I'm Dave Kennedy. My friends call me DK. I'm a theme ringler at automatic and I have the fun job of making the making themes on WordPress.com the best they can be and ensuring users can find a theme that they love. And speaking of themes one of the reasons I love themes is they're so central to the WordPress experience right right after we install WordPress one of the first things we do is start looking for a theme or activate a theme and start fiddling with it to try to customize it. And despite themes being so central to the WordPress experience some of them aren't particularly easy to use. They're a struggle for a lot of users. And I think that that's where we have to start. We have to think about users when we're creating themes. So, me, Michelle. Michelle is an example of a user persona. And user personas are representations of goals and behavior of a subset of users. And they're typically based on combination of different types of research like surveys, interviews, et cetera. And Michelle is pretty typical for most WordPress users. She wants a website for handmade purses and handbag accessories. She really wants to use her site to showcase her creativity. And she really wants to photoblog about her creative process. And all the cool things she does to make those accessories and handbags. And one of her big goals is she wants to build a community of followers around her site so that they can become potential customers. It sounds like Michelle is like a perfect WordPress user, right? And she does what a lot of us do when she starts out. She starts looking around for a theme. Maybe she visits the WordPress.org theme repository. Maybe she goes around a little bit. And she stumbled across a theme that she loves. That looks like the one. It looks perfect. And she visits that theme's demo. And she sees something that just looks amazing and awesome for her site. And she thinks, wow, that looks so good. I'm not sure I can do it. But she moves forward. And she follows standard WordPress instructions to set up a static page for her homepage because she wants a landing page for her site to go along with her photoblog. And so she sets up this custom template for her homepage. And she activates the template, saves it. And she visits the front page of her site. And she sees nothing but a blank page. Nothing but a blank page. We've all had this happen, right? And unfortunately, it's because that page is a combination of widgets and post types. And we have different data coming in from everywhere. So Michelle is absolutely lost. She doesn't know where to go and what to do and how to get this theme looking like the demo that she saw and she was so amazed by. But undaunted, she moves on. She thinks, I've read about these, the customizer. I think I know that's where I need to go to customize some stuff to make this happen. So she clicks customize in the toolbar. And she lands on a screen that is just panel upon panel, tons of options. And she doesn't know where to start. She fiddles with a few of them. But she doesn't see much changing in the customizer. And she certainly doesn't see much changing on the front of her site. And unfortunately, Michelle is not alone. A lot of WordPress users leave themes that they love behind because they can't get them exactly how they want. And even WordPress.com users. So these are a collection of quotes, real quotes from real users who bought a premium theme on WordPress.com and then returned it. So I thought I could make my page look professional on my own, no way and blank. This is for the technologically savvy only I suppose. So this this user was so frustrated, they resorted to profanity.  And this one is probably the one that makes me the most sad. Lovely theme, but I just don't have the time and patience to learn it. And what that says to me is they actually took time and had a little patience and gave it a go. And they still couldn't get it exactly how they wanted. And so they gave up. And why does this happen? This happens because we're kind of built to resist complicated. The chief instrument that we use to build our sites and create our content is our is our brain. And the brain actually resists a lot of complication. One way to resist is that so there's a part of the brain that sort of runs how you run through task. And if you're running through a long list of tasks, and they're really detailed and hard, your brain can actually that part of the brain that runs that can actually shut down. And when that happens, you're more prone to make silly mistakes, you're prone to make errors, you're prone to forget things that you perhaps read in documentation somewhere. So what you're left with is, you know, not exactly what you expected. The second way that we really struggle with complication is something that psychologist Barry Schwartz calls the paradox of choice. And there's a fantastic TED talk online by the same name if you want to check it out. And in that talk, he highlights two really, really important points.  And you hit that dairy aisle and you see that wall of yogurt. And it is choice after choice after choice. We have different flavors, different varieties, Greek fruit on the bottom, different ones with different fat contents. There's so many choices that what happens is that people become paralyzed and it becomes almost impossible to choose at all. And Michelle faces this too, when she saw the theme options panel. The second point that Barry Schwartz makes is that even if you get over that hump of all those choices, and you actually select something, your expectations for that yogurt becomes so much higher, because you put so much time and effort into selecting it. And you you kind of come away with it if it doesn't satisfy your needs. It's really bad because you blame yourself. Oh, it's my fault. I should have picked a better flavor of yogurt. I should have picked a better theme that I would have been able to customize and get exactly how I want. The third part of this is in her book 100 Things Every Designer Should Know About People, Susan Walszczyk highlighted a study that basically said people focus better when they focus on what's left. So what that means if you if you have a shorter list, your users will be more engaged with that shorter list and be better able to run through it and get all the way through it. So if your theme setup is shorter, they're more likely to get to the end of it and feel good when they get to the end and stay motivated throughout that process. And related to having something less complicated is that good user experience means more profit. And I think we'd all like a little extra money in our pockets. There was a there's a hotel chain here in the States called Le Quinte N. And what they did is they ran or they launched a number of user experience improvements to their site. And before this, they ran a number of surveys and gathered data. And what they found is that once they launched those improvements, they saw an 83% increase in their bottom line. And then they didn't stop there. They compared that they did a competitive analysis with some of their competitors. And they found looking at some of the same data points, their competitors only saw a 33% increase in profits over that same time period. So good user experience can really affect your bottom line and can really help your users want to buy more from you. So how do we bring this into theming? It's all comes down to process. I think the typical theming process might look like this. We have that idea that perhaps we saw somewhere on Pinterest, and it gives us that spark. And we started exploring that spark. We might start sketching. And then we move into design. And we, you know, take out Photoshop or sketch or whatever tool we like. And we start trying to design. And then we when we get to something we like, we start building, we start coding. And then we launch. And we hope that the download counter goes up, and the money pours in. But it's really not that simple, right? The trouble the trouble with this type of process is that Michelle's nowhere in here. There's no place in this process for a user to give you feedback. So I think a better theming process looks like this. There's three big parts. The first part is the discover phase. And that's where you do your research. And you gather data and statistics. And you figure out who you're building for. The second part is a really big and broad part is the build phase. And that's where you do sketches and wireframes and prototypes. And you actually start coding out your end product. And the third phase is the evaluation phase, where you kind of go back and you look at your assumptions. And the data that you gathered during the discovery phase. And you see what's changed. You look for what you learned. You look for any differences in the patterns. And what this what's great about this type of process is that it's small and it's agile. And you can use it throughout your your seeming process. So you're constantly gathering feedback from your users. So let's dive into these steps in a little bit more detail. The first step, like I mentioned, is the discovery step. And I'm going to give you a few examples of things that you can do to gather data. Certainly not an exhaustive list, but a few. So one way is to look at your analytics.  And you have a number of themes for sale.  You know, maybe the search terms that are coming in that you're seeing are fashion blogging. And that's a real easy way to realize, especially if you don't have a fashion blogging theme, hey, my users are coming to my site, this is what they're looking for. So that's an easy win. You can you can start working on that and give that to them.   