This is the lesson six lecture and this has a focus on the idea of change detection using remote sensing. Therefore, the focus is on digital change detection because most, if not all, contemporary remotely sensed imagery is digital in nature. So biophysical materials and human-made features, anthropogenic features on the surface of the earth are inventoried using remote sensing and field techniques. Some of the data are fairly static. They do not change over time like landforms, mountains, rivers and so forth, typically remain just about the same. Conversely, some biophysical materials and human-made features are dynamic and changing rapidly like our cities are growing, our agricultural fields change due to human activity every year and so forth and it is important that such changes be inventoried accurately so that the physical and human processes at work can be more fully understood. So therefore, if you have a imagery at two times acquired through remotely sensed methods, it has a story of a change detection, of a change that took place and what might be the human and the social and the economic processes that are driving this change can be inferred to an extent. It is believed that land use and land cover change is a major component of global change with an impact, perhaps greater than that of climate change and therefore it is not surprising therefore that significant effort has gone into the development of change detection methods using remotely sensed data. This lecture will review how change information is extracted from digital remotely sensed data. It first summarizes the remote sensor system and environmental parameters that must be considered when change detection takes place. Several change detection considerations and methods will be introduced as well. This is a generalized workflow for change detection using remotely sensed imagery and it begins with stating the nature of the change detection problem. What is it that you are looking for? And you begin by specifying the change detection geographic region of interest. The change detection time period is a daily, seasonal, yearly. What's the temporal cycles needed for this change detection? Define the classes of interest in a classification system. Then select either hard or fuzzy change detection logic. We will talk about hard and fuzzy classification briefly at a later time and then select per pixel or object based change detection techniques. Then there are other considerations of significance when performing change detection. The remote sensing system considerations that is knowledge of the sensor and how rapidly does it take the imagery and what kind of resolutions it has. There are environmental considerations as well. What were the atmospheric conditions during the time of data acquisition during both times? Soil moisture conditions, phenological cycle characteristics, the tidal stages, should it be close to the ocean? Then the remote sensing data has to be processed to extract the information. So it would be good to have in situ and collateral data, some ground truthing data to improve your classification. You need to know when your remotely sensed data was collected and what is the repeat time for the collection. Then the pre-processing has to happen where you have to do the geometric correction and the radiometric correction. If it has not been done, you have to select the change detection algorithm, do the appropriate classification, made be supervised, unsupervised, and so on and so forth, perform change detection using GIS algorithms, and then compute the statistics, quantify that change. With a change detection matrix, we will talk about this later. After that, you perform the accuracy assessment. You compare the land cover map with either an image that you have of this region, that is of a higher spatial resolution that you can use for ground truthing, or having access to field data for this accuracy assessment. We will focus in on accuracy assessment in greater detail in lesson eight. And then, once you've done the accuracy assessment, if your product meets the standards that you need for an effective change detection that is good, otherwise, you go back and you repeat parts of this process again iteratively till you have a product that works for you and gives you the ability to answer the question that you were trying to probe. So the dimensions of the change detection region of interest, the ROI, must be carefully identified and held constant throughout a change detection project. So this geographic region of interest, made to be a county, state, or a watershed, is especially important in change detection studies because it must be completely covered by the dates of imagery available, the end dates of imagery available, end could be one, two, three, four, however many repeat dates. Failure to ensure that each of the multiple date images covers the geographic area of interest results in a change detection and change detection maps with data voids that are problematic when computing change statistics and trying to quantify the change. The change detection time period is very important as well. There are certain problems that need very rapid time cycles for the data to be converted into information, as we have seen with several firefighting posts in previous discussions, that the data needs to be changed into information very rapidly, and that is true for most disaster response applications. Sometimes the time period selected over which the change is to be monitored is too short or too long to capture the information of interest. So the analyst must be very careful to identify the optimal change detection time periods. So it will be different for agriculture versus for fighting a fire, for example, or a disaster response. If there is any flooding or a hurricane or a tornado and so forth, then the time cycles for change detection are much quicker and the delta T's are much smaller. This selection is dictated by the nature of the problem. Traffic transportation studies might require a change detection period of just a few seconds or minutes, and images obtained monthly or seasonally might be sufficient to monitor the greening of a continent. Careful selection of the change detection time period can ensure that resource analysis funds are not wasted. It is very important to select an appropriate land cover, land use classification scheme when you are doing change detection, such that your before and after images are codified within the same land use classification scheme. So it is wise to use an established standardized land cover use classification system for change detection, such as the following. So the American Planning Association has its own land based classification standard. The USGS has the Anderson system, the land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. The US National Vegetation Classification System can also be used. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has a classification of wetlands and deep water habitats of the United States and the International Geosphere Biosphere Program also has its own land cover classification system and use of standardized classification systems allows change information to be compared with other studies. In this course, we have focused mainly on hard classification. Hard land cover classification means that you have assigned the objects or the pixels to a particular land cover class, made to be forest, pasture, agriculture, whatever the case might be. But sometimes you can have a fuzzy classification as well that this pixel or this object could be this class or it could be that other class as well and that's known as fuzzy classification. So most change detection studies have been based on the comparison of multiple date hard land cover classifications of remotely sensed data. The result is the creation of a hard change detection map consisting of information about the change in discrete categories. For example, change in forest class or change in agricultural class or changes in built up urban classes from one class to another, one specific class to another and this is still very important and practical in many instances but we now recognize that it is ideal to capture both discrete and fuzzy changes in the landscape where possible. You can also have change detection based on a per pixel basis or in per object basis using the object oriented change detection. Most digital image change detection is based on processing a date in some previous date and then a date in plus one some subsequent date classification maps pixel by pixel. Okay, but this is changing with the onset of obi a where we are seeing a lot of studies in which the change is done object by object. This is so a pixel based change is commonly referred to as per pixel change detection. Object oriented change detections involves the comparison of two or more scenes consisting of many relatively homogeneous image objects which are patches or segments same thing and the smaller number of relatively homogeneous image objects in the two scenes are then subjected to various change detection techniques. There are remote sensing system considerations to be taken when you are doing remotely sensed change detection. Successful remote sensing change detection requires careful attention to remote sensor system considerations and environmental characteristics in the study area. Failure to understand the impact of the various parameters on change detection process can lead to inaccurate results. Ideally the remotely sensed data used to perform change detection is acquired by remote sensor system that holds the following resolutions constant temporal spatial that includes the look angle spectral and radiometric resolutions and we will discuss these in greater detail in subsequent slides. The remote sensing system parameter temporal resolution is very important for change detection studies. Two temporal resolutions should be held constant during the change detection if possible. First use a sensor system that acquires data at approximately the same time of the day. For example Landsat thematic data thematic mapper data TM data are acquired before 9 45 a.m. for most of the coterminous United States. This eliminates the diurnal sun angle effects that can cause anomalous differences in the reflectance properties of the remote sensor data. What that means is that we want to try to keep the illumination conditions to be about the same in making a comparison and second acquire remote sensor data on anniversary dates for example February 1st 2005 and February 1st 2007 anniversary date imagery minimizes the influence of seasonal sun angle and plant phenological differences that can negatively impact a change detection project. Another critical remote sensing system parameter is spatial resolution involved in the change detection study. So accurate spatial registration of at least two images is essential for digital change detection. Ideally the remotely sense data are acquired by a sensor system that collects data with the same instantaneous field of view on each date meaning to say the same pixel size on each date. For example Landsat thematic mapper data collected at a 30 by 30 meter spatial resolution on two dates are relatively easy to register to one another. What that means is if you pull it up on a geographic information system if you pull up both of these images they will be registered pretty exactly the same where you have the same pixel on the ground in direct conflation on in the two images such that they are lined up with each other as closely as possible. It is possible to perform change detection using data collected from two different sensor systems with different instantaneous field of views or different ground pixels. So for example the Landsat thematic mapper data has a ground pixel of 30 meters by 30 meters and let's say we collected that for date one the initial date and then for the subsequent date date two we have spot HRV high resolution visible XS data which is 20 meters by 20 meters on the ground. In such cases it is usually necessary to decide on a representative minimum mapping unit. So let's say you could decide 20 meters by 20 meters or you could choose 30 meters by 30 meters depending on that particular problem and the issues involved and then you would have to resample both the data sets to this uniform pixel size whichever minimum mapping unit that you decided on. This does not present a significant problem as long as the image analyst remembers that the information content of the resampled data can never be greater than the instantaneous field of view or the pixel of the original sensor system. What that basically means is that if you start resampling an image there is a little bit of information loss that is somewhat inevitable and the analyst needs to bear this in mind. All the remotely sensed data used for change detection should be geometrically rectified to be within plus minus half a pixel of its correct planometric position. This is very important for all of the different data layers the GIS data layers and the image retaking at different times to line up exactly or as close as possible within half a pixel in a geographic information system such that you can conduct meaningful change detection analysis. To further elaborate this point the geometric rectification algorithms are used to register the images to a standard map projection and let's say UTM for most U.S. projects and rectification should result in the two images having a root mean square error or RMSC of less than or equal to half a pixel and misregistration of the two images may result in the identification of spurious areas of change between the data sets. For example, just one pixel misregistration may cause a stable road on the two dates to show up as a new road in the change image and this is very important and important consideration and when you download publicly available data very often you will find that it has not been properly rectified and you get two image layers from two different times and they will not be within half a pixel of each other in many instances not always so therefore it is very important for an analyst to check how closely the two images are registered to each other in the case of a change detection study and if they are not registered very closely to each other then the analyst should do the process of rectification to ensure that the images are lined up to within half a pixel of each other before proceeding. For many satellite systems and aerial systems the look angle gets to be an important variable that has to be accounted for in change detection studies so remote sensing systems like the spot satellite which is a french satellite and the quick bird which is a commercial satellite can collect data at off nadir look angles as much as plus minus 20 degrees from an oblique vantage point so a nadir collection would be when you