We want to look at how do we authenticate users and especially using passwords to authenticate users So up until now we've mainly looked at some of the the algorithms the protocols for Before the midterm for encrypting data Then we moved on to authentication Using public key cryptography. We've looked at hash algorithms mentioned max different authentication techniques And we've just looked about how do we manage our keys? Here we're going to look at Something that is closer to the human which is authenticating people Making sure that the person accessing a computer system is who they say they are and we'll See passwords is the most common form for authenticating people and we'll go through and focus mainly on passwords So what do we mean by user authentication? Here's a definition from some glossary the process of verifying a claim that a system entity or a resource has A certain attribute value. It's a very general definition That is a system entity. So we want to authenticate Something some entity it may be some human it may be usually a piece of software that's trying to access some resource We want to They claim that they have some attribute for example you claim you are Steve Our system needs to verify that claim So we can check are you Steve and therefore can you access this resource? So a very general definition, but we'll see It's easily described as Two steps that we'll see what we need to do is identify some user and What we do is that the the user presents some identification to the system So when I say a system think of a Computer system a single computer a network computers any computer system The identification step is that the user that wants to access the system Presents their ID and you usually know that is that they present their ID as their username to access your To access the online quiz and homework on Moodle. You need to log in. So how do you log in? You present your username to the system Saying this is you So that's the identification step so that the the system can identify your claiming to be this person If I type in my username of Steve Then I'm claiming to be the user Steve So normally some identity some username generally it's unique amongst the set of users Every user has a different username, but it's not secret. I Think most of you know or could guess my username and you could know or guess the usernames of other people that you know So the identity is normally not secret The second part is verification You claim to be this user But the system wants to be sure it wants to verify are you actually that user and How do we verify? The user presents some information or generates some information that acts as evidence that evidence that proves that that user is who they claim to be and The common way you know is using a password If you have that password then the system assumes that you are that user a pin So for your ATM ATM card when you want to get money out of the bank you type in a pin or Maybe some biometric information You want to access one of the rooms the senior project room You need to scan your finger and it compares your fingerprint against a set of pre-stored information often the This verification step uses information which is secret or If it's not secret then it should not be able to be generated by others Whose fingerprint is secret? Look at your fingerprint Whose fingerprint is secret? Your fingerprints are not secret, okay? Someone could Look at your finger take a photo, but generally they cannot generate the fingerprint Okay, so it's not necessarily secret, but it's something that they cannot generate electronically Unless they could maybe cut your finger off, but then it's not your fingerprint because it's not your finger anymore so It's not necessarily secret, but it's something that someone else cannot generate passwords pins are secrets Whereas biometric information may be Your iris your fingerprint your voice is something that is Public but hard to generate by someone else so two steps Present some ID saying this is who I claim to be and Present some proof proving you're that person And there are different forms of presenting a proof User authentication is everywhere in computer systems So many computer systems use some form of user authentication if it doesn't work well then Presents holes or security flaws in the computer system so in general these Things that we use to prove who we are there are four general approaches for doing so Something that the user the individual knows something they possess they have Something they are or Something that they do So what are they what are the differences here? So a password or a pin or answers to questions is something that you know So that's used to prove that you're a particular person if you know that value then the system assumes that you're that person who You claim to be Possession usually something physical that you have a Key to a door or In electronic computer systems key cards for example swiper key card smart cards USB tokens that you Only you should possess and therefore if you possess that Then the system assumes it's the correct person something you are something that individual is Refers to biometrics, but what we call static biometrics your fingerprint your retina your face Usually, these are things that uniquely identify user in a set of users and If you possess that fingerprint and the system assumes that it's the correct person Something that you do Also biometrics, but things that change dynamic biometrics. So your voice pattern in Many cases a Computer system can recognize people based upon their voice patterns So if you say some words the signal the audio signal generated by that person Your handwriting Maybe you're typing rhythm Those things that you do if they can uniquely identify identify you in a set of users can be used as this form for verification give me some examples of Apart from passwords on login systems and apart from your ATM any examples of where you use authentication No pins no passwords Where do you use authentication? Give me an example? What do you use for authentication? anyone Fingerprint is one Who uses fingerprint anywhere?  What else any other forms of it authentication you use? eyes Where do you just scan your eyes? No, it may be maybe you work at the the military or a top-secret? Organization all right. Yes in some things in some cases But I'm looking for your experiences anyone else had any other experiences of authentication a capture a capture, you know the those when you have to type in a a Word or a string based upon some picture It's not very you're right. It's not verifying who you are It's verifying if you're human or not They're slightly different, but two people two different people Consolve the capture and the system cannot distinguish between those people so a capture is not verifying who you are Any other examples? Keycard okay, some people may have a key card to get into a building By possessing that key card the system the building system assumes You're the right user the person to enter any others Sorry Handwriting Okay Some systems bank systems will or I may be not computer-based initially, but use handwriting to recognize who you are blood vessels, okay, and You've experienced that Okay, good where what you don't have to be personal but to authenticate what to get access to some organization Okay Okay, okay. Yeah, there are different forms of biometrics What's the main one you've used hands up for passwords who uses Anything more often than passwords. Okay passwords is the main one that we use Okay So there are others Passwords a pin or an answer all right we can think similar or pass phrase Which is really just a password that can have spaces in it can be generally longer than a typical password But usually something you know is the main form So we're going to focus on those Or specifically on passwords in in this topic the others we will not look at we're all about authenticating humans This is a quote from one of the the secondary textbooks for this course It says humans are large and expensive to maintain and difficult to manage and They pollute the environment, so they're not so useful from that perspective But unfortunately it's saying that it's an astonishing that they can still be manufactured But since there's so many humans around we must design our computer systems our protocols around their limitations so the point is that In many cases for performing authentication humans are not so good If we want to authentic authenticate computers Computers can remember large values. They can generate large random values They can use algorithms to do so whereas humans can normally not remember large large values large strings and Therefore they're limited and mean that we must design our computer systems around those limitations. So humans are often the the weakest link in terms of authentication and That leads to a number of conflicts in designing authentication systems What's your longest password? approximately so Think about some passwords that you have What's your password? Don't tell anyone your password. There's the first rule of passwords You don't tell anyone about what your password is but think about maybe the length of your passwords Some of the common ones you use Let's say less than five characters. Think of your most common password. Who has less than five characters? No one good What about between five and ten characters? common passwords That you use on a regular basis ten to 15 characters Okay, so you may have multiple passwords more than 15 characters more than 100 characters Okay, I think once you're getting 15 or more not many people Have passwords longer than 15 characters and typically longer than 10 in fact Everyone here knows about computer security your IT experts You know to have a long password, but the general population may not have long passwords. So Towards the end there's some slides that give some statistics About password length and we'll see that most of them are typically in the order of six to ten characters in length so We need to look at If we use passwords to authenticate users, what are some of the possible things that can go wrong some of the attacks some of the issues and Password length will be one important thing of course many computer systems use a Combination of an ID and a password Okay, you log into a website. You need your username and your password. So that's common How does it work? when you let's say when you register for this computer system when you register with a website you Possibly select a username and password. So when you first register when you first access you get to select Sometimes the system selects for you sometimes you get to select But there's a username and password Created at the start and those values are stored on the system So when you register for a new account with hotmail or whatever it's called today Then you choose a username you choose a password and the server stores those values in its database So that's what happens on the registration step Then when you