They know the difficult things that they struggle with within your themes. At automatic, we do a support rotation. Each team does a support rotation once a year. And about two months ago, I did mine. And I had to walk a user very similar to Michelle, through setting up a very complicated template pit front page for her for their site. And there is no quicker way to learn how broken something is or how complex something is, then explaining it to someone who's never done it. It's a really eye opening experience. The third part of this is interview your users. There's different ways that you can talk to your users, whether it's in forums, whether it's through surveys, whether it's through direct interviews. And you can create personas like the one we saw earlier with Michelle. And that really enables you to target who you're building for, and what you're building for. So the second part of this is the build phase. And this is the fun part, right? Like this is actually where we get to create. I always like to start with pencil and paper. I always like to sketch first before I do anything else. And I like to start with a pencil and paper because one, I'm like the worst sketcher known to man, no matter how hard I try, everything looks horrible and sloppy, but that's okay. What that means is I'm not really worried about the details just yet. I'm just worried about getting my ideas down on paper. And you can even test things with the sketch, you can put those in front of users or colleagues and see their action and get feedback. From there, I like to move into wireframing. My favorite tool is Buzalmic. Again, I think the tool doesn't matter so much as picking something that you're productive with and you're able to get a good output from. So I like Buzalmic and I like to then build on my sketches and make them more detailed and build out different parts of the theme that I'm working on, especially if I have a new pattern that I want to get into this theme that I perhaps have never used before. And the third part is prototyping. And one of the tools I like to use for that is code pen. It's an online playground for HTML, CSS and JavaScript. And code pen is great because you can build out small bits and pieces of things without even worrying about getting into like the itty bitty of WordPress code. And so as an example, let's say that you have a new mobile menu pattern that you want to try out. You can build that out in code pen and code pen gives you an online demo of that that you can then put in front of your users and test out and see if what you're after actually works. And after all that, you're ready to start, you know, you've built some prototypes, you started theming. You can actually start evaluating this stuff. And in this phase, what you want to do is repeat the test and repeat the things that you found in the discovery phase and look for any new patterns. Look for anything that sticks out to you that doesn't make sense. Focus on the big broad things rather than getting down into the weeds and the details. So what does this really mean for theming when we actually bring this iterative process into our workflows? It means that themes become more focused. They are built for instead of being built for everyone, they're built for someone in particular. Because when we build themes for everyone, we really build them for no one. Theme options become just that optional. I don't have to worry about going into my options to set them up once I activate the theme because the theme will look great right out of the box. And the theme options really start to enhance a theme's purpose. So looking back at Michelle, who's a fashion blogger and wants to photo blog, maybe the theme that we built targeted to her has some special effects on the photos that really highlights them and makes them pop. Documentation for your themes becomes easier to write and maintain. If we're building less complex themes, we have less documentation to write and worry about. And lastly, probably one of my most favorite things is documentation becomes not required reading for users. We've all hit that point when we were setting up a theme where we kind of don't know what to do next and we have to go to the documentation to figure it out, to guide us. But with less complex themes, that doesn't happen. And your screenshots and demos set realistic expectations. So unlike what Michelle faced earlier, when a user activates a less complex theme, they see what they saw on the screenshot and that provides a sense of comfort and it gives them confidence in moving forward. So how do we take this forward? Before you theme, research and establish a focus for what you're building and creating. While you're theming, build in chunks. Test as you go and experiment and revise. Don't be afraid to learn from your mistakes. And after you theme, always ask yourself, what did I learn? What can I change? What can I make better? The thing I love the most about themes is that I fundamentally believe a good WordPress theme opens up an entire new world to users. It opens up the open web and it allows them to express themselves. And it also lets the world see something completely unique about them. We need more of that on the web. And it doesn't happen unless we start using and creating themes that just work. Thank you very much. So the details for... I have a blog post that kind of goes into all this and it's on my site, davidacanity.com, slash speaking, and the slides are there as well in a PDF format and available for download. And we have time for questions, so I'd be more than happy to take questions. There is a microphone in the center aisle. What do you think about using page builders, keeping the themes very simple, but allowing the users to add the elements in the things like visual composer? That is a good question. I think there's use cases to that. There's use cases for that. I think when it all depends on your user and what they're trying to build, I think that if you have a pretty complex site with different types of page types, with different layouts, that that type of setup might be ideal. It all comes down to training and ensuring the users that are using that type of setup are able to do it. I do think the average user who, which is a lot of the type of user we see on WordPress.com, that's a pretty tough thing for them to do.  But I do think there's use cases for it. Would you say during the discovery part of that cycle, so when you're planning out how to make a theme, would you say that user roles are important, just like user personas you talked about, like considering the front end user and the back end user, and would you have anything to say about that? Yeah, definitely. I think I focused on themes for the WordPress.com user who's just looking to get out there and publish, but I do think that user roles for the back end administrators can be helpful too. I think this comes into play if you're an agency or you're a freelancer and you're building out really bespoke and custom themes, I definitely think that that can help because if the themes and the interfaces that are used to create all the content are easier to use for the users who are there every day, they're going to have an easier time doing what they really need to do, and that's put their content out there. So I definitely think there's a use for that as well. I'm curious, is someone yourself, as someone who has seen a lot of themes and deals with a lot of themes and sees the users interact, how they interact with themes, what are some of the more effective ways that you've seen that theme developers have implemented those walking through their users, the initial setup of the theme? Do people like checklists? Do they like videos? Do they like the little pop-ups that kind of lead them through the steps? What are some of the more effective means that you've seen people use for that? Right. In a perfect world, you wouldn't need any of that. The theme, I like looking at themes in layers, like the theme setup process in layers. So kind of how I alluded to here, I think all themes should look great and work out of the box. And I think if you visit, like if the theme has options, or if it integrates with other plugins, you can be able to go there and add that layer on, but you don't need that layer to make the theme in your site look good. And you asked me what I think is the most effective. I think again, I realize I feel like I'm dodging some of the questions, but it all depends on the user. We've seen some users like the video tutorials, particularly if it's something that's quick and easy, but I think like straight documentation tends to work pretty well for everyone because you can go to it and you can kind of read at your own pace. I think that the sort of setup wizards, I think work for something that's like extraordinarily complex and tough, like say setting up a e-commerce store and making sure that integrates well with the theme. I think that's a good use case for it, for those type of things. So yeah. Thank you. I've struggled before with the nature, the new kind of concept of the themes being the appearance only in no functionality and tried to pull all functionality out of the theme. However, I find that it becomes difficult sometimes to provide functionality that I think should be in there, whether it's interactive templates or something that something automagically happens. It makes it sometimes simpler for the user to use something if the functionality is in there versus they have to add a plugin or add something else. And how would you suggest kind of resolving that? Yeah. I think there's use cases for that type of thing, depending on who you're building for. I think what we saw when we saw the big movement toward put everything in plugins is that people were losing data. So they had, if there was custom post types that were activated within their theme and they switched another theme, they suddenly can no longer access that content within the admin. So I think those decisions are kind of the decisions that you have to make when thinking about that type of stuff. If a user switches themes or installs this other plugin, is it going to affect any of the data that is really vital to what they need to do every day? And I think rolling some functionality into themes, there's use cases for that. But it all comes down to making it as easy as possible for users so they can get in and out of the theme without losing any data. And also without those options kind of getting in their way. Thank you. You're welcome. Sure. We got two more. Okay. I noticed a lot of the themes are using short codes. How do you feel about the use of short codes? I think they're useful, especially if you're trying to put code on a page that may not have a widget available. Yeah. I think short codes are useful. I definitely have used them in some cases. I think, again, going back to the same point, the tough part about it is hopefully your short codes are kind of coming in a plugin. So you can kind of keep using them because if the short codes are baking into a theme and you switch your theme, suddenly you've got brackets, short code, whatever, all over your site. And that's not fun because your content's just been damaged. So I think there's use cases for short codes. I really advise them to be controlled via plugins. Very good presentation. Thank you very much. You're welcome. I have a very simple question. I'm a user, not a developer.  What is the process that I, as a user, should go about trying to select a theme that's good for me and my consulting business? Okay, it's not as creative as Michelle, but it's business to business kind of thing. What is the process? And I'm trying to struggle with that and can't seem to find an answer. All right, that's an awesome question. So I think you have to think about what your goals are for your consulting business.  Maybe you want them to be able to contact you. Maybe you want them to find out about your services. So I'd really look for themes that kind of are tailored to that specific, your specific goals. And it might be like business-related themes because it sounds kind of like what you're after. But really think about what you want your users to do when they come to your site and then find a theme that sort of enables that. Does that answer your question or is that too vague? Oh, that's good. Good, good. Okay, you're welcome. Well, thank you guys so much for coming. I really enjoy this. This is, I'd never been to a word camp in San Francisco. So this is my first really big word camp and it's an honor to talk to you about themes today. Don't be shy if you want to learn more about themes. If you want to talk themes or accessibility, come up and say hello. Thank you.


