Hello and welcome. In this video, I will show you how an integrated process with work orders, time sheets and invoices from Field Glass and an SAP backend system looks from a user perspective. In the first part, I will pull up a work order that I created and which will then be confirmed by the supplier. The data will be sent to the SAP backend system where a purchase requisition and a purchase order are generated automatically. Let's take a look at the work order first, which I prepared before the demo. In the upper part, we have the job title and the ID of the work order. We can see the period of the service is ordered, we can see the supplier and the location of the work. Here we have the total ordered amount of the services and the referenced SAP cost center. Please know that the selectable cost centers, along with other master data, is provided automatically from the SAP backend system to Field Glass periodically or in real time where supported. Now the work order needs to be approved by the supplier, therefore I logged in under the supplier's account. Here we see again all relevant data, such as the job title, work order ID, the performance period of the services, the buying company, location of the services, the rates and number of working hours ordered. I now accept this work order and in the next part, show you how this is reflected in the SAP backend system. I am logged in at the connected SAP backend now. The work order was turned into a purchase requisition and then a purchase order automatically for the selected supplier. We see all relevant information from the work order on the overview page. A service line item got created with a cost center account assignment. We see here the line item description, the performance period, the total ordered amount of the services, the site or plant code and, on the item detail page, the linked cost object and account assignment category. You also might have a purchase order approval process in place in the SAP backend system. In this case the work order for the supplier gets activated only after final approval of the PO. The supplier then gets informed by the system and the worker invitation process is triggered. In the next part we will look at the timesheet and invoicing process. Anytime the worker completed a timesheet, for instance on a weekly or monthly basis, it is sent to the buyer for approval. In our demo system, we activated the auto invoicing feature, which then also generates an invoice directly after the buyer approved a timesheet. Both the invoice and the approved timesheet from FieldGlass will instantly create the corresponding documents in the SAP backend system. Let's take a look at FieldGlass from the external worker's point of view. Here he would enter and comment the worked hours. We can see the timesheet ID, the worker ID, the time period for the timesheet is shown and the external worker can enter his working hours on the proposed cost object from the work order. In this example it is a weekly timesheet. After completion the external worker submits the timesheet back to the buyer for approval. As a buyer I received a message from FieldGlass that a timesheet was filed for approval. We see the name of the worker, the timesheet ID, the performance period, the number of hours ordered and see how much of the budget is used and to which SAP cost object the costs will be posted. I will approve the timesheet now and we see the status instantly changed to invoiced because auto invoicing is switched on. Based on the approved timesheet data a supplier invoice was automatically created. Let's have a look at it in the SAP FieldGlass. After payment of the invoice by the SAP backend system the status would change to paid. In this final part of the demo I log into the SAP backend system again to show you how all these documents are reflected in the system. I am pulling up the purchase order history in the backend system. We see three documents created the goods receipt the invoice and the service entry sheet. We can see the document number the posting date and the amount. Let's go to the service entry sheet. Here we see the connect to the FieldGlass system with the work order number we can see the performance period and the workers unique ID. We also have the reference to the timesheet with the timesheet ID. And finally let's take a look at the invoice. Here we can see the reference to SAP FieldGlass with the invoice ID. Thanks for watching the video. I hope I could give you a good impression of how well the integration of FieldGlass with an SAP backend system works when using the SAP FieldGlass integration add-on. Goodbye.


The jump process starts with the airborne timeline is what we call it. It really begins from planning and then once we get to the day of the jump, you'll have air to mission briefs, that's all the Jumpmaster teams get together, and then you have Jumpmaster rehearsals, you go to IMC, sustained airborne training, you'll go into FMC, final manifest call, into going to the Shacks to rig up, get JMPI'd, then you'll wait for maybe an hour, get on the bird. Today we are going to be jumping at a thousand feet from a C-130, we're going to be laying on Vaziani drop zone in a show of force for Distinguished Visitors Day.


Let us start our today's lecture for this NPTEL video course on geotechnical earthquake engineering. We were going through module number 7 that is seismic hazard analysis. Let us have a quick recap what we have learnt in our previous lecture. We have seen why deterministic seismic hazard analysis is not sufficient enough and we need to go for another method or more realistic method where all the uncertainties involved during the earthquake process can be taken care of. So, that is why the PSHR Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis has been arrived at where we can take care of uncertainty involved in the occurrence and the magnitude of these earthquakes and also the probability of occurrence of all these hazards which is not possible in the DSHA because which consider only the single maximum earthquake for estimating the hazard parameter. We have seen a comparison like this as well that is in DSHA we consider the single scenario which is the worst case scenario always. So, it is based on the single value of magnitude which is m max which is based on the single distance which is r minimum and the combination of these two maximum magnitude and minimum distance gives us the hazard parameter whereas in PSHA we have seen that we need to consider the various scenarios like we should consider the all magnitudes we should consider all distances and also all the effects to obtain that hazard parameters to consider the uncertainty involved in this process. We have also mentioned in previous lecture that for PSHR Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis the pioneering work the credit goes to Connell in 1969 this method was first established through this Bulletin of Seismological Society of America paper B. S. S. A. A. paper for PSHA the basic inputs which are required like seismicity model based on the seismicity distribution in space and time magnitude frequency distribution and the maximum possible earthquake also we have seen GMP is or ground motion prediction equations which are related to magnitude and hypo center which is nothing but the attenuation relationship using both this magnitude and hypo center parameter and site response model. So, these are input values in output what we get we get the particular hazard parameter which we are trying to find out that value exceeding a particular ground motion level within the time period of t with the probability of occurrence of some p. What are the various steps of PSHA? There are major four steps again like DSHA we have seen also for PSHA four major steps the differences are like here we have to identify first the sources or the boundary within which we will consider all the sources. Now, here not only the minimum distance we need to consider but all the distances from site to source and the recurrence that is occurrence of an earthquake greater than a particular chosen magnitude by our engineers say 4.5 magnitude earthquake or 5 magnitude earthquake and their number of occurrences with respect to that magnitude we need to plot. Then the peak acceleration that is the chosen hazard parameter versus distance based on various attenuation relationship for different sources needs to be plotted and within each of them we need to find out the uncertainty based on the probability distribution function or the chances of probability of occurrence of a particular event within that source. Finally, we have to estimate what is the probability of accidents of a particular event to occur at that site based on various GMPs. For that the first step we have seen identify the source once we identify the source we are not sure that which point of the rupture will be more crucial not all each and every point as we have given equal weightage in the case of DSHA. In PSHA we need to consider which are the more prone for the rupture for that we need to plot a probability distribution function using the histogram process the center of each histogram based on the various distances from site to sources like this and plotting it in this fashion. For that purpose we can divide the source if it is a linear source in this fashion by drawing the concentric circle considering this site as the center point using equal increment of this radius we can divide the entire source and from the center of each source we can find out various distances and give or assign some weightage of this equal intervals L i by L. Similarly, by dividing the entire length into equal number of segments and giving the weightage to them we can draw the histogram of source to site distance. For aerial source we can divide the area into a number of smaller equal areas like this and we can find out various distances to their centers and plot that histogram. Similarly for volumetric source also we can divide the entire volume source into a number of equal small volumetric segments and we can find out various distances from center of each volumes to the site and create the histogram of that source to site distance. Suppose if we have unequal or random or haphazard shape of the source in that case we have to assign the weighing factor corresponding to different segments and that different weight factor we have to use to calculate the fraction of the total area which is getting involved or we are plotting in the histogram. Whereas for obtaining the maximum magnitude it is the same methodology is used as we consider for DSH also like either using empirical correlations based on rupture length, rupture area, maximum surface displacement or based on theoretical determination based on seismic moment criteria or the slip rate correlations we can find out what are the maximum value of m. Now obviously at given source at one particular source several magnitude of earthquake may occur in the past and chances of occurrence of low magnitudes are quite often or frequent whereas large magnitude occurrence of earthquake chances are very rare or less frequent. So using that Gutenberg and Richter propose that we can plot these number of occurrences of earthquake with respect to their magnitude in this fashion like y axis can be number of occurrence of a particular magnitude of m versus that magnitude m. So suppose we are considering for our design say magnitude more than 5 let us say we are interested all the magnitude more than 5 we need to plot and their number of occurrences. So obviously less magnitude of earthquake will occur more number of times and higher magnitude of earthquake occur less