regime and that is so given by replica symmetric phase and if replica symmetry breaking occurs this low-dimensional reduction is violated so we can discuss this kind of low-dimensional reduction in terms of spin glass theory in this case and also we can check of this protein data from this and that is quite recently published in this case protein dynamics and protein evolution and that is again very highly correlated but I don't have time to discuss maybe I have to skip this so today I discussed about low-dimensional structure low-dimensional reduction is formed from high-dimensional hypnotic space as a result of evolutionary robustness and so we can derive universal law for adaptation and evolutionary relationship okay so that's a result and actually one just I moved to Niels Bohr Institute from next year and so we'll have so new universal biology group at this so Niels Bohr Institute and we'll hire probably one or two postdocs so if you are interested please contact me okay thank you very much okay thank you thank you for doc we are a bit out of time so sorry one short question sorry my English identity is decreased within this one year yeah there's a question here okay have you made or your group or your groups made any attempt to predict the future of the pandemic using these ideas it's the next mutation yeah but one maybe interesting point is that so this kind of for example this is a protein evolution data and in some sense if some protein structure is highly changeable by noise so if it's flexible then the mutation of this evolutionary change of this protein structure by mutation of each side is also larger so evolution speed is higher if it's so the state cannot fix state can fluctuate more so it's kind of quite similar to fluctuation response relationship in statistical physics so if fluctuates more it's evolved more but of course we cannot say anything from this to this COVID thing but that's a general evolution yeah consequence sorry for this okay so the last speaker of the conference is Celia Anteneondo and we hope she's online oh sorry yes I'm here waiting to share the screen okay okay can you hear me yes okay so hello everybody good morning, I'm Rio de Janeiro here is 7 in the morning yet so I want to thank the organizers for the opportunity to talk here so I will present some recent results that we obtained in a collaboration with David Gerler, Eli Berkay from Varela New Reality and also Luciano de Faberri who is currently at Pookie into Varela and as a postdoc I will start with this visual abstract to transmit to you the main ideas here what we consider are particles in a thermal environment that is grown in particles and they are subject to a potential of the kind plotted here where there is some region where the potential is seen locally but at long distances it is flat what we observe for this kind of system when we look at time evolution of some quantity in this case is the displacement maybe a thermodynamic quantity too what we see is that there is a time interval where we see a plateau the quantity remains in average constant and the length of this interval may be very long depending on the temperature relative to the depth of the weather so this is what we see under certain conditions and the idea is to define the conditions where such kind of states that we call quasi-equilibrium states appear and also to predict the values of these states so if we pick the the usual partition function of course it is diversion due to the flatness of the potential however I will show that we can still use this partition function after a proper regularization but this is the central ideas that I will now transmit in more detail so concerning non-confined this kind of potential that are flat but long distance of course are very common in nature from Colombian or gravitational or intermolecular interactions here we are thinking more in some kind of surface or membrane in an environment where particles can diffuse and feel attracted by this surface potential with a certain load of the case with distance of the kind of these plots here and what we consider is a Langevin dynamics for the simplest case of a damper dynamics but this is not necessary but I will show for the one-dimensional case this is also valid in more dimensions and the kind of force we will consider here comes from a potential that has this shape also for simplicity we are considered a shape that is symmetric has a certain characteristic length and there is an exponent here that allows to control the decay to zero so this is what we consider but in the presentation but we have also look at what happens with other kinds of potential that are less simple than this one also potential like generalize it, then a chance and other kinds I will focus on this kind so actually we we treated the problem with the Fokker-Planck approach corresponded to the Benjamin equation I have already shown in this equation we can scale some variables so that we reduce the Fokker-Planck equation to this form where actually there is a main parameter, a counter parameter that is this scaled temperature with respect to the depth of the wealth and besides that we have the parameter that controls the decay at long distances but this is the main parameter most plots I will show will be related to this one if I forget to tell so when we solve numerically the Fokker-Planck equation and compute quantities for instance the mean square displacement we see that this is the scale of temperature for high temperature of course the potential is irrelevant and we see a behavior of free particle but when we decrease the temperature we start seeing the appearance the merchants of this kind of flat region of course at later times the particles will escape the well and we will see again free diffusion but this is the kind of state that we call was equilibrium this problem and that I will try to describe so if we look for a stationary solution of course we will give we will obtain a Boltzmann factor but as I said before it will be non-normalized the thing is to regularize this quantity so that we can calculate average through a recipe just to understand what happens in this problem if we are considering initial concentration around the origin and at short times what we will have is that this packet will expand feeling the bottom of the well particles will diffuse in the bottom of the well at long times where there is a probability of the particles escaping we will again see free diffusion what we are interested in is the intermediate times intermediate between these extreme situations and in this intermediate times what we see is that the central part of the probability density function remains almost constant this is after some transient time where the particles diffuse and occupy the well and this is what we see most of the probability is concentrated in this region and we see these tails here is in more detail the cutoff detail of the distribution here divided by the Boltzmann factor and these they diffuse but here the probability of course are very long times this will be a deep version but