Has anyone told you, I'm an INFP or my workplace made me do this thing and I'm an ENFJ? Did you know what they were talking about? Well, if you've heard any acronym like INFP or INFJ, then you've probably heard of the Myers-Briggs type inventory, also called MBTI. This is a well-known commonly used personality test based on Jung's theory of personality. It uses a combination of four different dimensions being introversion versus extroversion, intuition versus sense, thinking versus feeling, and perceiving versus judging. Two of the rarest combinations are INFP and INFJ, with the N being intuition. They have plenty in common being intelligent, creative, idealistic, and so on. The similarities are so close that they're often mixed up with each other. If you've taken the test and are confused, or even just wondering whether you're an INFP or an INFJ, then you're not alone. Before we begin, we would like to make a disclaimer that this video is based on the Myers-Briggs type inventory, which is just a theory and has personality types that are just rough tendencies rather than strict classifications. With that being said, let's look at five of the most important differences that can help you tell these two personality types apart. One, analytical versus artistic thinking. First and foremost, one of the easiest ways to tell apart an INFJ from an INFP is finding out how they generally deal with information. INFJs use introverted intuition, thinking in terms of patterns and connections. Basically, they look outside in. They see the big picture, thinking about the purpose and meaning of it all, like observing a forest and looking at how parts work together within it. INFPs go with introverted feeling being guided through a motion, so looking inside out. They focus on how you feel about a thing rather than its actual purpose or intended meaning. Their focus is on individual experience, trying to organize everything according to their own ideals and values. Going back to the forest, for example, they look at individual trees and categorize them by unique features, figuring out how those features make the forest exist. Two, decisive versus exploratory. Do decisions seem like a chore or do you want to just make a decision and get the task done already? INFJs want to and try to reach a decision efficiently. They will see a goal and pare down all the options so that they can ride Occam's razor to the finale with no perceived waste time or resources. As their satisfaction is reaching the goal that leads from making the decision, they encompass traits conducive to this, like being organized, thoughtful, strategically inclined, and observant. INFPs, in contrast, enjoy taking every option noodle possible. Throwing it at the wall and seeing what sticks from there. Their satisfaction is from the discussion and exploration of possibilities rather than the decision itself. Three, absorbing versus mirroring emotions. Are you like an empathetic sponge absorbing emotions from others? Do you experience them so strongly you find it difficult separating and identifying how you feel as an individual? If you do, you might be an INFJ. This makes them emotionally expressive, outwardly compassionate, and wanting to help. This tends to lead to careers in helping professions such as psychology, therapy, social work, and counseling. INFPs are the opposite of this. They tend to conceal their emotions and are more in tune to their own feelings than that of others. They can mirror the emotions of others while remaining completely aware of their own emotions separately. They're big believers in following your heart, which is why INFPs are so drawn to art, film, literature, and other creative pursuits. Four, understanding versus validation. Do you feel stronger need to have others get themselves or for them to get you? INFJs are the most insightful personality type, pending to crave validation from others instead of looking at themselves. They're the sure locks of personality types, taking enjoyment in observing, analyzing, and making deductions about other people and social situations. They want to help others realize things about themselves. INFPs are also gifted at reading emotions, except their concern and interest is in their own feelings more than those of other people. Their main desire is to feel understood. INFPs are so unique and individualistic that it can be hard for them to connect with someone who doesn't see things the way they do. But people like these tend to be few and far between. Five, internal control versus external control. Another important way INFJs and INFPs differ from one another is in their sense of control. How are you with plans? How about when someone changes the plans or doesn't want to go along with yours? How do you react? INFJs give the impression of being neater, tidier, and put together. They are orderly and on time, finding comfort in having a plan for just about everything. They aren't rigid with their own emotions, opinions, or ideas, remaining more adaptable and open-minded. It's vice versa for INFPs. They seem easygoing, spontaneous, and laid back at first blush. But when it comes to their personal value systems, they're consistent and uncompromising. They have a rigid sense of right and wrong, trying to bend everything to their view. Now that you have some pointers on how to tell these two personality types apart, which do you think you lean more towards? INFP or INFJ? If you continue to be unsure about curious, you can try approaching a trained professional who's well-versed with MBTI to help you figure it out. Or at least point you towards a reliable assessment tool. Be sure to share this with someone who can benefit from it. Don't forget to like and subscribe to Psych2Go for more psychology content. See you in the next video, and as always, thanks for watching.


Craft presents the Great Gilda Sleeve. Hee hee hee hee. Cheese Company will also bring you Bing Crosby every Thursday night. Present each week of this time Harold Perry as The Great Gilda Sleeve, written by John Wheaton. We'll hear from The Great Gilda Sleeve in just a moment. What kind of appetites do you have in your family? Well, if they're the kind of appetites that have to be tempted, here's a suggestion. Get acquainted right away with parquet margarine, the delicious, wholesome spread for bread made by craft. Because the delicate, appetite-tempting flavor that makes parquet margarine such a delicious spread for bread makes it grand for cooking, too. Serve parquet at the table, of course, at every meal, but keep it nearby when you're preparing meals as well. You see, parquet season potatoes and all hot vegetables to the king's taste. You'll find cookies and cakes taste better made with parquet because it adds its own delicate flavor to all baked foods. Parquet makes pan-fried foods tastier, too. And remember, you're adding extra nourishment to foods when you use parquet margarine. It's an excellent energy food that contains vitamin A. Best of all, parquet is economical, so get some tomorrow. Just ask for parquet, P-A-R-K-A-Y, parquet margarine made by craft. Now let's join our friend, the Great Gilder Sleeve. For several days, he's been harboring a dark secret. To wit, the third tooth from the rear on the upper left-hand side has been giving him a little trouble. Oh, it has not. This morning, after lingering alone over a hearty breakfast, he rises from the table, saunters past the sideboard, sneaks a piece of taffy from the bonbon dish, pops it into his mouth, and... Ouch! Ew. Excuse me, what's the trouble? You got too late? No, Bertie, certainly not. I just happened to bite on something, that's all. Your tongue, maybe? Yeah, my tongue. Well, there's only one thing to do about a bad tooth. I know that, but I'd rather not be reminded of it. Oh, this don't hurt none. Anyway, I haven't got a bad tooth. What do you do, Bertie? Well, you got a penny? A what? A penny. Have you got a penny? Well, I have, but don't let him get around. The government might hear about it. All right, you take the penny and you put it in your mouth. Now, you put it next to the gum wherever the tooth hurts, and you keep it there for two days. Don't even take it out. But how do I eat? Well, you just eat around it. Eat around it? And by the end of the second day, the penny will draw all the misery out of the tooth. Can you guarantee that? That's if the moon is right. But... But suppose it isn't? Well, then you still got the penny. And the toothache. Why wouldn't it be better just to break down and go to the dentist? Well, that's good, too. Shall I show you something about dentist? Oh, I was just saying... Nothing, Marjorie, nothing. Bertie and I were just having a little discussion. Weren't we, Bertie? Yes, and about people that don't take care of the teeth. Bertie? Well, I don't care.  