subsequently try to access that website What happens is that you submit your username and password and Quite simply you submit your username and password the server Compares the submitted values against the stored values if they match You're authenticated if they don't match. You're not authenticated Quite simple in how it's performed but remember there's a stored username and password initially and You submit usernames and password or username and password and the system compares against the stored values What about your ID? When you got to choose When you log into Moodle did you get to choose your ID? We need some volunteers today Just looking for candidates to volunteer When you log into Moodle, did you choose your ID your username? For the Moodle website. Did you get to choose the username? What's your username? Not your password your ID. Did you get to choose that did I let you choose it? No, I forced you to use your ID when When you created your email account on gmail hotmail or whatever did you get to choose a username? Yes, generally you get to choose a username under what conditions? Can you choose any username? Maybe for Facebook for example, can you choose any username? What conditions? No, why not? It needs to be unique. Okay. It's common that user names Identities need to be unique cannot be the same as an existing user any other conditions It needs to be some length Usually the username may be longer than some Length and most likely shorter than some length. I think you could not have a username on Facebook, which is a megabyte in length Okay, there'll be some upper limits and probably a lower limit. I don't think they'll allow a username of X Okay, so there'll be limits on length any other limits Cannot use some symbols. Okay, so some characters would be limited I think they're the common limits you'll see on user names the uniqueness the the length and the The characters that are possible the character set so that's really implementation details Secret or not? usernames No, your email user username. Is it secret? No because it's in your email address So usernames normally we assume a public not secret What are they used for so when I say usernames generally an identity it's used to identify who you are So to access some computer system some website to determine which user is trying to access So when you try and log on to Facebook and enter in your username the servers Trying to determine that this is the user who's trying to access It can sometimes determine the privileges of the user when you log into the Moodle website and Your username is one of the set of student IDs you get the privilege to do quizzes and so on When you log in with my ID you get the privilege to view the quiz answers To set quizzes and do different things. So usernames also are used for Access control and determine what particular users can do once they're authenticated So access control meaning What permissions do you have to access different resources? So that's the username we'll not cover that in any more depth What about the password? Well, we need to look at well. What is a good password any suggestions? Maybe the opposite. What is a bad password? anyway a Bad password is easy to remember Well, that's a bit inconvenient if I can't remember it. How will I be able to log in? All right, so we'll look at some different different schemes or password selection strategies. What's good or what's bad and then Look at some trade-offs there. So we'll look at and try and answer some of these questions The other aspect is remember what the system does is when you register you Let's say you get to choose a username You get to choose a password the system stores them think in a database and Then when you try and log in later you submit some values and the system compares against the stored values One of the issues or questions is how do we store the passwords? Why do we care? Well in practice if someone can access this database of passwords Then they can learn everyone else's password So the storage of the passwords on the system is an important issue. We'll spend some time on that How do you submit passwords? That is you have the website The servers in the US you open your browser here in Thailand and you type in your username and password on a form and That username and password is sent to the server So it's submitted to the server Any suggestions of how that should happen? Yeah, you press the submit button You hash it first Maybe yeah We'll see the role of a hash. What else could you do? Why do we care? What we worry about is if I'm sending I type in my password on my browser for example And it's being sent to the web server in another country It's being sent in the clear across the internet So what if someone on the path between my browser and the server intercepts that packet that can't contains my username and password If they can intercept then they learn my username and password and now my password is no longer unique or no longer secret to me so the way to submit the password in particular the way to Communicate the password securely between browser and server or between user application and server application is important So when you log into Facebook, what do you use? What do you use to make sure the submission is secure? You use your browser not good enough answer anything else How do you HTTPS? Okay, so what you should be doing when you log into a website with a username and password You want to make sure your communications are encrypted so with web browsing for example use HTTPS Most website or many websites today will allow that the login page at least uses HTTPS You can check with the Moodle website. It's it's set up like that when you log in it's using HTTPS What if you supply username and password and You get it wrong What does the system return to you? Let's say you type in your correct username and you type in your incorrect password You make a typing mistake What should the system send back to you? What sort of message? wrong username and password So the message that sent from the system back to the user saying error you cannot log in is important So there are different options the system could say back Your username is correct, but your password is wrong Please try again Or it could say let's say Your username and or password are incorrect. Please try again there's a subtle difference there and Okay, and then subsequently is okay you try again you get it wrong and again you get it wrong and then how does the system respond? well, maybe it may Stop you from having attempts So we'll see some different security mechanisms that we can use as How can a system respond to incorrect passwords and that's what we'll do for the rest of this topic and Today and on Thursday Let's go to some of the last slides We'll come back to the early ones just some Some statistics about password selection We will not spend too much time on it this is some results of someone's found a a Database of leaked passwords what that means is that some website had Many users passwords stored there user names and passwords 300,000 about and Someone did an attack and released that list of passwords to the internet published them So others could access and this person that did analysis of those 300,000 leaked passwords and try to classify how the person chose that password and Here's some of the classifications This green 25% saying one quarter of all the passwords that they analyzed Well, what's called dictionary words? What's a dictionary word in respect to a password a word from a dictionary? Okay, so consider let's say stick with English say we have a dictionary a list of all words in the English language how many How many words about? Anyone Millions no less 20,000 a few more I think generally around a hundred thousand a few hundred thousand words Okay, so the number of words in a language is about right different languages differ But in terms of the hundreds of thousands of words All right, it's more complex when you consider plurals and so on but let's say we have about a hundred two hundred thousand words So a dictionary is just this list of words We don't need the definitions just the words themselves So this analysis of people's passwords that they selected about a quarter of them people selected Words from a dictionary. I mean they didn't look in a dictionary to select but they'd used a word from their head which matches from a common dictionary Why Why is that? Not good What's wrong with choosing a password from a dictionary or a word? brute force an Attacker if they want to guess your password. What can they do? If they know your username They submit your username to the system and choose a random word from the dictionary and If it passes a good if not then they submit your same username and another word from the dictionary and they keep trying all 200,000 words from the dictionary and once they've tried them all then they've found your password. It's in that set somewhere So because the number of words in the dictionary is quite small Hundreds of thousands is not too many if we have automated techniques We can do an easy brute force and find someone's password if it's from a dictionary So this analysis suggested about a quarter of the people who chose passwords from this system used words from a dictionary What are some of the others? This purple one here 15 14 percent numbers Okay, so they use numbers No, no letters just numbers in that password It doesn't say anything about the length, but usually the length is quite small a 10 character number password versus a 10 character Let password made of letters, which one's better Numbers or letters Hands up for letters Hands up for numbers Letters, okay, if we consider English For every letter there's 26 to choose from with every number. There's just 10 to choose from So the more to choose from the better so Words or at least random letters is better than numbers What else do they observe? These blue 14 percent at the top person name so let's say we consider a Set of names that we know and there's not so many and the passwords that they selected were from this set of names Again from an attacker's perspective They can use a brute force attack Find all the names which are common for people and Try them as a password and you're going to find 14 percent of the people's passwords in this set 8% a place name like a city a country a town Dictionary words, what else have we got smaller ones here this light blue one Is it This is a short phrase double word, okay, not just one word, but two words combined together Concatenated and a few others a keyboard pattern this one here, so I don't know q w e r t y You know that the top five letters from your keyboard This 31% they couldn't recognize a pattern So maybe they are secure or more secure than the others or maybe that they couldn't get it from the analysis But the point is that many people choose passwords which are predictable from dictionaries based on names numbers or places Therefore if an attacker tries to guess your password, where do they