are looking straight down onto the study area whereas spot and quick bird can take oblique imagery as well which in essence increases the revisit time for these satellites if they are able to look off to the side and two images with significantly different look angles can cause problems when used for change detection for example a spot image of a maple forest acquired at zero degrees off nadir will look directly down on the top of the canopy conversely a spot image acquired at 20 degrees off nadir will off vertical will record reflectance from the side of the canopy differences in reflectance from these two data sets may cause spurious change detection results therefore the data used in remote sensing digital change detection should be acquired with approximately the same look angle if possible the spectral resolution of the sensor being used for the before and after imagery is a very important consideration as well ideally the same sensor is used to acquire imagery on multiple dates when this is not possible the analysts should select bands that approximate each other for example the landsat multispectral scanner bands four five and seven and spot bands one two and three can be successfully used with landsat etm plus bands two three and four and many change detection algorithms do not function well when the bands in one image do not match those of the other image for example utilizing the landsat thematic mapper band one blue with either spot or landsat multispectral data may not be wise because these bands do not correspond well to each other here is a further elaboration on where there may be differences in radiometric resolution between the before and the after imagery in a change detection study so a analog to digital an a to d conversion of the remote sensor data usually results in eight bit brightness values ranging from zero to 255 as is the case in landsat imagery up to landsat seven landsat eight gets to be a 16 bit sensor and then most nape imagery is of eight bit resolution rate bit radiometric resolution such that it has values ranging from zero to 255 so ideally the sensor systems collecting the data should be at the same radiometric precision or resolution on both dates when the radiometric resolution of data acquired by one system for example landsat multispectral scanner one which has six bit data is compared with data acquired by a higher radiometric resolution instrument for example landsat thematic mapper which was on landsat four and five where which acquired eight bit data the lower resolution data in six bits should be decompressed to eight bits for change detection purposes and image processing software can do these types of conversions however ideally the brightness values associated with both dates of imagery are converted to an apparent surface reflection which eliminates this problem of the differences in radiometric resolution sometimes there is the issue of radiometric correction of multiple dates of imagery to perform change detection so let's say if you have the top of atmosphere reflectance then you would have to do the absolute radiometric correction for each image so do the atmospheric corrections and so forth such that you can recover the surface reflectance for each image and then you can do the processing to see what kind of changes occurred over time another option is a relative radiometric correction that you just take the first image as a baseline and what you do is you take the multiple date images and you normalize the image histograms relative to this first baseline image such that you mimic similar lighting conditions before you proceed with your change detection exercise understanding the remote sensing environmental conditions of the study area is of great importance when conducting change detection so therefore this is where domain knowledge comes into play and the failure to understand the impact of various environmental characteristics on the remote sensing change detection process can lead to inaccurate results and when performing change detection it is desirable to hold as many environmental variables constant as possible one example of such an environmental parameter is soil moisture so ideally soil moisture conditions should be identical for the successive for the end dates however one two three four dates of imagery used in a change detection project extremely wet or dry conditions on one of the dates can cause change detection problems it is important to review precipitation records to determine how much rain or snow fell in the days and weeks prior to the remote sensing collection when soil moisture differences between the dates are significant for only certain parts of the study area perhaps due to a local thunderstorm it may be necessary to stratify or to cut out those affected areas and perform a separate change detection analysis which can be added back in the final stages of the project another very important environmental parameter is the phenological cycle characteristics natural ecosystems go through repeatable predictable cycles of development humans also modify the landscape in predictable stages these cycles of predictable development are referred to as phenological cycles analysts use this information to identify when remotely sense data should be collected therefore analysts must be familiar with the biophysical characteristics of the vegetation soils and water constituents of ecosystems and their phenological cycles likewise they must understand human made development phenological cycles such as those associated with residential expansion at the urban rural fringe let's take a focus on the notion of vegetation phenology vegetation grows according to relatively predictable diurnal seasonal and annual phenological cycles obtaining near anniversary images greatly minimizes the effects of seasonal phenological differences that may cause spurious change to be detected in imagery when attempting to identify change in agricultural crops the analyst must be aware of when the crops were planted ideally monoculture crops for example corn wheat are planted at approximately the same time of the year on the two dates of the imagery a month lag date between fields of the same crop can cause serious change detection error here is a graphic that shows the example of vegetation phenological cycles along with landslide multispectral scanner images of one field during a during a growing season at the San Joaquin and Imperial Valley in California so this picture somehow speaks for itself and you can see the different stages for sugar beets cotton and alfalfa and it's got the corresponding multispectral scanner imagery along with it some of it is in as you can see in the color infrared false color combination and some in real color and also bear in mind that the multispectral scanner has an 80 meter pixel pretty large pixel and therefore this must be looking at pretty large fields of these crops furthermore for vegetation phenology and particularly for agriculture changes in row spacing and direction can have an impact on the change detection study these observations suggest that the analyst must know the crops biophysical characteristics as well as well as the cultural land tenure practices in the study area so that the most appropriate remotely sensed data can be selected for change detection so here's a dichotomous key used to identify progressive stages of residential development pointing at the urban suburban phenological