When I know something's wrong with you, I ain't gonna hide it. You're right, Bertie. You've got to take care of yourself, Mr. Gillsleeve, and you've got to take care of your teeth. Your teeth is my meal ticket. Come on, Uncle Mort. Which tooth is it? Marjorie, there's nothing whatever the matter with my tooth. I'm just a little aware of it, that's all. That settles it. You're going to the dentist. No, my dear. You've been putting it off and putting it off, and you're not going to put it off any longer. Oh, yes I am. Oh, no, I'm not. I'm cornered. When did you go to the dentist last? Tell me. Well, it was very recently. It was? Yes, it was only of... It was only... I thought so. No, it was even more recent. I remember it perfectly. I just don't remember the date. I'll bet you don't. Well, why should I? You asked Donald Nelson when he went to the dentist last? I bet he can't tell you either. But ask him something important, and he's got it right at his fingertips. What are you laughing at, Bertie? Getting that man to the dentist is just like pulling teeth. You keep out of this, Bertie, and keep pulling teeth out of it, too. I never saw people in such a hurry to rush a man to the dentist.  I think you're afraid. Afraid? Nothing. You want to be ashamed. Even Leroy isn't afraid of the dentist. He went yesterday, and he's going again today. Well, I'm not afraid either. Why don't you call up Dr. Shanks and make an appointment? Certainly. I'll call him up. I'll make an appointment. Good. Only don't rush me. What is... What's that? Just Leroy coming downstairs. Sounds like a barrel of potatoes. Leroy, can't you ever walk? I'm just finishing it. Well, I've got to get going. Leroy, when was your appointment with the dentist? You would have to bring that up. It's this afternoon, 3.30. Would you be willing to let Uncle Mark go on your plate? You mean, let him go to the dentist instead of me? Yes. Would you mind if he took your appointment? Are you kidding? Now, Marjorie, I don't want to rob the boy of his... No, no, no. I'm glad to do it. Glad to do it. What's the money? You've got a toothache. It's nothing but a slight twinge. Nothing for everybody to get so excited about. Gee, that can be bad, though. You want to take care of that. No, my boy. It's more important for you to keep your appointment.  That's funny. What? Now that you mention it, neither does mine. It stopped. What do you know about that? What you do about nothing, huh? Uncle Maude? Oh, there's Judge Hooker. I'm riding on his A-card today. My hat's on. I've got to go. Goodbye, Marjorie.  Hurry up, Gilly. I've got the motor running. Good morning, Judge. Well, this looks like a wonderful day, doesn't it? Never mind the salutations. This is costing me gas. Hop in. Well, how goes it, Gilly? Well, tell the truth, Judge. Not so good. Did you ever have a tooth that... Hey, look out! I saw him. You saw him. Did you ever have a tooth that hurt whenever you bit down on it? Did I ever have a tooth that hurt whenever you bit down on it, Judge? Did I ever have a tooth? Well, just take a look in there. Is he in the bag? Where? In judge's watch where you're going! I'm watching. Well, keep your hands on the wheel, you old goat. I want to tell you, I had an impacted wisdom tooth once, and he had to go in there after with a hammer and a chisel. Worst thing that ever happened to me. Only thing to do, though, if you got a bad tooth, get it out of there. Chop it out. Get rid of it. It'll only make you trouble. But mine isn't a wisdom tooth. Makes no difference. Does it ache when you chew candy? Well, yes it does. Same as mine. It's impacted all right. It'll have to come out. Oh, I was afraid of that. You judge, watch out! Hooker, that was a little close. Listen, who's driving this car? I don't know. Is anybody driving it? That's my car. Don't be telling me how to drive it. Well, it's my tooth, so don't be telling me what to do about it. All right, guilty. If you want to get a lockjaw, that's your business. What do you mean, lockjaw? A friend of my father's had a bad tooth like yours. He neglected it. He ended up with a lockjaw. Couldn't even open up his mouth to eat. Had to go in there with a hammer and a chisel. Oh, Horace! If you don't mind. I'm just telling you for your own good. All right, I was feeling fine till you started talking. Hey, what are we stopping here for? Barbershop, I gotta get a shave. But I don't need a shave. That's just too bad, guilty.  I have to share your shave? No, you can walk the rest of the way if you want to. All right, I will. All right, go ahead. By George, I would too. I'd walk the whole way if it wasn't for this tooth. Starting up again, is it? Now, I'll tell you what you want to do. Oh, no you won't. You're not going to get in there with that hammer and chisel again. Let me get a quick shave, Floyd. I got Gillisly waiting here. Oh, carpool, huh? How have you been, Mr. Gillisly? Not so well, Floyd. Tooth's been bothering me, this one I have. Well, yeah. Well, you think that's bad, huh? My wife's uncle had to have a tooth out last week. He lives 12 miles out of town, and all he's got is an A-card. An A-card, mind you. Is that fair? I'll leave it to you, Judge. Now, Floyd, where does your wife's uncle do for a living? Oh, he's retired. He's got his pension. I thought so. Oh, wouldn't you retire if you got a pension? Is that any reason to take a man's gas away from him? Under the present circumstances, it's as good a reason as I can think of. And they're not taking his gas away from him. They're just holding him down to what he needs. Yeah, well... The government isn't picking on your wife's uncle, Floyd. They're just cutting out a few things like those trips over to your house for Sunday dinner. Hey, maybe they're doing me a favor at that. Hey, but I had a fellow in here yesterday. He sat right in that chair where you're sitting, Mr. Gillis. I think I'll move. This is too much like a dentist chair. Hey, don't say dentist to me. But I was telling you about this fellow. I don't know who he is, but he came in here, and it turns out he's very close to a certain party, and he tells me that this gas rationing is a lot of bunk. Oh, he did it. Yeah. He says there's no shortage of gas. He says there's gas to burn right here in Summerfield. They're not rationing gas, Floyd. They're rationing mileage. They're rationing rubber. Well, why don't they say so, then? They've been saying so. If you could just read, you ignorant... No, Horace. Perhaps reason would be more effective with our little chum here. Gee, let's not get into an argument over this. All right, Gillis. You try to explain it. I will. Now, Floyd, do you say that gas rationing is the bunch? Well, that's what the fellow told me. But, Floyd, do you know who controls most of the rubber in the world today? The japs. 90% of it. That's right. That's right. And do you know how important rubber is? This whole country moves on rubber. Well, now, wait a minute. Trains don't. I've been on a train. You've been on a train. I know, but the fact is that most of this country's traveling is not done on trains or trolleys or airplanes or buses. Oh, yeah? Yeah. Wait a minute. Here's a piece of paper I cut out. Look, 86% of the traveling done by Americans last year was in private automobiles. Is that a fact? That's why it's important to keep your car and my car going. Because of all the private automobiles pulled up, the country's paralyzed. Well, sure, I can see that. Well, that's all there is to it then. You see, Judge, all it takes is a little reasoning. Well, there's just one thing I don't get. What's that? Well, my tires belong to me. Why shouldn't I ride on them all I want? Floyd, Monion, you're the stupidest man I ever met. I don't see how you ever got through even Barbara College. Why are you... Hey, Gildy, Gildy. What? What happened to the light of pure reason? Well, all right, you try explaining it. Let me see you get anywhere with him. All right. What is it you don't understand, Floyd? Well, what about this synthetic rubber? What about that? What about it? Have you got any? No. Then how are you going to ride on it? Say, Gildy, who's explaining this? You or me? Well, all I got to say is there are my tires and why shouldn't I ride on them? This is a free country, isn't it? By George, it won't be free much longer if people figure the way you do. Now, wait a minute, Mr. Gildy. I will not. Stop waving that razor at me, Floyd. All I say is a man has a right to his opinion. Well, I have an opinion I'd like to express at this time. What's that? You and all the other people who squawk about gas rationing give me a pain, and not in my tooth, either. I'll see you later. I'm sorry that I'm late, Miss Bitch. I shared Judge Hooker's car with him this morning, and when you share his car, you share his private life. When I came to work on a bus, the woman next to me shared my feet. Very good. And big enough. Any important problems come up in my absence? Nothing that I couldn't handle.  