at short times we see that this cutoff will be effective so that we can integrate this probability I will try to summarize how to perform the regularization procedure for these intermediate timescales I will forgot the initial and the initial and long times for which diffusion is observed will be trying to describe this central region for intermediate timescales so what we see here is that for position around the central part of the well we have this something proportional to this Boltzmann factor and we can approximate the details by complementary function since here we have diffusion but not starting from the delta but from almost uniform initial distribution and we can match this solution for short and long distances this can be done simply by the product since this will be almost will tend to one for long distances this will be approximately one for short distance so we can make this product and match both behavior for near the well and far away we have also solved the problem through function expansion but I will refer to this form that is more intuitive so what we do to find this normalization constant to integrate the procedure is basically to split the integrals rearrange terms here we can when we integrate we split into regions around this L is some crossover point between the two regimes and that we can determine but here we see that it is independent if you assume that this point exists we can when we perform the integration since each factor is almost one in one of the regions then we will have this summation of two integrals then we can complete this integration from 0 to infinity and this is essentially one in the small expression so this one we transfer to the first integral and split it into parts so we decompose the whole area in regions that have defined well defined characteristics this the term will be negligible this term we can integrate exactly and it will scale order square T so it can be very large at long time and this first is the term that is time independent and is dominant at intermediate scales so here making a relation between these two terms we can extract the time scale that defines the exit from the plateau but four times such that this term is much larger than this one then we can approximate the normalization constant but this function that resembles partition function that was regularized by this term similar to what is done in the video expansion so what we have here is the normalization factor now we can do this same procedure for the other integral for the instant integral in the numerator here we can also rearrange and we obtain a similar factor a similar regularization but this will correspond to this is the exponent of the k of the potential this will be valid for a rapid decay this I didn't comment but this is valid for a decay that is one over x so this regularization actually will depend on the potential how fast it decays and also on the observable what we are actually doing is to introduce some correction that we avoid the divergences but we see that the result is very good compared to the numerical solution these lines are the prediction this is just the inflection point these lines are a comparison with the exact numerical solution actually as I said it will depend the general procedure to regularize the partition function will depend on the potential and on the observable so in general what we will have to do is to subtract not only one but more terms in the expansion of this exponential as a concrete example here I present the case where the decay of the potential is one over x and I will try to calculate again the mean square displacement so you see that for the normalization factor I need in this case to subtract one additional term in the case of the average of x square I will need to subtract more terms to compensate the weight of the tails for this kind of observable I will not in detail in these plots here this is the same plot and here is for one over x where I showed that the prediction works very well actually what one is the approximation one is making with the regularization can be seen writing the approximated the potential as with this form that is compared here in the graph this is the solid line is the true potential and this dashed line is the approximation that we are doing in comparison here with the the harmonic approximation so you see that in the central part it works well as an approximation even in a case that is rather a limit in the sense that this is expected to work better for lower relative temperatures and here is again the comparison are the our approximation and the dotted ones are the harmonic you see that there is a discrepancy so we managed to obtain a more precise approximation that simply harmonic it's also interesting that we recovered several relations of the equilibrium conditions for this kind of states and we also compared other observables obtaining also good prediction I wanted to comment also on another perspective another way to see the problem that can give insight that is to consider our original potential but not to wallet wallet well but in this case the evolution will lead to a true equilibrium situation that we can integrate and sorry so we can calculate this probability and obtain now the aberrations as a function of L you see that we obtain the plots that resemble the plots that we obtain as a function of time so the approximation will be better for lower values of the relative temperature here is a comparison of the results for the time evolution and the result using this approximation obviously the prediction will have the same values the values will be the same it is as if putting the wall fast from the origin we were letting the particles diffuse far away so in this case we can make to obtain the limit L to infinity we can also split the integrals and determine the contribution of each term I will not enter that detail now what I wanted to emphasize here is the we know some information about the time evolution the prediction of values can be performed in the same way the expressions, the regularization is the same and here what we can use to characterize the states is a log inflection point so in the case of the bounded domain where we can calculate the true equilibrium state we can obtain analytically the inflection point we then can know when these states can exist or not here is the calculation these are the functions that when equal to zero give me the solutions that provide the inflection point you see that if the temperature is too high there will not be an inflection point so we can determine which is the minimal requirement to observe these kind of states and we can then define the aberrations as the the average calculated we have the average as a function of L but we can estimate the inflection point and calculate the average in that point that will provide the quasi-equilibrium value so here is a comparison of the low inflection point obtained by the L perspective and the time perspective the circles this is the end where there are no more inflection points they do not coincide but in the region