cycles and the entire process of how this urban suburban interface is going to change is mapped out like a flow chart please take a moment to look at this process and knowledge of these types of processes is what a domain expert brings to change detection in remote sensing so somebody who has experience and knowledge of the phenomena that is being examined is critical to have a successful remotely sensed data based detection study a change detection study so here's just a visual example of how you have a residential development near denver colorado and how the land cover is changing between two dates in 1976 and then later on in 1978 and this process is now automated in geographic information systems was done more so by hand at that time but you get the basic idea the same kind of mapping and change detection is now done with digital technology the selection of a change detection algorithm is an important consideration as well in this course we will not focus on the different types of change detection algorithms you just need to be aware of the general types of change detection algorithms that exist and this is a topic for yet another course in remote sensing to dig into the details of these algorithms and so the selection of an appropriate change detection algorithm is very important and firstly it will have a direct impact on the type of image classification to be performed if any secondly the selection of the change detection algorithm will dictate whether important from to before and after change information can be extracted from the imagery and many change detection projects require that from to information be readily available in the form of maps and tabular summaries here is a listing of a few of the change detection algorithms that are used for change detection studies and these include multi-date composite image methods image algebra methods which is band differencing and band ratioing post classification comparison binary mask applied to date two ancillary data source used as date one spectral change vector analysis chi-square transformation cross correlation visual on-screen digitization and other knowledge-based vision systems so here is one possible way where you can visualize changes that have occurred in a scene so here we have two black and white images so the first one is taken from the nap program the national aerial photography program it's a black and white image with a two and a half by two and a half meter pixel taken in 1994 and then we have another air photo taken from the cams instrument which is also in roughly the same spectral region again it's a panchromatic black and white image also with the same spatial resolution and if you look at both of these images in one display that is you put the the cams image the image taken at a later time to the red gun and you take the image taken from the before time to the green gun and you don't have any color gun assign assignment for the blue gun and if you look at that image display you can immediately tell the red features are pertaining to the image taken in 1996 and the greenest features are the images taken in 1994 and you can visually begin to discern the changes that have taken place because they are showing up in red from the later image so then there are image algebra change detection methods as well it is possible to identify the amount of change between two rectified images by band ray showing or image differencing image differencing involves subtracting the imagery of one date from that of another so if the two images have almost identical radiometric characteristics that is the data have been normalized or atmospherically corrected in a similar manner and the subtraction results in positive and negative values in areas of radiance change and zero values in areas of no change the results are then stored in a new change image when eight bit data are analyzed in this manner the potential range of difference values can be found in the range of negative 255 to positive 255 and the results can be transformed into positive values by adding an appropriate constant the constant will never be greater than 255 but it just depends on the particular case that what constant you would choose to make sure that all the numbers in the change image get to be positive here is an example of image differencing for change detection so we have a spot panchromatic image over here on par pond in south carolina taken in 89 in april 89 and another one taken in october 89 and by taking the difference of these two images we can begin to see and map the water lily growth that took place in this time period by looking once again at the difference image another method to quantify the changes that have taken place over a period of time using remotely sensed imagery is the post classification comparison change detection post classification comparison change detection is a heavily used quantitative change detection method it requires the rectification and classification of each remotely sensed image the two maps are then compared on a pixel by pixel basis using a change detection matrix unfortunately every error in the individual date classification map will also be present in the final change detection map therefore it is imperative that the individual classification maps used in the post classification change detection method be as accurate as possible here is a graphic that shows the post classification comparison in a change detection study so we have images taken at two dates let's say you have two multi-spectral images at date one and date two both of them have undergone similar pre-processing and then both of them are distilled into a land cover map for date one and a land cover map for date two and from these two land cover maps you can come up with a change map and a change detection matrix as we will see in the subsequent slides so here are two case studies for post classification comparison and change detection so one is for kittridge south carolina between 1982 and 1988 and the other is for fort moltree also in south carolina for 1982 and 1988 and here are the two landsat images that were used in this study in the next step we can see that both the before and after images for both of those these two study areas have been developed into a classified land cover map as shown by getting a difference image between the classified maps we can identify areas of change in both of these two study areas as you can see from this graphic so by looking at the two land cover maps the before and after land cover maps for each one of the study areas you can construct a change detection matrix by which you can quantify the land cover change that has occurred so you can see that in the in the columns in the vertical direction we have the before image 1982 image land cover characteristics listed over here and then in the rows or in the horizontal direction we have the after image 1988 and the land cover class is developed from the the after imagery and then we can see that in the diagonal elements is where there is no change that where you had developed land in 1982 and you still have developed land in 1982 but you can also begin to quantify the changes where you had a particular class in 1982 and we can see that that class has changed into other classes in 1988 so please take a moment to look at this change detection matrix such that it gives you an idea on how land cover change is quantified using this method here we have a