Welcome back everyone to theCUBE's live coverage here in Las Vegas on the show floor at SAS Explorer. Getting all the content, all the coverage from the news, the executive conversations. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante, our hosts here at theCUBE. We're constructing the civil noise. Next guest is J.F. Church, who's the CIO of SAS here on theCUBE to tell us how they're doing. Thanks for coming on. Grateful to be here guys, thank you so much. So digital transformation's happening. Okay, the cloud, next gen's here. Software's open source industry. AI just drops on everyone's lap from the past year. It's been around for a while. People have been doing machine learning. But now foundation models are here. Large data sets being reused, re-trained. A lot of innovations just flowering out. It's been an exciting time. And a lot of people are trying to figure out how do you let chaos reign? And then how do you reign it in? So, you know, it's a CIO. You're in the middle of it. Both as a CIO and SAS, a leader with a lot of data chops. Out there and with great news. So, take us through, what's on your mind? Ooh, well, I think first of all, the role of the CIO today is changed so much from what it's been over the last, call it five or 10 years, right? I think boards are looking for digital dividends now from the investments that CIOs are taking. I think that there's a lot out there about, obviously AI, the investment of AI, how to use that to best scale up human productivity and the decision-making process. And then I think a lot of companies now are turning towards how do we become more resilient? And how do you use data and AI to achieve that? So that's, honestly, that's a lot of what I do with every day and where I have to kind of engage with my board and my boss and my executive team. That resiliency push. Free pandemic, I mean, a lot of CIOs would tell me, yeah, we kind of had our DR plan was what our resilient business resiliency plan was. We learned fast that that wasn't enough and we rethought that. Did you experience that at SAS or with your colleagues in the industry? How did the sort of post-isolation economy, how was that different than sort of pre-COVID? Well, I mean, I think you're touching on something right now. It's incredibly uncertain times, right? We started off with COVID, running into financial geopolitical climate.  And so I think in the CIO communities that I participate in, we keep asking, what does it mean to be resilient? SAS is very curious by nature, it's in our DNA, and so we kicked off a study at the end of last year and end of this year to kind of ask CIOs, so executive leaders from large companies around the world and all major industries, what does it mean? And out of that, it was really interesting. There were a couple of things that were found. Number one, nine out of 10 as you would expect, lean into data, right? When they're trying to solve for uncertain times. Number two is 97% of those surveyed said, yes, absolutely, I got to have my business resilient and it's a CIO responsibility, but only 47% said, yeah, I'm actually resilient. So there's this massive gap between perception and reality when it comes to being resilient. So we took that a step further and said, okay, what does it mean to be resilient? And we came up with five rules that we tried to take out all the CIOs through. And there's an assessment out there now that those that are watching might be interested in going and taking to see how resilient are you as compared to your peers. Those five came back to a couple of things, curiosity, right? Curious, he's got to be in your DNA. Number two is you've got to have a data culture, data first mindset. Number three is you've got to have speed and agility in how you run your business. Number four, you've got to drive innovation.  So thinking about the ethical use of data and how you use data-led insights into drive innovation. Now, I understand it correctly. You have a dual role. You're sort of an internal service provider to SaaS employees, but also you're an operator of the SaaS cloud. Is that correct? That is correct. Okay, so how do you divide your time there? Sales guys must be dragging you out all the time to talk to customers. How do you sort of balance your time? Yeah, I mean like saying earlier, right? The CIO role is very different than it was in days of old, right? So I still carry the burden to operate. I still carry the burden to have cost containment as we continue to grow. But I also have a commercial responsibility to the company. So thinking about the role of the operator in our cloud. So everywhere we choose to distribute our analytical property to our customers and maybe the cloud is my domain, if you will, every day. It's fun. I get to embrace how they're using our technology. We get to innovate together. And then I also get to bring that voice to the operator back to our R&D organization and talk to them about, well, we should improve this or that. The other thing, because I run IT for our shop, I get to see how others in the market do it. And if I see somebody that's out there that's doing something really interesting, maybe I'll bring that back and say, hey, we should consider something like that for ourselves as well. So I think it's a great voice that kind of continues on every day in our R&D roadmap. And again, it's really fun for me to get out and participate in the industries that we serve. We've obviously, over the years, we've seen the shadow IT, we saw shadow big data, we saw shadow cloud. Are we not seeing as much shadow AI because it's such a dangerous weapon or are we seeing the same old story? Same old story. There's shadow AI everywhere. I hate to say it. I mean, different CIOs take different vectors at how do they solve for this. My philosophy has always been, look, I'm a service provider. I'm going to enable my partners internally to do what they need to do to run their business. I want to embrace what they're doing for their business to make them successful. And of course, as you would expect from a company like SAS, we're going to empower AI in every one of those divisions, right? So in those cases, absolutely, there's shadow AI going around. I like to think I've got enough guardrails and hopefully safety nuts around it to protect us. Because typically what's happened is that it's the Wild West and then you're called to clean it up. The board in this corner office is, all right, we got to get control here.  Well, I think part of it, SAS. I mean, at the end of the day, I'm providing AI to some AI, the best AI experts in the world, right? So they have a good mindset around how to do it safely and securely. I still have to bring enough, I'll say border patrol to the table, right? To make sure that it's working well. And the other thing that's really interesting is generative of being on such a hype cycle right now. It's on top of mind for everybody. We've done a good job putting out our guidelines, our principles for how to do that responsibly at SAS. And so while we push a policy, I try to, and again, kind of create the capability to deliver it. And then we just excite the curiosity that is at SAS. Jay, I want to ask you because you're on both sides of the equation at SAS as an employee and a CIO, you kind of have to, you have peers out there that don't have that luxury of sitting in with all the brain trust at SAS talking about data, protecting it, managing it, making developers develop on it, app factory. I mean, basically putting data as a programmable, useful, now intellectual property-based system. It's pretty compelling. AI's going to be at the heart of that. Absolutely. So one of the things that I think about all the time is can your business operate at the speed of data, right? And so how do I as a CIO and responsibility to provide that service to the company make sure that we have good data hygiene, we create and present it in a way that can be consumable, that we can then drive the artificial intelligence aspirations of the division partners that we have. So my next question is, okay, let chaos reign and reign in the chaos. That's Andy Groves' famous quote from Intel. And that's how innovation happens. And so we want to be stoking some innovations, but you also want to put guardrails.   But it protects.  How do you not put a wet blanket on the innovation fire? Because right now it's highly frothy, enthusiastic, confidence is getting there day by day. Compliance could slow things down. Legal could slow things down. Operational dogma could slow things down. CIOs could get their hands in a lot of that. One's out in the world. How do you get around that? That's right. So a couple of things. One, not all CISOs report to the CIO, I have that opportunity. So I've got our chief information security officer at night table every day talking through how we enforce and how we protect. Number two is SAS is the most trusted brand in AI and analytics in the world. It took us 47 years to acquire that. It can take me one day to reach to lose it. So that is always top of mind. Now we try to create secure enclaves for innovation to occur. So we want to make sure again, as you're saying, I'm not a wet blanket against an idea or creative spark that happens anywhere in the company. So we allow them to do their jobs in the areas of exploration. And then as that innovation matures, we do start to apply a little bit of policy and standardization around it. And of course there's always those last checks before we would ever take it to market. Does CISO reports to you? He does. And that's a unique experience, right? We know a lot of the peers that I speak with, they kind of sit shoulder to shoulder or sometimes that CISO sits outside and maybe even a legal organization, we wanted to bring it close to the technology, right? There's a responsibility of securing the technology, but also as you were saying, not stopping innovation because we know the technology is the heartbeat of our business. How do you, what do you think the best way is to manage the sort of inconsistencies and wide margin of error that you see with large language models like ChatGPT? How are you advising your firm and what are your colleagues doing there? So I think we have to appreciate what large language models can do for us. Amazing. Absolutely and incredibly transformative. I think that the workforce productivity side and all the internal science experiments that all of us CIOs are doing right now is fascinating. We want to continue to encourage those experiments. We need to do it with safety in mind. We need to understand that an eloquent answer doesn't necessarily mean that it's right and then we need to figure out again how we use that as a force multiplier for our workforce. I think