number of times. So typically a behavior from historical data we will find which is kind of an exponential like this in a normal plot of that number of occurrence versus magnitude. So if we plot it in the semi log plot like log of number of occurrence of that magnitude of earthquake versus magnitude it will be kind of a linear relationship like this. The same thing we can plot it in this fashion considering the mean annual rate of accidents which is nothing but lambda m which is defined as that number of occurrence of earthquake divided by that over the time period t which is considered which will give of course per year basis which is nothing but mean annual rate. So that log of lambda m versus m will give us the same trend same relationship the linear relationship like this. Then we have defined another parameter return period or recurrence level which is t r which is nothing but inverse of that mean annual rate of accidents of that event. So 1 by lambda m will give us so for example log of lambda m value of 0.01 indicates t r value of corresponding to 100 years because 1 by 0.01 is nothing but 100 years. That means mean rate of accidents of a particular earthquake say magnitude 5 is 0.01 at a particular source the for the same source in 100 years that 5 magnitude will occur once is the same word telling in the different way. So this is the same plot same y axis in different directions increasing that is lambda m increasing vertically up t r increasing vertically down is shown over here. Now Gutenberg and Richter proposed this law that is why it is called Gutenberg Richter recurrence law that is how many times that earthquake is going to occur its return period or recurrence is given or known as Gutenberg Richter recurrence law based on this distribution which is represented by this simple form of equation log of lambda m equals to a minus b m. This coefficients a and b need to be obtained from your collected historical earthquake for a particular location or particular region. So based on that for each and every region in the earth we can find out Gutenberg Richter recurrence law like for India for Gujarat region we have obtained this Gutenberg Richter recurrence law we will see that example later on. So this a parameter and b parameter needs to be obtained based on local seismic events historical collected data and this is the plot of log of lambda m versus m and 10 to the power a denotes corresponding to magnitude 0 that is the intercept here and b is the slope of this line fine. So with that we completed our previous lecture we are continuing in our today's lecture now. So today what we can see over here once we learn the Gutenberg Richter recurrence law which is given in this form in this equation lambda m is defined as the mean annual rate of accidents of that magnitude m and 10 to the power a is the mean yearly number of earthquakes of magnitude greater than equals to 0 because it is the intercept in that corresponding to m equals to 0 and b represents the relative likelihood of large and small earthquake because as we can see this gives the slope this slopes automatically if it is a steeper that means that occurrence of large earthquake are much lesser if it is a flatter then chances are more that is why it gives it represents a relative likelihood of occurrence of large or small earthquake. And it implies that earthquake magnitudes are exponentially distributed as I have already mentioned because if you plot this linear relationship you will get in semi log in this fashion only if your original distribution in normal scale is something like this exponential right. So what we can do the same equation Gutenberg Richter recurrence law another way to write it as l n this is natural log this is log to the base 10 and this is natural log of lambda m equals to alpha minus beta m. Just we are changing the scale from natural log from log to the base 10 to natural log. Then what we can say lambda m in the from first equation is 10 to the power a minus b m when we are using this because this is log 10. So lambda m equals to 10 to the power a minus b m which can be expressed as equals to exponential of alpha minus beta m because here from this relation we can write all lambda m equals to e to the power alpha minus beta m right that is what I have written. Hence if you see the similarity what we can write alpha is nothing but 2.303 times a that l n comes into picture right l n versus log to the base 10 that relationship that number comes into picture and beta is nothing but 2.303 of b. So for an exponential distribution this distribution can be represented as f of m of m equals to b minus beta m beta e to the power minus beta m that will be the relationship. So now let us see earthquake source characterization how to characterize this if the earthquake smaller than a lower threshold magnitude m naught are eliminated then the mean annual rate of accidents can be written as proposed by McGeary and Arabaz in 1990 this expression was proposed that lambda m which is nothing but our mean annual rate of accidents of that event can be proposed as mu times e to the power minus beta times m minus m naught that is instead of minus beta m now we are using minus beta times m minus m naught where this m has to be greater than m naught. So what is m naught let me explain it little clear way it says it is the lower threshold magnitude that means m naught is that value of the earthquake magnitude below which we are not concerned about that is as an engineer suppose we are doing the hazard analysis say we are not bothered about the earthquake which are having magnitude say less than 4.5 because it hardly damages our civil structures see if it is so then that 4.5 will be your minimum threshold magnitude you are interested more than 4.5 whatever earthquake has occurred. So why you will then take for your Gutenberg Richter relationship estimation all the earthquake magnitude say 3, 3.5, 4 why we should take that we should not take. So that is why it is mentioned over here you can select a threshold lower parameter of magnitude m naught based on your design criteria and you can neglect all those values of earthquake which are less than that m naught. So you are going to consider only those earthquake which are more than m naught and for that you identify what is the annual rate of accidents because this annual rate of accidents may change automatically if you delete some of the data points from your historical data set below a certain magnitude where this mu is nothing but e to the power alpha minus beta m naught that we have already seen right in terms of exponential and the lower threshold magnitude is set at values from about 4 to 5 as I have already said it depends on the designers or it depends on the importance of your structure etcetera. Suppose if it is a residential building not that is so important thing you can select even a higher magnitude if it is very important structure say bridge say dam etcetera where we should go for deterministic seismic hazard analysis but parallelly you can go for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis also in a logical way but to select a threshold parameter say 4 like that. So clear so this is depends on the engineers choice engineers experience. Now this f m that can be expressed as probability of occurrence of a particular magnitude of earthquake which is less than of a magnitude m at that site given that magnitude must be more than that threshold value of earthquake what does it mean we need to find out that probability distribution function for that it is nothing but the probability of occurrence of an event which is having for example let us say this magnitude say 8 earthquake we are going to design our site for a future structure which has to withstand earthquake magnitude let us say maximum value of 8 and our threshold value let us say it is 4.5. So it will be that probability of occurrence of magnitude which will be less than 8 but that magnitude has to be more than that 4.5 that is what it says right we are clear about this probability. So as you can see obviously to study this probability seismic hazard analysis it is assumed that you know the basic concepts of probability this is one important thing I want to highlight over here knowledge of basic probability distribution everything is necessary for this course for this chapter to understand. So I will request all the viewers those who do not have the basic background of probability may go to any standard probability distribution book and may learn very basics of the probability distribution and then can consult this video lecture of this particular topic on probability seismic hazard analysis which is necessary. So now by defining that what way we can write this equation we can write it in this form that is lambda of m naught minus that lambda of m by lambda of m naught which is nothing but 1 minus e to the power minus beta m minus m naught. So the resulting probability distribution of magnitude for the Gutenberg Richter law with the lower bound this lower bound m naught can be expressed in terms of cumulative distribution function which in short we call as CDF cumulative distribution function is nothing but the first derivative of this distribution function with respect to that chosen magnitude.  So this is known as cumulative distribution function for the probability distribution function. Now using that concept let us take one example problem suppose for the worldwide seismic data based on that taking care of the circum-pacific belt region of former earthquake previous researchers had proposed the Gutenberg Richter relation with the values of a and b like this that is log of lambda m equals to 7.93 minus 0.96 m this is the a value 7.93 and b value of 0.96 for this circum-pacific belt based on the worldwide data. Now if we want to apply this Gutenberg Richter recurrence law with this known value of a and b let us find out various magnitude of earthquake and their mean annual rate of accidents and the e r. So if you plot m equals to 6 in this equation what value of lambda m we will get it is coming 148 per year. So t r is coming 0.0067 e r this is return period if you put m value of 7 then lambda m is coming 16.2 we can just calculate this very easily t r will come as 0.062 if you put m equals to 8 lambda m is coming 1.78 per year and t r is coming 0.562 e r that means 8 magnitude of earthquake will have a chance of occurrence in half a year that is what it means. If we put m equals to 12 just for the sake of computation analytical computation in this equation if we put m value as 12 what we can see the lambda m values you will get some value by putting in this equation and t r value you are getting 2.29 e r that means what does it signify it signifies the magnitude of 12 or more will occur every 2 year interval. But is it true no never it cannot occur like that suppose if I put m equals to 15 I will get another value say something will come does that mean magnitude of 15 will come in that number of year of interval no then what to do. So we will see that how we need to consider or remodify this upper limit or upper value of the magnitude in this Gutenberg Richter equation. So this equation what we have talked about here we have talked about the lower threshold lower magnitude that is based on our interest on design parameter that is above which the problem to our structures starts coming in based on that we have to select that minimum value or threshold value of magnitude. Now also we have to select a maximum value because otherwise it will give us this kind of unrealistic data that unrealistic data obviously is not having any meaning in the calculation of this probabilistic