simplification of a change matrix to look at the post classification comparison change in a change detection study so you can see that the initial state is the year 2000 and the final state is the year 2007 the diagonal elements represent no change what was initially water is still water along the diagonal elements but the off diagonal elements show you the change that happened from one class to another class and please take a look at this matrix to try to understand the logic of it sometimes for change detection studies using an ancillary data source as date one ends up being very convenient and useful and effective so sometimes there's a land cover data source that may be used in place of a traditional remote sensing image in the change detection process so for example the us fish and wildlife service conducted a national wetland inventory nwi of the united states at a one is to 24 000 scale some of these data have been digitized and in fact most of these have been digitized at this date and are available on the internet so instead of using a remotely sensed image as date one in a coastal change detection project it is possible to substitute a digital national wetland inventory map of the region as the initial state in this case the nwi map is recoded to be compatible with the classification scheme being used and next date two of the analysis is classified and then compared on a pixel by pixel basis with date one information using post classification comparison methods the traditional from to information then can be derived in a change matrix so here's a graphic that shows change detection using an ancillary data source as date one it could be the national wetlands inventory map but it could also be the nlcd the national land cover uh database or could be some other remote sensing product that is standardized in a particular community and that can very well be used for date one such that for date two you can have your remotely sensed imagery from which you derive a classification map and then you can compare the before and after effectively there's another advanced method to look at changes in a study area using remotely sensed imagery and this is known as the spectral change vector analysis so when a land undergoes change or disturbance between two states its spectral appearance normally changes so for example consider the red and near infrared spectral characteristics of a single pixel displayed in a two-dimensional feature space so what i have done is if you look at this diagram in black up on the top left i have created this in e-cognition in which i have mapped uh the red image the red image along the horizontal and the near infrared image along the vertical and this has plotted out the points according to the different classes in the image so red is urban and i hope you can see that we can put a straight line or a vector that can best approximate the red distribution which is these the distribution of these points is representing the urban class now if i take this image at a later time and let's say the urbanity has increased or decreased then this net total average slope of all of these red pixels is going to change and that allows for a very effective method of change detection that is known as spectral change vector analysis so so it appears that the land cover associated with this particular pixel has changed from date one to date two because a pixel resides at a substantially different location in feature space on date two feature space simply means plotting a graph between one layer of a multi spectral raster versus another and the vector describing the direction and magnitude from change from date one and date two is known as a spectral change vector so once again i hope you can visualize this for the red points up here on this graph that represents urbanity but then you you also have the dark green that represents forests and you have nearly almost a vertical line through it then you have the light green points that represent pasture and you could put a line through it that has a negative slope and right in the corner and near the origin you can see the water pixels and you could also put a straight line through it with some kind of an average slope that best fits those points as well so i hope looking at this graphic over here that i have constructed in e-cognition helps you visualize the basic concept of the idea of spectral change vector analysis there is also another advanced change detection algorithm that is known as the cross correlation change detection and this makes use of an existing date one digital land cover map and a date two unclassified multi spectral data set the date two multi spectral data set does not need to be atmospherically corrected or converted to percent reflectance and several passes have to be made through the data sets to implement the cross correlation change detection and i just want you to be aware of this possibility we will not be getting into the details of this course and this should give you an idea of some fundamental techniques that are used for looking at change detection using remotely sensed data if you have any questions or comments please post them in the general question and comments discussion for this lesson thank you


وأقول في القرآن ما جاءت به آياته فهو الكاريم المنزالو وأقول قال الله جل جلالوه والمصطف الهدي ولا أتأوالو الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على عبد الله ورسوله نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته كل محب is due for Allah alone and we ask Allah to exalt the mention in grant peace to our messenger Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم to his family and his companions Welcome to another installment in this short course brought to you by المدرسة العمارية on the topic of the Muslim family In this video I would like to do something a little bit different first of all what I want to do in this video is kind of to finish up the previous discussions to kind of tidy up any unfinished things that we had mentioned that we hadn't gone into detail or a hadith that I had mentioned or آيات that I had mentioned and I had said we will deal with this later on there were a few of them as I was going back through the videos so I gathered them together and I added a few more also from other sources so Insha'Allah it's a little bit about just finishing up our discussion and concluding our discussion on the original topic which we talked about briefly the Muslim family and then marriage the characteristics of the husband and the characteristics of the wife so we just finishing up and concluding what we had spoken about but I wanted not only to conclude but also to make this a little bit more interactive and what I'm going to do is for every hadith or آيات that I mentioned I'm going to ask you to pause the video and for you yourself or the people who are watching at home with you to discuss and to think about where this hadith or the آيات fits in in terms of the discussion that we have had in the previous sessions and try to understand some of the benefits that can be taken from it and then I will tell you where I think it fits in and some of the benefits I took from it and when it comes to taking benefits from hadith and آيات is very possible that you're going to think of benefits from these آيات and آيات that I didn't think of and that's absolutely fine Insha'Allah so nothing to worry about if you come up with slightly different answers as long as they are insha'Allah