what we're trying to do at SAS is take that a step further and think about how we imply the data science, the math, the things that have made SAS so successful for so long, combining it with large language models and bring that forward. At the show earlier today, we were really hyped up. We talked a lot about what we're doing around digital twins as an example and synthetic data. I think those are feeders into this and I think SAS is really, really poised to take advantage of this incredible excitement that is the adoption curve of General AI. So when you had this world of PC, PC software, it was pretty constrained and then we networked it and it got to the client server and then the cloud and mobile. I mean, it dramatically reduced the cost associated with building software and now you're seeing Gen AI come in. How does it compare in terms of the productivity impact with some of these previous cycles? I mean, based on your experience so far, like you said, you're running a lot of science experiments, how should we think about quantifying that? Is it you can get to an MVP in weeks instead of months or years or maybe not years, but months? You don't need a two pizza team, you can do one pizza team. How could we think about the quantified impact of AI and LLMs on software development? On software development, it's still early innings. I think the co-pilot model is fantastic. Most of the firms we're talking to about the benefit and the speed of an individual, so one developer productivity enhancements approaching 30 to 40% and you saw a great demo of it earlier on the main stage, we showed a chance where you could click right on a generative button in your IDE and it would produce the next bit of code that you want, still have a human in the loop, you still got to verify it. The great thing on code is the compiler's the ultimate check. It'll tell you if it works or not, it doesn't necessarily tell you if there are bugs in it or if it has the intended approach, but there is a gut check. That's a little different than on the creative side. I mean, so much of the chat TPs of the world, it's so focused in on creative, it's a little different on the code side. So I think you're going to see much more real world applicability there and we've got some great science experiments going on in our own R&D organization for that right now. Some teams 100% they're only allowed to code with a co-pilot experience. Okay, the data science, they report to you? No, so we have the center of data and analytics inside of SAS, so how we run our enterprise is a part of our enterprise solution, but the data science is Udo and the team out there in the field every day, that's all part of our R&D organization. So I have to ask you, we saw the security model shift to shift left, developers get in the code in the pipeline, right at point of it coding, you can implement policies and guardrails, so in fact the guardrails again, that was a good thing. Security thought in the beginning of the process, data is now coming in the same thing. So security we hear, software supply chain, security supply chain, data supply chains come up in the cube here today. What do you think about that concept of data supply chain? Where did that data come from? Where's it going? How is it being used? That's kind of an IT problem and a security problem and a compliance, potentially legal problem. It is. I mean, a lot of moving parts there. You're exactly right. So we think a lot about data hygiene. So again, the data sources, any of the work that makes it to a place where we feel like, hey, this is now usable for the enterprise, all the governing body over the data, the data dictionary, all the transparency around where it goes. That's our responsibility to feed the curiosity of the company. How they use that data, model against it, and then obviously output a model from it, that's really where the power of eye comes into play. So that capability, there was a talk today about the cards, those cards showing you exactly where that data originated, how it transformed, what it was combined with to ultimately get you to an output. That explainability is incredibly important and as you tie it back to generative. Because at that point, now you've got a question, okay, well how did you come up with that answer? Not just the speculative output of predicting the next word, but now coming back around to what data actually fed it. And that's beautiful segue back to the security shift left. Now the data is shifting somewhere because the developers are coding in line with data. So now that all has to be explainable, generative in a positive way, be native to the application.  Developers on this side with the workbench and the app factor. Bookended, yeah. Okay, that validates what we've been saying and we coined the term the rise of the data developer. We're starting to see a developer persona emerging. You guys, for the first ones to have it on slide, vast data was the first storage company to call out in their marketing, the data developer persona. So anyway, a whole nother person is emerging in the data world. How do you see that? Do you agree? I totally agree. We'll give you a full credit and copyright response. But we absolutely agree. We're up against everything. And we have to cultivate that curiosity. Otherwise, how else do we gain, again, more traction adoption and usage of the platform? If we make it hard for the users and we won't ever get the outputs that the industries that we serve demand. So we absolutely agree with you on it. The data business, the world's changed. It's interesting times. What's the biggest challenge you're facing right now and advice you'd give to folks watching? Because you're in a role that's super important because you're setting the agenda, you're managing existing operations. But you also want to create an environment for your organization to accelerate business transfers and create creativity. Yeah. I mean, there are a few things to keep me up at night. Number one, because the CISOs with me, it's security, right? I got to get that right every day. I think number two, obviously the IT role of cost containment, especially Phenops, when you think about large language models running in a public cloud setting, how do you control that expense? So I've got to get that right. That's kind of earning the right to be there the next day, right for me. And then I think the last one is all around data culture, a data first mindset, and then driving data literacy throughout the company. At SAS, I have a privilege that that's just part of our DNA. I know many of my industry peers, I know many of the customers that we serve struggle with that. The data scientists are still kind of in a corner and there's not a appreciation for how data-driven insights can really empower your company. And ultimately make you resilient if you apply it the right way. So that is absolutely something that I continue to push and encourage. And I think my CIO peers out there, hopefully would nod their head in agreement, and say, you know, that is a responsibility that we shoulder now as kind of the modern CIO, if you will. You know, it's interesting. We've seen a lot of stuff, Dave and I, over 13 years doing theCUBE, you know, agile, design thinking, everything. And it's all good, right? Now we're seeing an evidence on systems thinking. Platforms are more conversations around platforms. What's your reaction to that idea of systems thinking as a mindset? Because you can be data first, I agree, check. But data is now an operating system. Things are working together. Yeah, I think we're all moving closer to business outcome thinking, right? So if you, again, thinking about the end in mind, solutions and platforms being in the middle, something I'm a big fan of. We think a lot about AI-driven operations and self-healing in our applications, how they can take care of themselves. You know, in the old days, it used to be set up monitoring management, a couple of tripwires, and then the guys all of a sudden jumped on the bridge. You know, today we're thinking about those solutions and those applications. We want everybody who's writing those to be closer to them, obviously closer to the operating model. And of course we want those solutions to drive the business outcomes that our companies expect back to those digital dividends that our boards. And Brian Harris was on earlier, he talked about the AI lifecycle from question to decision. That's right. As a lifecycle, repeatable. Yeah, absolutely. I mean, that's something that we continue to encourage. But, and it's not just with the data scientists that we use or those data engineers as you're referring to as well. It's all the way across our entire enterprise. Jay, thanks for coming on theCUBE. Really appreciate your commentary and thanks for sharing the data here on theCUBE. Really appreciate it. Thank you guys. We're bringing the data, bringing the commentary and color commentary here on theCUBE. I'm John Furrier with Dave Vellante. Stay with us for more coverage here on the floor of the Stas Explorer after this short break.


Just as Nancy told us yesterday the Silver Lake is a magic place We have fun. We have joy. We enjoy the season in the sun And we have all fallen in love with the Silver Lake In China When we say something very very important we repeat it for three times so At this moment as the representative of the new horizon I'd like to say I love you Silver Lake. I love you Silver Lake. I love you Silver Lake


So let us, one is slope, other is slope of the graph. If I plot, look at it, similarly the physical significance of the slope as well as area for the other graphs as well. Let me show you how it is tangent. Suppose this is the, let's say A and B are the two points. And I want to represent a physical quantity in acceleration. Same logic, the small, small segments like this in that time interval. Okay, so if I need displacement like this, this point is 2 seconds, this is 3 seconds. Find out the displacement in the 3 seconds. In this kind of graph, you please stand here. So if a ball is slightly, it is more, but just for the problem, placement here. What is the answer? It's the infinite. So between, so total distance area, which is, that is 5 meters. I want to study it in a step by step. It doesn't stop there actually. Even acceleration can also vary. Okay, so suppose this is the plot. You can move it, which is what? See you understanding of just, right? Yeah. So if you, sorry, the acceleration is constant, then you will like, this area is a thin strip like that. Find out the area, this area is final velocity minus initial velocity. Simple. Okay. What is this? You will soon see my number. It will come in your train also. Access could be acceleration.