where they are expected to give good results that is when the relative temperature is sufficiently low there is a coincidence between these results and those obtained here for the the exact calculation from the numerical integration of the equation this for comparison is the harmonic approximation I just wanted to comment that we performed calculations using again function expansions for this intermediate region the quasi-equilibrium appears I will not show the calculation but just to recall that when I try to explain how we apply the regularization procedure I use this approximation and in fact through the eigenfunction function we can arrive to expressions that justify that choice actually there is a shift in the error function but this matching of the two regions worked very well this one will describe the initial vision the other details and the crossover is very thin so these two solutions match almost perfectly so I compensated the time that professor can exceed it I just wanted to remark that we have find this kind of quasi-station state that we call quasi-equilibrium actually not normally stable quasi-equilibrium and we found a procedure that allows to regularize the partition function so that we have a recipe to calculate the average the non-normalizable quasi-equilibrium states well this is essentially what I wanted to transmit to you Thank you very much for the great talk it's time for questions the audience is maybe a bit tired of all this conference but I have a short question about the method so mainly the method is based on an integral and you break the integral into parts and you have this error function approximation so my question is you showed for which type of potentials this technique works could you say something on which type of potentials this technique is not suitable or you have to modify this error function by another type of function such that all the regularization changes look the error function approximation is not actually necessary to find the regularization when we split the integral we have this error function but if we use it another effective cutoff this will work because we are keeping it's just this first term that is not independent and the cutoff will be important to determine this crossover point but this point is not appealing here we should assume that it exists but if it exists then we can determine this integral which is time-independent the term that is time-independent what will give us is the characteristic time of exit of the plateau for instance but here is heuristic but we obtained the except solution through the function okay thank you another question another thing what may happen is that this was equilibrium states do not exist dependent on the potential for instance for a log potential we will not have this kind of state I see thanks if there are no more questions all the speakers of the session I will briefly call Sebastian to the stage so we will conclude the conference with some remarks okay so we want to thank all of you for being here it's been it's been a big challenge this conference is the first it's been the first ever hybrid conference in Trieste for many of us and I think for all of us and it's been really a lot of work from the side of we have to do an online conference and an in-person conference and lots of changes in the last minute so if any of you is going to organize one of these keep in mind that things change until the last minute but this has been possible thanks to many people both from CISA from ICTP so we want to thank all these people first of all scientific people which are the APS Commission Mateo Marcilli, Andrea Gambasi Stefano Rufo also the video team which has kindly arranged all these for them because this room was not ready 10 days ago and all the protocols are new so you can imagine and next also the CISA people this should be Sarah and Emanuele who took care of all the bookings, hotel bookings and all the arrangements for you to be here I think they also deserve a big clap and last but not least the ICTS team which is everyone who made all these Zoom sessions possible and they did all the technical stuff so also a big clap for them and finally the APS which kindly was extremely motivated to come here we were for a long time thinking is this going to happen and this was thanks to the momentum and the motivation of mainly Christian, I must say and also the commission from APS so thanks a lot also for you and certainly in addition to these people I want to thank Edgar and Sebastian who did a marvelous job really and really a lot of work and were always available for email answers so thank you too particularly in addition to the people that you mentioned already thank you very much so this is it, lunch is waiting and we've been a bit late today have a safe journey have a safe trip back home


According to officially endorsed records of the British Empire, Calcutta was born on a rain-swept day on the 24th of August 1690. Job Chanak, a merchant of the British East India Company, stepped ashore on the muddy banks of the Hooghly River. In closed vicinity lay three villages, Chutanuti, Govindapur and the one whose name would remain, Kolikata. It was not until 1698 that the East India Company, leased from the estate of the local landlord, the three villages at an annual rent of 1,195 rupees. And on the banks of the river, the dimensions of a mega-police slowly started taking shape. By the end of the 17th century, Calcutta was the egress through which the produce from all of northern India began to flow to the markets of the empire. By 1750, the population of Calcutta was an estimated 100,000 and above. Two distinct areas, one English, one native, came to coexist in Calcutta. From Krishnanagar in the north, down the flow of the Hooghly, these craftsmen came, bringing with them the art of molding life out of clay and straw. Whether they're Muslims, whether they're Christians, whether they're Brahmins, whatever, I'm a Brahmo but I used to equally participate in the Durga Puja of the Pada when I was a child. So that's a very sort of unifying factor. Calcutta and its residents had always taken their politics seriously. Where in the colonial era, the city had bred revolution, independence saw the channeling of people's energy towards constructive descent within a democracy. The clamour of politics and the call to change the lot of society had echoed through these streets for as long as one can remember. For some time in the 20th century, cinema dominated as a powerful form of art that reached out to people. The screen became an expression of social change and the filmmakers art a commentary on society. It was 1911. A bare-feet group of youngsters took on another group who were much better equipped. It was a challenge on the field. For the first time, a native team defeated Europeans and football found its pride of place in the psyche of the Calcutta. The Calcutta means football, the football means the Calcutta. I mean, in the 20th century, football was a Christianity. It was the peak of the world. But when it came to football, it was a joke.