broadly within the meaning of the hadith or broadly valid So we're going to start insha'Allah with our first hadith عن آيشة رضي الله عنها قالت قادم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من غزوة تبوك أو خيبر وفي سهوتها ستر فهبت ريح فكشفت ناحية الستر عن بنات لعائشة لعب فقال ما هذا يا عائشة قالت بنات وراء بينهن فرس له جناحان من رقم من رقاع فقال ما هذا الذي أرى وسطهن قالت فرس قال وما هذا الذي عليه قالت جناحان قال فرس له جناحان قالت أما سمعت أن لسليمان خيلا لها أجنحة قالت فضحك حتى رأيت نواجدها Our first hadith is a hadith of our mother Aisha رضي الله تعالى عنها وارضاها In which she said the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم And this hadith by the way is narrated in Sunan Abi Dawud That the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم came from غزوة تبوك أو غزوة خيبر And in the store area the area where Aisha used to store her things There was a curtain covering the store room or the store cupboard the store area where Aisha used to keep her things And a wind blew the curtain away so it exposed some of the things that were in the cupboard And one of the things that it showed the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم it caught his eye Is that there were some figures or dolls that belonged to Aisha that she was playing with some toys that she was playing with Now here we want to be very clear and we're going to mention in شاء الله تعالى In a subsequent hadith to be really clear here that this is not the permissibility of keeping all kinds of things with faces And Barbie dolls and you know things like that that's not the meaning here And we're going to hear very clearly in a subsequent hadith the limits and the restrictions that exist on this But what we say is in شاء الله تعالى and the sort of balanced opinion on this is that what Aisha had is She had very rough sort of rag doll kind of figures without faces without proper facial features And these dolls they belonged to Aisha she would play with them or she used to play with them before And the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said what are these or Aisha she said these are my my banat Banat means my daughters my dolls and in the middle of them there was a horse And the horse it had two wings made of leather The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said what is that I see in the middle of the of the dolls She said it's a horse he said what's this on the horse she said it's got two wings The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said a horse with two wings a horse with two wings She said didn't you hear that soley man had horses with wings She said the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم لفت and when we say he laughed it means that he smiled Because he never laughed out loud صلى الله عليه وسلم didn't make noise when he laughed He smiled or he laughed until I saw his molar teeth I saw the back of his teeth So the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم here he smiled when he heard what Aisha said رضي الله تعالى عنها Pause the video and ask yourself where does this hadith fit into our discussion Is it ideal husband ideal wife Muslim family what the general topic of marriage or the concept of marriage in Islam Where does it fit in and what are some of the benefits in on the topics we've been discussing As it relates to the Muslim family that you can take from this hadith So إن شاء الله تعالى you pause the video and إن شاء الله تعالى you had a good think about that I actually first of all put this hadith the topic of the ideal husband Because to me it just shows the excellent way the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم used to be with Aisha And with all of his wives صلى الله عليه وسلم و رضي الله عنهن مي الله بي please with them All in مي الله ازوجل اكساط the mention of grand peace to our messenger محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم It's a beautiful way that Aisha رضي الله عنها How she used to be how the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم used to be with her So you see the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم here First of all not everything is serious we know the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم had a very very In fact no one had a more serious and a more weighty and a bigger responsibility in their role in life Than our messenger محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم But still he asked Aisha was this was this in the middle And then he had that kind of soft and almost a little Not even a joke I think the word joke can be misunderstood Because a lot of times people lie when they're joking and things But that kind of light hearted conversation with Aisha when he says Does a horse have two wings and she said don't you didn't you hear that Soleyman had horses with wings is very very beautiful discussion And a very very beautiful example of interaction between husband and wife As for the issue of toys and dolls I think this is something we have to delay and discuss When it comes to the issue of children But we're just going to broadly mention it in case you don't catch the subsequent videos And maybe somebody gets confused Then we're just going to summarize it and say it's not allowed to have pictures in the house Of living things i.e. animals, human beings and so on It's not allowed to have dolls or statues or anything like that However it is permissible for a young Muslim girl to have some rough shaped dolls Which could be like rag dolls or like dolls made of wool That don't have proper facial features We definitely don't want anything that resembles the kind of Barbie doll kind of thing Which is very sort of realistic has facial features and so on But the kind of things that people would call rag dolls and so on And part of the benefit of that is first of all They don't have any facial features so they don't resemble the creation of Allah And secondly they serve a purpose as it relates to Tarbiyah As it relates to bringing up the children And developing certain characteristics within them Particularly for the young Muslim girl We're going to get into that when we talk about children But we just wanted to clarify here so that somebody didn't misunderstand And maybe didn't catch the subsequent videos And that's going to become clear إن شاء الله تعالى in our next حديث It's another حديث from Aisha رضي الله عنها تقول دخل علي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقد سترته سهوة لي بقرام فيه تمثيل فلما رأىه هتكه وتلونا وجهه I'll translate the first bit first and we'll get to the second bit Aisha رضي الله عنها she said that the messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم Came into my home, came into where I was And I had covered a shelf that I had with a curtain On which there were images And the interesting thing here is the other روايات Explain that the images were horses with wings The images were horses with wings So it seems that Aisha رضي الله عنها That was something that she liked generally in terms of And we know the history of the Arabs and the horses And the love they had of horses She had pictures of horses with wings on a curtain Now the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم remember Allowed her to keep the doll And Al-Hafid Ibn Hajar رحم الله تعالى Mentioned that this was quite late In the life of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم After Ghazwa al-Tabuk or Khaybar So it wasn't something early in the days of Medina