We're trying to construct IO from low-degree multilinear map. In fact, this is a soft merge between two papers where in the first paper, we achieve it from five linear maps using locality 5 PRG. And in the second paper, we in fact do from just three linear map or trial linear map using blockwise local PRGs. OK, I'll tell you what they are. So first, the goal here is to construct indistinguishability of fascation. We want to have this type of fascators that can compile a circuit into another one that have the same functionality, but now the compiled circuit become unintelligible. And here, by unintelligible, we mean that the fascate circuit should hide one bit of information. That is, which of the following two equivalent circuits is being fascated? By equivalent, we mean that the two circuits should have the same size two starways, or so they should have the identical truth table. And if that's the case, then we want a fascated circuit to be computationally indistinguishable. Even though this notion really hides only one bit of information, it turns out to be extremely powerful. A long line of work has shown that the IO with the addition of some mild assumption like one-way function can already imply almost all of cryptomania and beyond. And furthermore, it seemed to have created a new world of fastopia where there are many even more powerful tool like functional encryption succinct the goblin of tooling machines, et cetera. So essential question is how can we construct IO? And a very successful paradigm so far is to climb up the ladder of multilinear maps. And at the bottom of this ladder are cyclic groups without or with bilinear pairing that we all know and love that we know they have huge implication in cryptomania. When we try to generalize these cyclic groups to let them have higher degree pairing, and this will give us multilinear map. And multilinear map will enable us to do even more amazing things, the simplest example being that trilinear map will let us do four-party key exchange. And if you turn the knob of multilinear parity all the way up to polynomial degree, then you'll get IO and a fastopia. This is great. The only problem here is that, or the candidate construction of multilinear map so far, their security is far from what we would like them to have, as demonstrated in multiple attacks. Therefore, in this work, our starting point is to ask a different question. That is, what are the minimum objects that, in fact, imply IO? What is a high-degree multilinear map? They're very powerful. However, they're heavy to lift. And the hope is that maybe we don't need its full mighty power. And as a wise man once said, is that give me a point to stand and a lever, I can lift up everything. The idea here is perhaps we can lift up those high-degree multilinear map using just low-degree ones. And in order to do that, we need the help of local PRGs, which at the surface seems completely irrelevant. And at the same time, we're also trying to seek for weaker assumptions on those multilinear maps that we can base the security of IO on. With this paradigm in mind, let me quickly survey to you the history of IO construction through the lens of degree. The first generation of construction always use a polynomial degree multilinear map, or, in fact, the stronger variant of graded encoding schemes. Their security are often analyzed in the ideal model or used as strong Uber assumption, with some exceptions. Last year, I gave the first construction of IO based on just constant degree graded encodings with a simple DDH-like assumption called a joint SxDH. And to do that, for the first time, the local PRG came into the picture. And in this work, in the first paper, we first reduced the concrete constant degree needed all the way down to 5 using a locality 5 PRG. And also weakened the security assumption on the multilinear map to just SxDH. An important feature of this construction is that, for the first time, the degree of the multilinear map depends solely on the locality of the PRG and lay equal, whereas previous construction are not tight. However, even with this tightness, we hit a wall because locality 4 PRG simply do not exist. And therefore, in the second paper, we propose a new and relaxed notion of locality called block-wise locality. And we show that it still suffice for constructing IO and hence give us IO from tri-linear maps and the block-wise locality 3 PRGs. And at this point, we hit another wall, which is block locality 2 PRG unfortunately do not exist. And this bars us from constructing IO from just bi-linear maps. Before I move on, I want to mention that the first paper is concurrent with the work of Anans and Shahi. They also construct IO from degree 5 graded encoding schemes. However, their security analysis is more or less in the IDRO model, where we only rely on SxDH. So let me tell you more formally what we achieve. So this object of multilinear map allows us to really encode the ring elements in groups by putting them in the exponent. And I will use this bracket notation here, where the element encoded is in the bracket and the index of the group is in the lower right corner. Such encoding naturally supports homomorphic addition and subtraction and also allows us to test whether encoding encodes 0 or not. And the magic is really in the homomorphic multiplication that we can take encoding in different groups and homomorphically multiply together by encoding the target group of the product. And the degree of the multilinear map is exactly how many encodings that we can multiply together. In the case of trial linear map, we can multiply together just three encodings. What about the SxDH assumption? It's also very simple. It's basically requiring the basic DDH assumption to hold in each individual source group. Take any source group L. We want the encoding of the DDH tuple, AB and AB, to be indistinguishable to encoding of just random elements. And this should hold, even when the generator in all source groups are available. So the main theorem in the first paper says that we can construct IO from sub-exponentially secure SxDH assumption on degree D multilinear map with the help of a sub-exponentially secure locality DEPRG and the sub-exponential LWE. And note that here the degree of the multilinear map needed really equals to the locality. And the main theorem in the second paper basically says we can in fact swap off this locality DEPRG with this weaker block locality DEPRG. With these assumptions, now you can just plug in a locality five PRG to get IO from five linear map, plugging a block-wise locality three PRG to get IO from tri-linear map. So what are those block-wise local PRGs? Well, first let's us recall local PRGs. Well, they allow us to expand the seed towards pseudo-random output, which is a pre-normally longer. And we say a function has locality L if each individual output bit depend on at most L input bits. And there has been a long line of research studying what is the lowest locality we need for PRGs. Currently, for locality five, we have candidate construction, but for locality four, they do not exist. When we go to block-wise locality, as the name suggests, we're gonna swap each input bit with an input block, restricted to only containing logarithmic number of bits. Now a function has a block-wise locality L if each output bit depend on only L input blocks. Now that such a function can in fact have very high locality, actual locality, but it still has the special structure of being local with respect to the input blocks, and that's what we can exploit. So in the second paper, we gave preliminary study on block-wise local PRGs with a natural candidate being just used Goldberg's local function where input bits are replaced with input blocks. These functions are usually parameterized with a bipartite graph that has exactly degree L. And together with a set of predicates, one for each output bit. When you want to evaluate the Ith output bit, YI, you simply take the Ith predicate and evaluate the only set of input blocks that correspond to the neighbor of node I in the graph G. Okay, so these are very simple in the natural construction. What can we say about them? It turns out that when the locality is high enough, which is three or above, there exists those bipartite graphs that have very good expansion. And with this, we can show that there in fact exists block-wise locality three small bias generator. And we can show that this type of function, when you use a suitable non-degenerate predicate, they are assumed already to be one way and still the random using known assumption in the literature of local PRGs. And furthermore, we can show some harness amplification results. This is nice. And suddenly, when you go to block-wise locality equals to two. All these properties go away because they do not have, we do not have good graph with good expansion. And furthermore, it turns out that two recent works show that such PRGs do not exist, except to find a very, very tiny window of expansion that are not known to be sufficient for constructing IO. And I do not have much more time to delve into the block-wise local PRG. I think they are very, very natural primitive and deserve more study. But in the rest of the talk, our focus on giving you an idea of how we can construct IO from this very low-degree multilinear map with the help of those block-local PRGs. And I will only be able to give you some flavor or high-level idea of how this is done, okay? In order to do so that we will need to use go-to-run intermediate object, which is secret key functional encryption for computing this very simple computation of only degree D polynomials. And we need this scheme to have very good efficiency that we'll talk about shortly. And for short, our card on degree DFE, okay? Therefore, in the first step, we want to bootstrap from degree DFE all the way to IO, and this is the place where we need the help of those PRGs. And what we give is the first tight bootstrapping technique, which makes sure that the degree of the FE equals to the locality, or the block locality. And the key idea here is preprocessing. And then in the next step, we are implementing those degree FE that we need using exactly degree D multilinear map. And here again, for the first time, we give a tight FE construction