So, it's my great pleasure on behalf of the Bloomberg Library Committee to have our librarians here today to give us an update about using the Eccles Health Sciences Library resources and to really tell you about our efforts in the Moran Corps, which is our new educational website. And here to talk about that are two amazing librarians. The first is Christy Jarvis, who has a master's degree in library science from San Jose State University. And she's been with Eccles Health Sciences Library since 2011, and we've worked with her on our library committee for many years. And she's been helping us with all the journals. She's the person who orders all the journals and eBooks and other eResources, and she's going to give us an update on the library. And then I'm going to introduce Nancy because she's going to kind of tag team in here. Nancy Lombardo is also from the Eccles Health Sciences Library, and she's the systems librarian, and she received her degree from Emporia State University. And she's worked in many, many different places, if you want to know about the Intermountain Region of the National Park Service. Nancy has been an employee there. She also is at Dartmouth College and University of New Mexico. But we know her as a librarian, a Health Sciences Librarian extraordinaire. And as you know, she is the librarian that I worked with when I did my book, Practical Viewing of the Optic Disc, and she's also the librarian who really founded the North American Neuroophthalmology Novel Library, Neuroophthalmology Virtual Education Library. And we are so lucky that we could work with her on establishing the Moran Corps. So I'm going to introduce Christie first, who's going to give us a quick and dirty library overview followed by a very exciting presentation about the Moran Corps. Okay, Christie. So it's going to be quick and dirty because that's all we have time for. I gave a presentation somewhat similar to this to the new residents and fellows a couple of weeks ago. And since they are new and overwhelmed, they have a tsunami of information. I only asked them to remember three things.  And I'm giving you four. So you're on notice. You've been challenged. So the four things that I want to review that are important that I think to help all of the researchers and faculty and staff to make use of library resources is how to find full text from PubMed, what your full text options are when the library does not subscribe to something, how you access library resources when you are off campus, or in your mountain home or vacationing in Bermuda and you desperately need to get into a journal. And then I want to highlight just a couple of new resources that the library has added in the last year or so that you may not be aware of. So full text in PubMed, the single most important thing to know is do not go to pubmed.gov. Pubmed.gov is open to the public and all you will find in there is free full text resources. The University of Utah has a special PubMed instance that includes links to all of the journals that are subscribed to you and you want to make sure you are using that instance of PubMed. There's a couple ways you can get to it. You can use that URL. You can bookmark it. You can find it on the Eccles Library website that the PubMed link will open this. You'll notice up in the URL that it says O tool equals Utah Lib. That's the outside tool in PubMed using the University of Utah library resources. I'll point out in a minute how you can make sure you are using that. So you can either use that website or do I have people here who are My NCBI users? Anyone here that logs in? Okay, so if you are accessing PubMed and you're using your My NCBI account, you will want to make sure your My NCBI account is updated with this University of Utah library outside tool. You just need to log into your My NCBI preferences. There's a section under PubMed preferences where you want to select outside tool and then there's just a long list of institutions. Find the Eccles Health Sciences Library and select that and then save. Then anytime you log in with your My NCBI account, you will be using the University of Utah's PubMed instance. So here is from the library's website under the quick links box. That PubMed link will open the university's instance of PubMed. So that's one way you can find it. So how you will know that you are using the University of Utah's PubMed instance is that every single abstract that you look at in PubMed will have that little swirly icon find it button next to every single abstract. Many of you may be familiar with this icon that's down here on the bottom. That is an icon that we used to be able to put in PubMed only on abstracts that we had full text for, which seems like a really great idea except it's only about 60% accurate. We were only ever able to put that icon on about 60% of the resources we have because other things that we had access to PubMed did not give us an option to put this icon on. So while that icon was nice and slick and when you clicked on it and just opened the PDF, you were really only getting access to about 60% of what the university really subscribes to. So we did away with that so you won't be seeing that icon in PubMed anymore. Like I said, it used to be only on things that we had full text to. Now that find it icon is on every single abstract. So if you're in PubMed and you're looking at an abstract and you don't see it, you are not using the University of Utah's instance of PubMed and you'll want to back out and use that link from the library website or that bookmarked URL. So when you find the abstract you're interested in and you click on that find it button, here's what happens. You leave PubMed and you come into the University of