seismic hazard or recurrence period. It does not give us any data because if I use m 20 which will never occur magnitude of 20 but still it will give some value. So we have to know where we should stop where is the upper limit to stop in this Gutenberg Richter recurrence law so that we have both lower threshold and upper threshold to continue further for the calculation of this return period or the mean annual accidents. So for worldwide data like for circum-pacific belt the Gutenberg Richter equation or recurrence law has been proposed like this that log of lambda m equals to 7.93 minus 0.96 m. So how we can use this equation like for selected value of your magnitude of earthquake say m equals to 6 lambda m you can easily calculate using this equation. This Gutenberg Richter recurrence law you will get the lambda m and correspondingly you will get the t r value which is nothing but inverse of this lambda m. Similarly for other magnitudes also you can calculate this values. Now you can see from this equation suppose if we use m equals to 8.635 in this equation the lambda m values comes to be 0.437 per year which gives us t r value of 2.29 year. So what does it mean is it means that magnitude of greater than 8.635 will occur every 2 years. So let us see what is the applicability or ranges of applications of this magnitude. Earlier we have mentioned about that while developing this Gutenberg Richter recurrence law we have taken a minimum threshold value about which we are interested. Now we will see up to which magnitude this Gutenberg Richter recurrence law is applicable. So now let us look at this distribution of earthquake magnitude data that is again that y axis is log of lambda m and x axis is m. Now every source has some maximum magnitude when we are arriving at the Gutenberg Richter recurrence law. So for each of the sources we know about the maximum magnitude. So distribution must be modified to account for this maximum magnitude that is we should not use that proposed Gutenberg Richter recurrence law for any magnitude because that magnitude may not occur in that region from the possible sources for that particular site for which we are analyzing. So we have to take care the maximum magnitude which each of the source is already recorded or having the data. So that is why it says distribution must be modified to account for this maximum magnitude and bounded Gutenberg Richter recurrence law hence comes into picture. Why it is called bounded because we are fixing that law at the maximum value of say m max which is responsible for a particular site. Is it clear? So instead of going this equation linearly increasing like this at any value of m we have to bound it at some maximum value. So that beyond that value this equation is not applicable. So that is the applicability of the maximum magnitude. Lower value of course we have earlier itself put a boundary for the lower or m minimum or m threshold that is based on what value we are interested for for our seismic hazard analysis and so on. So the bounded Gutenberg Richter recurrence law will look like something like this.  So in this case what we can see this term has been introduced earlier this m naught was present m naught is nothing but the minimum value or threshold value of magnitude about which we are interested. It can be 3.5, it can be 4, it can be 4.5 depending on designers choice or engineers choice. Now this m max has been introduced which has to be taken care of and correspondingly for any value of m whatever for value of m you are interested to find out the lambda m that you can use this equation. Now let us further proceed to earthquake source characterization through this value of mean annual rate of accidents that is lambda m which is expressed now as per the Magyurian-Arabaz 1990 equation as given by this expression. As I have just now mentioned in this case what is the range of applicability of this magnitude m that should be within this m max and m naught. That is what it means. So this equation is applicable for this range of m. m is earthquake magnitude. So the cumulative distribution function or probability distribution function for the Gutenberg Richter law with the upper bound and lower bounds like these two this is upper bound this is lower bound can be expressed as like f of m of occurrence of magnitude m will be probability of occurrence of any magnitude m which is less than that particular value which you select for your design say small m where the small m should lie between the maximum value and the threshold value or minimum value.  So this f m of m e to the power minus beta m max is expressed in this fashion. So now if we talk about the distribution of earthquake magnitudes like what are the characteristics of earthquake recurrence law we can see that Paleosismic investigations all the investigations are taken into care of while developing any earthquake recurrence law. So show similar displacement in each earthquake individual falls produce characteristic earthquake characteristics earthquake occur at or near a max and could be caused by geologic constraints and more research and more field observations are required that is today what earthquake recurrence law we are proposing that is not absolutely true forever that means that recurrence law is bound to get changed with time. So in this year 2013 whatever earthquake recurrence law whatever we are getting for various areas based on the historical earthquake data collected that is obviously bound to change with due course of time as many more earthquake records are or statistics are recorded and taken care of while proposing that earthquake recurrence law. So we should remember that there is always an open end scope of research in this problem that is for any particular area earthquake recurrence law or Gutenberg earthquake recurrence law can keep on changing with time. So whatever today we are getting maybe it will not change in small period of time say one year or two year but it may change over the time span of say five years or ten years when many more earthquake data have been collected over the period of time which are having a probability to change that earthquake recurrence law of Gutenberg Richter. Now let us look at this characteristics earthquake recurrence law what we have mentioned. These are various seismicity data which we are collecting from palaeosystemic data points whatever is recorded or instrumented or visualized or mentioned in several sources. So based on that you can get this information and from the geologic data of a site also you can get some information. Suppose from the fault characteristics etcetera we have seen how we can estimate the magnitude right. So based on that you can have all these data points when you are going to propose any earthquake recurrence law and you have to fix a boundary of m max whatever for that particular site of for that particular region you have already information with you. Now let us talk about the predictive relationships like standard error it is used to evaluate the conditional probability. How we can find out the conditional probability suppose this is the probability distribution function for any particular parameter say as we have already mentioned this is kind of attenuation relationship we propose in this form like log of that parameter it can be peak ground acceleration it can be spectral acceleration it can be peak horizontal velocity various parameters which you are interested about. These are dependent on the log of r value the distance as the distance increases they are going to decrease that is the nothing but attenuation right. So in this at a particular value of r equals to say r star at which you are interested and let us say this curve is designed for or this curve is obtained for a magnitude m equals to m star like for any relationship we have seen we generally use m equals to m max right in deterministic seismic hazard analysis. So like that and this r we use for deterministic seismic hazard analysis as r min right. So for a particular value of that curve of at m equals to m star for a chosen parameter with attenuation relationship. Now if you select a value of r along that r if you find out the probability distribution function this is conditional probability that is probability of occurrence of that parameter it can be p g a it can be spectral acceleration as I said whatever you choose. So probability of occurrence of that parameter greater than some particular value say you are interested to know that probability of occurrence of p g a of say more than point 3 g where it occurs. So that is what it says. So probability of occurrence of p g a greater than some particular value for a given m equals to m star and r equals to r star that is what it shows right. So what does it mean if the probability distribution is something like this with a mean value of l n y bar like this because we know this peak is nothing but mean value of the probability distribution right. So probability of occurrence of greater than that y star so we have to find out the value of y star from here let us say this is the value of y star. So this is the line which we are having y equals to y star. So more than that whatever probability we have the shaded area this green color shaded area will give us the value of that probability right clear. Similarly suppose if our chosen value is less than the mean value then obviously y equals to y star will be somewhere here and your probability the same probability will be the shaded area green shaded area over here same thing. So these are nothing but the use of this conditional probability. Why it is called conditional probability because this is true for a given condition that probability of occurrence of this event greater than y star for a given condition that m should be equals to m star and r should be at r star. Suppose we select different r instead of r star let us say it is r prime so our curve will come over here. So corresponding probability distribution function will be something different then the probability value also will be different for another given r value clear why it is called conditional probability. Similarly for m equals to m star that is whatever value of m you are using to arrive at this attenuation relationship or you are using for this attenuation relationship should be used. So that condition is nothing but to be used for obtaining this conditional probability. Now let us look at this points of temporal uncertainty. So what is temporal uncertainty in the Poisson process of probability distribution it describes number of occurrences of an event during a given time interval or special region. So what does it mean the number of occurrences in one time interval are independent of the number that occur in any other time interval and probability of occurrence in a very short time interval is proportional to the length of the interval. So that means automatically if you have a longer interval of any earthquake if you have a more probability. Can you see how we relate also the duration of earthquake through this Poisson's probability distribution function and probability of more than one occurrence in a very short time interval is negligible which is quite obvious. So we will see what is Poisson's distribution now. So Poisson's model of probability distribution which is well known function as I have already mentioned for this course you should have a basic knowledge of the probability. So once again I am repeating it I am not going to discuss detail of these models where from it came etcetera you are advised to look at any standard book of statistics or probability for the details. So let us see how the applications of this