where the degree of the multilinear map is exactly the degree of the function we want to compute. And the key idea here is to somehow recursively compose a very simple primitive functional encryption that computes only in the product, okay? I'll give you some high-level idea of how each step is done, and let's start with the first. So record that functional encryption are basically normal encryption scheme, but augmented with this capability of giving partial decryption keys. We can implement, we can encrypt messages as usual, but now additionally, we can give out partial secret key that are associated with some functional circuit. And when decryption with this partial decryption key, what you get is the output of the function or circuit evaluated on the encrypted message as opposed to the message itself. And the security guarantee is that still, cipher tags of two different sets of message should be indistinguishable, even if you are given with multiple secret keys as long as the outputs are the same, and therefore you cannot tell just simply by decrypting. It turns out that functional encryption are intimately connected with IO. As shown by three elegant work is that, give me one key functional encryption for the class of NC1, computing class of NC1 function, as long as it's compact, we can already construct IO. Here compact means that this FE scheme should be mildly efficient. That is encryption algorithm runs in time polynomial in the message length, which is necessary, but also somehow sublinearly in the size of the function to be computed. Therefore, we really just need to do bootstrapping of FE scheme to go from degree DFE to computing FE for computing NC1 functions. Here we need the degree DFE to have really, really good efficiency. That is, the encryption algorithm runs just linearly in the length of the message and completely independent of the size of the function. All right, so how can we do that? Let's illustrate the idea with the simple locality PRG and then later extend to block-wise locality PRG. So a natural idea already appeared in previous work is to use randomized encoding to reduce degree. What they were enabling us to take NC1 function F and represent it as an NC0 function denoted as RE of F. And the very useful fact to remember is that RE of F has very small degree, can be computed in degree four, in particular degree one in the input bits and degree three in the random bits. This is great because then hopefully we can just use the low degree FE to compute RE of F and it will be done. So let's see. Well here, in order to encrypt a ciphertext, or encrypt a message X, what we'll do is we take the degree DFE and encrypt it together with some randomness. And now, to give a secret key for function F, we just need to give a secret key for a function G that computes the randomized encoding. And the benefit is that because randomized encoding can be computed in degree four, now the degree of FE is just four. Well, of course it cannot be just so easy. It turns out that unfortunately compact nicks do not hold. Why? Because to encrypt the input, encryption will take time at least linear in the input length. Now the input contains the random table for computing the randomized encoding, which is at least as large as the size of the function as opposed to be sublinear. So we do not have compactness. Well to salvage compactness, the natural idea is to say that I will not directly encrypt the random tip it's on, but rather encrypt to the seed of a PRG so that later on in the function G it will first take the seed expanded to seal the random output and then compute the randomized encoding. Now believe me with the math is that with this change now encryption becomes sublinearly efficient. However the drawback is that the degree of the functional encryption goes up. Now it becomes three times the PRG degree plus one. Why? Because RE has degree three in the random bits. And these random bits are now computed using PRGs. And this is only bounded by three times the locality of PRG plus one and this is definitely not tight. To get tight FE bootstrapping our key idea is to do pre-processing. What do we mean? We would like to decompose this function G into two parts A and B. So that a part of the computation corresponding to function A can already be done at the encryption time and the ciphertext encrypts the output of function A. And therefore at the encryption time we only need to do the rest of the computation corresponding to function B. If this can be done then the degree of functional encryption decreases and hopefully that we will be able to bounded with the locality of the PRG. While the only constraint is that we must make sure pre-processing is going to be compact. That is the output of the function A is the sublinear in the function size. As otherwise you might well just compute the function G entirely and you don't need any degree anymore. And the challenge is exactly in doing pre-processing compactly and let's see a little bit why this is difficult. To look into the RE of F it can be expanded into a sum of monomials where each monomial will require multiplying together three output bits of the PRG. Since we're not making an assumption about the structure of the PRG in the worst case each output bit depends on L randomly chosen seed elements. And let's pretend that this simply requires multiplying those seed elements together and this will be the output bit. This is not really true but really helps us to see the challenge. Now to multiply three PRG output bits is requiring us to multiply together three times L randomly chosen seed elements. Well as you can intuitively judge is that multiplication between randomly chosen elements are very hard to pre-compute without quickly blowing up the size because there's not much you can do. There's no structure. So given this is difficult we ask the question what can we pre-compute them? It turns out what we can pre-compute is to multiply together PRG output bits that depend on the same random edges but two different seeds. Why? Because now in this huge product of different seed elements each of the column are in fact aligned. Therefore we can pre-compute the degree three computation between the same random edges cross different seeds and with those pre-computed monomials we can compute the product of PRG output using only the locality of the PRG. Well it turns out this observation is enough and with much work we can massage the function G we want to compute into this form and therefore enable pre-processing. I don't have time to go into the details please see the paper for more detail. And now let's just see that the weather this idea also extended to block locality and why block locality is enough. So the only thing that changed now is that instead of input bits we're working with input blocks and the first difficulty is that each output bit itself can no longer be computed by a low degree or degree L polynomial instead the degree can be way higher. So the first step of the pre-computation is that we're just gonna do the brutal way of compute all the monomials over elementing each of the block. And luckily because block size or logarithmic the blow up is controlled and can be handled. And with those monomials we can now compute each of the output bit using a degree L polynomial. And now the trick that we just talked about before with respect to local PRG come back to apply that we can pre-compute further the degree three computation over those pre-computed monomials and that will facilitate us computing the product of PRG outputs. Okay with the remaining I don't know how many minutes is that I'll try to give you, okay that's enough. I'll try to give you a very high level flavor of how to construct such degree DFE using exactly degree D multilinear map. Let's start with a thought process or we'll just only do this thought process that the only thing I want to compute is a degree D monomial. I want to compute X1 multiply all the way to XD while hiding the input X. The natural way that the first naive idea is that well I have multilinear map let me just encode these input bits or input elements using inside the different groups and the pairing will allow us to compute the product in the target group. And this word somehow suffices for the functionality but security completely falls apart. Why? Because those encodings really do not hide the input which can be actually fixed value. In fact we only assume SXDH or multilinear maps which only give you some security guarantee when the encoded values are random and this is certainly not true for input bits. So the approach in previous work is to have security we're gonna use some, they use the some cryptographic primitive in particular randomized encoding. Now they imagine that instead of getting encoding of the input bits you get encoding of a randomized encoding of those input bits for computing monomial. And then you can simply use pairing to compute the output. The problem now is how do I get to this randomized encoding? Previous work showed that it turns out you can leverage their structure to just use a simple functional encryption for computing in a product to get to this encoding of randomized encoding. The only problem is that the degree of the multilinear map over or needed will be two times the degree of the function as opposed to be exactly equal. So in order to shape of this degree of two is additional factor of two we really need to do computation with every pairing we need to the computation of the function as opposed to leveraging or computing any other cryptographic primitive. It turns out that our first and the very naive intuition is correct except that we need to use a better encoding and this encoding is just a functional encryption for inner product. By recursively composing it you can implement the first naive simple idea and there's no degree, waste of degree. Okay, so let me summarize. In this work with two papers the end message is that we can construct IO using trial and error maps and the blockwise locality 3 PRG. Now ahead of us is a very interesting fork with the question hanging above the head is do there exist trial and error map or not? If it does exist then our next destination is of Vastopia if not then we're still leaving the promised line. And thank you.


