Rydych chi'n ddweud i'r platforma mewn social media i'n gwaith gwybod i'r newid yn gweithio'r ffordd. Don't forget to click the subscribe button a the notifications button so you're notified for when my next podcast goes live. Rwy'n meddwl i'r 21 oed yng nghymru. Rwy'n meddwl i'r ffyrdd proffit 14 oed. Felly rwy'n meddwl i'r ffordd hynny. Rwy'n meddwl i'r 35 oed, a'r ffordd mewn gweld gan ymgymru yn ymgyrchol i'r cyfnodiadau. Rwy'n meddwl i'r ffordd cyfnodiadau, ac hefyd yn deall y gwaith, ac mae'r wneud am ddech chi. Rwy'n dweud ond, ac yn dweud, ac rwy'n dechrau, iawn i'n gweithio'r cyllidau. E'n ddod i hefyd, fe wedi gwybod, a gwneud i'n ddod i'r cyflwy flynyddiad. Rwy'n ddod i'n ei wneud hefyd o'r peth, a rwy'n eto'n gwneud o'r peth am yw. Fe wnaetb bod rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Rwy'n cael ei wneud â was物iaethau. Rwy'n cael yr oledd o'r daeth, a'r casualyth ar hyn a'n gwneud. Rwy'n cael ysbry hi'n cael amsig, i wnaeth iawn i faswn i gyntaf gyda'r drwyddi, rwy'n cael yma, ond tyn ni'n gallu ar y busun. Rwy'n cael ei sydd yn dda ac rwy'n cael amser. Rwy'n cael amser. Rwy'n cael amser. A dyna'n gweithio, yma'r ffordd y mae'n gweithio'r ffordd ar ddigon nhw, yma eich dyfodol! Gwyaeth hwnnw, Llywodraeth, yw'n gweithio'n gweithio, yn fwy gwirionedd. Efallai'n gweithio, yma'r yma'r Ysgrifennu Moitai, yn ym 100 ffai, yn ym 100 ffai, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio, yn gweithio'n gweithio. Mae'r gwahanol cyffredig. Fy oedd y cofnig? Mae'n gweithgwyd y galler i fyny rydyn ni. Gweithgwyd cyflym am ddechrau arall. Dwi'n maerwch ar gael i'r ddechrau a gael i'r ddau. Mae'r ddechrau'r ddaf, dwi'n maerwch ac yn llawnau.foreign. Mae'r ddanach yn yr aedd am gael i'r ddechrau'i â'r ddiddordech yn eich ddechrau. A'r ddau sy'n gaer i'r ddau yn hyn ymeu sydd gennymul. Mae'n hynny'n cynnangoddol arall i'r cymdechrau. Mae ar ei wneud mewn ddechrau. gallwn ond yn hивeg, mae'nwn gwirio gynhyrch gyda'r gwah shouldnol y dyfodol. Felly mae'r cwneud'r brand yw'r cwintol yw plant yn ystod. Mae'r cwintol yn ystod. Mae'n ddod yma. Yn y gall fan ychwanegwyr gwylio o'r gyflym, gan yna sy'n gofynu'n gwneud i bethau fwy modig ystod y tro. Yn gweithio ar y ymd yn ymddig wneud, mae yw i'n gofyn. Felly mae'n fydden nhw, gennych hyn o fyddo i ddim yn gweithio. Ond mae'n cael yng ngosbl ar gondol gan bwysig ysbol. Na, gan i ni'n gen i'w ti'n chanel. Llywodraeth hpysyn ymlaen nhw'n amser. Gwys partners ac drwy ffaith arall, fel ôl ein bwysig gyda lai ei wlasiau i'w atliadau o'r Amroedau. Efallai i rhaid gyngornydd mewn Llywodraeth Cymysgol, gan ymlaen i ni yn gwybod. Rydym yn dŷn o'n hwnnw ar ei wlad. Ydw'n r contamin, gyda Iたw I ac pan gennym. I tyw eich hon aiad, ▲Dol â'r gyd-don ym mesediolaeth. Rydym yn olodyd, ddim yn ei b 스트�afai, yn successes y myf przech y Gymraeg yn gyfer lleiol, gan phlyd i'r designers a bly crude a yn dal hynny'r cyrch continu. Ewch wedi'i rhoi heddiwyd yr tiffaith. Arfod oos hyd yn wneud hyn. Mae gennym yn bwynt, pan yn gallu ym eureann. Pwy отwyl hefaf maen nhai yn yr Maes Ti, ac mae'n windows CFF-9. yn ei cypleasedd. I started in this gym when I was 13. I weren't too mischivous when I was younger. I was always getting into fights and stuff at school. I would never bully or anything like that, but I would always get ended up in fights and stuff. I used to play football at quite a decent level as well. I played up until decent level until I was about 17. I'd trialled at some decent teams and had scouts watching me from Leeds, Bansley, Sheffey, Wednesday. But that got put on the backseat of my football as soon as I walked through the doors when I was 13.  It would be good for your fitness for football and stuff like that. It's a bit rough round here. If you don't have a fight round here, you'll get eaten alive. I thought, I'm going down a little bit of extra work and stuff. The first day when I walked in the door area, I think it was about 1999 or 2000, I saw some of the guys sparring and I thought, that looks decent.  I was only 13 at the time, but although I'm a midget now, I was quite big when I was 13. I just stopped growing when I was about 14. I did. I would get inside to spar with the men fighters and stuff like that. Even though I was getting kicked up and down at gym, I loved it. It was amazing. Are you any fit and blood in the family? My dad and my grandad were a bit rough and ready, but my grandad on the other side, he boxed in army a little bit, but I'm like the first. Well, my cousin brought me down on the house and he's five time world champion himself. So he'd started it just before me and we came up together. He's about six years older than me. So we came up together and we just, whenever he were getting fight at a good level, then I'd be chasing him a bit, then I might overtake him and eat him with that. So it was good having family who were at a competitive level as well. So we were all puffed like competing against each other.  Because you matured fast? Because at 15 you fought a man at, was it 28? 28, yeah. How did that come about? Was that allowed? No, because what happened was when I started my first fight pro, pro, when no padding and stuff like that, well I got paid for it, I was 14 and we used to lie and say I was 16 because there was no one around my size and as strong as me who were 14 years old because I was really big from that age, do you know what I mean? So it was a week before my 15th birthday and I got matched with a guy called Martin Shivenen and he said, oh, we'll say he's 16, he's 16.  But he turned out to be 18 and I was 14 and I knocked him out in first round. So after that it was just like there was no way I was going to be able to go back to fighting anyone around me in 14, 15. So we just carried on lying about my age saying I was 16 and then I ended up fighting the 28 year old, I think that was my second fight and I stopped him as well. So by then there was no way I was ever going to come back to fighting people around my age, I had to just fight grown men. Who were your coaches and stuff then? So Richard Smith, I've been with him for the start at the very beginning, he's been my coach for 22 years now, I've been training. Did he see the potential on you straight away? Well yeah, what I was doing is I were here every single night. I used to be the first one here, as soon as I finished school I'd come to the gym and I'd always be the last one, I'd be on the bags after the classes, ended and stuff, just practising and trying to get myself better and I think he caught on to this and thought oh this guy's working hard, he started to take me under his wing a little bit and doing a bit of extra work with me and stuff and then eventually he just said do you want to start coming in the mornings, we'll get some with the other fighters and stuff like that and this one before had a fight. I said oh I'm at school so what I was doing is some days I was going to school, I'm a dinner hour, I won't have any dinner hour, running up here because it's only five minutes away getting a little session in with other guys running back to school and he just went from there. So it's like you just loved that passion for it to be, when did you move to Thailand? That was young as well was it not? Yeah so with that I'd made a career, I'd been fighting mainly Europeans and I'd fought a few Ties who were good fighters but they weren't the elite level Bangkok Ties. I'd had about when my first 29 pro fights unbeaten and I'd beat a lot of good Europeans, I'd beat some good Ties but not elite level Ties. So I was 18 when I fought my first elite level tie, I'd been to Thailand for three months before this and I'd fought there but not in like the big stadiums because there's two stadiums in Thailand. Pini, Roger, I'm known, these are where all the elite guys go to fight. So I'd fought some decent level fighters but not the elite. When I was 18 I'd just got back from my first stint in Thailand, I went there for three months and I didn't get the chance to fight there. I fought in Japan so I flew from Thailand to Japan and I knocked a guy out in round two but when I knocked him out I brought my hand. So I had to go back to Thailand for like a month and I didn't get the chance to fight which is what I wanted to do, I wanted to fight in the main stadiums. I came back home and I said oh we've got a real top level fighter coming to England, we need you to fight him. I said oh no problem, I'd gone 29 fights unbeaten, I was young, I was cocky, I was photo bully proof. I brought his tie over, he'd had 150 fights, never been knocked out, he'd just beaten one of the biggest names in Thailand but at the time I was just thinking alright, I think I knocked 20 people out of my 29 wins unbeaten so I was just thinking it doesn't matter, I'll stop him, it doesn't matter.  He got up and I'll never forget he looked across the ring at me, he didn't have a gum shield in him, he had blood all over his teeth and he smiled at me and went like that and I thought it's never happened before.  Round three, four and five because it's a five round fight, he absolutely wiped the floor with me and the beating I took in that fight.  I remember after the fight I couldn't walk, I was pissing blood from where he'd been needing me so hard around my kidneys and stuff like that. I felt like I'd been in a proper car crash and after that I thought right, if this is how good these guys are at this elite level, I can either stay here and pad me record out fighting the Europeans, I can probably get to 50 fights and I might not have lost or I can go over there, learn how to fight, how they fight, mix that with how I fight, live in the gym, do what they do, train how they do and then I'll be able to mix it with them at that level. How was it with your first loss? It was tough because like I said, I fought a bulletproof, I had a lot of knockouts, I fought at a good level, I fought some good fighters but not the best fighters. It was tough to, it was a tough pill to swallow because I had quite a big following at that time when I got a bit of momentum behind me, everyone was saying, he's going to be the next big thing in this and then when that happened, especially going into the elite level, I questioned myself a lot of thinking, is that how it is at this level, is this what it's like, am I good enough at this level? And it was like a bit of a back and forth battle, it was like, what are you going to do about it?  How was the different training from UK to then go to Thailand, is it total night and day?  Did you get paid for that just to fight? Just to fight, so I went out there, I saved a little bit of money from a fight I had had in England, but I was only 18, 19, so I didn't have much money at the time, so it was either fight regular and keep the money coming in or go back home, so what happened was after about six months I got sick of being in the gym, I got sick of me mattress on the floor and stuff like that, I just fucking couldn't do it anymore, so I got a little apartment next to the gym and I had to pay rent on it, and that's when it came down to basically fighting to stay there, if I couldn't fight to pay the rent I had to go back home, so I had to keep fighting regular, I had to keep my body strong, I had to stay fit and I had to stay ready.  What many British fighters went over there and trained then? Not at that time, no.  