Utah library catalog and there's the article information that you were looking at and you get this, well if you're lucky, you get that little green button. Green means go. Green says full text is available for this article and then underneath it you see a list of the platforms that that article is available in full text on. In this case it's on several different Elsevier platforms. Pick your favorite, click on it and it will actually from there open the full text article. So this process involves one more click than the old icon did, but it's significantly more accurate in finding the full text that you're looking for. So in PubMed you clicked on that full text icon, it brought you here. This article we have full text for. So clicking on any of those links will give you the full text. Here's an example of finding an abstract in PubMed, clicking on find it, coming into the library and instead of that green dot that says oh we have it, you get a yellow dot that says check availability and it says no full text available. That means the library does not subscribe all the way back to 1991 for the American Journal of Ophthalmology. So there's no online full text access to this article. So no full text available means we don't subscribe to it underneath where it says additional services. There is a link that says request an article. So what do you think request an article does? Someone says it charges you. So this is how you launch intralibrary loan. So if the library does not subscribe to something and you want to read this article, click on that request an article link. The first thing that will pop up is a box asking you to identify which library you are affiliated with. You want to select the Eccles Health Sciences Library. From there you will be taken into Iliad, which is the intralibrary loan tool for the universities, for the university libraries. You have to have a separate Iliad account to order articles through intralibrary loan. It's not the same thing as your unit and password. I'm about to show me logging into Iliad and I made my unit, my user name, but my password is not my CIS password. You have to register separately for an Iliad account. Once you have logged in to your Iliad account, you will see the order form open. And because I came in through PubMed, it brought over into the order form all of the article citation information that I want to order so you don't have to manually enter it in, verify it's all correct, and then you submit it. So how many people here have ordered an article through intralibrary loan? Couple, couple, okay. Did you like it? Be honest with me. Did you come in through PubMed? It should populate all those fields for you. So the most common complaint I hear from people all about why they don't like intralibrary loan is because it costs money, right? So the libraries for many years have completely subsidized intralibrary loan for students. It was paid for out of student funds. But the library has only been partially subsidizing intralibrary loan for faculty and staff. So you were being charged $9 every time you ordered an article through intralibrary loan. The library was paying the copyright fee, so it was partially subsidizing it. But the requester was being asked to chip in money. As of about two or three weeks ago, that is no longer the case. You will not be charged, you will be charged $0 if you request an article through intralibrary loan. So it will not cost you anything. Intralibrary loan tends to get the article to you in about 24 hours. It's sometimes less than that, but that's about how long it takes. If you currently have an Iliad account and when you registered, you had to put in a credit card number, you don't have to go into your account and remove that. It's just any orders you place now, it's not going to charge you for anything. Like I said, this is so new that if you go back on the intralibrary loan page, it still says fees apply, tell me more, we haven't even gotten to the point of that message will go away, but it is that new. But if you register for an Iliad account today, there is still a field where it's going to ask you to put in payment information. You have to put in something to be able to register yourself, so just put in the words no charge and you can continue registering. And like I said, if you already have a chart field or a credit card number in your Iliad account and you placed an intralibrary loan order tomorrow, you're just not going to be charged. It won't go through as a charge.  What am I going to do? I have to order it, at least know that ordering it, you should get it in about 24 hours and it won't cost you anything. So that is a new option for getting full, it's not a new option. It's a new free to you option to get full text for articles. So that's a no, that's dollars floating away. OK, remote access I want to just touch on briefly because people that do work primarily on campus tend to not have to think about, oh, how am I letting the publisher of this journal know that I'm affiliated with the University of Utah and should have access. You don't have to worry about it because all of our access is IP authenticated. So as long as you are within the IP space of the university, the publisher knows, oh, this person should have access. And you don't have to do anything, you just get in. But when you're working at home in the middle of the night or like I said, working on your vacation in the Bahamas, you need to have some way of letting Elsevier, of letting Wiley know, I work at the University of Utah and I have a right to access these journals because they're being paid for. So the way you authenticate yourself is by using the university's proxy server. So on the library's home page, there