He allowed her to keep that rough-shaped Horse with wings that wasn't realistic That didn't have all the facial features He allowed her to keep that صلى الله عليه وسلم But when he saw this picture of a horse with wings He ripped it down And his face changed The color of his face The color of his face changed The Hadith continues And he said يا عائشة أشد الناس عذابا عند الله يوم القيامة الذين يضاهون بخلق الله قالت عائشة فقطعناه فجعلنا منه وسادة أو وسادتين He said يا عائشة The people who are going to be the worst in punishment On the day of resurrection Are those people who compete with the creation of Allah عائشة said We cut it up and we made from it A pillow or two a cushion Or two cushions or a pillow And two pillows Where does this Hadith fit in? The ideal husband The ideal wife The concept of marriage Where does it fit in? What are some of the benefits you're going to take? Pause the video or have a think So Insha'Allah You've had a chance to think about that one Insha'Allah Where I put this in Is I actually put it into Almost all the categories But definitely the ideal wife And the ideal husband On the topic of the ideal wife There are two points that I take from this First of all She saw the face of the Prophet's isam change And this is an amazing characteristic For her wife to have That she knows her husband's mood Even by looking at him That she doesn't even need to Hear him say something And we know the Prophet's isam tore it down But we've seen many narrations And different Ahadith that indicate That they used to see the anger Of the Prophet's isam in his face So Aisha she used to know And likewise The Prophet's isam Used to know When Aisha was upset As we have in another Hadith That he said That he knew when Aisha When she became upset Because when she became When she was happy with him That she would say That I swear by The Lord of Muhammad I swear by Allah I swear by the Lord of Muhammad And when she was upset with him She would say I swear by the Lord of Ibrahim So look at how The husband and wife Know each other From even sort of gestures Or indications Even just the look on a face Even just a subtle word That is used They know each other from that They know each other from that So I feel that is extremely important And it's a great A beautiful characteristic for a husband And a wife to have To know each other And to know when someone is upset Even from small gestures And small Small actions And the way they look on their face Also her obedience to the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam The fact that She took it down The Prophet's isam Of course She will obey the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam As a Prophet No doubt That He didn't like it He wasn't happy with it And of course Him not liking it Was a religious matter It was a revelation From Allah سبحانه وتعالى But even a normal situation That a wife sees a husband Doesn't like something And she made from it A cushion Or she made two Cushions from it So it comes under that as well Also from the characteristics Of the ideal husband We can take from it And we mentioned this generally In topic of the Muslim family The importance of commanding And forbidding Evil And that the Prophet Didn't leave it He didn't let it go He didn't You know Just say that Oh it doesn't matter We'll deal with it later She's young You know She likes horses With wings Just let it be Instead He's Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam Took it seriously And he made sure That he established The good in his household And that he forbade the evil In his household Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam And that's an example That's an example For all of us A Hadith I'm the Hadith from I'm the Aisha This one In Bukhari The Muslim About Aisha That she said She came to a mosque To pray for a night On a day In the mosque So I prayed To the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam And I put my head On his head And I made I made I made I made I made I made I made I made I made I made And I looked At them The Abyssinians came And they were displaying Their military prowess You know Kind of like a military display On a day of aid In the masjid So the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam Called me And I put my head On his shoulder And I started To watch them playing Because they were doing it As an entertainment As a play But also It was of a benefit لأنه كان لديهم ملتراحة، لأننا نرى في الثلاثة نورة أنهم كانوا تلعبون مع سبير حتى أنه كان لدينا من يقرأ أننا لدينا مستوى وراء أننا نرى أن نرى them هذا هو الثلاثة نورة، سنرى الثلاثة نورة والله لقد رأيت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقوموا على باب حجرتي والحبشة يلعبون بحرابهم في مسجد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يستوروني بلدائه لكي أنظر إلى لاعبهم فلقد Then she said that I saw the Messenger of Allah trig'an at the door of my apartment and the Armenians were playing with their spears in the message of the Messenger of Allah and he was covering me with his ridat the ridat is the garment which goes over the shoulder you know like when you wear that haram and you have the bottom part in the top part the one that goes over the shoulder so any garment that you wear like that أن المسيح يردون على أعلى أخوه يدعم رداءه. أنه يتكبرها لكي يستطيع أن يفتغله ثم يقوم من أجلي فهي كان يقوم من my sake حتى أكون أنا التي أنصرف إلى المال التي كنت أحبها أن أخذت حدًا من يحاول الوالج فاقضروا قدرة الجارية الحديثة السن حريصة على الله. يجب أن تذكر المحتوى المحتوى المحتوى of a young girl who is young in age and she is keen or she wants to be entertained she wants to have fun. Where do you think this Hadith falls into our discussion that we've had so far? Have a think about that one. So Insha'Allah you guys have had a think about it. Where I think it fits in is a beautiful Hadith in the characteristics of the ideal husband. And that is the prophet Sism gave Aisha time and he took care of her in terms of even her desire to have a little bit of fun to enjoy herself from time to time and one of the most beautiful things I think in this is the statement of Aisha ثم يقوم من أجلي He stood for me حتى أكون أنا التي أنصرف until it was me who made the decision to leave And you can imagine the prophet Sism is covering her, it's not, you know, he is tired, it's hard She's got her head on his shoulder, he's covering her with the garment that is over his upper body He's covering her with his upper garment And he's standing on his two feet صلى الله عليه وسلم For how long? He never says Aisha that's enough, now finish Aisha You know, it's enough for you, just go back He waited and waited and waited until Aisha said I've had enough Sometimes it's even alluded to the fact that Aisha actually stayed longer than she wanted to To see how the prophet S.A.W. would behave In other words, she waited to see that he was, it was a big thing to her That he was standing for her He was standing for her sake and she was a young girl You know, we said the prophet S.A.W. had great responsibilities The greatest responsibilities of any human being صلى الله عليه وسلم And yet he stood for entertainment, for something which was a play Something which was just, you know, yesterday as we said It was playing that was beneficial And this is always, whenever a Muslim entertains themselves Or plays, first of all, it must always be حلال And second of all, it should be something that is beneficial For example, if someone plays a sport