I remember when I went to live in Thailand though when I moved I was seeing a girl earlier, I've been with her for about three years and when I realised how much I needed to get out there and train with these guys to compete at their level I just went around off to live in Thailand, I'm sorry, three years. Priorities? I feel a bit bad about it now when I look back about it and thinking because I literally did just go I'm off to live in Thailand, I'm sorry, and left. So how did you end up a man becoming one of the best fighters on Muay Thai, eight world championships? How did that come about? Where was the first one you won? So it was just before I went to live in Thailand and won my first one.  I jumped on scales, 62kg bang on. They go, oh, your opponent will be here in an hour, he's late, he's in traffic.     How was it then?   Quite a few I've been looking at that and never had that many bad injuries because it looks more extreme than obviously boxing because you've got the gloves but UFC and stuff it looks ruthless a ruthless sport did you ever think about taking the leap to UFC? A lot of people asked me about this and they said why have you never done no ground never have you never done no ground but I've always been so obsessed with Muay Thai that I've never wanted to do anything else I've said to you before and I said I think you can only be good at something if you love it and I've never really loved the wrestling or the groundwork because John Jones I know he's Muay Thai and Dan Tau who's a good friend of yours How long have you known Dan for?   I've won six in the last seven at the minute and I'm still fighting at the best level there is so I'm still up there with the top guys the only fight that I lost was against Is that the Battle of Britain Kingdom one? No that were a tie called Rodlech over in Shanghai and he's just fought for the title at my weight division so he's obviously like elite so I'm still up there he goes fight I had with him so I think three more years left I don't want to go to the point where I'm past it and everyone's going what's he doing still fighting because too many guys do that I feel faster I understand my body better I know when to have a rest I know not to push myself into the ground and run myself into the ground I understand my body better than ever at the minute but it's been a bit of a struggle to get my speed back to after having so long off in lockdown but I'm getting back there my body feels good again Who was the guy you were on Joe Rogan with the hit my therapist or something Who was he? You see a lot of videos with him So that's Vinnie Shawman me and him have been friends for about must be going on 20 years now and he's always been involved in tie boxing he had his own gym and stuff like that so I've known him through that and I never believed in it and he used to say do you want to do a bit of work and I could see he's getting bigger and better and working with famous people and stuff like that and I said I don't think I need it I've always thought I was mentally strong I've always believed that I don't need any extra help and he said do you want to do it and I said no and I fought a tie called Anawa in Jamaica about 2009 he was the most prolific puncher I think probably in the last 25 years massive, massive KO ratio and I thought ah sorry I don't matter I'll beat him fought him in Jamaica got smashed to fucking pieces and it was the first time I'd ever been stopped and again coming back to that the first time I ever lost I was like fuck me what happened then that's never happened before and again it were a battle trying to fucking overcome thinking am I not good enough am I this, am I that am I not as good as I think a bit of a mental battle going on in my head and I begged the promoters over here I said bring him to England please and I know I can beat him so I brought him to England and I fought him at the MEM arena and Vinny said do you want to do a little bit of work and I thought you know what there's no harm in trying to get my mind as strong as my body and I did some work with him and it's so hard to explain because it'll be different for everyone but what he did for me he instilled a word into my head the word warrior and he said to my coach in between rounds call him a warrior and he went in some sort of fucking weird state of mind that I've never been in ever before it were it's hard to explain but if you watch the fight you see me at the end of the fight I schooled the tie MEM arena thousands of people there my biggest one in my career by a mile still is to this day my dad's birthday and I jumped on the ropes afterwards and I said to Vinny because he was commentating and I said thank you mate and he said I'll never forget that I went to the after party still buzzing I was in this hospital all night I had a really bad concussion and I didn't even feel it in the fight anything didn't feel rocked didn't feel hurt at any point and I had to get smashed to bits like I did in the first fight and then to be in a mind state that I was in the second where nothing hurt but then I still ended up in hospital that were a testament to how good he is at what he did and how good we gel together that's madder like I said I didn't fucking believe it how was that part of me I did take some stuff over there because obviously you hear people after a fight that just get left outside, is that true as well?  Fe ses y ffordd o'r ffordd a gen nhw'n gweithio sy'n jambol fel hyn sydd yn teimlo. Mae'r gweithio gen i'w hir. Mae'n gweithio hir hefyd. Mae'n dwy'r dweud, ac mae'n athwi, mae'n mwy oedd amdano, mae'n zedlau o ffordd o'r hynna. Mae gweithio hir hefyd o'n meddwl. Mae'n hwy yn dweud gan gofyd. Llef me out there and I thought I must be coming around the ambulance or something. There were two big fences either side. I had my gloves on still so I couldn't jump over them.    How are you treated over in Thailand and stuff in Japan being a British fighter? Do you get more respect over there? Do you get more respect or is it hard because you're not one of your own? Japan is a weird place to fight. They're all just sitting in silence.  Japan is sitting in silence so it's weird. It's definitely silent. You may as well just have no crowd there. It's a weird experience fighting there. But in Thailand that's what I wanted. I wanted the respect of the gamblers. I wanted the respect of all the promoters and I wanted the respect of the top level fighters. In the two years that I was there I had some good fights. I fought some of the top rank guys. I had some good wins. I had some good fights even when I lost. As long as you fight hard, you show heart and you give a good fight, whether it's your blues by a bit or even your win by a bit, the gamblers love that. If you're fighting close fights they'll love it. My style is power I've got to try and knock out every fight. They enjoy that. As long as you've got a good heart they'll warm to you and you'll get the respect. So you've had over 100 fights? That's a lot of fights.  What's the sparring like over there? Is it just like a fight with some of the Thai fighters? Like I said, when you're a Westerner in their gym with them, they want to prove a point.  They want to improve their imposter but you've got to prove that you belong there. Like I said, at the first they were always trying to put it on me, trying to break me, trying to bully me a little bit. But then once I got used to the heat I started to make a name for myself. My confidence was going up. I was obviously improving because I'm sparring with these guys and working with all these trainers. It started to even itself out a bit and eased off a little bit then. But the sparring usually over there, when you're kicking and stuff, it's nice and light. It's technique sparring and play sparring. You'd be doing it fast but you weren't hitting each other. But then when you do the boxing sparring, you get the big gloves on the headguards, that's just a fight. Because you look at UFC now boxing. Boxing has always been an elite but I think UFC is on par. Do you know why I believe that's taken over?  You can go 25 fights unbeaten and you won't have fought another top rank fighter. UFC now is just like these the best, he's the best, getting there. See I like that, there's only one belt as well. There's only one belt with boxing. You've got four, five, six belts on divisions.  Too much money involved. Why do you think Muay Thai hasn't got moved up the ranks as fast as UFC? Even though everybody loves combat sports and that is one of the most ruthless, if not the most ruthless out there, everything. It's a lot more now, it's a lot bigger now. What they've done is, one championship have come along. They've took Thai boxing, they've put the best fighters in the world in MMA gloves and they've changed the rules a little bit so it's a bit more fan-friendly. There's no like traditional dance before it. It's called your Y crew or your Ramaway, just like paying respect to your teachers and stuff like that. But a lot of people over here, when fighters start doing it before the fight, they don't want to see that, they want to see a fight. So a lot of my friends were paying money for a ticket. They don't really appreciate it, they don't like it.  So a lot of promoters over here now, they're cutting that out. But this one championship, what they've done is, they've put all the best fighters in the world in MMA gloves. When you've got how good stand-up strikers in Muay Thai are, they are the best. They've put them in MMA gloves, a lot of knockouts are going to happen. So that's what they're trying to do now, they're pushing it more to like there. So it's going to be more fan-friendly, smaller gloves, shorter rounds, more explosive. If we'd have done this a few years ago, I think it would be up there with MMA now. But it is slowly getting there.  I'm coming to the back end. I've still got a few left in me. Have you ever seen anybody being killed in the ring? Muay Thai, no. No, not in Muay Thai. I've seen some horrendous chaos from elbows and head kicks and stuff like that, but I've never actually seen anyone lose a life and never heard of it. I've heard of it once in Thailand. A lot of disqualifications on it. Do you know what some...  Yeah, yeah, yeah. There's a lot of... There is sometimes because another rule set is a certain rule called a continuous movement. So if I catch someone's kick, I sweep him onto the floor. As he's falling, even if he's hands touch the floor and I kick him in the face, that's legal as long as I've done it continuously, but you'll get some fighters who'll sweep, stop, give it a second, then kick them in the face, and then that's where a bit of controversy comes in, because then we're continuous, we're not continuous. Do you know what I mean? There's a lot of corruption in Muay Thai, same as boxing's corrupt as fuck. In Thailand, the gambling, there is, yeah. There's a lot of... People taking dives. Yeah. And what happens sometimes in Thailand, you'll see if it's on TV and stuff like that, the referee will just stop the fight and send both the fighters from the ring, and that'll be if he thinks someone's took a bribe or not, if he's not going to have a proper fight for the gamblers and stuff like that. So you see stuff like that happening all the time. So the lefts have got to see it. Yeah, yeah, yeah. You'll see fighters who get drugged before the fights and sometimes end up in hospital and stuff like that. No, because it's always the gamblers trying to get like a step ahead and stuff like that. So there's a lot of stuff like that that goes on. It's rife. That's bad. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So how did you end up winning eight titles? Did you ever dream of that to be the world's greatest at Muay Thai in one world titles? No. I always used to set out small goals at the time. So the first title I won were like a Northern area title. Then after that, I wanted to win a British, then a Commonwealth. I wanted to do it that way. But what happened was I won the Northern area title after about six fights and then I didn't fight for any other titles even though I was going through the ranks and I wasn't fighting for any titles but I was still fighting champions from France, Spain, Italy, all round Europe. Started fighting ties and now fighting ties and I'd still not even won any like a British title or like I had surpassed it all without fighting for it. And then my next fight after that were a world title fight. So like I didn't get the chance to fight for these titles. I just jumped straight to from area in English. Got me saying rank number one in England and then went straight to the world titles and I think I won my second one were in Thailand and that was massive. That were live on Thai TV. A lot of gamblers there. I fought the current champion and that was probably one of my most favourite memories. You gambled on yourself before but were you doing it a lot just to get by and get some food and pay for your rent? Yeah, most fights, yeah. So if you lose, you're fucked? Well, like I did a lost, like that fight I was talking about before where I bit my money on myself. I didn't bit on me. I lost the fight. I had to go fight again three days later to get some rent money. So the gym owner said to me, he said to me, Liam, you've got no money, what are you going to do? I went, I need to fight again.  My shins were in absolute bits. I was just in agony and I thought, oh my God, I don't want to do this. But I flew from Bangkok to Phuket and Phuket, the fighters out are strong.  Phuket, they're good fighters but they're not top level. So I went down there, I fought very luckily because I remember I kicked him in round one and when you got the adrenaline in your fight, you don't feel anything.  Do you have a few anything in your shins anymore when you're kicking or do you still feel some sort of thing? It's weird, it's like someone triggers in your head and it's like says, that's going to work after. But like another time, not really. My last fight, I put a video up on me on Instagram over there. I split both machines horrendously. And that was the only time in a fight that I felt it really hurt because I split them both after the fight. Went upstairs and talked to him, oh don't look at this and I looked at it. He could see me born in machine. I thought, oh no. So how does that, how do you get back from injuries so fast? Do you know what? I never understood how to look after my body when I was younger but like now I do a lot of cold cryo therapy stuff like that. I eat healthier, hot yoga. Obviously the older you get the more prone you are to picking these injuries up. So all through my twenties I didn't really do anything to recover afterwards because I was just getting away with it. I was eating what I wanted. I wouldn't stretch in, I wouldn't do anything. I was just having my fights, I was training hard and then my body was just recovering itself.   So I started to like learn about my body a bit more. I started doing stuff like hot yoga, more stretching, better diet, cold therapy, cryo therapy. Because the hot yoga that was actually we were speaking to Ella, Sean Wright from the grip house in Glasgow put me on the hot yoga and some killers in that gym as well, grip house. We were speaking to Ella with Jojo Calderwood I think she's in America doing a UFC. Yes, it's a small community like the Muay Thai gyms.  It's a small community round. The UK has a lot of gyms open. There's a lot of gyms. It's quite a big community but we all do know each other and stuff as well.  And like you say there's a lot of the talent pool here now in England is huge. There's some of the best fighters in the world I believe in England now but like you said they're all quiet and unassuming nice down to earth guys and stuff. There's no real dickheads and there's no like trash talk and stuff like that in Muay Thai really because again it's like the best just fight the best and you don't really have to Do you're talking in the gym? Do you're talking in the ring? Yes and there's because there's not like a massive TV and stuff like that there's no need for all this trash talk and stuff because you're not trying to sell the fight to anyone it's like everyone in Muay Thai they already know the best and they already know what's what so you don't have to try and sell it the best fight the best and then that's just that Who's the up and coming England what did you say?  How many fights you had had all in 120 or what was it? 160 160 Is there a certain number in your mind where you go okay I'll have 140 maybe 150 How many fights can you do in a year?  I am mate I won't lie here I fought about it a few times and I I don't know honestly I worry for my missies because she'll be one looking after me and nursing me back to some sort of mental help but you've been doing that over 20 years staying in gyms working hard producing the goods becoming world champion it's a phenomenal career so obviously you don't want to let it go it's a big void in your life that is like it's a healthy addiction that is an obsession massively I am obsessed with this sport I am obsessed with the lifestyle I'm obsessed with training I'm obsessed with fighting I'm obsessed with wanting to like push myself and stay at this top level and like I said earlier I'll know when it's time to let go from the top level What will you know though? Would you have too much play to let go? When these young kids like my last four or five wins have all been against young up and coming kids who are good fighters and they're all trying to make a name for themselves and I've slapped them all back into place when it's time when I lose these fights where I should like that where I should win I'll think you know what that this one have happened a few year ago I'll know to because I don't want to embarrass myself I don't want to be one of these guys who goes on for too long who just lets it go too long you lose your legacy you lose your reputation you lose everything you've worked for and I've seen it happen to a lot of guys and there's a lot of guys out there still doing it and I think what's he doing just retire just he can't need money that bad What is the age normally for Thai fighters and Muay Thai to quit? In Thailand because by time these are like 25 year old they've had 300 fights What? Serious mate I remember my 100 fight in England everyone made a big deal out of it because I think there's only two of us in England who've had 100 fights is me and I think him and Barlow a female fighter everyone made a big deal out of it and my opponent were a Thai from Thailand called Singdam and they asked him in the interview said so Western are you fighting is this 100 fight what do you think about that and he went I had 100 fights I don't know 15 That's what he's fighting that's what he's reply and I was like I feel really shit about myself now a cheaters mate but yeah So again yeah it's difficult because you see boxers coming back in their 40s if you want to retire then I think it's okay you hang up the gloves kind of then but you're struggling with the mental health side of it being fit all the time and then you're getting those natural chemicals your serotonin and dolphins a dope I mean all the healthy chemicals that make you feel good when you're not training do you slump and feel depressed kind of thing I slump mate I feel like shit like what happened to the first lockdown war I fought the week before the lockdown happened and that's when I'd split machines what happened with that that I got a botched job done by the paramedics afterwards it was fucking disgraceful what they did to me they glued machines up terribly strapped them all up and said right don't again wait for six days don't take the dressing off for six days after six days I took the dressing off you can look at this on my Instagram I put a photo up of it about three four days ago I took the dressing off and the wounds were just wide open I went to the hospital and they said to me this is the worst glue job we've ever seen so they had to scrape all the fucking glue out without no anaesthetic or anything it was horrendous pain they scraped it all out stereotyped it put it back and said right you're going to be not going to make it do over here for about a good month so the lockdown happened I couldn't run couldn't do any sort of training I would just sat around for a month and then the lockdowns kept continuing both my legs got then got infected so I had to keep going back to hospital and getting tablets and stuff and antibiotics so by that time that happened I put weight on I would just sit around I looked to myself like mirror I go fucking hell six well eight weeks ago you just had a fight you ripped to death you were in great shape you were on a good winning spree now look at you that shit you've let your son go couldn't go to gym honestly I was depressed as fuck and obviously I had like me my clothing brand and my website and stuff like that to work on I'm glad that I did have the time to work on these things because they have gone really well but in between doing that I just couldn't stop thinking about fighting and I was wanting to train I wanted to go run but I couldn't because of my legs and by time I'd all healed up and then by time the gym was open back up it took me it felt like I was starting from scratch again and there weren't any way back up but it's good that you're getting your clothing brand in place now like if you know you're maybe coming in an end in three years it's good to have those things in place because by the sounds of that you need to keep busy or else I admit honestly I'll be in very very big trouble if I hadn't got somewhere to I get obsessed with stuff and that's what tieboxing has been like when I used to play football I wanted to be the best in the team I wanted to be the best if I were just like an average player I'd probably want to have done it I get obsessed with wanting to be the best and then I obviously had the scouts watching me when I was younger and stuff but then tieboxing came along and I got obsessed with wanting to be not just like the best in the gym just the best that I could be and I wanted to fight the best and I used to just walk around daydreaming about being the best at it and I get like that so hopefully when that day does come and I have to retire I've got the clothing I've got my website because I want to be the best coach my training websites that's flying I've got like 13,000 members worldwide on that which is like a really good number and I want to be like known as one of the best coaches as well as the best fighter because there's not many who are doing both at the minute there's not many who are doing as many seminars as me who also fight at this top level who also got time to train other fighters and stuff so when that goes I'll put all my energy into coaching I reckon but at least I'll have the clothing brand Other things to work on What's that seminar? What do you mean by that seminar? So basically over gyms they will pay me to go to the gym and just do usually two hours and I will just teach all my favourite techniques which I use when I fight, when I train just to help me get to that level it's all my favourite techniques it's like Liam Harrison style mootai basically How many techniques are there in mootai? I've been training 22 years and I still learn everyday mate obviously it's called the science of eight limbs so you can kick, you can punch, you can knee you can elbow then there's the old clinch work which is an art form in itself because if you can't clinch you can be as good as you want