Live from Nice, France. It's theCUBE, covering Dotnext Conference 2017 Europe. Brought to you by Nutanix. Welcome back to theCUBE, I'm Stu Miniman. Happy to be joined by Wale Chawarib, who's with Warba Bank customer from Kuwait. Thank you so much for joining us. No problem, anytime. I mean, thank you very much for the hosting. Okay, so first set us up a little bit. Tell us about Warba Bank. How was the company, how large? Well, Warba Bank, basically, bank, which is seven years old now, the bank has been coming up into a very challenging market, small market, full of banks. So the bank has set the strategy three years back, is to go for digitization of the retail banking journeys, focusing on the core of the investment and the commercial banking. Okay, seven years, et cetera. I've interviewed some banks that are a hundred or hundreds of years old, very different when you talk about kind of the digital disruption that's going on. Before we get into a little bit, just tell us a little bit about your background, how long you've been with the bank? Well, I've been working into the IT industry, especially in information security for the past maybe 17 years. I've been handling the infrastructure roles for the past seven years. And I've been working into a financial sector, information security consultation, doing penetration testing, ethical hacking, secure checks, configuration, networking. This is the background for me. Okay, and you have infrastructure and information security management. Exactly. So security, of course, from a bank is pretty critical, but are you, so in IT is what it is? How do you fit in the organization? Right now, the information security is the number one top priority for the old financial sector, wherever they are, never, not in the Middle East only, it's everywhere. The attacking landscape and the implementation and how complex the infrastructure has gone makes the information security now very challenging. So basically, it's one of our key roles to secure the financial sector infrastructure, especially in World Wide.   Oh, this is a lot. You know, Geroz and Nakino this morning was talking about hackers and the like, so what percentage of budget gets spent on security and what are some of the main concerns that you have? Well, if you go with the international trends and the surveys, information security is taking most of the budgets for the IT right now because the, as I told you, the landscape of the attacking has been rising very much. The people have been very much aware about information security and news that are coming up every day. So basically, enterprises now are allocating a lot of budget for information security, but it's a bit challenging when it comes to banks in the size of World Bank. The priority for the information security, the priority for the cost effective solution, this is where you have to do the most effective choices when you are doing the implementation for technology. Okay, bring us inside, tell us a little bit about kind of your IT environment. Understand, looking at, you were the first customer of Nutanix in Kuwait, had been looking at them before, so what did it look like before?  I mean, before, it's not us only, it's everybody. It's everybody who was implementing the traditional way of implementing infrastructure, servers, storage, different technologies, complex networks. And that was the way till we joined World Bank. Things have been changing, we're looking to different strategy, digitization, and hit the market as soon as possible. Demands make the infrastructure information security something that need to be evolved, actually, in the implementation of the technology inside financial sector. So that's why we moved to a cloud-like platform where we have all of the flexibility of implementing workloads as much as we can, expanding it east to west, south to north. I mean, it depends on where do you really want to put your workloads, so with that direction, Nutanix have been looked for as a vendor from a strategical perspective. They were going into the same direction where everybody's looking at, and whenever we started to look at like the expanding of the infrastructure on the cloud level, they were there. So that's why the Nutanix have changed the infrastructure part when it comes to the implementation of infrastructure inside World Bank. And tell us about Nutanix expansion into your country. When did they get there? What kind of resources do they have? Well, we were the first customer in Kuwait. I think we are also the first later customer in the Middle East. The implementation was very much scoped because the technology was not really tested at that specific time, so we scoped in a very minor scope, tested, successful, then we started expanding that to go all the way to cover the infrastructure. Little bits and pieces still there, but I mean, we're going into the direction properly. Yeah, so how many nodes, what's kind of the scope of your environment? We're speaking of almost 30 nodes. How many clusters, how do you break that up? It's kind of three clusters mainly. So the implementation was being segmented properly, security adapted because I mean, when it comes to information security and we combine all your infrastructure in our boxes, security get more complex. So basically this is where you have to structure even when you are implementing hyperconverged infrastructure, you need to be very careful when you do segmentation for that. Okay, so you've been pretty aggressive rolling this out.   A lot of announcements came out kind of 5.5. Were there certain pieces that you were super excited about that you were kind of ready to roll out production? Maybe just talk a little bit about that. Well the thing, the keynote today was talking about the 5.5 version and the rolling out of new software basically integrated inside the Nutanix platform. For us, we are beta testers for most of it. So basically there was nothing much new about it for me especially or for World Bank because we've been testing that right now into our environment. We've been collaborating with Nutanix about the bugs, what need to be fixed and stuff like that. So I mean the, I think pretty much the strategy of the 5.5 and today we had a one-to-one meeting about the coming strategy again. It's very much aligned with, if you are going for digitalization, the strategy is aligned. Were there any special features in 5.5 that you know, jumped out at you or just is it the whole platform? Well the com is very bit interesting. The micro segmentation, implementation of the security of the infrastructure is very much interesting. The expansion for the insights inside the infrastructure because I mean that specific thing if you look for other vendors who can provide the same services basically it need third party integration and you'll see some other people are looking at infrastructure. I mean Nutanix, when they look at it they said okay we provide everything so why don't we give that? So they give the insights where you can do the production for the machine learning for the server performance. This is pretty impressive. All right, well what you talked about going forward what more, what are you looking for for Nutanix either new functionality or kind of expansion? Well I mean the now because we are beta testing the com and this is the first stage for the DevOps implementation getting people in the automation era. Basically this is where they need, I'm looking for from Nutanix to start implementing, to start getting stacking the DevOps cycle, the application life cycle management right from the provisioning till the application production pushing the deployments rolling it back, I mean I'm expecting that this is to happen maybe like in two years that's supposed to be it. I mean with the vision I can see that has to be it. So you mentioned micro segmentation is there anything else with your security hat on? How does Nutanix make things easier for you? Well basically when they start working on data trust encryption that makes a lot of leverage for the information security because basically in a standard implementation once data has been rested on the disk now you need to secure it, you have to apply your encryption and you have to see the comparability with the hardware or the software. I mean these people have been integrating the data on rest encryption along with their framework so basically you don't have to get into all of the struggle when you're looking for data trust encryption. Even during the data transfer encrypting the data has been there so I think the 5.5 is going to make a big change. Okay well you told me that this is the second time you attended the other European show in Vienna last year. What brings you back to the show? What do you get out of it? If you tell your peers that haven't come why should they come to an event like this? I mean the change, the thing we've been seeing in last year, the implementation and the vision and when you look at the, this is a post like 365 days and when you look at that 365 days you'll see a lot of people planning and they can see the strategy and they're moving towards it, they are achieving. So that makes the, I mean last year I've seen people they're almost like 750 people they were planning for. They were doubled in the last conference. This year I was amazed with the number of people who are attending the keynote size, the kind of customers, the customer base who came from the Middle East with me because I'm part of them. So I've seen the people are coming to see the strategy and the implementation of that company. So that was really impressive and that's what makes me looking forward actually to see what's next. All right, well it is dot next. Well Farab, thank you so much for joining us. Have a great time with the rest of the show. We'll be back with lots more coverage here at Nutanix dot next in Nice, France. I'm Stu Miniman and you're watching theCUBE.