model in our geotechnical earthquake engineering or earthquake engineering we make use of. So this Poisson's model provides a simple framework for evaluating the probabilities of any event that follow a Poisson process and it has been observed by several researchers that most of the earthquake records they follow a typical Poisson's process of Poisson's distribution. So that is why in earthquake engineering we use a Poisson's model which describes the occurrence of an event of earthquake the number of events of an earthquake in a more realistic manner. So the probability of a random variable any random variable n is expressed like this through the Poisson's model like this p probability of occurrence of that event n equals to number of times small n equals to can be computed as mu times of to the power n e to the power minus mu by n factorial. So where this mu is called the average number of occurrence of that event for a given time interval. So if we express it the Poisson probability in this fashion how we can write it because why we are changing this mu to lambda t we will explain it very soon because this is nothing but average number of occurrence look at here this definition of Poisson's model which is nothing but in our earthquake engineering when we want to correlate it is nothing but if we have the average rate of occurrence of an event of earthquake lambda m already we have used this right. So that times that time period t which you are selecting for your computation that will give you nothing but the average number of occurrence of that event isn't it. So that is why the Poisson's process as I have already mentioned it best represents the earthquake magnitudes and their number of occurrences in this fashion. So that probability can be simplified for our earthquake engineering in this fashion that probability of occurrence of an event capital M of number of times small n is expressed as lambda t times to the power n e to the power minus lambda t by n factorial. So the same expression if you use for suppose probability what is the probability of occurrence of a particular event what is the particular event it can be say occurrence of a magnitude of more than say 7.5 right. So that is what any event greater than equals to 1 greater than equals to 1 means that event will occur minimum once or more than that right that will be computed as 1 minus e to the power minus lambda t or lambda m t. Why how you can obtain it what is this probability of occurrence of n greater than equals to 1 that is nothing but 1 is always the 100 percent or full probability 1 minus probability of occurrence of less than 1 which is nothing but you can say 0 right. So that if you put over here you will get this expression clear how you are getting it because in that case you are providing n equals to 0. So 0 factorial becomes 1 to the power 0 is nothing but 1. So you are left with e to the power minus lambda t can you see that so that lambda t we are now using that definition lambda m isn't it in earthquake engineering already we have mentioned lambda m is nothing but average rate of occurrence of the event and t is the time period of our interest for which we are going to compute clear. So the Poisson's process considering this mu equals to lambda t is given by this. So probability of occurrence suppose a particular event that is we are interested let us say on occurrence of an earthquake of magnitude says more than 6.5 greater than equals to 0 times that is it will definitely occur that is what it means right. So that will be nothing but probability of occurrence of this plus this plus this which can be again obtained like this. Now let us see few examples of application of this Poisson's process where it will occur at least once. This is the equation for probability of occurrence for an event with at least once we have already derived that. So if suppose a problem is given to us like consider an event that occurs on average every 1000 years let us say one earthquake of magnitude 7.5 occurs at your region every 1000 years from your recorded data let us say. So the question is what is the probability that it will occur at least once in the period of coming 100 years period. So how we can calculate this in this case lambda value which is the mean accidents will be nothing but 1 by 1000 because it is occurring once in 1000 years. So mean occurrence of accidents is 1 by 1000 which is 0.001. So what will be the probability of occurrence of at least once at least once means 1 minus probability of occurrence of 0 times right that we have already seen. So 1 minus e to the power minus of lambda is 0.001 and what is our chosen time period that is 100 years over the 100 year period how many times it will occur. So if we simplify this we will get the value as 0.0952 which is nothing but 9.52 percent is the probability. So that is what it says that occurrence of that particular event in 100 years period at least once is only 9.52 percent that is what we always express the probability as we know. Let us take another example, second example, example number 2 that consider an event that occurs on average every 1000 years like the same event what we have discussed in example 1. What is the probability that it will occur at least one in that 1000 year period instead of 100 now we are computing 1000 years period. So the layman what they will say directly because the given event is it is occurring once in 1000 years. So layman those who are not knowing about the concept of probability they will simply say it is already given that it is occurring once in 1000 years. So if you are asking the question what is the probability of occurrence that it will occur at least once in 1000 years should be 1 that is 100 percent but it is not so. So let us see what probability says us. So let us look at the calculation over here. So in this case again lambda is 1 by 1000 which is 0.001 mean accidents. Now our given value of t is 1000 so if we put that probability of occurrence of at least once which is nothing but 1 minus e to the power minus lambda t if you simplify this the value is coming 0.632 which is nothing but 63.2 percent. That means probability of occurrence of that event at least once in 1000 years is not 100 percent but 63.2 percent. Now if we change this form of solution or if we express this probability function in terms of lambda then that is the probability of occurrence at least once we are talking about that only. So let us reshuffle it and express it in terms of lambda. How it should look like? The lambda should be expressed as lambda equals to minus log of 1 minus p by t. Am I right? Isn't it? Because our p was 1 minus e to the power minus lambda t. So that is why this minus lambda t e to the power of that p equals to 1 minus this. Now let us take another example from the term of lambda that is what we are interested now. So the example 3 says let us say the annual rate of accidents for an event with a 10 percent probability of accidents in 50 years time has to be computed. That means a particular event let us say magnitude of 6.5 will occur with a probability of 10 percent in 50 years time. So what is the annual rate of accidents we need to find out? So if we put in that expression of lambda which is nothing but at least once so minus ln 1 minus probability. So probability is 10 percent that is 0.1 divided by t. t is 50 years. So it comes out to be 0.0021 per year. So that is the mean annual rate of accidents. So what is corresponding return period? Corresponding return period is nothing but 1 by lambda inverse of that which is 475 years. Can you see that? Let us see another example. For the same event that is the annual rate of accidents we need to find out and the corresponding return period for an event with 2 percent of probability of accidents in 50 years time. So if it is 2 percent this probability value will be 0.02 in this equation. This will be 350 only. If you put that lambda value comes out to be this much which if you inverse t r value comes out to be 2475 years. Why I am showing this calculations? Because later on you will see these are very important values as most of the countries design code seismic design code also talks about these values. That is we are interested to know that an event the annual rate of accidents of an event which occurs with a 10 percent probability in 50 years time. So for that the return period is 475 years and another event which will occur with 2 percent probability in 50 years time for which the return period is 2475. These are very important for various types of design. Later on also we will speak about this that is suppose for any structure of medium importance we generally use this time of return period 475 years which is pretty common and for very important structures we use typically the return period of this one 2475 with 2 percent probability of 50 years of time. Others we use 10 percent probability in 50 years of time. So like that now if we look at the summary of all these uncertainties what are the various uncertainties we have now discussed already. We have discussed about the location uncertainty that is source to side distance that we expressed in terms of probability distribution function in terms of f r of r. Like we have seen the histograms of various distances and we have divided and given various weightage to them already we have seen. Next is size uncertainty related to size of earthquake that is the magnitude probability distribution function that magnitude probability distribution function also we have seen isn't it? Like for upper bound, lower bound of magnitude, Gutenberg Richter recurrence law or earthquake recurrence law all those things we have seen and corresponding probability distribution function also we have discussed. Third uncertainty is the effect. What is the effect? It is nothing but the attenuation relationship which includes the standard error involved in the attenuation relationship. Why that standard error coming into picture? When we talked about in our one of the previous module each of the attenuation relationship is having some amount of standard error when they have been established in terms of empirical relations. So those including those standard errors we have to find out what is the probability of occurrence of a particular event greater than some value about which we are interested to for a given value of this distance and for a given value of this magnitude. So this is a conditional probability distribution considering the attenuation effect and the standard error. So this is taking care of third uncertainty and what is the fourth uncertainty? Fourth uncertainty is the timing. How we can consider that fourth uncertainty through the use of this Poisson's model? Like how this time factor will affect and their number of occurrences of course that also we can take care of through this Poisson's model. So in that fashion all the uncertainties we need to look into this probabilistic seismic hazard analysis like location related uncertainty, size related uncertainty, effect related uncertainty and timing related uncertainty. So considering all this uncertainty further we can go ahead and we have to now see how we should take care of the combined effect of this uncertainty because remember none of these are independent events they are also dependent to each other some of them right. So how their conditional dependency of one event to another will affect our final probability consideration that we need to now take care of. So these are individual uncertainties now we will see the combined behavior of the uncertainty. So with this we have come to the end of today's lecture we will continue further in our next lecture.