outside the clinch but if some tai champion comes and grabs you around your neck and you can't clinch you are going to be fucked because they are so strong and they are so like it's a completely different art form itself there's so much different stuff going on inside the clinch just to stop them clinching or to stop yourself getting elbowed or to stop yourself getting thrown on the floor and it's so tiring obviously the MMA guys are the wrestling Do you do stuff as well? Yeah, they judge it soon if you've ever done anything like you know how tiring it is locking on and crappling with someone else so that is one of the main things it will take you years to get good at just clinch work on its own then there's all the sweeps then there's the throws then there's the endless So is it tiring? Do you go home tired after a heavy workout? Yeah, it's exhausting on your body that's why the looking after yourself now I've got a bit older comes massively important in a way because not only am I doing all this I'm doing my strength and conditioning and stuff as well and the explosive weighted stuff got to run to keep my weight down the pad work, the kicks, the sparring it's a lot of... your body's not meant to take all this shit you know what I mean so yeah, I go home like physically physically exhausted some nights Where's the best place in the world to fight? Where would you love to fight before in the next three years? Where's the place that stands out to you? I'd love to fight in Vegas Do they have fights in Vegas? Yeah they do, yeah I think from onth Street they do it not from onth Street, the big strip they have outdoor shows I'd love to fight there but one championship where I'm signing to now they're going to America I think over in the next couple of years so as long as I get the foot down and get over there before I'm too old that'll be I'd love to fight in Vegas mate but the only thing I worry about that is I'd probably just fucking spunk on me and fight away just as I got out of ring metal and I'm not too sure for it Mrs won't be happy So amazing career everybody knows your name in the fight industry plans for the future are going forward I know you've got your clothing brand so would you ever have your own gym? We spoke about this early didn't we again for some like this I think there'd be so much pressure on me because of how well my career's done to produce my own fighters I'm not sure how I'd feel about that I love teaching my seminars and I love being a freelance fighter If I had my own gym I'd do a lot of seminars always abroad so I'd do America regular so I can just go out there and go for two, three weeks and I'll go around all different gyms there If I had my own gym I wouldn't be able to just get up and leave and go to America for three weeks and I'd need someone running it I'm not sure I'd trust anyone running it because like I say I get obsessed with stuff and I'm a perfectionist when I'm training I make sure everything's done properly I train hard I'd want all my fighters doing that If I left them for three weeks at a time of stuff and they'll want doing that and I came back and I liked it or I wanted it I don't think I could it's just too tough I'd never say never but I love doing my seminars I love being freelance but we'll see, you never know What's your best knockout you've ever had?   Ond rhai, nid ydych chi arna rhai a'ch bellach rhai. So, rhai, ydych chi arna rhai a'ch bellach? Mae'n byd i'n mynd i'n byd. Rhyw gwerth gyda'r gwlad sydd ar ôl tuwr. Rhaid? Mae'n byd i'n mynd i gwybod. Rai unrhyw roi'i een cyff婆 o erbyn a'ch yn rei nifer. Rai 28 ffaii gyd yn gynghor� yma. Mae'n byd i gan gynhyrwyd yn gyflywyr yn eich hwnna. Rhyw gwerth gyda'r cyffwysg, mae'r gwahan palau ond. Dyna'r gwahan yn gobeithio yn cael ei wahan i bwysig gyda du, mae'r gwahan yn cael ei wahan yn cael eu bhymru bod roedd yn 50 a 58 o'r llywau, mae'r cyflith yn ymgyrch i'r yst precoedd. Wedyn fe ydy'r gwahan yng Nghaerdydd? Roedd rydyn i'n meddwl nid yw. Go ti'n meddwl am dda. Efallai i dnowr eich gymnewu. Mwysig ymdda'n eu gofyn nhw. Mae'n hyn yw, ac erbyn datblygu i dyn nhw. Rwy'n teimlo i'r byd. I mi wedi cyfnod yn siŵn. Rym ni wedi gwheVEN a wedi gwneud. Lliwb yn ôl yn sgwrdd fferdig. Rwy'n mynd i chi i dda, ac rwy'n meddwl i ni'n siŵn. Mae'r dŵr yn ei wneud jaeth. Rwy'n meddwl y gallwch chi'n mynd i hoffi. Roedd chi'n meddwl SeeR. Mae gweinio'r ysgolion mewn gwasanaethol, ac ei gwasanaethol mewn gwaith ffain, a'r ffaini hwnnw ac mae'r gwneud i chi i erbyg. ac rydy会w, ac rydych chi'n meddwl i'w teimlo i'w gyda'u byddu. Yn ymarfer, mae gen i'w beig ac yn y bydd i'w mwyaf. ac rwy'n i ddim yn gwir i게wn i hyn. Rwy'r mwyaf, mae gen i'w dim fel eich cwnnerru. Mae'r wych chi i rydych chi, ac rydych chi'n meddwl i'w hyn i gweithio? Mae gweithio! Felly mae'n meddwl i'w beig, mae gweithio, mae gweithio i'w meddwl i'w meddwl i'w meddwl i'w ddweud yn y gweith. Yn ymwneud arwain ar hyn o syniadau cylen gwahaniaeth. Mae gynhyrch, mae ein cyflogau yw bod yma. Gwylio'r adrodd. Mae'n amlwg dim yn ei charn gwrthig sydd wedi'u wneud. Mae'n tannt yn ein ffasgol sy'n digwydd pan mae'n ffasgol yn fân. Mae dylwn. Mae'r ffais na eich cyflogau. A oedd dod y gallwch chi yng nghyfryd gan y modd. Mae eich rhai IeYsig, iechyd, fairy, mae'n arhaen i… Maen i chyrgydd. Mae os yma'r fforddio am hyfforddor'i hyffordd o'ch dfodd draws ond y maes o'ch hun. Rydyn ni'n meddwl dda'r ddechrau am gy verklen. Ond'r rhan o'r rhan o'r backer o'r lliol, mae rhai o'n gyllidiaid yn ddechrau! Ond rhefwntau i fod i'r ffordd. Nid oherwydd, a'r roedd yn dweud'r ffordd yn yr eich fforddio a'r ddrwy'n cymaint lle, ac mae'n gweithio, ac oherwydd, yn chi'n gweithio i'n meddwl i'r gweithio. pawb yn gwneud. A gwybod maen nhw yn sweit buffalo,.'"Ill gwytdwch maen nhw'n pob b chang gwirionedd." Mae'n gofyn yn chlas un ddau. So mae'n cases Cymru, mae'n roi'n teimlo cyd-bug ymlaen chi. Fawr o'i ddigon, mae'n hoff yna, mae'n iawn, mae'n gofyn yn wneud. Mae'n gofyn i chi chi, mae'n gofyn yn y tro. Mae'n gofyn. Mae'n gofyn yn y tro. Mae'n gofyn yn hynny. Mae'n gofyn yn gwneud, gelio'r rodd o'r bodi. Falla'r rodd o'i chwilant eich gobl yn ddweud yma. Umwys ddalig i'r rodd o'r rodd, rwy'n gweithio ar y stamp, yn ei chyfwng i ddweud. Mae hyn yn diddai nhwpodair o'r rodd o'r rodd o'r rodd mheirhawrm. Mae'r rodd o'r rodd o'r rodd yn gweithio. Mae'r rodd o'r rodd o'r rodd a arniad. Rwy'n gweithio'r rodd o'r rodd o'r rodd, yr ydi'r rhiwgo i ddaeth daeth lebl gyaf, felly mae'n dweud yn y bwysig â'r cyfnith yng Nghymru. Mae'n ymwneud yng nghymru yng Nghymru. Pwysig o'r gymnyddiaeth yn y bwrth, a mae'n ddymiannol yn cael y bydd. Mae'n ddweud yn y bydd yn ddymiannol, ac mae'n edrych yn gallu'n gwybod gyda'r gynhyrch. Mae'r ddweud yn y bydd. Ac mae'n ddweud yn ôl i'r gweithio, mae'n ddweud yn ni, mae'n ddweud yn ni, mae'n ddweud yn ni, mae'n ddweud yn ni, If I'm getting fit, it'll work harder, so if I have that buzz back again, it's good and I feel hungry again. Because a lot of people will be struggling now, so a lot of people will be looking at you for inspiration, motivation to keep going. So if you're battling, it shows people that we're all human at the end of the day, people will be looking at you, think you've got it sussed out and life will be great, world champions, bells, travelling the world, everybody loves you in the fight industry.   You don't see what goes on behind Instagram, do you know what I mean?  Am I not going to get me sent back to full fitness? Will I ever fight again? Will we ever have shows in England again? It was tough, you know what I mean? If anyone's having any problems of anything, just speak to your friends, talk to your friends, that was the best thing I did because I was sat in the house and I was worried at some points. I went out for a meal when we were misses and I only told about three people this. I went out for a meal when we were misses and I sat there and I said, I need to go. He said, why? My food hasn't even come yet.  My food got put in front of me and I said, I need to go.  You were awful mate. I've never experienced all that.  What's going on with these guys? Do you have any problems? Just talk to someone, speak to your friends, let it out. But I think as well you've given yourself three years so you're probably thinking I've just lost a year. I feel like I'm being robbed mate. But yet the rest of the problem is on your world again though. The thing is because I'm in such good form as well and I'm winning and I won my last, I think three of them by KO, five of them last six or something and I'm on good form and I'm getting myself in line for another title shot. And I felt like they just stole it away from me. But obviously there's bigger things going on than this. People who are losing businesses and stuff like that. Everything is losing somewhere in this time. So I guess I've just got to try and stay on top of it and try and look towards the positives. Exactly man, keep pushing forward. Exercise is key. Exercise is key. See when you see kids fighting and stuff, do you know straight away they've got a talent? Yeah, but the worst thing either. I'll tell you what's the worst thing when you see someone come through this door in this gym who has got all the talent in the world but won't put that working. Because when I will come in through the ranks and stuff, my technique won't the best until I were about five or six years into my career. I would just roar, but I worked harder than anyone else. I knew there were a lot of fighters out there who were technically better than me.  I'll make sure I'm fitter. I'll make sure I can go five rounds at a faster pace than you. I'll make sure that I'm stronger. I'll make sure that I run more miles than you. I'll make sure I do more rounds on the pads than you. And eventually when I started to go into Thailand and work with different trainers, my technique started to come with it and I started to get a bit of a technical style as well as the power and aggressive style. But that's the worst thing when you see a young fighter come through the door and they've got all the talent in the world but lunch will be lazy or they won't work hard. You can teach everything, but you can't teach desire. You can't teach discipline and you can't teach heart.  Discipline is key as well. For any kids watching that aren't coming, train hard. I know there's a lot of boys in Glasgow now training hard. Some of the kids have seen some of their fights. Some of them are tough, tough boys. But this is the breaking point in it where if you're going through lockdown and shit, people think they're going to have to find another career path. What advice would you give for any of them coming fighters? Stick with it. Do not let anyone tell you that you can't do this because I remember when I was in school, I remember I got sent out of English, I was 15, and Mr Hill he said to me when I got sent out, he said, what do you think you're all going to do with your life? Do you think you're going to be a professional fighter because I'll tell you now that's not going to happen?  So have you watching Mr Hill? Don't let anyone tell you that you can't do it. Stay obsessed, be disciplined and just stick with it and trust the process. As long as you are putting the work in and you are grafting as hard as physically possible, the universe will repay you. I honestly believe that. Well you're living proof of it, but hard word to Chris Kealy, he says there, train harder on everybody else, believe in yourself as Kealy as well. With Mr Hoster and you can't do that.  But for coming on the day brother and telling your story, would you like to finish up on anything yourself? I'm trying to say a massive thank you to everyone who supported me in my career, all my sponsors, Jim King, my clothing brand, 11th commandment, stuff like that, all my trainers, all my training partners, my gyms in England and Thailand, just a massive thank you to everyone. Mainly to all my friends and family and my fans who have supported me in my career, because without them, without the support, without them buying the tickets and stuff like that to come and support me and all coming up from my career, I won't be where I am now. Coming on the day brother and telling your story mate. Massive thank you, thank you very much. I look forward to seeing you next week. Cheers mate. Cheers brother. Thank you. Check out more of my podcasts on the right and be sure to like, share and comment your thoughts on this week's podcast. Thank you.