start or they start with? trying from a dictionary Because it's highly likely that one of the user has used the word from a dictionary and they start with people's names with place names numbers or sequences of numbers so it makes it easier for the attacker if you use a password which is predictable like words numbers names and so on We'll see some other Suggestions for making it harder for the attacker soon This is another analysis of about 37,000 passwords and and looked at their length So most of the passwords were between six and eight characters Okay, the most was six and eight there were some at seven very few short ones and you see not many above 10 11 or 12 So this may be a typical of many passwords that are selected by a large set of people Why six to eight? Why do you choose a password of around six to eight characters? Why don't you do it like? Our security expert back here who chose more than 15 characters Why doesn't everyone do that? For some people it's hard to remember. Okay, that is you need to remember your password So if you want to remember it rather than having to write it down or put it in a file Then you want it to be short Okay, if you if I ask you to remember a 20 character Password it's much harder than remembering a 10 character password. Yeah, so there's some What some some analysis that says that people can remember between five and nine seven plus or minus two things So maybe that's related as well but yeah Why what other reason Limitation Maybe some computer systems have limits on the length of the password You must choose a password less than eight characters Some systems have that not so good Other reasons why use a short password? Yep, and and you're right. They may be old people, but so what's wrong with old people? I think you're on On on track, but so the length specifically about the length. What's wrong with a long one then? You've said already hard to remember correct. What else for these old people? What's wrong with a long password? Finding the keys not just for old people for anyone You need to type in the password All right on a computer if you need to if I ask you to type in a 30 character password And you need to do it every day It takes some time Okay, so it's much faster to type in a five character password than a 30 character password What's more? With a 30 character password you're more likely to make a mistake you make one mistake You hit one key wrong And you'll need to try again So if you've got six letters in your password the chance of a mistake is Much lower than if you've got 30 letters So it's much more convenient having a shorter password for entering if you're using a mobile phone to enter And you have to press the buttons again That the inconvenience of typing in a long password. It can be quite significant so That's why people want to use short passwords What's wrong with a password with five characters long? Let's say it was random It wasn't from a dictionary. It was in this set of no structure random five characters long What's wrong with it? Recognize there's it's random. There's no structure in it. What's wrong with a five character random password? It still may be possible to do brute force Even with it's random What does that mean? Let's say we just have the 26 English letters when with five characters We have 26 by 26 by 20 we have 26 and power five possible combinations Do the calculation? It's not so many for a computer to try So the short of the password Even if it's random There are more chance that someone can do a brute force and find your password The same as short keys the shorter it is the easier it is to do a brute force so For security reasons we want a long password For convenience reasons. We want a short password So we need to make a trade-off In that as with respect to the password length Some other analysis that people have done of of known passwords Most passwords use only alphanumeric characters letters and numbers Okay, think of your passwords How many use part how many use characters which are not alphanumeric? Okay, their analysis people do is that most people choose something from a to z and zero to nine Or from another language. I'm using English as an example ties. No different. Okay, the same statistics would apply so using non alphanumeric Alphanumeric characters can Make it harder for the attacker to try and guess Most are in dictionaries or what's called password dictionaries a normal dictionary has say English words a password dictionary has Typical passwords English words Maybe combinations or variations on those English words that people come and use names places and so on Most passwords are predictable Many users reuse passwords across systems So this is coming from people doing analysis of passwords selected by real users Who uses passwords across systems? Put your hand up if you use one password for two or more different systems Think carefully alright Put your hand up if you don't If you don't use the same password on any system Maybe a few people. I think most people would use in Just in some cases the same password across two or more systems So we'll talk about later some different strategies. They're genuinely you should not Each website you visit Use a different password Why? Why why use different passwords? Why not use the same password on every website every login I have? okay, if someone Let's say I use the same password on all my Websites I visit my email accounts moodle my bank But then someone hacks into the moodle website and they steal all the passwords and they learn my password Now they know the password for all my other accounts So that's the reason why you should not reuse passwords across multiple systems But it turns out many people do Some very common passwords that people use okay, and I'm sure Some of you have used these Okay, I don't look but sometimes people set passwords on their ICT server or on some Computers in the lab and I see them on the keyboard. Yeah, I watch now one two three four, okay So there are very common passwords That again make it easier for the attacker to guess them Who changes their password every week? Think of how often you change your password for your Maybe your popular systems or your most important systems. Let's see every week who changes their password Every month Every six months every year Okay, not many people change their passwords again Making it easier for the attacker because if they can Learn the password Then that's insecure for the rest of the duration when you don't change it so This is from studies that people have done on password selection So when we build an authentication system, we must consider this we must and say We cannot just say You must use a password of ten twenty characters You must not use a dictionary word and so on it's hard to force people to choose good passwords What we'll go back to we'll finish on this and we'll go back to Some of the techniques for storing passwords and Actually before that how to measure the strength of a password will look at entropy and Then we'll look at some of the password selection strategies strategies and attacks. So we'll continue this on Thursday In between now and then maybe just think about some of those issues and maybe go change your passwords Note that I'm the admin of the Moodle server in theory. I could access all your passwords on Moodle So then think if I could access your Moodle password, would I be able to access something important from you on? Maybe your email account Your bank account or some other financial system So think about your passwords how you reuse them and over the next week or two or over the next lecture or two will discuss other issues


Hi, I'm Naomi Yamamoto, and I'm BC's Minister of Advanced Education. We're looking for feedback from Aboriginal students to help us in building a new vision for Aboriginal education in BC. So my question to you is, what is the best way for Aboriginal learners to take courses? So tell us online, on Facebook, or on Twitter. Thank you.


Okay, thanks. Our next presenter will be Dr. Eric Kemp Benedict, who's the director of SEI's Asia Office in Bangkok, where I work. David, unlike his colleagues, holds a PhD in theoretical physics from Boston University and has very wide-ranging research interests which include cross-disciplinary policy analysis for sustainable development strategies, that is a mouthful, applied tools and methods for participatory sustainability analysis and the macroeconomics of sustainability transition. So some things quite a bit different from wheat modeling. David will be presenting Urban Metabolism in Bangalore and Bangkok. Sorry, Eric, yeah, sorry. Thank you. I can get away with this because I'm new here, but not for much longer, so yeah. Yeah, findings in future directions. And Eric will be delivering this on behalf of the primary author, Dr. Vishal Mehta, also of the group in the US, SEI's group in the US, although Eric has also played a role in this research. And I won't say much about it, you'll hear about it, but the Urban Metabolism approach, which is kind of an intriguing concept to me, views dynamic urban areas as analogous to living organisms and as with living organisms, water plays an indispensable role in maintaining health and viability. So with that, leave it to you. Thank you very much, yeah. So I'm presenting this on behalf of others. And in addition to Vishal, who's leading this from the US Center, also there is someone in the room who's leading it at the Asia Center, choose it, but he just took over the project from Ornumah who is going on to graduate school. Some of you may know her. So he's still getting a little bit up to speed. He'll join me for questions later. So an overview, Urban Metabolism. As Charles just said, views cities as organisms that consume and excrete materials. And in this project, we're starting with water. This particular project is extending a project that had focused on Bangalore under a previous round of funding. And I'll just, and it's extending it to Bangkok. What I'm going to end up doing is going through a rapid fire explanation of some of the main methods that we're using. But first I'll just compare Bangalore and Bangkok. Anything that's bold is where there's a difference between them. There are a lot of similarities. Similar populations, but very different land areas. So different density. Similar rates of population growth, although faster in Bangalore. A lot of that is from inflows from outside. Bangalore is semi-arid, Bangkok is humid. That's one major difference. Another one, Bangalore is a hill city. It was once a hill fort, Bangkok is a flood plain. So those are quite different. Nevertheless, they have similar challenges. So Bangalore, most of the water supply is surface water, but it comes from a great distance away. However, there's a lot of groundwater use and that's causing some challenges. The metropolitan area, there's a combined use of groundwater in surface water, but the overdraft of the groundwater was causing subsidence, which is a challenge. So