I'm Daryl Scheinman and I have a record label called Gearbox Records which is vinyl led. We started it in 2009 as a specialist jazz label. The whole idea and philosophy behind the label is a curation of archive material, stuff that has never been released before. These things were recorded as usually live sessions and then tucked away in places like the British Library vaults. And to find out about them takes a lot of research. The library is critical really because without it I wouldn't know where to start in terms of research. There's a lot of listening and testing, the sound quality of it. And then we have to check that it hasn't been released before. So there's a lot of elements, many of which we use research from the British Library. The business wouldn't have started without the library full stop. In fact, there was a point where I joked with the creator that helped me a lot at the beginning was to call it curator records. Why? Because that's exactly what we're doing, we're curating work. We're almost an adjunct to the library's function. There's actually vinyl records here as well which one could get a sense of the artwork that was done in the period. So there's so much more than I ever thought there would be. The amount is staggering and in my lifetime I won't get through it. Once we've licensed and cleared something and released it and finished the production all of our releases come back to the British Library. So it would be good actually to encourage other labels to get involved and bring their own material back into the library. We need to create and build on a national sound archive. It brings archive material to the general public. The service that the British Library provide is to allow access to material that would not otherwise be obtainable.


Well hello there. Today is the BFD's first birthday and to celebrate, we've got three copies of Judith Collins' book, Pull No Punches. They're signed of course. If you're already a subscriber, you'll be in the draw to win one of those three books. And if you aren't a subscriber, click the link below and subscribe to one of our membership plans. We're looking forward to the selection campaign. It's promising to be very exciting. Thank you for subscribing to the BFD and thank you for continuing to support Conservative media.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Cards. We are rippin' 22. Panini, Donneros, Optic, Football Hobby, Six Box, Half Case Break, number eight. Pick your team style. Read off the list of our names on our teams. We got Aaron B. Panthers, Anthony P. Buccaneers, Austin K. Chargers, Bo B. Eagles, Brian B. Packers, Carlos A. Dolphins, Chen-Z with the Ravens, Colin L. Falcons, Chiefs, Jets, Damian V, has the Giants, Edward P. Cowboys, James A. St. James P. Jags, Jeff M. Bears, Broncos, Kevin H. Steelers, Niners, Commanders, Matthew G. O. Bills, Matthew G. W. Titans, Michael G. With the Browns, Texans, Colts, Nakisvaran A, Patriots Lions, Ronald G. Rams, Russell P. Seahawks, Ryan D. Cardinals, Seth B. Bangles, Steven L. Raiders, and Tony K. with the Vikings. Good luck, everybody. Let's do it. Yeah, that won't be too long. These, like, once this run is over, this season it won't be until the next year, because he hasn't even technically drafted yet. That is 14 to go. He's still taking some time off for himself, self-elite, taking some time off for himself. And guys, 14 to go. And four on... What do you mean, Edward? What do you mean, like, Discord? Odafe O.A. Blue to 179 for the Ravens, Roger McCreary. Pink Velocity, Fred Warner to 79. Kenneth Walker Rookie. Hollow K.Dotten and John Mechie. Otto, Danny Gray. Nice one there for the Niners to 125. Hollow, rated Rookie autograph. Martin Emerson. Nick Chubb, Silver Circles to 125. And Koby Dean. Bloop, Arnold Bikite to 179 for the Falcons. David Bell. Here I got you. We have a Facebook group, Edward, and we have, so just look up Layton Sports Cards on Facebook. That's an Orange, Romeo Dobbs to 199 and Trent McDuffie, and then we have a Discord as well. Make sure this link works. Should work right there. Give it a second. Yep, there it is. Come on, Nightbot. Orange, Leonard Williams to 199. Greg Dualstitch. There it is. If you click on that, you can get into the Discord, which is essentially just like a community app kind of thing. White Hot Rookie is JMo and Andrew Booth. That's where a lot of people buy and sell, show off their stuff. But the Facebook group is another definitely place where that happens as well. Red Hot Rookie is Aidan Hutchinson. Sam Howell as well. CD Land, Boye Mafe. That is nice. Bloop to 179, Kevin Byrd and Tyke Wonthorne. Down to 13 to go, everybody. 13 to go, took a spot. Who am I thanking right now? Robert S. Thank you, Robert. Appreciate you, buddy. The Rookie is Malik Willis and Snoop Connor. That's Dominators, Mahomes.  No way, though. Yeah, we do. No way, though. Oh, we absolutely do. No. That's happening now. Sean Alexander, hollow. Calvin Austin, can't believe he took me this long to think of that. Good Lord. Mm-mm-mm. Aqua Jeremy Ruckert to 299. A lot of Jeremy Ruckert's coming out of this today. Tyler Algier Rookie. I didn't see that one. I hope he did, because that's a Jaguar too. Oh no. He doesn't know you don't. Yeah, he did see it.  