So, he says to me, my favorite horror series of all time is the Conjuring. Hahahahaha. So what'd you end up doing?   Oh, look, we got a new Patreon request from John Adenno for the dentist. 1996.


Hey it's Lenny Gale with Life is No Yoke. This is the which Vitamix to buy in 2018 video. We're going to have picks for you, the best for new owners, the upgrade pick, the budget pick, and in the description you'll find promo code embedded links to all of our picks. So do use those links in the description when you make your pick for the best Vitamix for you in 2018. Okay okay here we go. Okay so the best Vitamix for new owners in 2018 is the Vitamix A2500. So that's an Ascent series which means it comes with a tenure warranty, the container is dishwasher safe, it has the smart self-detect technology, and it is Bluetooth compatible for the smart scale app and scale. You don't have to use that but it's there if you want it. All Ascent machines. The A2500 it has the switch for on off, a switch for pulse, has a 1 through 10 variable speed dial, and three preset programs which is really nice to give you that walk away blending. We think it's so important for that optimal Vitamix owning experience. What's important to know about the A2500 is you can do everything in this machine. It's like all the Vitamix machines, you can do everything, you can make all the things that you would want to make, smoothies, juices, ice creams, nut butters, flowers, hot soups, everything. All machines can do everything. This one is right in the middle, it doesn't have the most features, it's not the most scaled back, it has a lot of things and is a really good fit for most people, especially new owners. So like all Ascents it's really aesthetically pleasing, it looks good from all sides. And so that's our pick, the best Vitamix for most new owners in 2018, the Vitamix A2500. All right also great is the Vitamix A3300, so it's an Ascent so it has all the Ascent features, it also has just like the A2500, it has the 1 through 10 variable speed dial. The difference is that it has a touch on off button and a touch pulse button. Now the A3300 it doesn't have the one touch programs that the A2500 has, but it does have a programmable timer. So you can set a time and it will count down, kind of like how you set a microwave, 30 second start, walk away, so you get that same walk away blending effect. So that's why we say that the A3300 is also great because it does all the things that the A2500 does, the big difference is the touch on and off and the touch pulse button and a different sort of method of getting that walk away blending effect. I mean for a while we said that the A3300 is a really savvy pick. It really comes down to personal preference if you like the feel of the switches on the A2500, if you like the look of the touch on and off and the touch pulse on the A3300 and are comfortable being in a little more control of the walk away blending effect than the 3300 is for you. Either way they're both great and they're both equally good picks for new Vitamix owners in 2018. Okay our upgrade pick, if you want to get the Vitamix with all the bells and whistles, the latest and greatest go with the Vitamix A3500, the Ascent series. It's just like the A3300 except for it has five preset programs. Also, and this is really important, it comes with your option, your choice of true metal finishes and this is really nice if you care a lot about what your Vitamix looks like on your counter. We always tell people that your Vitamix is the thing that is going to live on your counter. It's going to be that constant reminder but if you have a new kitchen, if you want something that really fits in the scheme, the design of your kitchen, you have a few really good options that are really sharp and really high design in those true metal finishes. The second benefit to the true metal finishes is it provides more sound dampening than any other model and so the Vitamix A3500, if you get one of the true metal finishes, it's going to be by far the quietest Vitamix that you can get. Now none of them are quiet, they are powerful machines but the A3500 is definitely the least loud Vitamix that you can buy. So the upgrade pick, the Vitamix A3500, that's what we have. A grade pick if you want the latest and greatest, all the bells and whistles. Okay the budget pick, the best Vitamix for someone who's on a budget is the Explorian E310. This comes with a 1 through 10 variable speed dial, an on-off switch, a pulse switch, the five-year warranty, the narrow 48 ounce container and it's brand new. And so this was a machine that people were asking for, sort of a no-frills Vitamix. We love it, it's perfect for people that come to us. Our peers who are still living on a budget, are raising families, it's a great way to get into the Vitamix family, to get that first Vitamix and really step up to better blends and doing more in the kitchen with less. Now you'll notice that we've recommended Ascent for almost all these picks. Now there's a chance that you don't have access to Ascent if you're watching this video from the UK. So which Vitamix should you get if you cannot get Ascent or Explorian? We recommend getting the Vitamix Pro 750, we absolutely adore the Pro 750. It's the G-Series on-off switch, the pulse switch, 1 through 10 variable speeds, five pre-programmed settings, comes with that brush stainless finish and it does all the things really well. Don't wait for Ascent if it's not in your neighborhood yet, get the Pro 750, we love it. If this wasn't our full-time job, helping people figure out which Vitamix to buy, making Vitamix recipes, we definitely would have kept our Pro 750, we would not have gotten rid of it to get an Ascent. And that's why we say to people who have a Pro 750 or even who have a 5200, you don't need to worry about upgrading. Don't feel the need to upgrade, it's not necessary. Yeah, unless you have someone you want to hand your machine down to to get something with a different look, they really all perform at the same high level. So why do we have an Ascent if we wouldn't have given up our Pro 750? Well it's the same reason we recommend the Ascent to new owners. They come with a longer warranty and they do more. So control the machine with our phone to create custom programming. This is a functionality that's coming really soon. And I know this is intimidating to certain folks. Want to make it really clear? It's not necessary to utilize these technologies if you have an Ascent. It's a bonus. Ascents can still work manually with the dial or with the preset programs. You don't need a Wi-Fi connection to operate an Ascent machine. With the Bluetooth stuff, you won't even know that the capability is there unless you want to use it. Also great, all the legacy models, so G-Series, C-Series, if you can find a deal on one of these legacy Vitamix machines, go for it. Again, all Vitamix machines can do all the things. So if you find a great price on a legacy machine, absolutely go for it. Otherwise get something in the Ascent series. That's where Vitamix headquarters is putting all of its efforts into creating accessories, supporting. It's the Ascent series. The Ascent series is the future. So in most cases, that's where you should go. Okay, I want to do two more things. One, I want to talk superlatives. Two, answer some FAQs and then we'll close this thing out. Okay? So why not the A2300? We figure if you're going to go with a budget pick, go with the Explorer E310, it's more economical and it's going to give you the same results. When you're ready, you'll get an Ascent with that walk away blending, whatever. Feature. You'll get a push button or like the countdown timer like the microwave. Why not S-Series? S30, S50, S55, the personal blending machines.  But for the most part, for the dollars, you're going to get a lot more out of having a full-size machine. Okay, what about the Venturist V1200? Okay, so you're a Costco member and you saw this demonstrated. You want to know about this machine. First of all, go for it. If a demonstrator is selling it to you, absolutely give them the business. Do it. It's a lot of value. You have to know it's probably not the best deal because it's packaged in a package and you can get a better price on a machine to get a Vitamix. You also have to know that the design of it is Frankenstein. So it's a Ascent inside with a G-Series outside. The design of it is not sort of coherent. And the third thing about the Venturist V1200, it's very loud. They are louder than most Vitamix machines. So the main point is that if you're new to Vitamix, you don't need everything in that package. You're better off getting just the one thing that you do need and using that really well. And then if there comes a time when you want a secondary container, go for it. There's always deals through direct sales on those containers. Okay, superlatives. Which Vitamix should I get if I live alone? It's just me. We recommend the E310. It's got that narrow, low profile 48-ounce container. It's great for making smaller smoothies and juices, smaller batches of nut butters and ice cream. It's best for someone who lives alone. Which Vitamix should I get if I am visually impaired? Really easy. This is the Vitamix A2300. So this is that Ascent series, that entry-level Ascent series without pre-programmed settings. It's got the on-off switch, the pulse switch, and the 1-10 variable speed dial. It's the best machine to feel like you're in control. Okay, the best Vitamix for a young family, we recommend the A3300 or the A3500. So what do these machines have in common?  The touch on off makes it more difficult for toddler fingers to turn the machine on. And second, if they do, since the 1-10 dial is electronic, so it resets every time the machine is turned off, you don't run the risk of them turning it on and then having it explode on variable speed 10. That's the same thing with grandma. Yeah, it may seem silly to get grandma the latest and greatest, all the bells and whistles Vitamix. But if it outlives her, then the best Vitamix for those wanting to ease into a whole food plant-based diet, all of them, that's a short question. That's what we do. We show people how to use Vitamix to adopt a more of a whole food plant-based diet. So if you found this video helpful, please do use our promo code embedded referral links to Vitamix. It'll get you the best possible deal and it'll make sure that we get credit. And so it's free to you and every little bit helps. We so much appreciate it. Click on the links in the description. There's a link on our site referral link to Vitamix. Do use that before you check out. And what else can we say? What else can we say? Those are our picks for 2018. Those are our picks for which Vitamix to buy in 2018. Let us know if you have any questions in the comments. We have a website that's loaded with resources for people like you that are looking to take the plunge and for when you do get a Vitamix recipes and resources, tips and tricks, a wonderful newsletter every Saturday. Come hang out. Get a Vitamix and join our world. We'd love to have you. Click, like and subscribe and we'll see you in 2019. Bye. Thank you for watching. Oh, I have a Band-Aid on. That's weird. Do I need to take my Band-Aid off so people don't see it? It's just a Band-Aid. What happened to your finger? Are you high? What happened to your finger?