Well, after 33 years in the water department, life doesn't hold many surprises. I suppose not. Say, what are we going to do about that inquiry from the Board of Health? I keep forgetting about it. Don't worry. I took care of that. Oh, good. We had a communique from the pumping station this morning. They're getting low on coal. Well, you better put it in order for some more coal. I did. I took care of that. Oh, fine. By the way, I ran into Mr. Powers over at the air raid meeting last night, and he was complaining about... I know. I took care of that, too. Well, Miss Bitch, you're wonderful. Well, what's the order of business here now? I have all the figures for the annual report if you want to start on there. Oh, fine. Let me get a cigar first. Then we'll roll up our sleeves and go to work. Oh, didn't I bring any cigars? Even Donald Nelson can't work without a cigar. I believe you'll find some in your upper right-hand drawer. Oh, you even took care of that.  If I don't keep an eye on you, Donald Nelson will be stealing you away from me. Oh, Mr. Gillis, leave your joking. Oh, no, I'm not. Would you like to be in Washington? No.  You mean you're happy here when you could be working for an important man like Donald Nelson? I don't want to work for anybody important. I want to stay here and work for you. Oh, yes. Thank you, Miss Bitch. Let's get on with the report. If you'll hand me that lighter. Thank you. There. Now. Can't even bite on a cigar. I'm afraid I'll have to be seeing a dentist one of these days. Don't worry. Oh, no? I took care of that. You have an appointment for four this afternoon. The Great Gelverslee will be with us again in a few seconds. You know, nowadays, it's really a homemaker's duty to see that her family gets the right kind of foods. Yes, and it's just as much her duty to keep her food budget in line. Well, there's one important food that helps you do both these jobs. And that food is economical parquet margarine, the delicious, nutritious spread for bread made by crab. Parquet margarine is one of the kinds of foods that our government recommends for good nutrition. That's because it's so wholesome and nourishing. Actually, parquet is one of the best energy foods you can serve. What's more, every pound of parquet margarine contains 9,000 units of vitamin A, making it a really dependable source of this important vitamin the year round. Economical parquet, you know, is widely known as the margarine that tastes so deliciously good. So why not start serving it to your family tomorrow? Yes, tomorrow is sure. Ask your food dealer for parquet, P-A-R-K-A-Y. Parquet, the delicious vegetable margarine made by crab. Let's hurry back to the Great Gilder Sleeve, who's in a sorry state by this time, unable to work, unable to eat, and unable to think of anything but his approaching appointment with the dentist. He decided to come home for a little rest before the ordeal, and we find him now trudging up the walk while in the living room. Marjorie and Mrs. Ransom are deep in conference. Uncle, now, are you here? Because I don't want him to know I'm making it fall, not till Christmas. Oh, not a word.  I'll find some way. I shouldn't know them, but I keep forgetting. I guess because I can't believe them when I hear them. Leroy? Oh, it's so early. Hello, my dear. Oh, hello, Leroy. Oh, Srockmont, you just came here to spy. Oh, no, I live here, remember? Spy on what? Wouldn't you love to know? Oh, would I? I don't know what you're talking about.  Uh, Christmas. Oh, Christmas. Yes, I'm making something for you, but I won't tell you what. Be careful now, you'll give it away. Well, I thought it wouldn't do any harm to tell him that much, but you'll have to guess the rest. Oh, well, that's nice of you, Leroy, but you really shouldn't have done it there. Marjorie, is Leroy home yet? No, not yet. He usually doesn't bust until about 10 after 3. Burst, Marjorie. Oh, yeah. Burst. Yes. Well, don't let him get away without speaking to me. Oh, but Srockmonton, don't you want to guess? Haven't you any curiosity? Guess? Guess what? What I'm making for you. Oh, well, I'm afraid I wouldn't be very good at guessing today, Leroy. Tell the truth, I'm feeling a little under the weather. Uncle Mord, is it that tooth again? Well, yes. Oh, I knew it. If you're going to the dentist, you'd feel better. I'm going to the dentist, and I feel worse.   I think I will, if you don't mind. Yes, now go get a hot water bottle. That may help. Oh. Lie down there, Srockmonton. That's right. Poor boy. Got a nasty tooth.  That feels so good. You have healing hands, Leela. Gracious, I'm afraid they're pretty rough now that I'm doing my own work. Isn't that admirable? Don't stop. I think the pain is going away. Srockmonton. Yes, Leela? It begins with an S. What does? What does? The thing I'm making for you. Oh, yeah.  I don't want you to get the idea that just because I'm making you a present, you have to give me one, though. I don't want you to think that. Oh, I wasn't thinking that. Promise you won't give me anything now. All right, I promise. On your word of honor? On my word of honor. Oh. Don't go, Leela. I'm afraid I'm much. But, Leela. You don't even care enough about my present to guess what it is. I do, too. Let me see. S. Now, put it on the side of the aches. That may relieve it till a dentist gets at it. Marjorie, guess what? The most wonderful thing has happened. While you were out of the room, all of a sudden the pain was gone. Oh, no, you don't. What do you mean? You're coming with me to the dentist. Oh, yes, you are. Don't worry, Srockmonton. You go to the dentist and before you know it, bingo, it'll be all over. That's what I'm afraid of, that bingo. Bingo. Hello, Mr. Gildersleeve. Uh, hello, Peabee. Peabee, I just sneaked in for a minute. I've got to talk fast. They're waiting for me outside the drug store. Who, the police? The police. No, no, Marjorie and Leroy. Mr. Gildersleeve, you're shaking. Well, you'd be shaking, too. I'm on my way to the dentist. The dentist? Well, that's something we all have to face at one time or another, I guess. Don't give me any philosophy. But I want to something that will cure a toothache and quickly. Well, no, that's rather a large order. That's a problem science has been working on for a good many years. I can't wait for science, Peabee. I've got to be at the dentist in 15 minutes if I don't cure this thing first. Now, how about it? Well, that word cure, Mr. Gildersleeve, is a word we druggists like to avoid. Never mind the word. What I want to know is... You sell toothache remedies, don't you? Yes, I do sell a toothache remedy. Several varieties, as a matter of fact. Though most of them come down to about the same thing. All of clothes. It's all right. A toothache remedy, remedy's a toothache, doesn't it? Well, now I wouldn't say that. It may relieve it temporarily. Relieve it or remedy it, Peabee, don't quibble. All druggists are supposed to be friendly, aren't they? Yes, we do rather pride ourselves on our friendliness. Well, then be a pal. Help me out of this, Peabee. If I can cure this tooth before I get to the dentist, I may be able to call the whole thing off. Mr. Gillespie, if I could guarantee to do that, I wouldn't be in the drug business. I'd set up as a dentist.  Well, no, I wouldn't say that. But if you're looking for something really effective, I can recommend a cure for corn. Corn? I've used it myself with great satisfaction. So has Mrs. Peabee. The cure for corn isn't going to help me with my tooth, Peabee. No, but it's a good thing to know about. You're no help to me, Peabee. Goodbye. Oh, Mr. Gillespie. Yes? There is one remedy for toothache I've heard recommended. What's that? I've never had occasion to try it myself. I don't know that it has any scientific basis. Oh, never mind the science. What is it? Have you ever tried placing a penny next to gum? Goodbye. Goodbye, Mr. Gillespie. You think the doc could get some decent magazines in here? Out of comic book in the whole place. Be quiet, Leroy. Why? Who's dead? Leroy. What are you so nervous about, Uncle? I'm not nervous. I just don't like waiting, that's all. It makes me restless. Your hand's trembling. Leroy, read your magazine. Look at mine, steady as a rock. I bet I could hold it still for five minutes. Do you think you could hold your tongue still for a few minutes? Sure. Well, try it. If you're not nervous, Uncle, what did you make Marge drive you down for? The cause of you must know, dentists sometimes give people gas. I don't want to drive home, and I'm under the influence of laughing gas. I'll stop asking questions. What are you reading, Uncle? National Geographic. Interesting. Oh, yes, very. Wouldn't it be easier to read if you turned it right side up? What? Dr. Shanks is ready now. After you, Uncle.  