are multiple buttons that do the same thing. But any of those links that say off-campus access, when you click on it, it's going to prompt you for your university ID and password. And then take you right back to the page that you were on. But now, up in the URL bar, you will notice that you are being identified as part of the, you have come in through the proxy server. And now when you navigate to a publisher's website, that proxy server information comes over. And Elsevier and Wiley and Springer know, oh, this person is actually a member of the University of Utah and they subscribed to this journal and that journal. So go ahead and have at it. So if you find yourself working from home and you're trying to, you Google a title of a journal and it pulls up the journal site and you're like, why can I not get into Lancet? Of course we have Lancet. Well, realize you never identified who you are to that publisher. They don't know to let you in. So that's for remote access. And then a couple of new resources that I just want to point out. M-Base is fairly new to the library. M-Base is a terrific tool to use if you are doing any type of systematic review or just thorough searching of the literature. M-Base has some overlap with Medline, but it has a significant amount of unique content. Several thousand journals that are not indexed in Medline or in M-Base. M-Base is very strong in gray literature and conference proceedings, particularly strong in drug and one of the best sources for international, particularly European journals. So it's another great tool to search when you are trying to really. So all of these tools that I am going to mention are accessible right here on the library's homepage is a tab that says research databases. There's an A to Z list. So click on research databases and then the title, the letter of the title, and it will drop you down. It's just an A to Z list of all of these tools. So M-Base is a fairly new tool to make use of. Clinical key is pretty amazing. Many of you may have used MD consult in the past. Clinical key is what MD consult used to be before it started pounding steroids. It is now, everything that used to be MD consult is in clinical key, but there are an additional 500 journals, 1200 medical and surgical books, 13,000 videos, and almost four million images. So I tell people, if you are looking for an image to put into some lecture or presentation, check clinical key first. The odds of them not having it is pretty slim and they are all medical. Well, their images, some of them are photographs. There are charts and graphs and diagrams and drawings, but a lot of image material. And one of the really nice things is that all of the images that are in clinical key, they are licensed for reuse for education. So you don't have to worry about getting permissions or anything like that. You can just download the image from clinical key into a PowerPoint. It'll come with the citation information and you don't have to worry about getting permission. It's already been granted through the university's license. So clinical key is worth, and I just did a, I went into clinical key, searched just multimedia for closed angle glaucoma, got 200 images. You can see some of them are photographs. There are graphs and charts. Four million images, you'll probably come up with something that works for your presentation. So I highly recommend checking out clinical key if you have not. And then lastly, there are two imaging centers from Amrises, which is a company some of you may know of or have heard about because it actually grew out of the University of Utah, Pathology Department, I believe, as who started it. But the university has purchased the imaging reference center and the pathology reference center. And these are image libraries where you can look up information. They're meant for non-radiologists and non-pathologists. But the idea is that you can get imaging that supports a diagnosis. So this is an example of something in the imaging reference center on optic neuritis where you get radiographic images, sometimes it's CT, ultrasound, X-ray, whatever is appropriate for the diagnosis. Images you can look at and then there is corresponding clinical text when you might want to recommend a certain type of imaging study for a particular diagnosis. The pathology reference center is very similar, but it's results of biopsies and other types of cultures in all areas of diagnostic pathology. So you can look up, here's a particular type of condition. I don't know what this is, but these are some of the slides that what a company, a diagnosis, there's often slides of what a normal result versus an abnormal result would look like. And again, it comes with clinical text. And if you scroll down to the bottom, there's references for all of the explanatory text that goes along with the images. So those are really between clinical key and the pathology and imaging reference center. You have a vast library of images. Clinical key also has audio-visual presentations. So I encourage you to check those out. There are a lot of resources that you can make use of. And finally, I just want to throw up here how you get help. There are many ways to contact the library, chat, email, phone, library hours, the Bloomberg library is open 24 hours. Eklis library is normally open 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. Any quick questions? Yes, they absolutely are. And one of the nice things about all of those is when you download an image into a PowerPoint, it comes with at least a snippet of explanatory text of what the image is, where it came from and what it's purporting to show. So yes, they are all available. You can print, email, download, save, share. Anything