I'm Ramo Jim Kirk, Commander Carrier Strike Group 11. And Malabar Exercise is an exercise that brings together the Indian Navy, the United States Navy, alongside our Australian and Japanese partners, and conduct exercises to improve our readiness and interoperability to operate together in the future. Working together, you know, we get to know each other. We get to share some of our tactics and procedures with one another and learn to operate together. So, you know, if the situation would arise in the future where we'd need to operate together to contribute to regional maritime security, we're able to do that quickly and seamlessly and effectively for the region. Each of our nations has their own protocols to protect the health and welfare of our crews. As it relates to Malabar 2020, all of the planning of the exercise for the operating force of float were done virtually or over the telephone. And so we haven't had any close contact interaction, but we've been able to effectively do that planning and execute in a COVID environment. I think that's a testimony to the professionalism and readiness of all of the navies involved in Malabar 2020. For the 6,000 sailors that are out here for Nimitz Strike Group, they've done a magnificent job this deployment and they've done a magnificent job here at Malabar 2020 demonstrating their expertise and professionalism and working alongside our partner nations. To the Indian Navy, the flag officer commanding the Western fleet, Admiral Swaminathan, you know, he's been a great partner out here. We've learned from them and we've had a marvelous opportunity to work together with the Indian Navy. And then to, you know, the Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Ballarat, they've done a fantastic job. It's great to have them out here with us and alongside with Japanese maritime self-defense force, Marisami and her team that's been out here. They've been fantastic to work with and I couldn't think of a better way to conduct an exercise and with these four partners out here working together to improve our interoperability.


We're now going to take a look at a heat transfer coefficient that is used for heat exchangers and that is what we refer to as being the overall heat transfer coefficient. So when we're looking at heat exchangers we're exchanging thermal energy between two different fluid streams it could be liquid or gas and typically what we have we will have convective force convective heat transfer on one side conduction through whatever the interface is and then force convective heat transfer on the other side and and consequently the overall heat transfer coefficient characterizes all three of those processes and then you get to have other things going on you can have fins on the heat exchanger that you would then model you can have fouling going on which is build up of deposits which negatively impacts the heat exchange between the two fluid streams but what we're going to do we're going to derive an expression or come up with the expression for the overall heat transfer coefficient and we're going to begin by looking at a double pipe heat exchanger so if you recall that was this would be a parallel flow configuration but what I'm going to do I'm going to label the fluid on the inside as being ta that's the temperature of the fluid and I'm going to assume that the convective heat transfer coefficient on the inside is hi and then for the fluid in the outer pipe what I'll do there is I will label the temperature tb and h outer and that would then characterize the force convective heat transfer on the outside of the tube now what we're going to do we want to express this we're going to use thermal resistances and so if you recall we looked at that quite a long time ago in the course but we're going to pull that out now and we're going to use it so let's draw our thermal resistance circuit and then the different thermal resistance values okay so what we have here we have three different thermal resistances one is for convective heat transfer and a and if we look back a was being our internal fluid so that is the internal then we have conduction through the wall and then we have convection on the fluid on the in the outer pipe and consequently we can also write here that if we look at the wall temperatures on the pipe the inner pipe it would go from ti to to and q is flowing through and so let's write out our thermal resistances now okay so those are the three thermal resistances that we have within this system now what we're going to do we're going to combine those together and we're going to solve for the heat flow very much like what we did when we looked at thermal resistances earlier on so in this what we're now going to do we are going to rewrite the equation so q is equal to and the form that we're looking at here you'll recognize it is this here and that's what we've seen before so what i am now going to do is i'm going to rewrite this in terms of this overall heat transfer coefficient and we'll have a ua delta t and in this what i am doing is i am assuming that the sum of the thermal resistances is equal to the inverse of this overall heat transfer coefficient times an area that we have not yet defined so u this is defined as being our overall heat transfer coefficient and it can be defined either in terms of the inner or the outer area of our double pipe heat exchanger so what am i referring to well if you look at your wall that this is the inner pipe and we have that's the wall thickness so area inner would be here and area outer would be there so it depends if you use your internal or your external radius or diameter of the interior pipe so what we're going to do we're going to write out two different overall heat transfer coefficients so those are two different ways of expressing the overall heat transfer coefficient depending if you use your inner or outer tube area now typical values that we find in heat exchangers are as follows so you can see a range of values if we're going through a phase change it's going to be quite high if we have water to air the water will have the higher convective heat transfer the liquid will have a higher convective heat transfer coefficient as shown there and then at the lower end if you have gas gas gas you recall the convective heat transfer coefficient is we know it as far high as a liquid and consequently the overall value is going to drop somewhat there so these are numbers that are quite often well will be used in the analysis sometimes it's given to you sometimes you're trying to solve it and so a lot of what we're going to be doing when we're doing heat exchanger analysis is trying to estimate a unit's overall heat transfer coefficient now one thing is let's say you know the value of u so maybe you've determined this empirically and if you know the geometry a thing should be good right but let's take a look at what our equation looked like we had q is equal to u a delta t so usually we're after the amount of heat transfer maybe we know the amount of heat transfer that's usually what we're after but looking at this equation so let's say you know you you've determined that you know your area and you've been asked to find q well what delta t are you going to use and and this is what we're going to be looking at in the next segment uh in the next lecture actually because this is not a simple trivial solution if you even just look at the simple double pipete exchanger like this uh what is happening is as the fluid is coming through uh one fluid stream is heating while the other is cooling and consequently you are going to have different values of delta t and that is going to be delta t as a function of position and we did look at this earlier on in the course when we looked at pipe flow internal force convection and we came up with an expression we're going to come up with a very similar expression in the next lecture but that is in order to enable us to figure out how to express delta t given that delta t changes as a function of position within the unit so anyways that's a bit of an introduction to heat exchangers we looked at different types of heat exchangers we looked at how to model the temperature distribution or at least schematically represented and then we've just looked at the overall heat transfer coefficient which is something that we'll carry through when we're doing the analysis but we're going in the next lecture we're going to try to figure out how to estimate this value of delta t


Hello, I'm Sylvie Rigaret. I'm working in ST, an imaging division where I am in charge of the marketing and technical support team in EMEA. Today, I will present you our ST Time of Flight Ranging Sensor, also called FlightSense. Here is the agenda. After a short introduction, I will briefly explain the use cases and applications. Then, we will go through the Time of Flight mass market roadmap and complete this presentation with some highlights on the new products features. ST is a pioneer and a worldwide leader in time of flight solutions. We have already developed our fourth generation of all-in-one top solutions and we deployed them since five years. Our products are already invaded on more than 170 phones with more than 15 smartphone OEMs. But we have also in parallel hundreds of non-wireless end products on which our flightSense solutions are used. We have already deployed more than 42,000 evaluation kits and sold more than 1 billion of units. We are mastering the complete hand-to-hand supply chain from the Time of Flight Pixel expertise up to the advanced packaging, know-how and manufacturing. Let me explain you the Time of Flight principle. This is a method for measuring the distance between the sensor and an object that is based on the time difference between the emission of a vexel light signal and its return to the sensor after being reflected by the object. The photons emitted by the laser are reflected on the target and trigger an avalanche when they are coming back to the SPAD array, SPAD standing for single photon avalanche diode. This means that the time between the emission of the photons and the avalanche is measured and translated into a target distance. This technology is a proprietary technology and is independent of the target size, color and reflectance. It's very fast as the distance can be computed in a few milliseconds and low power, meaning that this principle is fully adapted to battery operated systems. The illumination is based on a truly invisible 940 nanometer, meaning that the user will not be distracted by such illumination. ST Time of Flight sensors are all-in-one solutions, means that we embed on the same module the illumination and the sensor. So there is no need for external components and thanks to this optimization, we can propose a perfect mix of size, performance and cost. So the top sensor embeds the emitter, which is a vexel, vertical cavity surface emitting laser. It's a high-power vexel following the full class 1 safety. We can integrate some advanced optics with some integrated infrared filter depending on the product reference. And on the receiver part, we have the SPAD array, single photon avalanche diodes. We have also the vexel driver and all the RAM and ROM necessary to run the algorithms. The complete module is