You're aged before beauty. Leroy, you get in there. All right. Hello there, Mr. Gilda-Sleeves. Oh, hello, Doctor. I won't keep this young man for a minute, just finishing up with him. Oh, that's all right. No hurry. Take your time, Doc. They always tell you that, Marjorie. It won't take but a minute. It isn't going to hurt a bit. That poor kid's lavalaby in there an hour. Oh, I don't think so. He hasn't got much left to do. I feel sorry for him, though, my dear. He puts up a big front. But underneath it, I'll bet he's scared to death. I don't believe Leroy has a nerve in his entire body. If he had, he couldn't stand the noises he makes. Well, there's something in that. Say, it's awfully quiet in there, isn't it? Is there anything strange about that? No, I just wonder what they're doing to him. Why don't you try not to think about it, Uncle Mort? Why don't you read your magazine? You suppose they could be giving him gas in there? Why do you keep worrying about gas? Dentists don't give gas all the time. Well, they never let you know when they're going to. They sneak up on you with it. Do you ever have gas? No, but I've heard all about it, laughing gas. They sneak up behind you and clap one of those things over your face. Oh, Uncle Mort, that's old-fashioned. You go to the dentist more often, you get rid of those ideas. You didn't try to make me feel good, my dear. I know what I'm in for. Just wish it wasn't so quiet, that's all. I could stand it if it wasn't so quiet. If somebody would just make a noise... All right, Mr. Gilda sleep. Uncle Mort, that's you. Me? Steady. Steady. What's the matter, won't you look as if you're going to the chair? I am. Well, Mr. Gilda sleep. Hello, Doctor. Long time no see, huh? How've you been? Just climbing to the chair there and make yourself comfortable. I've been pretty well, Doctor, except for this little tooth of mine. Well, we'll get to the bottom of that. How's that new neighbor of yours that moved in there next door to you? Oh, Mrs. Ransom, oh, she's fine. See much of her? Oh, he passed the time of day down there. What's that? What's that, Doc? It's just my instruments, a few drills and whatnot. What's the matter? Why, you're perspiring.  Miss Mitchell, take that bottle there and give him a whiff, will you? Oh, no, you don't. Now, Mr. Gilda sleep, it's nothing to be afraid of. Take it away. Take it away, Doc. Breathe in, please. Take a breath. You can't fool me. I know what you're up to. Hold it under his nose. Now, breathe in. Hee-hee-hee-hee. Hee-hee-hee-hee. Here. Here. Here. And out of there. Hee-hee-hee. Love it. Nothing but spirits of ammonia. I thought it was laughing gas. I thought it was laughing gas. Spirits of ammonia. I thought it was laughing gas. Laughing gas. I haven't given laughing gas in 20 years. Let's have a look at that mouth of yours now. It's a head-tooth on the upper left hand side. Well, plenty of space in there. Hey, see, Doc? That's very interesting. It is. You get a sharp pain when you bite down. Miss Mitchell, hand me those tweezers, will you? Where are you, Doc? Relax, man, relax. This isn't going to hurt. Where have I heard that before?  Okay. By the way, what did you have for dinner on Thanksgiving? Erky. I thought so. There. There's the whole cause of your trouble. What's that? A little sliver of turkey bone lodged between your second and third molars. When you bit down on it, it jabbed your gum. That's all? That's all. Anything else that mattered with my teeth? Not that I can see. That'll be $10, please. Dear diary, well, it's been nearly a week now, and I've still got more than three-quarters of a tank full. I've managed to get to most of the places I wanted to go, and I even got to one place I didn't want to go to at all. Yeah, maybe it isn't going to be so bad. What worries me is people like Floyd the Barber. They don't seem to realize that the shortage of rubber is nationwide, and that's why rationing has to be nationwide. I read where Jeffers says the tires we have in our cars now are going to have to last us at least until the middle of 1944. Of course, I don't know Jeffers personally, but Donald Nelson speaks well of him. Anyway, it strikes me that saving our tires is like saving money. Most of us can't do it unless we figure out a system that'll force us to, and that's what this gas rationing is. Naturally, it's going to take a little time to get it adjusted so that every man gets the gas he needs to get him to his job, but that's the intention. So let's have a little patience and try to make this thing work, folks, because if it doesn't, heaven help our men at the front and heaven help us. Good night, everybody. That's 7-minute macaroni and cheese made with Kraft Dinner. Now, the macaroni in a package of Kraft Dinner is a very special kind. It cooks up tender and fluffy in just 7 minutes, but that's only half the secret of Kraft Dinner. The Kraft grated is the other half. It also comes in the package of Kraft Dinner. You just sprinkle it through and through, and the macaroni is drenched with mild cheese flavor. No fuss or bother to this new-fashioned way of making that old-fashioned dish. And you'll find Kraft Dinner is a handy thing to have around because your family is on time for dinner and you're late, because in just 7 minutes you can serve them swell macaroni and cheese. So keep a few packages of Kraft Dinner on your pantry shelf always. This program has reached you from Hollywood. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


IT HAS BEEN A BIT, GAMERS! IT HAS BEEN A BIT, let me tell ya. We haven't been back here in Animal Mall Crossing in, uh, in quite a hot sec. Oh, little man. Look at that little man. What a guy.  Oh, it's a little scratch.  Oh, man. Oh, man, my hair is all long and scruffy. It's been a bit. Since I've played Animal Crossing. Harvey. Oh, hey, it's Harvey. I know this is out of blue and everything, but I might need a favor. Got some real sweet folks here, so I want some special photos made. I can use an extra paw if that's okay. You get the photo, but oh, I know how to get to your island, Harve. Damn, dude, it's been a long time. And we got over 2,000 people in the stream.  Look at all of this unread mail. Oh, gee whiz. The last time that I played was when me and Ross did the cosplay contest, which was such a long time ago at this point.  Hold on, I got cockroaches. I gotta, I gotta capture him. Oh, man. How do I capture him? Oh, that's so sad. I killed him. Oh, good. All the pesky cockroaches are gone. I killed him. I wanted to put him in my museum. Let's open these gifts. All right, not sure who... Oh, a ukulele. I got a ukulele, dude. That's cute as hell, dude. Oh, man, there's so many weeds. A big beetle bug. Hold on, a big beetle bug. There's gonna be so many new things. So many new fish and bugs and everything because it's June. Hell yeah, this is gonna be sweet. A world of discoveries all day of new discoveries, guys. Let's go into the nook shop real quick. See if they've got anything I really want. I am wearing a hot dog king shirt. These will be coming soon. Just not sure yet. When? Ooh, a cool studio camera. TV camera. 14,000 bells. Why not? I'll buy it. Let's take a peek around the island because the last time that we really played Animal Crossing was Bed Street, I feel like. So all of these houses are here now. It's real nice. We got this nice little garden thing. I'm so excited to see all the... We should fish right now because, oh, and all these are blooming. Oh, Yua. Yua, large boy. Oh yeah, and sharks are here now and other deep sea fish. And we can swim now. Of course, the first thing that we get is a f***ing sea bass. And we... In terms of reactions, this one really packs a punch when you're low energy. See, just... Oh, my eyes are getting heavy. Snork. Henry, I've missed you. I've missed you, I've missed you. I hope you've missed me. Oh, I love Henry. Certain fish do only come out during certain hours. What are we gonna do? Golden dishes, huh? Wow. Ooh, big goober fish. Come here, little guy. Big guy, big man. New fish, new fish. Give me good fish, come on. Come on. Oh, good fish, good fish, new fish, new fish.  Slightly bad, thank you so much. The gift. We'll buy this. Got a bottle. Nice, nice, nice, nice, nice. Let's make... Let's assess the fossils first. I have many for you. And by many, I mean I have three for you. So tell me, tell me. Yes, not part of our collection. That's what I like to see, our collection. I don't know how many more I need for the collection. Listen, I'm trying to see what happens if I grow out my facial. I know it looks gross. I hate it too, but I just want to see what goes down. I just want to see what happens, you know? Just want to see. What would you like to donate? I forgive you for growing it out and we'll stop insinuating that you are auditioning for a Mexican p***o just as long as you shave it. I will, I just... Guys, I don't want to be judged like this, all right? I just want to see what happens if I just grow it out for a bit, okay? Can I just have this? Can I just have a second where I'm not judged? Give me the cool fish. Give me something sick, dude. There we go. No, no, no. Release it to the sea. I don't want it. I want something good. I'm getting mad.  I'm so angry about it. Ooh, big fish.  That's a big river mouth fish. Yes. Whoa, tilapia. That's cool. How the fish stay alive so long in my pockets, you know? You have hot dog water in your pockets. Yucky. Hey, listen, rodeo. I got to catch this fish. I know that you're fishing around here, but I've got to snipe it from you. Sorry, bud. It's the way it is. Just the way it is, you know? You don't donate to the music. You can have it, rodeo. Hot dog water sauna. Yucky. I don't want to do hot dog water sauna. The sauna saga. I feel like it's come to an end, you know?  