And Romeo dubs. That's what's happening. Oh, it's happening. Oh, it's happening. Wish we'd never saw that one. Good. See a little pearl. It's only 637, and I was already able to do that. That's big time. Nice. Steve Young, Retro Series Ice, 12 of 15. Nice one there too. Going to the Niners. George Pickens. And the NFL. Retro Series, Jerome Bettis of the Bus. Deals on the bus go round and round in Fortnite. Let's get them on the squad, dude. No. Dan Marina. 2125, Silver Circles, and Kyle Hamilton. Man, are you running? You're getting Mani in there. I know, we've got to get Mani running on Fortnite too. Juju on Jerome's board. We do. We need to create a Fortnite tournament of some sort. Get everybody in. Red Iron King, Garrett Wilson. Yeah, we need to do like, we need to get 100 people and just run a custom game. Squads, 25 squads of four. Just randomly divided between us and customers. Yuka McWany. It's late series rookie, Kenny Pickett. Famic ride. Mani, do you run Fortnite or no? Carson Strong. Vaughn, Vaughn definitely runs Fortnite. Come on, Vaughn. Jump in with us. Purple Kyren Williams. Nice one there too, 50. Rated rookie for the Rams. Yeah, that's true. Yeah, I'd be, oh, that was the case. You know how hard it'd be going, dude? Dude. Blue Rhett Farf too at 179. You never played it? Oh my God. Vaughn? Even in the heart of when it was huge, Charles Cross, you never dropped tilted with the boys. That is Greg Dualsich, 39 to 50. Pink Velocity Auto. That's pretty nasty. There you go, Broncos. We go to Donnie's home all the time, steamy. Donnie Springs. Yeah, steamy springs. We've got Zeke Elliott, that is electric, 265. We'll have a Moistie Meyer kind of guy. That a boy. All right, P. Moistie Meyer. That's it, enough said. There's Leonard Williams to 199. No bill, oh, no bill is awesome. That's the only way to play. There's Calvin Austin. We played the Team Rumble no bill. Or the Team Rumble bill is getting actually ranked on. Gold is Zay Jones. There you go, Jags to 10. Nine of 10. I was mentally out of it. Drake London. Yeah, that's two. Too much going on. 15 on 50 is just piped everywhere. I know. What is going on? Smoked, dude. Again, guys, 13 to go. Do you mind tweeting and Facebooking it really quick, Sean? Yeah. 13 to go, everybody. So there's a couple. When I wasn't consumed with the brakes, there you go. Patrick Sertan, PS2 to 299. Daniel Bellinger. That's Mark Ingram. Nice one there for the Saints to 299 and David Adjabo. Kway Walker. Again, 13 to go, guys. That breaks in two breaks. Deela Shone Jr. 299 for the Bears and Garrett Wilson Rookie. Definitely grab your spots up, guys. That is breaking soon, impeccable. It was fire this morning with Forrest. Thank you, Max, down to 12. Max. 12 to go. Again, guys, 12 to go. Now that is it. Oh my God, Brick, and you're asking the wrong guy about how to hit better in the show. Oh man, yeah, dude. That's the one part of the game. I can't do it. It's so hard to hit in the show. Yeah, don't flick your sticks down on reactionary, thinking every pitch is gonna be a breaking ball. That's what I do. I'm always flicking my sticks down. Back up, there's a high fastball. Nope, my PCI's way down there. Swing and a miss. John Dotson, Silver Circles to 125. There you go, Commanders. And John Dotson, Rookie. Sliders eat my lunch. Sliders, oh my God. I know Matt. Breaker, Matt. Devin White to 179. Plays on Rookie. Sliders all the way up in directional hitting. He doesn't even play with the PCI. He plays on directional hitting. Baderian Mathis. Oh, come on, man. I know. Baby? Yes. Red Hot Rookie's Drake London. That's the baby way to play it.  Travis Etienne, Rashad White. I've had it. I know, he's like, Chas McCormick hit for the cycle with six home runs. Jalen Naylor to 199. Yeah. Duh. I had to give it to him for that. We gotta give Vaughn a Fortnite now. I know, Safan Diggs, Kenny Pickett. I know, what the hell, dude? Vaughn, download Fortnite and start playing it. I know, get Fortnite right now, Vaughn. Start playing it. Download it right now. You're gonna start playing this. Safan, say why.  And man, these guys crisp a lot. Nice, there's Sam Howell with 299, nice Aqua. There you go, commanders. Damian Pierce, Rookie as well. Yeah, every controller should have a control freak. That would make, I think, every game significantly easier. Evan Ingram and Magi Sanders. Or at least some sort of paddle on it. That is Bailey Zappie. Man, you need to download it too. Alex Highsmith, the 50. Purple for the Steelers. Yeah, everybody does. If we were able to get Donnie to download it, we can get anybody to download it. Yeah. That is a Kenneth Walker, mythical. Rookie, nice one there on the laser. Congrats on that. Should we go forest playing it? I know, you could mag the Walker. Oh, really? Oh, no. Hating the man into 299. Hit this guy out of here. Three Gwullen. I don't want to admit. The Zappie Buzz Card. There's a lot of sticks with that one, Shazeed. There's Malik Willis, White Hot Rookies. Shazeed, please, do not give him any info on anything. Trying to tame this kid. Again, guys, 12 to go. Just never give him. Just pop a dingaling, everybody. Yeah, he's just getting dingled. There's Matt Ryan to 199. Orange. That's my winner. Oh yeah, we'll be recapping the Zappie. Yeah, that's