Hello everybody, my name is Julien Atta, I'm a research engineer at the Orange Company and I'm a blockchain enthusiast. First of all I will explain why we've chose to build a reference model and how we build this model before explaining exactly how it works and what we hope to do right now and in the future with this model. When we look at the state of the art, we see that most of the papers focused on blockchain technology modelling, especially on the technical aspect, both the features of it or sometimes the businesses that are maybe a good opportunity for a blockchain. But not so many people focus on what the actors can, what role can the actors place inside this business and we decided to have a look at it. If we look at classical applications that are off-chain, we have an ecosystem with hosting companies, developers, build tools, language and if we look at what role a company is playing inside this ecosystem, we could also understand its business model. In blockchain, there is not many work on it and so we decided inside a DLT system to understand what role a company could play and often it will permit to answer to the question should I mind, should I be a validate, should I validate some transaction, should I construct my own blockchain, should I join a public blockchain, should I join a consortium. So to build the model, we have done an analysis of nine different DLTs, like the Bitcoin of course, but also AOC, Ethereum, LISC, Perliger, Qwinterparty and we focus on the lifecycle of decentralized application. The model is, so in the center we have the decentralized application and at the top of it, we have the DLTCAD owner and we see that there is strong link between the of course DLTCAD owner, the one who creates the protocol and the one who builds the tools to develop application, those who will own the tools and those who will validate. The DLTCAD owner, for instance it could be Ethereum or any other foundation that produce the protocol, provide the virtual machine, the assembly language and so on. And it's very important because, and we'll see it's often a foundation or it's a big company often, it maintains the code and also it is the one who could manage incentives for the funders, so it is the one who establish trust inside the blockchain. We then have the validator instance and of course it's a key role because it validates transaction, it could be done using any algorithm, proof of work, proof of stake or any other mechanism. And we have a DAP instance. We've really focused on the technical aspect inside our model, we do not include all the off-chain aspects that could go with DAPs and we focus on the byte code that is holding inside the application and of course it depends always on the validator to be published. The byte code for those that are maybe not information is the code that is able to be interpreted, to be executed by a computer, so by our blockchain in this case. So, for example, EPSC on EOS or Uniswap or in terms that are famous application. We then have the utility provider in order in our ecosystem to build an application we need to have the tools to do it. For instance, we have Parity for Ethereum which is famous and that is done by the Parity Foundation but you also have the tools made directly by the Ethereum foundation or also as there is the TIO that is an application developer and that needed his own tools that develop also has a KASM tool for EOS because he wanted to have his own tool to develop his product. So I think it is like in common development we see the kind of the same role that are played by actors for those that build tools, those that develop and those that own the application. I took the example as DAP owner of Société Générale which is a French bank that recently published some DAP on the Ethereum public network but there is plenty of DAP owner, of course, and it is also the business owner. And of course in our model the DAP consumer that is the end user of the application, it could execute function, it could read the results inside our chain and it could also be, it's not necessarily human, it could also be another DAP or an off-chain application. So as a resume, we can see that most of the time foundation are behind the protocol and so we find foundation as DLT code owner and often the first tools provided to work on a blockchain are made by also the same actor, I mean the DLT code owner, but on the majority of them, anyone has developed code and has developed tools to work on it. There is a huge difference really in the DLT we have looked at, it's that part of them are consortium blockchain and in consortium blockchain it's always the company that is behind. So it asks the question of the centralization of power inside the blockchain whereas in foundation this question is less efficient of course. In conclusion what this model will be used for is to be a tool for practitioners who want to choose a role on the business model for the solution. And we are currently trying to implement it inside a simulation using multi-agent in order to ask two simple questions, which DLT is suitable for my DAP because of course if you publish on multiple chain you will have costs associated to it. And we want to measure if this cost is superior to the profit, to the benefits you will have with your application and also because some chain and we are thinking of a small chain for the moment that are nearly to be created or that we would like to create could be weak or could not stay long in the time and maybe we could diminish the risk of losing our application by publishing it on multiple DLT so this is the current question we are trying to answer with it. Thank you for your attention and I'll be pleased to answer to your question.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards, and I'm ripping a few personal boxes here for Max G We've got one 2021 Panini playbook football hobby as well as two 2021 Don Russ Optic footballs All right. Good luck Max. We're gonna start with the playbook Good luck Double moves of the J Out of 299 Sean's favorite song there. Yeah, we've got hot routes to 149 Jamar Chase We've got Oilers how about a goal line graphs in 99 Earl Campbell goal line graphs and Cool on here Browns material autographs Nick Chubb Nice hit Max on the vet auto there Triple patch auto Nick Chubb Those are definitely harder pools. I I don't know how many of these I've pulled out of what we've ripped here That is out of 49 38 out of 49 on that one. Heck yeah Less than a handful that's for darn sure There you go All right optic. Let's see if we get to keep the downtowns coming last two boxer We pulled two downtowns. It was crazy If no downtown, let's see some QB ink sure max would be fine with either good luck Starting off with the teal all rookie hollow Jermaine Pratt. Is this really a sport ax throwing? ESPN Rashad Bateman rookie Literally nothing else. We are watching ax throwing on ESPN right now Football can you come faster? Oh, please retro series hollow Michael Vick John Holland blue or sorry aqua rated rookie to 299 Felipe Franks Chuba Hubbard rookie and silver circles to 125 miles Sanders Tommy tremble got Josh Allen hollow bills Are you? This John right? We've got remandre Stevenson lime green rated rookie to 35 Nice hit there max remandre have a little breakout season never know JC horn blue to 179 Kenyon Drake Raiders I'm actually pretty good at ax throwing Najee Harris we've got blue rated rookie to 179 tree my kitty Uzurike orange to 199 Steve young for the box. It's kind of a color match with that throwback box So In book we've got our auto rated rookie Rondo more to 150 There you go another sleeper with de hop out. You never know Tweeted him in Hollywood one of them's got to get a first Wide receiver one We're now pal hollow rated rookie Mack Jones nice hit there max There you go on the hollow Nice one that got one for you Robinson Jarrett Patterson Trinko we've got great iron Kings rookie Trevor Lawrence Eric Stokes rated rookie Kyle Trask rookie. We've got red hot rookies hollow Devonte Smith Eagles Backwards miles Garrett's aqua to 299 chase young running Perkins. We've got pink velocity to 79 Nick Bosa Or sorry Joey Bosa on those the bro Leo Jones can't gain. Well last pack box Mark Jefferson and a Justin Fields elite series rookie All right solid first box there for a max Got Kellan Mon rated rookie blue rated rookie to 179 Josh Palmer Cisco aqua to 299 Treyquan Smith Michael Carter hell, yeah, Ryan Tannen y'all hail auto or hollow Yep, y'all a couple of you this year Paint Turner got Ron now more rookie. Hello white hot rookies of Jalen waddle Dolphins Why is your more pink velocity to 79 Ronald Jones of seconds Lari got lime green at 35 Michael Thomas Saints minor. It's orange to 199 OBJ rounds 2-2 we've got aqua to 299 Devonte Adams Reverend Jordan hollow raider rookie Frank Darby J1 Sam Elinger raider rookie Got a Justin Fields raider rookie base And elite series rookies Rashad Bateman Nico Collins hollow of Larry Johnson Look for a Micah Parsons raider rookie and the rookies Devonte Smith Hosu Kormoa Travis Etienne on the silver circles to 125 Nice hit there max Schwartz blue to 179 Baker Mayfield We bash them and to 99 the rookies hollow insert auto Josh Palmer Big palm out of there Packs left here canry and Elijah Molden and last pack here for you Daffy owe a and global hollow inserts Nelson Aguilar for the Raiders All righty max that will do it for your boxes. Congrats again on your hits Thanks so much for hopping in and we'll get these cards right out to you