developed for the front-end part in France and all the final test and module assembly is done in ST line bait in Chenzen. Our FlightSense products benefits from the ST longevity program. It means that we commit a minimum of 7 years mass production from the product introduction date. As you can see, most of our products are part of this program since January 2019. Further information on this 7 years longevity program can be found on ST.com. FlightSense use cases and applications. Here are some examples of typical applications in which ST FlightSense products can be used. On the left, the camera assistance with laser autofocus and touch-to-focus use case. Our products can be used also for ranging and proximity by computing a very accurate distance up to 4 meters. It can be used also for multi-spectral and light flicker measurement and correction. For face identification, our products can propose the perfect and optimized mix between cost, power and size. For instance, face anti-spoofing use case. Our products are used also for presence and user detection in front of tablets, laptops. This is important for security and comfort but also for power saving and eye protection. And last one is the depth map and augmented reality and virtual reality thanks to some advanced gesture recognition. The FlightSense sensors allow different main functions. They can be used for ranging measurement, for proximity sensing, for multi-zone distance measurement, for multi-target distance measurement, for presence detection and free distancing. They can enable multiple use cases, very large ones like sailing and cliff detection, but also content analysis and load management. They can be used also for any kind of control like gesture control or volume control, but also occupancy detection, parking occupancy, people counting and SLAM. Of course, they can be used to develop unlimited markets. There is an unlimited number of markets and applications for which our FlightSense products can be used. Here is just an example of them with laptops and tablets for presence detection, but also smart home for sets, dispensers, white goods with proximity detection. Our products can be used also for stock management, for logistics, warehouse, tanks, vending machines also. We have also a huge number of use cases on robots with service robots and cleaning robots. Again, this is just an example and we count on our customers to enable a lot of new use cases. Let's focus now on the FlightSense mass market roadmap. This FlightSense roadmap highlights the five FlightSense sensors that are today in mass production and also the next generation that will be promoted early next year. All these products are represented with a series of pictograms that correspond to the main function. These products are also represented depending on the maximum distance measurement in centimetre on the X-axis. Let's start on the left side of the roadmap with the VL618V1. This proximity sensor is capable to measure distances up to 50 centimetres and is offering a very good linearity at close distances. The next one is the VL53L06. This ranging sensor can be used to measure distances up to two metres and is also offering very good performance under ambient light environment. The VL53L36 is a new proximity and multi-target sensor that is introduced on the market this year. This sensor indeed, thanks to the histogram function, is capable to measure the distance of several objects and for each object it returns the exact distance with the sensor. This FlightSense sensor has also a smudge correction capability and very good performance under ambient light environment. If you need to measure longer distances, you can use the VL53L1CB. This one is also a new FlightSense sensor that we have introduced on the market this year. This long distance and multi-target sensor can measure distances up to 3.2 metres. You have on this sensor the possibility to program the field of view with a maximum field of view at 27 degrees. This sensor has also a multi-zone sensor with a sequential 2x2 zones allowing on each zone to detect several objects and to return the exact distance with these objects per zone. This sensor has also the smudge correction and very good performance under ambient light conditions. If you need to further increase the maximum distance measurement up to 4 metres, then you can use the VL53L1X that is a long distance sensor. This sensor has also the capability to have a programmable field of view and has also very good performance under ambient light conditions. All these products are today in mass production and you have a 6th product that is mentioned in this roadmap that is the VL53L5CX. This multi-zone sensor will be promoted on the market early next year and thanks to its 64 zones you have the capability to use this sensor for mini depth map application allowing maximum distance measurements up to 4 metres. This table gives further information on each flight sense product like the field of view, the power consumption, the size of the drivers and the size of the module. As you can see the VL6180V1 has a very low power consumption at 1.7 mA and has a very good, extremely good linearity at close distance from 2.5 cm. The L0CX and L3CX have exactly the same size of the modules and are pin-to-pin compatible. The L3CX has in addition a complete immunity against crosstalk above 80 cm and below 80 cm we have an automatic smudge compensation. The L1CX and L1CB have also exactly the same size of the module and are pin-to-pin compliant. You can configure the field of view. This is configurable by software. You have an optic lens on the receiver part for each of these two references and you have also total immunity against crosstalk above 80 cm for the L1CB and a smudge compensation below 80 cm. Highlights on the new product features. The VL53L1CX and VL53L1CB have the capability to program the field of view. It means that you can select a reduced number of spots for the region of interest sensing area to limit the viewing angle of the sensor device. This means that you will have to set a region of interest meaning positioning the reduced sensing area at a selected place on the spatter ray to detect and measure the distance of any objects in this specific ROI field of view. As you can see, the setup of the ROI zone is fully configurable in software. The minimum size is 4x4 spads corresponding to a diagonal field of view of 15° up to 16x16 spads meaning the total array corresponding to a maximum diagonal field of view of 27°. You have a specific ROI application note associated to the VL51L1CX available on ST.com. The VL53L3CX and VL53L1CB have the histogram function. It means that they can perform multi-object detection and output the ranging distance for each detected object. Thanks to the technology, the direct time of flight principle, you can measure multiple objects within the sensing area. If you compare to indirect time of flight solutions, these cannot output multiple beams and extract the distance with a correct resolution. So this is a key advantage of the direct time of flight sensors. This function of multi-object detection can be useful if you need for instance to remove the background or to allow a first object detection. Let's go deeper on the histogram architecture of the VL53L3CX and VL53L1CB flight sensors. The histogram is based on 24 beams. A beam is represented as a time window that corresponds to the amount of photons back on the sensor during a certain period of time. In order for an object to be detected, it has to cover roughly three beams, meaning that this is equivalent to roughly 80 cm. That's why we say that the typical depth separation between two objects has to be at least 80 cm to detect two different objects. On the left side of the histogram, we have represented the crosstalk and smudge that corresponds to a certain amount of noise. We use this information to set the threshold, that is the minimum signal for valid target detection. That's why we can say that the histogram allows cover glass crosstalk immunity beyond 80 cm and dynamic smudge compensation. Let's focus now on the crosstalk immunity principle. In the case a cover glass is used, a crosstalk calibration has to be performed to allow a very accurate distance measurement. We distinguish two use cases. Beyond 80 cm, there will be zero impact of the crosstalk from the cover glass on the target. So we have a complete immunity to crosstalk. Below 80 cm, we will have to perform a crosstalk calibration in order to compute the crosstalk level and remove this noise level to the raw range data in order to get a crosstalk-free range information. The VL53L36 and VL53L1CB have dynamic fingerprint smudge compensation function. This is important to consider. In the case you have smudge or dust or fingerprint on the cover glass, that will generate some noise, so some crosstalk. Again, depending on the distance that you need to measure, beyond 80 cm, the smudge will have no impact on the distance measurement thanks to the histogram function. But below 80 cm, you will have to perform a dynamic calibration, meaning to consider the crosstalk increase due to the smudge to calculate this new crosstalk calibration data for smudge compensation and then to remove it from the raw data. For each of our FlightSense products, we have developed a complete ecosystem and several tools in order to allow the customers to evaluate the performance of our solutions. For instance, we propose some expansion boards that we called XNucleo for each of our FlightSense products and those boards are fully compliant to the STM32 Open Development Environment. These boards can be ordered as a standalone board or as a package with the STM32 Nucleo. You can order also standalone breakout boards. These expansion boards can accept breakout boards through connectors or flying wires, but you can also separate these breakout boards in order to use only the mini PCB that is easier to integrate into a customer device. We also propose some examples of cover glasses that you can use for testing and after that for mass production. And we also propose in our tools three different spacers in order to create various hair gaps. All these systems can be ordered and we have a complete, let's say, software tool that is also available for each of our FlightSense products. Last but not least, I encourage you to regularly visit our ST website www.st.com, online marketing, in order to get access to numerous online support tools and also to a set of use cases, webinars and videos. You will find some video examples like calibration free, dirty environment cover glass solutions based on the VL53 L1X, but also some gated started videos with, for instance, the L1X sensor and some videos demonstrating some use cases like people counting using a single ST Time of Flight sensor, the L06 and also a video highlighting smart shelves use case with programmable region of interest on the VL53 L1X. We have also put on ST YouTube channel several videos like the mini LiDAR that is based on 9 VL53 L1X and also a reflector meter example based on the VL53 L06. This is the end of the presentation. Thank you for joining it. Now our ST FlightSense experts are available through chat in order to get and answer all of your questions. Thank you.