what we're doing. He just, Sean just malfunctioned right there. We've got a redemption, Jameson Williams, Traden Rookie, RPS autographs blue. Nice one for the Lions. Back-to-back half cases with a J-mo. George Carlaftis. That is J-mo Draftkings. That's Sam Howe. And Jim Petrie. Like I said, guys, should have plenty of time to sign his redemptions. Red, Davis Mills to 299. Stay strong, Sean, Bresaul. I don't know if you just heard the malfunction over there or something. Some wire just blew right there. Ridiculous. Screw my teammate, great Porter Jr. Yeah, Michael never swing the rock, Porter Jr. to win finals MVP. I'm hammering plus 13,000 odds on that. The bookie, J-mo the bookie. Screw my teammate, great. He definitely has an F minus and 2K my career teammate, great. The NBA 2K insider is not happy with him from NBA 2K10. I hated that guy. Hello, CMC, Daniel Bellinger. See, illegal likes it. Illegal what up? So happy that's the first thing illegal said. Trey McBride. We've got Sam and Sean today. Oh man, it's getting scary. Brian Robinson Jr. 299 for the Commanders. Call the cops. Oh yeah. There might be lampshades on heads by the end of the night here. Mack Jones to 199. Full bare knuckle cage match. Oh yeah. Illegal in the house, baby. My house, Jamar Chase, speaking of houses. Show and show. Illegal in the hizzle. In the hizzy for Rizzy. There's Mike Evans, legendary logos with the buccaneer. Nice one there. Creamsicle buccaneer. That's what I'm gonna leave for Halloween. Chasey Horn, Kenneth Walker, it'd be pretty funny. You know what Jersey I'm buying next? Joe Engels. I don't want to eat that. A throw, you know like the John Stock and Jazz Jersey, there's one of Engels, yeah. There's Matthew Stafford to 299. Skyler Thompson. Every of you just got Papa Dingle. Road in their face, Dominators, Josh Allen.  That's Rising Suns, Peyton Manning, and Martin Everson. I watched that clip a couple of days ago. So funny. Kway Walker, Snoop Conner. I'm full of Snoop Conner. Drew Brees to 179 for the Saints. We do the dance. Still 12 to go, guys, on Impeccable. The only group break with spots left tonight. Breaking in two breaks, Jake Ferguson. Orange, Jim R. Chase to 199. Color match, Garrett Wilson-Ruth. Kyle Hamilton, 58 of 99. On card for the Ravens on the Aqua Auto. Congrats, Baltimore. Be More, very nice. Who's this? Is this Caleb? Oh, that's Ben, it's Frank the Tank. Michael Pittman Jr. to 299, Tyquan Thornton. That's Clinton Portis, Pink Velo to 79. Trent McDuffie. Hello, Kyle Phillips-Rookie. And Sam Howe. It's Khalil Shakir, Silver Circles to 125. And boy, I'm off it. All right, box five now. That guy needs help. Ooh, the walking steamer. Full of sand all the time. Here, I can get you really quick on that, Jeremiah. My ends would have been... 100 bucks. 100. Again, guys, just 12 to go in, impeccable. 200 spot, let's keep it moving. 12 to go in, impeccable. That is breaking, not next, but the break after. Joe Burrow to 199. 199. Bring it in. That guy's... Jalen's over here. The Hutch downtown's sweet, dude. The Detroit downtowns are always really cool. Hello, Max Crosby, Mad Max and David Bell. Ooh, Black Pandora, that'd be fire. Miles Garrett to 1, 299, excuse me. Greg Dulcich. Hello, Kair Elam and Jordan Davis. I'm Jake Ferguson. I was making a pot roast tonight and you said you just messed it up. Oh, your mom? No, Heather. The last tax I got from her, she goes, might be a goner. This is Orange, Dairon, Bane to 199. I got no, oh no. Red, Drew Brees to 99. Night agent, that's well. That's Bailey Zappi to 150. Nice one there on card. Ready to rookie auto for the Patriots. Recap it to Zappi. Sam Howe. That face, like I said, makes it all worth it. Rockets, Hasan Redick. Nice one there to the Eagles. Knocked numbered, short print. That is Aqua Nick Bosa to 299, Voya Mapa. What's up, Tony? Tony. Tony, Snoop Dogg. Steelers are gonna beat the 49ers. It's not that super bold of a addition. Danny Dimes, nice one there on the electricity, 265. Tyler, I was here. My house, Jonathan Taylor, nice one there. Romeo Dobbs. Jacobi Myers for the Patriots to 125. Calvin Austin, 72 to end the season. That's true, that's true. Legendary logos, Austin Eckler. I think a lot of it's gonna depend how big of a step Kenny Pickett takes in year two. Hello, CEH. Look, if he comes out and stinks, they're all done. Lighted up is Brock Burry. But if he comes out and plays well, if he has like a burrow year two, then they'll be good. Two gloves. Bloop, Zeke Elliott to 179. K9, rookie. So literally. Oh yeah. The rookies, Breece Hall. And Martin Emerson, okay. And guys, still 12 to go on impeccable. Drop that link right now, 12 to go. Everything else is sold out and then I only group break with spots available today, guys. If you want a group break spot, that is your only chance. She goes, I tried to add in a little bit of like the blend which is like this salt, pepper, garlic, salt, like mixture. She goes, I opened the wrong side and dumped in half the thing. Oh no. Oh no. Blew it basically. Do it. Silver circles, Jeremy Rucker to 125. Josh Pascal. Now again, guys, let's get this last break sold out so we can stay right on schedule. Tyrion Davis up the place. Knock on wood. Trayvon Walker, rookie. Knock on wood though, AZ. Kevin Harris. Steamy nerf, it's Carson Strong to 199. I'm gonna do Miss Reel. Aqua Tony Romo to 299 for the Cowboys, Damian Pierce.  