Let's let's proceed to the talk. So today we will have talked by Sylvia but that will be on distributed constraint satisfaction problem. Oh, yes. Thanks, Jacko. So I'm hoping you can also my screen. And so thank you. I'm going to talk about the distributed constraint satisfaction problem and in particular, I will be looking at this complexity. So this is some joint work with Victor that knows my supervisor. Okay. I will just start by defining what I mean by CSP. I'm sure everyone is familiar with the topic, but just to summarize the notation. Let D be a final domain and let gamma be a finite set of relations over T. Now an instance of the constraint satisfaction problem of over gamma is a triple where X is a set of variables. D is the domain as we said before is finite and C is the set of constraints over the variables. And now constraint is a pair where consisting of a scope that is a couple of variables from X and the relation from the constraint language come. And I would say that I is satisfiable if there exists a map from the set of variables to the set of domains such that every relation, well, every constraint is satisfied. That means that the component wise application of this map to the scope of the constraint belongs to the respective relation. And now just to point out, we consider the case where the domain is unique so every variable has the same domain. The distributed CSP framework is very similar. It originated in 1992 as a formal framework for some multi-agile system problem. And similarly, so we have a finite domain D and the constraint relation gamma over D. An instance of the distributed CSP over gamma is a table that contains, again, a set of variables, a finite domain and a set of constraints that are defined as above. And additionally, we have a finite set of agents, which we call a and a subjective function alpha, which basically assigns the control of every variable and every constraint to a single agent in the set of agents. So we make a fundamental assumption that there are as many agents as the sum of variables and constraints, which means that every agents will control control exactly either one variable or one constraint. And now originally the DCSB was defined for just binary relations. In our work, we extended so that it's also allows for non-binary relations. However, I want to point out that all this framework can be simplified in the binary case, so that we only have agents controlling the variables and we do not meet agents for the constraints as well. Now, the decision problem for the distributed CSP is defined as follows. We have a distributed algorithm will solve the CSP of gamma if this algorithm terminates and at termination every process correctly states that the instance I is satisfiable if it is. And that it is not satisfiable if it is not. Similarly, a distributed algorithm solves the search problem for the CSP of gamma, if given an instance of the CSP of gamma, it solves the decision problem first. And then if the instance is satisfiable and the terminated state also contains a value of the domain for every variable, such that the as a whole the assignment given by these values is a satisfying assignment. And later I will describe exactly what I mean by a distributed algorithm. So now about this system, a message passing network or a distributed network consists of a finite set of processes that are connected by communication channels. These processes can perform free kind of events. They can send messages receive messages and perform any kind of internal events that can be calculations changes of states decisions, etc. So let me make some fundamental assumptions on this network. First of all, we assume that communication is synchronous that means in proceeding around and no message is sent in the new round before every every process has received the messages in the previous round. So this is an assumption that is just made to simplify our computations. And indeed, all our algorithms can also be run in the asynchronous framework, just by applying a simple synchronizers. However, the opposite is not true. So, there are some algorithms that might work in the asynchronous framework that do not work in the synchronous one. So the complexity here might be different. Secondly, we assume that the network is anonymous. So that means that the processes do not have ideas. And, or rather, either they do not have ideas, for example, because they don't have the hardware to create them, or they cannot store them, or they might have the ideas, but they are unable to share them with their neighbors. And these, again, this assumption can be justified by privacy reasons but we will see later that it is very important to make the problem interesting in itself. And we assume that every process runs the same algorithm and that this algorithm is deterministic. Again, this assumption goes together with the anonymity assumption because if the processes had access to randomness, then they could create random ideas just by flipping a coin or with a random number generator. And they could also break ties in just by flipping coins, for example. So these assumptions, it follows that in general it is impossible to elect a leader in the network. That means that it is also impossible to gather all the information about the CSP to a single process. And therefore, we cannot solve the CSP just by gathering all this information and then using a standard CSP classical CSP algorithm, which means that our framework, the CSP framework is strictly different from the classical CSP. There is space for some interesting new results here. Now, how do we encode an instance of the CSP in a message passing network? This is very simple. We consider a bipartite graph and labeled bipartite graph. So the vertex set is given by the set of agents. In particular, the bipartition is given by on the one side, the set of agents that control variables, and on the other side, the set of agents that control the constraints. And obviously there is an edge between a variable agent and a constraint agent, if and only if that variable participates in the scope of that constraint. Now the edges are labeled with the position where the variable appears in the scope and the relation of that constraint. Which means that all the variables and constraints can have all the information that they need about the CSP instance just by looking at the labels of the edges that are incident. They're the incident to them in this constraint network, sorry, in the message passing network. Now before I state the main results, I need to just define what I mean, what is polymorphism. Again, I'm sure everyone knows this already, but just to be clear. Polymorphism of RITM is a function on the domain of sorry, polymorphism of a constraint language of RITM is a function on the domain of that constraint language. Such that every relation from the constraint language is invariant under the coordinate wise application of this map to any set of M-tapos from the relation. And moreover, we said that a function is symmetric if its result doesn't change if we permute its arguments. And now finally we're ready to state the main results of our work. That is our main theorem that the decision problem for this CSP of gamma is tractable in polynomial time, even only if gamma has symmetric polymorphisms of all RITs. Otherwise, the CSP of gamma cannot be solved in finite time. So here actually we have a dichotomy that is different from the classical CSP in the sense that we don't have empty completeness but actually we have that either problem is tractable in polynomial time or it is not solvable at all. And now these results can easily be extended to the search problem and in fact we have the same dichotomy. The search problem for this CSP of gamma is tractable in polynomial time, even only if gamma contains asymmetric polymorphism of a priority and otherwise we cannot solve it in finite time. Now just to give an example of these results. For instance, if we take two colorability. Now two colorability does not have asymmetric polymorphism of RIT2. And therefore it falls in the set of intractable languages and this can be seen easily for example if we take an instance that is a ring, where we apply the two colorability relation between every pair of variables in the ring. And it's easy to see that the search problem here cannot be solved because if all the processes start in the same state and the algorithm that they run is the same throughout every run, then they will always be in the same state and therefore they will always output the same solution. So no matter how long this other algorithm runs for, and we will never be able to have two processes that output different values for their variables, their respective variables, and therefore two colorability cannot be solved in the search problem. To see why it cannot be solved in a decision problem is a bit more difficult and I will talk about it later. On the other hand, for example, if we consider any binary relation that has bound that way. We know that it can be solved by our consistency and our consistency can easily be implemented in the distributed framework. So, given any instance, we can solve it in the DCSP framework. Now I'm going to start talking about intractable languages and why if we don't have a symmetric polymorphism of some RIT then there are no algorithms that solve the DCSP of gamma. But before that, I have to introduce a new concept that is the concept of iterative decree. Now, this concept comes from graph theory, and it is quite simple. The idea is to calculate a partition of a graph by iteratively dividing the vertices into finer and finer partitions. And this is, these partitions like are given by this algorithm that's called iterative color refinement, or one dimensional by spiraling on algorithm. Basically, it works as follows. The first degree, or sorry, the zero degree is just given by the degree of the vertex in the graph. So for instance here, we have that every node in this graph has degree two, except for these nodes that highlighted in green that have degree three. And now the kth degree, kth degree of a node is just the multi-set of k minus one degrees of the nodes' neighbors. So for instance, in this example graph, we have that every green node has three neighbors, and it has two neighbors that have degree two and one neighbor that has degree three. So it's first degree would be two to three. While, for instance, these red nodes, they have two neighbors and both their neighbors have degree two, so their first degree is now two to. It's easy to see that actually this partition that I give here by dividing them in three colors is a stable partition that is a fixed point. So we cannot divide it further. And in general, it is also easy to see that after almost any iterations where any is the number of vertices in the graph, we will reach a stable stable point. So there will, it will not be more possible to divide the partition further. And now originally this concept of iterated degree was was defined as a heuristic to test for graph isomorphism. That is, if we have two graphs, and we run the iterated color and find the algorithms. We will obtain a degree sequence that is the sequence of fixed point degrees for both graphs. And we know that if they're either a degree sequence is different than the two graphs cannot be isomorphic. However, the opposite is not true. For instance, this is an example where we have two different graphs. This is the one that we were looking at before. This is a graph that has the iterated the same iterated degree sequence. However, it's easy to see that these two graphs are not isomorphic because for example, the left one is too colorable, but the right one is not. So as an extension of the iterated degree concept to CSP, we, we define it as follows, and basically now we're not looking at graphs, but by part of the graphs that have labels. So the first thing that we want to make sure is that any two nodes of the graph that belong to different sets of the partition, get a different degree at all times. So we start by defining the zero degree as just a symbol that differentiates the degree of variables from the degree of constraints. And then, because we have labels and we do not want to lose this information. And the K degree is defined as a multi set of tuples that contain the K minus one degree of the neighbors of this of this note and the label that connects the nodes with its neighbors. Now we say that two nodes are degree equivalent, if they're catered to the degree is the same for okay. And we have the following crucial observation. So, given an instance of this CSP, and given two nodes that have the same integrated degree, we have that any terminated in decision algorithm over these instance will output the same decision at the two processes corresponding to this, to these notes. And moreover, any terminated search algorithm will output the same assignment for the same, these two