it's similar problems with extraction of groundwater, but different manifestations. Failing wells in Bangalore land subsidence in Bangkok. Local flooding in Bangalore, mainly due to changes in surface cover from development. Large-scale flooding in Bangkok. So the research questions and methods in the whole project, looking at the city-wide pattern of water resource availability, geographic distribution of water consumption, drivers that explain patterns of water use projections for water demand and supply, and links and feedbacks to the biophysical system. The whole thing built around a participatory engagement. So I'm gonna go through some of the methods that we use. So data from public utilities and municipalities, and like I said, this is just rapid fire, so this is a particular example. Data for Bangkok trends in piped water use. You can see that there was quite a jump, not in the number of connections, but in the degree of water use from piped water. And that was tied, I'm nearly certain, to a legal change. Chusek can correct me if that's not right. Second, we're focusing on a GIS analysis, because this urban metabolism idea is, it applies to the whole city level, but it also is very important spatially where it happens. You can see that population growth in Bangkok is happening mostly in the outer areas. The same thing is happening in Bangalore, and this is rather important because of the different level of provision of services, different income levels. And just another example of the GIS analysis, this is a simulation model of groundwater model. There is recharge in Bangalore from leaky pipes, but there is also withdrawal from a number of unreported groundwater extraction points, making an estimate of the extent to which that is likely based on water needs of people and how much is supplied from the pipe system. Vishal estimated that extraction exceeds recharge, but the spatial distribution is quite interesting. In terms of drivers explaining the pattern of water use, we're taking two different approaches. In Bangalore, there's a household water survey, arguably the most comprehensive household survey to understand urban water consumption. It's a major study, statistically representative at city level, information on several different measures, so you can look at a number of interacting issues. The sample frame, five regions based on pipe water availability, randomly selected polling booths, selected households around there, but I'm sorry, within that polling booth region, all the households were given a simple questionnaire, so about 30,000 households. Also, 20 households were randomly selected for a more extensive interview, a 40 minute on average interview, 1500 such households. And the expectation is this will result in the first statistically robust estimates for the number of private wells in Bangalore, penetration of piped water supply, groundwater imports through tanker supply and storage infrastructure at the household level. And this is remarkable, because these are very hard data to get a handle on, and this is important for transitions in water use, so we're very, very pleased with this. Fieldwork was completed on 24th December, data is now being entered and is still being analyzed, sorry, still being entered and it'll be available for analysis at the end of March. In Bangkok, we used a participatory planning workshop. The idea here was to engage a number of different actors, so the municipal authority was co-host of the event, the water authority, private sector, academic and research institute, civil society organizations all joined us to talk about the challenges in the management and governance of freshwater resources in Bangkok and implications of those challenges for social, political, economic and ecosystem well-being. So this is an initial engagement that we had in the project, we're in the middle of the analysis, we'll subsequently have a follow-on workshop. The key issues, they identified several quality of raw water for piped water production, so this is an increasing challenge. Availability of water sources, institutional complexity, that's fairly common situation, but it's raised to a considerable degree. In Bangkok, there's a lot of overlap in authority. High water leakage rates, although there have been some reductions. Uncertainty around climate change, rapid population growth in water users, unwilling to bear the cost of solid waste and wastewater management. And then there are these driving forces, so changes in the biophysical environment, national policy environment, institutional arrangements. And then among the social factors they identified were partly generational change. It's a very different group rising up now. Their attitudes, their experiences are very different from their parents. And there are potentially, it's not clear, changing understanding of environmental flows and valuation of the benefits of managing wastewater. So this water users unwilling to bear the cost of water management, that may change. Some final remarks just to summarize. The urban metabolism framework can be useful because it focuses attention on material needs. It constrains the analysis using material balances. But it's important to look at the spatial distribution of flows for insight into social processes. And this project combines quantitative analysis with engagement in a cycle of engagement and analysis that permits a two-way flow of information. I will also say I wasn't going to do it in this presentation, but since it's relevant for this session, there's also a web-based interactive tool for looking at this process as well, which is well-developed for Bangalore and we're looking at developing it for Bangkok. Thank you very much.


You don't have to spend your time looking at the ego. That's the job of the spiritual. That's because the ego is never going to go to its own funeral. It's not going to do that.  It's not going to say that. So that's when the outside person comes in. But the connection, the deep, deep connection which you hold on to is the truth within yourself. And then what happens is you don't feel the dependence on the spiritual master. When you don't feel the dependence on the spiritual master or guide or Guru, then you can have a strong Guru-Shishya relationship.


So, we want to do a test now that indicates the presence of a polysaccharide called starch. And the indicator that we use for this is something called IKI, it's just an iodine compound. So, we're going to do the demonstration by putting in some water in one test tube, it's just plain water out of the tap, and then we're going to put some starch solution in the other test tube. Now, indicators work by showing a color change. So when I put two drops of the indicator in the water, you see that it stays the same amber color as the IKI solution. But when I put drops in the starch container, you see that we get a completely new color, now we have a dark blue or black color. And so IKI turns blue or black in the presence of starch.


Hello, this is Hans van der Krust from IHC Delft Institute for Water Education. In a previous video I've showed how to delineate streams and a catchment. In this video I'm going to show you how to style those results. This is based on the book QGIS for hydrological applications by Kurt Menke and myself. You can find the steps in chapter 4 of the book. Let's start with styling the channels of the raw catchment. Let's have a look first at the attribute table so we know better how to style it. We see there are two columns that are important, order and order cell. They refer to the strahler order. The order cell are the values in the original strahler order raster, similar as we created in some steps in the catchment delineation procedure. The same algorithm is part of the channels and basins algorithm. However, that also converts it to this vector layer and then the order column renumbers the original cell orders to new orders starting from one. So if we sort then we see that order of cell 8 becomes 1, 9, 2, etc. We open the layer styling panel and make sure that the raw channels is active. You can also select it over here. We change the renderer to graduated because we want to have a gradual scale applied to the column of order. You can also choose order cells, but here we will choose order. And because the orders are integer values, we change the precision to zero. So there will be no decimals. We change the methods to size. So we are not changing the color based on the attribute, but the size, so the thickness. And we change the size on a scale from 0.3 to 1 millimeter. We keep the mode at equal interval, but we change it to the amount of classes that we have. Here I chose a cutoff of 8 and it's until 11. So that means that there are four classes and there we see that it is applied. Now we can change the symbol and we set the color to RGB 1566 and 220 to get the right colors of blue. You click on this arrow to go back to the main screen of the settings. And now we can adjust the legend because we have order 1234 and not ranges. So I can just simply double click on the legend column and edit the values. And now we are ready. We have styled our channels layer with the strahler orders. Now we are going to style the flow direction raster layer. A flow direction layer indicates the direction of flow for each pixel to the steepest downward pixel. The direction of flow can be expressed by compass direction. However, it's not possible to store text in a raster. The compass direction can also be expressed by degrees on a circle where north is 0 degrees, east is 45 degrees, etc. To store 360 degrees, which is the full circle, we would need more than 8 bits because in 8 bits we can only store 2 to the power of 8 values, which means 0 to 255. To have more bits in a file, we need to increase the file size. However, in the algorithm to calculate the flow direction, we use the d8 method, which looks around the cell that we consider in 8 discrete directions. Therefore we only need to recode the directions into 8 values, where each value represents a discrete direction from the center pixel of a 3x3 matrix. Each software however does it in a different way. The SAGA algorithm that we use in QGIS from the processing toolbox uses 0 for north, 1 for northeast, etc. Which means that it stores values from 0 to 7 for all the compass directions. A value of 255 is used for surfaces that are flat and don't have any flow direction. We set the renderer to palleted unique values because it is a discrete raster, although there is an order, and we click classify. Since the value of 255 represents flat surfaces, we're going to remove this now for the time being from the classification. So it's now 0 to 7. We're going to choose a spectral color ramp, but we're going to modify it. So click right, and I'm going to edit the color ramp. In this window we can edit the color stops for the ramp. The idea is that the far left and right sides will represent northern flows, and we will set both of those stops to the same blue color to make it a circular ramp. We will then set the center stop to a bright yellow for southern flows. The stop in the middle on the right will be western flows, and the stop in the middle to the left will be eastern flows. So we click the drop down menu for color 1, and we choose pick color from the context menu, and we use that to select color 2. So it will be equal. Click the center stop, it will represent the southern flows and assign it a bright yellow. For the eastern stop we do green, and for the western stop we use magenta. Now we're going to add the flat areas back again. Click the plus sign, and there we change value to 255. 