Erica's his solo, just a noise dude. I know, always laugh at that. That is Adam Benetieri, nice one there for the Colt Signature Series. Took off my shirt and cracked a beer. That is a W right there. That a boy. And Jalen Naylor. Red, Miles Garrett, 299. Lante Wyatt. Aqua, Nick Benito to 299. Kyle Phillips. Just 12 to go, everybody. That's all we've got left tonight is 12 group break spots. Lighted up Christian Watson, Fadarian Mathis. Keontae Ngbum. Malik Willis, Black Pandora rookie. Nice one there, five of 25. Gratz Titans. Hell yeah, dude, that's sweet. First true Black Pandora we've pulled so far. There's a little dust factor right there. I'm gonna see if Sean can knock that off. We'll get into a mag though. Aidan Hutchinson, nice one there. 12 to go, everybody. Blue, Jordan Brooks to 179. Oh, the Black Pandoras are so clean, man, so clean. Purple, Matt Judon to 50 for the Patriots. Shot of White. Is that a gold? Gold, 10 of 10, Rising Suns, Cam Hayward. Nice one, Steelers. That's pretty sick. And Brian Robinson, Jr. I like the gold inserts in this, too. Retro series, Emmett Smith for the Cowboys, and a County Picket. Hello, Buddha Baker, Evan Neal. James Cook, Gridiron Kings, and Chris Olave. There's Orange Lamar to 199, as well as a Jehan Dotsen. Do a quick recap here, everybody. Pretty solid break again. We had a Sam Howe to 299. Silver Circles to 125, Jeremy Rocker, Khalil Shakir, and Jehan Dotsen. Red to 99, Phyllis Jones, Jr. Purple to 50, Kyren Williams. Autos, Adam Minitary, Bailey Zappi, Kyle Hamilton, Greg Dulcich, Danny Gray, Jamison Williams. Magged Cards, we had a Malika Willis, Black Pandora, Rated Rookie to 25, and a Kenneth Walker, Mythical. Short print. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Up next, we've got Impeccable.


Hi, Psych2Goers! Welcome back to our channel! Today, we would like to share an experience by one of our writers in Psych2Go about high-functioning depression and ate things people with high-functioning depression want you to know. Let's continue. Ever heard this from a witness on TV during a news report covering an incident tied to mental health? I didn't know so-and-so was depressed. They seemed so... normal. Or overheard at work. I bet so-and-so is just claiming depression because they want to stay home playing games. Truth is, it's entirely possible, maybe even likely, that those people they're talking about had depression. Depression is the umbrella term that covers many different types, and it doesn't always present the same. One of the most difficult to recognize is called high-functioning depression, and it's the Academy Award-winning actor of the depressive disorders, since one of its key characteristics is that the person who has it acts like a non-disordered person, at least on the surface. Like an actor, it can even go by different names, officially known as persistent depressive disorder, or PDD, and, previously, dysthymia. This masking success can cause issues, since there is general disbelief that anything is wrong, even when we cry out for help. This in itself stems from continued lack of knowledge surrounding mental health issues and the stigma around it. There tends to be fear in the unknown. So, although we might look like sunshine on the outside, we're expending a Herculean effort to hide the storm inside. We really want you to understand us, so here are eight things we want you to know about high-functioning depression. 1. We constantly feel like we're bluffing, even when we're not.  I just got lucky today, I guess. 2. They might be suffering from imposter syndrome. Imposter syndrome is a psychological phenomenon, which makes us believe we are incompetent in adequate failures, despite solid, empirical evidence showing otherwise. We feel a little like con artists who are bamboozling you into thinking we're competent, no matter how qualified we actually are. Although we find it difficult to believe our own thoughts challenging these fallacies, when the challenge comes from another person, it really helps. Outside confirmation and sincere encouragement help to disprove our false beliefs. 2. There is rarely obvious proof of our struggle and need for help. This lack of visible proof is what usually has others calling us liars, lazy, or drama queens, when we finally share what's going on inside. I'm sure you can imagine how this discourages us from ever reaching out again. Truth is, living with PDD can mean getting through the basics of everyday life, like work, is incredibly challenging. Yes, we get things done, but just at the baseline. It's hard for people to believe we're struggling since we don't appear to be falling apart or showing any other overt signs. Simply believing us when we ask for help and support is a massive blessing, and we are grateful. 3. My good day might just be your normal everyday. How would an average day go? Maybe you wake up on time even though you didn't sleep so well and take a shower than go to work.  