else? Yes, you can. If you, yes, so the question was, do you have to go through the proxy server if you are accessing remotely or can you use VPN? You can absolutely use VPN. There are a handful of publishers. They don't tend to be the large ones. Some of these smaller publishers occasionally have trouble recognizing you through VPN. So if it's something that you suspect that the university has access to and you are using VPN and you're not getting access, try going through the proxy server. But if you're a VPN user, yes, that will work as well. The virtual private network, which you can connect to the VPN and then your machine's IP should mirror something within the university's network. Yeah, so you can. You can take that one offline. Yeah, I'll talk to you afterwards. Yeah, there is, I mean, there's a web version, there's a client version, but yeah, it's doable. No other questions?  Thank you. Okay, so I'm Nancy Lombardo and I'm going to talk to you guys a little bit about the Moran Core, which is the new educational website, clinical ophthalmology resources for education. This is a collaboration between the Moran Eye Center and the Eccles Health Sciences Library. We're building a digital library of educational materials that are produced here by the faculty, fellows, residents and students. And the goal is to support teaching at the Moran as well as teaching at the international programs. It's publicly accessible and we're gonna be highlighting all the excellent work that is done here at the Moran. The goal is to provide high quality peer reviewed materials. So we do have an editorial board and any materials that are accepted into the core will be considered peer reviewed publications and can be cited on your CV. And some of you have already participated. And this is what the website looks like. At the end, if we have time, I will go and do a live demonstration, but for now we'll just sort of review it as it, on these screenshots. So this is the front end. And you can see we have buttons, specifically going to the grand rounds, the resident lectures, surgery videos. And then we have a menu. And the menu is designed loosely based on the AAO BCSC outline, the books. And so material are linked and displayed directly in the website. And when you are submitting, we do want to know a specific category because we're trying to organize it based on these topics as they're organized in the menus. So the menus are sort of a collapsing menu structure. So when you go into the site, for example, if you go to neuro ophthalmology, decreased vision, you can see there's a little sub menu and the category for these three videos that exist is examination. So when submitting, we are asking for that information. And so if you can be as specific as possible, an item can be linked in more than one category. If that's appropriate, that's fine. As far as publications, we are gonna be capturing and Ethan, you've probably seen this magical cart that Ethan is using to capture the grand rounds in the resident lectures. And those will all go be categorized and added to the Moran core automatically. And all of our video is hosted on YouTube, but our YouTube channel is an unpublished site, which just means you cannot search YouTube directly to find the videos, you have to come into the core. You can also find them through Google, but it will bring you into the core rather than directly into YouTube. So you should think about submitting work that you are required to do already. If you're presenting at the FNA conference or the Orbit conference, other conferences, lectures, meeting presentations, if you do a really great presentation or present a really great case, think about submitting that to the core and we'll have it reviewed and you'll get an acceptance letter and you'll be able to cite that as a publication in online educational resource. All the medical students doing rotations at the Moran are going to be doing at least one image report or case report and it will be peer reviewed and then added to the core collection. For faculty and residents, we're collecting case reports, image reports, presentations, videos. We've been getting a lot of surgical videos. They're, that's a really faster growing section of the site. We have templates available so that you can just fill out the template. It's all very structured and you just fill in the template and submit it with your material so that we can add it to the site. Attending physicians can review the draft before you submit it. Here's the email address to which you submit any case that you want to add to the core. If your materials are too big, sometimes the videos are too large to send through email and we can arrange to submit them through box or you can use send it, which is the university's tool for sending large files. Anyway, if you just send email to this address, I won't get it and we can figure out how to get the material into the core. We do have a guidelines for author document on the site so you should take care to look through this. It's basically instructions for submitting and reminding you about PHI. If you have patients represented in the video or presentation that you're submitting, it's your responsibility to be sure that you have permission to use that in a publicly accessible educational site. Do not use copyrighted material in your PowerPoint and Christie, this is a question. So if they download an image from clinical key and use it in their presentation, can they submit that to core and that's okay or okay, so that's great. So that is really great so that if you are using any of those fabulous imaging resources that Christie just showed and you download those and put them in your presentation, those are acceptable. So