And that sport keeps them fit, keeps them healthy Allows them to worship Allah Then that is The permissible kind of entertainment Which is, you're enjoying yourself, you're having a bit of fun But you're doing something that's beneficial The Abyssinians were throwing spears Which is a skill which you use in war So it was incredibly beneficial When they would join the Muslim army For them to have that skill But they were doing it in the Masjid As a bit of entertainment for the people to watch And there is no harm in that from time to time It's not something that happens every day And it's not that the prophet S.A.W. spent all day And all night entertaining Aisha رضي الله عنها Wanting to have fun and so on But he did, he saw that At the end of the day We've said that there are restrictions on Muslim women There's no doubt There are restrictions on Muslim men too Because our religion is a religion of Islam It's submission to Allah A.S Submitting to Allah A.S And therefore there are going to be Restrictions There are going to be things that Limit what we can do And so we should sometimes Even though we limit ourselves In what Allah has made permissible There's no harm sometimes In having a little bit of الله المباح Permissible entertainment A little bit of relaxation A little bit of fun And a husband taking care of his wife In that regard If he's going to say to her I want you to base yourself around the home I want you to be like The queen who is in the palace I want you to kind of take care of Those things and be responsible for them He still needs to give Consideration to the fact that Sometimes she wants to have a little bit of entertainment A little bit of fun But let it be حلال Let it be something Which is beneficial And let it be also Within Like not too frequent Let it be within the time Which is reasonable So that it doesn't overtake The more important matters And so on But if you look at How much the Prophet Took care of Aisha And how much he loved Aisha That he stood On his own feet In order for In order for Aisha to be satisfied In order for Aisha to be satisfied And perhaps he didn't want to watch Or he only wanted to watch For a short time But Aisha رضي الله عنها He stood for her من أجلها For her sake So this is a really beautiful description Of the characteristic of The Muslim husband And how he made Aisha feel That she said ثم يقوم من أجل Just for me he stood there And that is really A beautiful description Of how A husband should make His wife feel So we move on again To our Next Hadith So for our next Hadith is also the Hadith of our mother Aisha رضي الله عنها عن Aisha رضي الله عنها أنها كانت مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في سفر قالت فسابقته فسابقته على رجلي فلما حملت اللحمة سابقته فسابقني قال لهذه بتلك السبقة This Hadith is narrated In أبي دود سنة أبي دود فرعا ماذا Aisha رضي الله عنها She said I was with the Prophet In Some of his Journey One of his journeys She said I raised him And I beat him On my I raised him on my feet I raised him By foot Foot race And I beat him I won the race She said When I had put on weight Another time When I had put on weight I raised him And he beat me He won the race And he said هاذي بتلك السبقة He said This time I won Is to get you back Or to pay you back For the other time That you won Where do you think this Hadith Fits into our discussion Have a think So Inshallah You've had a think about it I think this again Comes into The ideal husband In terms of The way the Prophet Was with Aisha Playing with her We talked about the importance We talked about In the part of the Hadith When she entered When she came out When she came out We talked about the importance Of being playful With your family The Prophet Raised with Aisha But I'm not This is something Private between the two of them Not in front of The eyes of the people Or anything like that Had a race with Aisha The first time She won Because she was very young And she was very light And then When she had put on weight Because she had become older And the Prophet Took care of her She had put on some weight And then She raced with him And he won And he said And it was so sweet Though he said it To her He said that This is for that Like that See now I won Because you won The first time So now I won The second time And I just think That's how To talk In a sweet way To your wife To be kind To be friendly To be fun To be playful And again That shouldn't be The whole time In the sense that It shouldn't be That a man is never serious And that's why We talked about this Also in the When we spoke about إذا دخل فهد و إخرج أسد It's not right For the man to be like He's never ever serious And he's always You know He doesn't He's foolish And we spoke about it Also in the حديث أمزر عن من هو طباقه، فولش، سلي، و ليس صحيح و نحن نتحدث عنه، ليس كيف يجب أن يكون كل الوقت لكن بعض الوقت من الوقت that he takes that time to play with his wife to talk sweetly to his wife these are all beautiful examples from our messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم أول حديث عن اكرمة عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال إني لا أحب أن تزيّن للمرأة كما أحب أن تزيّن لي لأن الله عز وجل يقول ولهن مثل الذي عليهم This is narrated by Imam Al-Sunan Al-Kubra and it is an author from ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما He said that I love to adorn myself for my wife just as I love for her to adorn herself for me because Allah says ولهن مثل الذي عليهم that they have rights similar or equal to those that the rights that the husbands have over them so this actual author is mentioned in تفسير in the تفسير of the ayah ولهن مثل الذي عليهم بالمعروف and we've got this ayah is going to come إن صورة البقرة the ayah is going to come in our discussion on the rights of the husband and the rights of the wife so that's not an issue we're going to come to that but here I wanted to take this the action of ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما that I love to adorn myself to make myself look good you know it can be the way that he dresses it could be the way that he puts perfume the way that he takes care of his appearance for his wife because I want her to do the same for me and Allah said women have rights that are the same or that are an equivalent of the rights that their husbands have over them so if the husband has the right for his wife to dress up for him then she has the right for her husband to adorn himself and dress up for her and we said that this could come under the ideal husband or the ideal wife could put under either to be honest that the husband adorns himself looks good for his wife takes care of his appearance in front of his wife and likewise the reverse the wife looks takes care of herself in front of her husband and takes care of how she looks in front of her husband so that's actually all we have time for in this particular episode so we still have some أحادي لفص so we'll continue those in the next episode إن شاء الله تعالى continue to ask you guys to try and fit them in to where they go in the course and then إن شاء الله we can move on from there to discussing the contract of marriage and the essence of that contract and what it means that's what Allah إزوجال مدهيزي for me to mention and Allah knows best والصلاة والسلام علي بين محمد وعاله آله وصحبه أجمعي السلام عليكم if you're enjoying these videos and you'd like to keep up to date with all of the courses we're going to be running make sure you head over to amauathome.com