You see donuts at the office, but exercise your willpower and refuse one because you know you want to be healthier. End of day means you go home, have dinner, and calmly go to sleep, feeling productive since you got work done and you don't feel anxious about your life or your career. Does that sound pretty boring and normal? Guess what? It just described a rather good day for someone with PDD. Please try not to be dismissive if we seem really happy overdoing something that to you might seem meh. 4. Bad days are overwhelming and feel impossible. So reading how average a good day is to someone with PDD, can you imagine what a bad day is like? As shared by one person, a bad day has them feeling guilty for wasting time with the struggle to wake up, then going to work and having their brain get stuck all day in loading mode like a YouTube video with bad Wi-Fi. Other things that could happen are crying without any real reason and just allowing many of the struggles nearly take over. For example, normally we'd struggle through our issues and clean the house, but on a day like this? We might complete cleaning a mug or a single plate. The rest is just too much. Please be patient with us.  It might just be a bad day. 5. Getting through bad days requires massive amounts of energy, even more than usual. Yes, on top of feeling terrible, there is a massive energy drain. The mediocre work we manage to produce on a bad day actually takes longer than normal and wipes us out. We also have almost no capacity to deal with people and our surroundings getting frustrated very easily. Everything compounds, taking exponentially more and more energy when we're already nearly running on empty. To use an analogy, it's like a bad night of eating at a fancy restaurant. We're spending so much more and the product received is so much less. And so now, we're broke and still hungry, then the situation worsens with food poisoning, but we still have to drive everyone home. If you see this happening, we would very much appreciate it if you took over the driving duties. 6. We frequently struggle to focus and are not at the top of our game. This isn't as easy as telling ourselves once in a while. Oh, stop daydreaming. We have to constantly keep a conscious tap on our focus. Not grappling with it or checking on our focus can result in misunderstandings and distractions that prevent completion of anything. Blanking out and staring off into the distance becomes a regular habit if we're not careful. Please understand, we're not ignoring you and we do think what you're saying is important. We might just be at the height of the internal wrestling match. 7. Our average every day means regular routines can often feel like performing an Olympic tryout, twice in a row. Part of what makes living with high-function depression overwhelming is the sheer exhaustion from routine activities that most others do without skipping a beat. We also are well aware that it shouldn't be that hard. So now we feel like a waste of space. We have a restricted finite supply of energy that just isn't being used efficiently. So when we need help, the energy required for that is often already being drained by keeping up that all is good facade, plus running the internal automatic and perpetual self-criticism machine. We're basically asking our energy bank to go into overdraft, meaning things like self-care and sticking to plans are now a burden. Even so, chances are pretty good that we still want to get help. We just don't know how to go about it. And all that internal self-criticism leads to self-doubt. Do we deserve help? Will we really improve? So yes, high-functioning pretty much just means we can hold a job and look okay. It doesn't mean we're at zero risk of self-harm. We would like to help ourselves, but sometimes we can't do it on our own. Please don't hand-wave us off as just fine. 8. We're not weak because we ask for or receive help. We are usually fairly self-aware of how we're different and we know what is often said about us. So we also understand that when things like this make us despair, the best course of action is to reach out for appropriate help. Reaching out isn't a show of weakness. It shows that we are strong enough to face and acknowledge our shortcomings. It also shows that we're strong enough to withstand that scary step of opening up to others and letting them in. If you think stubborn walled-up agonizing is better, just remember hermit crabs are pretty squishy inside. So if we ask for help, please encourage us or even give an assist. We'd be super grateful. So there you have it, the professional actor of persistent depressive disorder also known as high-functioning depression or dysthymia just because you don't see what you expect doesn't mean it doesn't exist. We would really appreciate for you to help and support us. Help can come in many forms from therapy to religion to intense work on self-help. There is no singular correct method. PDD sufferers like anyone else have the right to protect, defend, and enjoy their lives and have good health. This might involve having periods of despair and stagnancy and that's okay. Your simple belief and willingness to understand is a step in the progress towards eliminating the stigma of mental health. Does this give you insight into something you've seen lately or someone you know? Does this help explain or clarify anything you've been asking yourself? Please feel free to comment below. Catch you next time!