8 doesn't exist, that's just a default value, and we click on the color and we change it to white. We just pick the standard white there, and with the arrow we go back to the main screen. Now you see that the label column is still not very useful. That's exactly the thing that will appear in the legend, so we can just simply double click there and edit the values to the right compass directions. To get a better effect we are going to use a hill shade, so here is our DEM, and I'm going to duplicate the DEM, and I'm going to use that one as a hill shade, and for that we can use the hill shade renderer. I'm going to put it just below the flow direction map, switch that one off, and I'm going to use here the hill shade renderer. And you see by default the sun is in the northwest, which in reality is never the case, but that gives us the hill shading effect. And now I blend it, but when I zoom in I'll see a lot of these pixels. It has to do with the resolution, and I can blur it a little bit, but it's better to do that for the hill shade itself, because that is causing the issues. So here I put the hill shade to billionaire, and we see now a more smooth image appearing, and that just looks better with the hill shades. We are now going to style the digital elevation model in a similar way. We already have the hill shade, we put the DEM on top, and here we can then choose single band pseudo color, because it's a continuous raster with gradients, and we can choose another ramp. If we say create new color ramp, we can choose here CPT city, and CPT city gives us access to a lot of presets, and we choose here topography and elevation. And now we see that this ramp is assigned, and if we put the blending mode to multiply, then it will blend nicely with the hill shade that we have in the background. We can change the stretching of the colors also to the area that we're zoomed in to get more contrast. So now we have more contrast in the high areas, and if I zoom into the lower areas, and I click update canvas, then I get more colors there.  The last layer that we're going to style in this video is the catchment boundary of the roar catchment. So make sure it's selected, and we change the renderer to inverted polygons, which means we're going to style everything outside of the polygon, and we can use that as a kind of a mask to make the area really come out. If I click on simple fill, I can change the symbol layer type to the shapers fill, and the shapers fill creates a kind of gradient between two colors, so we keep the two color setting here, and we're going to change the first color to 135, 135, and 135 for RGB, which makes it a gray, and the second color we keep that white. We set the distance of the shapers to four millimeter to make it a little bit smaller, and we change the underlayer rendering, the opacity to 65. Now we can see through the outside polygon our DEM.  Make the stroke width a bit bigger, and I change the color to completely black, so RGB should be 0, 0, 0, and that's the final result. Here we see our catchment map with the inverted shapers polygons really coming out of the screen within the background, the digital elevation model. We could also do that for, for example, the open street map layer, we see the same effect because we have this inverted shapers fill polygon of our catchment boundary.


Item Number – SCP-305 Object Class – Euclid Special Containment Procedures – SCP-305 is presently immobile. Site-305 has been constructed around its present location, a wooded canyon, near- and is staffed by at least seven personnel who have prior experience with SCP-305 and proved resistant to its effects. The remainder of the station crew should be rotated on a weekly basis. SCP-305's effect grows weaker if human subjects are exposed to it for extended periods of time. Therefore, a resistant subject should be exposed to it for at least three hours daily. SCP-305's effects are greatly magnified in individuals with feelings of guilt, particularly over crimes or mental instability. Therefore, Site-305 is staffed exclusively by non-D-class researchers and agents who were screened for criminal records and mental instability. Any personnel who begin to hear whispered compliments must be transferred out immediately if symptoms persist after removal, frontal lobotomy, data expunged. The actual containment chamber of SCP-305 is constructed of standard materials and offset from the rest of the station by a 5-meter buffer zone to protect normal staff from the worst of SCP-305's effects. Site-305 broadcasts a constant status normal signal to Site-19. If Site-305 becomes compromised during a containment breach, this signal will cease and a heavily armed containment team will immediately be dispatched to the location. Instances of SCP-305-1 are extremely dangerous and should be terminated on site without attempting containment. As of f***ing 2000, all attempts to extract samples from SCP-305 for study are forbidden. Description SCP-305 is a rock formation of approximately humanoid size and shape. Remote recordings of SCP-305 show that it remains stationary at all times, even when interacting with human subjects. When viewed by a sentient observer, SCP-305 appears to be a mobile animate humanoid of indeterminate sex. This manifestation is formed of cracked rock, similar to SCP-305's physical form, and while it is faceless, subjects report that the cracks all over SCP-305's surface begin to resemble human lips and ears as it moves. Human subjects who make visual contact with this manifestation hear whispering voices, although recording equipment in the area picks up nothing and the phenomenon is observed even in subjects who are deaf from birth. SCP-305 will initially ingratiate itself with the subject by whispering compliments. During this phase, the subject experiences feelings of friendliness and trust towards SCP-305. These sensations seem unrelated to the actual content of the compliments, which ranges from off to nonsensical and disturbing. A short list of reported compliments is included. You have beautiful eye sockets. Every one of your fingers. Your neck appears unusually flexible. In the second phase, the subject begins to hear many voices emanating from SCP-305. At this point, the whispers become critical, attempting to insult the subject or undermine the subject's self-esteem, especially by playing on the subject's guilty conscience. Like the compliments, these insults make little sense when recounted but have a profound psychological effect, driving the subject to suicide before the final phase in 20% of cases. If the subject is removed from SCP-305's presence during phase two, the subject will hallucinate that these insults are emanating from mouth-like cracks that appear to form on the ground, walls, and ceiling. In the third and final phase, the voices will abruptly stop. Two to ten hours from the cessation of hallucinations, SCP-305's humanoid manifestation will appear and kill the subject. Causes of death are varied but include severe cardiac infarct, muscle spasm leading to severing of the spinal column, diaphragm paralysis, and a subject who dies of any cause after the beginning of the second phase, data expunged, followed by the emergence of an instance of SCP-305-1 from the corpse. SCP-305-1 are humanoids, slightly smaller than SCP-305 itself. Unlike SCP-305, SCP-305-1 seem to be made of a smooth hard white substance, and the lips and mouths on their surfaces are extremely lifelike. SCP-305-1 have the same abilities as SCP-305, and although they are created with a very short range of two meters, this range increases exponentially over time. SCP-305-1 move at 30 kilometers an hour and seem naturally drawn in a direct line towards the nearest densely populated area, presumably in an attempt to further propagate themselves. SCP-305-1 are highly resistant to bullets and cutting weapons. Elimination teams should be equipped with heavy ballistics and explosives. In subjects who have entered Stage 2, manifestation of SCP-305-1 can only be prevented by removal of 80% data expunged. Addendum 305-1 On 2000, Foundation personnel used a remote controlled device to extract a sample of SCP-305's rock structure. SCP-305 began to emit loud grinding noises and a low growling sound. Existing cracks in the rock formation deepened, and several new ones formed in the vicinity of the removed rock sample. SCP-305 then moved its arms upwards slightly and slid one foot, about 10 centimeters, across the ground as if taking a step, shedding rock fragments as it moved before returning to its stationary state. Following this event, the range of SCP-305's psychic influence tripled, resulting in several data expunged. Sample proved to be ordinary sedimentary rock, consistent with the surrounding area. Follow-up x-ray scans of the formation itself reveal the presence of rock, suggesting that the rock formation may actually be an imprisoned instance of data expunged. Upgrade to Keter requested. Pending. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-304, the signal, right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


Excel Accounting Practice Problem. A voice created from check created from purchase order. Get ready because we're going to Excel. Here we are in our Excel worksheet. Prior presentations, we put together the worksheet from a blank sheet. Now entering transactions into it. If you have access to it, there's going to be two tabs down below the example tab and the practice tab. Practice tab starting out where we left off last time the example tab in essence being an answer key. Let's take a look at it now. We're going to be entering transactions that will be related to an invoice or the journal entries that would be related to an invoice entered into accounting software. Typically as we make sales, including inventory and sales tax on account, not receiving cash at the point of sales in other words, but increasing the accounts receivable. As we do this, we also want to think about the process of being able to track the information as we order the inventory. Possibly


The first guy I like this week is CJ Uzama. Tyler Croft is now in a walking boot, so Uzama is going to be the primary tight end in that Cincinnati offense. That's good news against the Pittsburgh defense that's allowed the most receptions in the second most yards to the tight end position this season.