nodes, if the if the instance is satisfied. And additionally, we also have that if we run a distributed algorithm over two separate instances that have the same degree sequence and the algorithm without the same solution on both instances. And now, again, before I go to the proof of interactability, I'm going to define construction of a gadget. And that's, I call the indicator problem. And so, given a constrained language gamma over a finite domain D, and a positive integer K, I define the indicator problem of order K for gamma to be the instance. Given by basically has the set of variables being the set of K tuples over of the domain. And then for every relation of gamma and every set of K tuples from his relation. There is a constraint in the indicator problem that is given, basically as, as follows the I variable of the scope is the table given by the I coordinate of these K tuples that I took before. And the important observation about indicator problem is that the set of solutions to to this indicator problem corresponds exactly to the set of K area polymorphisms of gamma. And secondly, we also observed that for any two tuples in the in the set of variables of the indicator problems that are permutations of each other. The two tuples will have the same in the ready degree. This can be is, this can be seen easily either by induction, or by just observing that actually these two tuples, there will be an automorphism between them. So, if they're automorphic, then they're also either a degree equivalent. So finally, I'm going to give some intuition on how to prove that the search problem is intractable for the intractable languages. Assume that gamma does not have a symmetric polymorphism of our K and consider the indicator problem of order K. Now, from our observation that I mentioned before, for any two tuples that are permutations of each other, any terminated algorithm will output the same value at them because they have the same integrated degree. And therefore, this algorithm can solve the CSP of gamma, only if there is a solution that assigns the same value to every two tuples that are permutations of each other. But this solution, since it corresponds to a polymorphism. Well, it corresponds exactly to a symmetric polymorphism of our K, which is a contradiction, because we just assume that such a polymorphism doesn't exist. So for research problem, this is quite simple. The decision problem one has to do a little bit more work. And the idea again is to control the gadget that shows that the problem is intractable. However, we could not find one in CSP of gamma, but rather we have to define a new relation. So I'm going to briefly talk about keeping definitions. We said that our relation is pp definable from a template gamma. If there exists a pp formula primitive positive form formula, which uses only relations from gamma and equality to define you by pp formula, of course I mean formula only uses existential quantifiers, conjunctions and equality. We say that you is e f pp definable with by which I mean equality free pp definable if such if you formula doesn't use equality so he only uses relations from them. Now there's a very well known reduction for CSPs that basically says that if some constraint language gamma prime is pp definable from gamma. Then CSP of gamma prime is log spacer is equal to CSP of gamma. And we have a similar reduction here in the DCSP framework, but with e f pp definitions so if a constraint language gamma prime is e f pp definable from gamma. Then the CSP of gamma is, sorry, if if the distributed CSP problem for gamma is solvable in polynomial time. That's always the distributed CSP problem for gamma prime. So assuming the gamma does not have a symmetrical morphism of RTK, we just consider the relation defined as a set of solutions of the indicator problem of RTK. And it is easy to see that this definition actually consists of an e f pp definition for for this relation you. And so, because of this reduction that I just mentioned, it is enough to prove that there is no algorithm that shows DCSP of you in finite time instead of solving of proving that there is no algorithm that solves the CSP of gamma. So if we don't do this as follows, we would find two instances, I wanna night to have in CSP of you. Such that, first of all, they have the same degree sequence. And secondly, that one of them is unsatisfiable, and the other one is satisfiable. And because of our observation that I mentioned before that if I run a distributed algorithm on two instances that have the same degree sequence. In this algorithm will have put the same solution at both the intense instances. And so the same decision as well unsatisfiable. And so because one of them is unsatisfiable, and the other one is not, then there is no algorithm that could possibly solve this problem. Now, down to the tractable case. So assuming that a constraint language gamma has a symmetric polymorphisms of varieties. We will show that there is an algorithm that solves it in polynomial time and in particular it. It runs over n square rounds. The round is not unique times are actually the total running time is, is this and cube and again, where any is the number of variables in a constraint, such as for instance, and is the number of constraints. And the maximum size of a message is in order to prove this theorem. I'm going to need another observation, which I call the structural theorem, this is interesting in its own right especially because it is not specific to the DCSP framework but actually it holds in the CSP context in general. I'm going to, to discuss it more needed later but just to mention, and the structural theorem states that the following are equivalent. First, that gamma has symmetric polymorphisms of varieties. And secondly, that for every satisfied instance of CSP of gamma. There exists a satisfying assignment that assigns the same value to any pair of variables that are degree equivalent. So coming to the structure theorem. There are algorithms subtractable languages consist of two phases, the first phase. In the first phase, every process in the network calculus is either a degree. This is done by a distributed version of the color refinement algorithm is very simple basically at every round, every process. And then the third degree and then calculates the next either a degree and then broadcast is and calculate it and so on. Now the ninth version of this only takes and rounds. However, the maximum size of a message is m log n. And because we're actually going to use this message later and we're going to process this and this is going to take time. It's very inconvenient to improve this algorithm by basically trying to decrease the size, the maximum size of a message, and this is done at the cost of increasing the number of rounds. The, the basic idea is that instead of broadcasting the degree in itself. Every node would just broadcast a number and this number is unique up to the great equivalence. And in order to calculate this number. For every round one is an extra n rounds that's why we get n square. Now, once every process is calculated is already degree and we have reached a stable point. And then the crucial observation is that thanks to the structure theorem, we can tag messages with the degree that has been calculated and use it as its own ID. So now in a way the network is no longer anonymous or better, it is anonymous but we can have no unique IDs up to degree equivalence. And now because of this we can use distributed and adapted version of JPQ consistency which is some recent work of cosmic to decide the decision problem for this is pure comma. And the second phase takes n square rounds, m log n times, sorry m and log n time, so then we get the balance that I mentioned before. And the maximum size of a message is m log n. Just to explain a little bit how distributed JPQ consistency works. So every variable process in the network would maintain a set S of X that is a subset of the domain. So the values are such that for every solution, if this solution assigns the same value to any pair of variables that are degree equivalent, then the value given by by the solution to to X must belong to S of X adult time. So initially, as of X is, is just set to be the domain for every variable X. And at every iteration we calculate the new as I have X by basically taking the previous SI minus one of X and then removing all the elements of the domain that are not consistent with all the other variables in that work that are equivalent to X taking that value. So just to explain a little bit. So for binary relation actually is free colorability we know that this is not solvable but it's just an example. And, for instance, here, suppose that X and Y are degree equivalent, we have a SI of X and SI of Y. And we can see that there is no path from zero here to zero in SI of Y. We can remove zero from both sets. On the other hand, for example, there is a path from one here that we can follow to one here. So one will be maintained in this iteration. And once we have computed these new sets, and which we're going to do for every iteration. And now just to mention that this can be done locally in a way that it will take n rounds. So just by sending messages during n rounds, every process can calculate these new sets locally. So in most n times the iterations and each iteration consists of n rounds, one can obtain a fixed point. And the crucial observation is that since gamma has symmetric polymorphisms of all areas, and hence it also has bounded with from the structures theorem that I mentioned before and from the work of Cosic. It follows that one can decide satisfiability of the instance just by looking at these sets as of X in the fixed point. But if anyone of these sets is empty, then the instance is not satisfiable, and it can be easily propagated around the network so that all the processes are made aware that the instance is not satisfiable. Otherwise, if all of these sets are not empty, then the instance is satisfiable and this can be decided. Now, going back to the structure theorem. I'm going to actually try to prove it for you. I'll state it again, just for convenience. So the structure theorem states that for any finite country language gamma gamma has symmetric polymorphisms of all areas, even only for every satisfiable instance of CSB or gamma. And this is the satisfying assignments me that assigned the same value to every pair of variables that are either that are degree equivalent. Now, in order to prove the structure theorem, I'm going to need to use the basic LP relaxation of CSB. And this is as defined as follow we have a variable for every pair of, well, we have a variable of the LP for every pair of variables from the CSB and elements and we have a variable of the LP for every constraint in the CSB and every couple T in the relation of the constraint. And this set of variables of the LP are constrained by the following equation. First of all, we require that the variables of the LP define a probability distribution for the variables of the CSB over the domain. Secondly, we require first that also the variables of the LP that for the constraint defined probability distribution over the tuples of the relative relation. And secondly, that the marginals of the probability distributions are consistent. Now we say that BLP decides the constraint satisfaction problem for gamma, if for every instance of CSB or gamma. The instance is satisfiable, if and only if the basic LP relaxation of that instance is feasible. And it is one known that if gamma has a metric polymorphisms of all artists, then BLP of gamma decides CSB or gamma. However, the