Evaluation of receptive skills There are two receptive language skills, reading and listening. English speakers use both of these are used for the same two purposes, for entertainment or to help us to achieve a particular goal. Reading and listening are not just as simple as opening your eyes or ears, each student will have different problems areas to target, and understanding the received language will vary from country to country. For example a person from England who saw the headline magpies destroy red devils, would know that the article was referring to Premier League football, and not an actual event. Anticipated problems The problems that can occur when teaching receptive skills will vary, depending on an individual student's level and their mother tongue. For example, a native French speaker may have an easier time learning to be able to read English than a Thai student, as English and French share an alphabet. Any other problem students can encounter when listening or reading in their second language, usually stems from the length of the sentence, the rate of speech, or any unfamiliar vocabulary that they may come across. These issues present slightly differently across the two skills, and rate of speech does not affect readers at all. Listening issues will likely be the most difficult for a student to overcome, as every new person they meet, while speaking their second language, could have their accent, the pace of speech, or slang vocabulary that they use. On the other hand, issues concerning a student's ability to read while still complicated, are usually easier to tackle. Simply because a student can read a text multiple times and study it. In a real-world conversation, a student would not have the luxury of time, before the person they were speaking to become annoyed, or the student became embarrassed from the lack of understanding. How to work at throught? Teachers can overcome these issues in a multitude of ways, and it is worth remembering that the student's first language, will affect what they can and cannot understand. For example, a native French speaker will likely be able to understand basic English words, like perfect or no, because they bear huge resemblances to their French counterparts. Teaching resources. When attempting to teach reading skills especially, teachers have a wide array of options. When setting work to be done outside of the class, teachers can choose from a wide array of artificial texts. These are non-organic texts which use the student's secondary language, and will be selected according to the student's level. For example, a high-level student might be tasked with reading every edition of that week's The Times newspaper, lower-level students may be set a children's book or given some tailor-made word searches. Vocabulary. Teachers may also want to devote some class time to pre-teaching some vocabulary. This will help students being set more difficult texts for their home reading, but it is difficult for a teacher to predict which words will be said in a casual conversation with a native speaker. Pre-teaching vocabulary will also help students with their listening skills, as words and phrases will begin to seem less alien over time. However, students will still need to be able to cope with unpredictable language traits, like varying accents or paces of speech. In this regard both schools and individual teachers can make efforts to help the students. Adjusting own speech. A teacher can attempt to change his or her pace of speech to suit the student's level, and the school can try to hire a more diverse range of people. For instance, the school in which I work has teachers with many different nationalities. The accents of England, Scotland, Wales, the USA, and France are all represented at the school, and so students are given a chance to be exposed to all of them. There are of course other ways of improving a student's ability to listen to his or her second language. These mainly center on classroom activities, for instance role plays or open room debates. It is important for students to be able to hear English often, and not just from the teacher's mouth. Engaging classroom debates, role playing or using media, can help to limit teacher talking time and to prevent lessons from becoming too repetitive or boring for the pupils. Furthermore, the more they can hear the production of the language, the better they will become in both their receptive and productive skills. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course today. To conclude, the challenges that face teachers and students when dealing with receptive skills can be numerous but are always compatible. Perhaps the most important thing a teacher can do is try to make their lessons interesting, forever capturing the student's interest by using topics that they know the students are interested in, is imperative to create successful lessons. Teachers can deploy other tools, such as non authentic texts or pre teaching vocabulary to help students, but I think the ability to capture and hold their interests is paramount. A lesson which captures a student's interest is more likely to be remembered by the student who will in turn enjoy his or her homework more, and find development easier and faster. It is also worth noting that a teacher should advise students to seek maximum exposure to the language, advice of watching TV, or listening to music in English, consistently will dramatically increase a student's rate of progress with the receptive skills and generally fluency, however these are out of classroom activities. and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


Apple recently released iOS 17.2 beta that you can download and try out on compatible devices. But you might be wondering why I, of all people, am talking about this update because of course I don't own any compatible devices. I actually don't own any Apple devices and I know many of you don't either. But the reason that this new iOS update is kind of special to me is because I was reading through it and it looks like it's adding a new feature that might put the tiniest, tiniest little crack in the walled garden that is Apple's whole, you know, software infrastructure across all of their devices and that is managed app distribution. So let's take a look at the developer page here for the managed app distribution beta. Of course right now it's just in 17.2 beta. And if we take a look at the overview, it says managed apps are featured downloadable apps that an enterprise educational or other institution provides to its employees or students.  The managed app distribution framework verifies that someone initiated an app installation and it provides status and download progress. It can also launch the app once it's downloaded. And then we have this little illustration here with the phone that kind of looks like a template for an app store of some kind. And so all of this kind of looks like Apple is talking about some kind of alternative app store, you know, allowing you to have an app store other than the app store on iOS and iPadOS. And that's kind of how most other tech news places are covering this like, you know, this headline from nine to five Mac that says iOS 17.2 hints at Apple moving towards letting users sideload apps from outside of the app store. Now, of course, if this update actually does allow for sideloading, which I mean, I guess it does. I don't have an iPhone to download the update and try it out for myself, obviously. But if it actually does allow for sideloading, you got to keep in mind that Apple isn't allowing this out of the kindness of their own hearts. Okay, you've got to remember the history with Apple. For years now, they've been going on with this story about how sideloading is this super dangerous thing that allows hackers to just take over your phone. There's this famous picture now of Apple's software chief with the caption, sideloading is a cyber criminals best friend. And while it is true that sideloading can be an attack vector for a hacker to get malware on your phone, it is by no means the cyber criminals best friend. I'm pretty sure that cyber criminals are better friends with social engineering, zero day vulnerabilities and people who use the same password that got leaked in a data breach for every other account that they have on the internet. The real reason why Apple doesn't want people to sideload apps is because the Apple tax, as developers call it, is very profitable. So in case you weren't aware, Apple takes a 30% cut from apps that you pay for. Okay, so like if you pay, it will call it a dollar for an app or 99 cents, right? Apple's taken 30 cents out of that. And they also take that cut out of purchases that are made within apps. So like when you buy gems for those pay to win mobile games or whatever, Apple's taken a 30% cut of that. Now obviously, 30% is a pretty huge chunk of change, but the owner of the platform, any given platform really taking 30% is pretty much the industry standard. Google does this in their app store. So does Samsung and other third-party mobile app stores in Microsoft also takes a 30% cut from games in the Xbox store. But on Android, it's really easy for people to just sideload apps. And so if a developer really, really wants to avoid paying 30% to Google, like if they're already a huge brand name and they don't necessarily need the SEO from the Google Play Store to help them get more downloads, then they'll just tell people to sideload their app, buy the app directly from them and then they don't have to pay any money to Google. And this is exactly what Epic Games did with Fortnite. A few years back, they started selling the V-Bucks, right? And that broke the rules for both Apple and Google App Store because I guess you can't have an in-game currency that you sell to people. You could do gems and stuff, but I guess you can't do V-Bucks or some specific rule about them selling the V-Bucks, made them fall outside the terms of service. But anyway, Apple booted them from their app store, Google booted them from their app store and of course they went and sued them. But obviously Fortnite is still going strong, right?  But on iOS, it's been a whole lot harder to sideload. You either have to create a developer account yourself which is only free for a short trial and then it cost you $99 a year or you could use an enterprise developer certificate of the app you want to install which I think cost them like the app developer $200 to be able to give that certificate out to people. Not per certificate, like I'm pretty sure at 300 bucks then they just get the code, they can just give to anybody. But anyway, Apple can still revoke that developer account or that certificate at any time. So that's why I generally just say that sideloading isn't possible on iOS.  So you're probably wondering what is different this time with managed app distribution because can't Apple just revoke the certificates that are given out by managed app distribution as well? Well, yes, I'm sure that at the technical level they have the capability to do that but they might not have the legal authority to do this in certain cases. You see the real reason why I think this sideloading update is coming out is that Apple and the rest of Big Tech are gonna have to comply with the European Union's Digital Markets Act by March of 2024. It's only four months away. Specifically, Apple is going to have to make sure that their app store complies with the do's and don'ts of gatekeepers if they want to keep selling in the European market. So that's what I think this update to potentially allow sideloading is really about. As we saw with the latest iPhones now switching to using a USB-C charging port, the EU is one of the only forces that can actually make Apple make based changes to their products. But just like the USB-C change, I'm pretty sure that Apple is going to only be as compliant as they have to be and not make the product too based. And because this sideloading thing is a software change, not a hardware change, I don't think that people outside of the EU are really going to be able to get trickle down benefits like we did with USB-C. When Apple released iOS 6 Team, they also apparently created a new system where they could restrict certain features on the phone depending on the user's location. And so what I suspect is going to happen is if you have a European model iPhone within the EU's borders, then that garden wall is going to be just a little bit shorter for you and you'll be able to sideload some apps. But if you decide to go on holiday to the land of the free, your phone is going to be, well, the opposite of free. Now, I've also seen some people speculating online whether or not they'll be able to use a VPN to make their phone think that it's in the EU so that they can have a bit more app store freedom. But I don't think that's going to work either. For one, iOS is a really locked down proprietary operating system. So it's hard to verify what data does and doesn't go through a VPN in the first place. But also VPNs have no effect on GPS coordinates which can and probably would be used to determine the region locking. But yeah, if you're in EU Chad, the more Libre iPhone is going to be coming to you soon. Maybe someone is going to find a trick to getting that freedom on their phones and other regions as well. That'd be pretty cool. But don't hold your breath on it. And if you enjoyed this video, please leave a like and a comment on it to hack the algorithm and check out my merch on based.win where you can save up to 10% store-wide automatically at checkout when you pay in Monero XMR. Have a great day.