Come here! Come here! Gluten! This is Zack vs. It's the year 2017 and the world's in the middle of a fitness revolution. The entire nation seems obsessed with healthy eating. Healthy eating! Healthy eating! Healthy eating! And gluten appears to be the buzzword on everyone's lips. Excuse me, just say... Can you say gluten? Just say gluten into that camera. We're up to a third of Americans trying to cut down on their gluten intake and a mixed opinion from professionals on whether it's actually bad for you or not. I want to find out exactly how detrimental it is for your health. Today's challenge... Eat nothing but gluten for one day. Gluten. It's too slow. Gluten. Better. Gluten is a family of proteins found in cereal grains, like wheat. When wheat flour is mixed with water, the proteins form a sticky little network and gives the dough its gluey texture and elastic properties. If you rinse that dough in water, you'll wash out all the starch, leaving you with pure, unadulterated gluten. That's not it. I've got to eat it. Looks like dog sick. Oh... Oh, no, no, no, no, no. But exactly what damage is this diet meant to cause me? I met with a real serious doctor to find out. So exactly what damage is this diet meant to cause me? Well, you're going to be missing out on some vitamins and minerals and some protein because not all food groups contain gluten. Vitamins are your needs and... Everybody. Well. So what we can do is we can have a look at some of the areas that you might be missing out on if you eat only gluten. Okay? Let's have a look. If you stand up for me, is that... Yeah, definitely. Okay, so we've got perhaps a little bit of hair loss, which shows nutrient and protein deficiency perhaps. Skin cells, then you vitamin C and zinc. And if you haven't got enough vitamin C and zinc, you can't make a skin cell, so that might be what's going on here. What about here? So a diet mainly of carbohydrate will cause abdominal fat to accumulate around here. So that might be, you know, something that we ought to think about, really. I've not actually started the diet yet. Okay. Well, definitely don't start it, then. So I shouldn't eat this, then? No. Okay, I'll see you later. I'm not interested in what Mrs. Pilpusher back there has to say. I'm more interested in what real people think of my new food experiment. I mean, not him. Someone a bit closer to my age, hopefully. He's back. Welcome to the gluten-free versus free gluten challenge. We're going to let the public decide whether they want some hearty, wholesome gluten, or they want fresh, stinky gluten-free pizza. Let's decide. Does he say anything? Get your gluten. Gluten. So we're doing a taste test. And you just need to tell us what point you prefer. The pizza. Enjoy it. Now get over here and taste the revolution. Yeah, that's what I'm saying. Gluten! Don't drop anything. Get your free gluten. Unfortunately, the results of our test were inconclusive. Well, one thing's for certain. It's the end of the day, and I have won today's challenge. Can I be serious for a second? Guys, there are millions of celiacs out there and they have to stay clear of gluten, but for everyone else, it's up to you. Just because something is gluten-free doesn't mean it's healthy. Don't go back there for a while, guys.


Okay says available to 830 So what time is the flip today? It was supposed to be yesterday. I remember because we're looking forward to it. Yeah, these are still the old ones Okay Well first thing I'm gonna do is try to get this control thing fixed. Let me give you guys this session I've been playing I've been playing this the switch version now I gotta get used to world again man edit session Okay, so Now I'm gonna see what options I have here for a controller So radio menu settings item control settings type one Select items would left them right lb So what's type two? Can I actually try this here? Let me see No, I can't I can't try there You know what when we do our multiplayer, I'm gonna start going to the gathering hub so I can see you guys I notice we don't do that enough Gosh this game is so much better than I've been playing too much of the other one now come back to this and it's like I'm in I just went ahead 10 years um Just go back to this So can I I can't test it crap I might have to go in the expedition to test this Because what I want to do is I want to when I hit l I want to go y and a on my switch controller to go Horizontal items instead of x and b because it's like backwards x and b are up and down on my controller And they go left and right in the game. I'm just like that's just so Bad Oh, you can do this too. Neat. You can change the confirmation button to be instead of a Oh My character looks so cool. No, it's just it's legionna stuff, man Legionna stuff just looks good So radio menu Press rs to select release rs to select item Oh, cool. So Okay item control settings All right, I'm gonna try We're gonna try a type two. I'm gonna go on the expedition by myself guys real quick just to test this out Just to test this out Okay, Roddenville Oh, yeah, I'm down for farming more decorations and HR too like we did last time Limited hasn't has expired yet hasn't expired says 39 minutes Oh, so you use that actually that might be better They use this for the oh But the buttons are wrong Look at the It's like if you look down at the bottom where it has heels communications Crafts ammo craft the buttons on the switch controller are not like that. It's like a different format But I like using the d-pad to switch that's actually Whoops x See it's not maybe they built it for xbox controller. I don't know But it's like the buttons are not matching on they're not matching the switch So I can get behind that type two. That's actually not bad Let's see what type three is So it's x and b.  It's almost like This was made for the xbox controller and not xbox and ps4 controllers and not switch because switch are different So maybe I could change it Somewhere But I don't like that. I want to go I either go type one or two I might have to just stick with type one As much as I don't want to Um That's camera Well, thanks for the host pox bringing all your folks over here. Appreciate it dude. That's 295 people Welcome idlers. I don't know if people are here or they're sitting around but welcome back. We're playing some monster on the world I'm working on my controls again for the switch controller. Try to get them to make some sense um Tilting left stick up moves the character in the direction of the camera is facing While tilting ls moves them down towards the screen Let me try this Looks the same cast oh Oh Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no I will not sir You can't make me do that That's the fishing rod my bad That's why I did that How do I make a zinni empire so I stop running out of zinni? Uh, the guy who sells stuff tell him to bring in trade supplies Checking to go back to town anyway because I'm not going to change controls um Tell him to bring in trade supplies and sell you stuff from your uh From your palico outings That's a that's a quick way to make money And just sell stuff I should have told it to All right, so we're gonna be trying something different today. Some of you might be excited about this um Yeah, bail it man. Oh, that's another one. Some of you may be excited about this Some of you may not we're gonna try something different I'm gonna break out the charge blade I'm gonna try dude We're gonna try the charge blade It's the thing Which one is it this? That's that's a switchaxe, right? That's a switchaxe, right? Charge blades with the shield Oh, so is it this? No, that's gun lance So that's that's iron lance Wouldn't it be nice if they told you the types? The proto commission acts. Okay, so this is it All right Okay We clash The charge blade has two forms sword and axe Store up energy in a file then release it through the axe My brain is adjusting back to world.  How'd I do that? Okay guard B Oh morph slash or you do guard and why and then guard Oh, it goes away Charge files I don't see anything different up there Okay, good god of mighty.  This is switchaxe, isn't it? No, this is charge, but this is okay.  No, I didn't say switchaxe. I said I said charge blade No, this is switchaxe. I mean, this is charge blade. See golly I want to learn charge blade This is what I want to learn I said charge blade. Okay. I didn't say switchaxe When I was going through the list, I was saying is this switchaxe because I didn't know if it was charge blade or switchaxe What I'm using right now is what I want okay I don't care if it's called switch blade or switch arm or switch Nintendo switch Okay, that's a charge But you can't move with it. Do you do a wild guarding? That just looks like it's going to do some damage, man So that's that's definitely something you would do on something that's downed or stunned Otherwise I'm going to be using the sword and shield stuff. Hey, why don't they change color up there? crafts This is because I need to sharpen The files are like red It looks like and my sword is glowing red Ooh So if I charge it You charge them too much blade energy you need to charge so your attacks don't get deflected So I'm assuming this this uses up charge when I do all this stuff It's still hot So now they're yellow And now they're overcharged Where am I? Okay. So what are these? What are these things? I thought they were called files The five little icons at the top left. Those are called files, right? Charged files. So I don't see anything changed when I do that They are files. Okay so An orange red color means it fills all your files The color is a shield that feel Excuse me. The color is this energy that fills the files So it's white yellow and orange Excuse me Sorry, I don't know what just happened Okay sword return stroke So if I just spam B Tell them I discharged So you don't from what I'm hearing You don't want to overcharge and I got I think the guy said because you'll miss or you'll do less damage You bounce. Okay. So how do I make my sword back normal? Do I Charge files? Looks like it. Okay. Oh, that was cool. So that's a slide attack