running scheme that gives this this equivalence, which is actually if and only if also determines that the if the solution given by the LP is such that any two variables. Sorry, for two variables, we get the same value basically for every value of the domain. Then there also exists a solution that gives the same value to these two variables. Now the proof of the structure theorem would go like this. First of all, we would rewrite the the BLP in matrix form. So, just by replacing basically every equation with the pair of inequalities. And then we would apply the multiplicative weight update algorithm to this feasibility problem. And wU is quite a widely used technique in machine learning. And basically a weight update technique is quite simple. So suppose that big w is a set of equations in the LP. We define small w to be the vector of weights of these equations. So we basically assign a weight to every one of these equations, initially all the weights are set to one. So for T iterations. We do the following. First of all, we calculate the probability vector. That's just the normalized vector of weights. Secondly, we assume that there is an oracle that gives a solution to these feasibility problem over here. And it's important to notice that this feasibility problem is strictly weaker than the previous one than this. But if we have a solution to the LP, then we definitely also have a solution to this problem over here. The opposite does not hold. So, given the solution by an oracle, we compute the losses. So, basically, there's one loss for every equation. And then calculate the new weights just by multiplying with the losses. The algorithm returns the solution that is just the average of all the solutions given by the oracle over the T iterations. Now, it's quite easy to show that if we're on MWU for an infinite number of iterations, then we actually get an exact solution to the basic LP. In particular, under some technical assumptions on the oracle, that are easy to be met. In order to get an epsilon approximation for the BLP, it's actually enough to run the algorithm for a number of iterations that is quadratic in one over epsilon. And so, clearly, if we let T to infinity, then epsilon goes to zero, so we get an exact solution. And now, again, given the algorithm, the multiplicity weight update algorithm, it's not hard to show that the solution given by MWU is not just exact, but also it assigns the same value for every pair of variables that are degree equivalent in the network. And to show this, okay. Again, it's not difficult, but just to give you an idea, we will define two more equivalence relations and now on the set of variables of the LP V and on the set of equations of the LPW. And we say that the vector V is V preserving if it assigns the same value to any two variables of the LP whenever they are V equivalent. And similarly, a vector W is big W preserving if it assigns the same value to any two equations V and VW that are V equivalent. Now, consider the oracle that maximizes the left hand side of this equation. And that's given basically just by assigning one to V if it's coefficient is positive and zero if it's coefficient is negative. It's easy to see that this maximizes the left hand side and so it must satisfy this feasibility problem. And this oracle also satisfies our technical condition that we needed before from that year. And so, one question by induction that is the solution given by this oracle actually guarantees that the, that the solution given by MWU is be preserving that means it's going to give the same value to any two variables that are V equivalent. Even only if the corresponding variables in the CSP are degree equivalent. And so, once we show that a given the gamma has symmetry polymorphisms of all areas given around the scheme that I mentioned before. You can see that basically the solution given by the IP will be the same for every pair of variables that are degree equivalent. And because of this because of the running scheme then we have a solution of I of the CSP instance that gives the same value to every pair of variables that are degree equivalent. Now that completes the one direction of the proof of the structure theory. The other direction, luckily, is a lot more simple. So, assuming that we have a closer language gamma that satisfies the second condition of the structure theory. So that means that gamma is such that for any satisfiable instance, we have a solution to that instance that gives the same value to every pair of degree equivalent variables. Then we're going to show that gamma actually has a symmetric polymorphism of RTK for every K greater than one. Consider first the indicator problem of order K. And remember that, as we said before, the solutions of the indicator problem of order K define exactly the K area polymorphisms of gamma. Consider then an arbitrary solution, we know that the indicator problem is satisfiable. And so considering an arbitrary solution of the indicator problem that satisfies the this condition to above, which we know must exist. And remember, so for any pair of tappos in indicator problem that are permutations of each other, we know that they are degree equivalent. And because they are degree equivalent, given that our solution satisfies the conditions of the structures here. Then the solution must give the same value to these two tappos. And since this solution defines polymorphism of RTK. It follows that this polymorphism must be symmetric because it gives the same value to any two tappos that are permutations of each other. And so we have a symmetric polymorphism of RTK as required, which completes the proof of the structure here, and also completes my talk I believe. Thank you. Yeah, thanks a lot. Some questions. Comments. Well, where do you go next with this, or it's all done you start the direction and finished it in one paper. No, for sure not. So there's a few, a few ways that this can be taken further. First of all, while we made a couple of assumptions on the network, synchronicity and anonymity and determinism. While the anonymous assumption cannot really be taken away because otherwise it's trivial. You could look into making the network asynchronous. So that would most likely gives rise to a different classification. And you could look into allowing for randomness. And again, I don't know where that would take. Another interesting point is that actually the DCSB framework is quite similar to graph neural networks. So there's, there's actually quite an interesting correspondence there because graph neural networks are also very deeply tied to these vice father layman test and they did already degree and actually their expressive power is seems to be linked to vice father layman. So it's an interesting direction to see in, in what way these three things are linked together. And yeah. There's more. Does it even make sense to apply this framework to optimization problems. So what is this piece of some of that? Possibly. Yeah, one could look into that, that direction. So we haven't looked at value CSP or optimization in the sense. But actually, yes, so DCP distributed concern optimization problem is is also well defined there is quite a few papers on that. But again, nothing on the complexity. So that would also need to be analyzed in a way. Some other questions. Maybe I will have a question then. So, yeah, my question is about the communication model. So I think your algorithms basically work in a way that that the vertices just needs to need to communicate with their neighbors right. Yes, exactly. They can only communicate with the neighbors in the, in the network. So if you if you change this into, you know, global global communication, does it change anything. So you could, you would be able to send messages to anyone you want, or maybe a for sure this is not the only network that would work. Or at least there are cases in which other networks would work. For example, if you have just binary, you could use a different network with global communications. I don't know what could look into that actually it I would imagine it's not very very feasible for applications in that way, because in general if you have a constrained network. It's not super feasible to assume that everyone can communicate with everyone. But surely surely one can look into that. I don't know, Victor, do you have any idea? I don't know exactly what what is global communication. I will say that as long as you can keep anonymity. I mean, global communication only could speed up what is not for those views. But, but I don't know if you can make it global communications without without revealing anonymity. Like, yeah, I guess like if you want to keep anonymity, the only the only global communication that you can get would be broadcast a message to everyone right the same message to everyone. Yeah. So, so then I guess, basically, perhaps you have the same classification right because, because perhaps it's still like you have the same the same barrier like that the notes that have that are, that are, they will go and need, need to still to behave in the same way. And then global global, perhaps it will only make the algorithm faster, but I guess that will get sort of the same, the same frontier. Yeah, yeah, I agree. That I mean that's my feeling as well in the sense that you could, if you receive more messages in a way that wouldn't help you break the symmetry it would only give you more information faster but only information you're going to get, you're going to get it anyway at some point. It just might take longer because the network is complicated and you, you're not a direct neighbor, but all the information that you're ever going to get you're going to get in a finite time. And, and so just to to our communication channels is is not going to have to break the symmetry which is the problem for intractable languages, it will only make algorithms faster. Although, one thing that one might look in this model, perhaps is that you see in the model that we're looking at. We are hoping at the best. I mean, let me see, how can I say that, and by making it distributive we don't get any improvement. Actually, the only thing that we get the obstacles right. But perhaps by looking at global communication, then we can study another kind of questions like which kind of, which kind of CSPs you can solve them faster in this way than like for instance classical CSPs for instance I don't can solve any like in sublinear time, what kind of CSPs that you can solve in sublinear time now that you can communicate like instantly because that was a problem when we look at this initially. So I think it might be interesting to look at in that direction like, like, like, yeah, which, which kind of CSPs you can solve like faster. Right. But your algorithm is actually quite fast isn't it like compared to QB and QB and log N. Yeah, how does this actually compare to the standard algorithm for symmetric polymorphisms that would be LP. Sorry. LP is matrix multiplication time. Matrix multiplication time. So that means this is slightly slower. Good point. I don't know. Okay. You made this assumption that you have as many, so you have one agent for every variable or constraint. Yes. How much of restriction is there? Not at all actually. It's not a restriction in the sense that if you have, for example, say that you have a variable, sorry, an agent controlling two variables. Then the agent can just simulate two agents that control each of them one variable. And then just run the algorithm in the same way. It's no loss of generality. Sorry? It's no loss of generality, you say. Yeah, no, it doesn't lose any generality.