I mean, especially for you guys, it's just like, yep, we put a thing in a thing, and then it's gross, and then we go, ew, this is gross. And then the video's done. I want some cool fish. Big, big fishy. Get on my line. Ooh. I saw the fish in a boot. Ooh. Ooh, little fish. A guppy. That's a new one. A little fishy. Come here. Come here, fish. Come here, fish. I just want to fish, guys. It's a rock. Come on. Give me something good now.  And it kind of sucks, to be honest.  There we go. There we go. Eat your fish. I'm already good. All right. What should I do now? There's definitely some chores I got to do. Let's go around the island real quick. See if we can get some sweet little fossil boys. These I don't think... Oh, this is a fossil. I think the one next to it I don't think is a fossil. Yeah, it's bamboo shoot. And don't worry. I will weed. I'm just going to take care of this stuff first, okay? Okay, is that all right? All right, guys. It's come to the time. I must do some chores. I've got to go and weed. There's so many around the entire island. I've got to clean up. Go to Harvey. Good points. I should go to Harvey. Let's do that now, actually. Just because that's a bit more exciting. Oh, man, there's so many weeds. It's disgusting. I can't believe I've let it get like this. Harvey. Oh, saw. Hey, here you are. We're still grooving. The anniversary shoot is going to happen. I'm just like behind a little. Hmm. Well, okay, but what will... What will we do about the lovely sets? Prepping them ourselves could get a bit ticklish. Hey there. Thanks for coming. So, I need to bar you for a minute. Okay, so this is here is Reese. And her main squeeze, Cyrus. They're so cute. They're married and in love. A whole bunch. Far out, right? Anyway, want to get some anniversary photos made. Fancy ones with sets and stuff. And just because it's June now and June is wedding season. Here they are. June is the whole season now. Whoa. Thing is, I'm cool with lending out my studio, but my wedding sets are running slightly behind schedule. I ordered decorations and painted the walls on the floor. But then a neat bird flew by and went. May. Long story. Long, someone's still got to move stuff around. It looks wedding-y. Then snap some photos. I'm up for the job. You are solid. You are solid on down. What? Never heard that term before. Interesting. Aw, so cute.  Let's do it, dude.  This cute. Hello there. It's nice to meet you. I'm Reese. I'm just as pleased to punch as I'm just pleased to punch that you're helping us out. This is my hubby, my darling. Uh. The name Cyrus. Good to meet you. I just know these photos are going to be so romantic. Just in time for our anniversary. Oh, love is in the air. Of course, we do this every year for our anniversary, but it's always special, isn't it? Just like a slice of life from that year. A delicious slice. Oh, so sweet is our love, right, hon? Oh, that's right. Sweeter than the sweetest crème brûlée.  Oh, how loving. How lovely. Sorry, I forgot what we were doing for a second there. Just got so lost in our own little world sometimes. Anywho, so here's what we're thinking for this year's photo sets. Recreation of our entire wedding day. You're going to help us by making this place feel like we're saying I do all over again. It'll be just like decorating our own place. Easy peasy. Oh, I almost forgot my amazing sigh guy. I even built some custom wedding furniture for the shoot. He built wedding furniture? Isn't that so sweet of my schmoopy? My schmoopy. He really put his heart into them, so I hope you can make them work. Let's open up the event tab. Okay. Okay. Okay, yeah, I get the gist. Let me just take these photos, dude. Okay. Pink and white. Yeah, I get it. All right. All right. All right. This is going to be sick, dude. Let's put this here. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, yes. My schmoopy. My schmoopy is going to love this. My schmoopy. My schmoopy. Schmoopy sounds like something Adam Sandler would say. My schmoopy. Oh, my schmoopy. Am I wrong? Still a little bit of this, huh? Oh, yes. My schmoopy. My schmoopy. My schmoop. My schmoopy. My schmoopy. My schmoopy. No. How's this look? Oh, it's coming along. Does this mean you're ready for us to start the photo session? Let's sign the knot, dude. This is so exciting. Where we get started, I do have another teensy request. Will you be our photographer? Don't get me wrong. Harvey is great. It's just this lovely set is your vision, and I want you to realize it. Oh, baby, I will do it. I will do it. I will do it. I will do anything for you. My schmoopy. You look upset. Smile. Nobody came to your wedding, huh? Wow. I'm sad. How's that for a pic, huh? Last one seemed nice. Mind if I take up a quick peek? Take more than one? I'll just look at the last one if that's okay. Go ahead. Oh, my goodness. It's everything I could have wanted. Someone captured all the joy and love that my darling and I share in one amazing photo. I love it. Anyway, I have a little something to show our appreciation. I hope you take it. Oh, it's a wedding bench. Oh, isn't that nice? We got a wedding bench, dude. We got a wedding bench. My schmoopy. Oh, my schmoopy. Oh, my schmoopy.  Hell yeah. Guys, my schmoopy. Oh, that was cute. That was so cute. I want to go home. Where do you go home? Yeah. Yeah. I want to bust Bunsen burners and bounce back to Cherry Town. Ah. Huh. Oh, are you trying to pick me up right now? How about we bust some Bunsen burners and go back to Cherry Town, huh? Muffy, my big titty golf GF. It's been so long since I felt your embrace, Muff. You know, a few of us were just talking about you the other day. I was wondering where you'd gone. Is it hot in the others yet? It's not. You better hop to it. I bet they'd be thrilled to see you tonight, Shade. Anyway, welcome back. Who in here? This is Henry's house, right? Oh. Boris?    What? No, I would never run. Actually, I would run from you, Boris. I would run from you.  You do you. Whatever. Whatever. How do I kill him? Actually, you know what?  I remember now. I remember now. I'm going to go to... Oh, yeah. Who are you? Astrid. That's right. No, Eepers. Oh, you came back. But where on earth did you go? When you're not on the island, I swear, nothing is the same.  I don't enjoy collecting stamps like I used to. And your girl Parfait doesn't even taste sweet anymore. I'm so sorry. I was so lonely while you were like, I'm so sorry that I'm the root of your depression, Astrid. I will never do that again to you. I'm so sorry. The time has come.  Today is the day that I say, enough is enough. And I put my foot down. Isabel, I've got words because I can't put up with this anymore. I can't do it. He's driving me nuts. He's driving me nuts. I'd like to discuss a reason. Is there a resident causing you trouble? Yeah. Yeah, there is. Which resident has been troubling you?  What about Boris' behavior upsetting you? Where do I start? The way he talks, the way he dresses. Everything. The way he talks, mostly. Oh my, I'm sorry to hear that. Boris hasn't been polite when speaking to you. Do you like me to talk with Boris and see what I can do to stop his behavior? Yes, please. I have a stern talk with Boris about appropriate language on the island. Please let me know if any other folks are giving you trouble. Just Boris, honestly. I'd also like to talk to you about the way he dresses, because I just want to complain more about Boris. This is so sad. What about it? Everybody hates Boris. Everybody is like, dude, get rid of Boris. Don't come to me and say, Ethan, you should mean you don't pour Boris, pour Boris.  I've seen it. I've seen it in chat. You all hate it. Henry, I love you with my whole heart. I love Cobb, too, because it calls me hot dog. Everybody was on Cobb's case. I was the only one that was on Cobb's side when he first joined the island. So don't you be hypocritical and say, Oh Jacob, hi.    Cobb is ugly. Get out of here. Someone banned him. Hey, babe. I forgot I had him call me, babe. It's been too long. Sexting a new, I was testing a new workout routine. It's been tough to stay motivated without you around. Oh, what's wrong, Pottles? That was like out of nowhere. But I want you to have my madras plaid shirt. Okay. What's up, dude? I don't need it anymore. And I just chuck it. I'd hate for folks, especially like my fans, to think I don't think I don't, you know, recycle. So I want my Bessie. That's you, Eapers. Can be my recycle buddy. Well, that's so sweet, Pottles. I didn't know you had fans.   We should collab, Pottles. Come on. Come on. Get me a big guy. Get me a big guy.  I just had a question. I was going to make an order online, but I have a severe peanut allergy. Do you guys use any peanuts or peanut oil in your kitchen? There. You horny fucks.  We're matching.  Come on. Yes. Every time, dude, I'm so... I want a new fish. Stop, stop, stop. I just want something new. Something fresh, something sweet. And I cannot get it. I cannot. The game won't let me. I say, hey, fish my wish.