thing Then I'm gonna do this But how do I I have to change it to this first And then I can do the y plus b elemental discharge And that uses a file when I do the elemental discharge. So I got five of those It'd be nice if I could face this target. Oh My shield just got charged cool, look at it Slide goes from left to right. Oh my I gotta move my camera one second Sorry guys, that was the position I had it for for generations unlimited Okay, so hmm all right, so Generally, you just spam the filler charge to spam your ult All right. Yeah, I get that but there's like Stuff in between, you know Slide goes left and right as well. So I use uh What was it up and be right? I think it was I'm gonna read everything you guys are saying. I just I'm taking it one step at the time My shield is still charged though I see it flashing up there Okay Now with full files You do amped axe discharge But hit guard during the animation and it charges your shield Okay Once you have charged your files with rt plus b You can charge your shield with y plus b y plus b y plus b and then rt From sword mode or just y plus b and then rt from axe mode Okay, your goal Though is super amp discharge not amp discharges So you want to charge the shield first Which allows a super Okay So your goal is to charge the shield and get that big boom So I'll try to figure that out now So now why is it? I feel like if it's like super overcharged. I did something wrong All right, so guard charge files All right here y plus b a bunch of times Amped element discharge You have to do a block during the amp element discharge All right, so it turns yellows that means I can Charge my files. All right Okay, I thought I did it right that time. I guess I did it wrong I feel like I'm not learning the basics yet I feel like I said I need to get these basics down before I start learning these super combos Like just basic charging and discharging. I don't have that down yet All right, that gave me three charges that little combo Okay, I didn't get anything from that. Okay, so now it's yellow So do you do you spam till it's yellow or spam till it's orange?  I mean I messed that up Yeah, if you're doing super you'll feel yeah, you'll empty them all out. I kind of Guess that when I was like only emptying like one or two doing my little thing So the key is holding guard while doing the amp discharge and I think You said block when I'm doing guard. So me I'm thinking that's the same thing Yeah, guard is blocked. Yeah, okay Oh, I like that Um, and then fill the vials Why both B Why both B You gotta press rt during the final animation when you pull back. All right, so I'm pressing it too early then Okay, I thought I did it there Oh charge my shield So what was I supposed to do after that? Press our our ymb again Okay, so now I can do fill files first Oh, okay, so that's step one Is getting your shield charge and then This is kind of a cool thing All right, so now we do this Okay, so now I can do the There it is Oh my gosh That just shook the earth So how long is this can I do this? Oh my gosh So my shield is like still charged though I've already done two of them. Okay. I gotta get some basic attacks here charge this Crap this flash pop Okay, now it's flashing. I see the shield flashing now Yeah, I need a lot of room. I can see that I love that little sliding thing, man That is some


Well, hey everybody, it's Sandy, and I've got the coloring of this amazing image, as well as a whole bunch more information in this video. So sit down with a cup of coffee, let's have a chat.  Well, this is an image that I colored recently, I'll tell you the story of it, and so many people asked for a tutorial, but guess what, I'm doing a tutorial video here. The image is from the Digi Stamp Atelier, and I found it because Pam and I were looking for things we could both color, that would be Digi Stamps that we could both get and be able to share at the same time. So that's what, where this whole thing came from, but the Afro in this one got me so excited when I saw that big blank space to fill in with hair. I am a hair nut, you may have noticed that I take stamps of white people all the time and I change them, I change their race, I change their hair, I change, I change all kinds of things, but the shape of this, I found a picture of a donut, and please don't take this wrong, she's not wearing a donut on her head, but I'm picturing the shape of this being a donut that goes back into space. So the part that's behind her ribbons is back in the far back distance, and then the highlight part is the part that's up toward the top and the front. So I wanted to put that picture there, not to say she's donut head or anything like that, but that is the way that I'm going to do the shading on this. And I chose yellow and purple, one because I love yellow, but the purple is because it's the complementary color to the yellow. You could do this with a lot of different colors. The two colors together, since they're complements, they're direct opposite each other on the color wheel, those are actually going to make a neutral. Lots of times they just make a brown or they'll make a gray depending on what shades or everything, but I wanted her hair to have some interesting color, not just plain old blacks and browns like a lot of folks do with hair. I wanted it to be exciting hair. And that is what I ended up doing. Now this one is turning out different than the other one. The size is different. This is card size. The other one was a framed size, and I actually sent that one to him as a little surprise gift for her in advance of this. So you will get to see it if you come and follow along on social. And I am coloring it a little bit differently, of course, because it's smaller. I can't get as much detail into the hair. But I'm doing the same basic thing, same kinds of colors. I think it's, I think it's actually the same colors. It might be. Although I was sitting on the sofa the day that I color the first one and at my desk the second time. But I'm creating these really rich dark purple shadows. Not that they're going to stay purple, because we don't want her to have necessarily purple. Well, I suppose you could have her. Yeah, purple hair. But I want to neutralize it a little bit now. And I'm going to start trying to blend some of it as well. So I'm using strokes instead of little flicks in order to create the texture. And I'm just going to kind of spread that color around. Now it's got that purple undertone to it, even though it's going to start feeling like it's going gray. And little by little I'm building toward that highlight. So I'm going to start switching to lighter and lighter gray markers as I start working out toward the highlight. And also going from strokes into little, I guess they're almost commas, little sideways commas, little little C shapes, something like that. Like I described what that little motion is. And then I'm going to go over the whole thing with some W2 to just tone down the yellow. Because it was feeling a little bright. I'll change it a few times throughout this. So stay tuned for that. And if you thought the hair was dark, guess what? It's not dark. Because look at it now with this nice, yummy W10. That's going to give it that really nice, rich darkness. And I'm going to create some area in the deepest darkest shadow that is done with brush strokes. And then start to make the same little marks again to create that texture to see if I can do them a little tinier this time. And all of that texture that I'm leaving is going to allow the purple color to come through from underneath. And I want some of that to show. So I'm not trying to just color right over top of everything. I just want to start building these layers that go out and out and out. If I had done all of the black parts first of her hair, all of these dark colors, instead of doing the purple first, then every time I touched it with purple later, it would start to dull everything back again. And I want those really darks to remain really, really dark. So I'll just slowly work my way toward the highlight and get looser and looser with the... I don't know what you call it, the density. Yes, that's it, the density of the little texture that I'm making. And I'm allowing on the left side for some of that to be that purple to show more. And then on the right side, it's going to be the yellow at the top in the highlight, showing more. And just knowing that I can change the color of this at any time, because I can glaze over top of it in a lot of my coloring. I do just a glaze of a color in order to change the overall tone of something if I didn't like it. I'm also going to start breaking up some of these areas up here, because she's not going to be a uniform, shall we say, doughnut. Going back to that doughnut analogy, she has texture in her hair. And it's going to have shadows in different places. So it's certainly appropriate to have the modulation of those colors happen across, up into the highlights. And one of the other things that I am going to be doing on her skin and everything, I'm going to talk about that now while I finish these details, is that I'm going to give her really strong shadows, strong light coming directly from one side. I've already established the light with that yellow highlight, but I'm going to increase that when I start to color her face and her skin. Now, if you're trying to do this and you don't know where to put the shadows, by all means, Google it, go find a picture, find a description of, you know, woman in Afro strong light or something and see if you can find something like that. And just scroll through and see if you can find a picture of the face in the direction that you wanted to be looking. The shoulder, you know, find something. I'm sure there's somebody with a shoulder like this. I happen to know this just because I've done enough art to have a clue how to how to make this happen. But you can certainly Google for it to get some help in finding that. You can also go to my blog and find the picture of this so that you can then actually follow along with what I've created. And I am going to use