We're on the home stretch So if you look at the program my task was a discussion and setting priorities based on the last section and I really because we've had some very good discussion. I was brave enough to attempt some prioritization and So I in bold So what I've done is basically made a list of criteria and it really follows very nicely from Pat's sort of last maybe four slides and What I've done is list some criteria for sample selection or cohort selection But in addition I have set some priorities and I've put two of them in bold. It seems like Two things that we've heard over and over and over again is sample size and broad phenotyping and From the sample size Point I don't think that there is a single Cohort or beautiful cake a single cake that will satisfy all of our needs So we're gonna have to have some kind of an amalgamation of data from multiple cohort studies and I agree with the comments of the last couple hours that there are some challenges of Harmonizing data both from the sequencing point of view and the phenotyping point of view But there's there are challenges that are not insurmountable There are challenges that we need to know up front We have quite a bit of experience and we need to carry that forward One editorial by the way one thing I keep hearing we've we many people at this table spent a lot of time harmonizing phenotypes make sure we save those data and build off of them So because we can continue to do that, okay The other is The the idea of the phenotyping themselves I and I sense a little bit of disagreement among the group about the importance of I selected the word exquisite phenotyping here. There's no doubt. We need quality phenotyping. I Think it was I forgot who it was actually about you know, don't let me was Maynard I think let's not have perfect be the enemy of the good that we have some very good phenotyping and Probably what we have is actually better than good enough and we don't have to set the bar so high That we don't include certain cohorts. So we just to repeat we have the importance of sample size We can bring together than multiple existing cohorts that are that with has high quality phenotyping Then the second is this idea of very broad phenotyping at least for the initial discovery We we can benefit and learn from the GWAS experience that we can do a lot of harmonization So having broad phenotyping it would be very beneficial across the institutes and probably we can pick You know Eric Lander likes to talk about the 100 most important diseases and my guess is we can make a lot of headway by Identifying a set of core phenotypes of great public health Importance where there is not good Treatment and we can make a lot of progress So that I put those two in bold by the way and you can argue with me But I said I thought those were the most important or highest priority number three We have a we seem to be satisfied and in fact we're embracing really is a mixture of direct measurements And that means you're actually taking a person and putting a tape measure around their belly or putting a needle in their arm We're having them spit in a tube Right in front of you We're leveraging with follow-up questionnaires and also then linking this data with electronic Health records of various kinds. It does not always have to be an EMR. There's a lot of other health information out there Both in this country and in Europe, and I would guess elsewhere Particularly since many of us are looking at phenotypes of in older individuals There's there's Medicare Medicaid and national death indices that we could leverage and I don't know that much about the VA But we probably should consider linkages with the VA. I don't know not Okay She's gonna tell VA stories Then next is We seem to benefit a lot from two things they're not really related But I have them on the same line because it's really time is ongoing Contact and and that ongoing contact allows us for continuously measuring and updating information And then it also allows us later when we want to find them and bring them back So really if you're a cohort person in the room and we need to get this message out is keeping ongoing contact seems to be very important for Allowing cohorts to to remain active and hopefully enter into this program Unlike a lot of meetings, and I think that it shows growing comfort within the field I have number five obviously there needs to be appropriate informed consent But I am impressed that that my opinion is the field has matured for in many different ways and We probably have reasonable informed consent in most of these cohorts right now. We've tried to update it We've learned a lot. I may not be perfect, but my guess is it's reasonable But extremely important. I put in I Sort of highlighted is that ability to recontact so so it's it's important both We have ongoing contact in that ability to recontact Because we're not only satisfied with broad phenotyping, but we on specific individuals We may not want more in-depth phenotyping and recontact is key It can be in-depth phenotyping via questionnaire or using my example of bringing that homozygous Individual in for a loss of function variant putting them into a CTS a like setting. I think there's a lot of advantages. I Also think it's important that we consider diversity across the board not just Ethnic diversity and ethnic history this this country has a lot of other kinds of diversity And if indeed for for these complex traits or chronic traits that are common that it is a function of gene environment Interaction we're going to need to see a lot of diversity and be inclusive and Probably a lot of people view that last statement is as one of maybe its political correctness on one hand And also it makes the study a challenge. I would I would put forward There's actually a lot of advantages by by bringing in more diversity into the sample set We there's more information there that we can leverage there may be discoveries You cannot make in in group one. It is quite possible in group two because the obvious one is the variant is Present in group two, but anyway, I would encourage us to think of this diversity as a positive Moving forward So I'll pause there. I tried to get all of these priorities on one slide and Let me let me first ask are there any high priority Points that you think I'm missing so we don't Keep sorry try to keep the discussion on on point Daniel I'm perhaps this is captured within the population diversity aspect, but I think There are there's some very strong benefits to including isolated and or consanguinous populations Particularly for the specific goal of capturing homozygous rare loss of function variants for instance Don't regret Just to add to that. I think family is important, but also I think we spent some time talking about You know a very unusual or interesting diseases or modifiers and in the like that the question is are many of the Coorts going to have in essence filtered them out because of the criteria for joining a cohort Maybe not having a number of pre-existing conditions. And so I at least wanted to raise that question because it's been going Exclusively towards cohorts, then you you do raise that that problem of Excluding other groups and so you know and thinking about not the pie that we're going to make because pios have to mix everything up You know you cut up something that's made to look like a pie the pipe that we would want to put this through You know there's sort of Bernoulli's principle of how much fluid is going to come from which particular Viaduct I think I'd want to put on the table that there'd be some element from the EMRs of particularly interesting patient populations that may be very Very novel and give us information about modifiers in different ways of looking at it some things is a is some small percentage of that That's in disadvantage of making the slides before And I agree with you as I mentioned I'm a big fan of case cohort designs I think if we think hard about this we have the ability to bring in lower frequency case groups that would be Nor quote normally present in many of these cohort studies I think it's an ideal opportunity and probably that's the one big way I would modify the slide list is the ability to bring in I don't want to say rare case groups But but case groups that may not be represented at high enough power sample size Perhaps the other point is one that may not raised earlier about Focusing on individuals who are healthy despite having a high exposure to risk either environmental or genetic and that may need to be something That's captured explicitly Sure, but if there is a way of enriching for those samples Eric, could I so could you define what you mean by case cohort? These cases that's why There's some unresolved issues that I found that throughout the day bounce around One is families Once miles of your family's report They're there to take the role of them Right now Thank you unless we give it a little more thought You know, it's it is obvious that families have the ability to see another copy of a very rare allele That's that's an obvious application my my difficulty my problem with that is that that sibling for example Probably has all of the other variants that surround those that one rare allele and so It's difficult to disentangle. So I think number one is we need to do a better job of families number two last night I guess there seemed to be more enthusiasm than today about Integrating other ohmic technologies and maybe that's in the lumped in with other phenotypes But my own opinion is we shouldn't lose that whether RNA seek someone measured RNA seek date. I think would be very valuable I really would like us to see a mention of the ability to bring along other omics To my surprise one of the things I've learned the last 24 hours is I guess this would be for staff Yeah, or the investigators could meet We need to push continued development analytic frameworks We really need to push more analytic New analytic development and I think right and how the problem is that many of the people I know we're doing this work We're so overwhelmed with applications. We have data coming out of our ears There is we're not spending a lot of time on new analytic methods and the testing a new analytic methods So I hope I'm wrong with that statement, but I'm wondering if the time is right as part of this preparation for this project is pushing a Group to consider new analytic developments. Those are some unresolved issues. I see from this meeting I can show I Eric on the family issue. I think It's difficult. Well, we saw in GWAS that many of the cohorts did have families Within them. However in the analysis, they were kind of adjusted out. They were clustered out But so it's hard to think about combining an association and a family study but at NHLBI at least many of our cohorts do have families and if Those cohorts that had families built in could be represented in some way so that we could tap The power of the family study design perhaps in a second stage as Evan brought up That might be something to think about another Thing I wanted to throw out there is that NHLBI has an RFA out there to do sequencing in