Hello everyone welcome to Physiology Open. In this video we are going to deal with one of the most difficult topics in physiology that is acid based pallets. So let's begin. Any substance which adds a hydrogen ion into a solution is known as acid while any substance which binds with hydrogen ion is known as a base. The concentration of hydrogen ions in our body is very less it's approximately 50 nano equivalents per liter. Because the concentration of hydrogen ions is so less it is expressed as negative logarithm of the concentration of ions. This is known as pH and since it's negative log it's inversely related to concentration of hydrogen ions. More hydrogen ions means less pH and vice versa. Normal pH of extra cellular fluids ranges from 7.38 to 7.42. Decrease in pH is known as acidosis that is more hydrogen ions are there while increase in pH is known as alcoholosis. Now on a day to day basis lot of acids are being added to our body clothes. Due to metabolism carbon dioxide is being produced. This carbon dioxide after its reaction with water produces H2O3 which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. So carbon dioxide you see can add hydrogen ions into the solution. But since carbon dioxide can be excreted out by respiratory system as a gas it's known as volatile acid. But there is direct addition of other acids as well like galactic acid. These acids are known as non volatile acids. In total approximately 50 milli equivalents of acids are added into our body clothes per day. So concentration of hydrogen ions is in nano equivalents while acids added per day is in milli equivalents. So with the values you might have understood that with this much addition of acids pH will change drastically. And since body enzymes work best in a narrow range of pH it is critically important that the added acids need to be handled well. That means the amount of acids added should equal the amount of acids excreted from the body. But you see if we wait for acid excretion the amount of acid added will drastically change the pH and affect the functioning of the enzymes. So it's required that within the body there should be something which prevents the changes in pH due to addition of the acids while our body excretes the acids. So there are two things happening. One there are buffers which act as first line of defense and bind with the acid produced to prevent immediate change in pH. And second lungs and kidneys take part in excretion of acid. Lungs basically excrete carbon dioxide and kidneys excrete the non volatile acids. And kidneys also restore the buffers used up in buffering the acid which we will see in a short while. So we will see each option one by one. Just one thing before we proceed. Here mostly we will speak from the perspective of handling acids since body has to handle the daily production of acids. However in the end we will see actually these actions can proceed both ways and the same things can handle bases as well. Okay so first let's see buffers. Buffers can bind with hydrogen ions reversibly. So depending on the concentration of the reactants the equation can proceed either way. This is the general feature of all buffers. In this video we will not deal with dissociation constant of buffers for that there will be another video. Here we will focus on the overall big picture concept of acid base balance. Okay so most important buffer present in bodies bicarbonate which can combine with H plus ions and form a weak acid carbonic acid. So this is what we discussed with the buffer equation isn't it? But H2CO3 has one very important feature. This carbonic acid can dissociate into H plus ions and bicarbonate ions as already discussed with buffer equation but this is a weak dissociation. Instead it can dissociate into carbon dioxide and water in presence of enzyme carbonic and hydrates. So when hydrogen ions increase bicarbonate combines with hydrogen ions and reaction proceeds towards this side but it does not allow H2CO3 to accumulate. Instead it breaks down to carbon dioxide and water and this carbon dioxide is in turn excreted out by respiratory system. So what is happening is that bicarbonate is preventing pH change but in the process it is getting used up. Plus also see that it's due to this reaction that if more carbon dioxide is produced or respiratory system is depressed this reaction will start proceeding in opposite direction. Since reactant this side will be more. So H plus ions will be produced this will cause acidosis. In short acidosis is of two types. First one where bicarbonate is being used up due to addition of normal ethyl acids and excretion of carbon dioxide is occurring. So this type is decreasing bicarbonate ions and the other type is due to increase of carbon dioxide because ultimately carbon dioxide will add hydrogen ions. So now you can very well guess what we call these acidosis. Causes which decrease bicarbonate ions are known as causing metabolic acidosis while that which increase carbon dioxide are known as causing respiratory acidosis. Okay apart from bicarbonate there are other buffers too that is proteins act as buffers and phosphate ions act as buffers but to understand the big picture we'll keep them aside and discuss in the video on buffers. So anyways whatever the cause of addition of acids our kidneys and lungs come into action. Obviously here we are talking when their functions are normal. So first let's talk about lungs. Well our body has chemoreceptors which detect the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. This stimulates respiration and hence causes more excretion of carbon dioxide. Also these chemoreceptors are stimulated even by pH itself that is hydrogen ion concentration. Don't you think it's logical? It's kind of feed-forward action. Since hydrogen ions and combining with bicarbonate ultimately will form carbon dioxide so stimulation of chemoreceptors with hydrogen ions makes sense isn't it? Okay now let's see what our kidneys do. Kidneys do three things. One they reabsorb the filtered bicarbonate that is prevent the loss of bicarbonate. See bicarbonate is freely filtered through the glomerulus. With the plasma concentration of bicarbonate being 25 mili equivalents per liter and total glomerular filtration per day being 180 liters per day, total amount of filtered bicarbonate will be 4500 mili equivalents per day. This should be reabsorbed isn't it? So kidneys absorb this filtered bicarbonate mostly in proximal tabule and thick ascending limb or plump of Henle. Some amount which is left is absorbed in distal tabule and collecting duct. Second the kidneys regenerate bicarbonate. We have said before that bicarbonate is being used by buffering. So there should be some way that bicarbonate is regenerated isn't it? And third kidney is excrete hydrogen ions. The second and third options go hand in hand and occur in intercalated cells of collecting duct. So let's see how these three things are happening in kidney. So here is a schematic diagram of proximal tubular cell. This side is tubular fluid and this side is interstitial side. The membrane of the cell towards the tubular fluid is a pical membrane and the other side is basolateral membrane. And this another diagram is showing intercalated cells of collecting duct. Now this proximal tubular cell has carbonic anhydrase enzyme inside the cytoplasm as well as on a pical membrane. While this intercalated cell also has carbonic anhydrase enzyme but only in the cytoplasm. In proximal tubular cell inside the cytoplasm carbon dioxide combines with water in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme and forms H2CO3. This H2CO3 dissociates into hydrogen ions and by carbonate ions. Hydrogen ion moves into the tubular fluid by a hydrogen ethypase and sodium hydrogen exchanger. Now in tubular fluid hydrogen combines with a filtered bicarbonate and this reaction which is happening inside the cells moves in reverse direction in presence of the membrane enzyme carbonic anhydrase. So this carbon dioxide moves back into the cell. So basically what is happening? This carbon dioxide again undergoes same cycle. Now see with each cycle one bicarbonate is also forming in the cytoplasm. This bicarbonate moves into the interstitial fluid and is absorbed. So one hydrogen secretion is causing absorption of one bicarbonate but this does not really lead to excretion of more hydrogen ions be clear here. Since it's recycling rather it leads to reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate ions. So this mechanism is preventing loss of bicarbonate ion. Same thing happens in thick ascending limbo-flopof-end-lay for a whatever bicarbonate ion escapes absorption in proximal tubules. But kidneys also regenerate bicarbonate which has been used up in excrete hydrogen ions. This happens in these intercalated cells of distal tubule and collecting tact. Here intracellularly produced carbon dioxide combines with water and forms H plus ions in bicarbonate ions just like we saw in the proximal tubular cells. Hydrogen ion is secreted. However the secreted hydrogen ion does not combine with bicarbonate in tubular fluid because not much bicarbonate is remaining there since most of it has already been absorbed and there is no membrane bound carbonic anhydrase there isn't it? So hydrogen ion moves into the tubular fluid and bicarbonate enters into the interstitial cell. So this is a new bicarbonate which has formed. Now with the secretion of hydrogen ions what happens is tubular fluid becomes acidic. So pH of tubular fluid decreases. However pH cannot exceed more than 4 to 4.5 because as it reaches this pH the concentration gradient for secretion of hydrogen ions becomes too high. So more hydrogen ions cannot be secreted. Now remember pH will change very fast since kidneys have to excrete lot of acids. In mili equivalents remember? So to prevent this urine has buffers, phosphate buffer and ammonia buffer. Phosphate binds to hydrogen ions preventing decrease in pH. This also helps in formation of bicarbonate. Since hydrogen ion secretion can continue causing production of bicarbonate. However the amount of phosphate excreted each day is not sufficient enough to allow adequate regeneration of new bicarbonate. So quickly all the available phosphate in tubular fluid will combine with hydrogen ions and then again the urine will become acidic. So further job is done by the production of ammonium ions. Ammonium ion is formed by the metabolism of glutamine in proximal tubule. With this metabolism even bicarbonate ions are produced. Ammonium enters into the tubular fluid and bicarbonate enters into the interstitial side and then it goes into the blood. Now the ammonium in the tubular fluid is then reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb into the medullary interstitium where it is present in equilibrium with ammonia. This ammonia diffuses via collecting tubular cells and enter into the tubular fluid. So here they combine with the secreted hydrogen ions forming ammonium ion which is then excreted out. Now when secreted hydrogen ions is less this ammonia which is a gas will not retain here it will come back into the interstitium. So what happens that then it is absorbed back into the blood and is converted into urea in presence of bicarbonate. So basically the bicarbonate which was formed during the synthesis of ammonium ions is used up for neutralization of ammonia if it's not excreted. So basically bicarbonate is added only when ammonium ion is excreted. Its only formation won't help much. So what we are suggesting here is that excretion of ammonium ions is very well tied to pH. First of all that when pH decreases formation of ammonium ions increases in proximal tubelesses. Also with increase in H plus secretion ammonia will bind to H plus ions and this ammonium ion will be excreted. So this ammonia buffer is very important for the continued excretion of hydrogen ions in kidney. So this is how our body handles acids in day to day basis just to summarize once bicarbonate ion is the most important buffer in extracellular fluids and it's being used up with the production of acids forming H2CO3 and finally carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is excreted by lungs. Kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb filtered bicarbonate. Hydrogen ion in the tubular fluid is buffered by phosphate and ammonia and by virtue of this there is regeneration of new bicarbonate ion. Before ending let's talk what happens if there is excessive loss of acids from the body or with the addition of base. The puffers which we discussed will start acting in opposite direction. The bases will combine with H2CO3 and bicarbonate ions. Since H2CO3 is decreasing the overall reaction will proceed towards opposite side that is carbon dioxide will combine with water and form carbonic acid. So there will be decreased excretion of carbon dioxide from lungs. Then kidneys will decrease the secretion of hydrogen ions and instead may also start secreting bicarbonate ions. So the secretion also happens in other types of intercalated cells in which bicarbonate ion moves to the tubular fluid and hydrogen ion move to the interstitial side. So body is well equipped to handle changes in pH on either side. Hopefully the video clarified some of your concepts in acid-base balance. Thanks for watching the video. If you liked it do press the share and subscribe button. Thank you.