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Hello and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad in which we would look at few CPA questions that deals with BEC. Those CPA questions are covered in my cost accounting and managerial accounting. Simply put, I'm going to go over those questions, I'm going to explain them. If you feel you need additional explanation, you need additional resources, I strongly suggest you check out my cost accounting and managerial accounting because those two courses cover BEC section. As always, I would like to remind you to connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1700 plus accounting, auditing, tax, finance, as well as Excel lecture. This is a list of all my courses and I do cover many CPA questions. If you like my lectures, please like them, share them, subscribe to the channel, connect with me on Instagram. On my website farhadlectures.com, I do have additional resources such as the questions, practice questions, CPA questions, true, false, multiple choice exercises. For example, today, I'm going to be covering managerial accounting and cost accounting. Those two topics are covered in depth on my website with a lot of practices. Let's go ahead and take a look at those two questions and see how you fare, how you do on those type of questions. The first question is, what's Gabriel variable overhead efficiency variance? We don't even have to read the remaining of the question. First, we are looking at the efficiency variance. What does that mean? It means, did we use more Q, more quantity or less Q, less quantity? Usually, that quantity is hours when it comes to variable overhead. Basically, before you read the question, you want to make sure you understand it. Did we use more hours or less hours? Because what's going to happen? In the answers, they're going to tell you, they're going to be favorable, favorable, unfavorable, and zero. The first thing is, if you could eliminate two choices, if you know it's going to be favorable, you're down to 50-50 before you even start to analyze the question. That's why what I'm trying to say is, make sure you understand what you are being asked. Let's take a look at what we are being asked and see if we can solve it. So this corporation uses the standard costing system. If you don't know what this is, don't sit for the CPA exam. At the end of the current year, the company provides the following overhead information. Actual direct labor hour, 10,000. This is going to be relevant for us. Why? Because they're asking for the efficiency. It means that they use more or less of the utilities, which is our. So this is the actual 10,000, which is very important for us. Actual overhead incurred 80,000 variable, 52,000 fixed. This is a dollar amount. This could be variable, depending on what we are giving or not. Budgeted fixed overhead 50,000, 55,000. It could be relevant for us, but we'll say variable overhead rate, the rate is nine. They're not asking about the rate, but it could be relevant. Standard hours allowed for actual production is 11,000. Whoa, hold on a second. They're giving me the actual hours and the standard hours allowed for the production. Well, guess what? The actual was 10. I actually spent 10,000 hours. I should have spent 11. Guess what? I spent 1000 hours less. So I spent 1000 less. Immediately, my variance, it's going to be favorable. So I already, I could eliminate zero. I could eliminate the 9,000 and favorable. It's going to be favorable because I spent less time. Now, all what I have to do now is take my quantity, which is a thousand hour and multiply it by my variable overhead rate. What's my variable overhead rate per direct labor hour? It's given to me as $9. Why? Because I'm looking for the difference in the quantity. The difference in the quantity is a thousand multiplied by the rate, which is $9. And I know it's favorable. You just have to be very careful. It's 9,000 favorable. So be careful because if you look, classic mistake will be on the exam. It's 9,000. You see only the 9,000 and you see it's unfavorable. Classic mistake because they do trick you by showing you both favorable and unfavorable. So be careful. Look for the favorable. So two things in a question like this, efficiency means they're looking for the quantity, whether it's favorable or unfavorable, that I use more or less and take it from there. Let's take a look at this question. And this is similar because it's asking you whether something is favorable or unfavorable and it's giving you the same number. So it's going to be, so it's basically just saying it's easy to figure out the answer, but no make sure it's favorable or unfavorable. So let's take a look at this question and see how we would approach a question like this on the exam day. If Gilbert Watches uses a flexible budget to analyze its performance, the variable cost flexible budget variance for the March is how much? Gilbert Watches sells a line of risk where Gilbert's performance report for March year four is as follows. So they're giving us the static budget and they're giving us the actual budget and they're asking for the variable cost flexible budget variance. So first variable cost right here, you are looking at this and they're looking to see the variance between those two figures, variable cost, the static budget and the actual budget. One of the classic mistakes is this. You'll take the difference between those two and you would say it's 3,500 and you would say is it favorable or unfavorable because you do have 3,500. So they will try to trick you by giving you something like this and here you would say well, well it's favorable because it's less for one, one way to look at it, it's favorable, it's less, therefore the answer must be 3,500 favorable. That's one, one classic mistake. The other classic mistake you would say, hold on a second. I sold less watches, therefore it must be unfavorable, then people will go with 3,500 unfavorable. Well it's neither favorable 3,500 nor unfavorable 3,500. So actually if you have a basic understanding of the flexible budget, actually you could eliminate those two because those two cannot be the answer, 3,500 favorable, 3,500 unfavorable. But they're trying to trick you because they're saying well if you know you're focusing on the variable cost, look the difference is 3,500, steady you on the face, choose either favorable or unfavorable. No, you could go down to 50-50 by eliminating those two answers. Now that well the question becomes how do I analyze this problem? How do I analyze this problem? Well how do I analyze it? Well first I have to know how the flexible budget work. Well I have to know what is my variable rate based on my static budget? Well my variable cost under my static budget is 18,000, that's based on a 600 unit sold. And remember there is a direct relationship between unit solds and the variable cost. So if I take 18,000 divided by 600 unit my variable rate for this company is 30 dollars. Now whether whether I sell 600 or 6,000 or 6 variable costs should be 30 dollars. Now I'm going to go to my actual budget. My static budget is I know I already figured out my variable rate is 30 dollars. Well now my actual budget was 500 so my variable cost should be 500 times 30 based on my rate. It should be 15,000. This is what my variable cost should have been based on my static budget, 30 dollars. Well guess what? Now I see the difference. Now I we have another difference. Once we get to this point we have another difference and here we have to be very careful. We have a difference of between 15,000 and 14,500. The difference is 500. The question is is favorable or unfavorable? Look I sold 500 watches. My variable cost should have been 15,000. My variable cost is 14,500. Wow that's great. Now why would that happen? Why would that happen in the real world? You might be asking didn't you say that it should be it should be 30 dollars? Maybe the watch manufacturers what they did they somehow bought some supplies at a lower rate that they use in manufacturing those watches. So guess what happened? Because of that their variable cost went down. They were able to save more on their variable cost and they saved 500 dollars. It means the variance is favorable. It's 500 and favorable. So that's how we figured out figured out the answer for this question. Again you want to make sure you want to make sure you want to go down to 50-50. So immediately by reading the question on the CPA exam you should go down to 50-50 by eliminating at least at least two answers if not more than two. How do I know this? If you have a basic understanding you should be able to do so. Now how do you get that basic understanding or good understanding? Look that's what I do on my lectures. That's what I do on my website. I lecture. I teach you the material. I don't review it. I try to go in the material showing it to you for the first time as if you are sitting in a college classroom. In contrast to a CPA course where they review that information with you just to review it because they assume you know it. Oftentimes you know it. Sometimes you don't. Maybe you did not learn it in college. Maybe you learned it a long time ago. Maybe the professor did not properly teach you that material or you are not mature enough to pay attention. Anyhow please look at my website. It might help you solve questions on the CPA exam which I do have a series of questions like these lectures to help you analyze questions. Good luck, study hard and stay safe especially those coronavirus.


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