families at this point We're just starting out could be looked at as a pilot study Some of the groups are doing whole genome some are doing exome sit, but they're in smaller samples Other comments There are some Non-trivial sequencing studies under way involving families I think some in type 2 diabetes one of the types of diabetes products I'm not involved in is doing some work on large pedigrees Yeah Is it no one do we know enough to know? I mean that's potentially valuable information on informing these kinds of discussions, and I wonder what we know about how those studies have gone Results are just like the results for everything else so far Chris one other comment on families in terms of getting the most bang for your buck is you you can impute Unsequenced family members and actually gain more Power if you will by virtue of doing that we've done that in Framingham, and I'm sure it could be done as long as you have Substantial, you know first-degree relatives, etc Yeah, I mean I I think in the cancer world there You know 30 to 40 years of collection Within the NCI and a number of extramural groups that are deep into the exome and whole genome sequencing and it You know and some of them have actually looked at you know these data With f bat tests and like and seen some very interesting things So I think that there is there certainly is precedent and there's very large numbers of individuals there But one of the things it's really interesting about the family studies for younger Outcomes if you look in the literature for some of the cardiac outcomes and now autism Testicular cancer there are others where you see de novo mutations with larger structural events that are taking place that maybe germline mutations that are particularly interesting for you know a range of pediatric conditions That again family structure would allow you to get but you have to very specifically Hypothesize that you're doing that. I'm not I'm not sure that that would be a major goal But again this question of de novo events if you have family structure and knowing sort of what that Perhaps the other side of that is people who have these de novo events and live on and they're getting into the 60s and 70s without any problems You know one of the real advantages of the family is that it allows you to see a very rare mutation in Multiple individuals the larger the family the better and that's something that will be difficult across a population Some of them will be novel to the family, but they might tell us about a biologic pathway or gene of interest They have to say there's enthusiasm for thinking about how families could be part of part of this equation Let the course has risen up Just one question regarding the existing cohorts and the family information that's in them It seems to me that families are most useful when there's a high incidence of the disease in question within the family So how often is that the case? So It's it's hard to actually make the jump because what's worked well by putting the family consortia and Case-controller cohort together for GWAS doesn't apply that is it's very attractive when there's a big rich family Discovery group that can say I found something now walk it into the population setting or vice versa But for rare variants it wouldn't work that way, right? It has in melanoma the nature paper last fall You know they found it in families the MITF and then went into the general population found something with 1% and you know and you could see it in the general population very nice laboratory confirmation of disruption of simulation of The variant I mean it's a it's a nice example whether that's but that's what we do For things at 1% and above doesn't it by definition almost not work if they're if they're really idiosyncratic Not one offs, but it's I'm not sure it translates Because the same gene though might be that exact variant may not be but the same gene maybe so that focused you in on an interesting Biology, so that's I think would be the recommendation for your priorities is not that we try to put families in But that we make sure that wherever we sequence in a population group. It is Coordinated with an intense Family study and that only be done where there is in fact Yeah, but I don't think you can smush them


Why the narcissist always wins in the end? Your entire life you were encouraged to be a good person You were encouraged to do the right thing to follow the rules to be polite To always say yes, whenever you were told to do something Regardless of the consequences You were primed to be this way from the very beginning Because your parents may have used it to control you, but this might not seem like a bad thing You might think that it's important to be a good person But the problem arises when you come across people who are not good people who are bad Because although they're not nice They always get what they want The sad reality is that good people lose out on everything End-paths lose out on everything You've only got to look around at the world To see that narcissists are the ones who are in control They're the ones who have high-paid jobs They're the ones who are in management positions Because good people let them get ahead They stand out of the way because they don't want to get in trouble They always have to do the right thing Even at their own expense Which is why if you don't want the narcissist to win You have to take a leaf out of their buck You have to be more narcissistic if you want to get what you want Because that's all narcissism really is Narcissism is about focusing on your own feelings and needs Rather than constantly catering to everyone else There is a spectrum And if you have been watching my videos It's likely that you are on the opposite end of that spectrum You may be codependent You may desire approval So you give more and more without expecting anything in return Which always results in you never getting what you want Which is why you need to become more narcissistic There is such thing as a healthy level of narcissism And codependency And it's where we should all strive to be Where we take care of our own feelings and needs While also considering those of other people Because the reason why the narcissist always wins Is because you're too far on the other side of the spectrum Where you just let them do whatever they want You're not even trying to protect yourself You're not even thinking about what you want Being nice is not going to get you what you want Just look back at your relationship with the narcissist Remember all those times you tried to be civil You tried to be courteous and polite Where did that get you Did it ever get you the results you wanted Narcissists do not respect your kindness It doesn't compel them to consider you They just see it as a weakness They see it as something they can exploit When you're being nice They just think you're stupid They think they've got one over on you They think they've pulled the wall over your eyes Because they know they're not deserving of your kindness But your entire life You have been told to be nice So that you can get along with the people around you When that just doesn't work with the narcissist Because they're not nice to you They're not interested in getting along If it means that they can't get what they want So when you're being nice to the narcissist You're just placing a restriction on yourself You're preventing yourself from getting the result that you want And you're doing that because it doesn't feel good when you stand up for yourself Maybe you feel shame Because you're going against everything that you've been told You're doing something that you were told is wrong Which may make you feel very uncomfortable Especially if you do end up getting the result that you want Because then the narcissist is going to be looking at you They're going to see it as though you got what they wanted As though you took it away from them So sometimes it feels more comfortable for you To just sit back And let them do what they want Because you're afraid of people's disapproval But when you do that They always win Which is why you need to stop worrying about what other people think Those same people who are judging you Would probably do the same thing if they were in your shoes But they can't see it from your perspective Because they're not experiencing it first hand So it's easy for them to judge you If pursuing what you want Makes other people mad Why should you care about what they think If pursuing what you want Makes other people mad Why should you try to understand people who aren't trying to understand you They can be as mad as they want But if you're getting what you want You win The reality is that when you go after what you want There's always going to be people that don't like you But if you're too nice You're going to be afraid of other people's disapproval And you will not go after what you want You will just let the narcissist win Even though you may be fully capable of defeating them Which is why this fear of not being liked Is just limiting your potential It's preventing you from getting the result that you want If you want to leave the narcissist Just do it Don't worry about what other people think They don't have to live your life They don't have to suffer the consequences of not making that decision So it's easy for them to judge you They may not like you But what difference does it make if you're finally free If you're finally able to live the life that you want You still win It doesn't matter if other people don't like you It's not going to affect you unless they try to stop you And if they try to stop you It's because they know you're capable of getting the result that you want So you just have to keep going Leave them in the dust The narcissist always wins at the end Because you limit yourself by being too nice By worrying about what other people think The only thing that's preventing you from achieving the result that you want Is fear Which is why you have to let go of fear And continue pursuing what you want Don't let your emotions dictate your actions Use your logic and reason Use your knowledge and experience So that you can achieve the result you want If you're afraid You will never get what you want Because you're never going to take action Your entire life you've been taught to be nice You've been taught to cooperate with people But now you're cooperating with someone To help them get the result that they want Which is at your expense By being nice and not taking action You are only assisting them in defeating you While they're not afraid of other people's disapproval They're not worried about how it might affect you But you're woken on eggshells Trying not to offend them Being nice is not going to get you what you want You have to fight fire with fire Even if you find it distasteful Because that's the only way you're going to get what you want That's the only way that you're going to be free Thank you for watching I hope this video resonated with you Please like, comment, share And subscribe If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching queries You can email me at Thank you for watching And I'll talk to you soon