purple tones in her skin. I do that with lots of different skin, all ethnicity. Ethnically, I can talk now, but I'm using that really dark BB 08. And I know it's going to like put some people out. Breathe, breathe. It's going to be okay. I promise. And I'm going to put the deepest, darkest shadows in. And then I'm going to start working out with a lighter purple as I get these shadows, these strong shadows built up. The light is going to be hitting her shoulder and it's going to be hitting certain highlights on her face. So her nose, part of her, her, let's see, her left cheek and a little bit of her tiny bit of her right cheek, a little bit of her forehead. So that's some highlights on her lips. And I'll have to deal with the eyes as well. Remember, the eyes also come in and out of shadow. Her right eye, turn around her right eye, what you're looking at on the left side is going to have a shadow because there's a shadow on that side of her face. So we're going to put shadows in there as well. And I want you to notice, as I do this to the changing tone, the changing color for the rest of the image is going to change based on how dark she is. So if I make her really dark, her hair is going to look lighter by comparison. So bear that in mind when you choose your first layers of colors. If you go too light, you're going to have to continually add more and more. So sometimes it's things like this is really dark purples and this medium purple that's going to push me to put stronger colors in there. So it goes with the tones in her hair. I'm also going to be adding a background behind it. And I'm going to be talking about something else when I get to that point, because I have another thing I want to chat about. But the shadows and highlights in a background can also play into the light on the image. I had an art teacher once who told me something that just has worked out genius on her. The highlight side, I'm going to put darker color behind. And the shadow side, I'm going to put lighter color behind it. That's going to help both sides of her to stand out against the background and create a really interesting tension possible thing. So if I forget to mention that later, at least I've mentioned it now. But I'm going over her skin tone with the Browns E37 delicious brown. I love this color. And I'm going over the purple, it's pulling it into the skin tone. But it's leaving that undercoat of purple, which gives it more realism. If you're just using only Browns, you're going to get something that that of course looks like skin because it's a person, but it gets more realistic when you can actually incorporate some realistic colors underneath. If you look at your skin, you have green veins and blue veins and purple veins. There's all different kinds of colors running under your skin. Your blood is is kind of showing through depending on how thin your skin is minus showing through more in my old age than it wants to. But nonetheless, that's one of the reasons I use these purples is to pull in that realism. And I'm just slowly walking the colors back toward the light colors and the highlights. She's got this rich, dark black skin. She's not going to have white highlights on her skin. She's she's very rich and dark in color. And I want to celebrate that. So just kind of going over and smoothing things. Now, you may find that you want to wait and add more layers of color later because as it dries, it's going to lighten as you put other colors in, it's going to look different comparison to those colors. And it's also just going to sit there and work its way into the paper. And as the alcohol dries, and the paper dries, you're just going to have more, more color that you might find it to add. So here's where I'm adding some of the shadow on the eyes. Just adding a little bit of blue in there and look how it makes her look alive by doing something in there rather than just leaving them as big glowing white globes in the middle of her face really makes a big difference. And at the very end, I'm going to go in and add a gray in there and knock that one eye further back into shadow. A little secret about lips is the top lip is always darker than the bottom lip. And then there's a little highlight on the top of the bottom lip, sometimes on the top of the top lip as well. But there is the face. While I finish the coloring of this image, I wanted to share with you my secret plan to take over the universe. My friends know I am always coming up with a secret plan to dig over the universe. I've always got something cooking of some kind in all different sectors and all different things. And this one, I really would like some help in making this happen. And I think we could do it. So I'm going to ask you to join me in trying to diversify our industry from the bottom up. Now we don't have any say in who companies hire. We can't force anybody to hire black people. We can't force them to bring diversity into their design teams. We can't make them do anything because companies are independent companies.  So I'm going to put it out there that I think we can do that as users of the products from the bottom up. And let me explain you what I'm thinking. A lot of companies will not produce a product that they don't think there's a market for. That's just normal business. And as long as most of the crafting that they see going on, and the journal pages and all that stuff that that gets in front of their eyes using their products, as long as that stuff is all very white, they're going to believe that that is what the market wants. I have been calling the Human Rainbow for like 10 or 12 years now, something like that. And I have not been very good about sharing that with the companies that I'm using the stamps and changing into the Human Rainbow. And I am planning on doing that. I definitely am. Because we need more than these wonderful Etsy sellers who sell Digi stamps that there are a ton of them out there to have great images. But I want to see them in the regular product lines. And in order to get them in the product lines, we need those companies to see that there's a market for it. And if they think that a tiny, tiny percentage is going to want to color the images, they're not going to make them. So my suggestion is that we all start going out there and finding the companies that make good people stamps, don't go to the ones that make little apples, and the ones that make text stamps and stuff, and ask them to try to make some stamps like this image, they're just not going to be able to. There's nothing that translates from drawing a cute little animal to drawing an elegant, powerful woman like this. That just doesn't translate. And I can tell you as someone who can draw that it is really, really flippin' hard to draw a person in pen and ink that doesn't look awkward. I have tried it. I really have. I am terrible at that. I can color it like nobody's business, but I am just not capable of drawing it. So I'm not going to go to companies and say you need to start drawing these kinds of images. But I can go to them and say, hey, look, I took this great image of yours and I changed it into this other kind of person and they changed the hair and the skin tone and let them see that, not to put it in their face or anything, but to let them know there's a market for that. And the way that we let them know about that is to tag them on social media because that's what they watch. They watch people who tag them. They don't watch us for what we use from other companies. So you want to use the tagged button on Instagram and the tagged button will put you and your picture that you've posted into their tag feed. The tag feed is going to stay there. They can always go back and reference it.  But they're going to find you again if you're in their tagged feed. And if we can as a unified group of colorists, go out there and start sharing human rainbow images and start coloring those images the way we want stamps to look, that's going to start getting into their heads and they're going to say, boy, there's a market for this. I also want to get more people applying for their design teams. Even though they don't currently have images of color, boy, oh boy, can you imagine if you can get in being a design team member and start coloring them that way when you're doing your design team assignments, that's going to encourage them again, to consider that kind of a line of stamps. And they're also going to know that they have you who can do this, who can make those products look really amazing. I need to do more of this tagging thing myself. I will fess up that I'm just terrible about remembering to tag the right people at the right times on social. I'm just a flake about that kind of thing. But I'm going to start making an effort to do that. And I want to encourage everybody to do the same. Let's go convince these companies that we really do we exist. There's a market for these stamps. We really do want these products. And that is I think one small step that we can take as users to be able to convince them to do something different. So here is my finished card. I'm doing some last minute touches on it. I wanted that yellow to be toned down to match the skin a little bit better instead of just being a solo yellow part of the only yellow I used on the image. And so this kind of brings it into the same color as her skin tones and just kind of goes together a lot better. Just matches and coordinates better. I also now that I have this great highlight on the top side I want to just knock that eye back a little bit with a bit of gray so that it matches the curve of that shadow a little bit of a gray on the inside of her other eye. And then again that section over there that has the shadow from the hair casting on the eye. So that is my card for today and my chat for today. Leave me a comment let me know if you're willing to dive in on my world-changing adventure. Go see Pam. Her links are in the doobly-doo. Go follow her subscribe to her YouTube and tomorrow all of the fun is going to start on my Instagram and my Facebook. So I will see you there. Take care guys. Bye bye.