that's a really good thing to know and that will help a lot. But in general, if you're using say, if you're citing or referring to a table from a published scholarly journal, do not copy and paste the table into your presentation because that is violating copyright. So what you should do is summarize the table and then cite the article. So it's okay to refer to the information, you just cannot copy the table directly and put it into your presentation. And that goes for the same with images that come directly out of scholarly journal. So you have to be careful, we do wanna be careful about copyright, we don't wanna be violating copyright and music in your video try not to use any copyrighted music or audio. We do have one grand round presentation that has Star Wars music in the background and YouTube identifies that and tags that and now that particular grand rounds is susceptible to advertising. So Sony owns that music and they can start putting advertisements every time somebody watches that particular grand rounds. And so it's amazing that they can just scan through and identify exactly the music that is copyrighted. So be very careful with that. At this point, we are leaving that grand rounds up and we'll see how much advertising really occurs and if there's a lot of advertising we might have to take it down and try and mute the audio. Unfortunately, the speaker is speaking over, the music is in the background so it's very difficult to edit that out. Okay, so the student assignments, there are instructions on the website that outline step by step what the students are required to do. Each medical student will be asked to do an image report or they can choose to do a case report and they'll work with their resident or faculty and they will use the template, the same template that faculty and residents are using and they will be required to have their faculty review that report and sign off on it and then they will submit it to the medical student educational coordinator who is Chandler. So that will be taking place. So as residents or fellows or faculty you may have students asking you for help or guidance on those reports. These are what the image, what the templates look like and these are available on the website, they're all linked there but it's basically you just fill in the information on the form, please do provide that category to the third level if possible. There's a link directly to the site on the template so that you can look through and decide where you want your submission to be placed in the menus. So there's an image report, there's a case report, there's a video template, they're all very similar. We have recruited an editorial board and you can see that we have some very prominent faculty helping us with this editorial review and if you believe that you would be able to provide editorial support for us we are accepting volunteers the more the merrier that just divides up the work. So the editors will be asked when submissions come in that are in their topic area we will ask them to review those materials or assign the review to one of their colleagues. As far as copyrights we just sort of went through this but you can, when you submit you retain all the copyrights to your material so this is not in any way like some of the scholarly publishers who want you to sign over your copyrights anything you submit to the core you're giving us permission to publish it but then you can take it and reuse it and do whatever you want with it you can publish it other places, that's absolutely fine. You own the copyrights, just remember that you don't want to use other copyrighted material in your publication because we'll have to edit that out or it will be rejected. Here are some samples that have been submitted just to give you an idea. So this is live, this is the actual site and this is an image report that was done by Eileen and you can see there's the image and here's all of the metadata information and then this is actually the site is live and I like to keep my glasses to see it and you can see this is, the menus are all collapsible you can go into the items you just maneuver around it is also searchable, the videos play right off of YouTube but they're embedded in the site. Here are the guidelines for authors and here are the student assignment instructions and in the about core there's a brief description and these are the people who have participated in the production of it and let's see if I can get back to, let's see this and so, oops, what is this thing? Okay so we also are developing a separate but related international curriculum and we've been working with Lloyd Williams and this has a unique structure. It's very similar but not exactly the same and the materials that come into the core that are submitted to the core are also evaluated and then tagged and added to the international outline as appropriate, this is based on an East-South Central African outline that's been designed and can be used, it's also open, publicly accessible, can be used by any international site and it's got a slightly different structure based on the curriculum that they're using so you'll see materials linked in both places and either outline can be used to access the materials and even though we have not promoted this or advertised the site at all, we already are having users and we've been using Google Analytics to capture usage statistics starting in October and you can see we already have had 3,600 sessions, 2,000 users, 19,000 page views from 99 different countries and it's interesting that 56% of our visitors are new visitors so people are finding it and they're finding it by searching Google, they'll search a topic in Google and it will bring them into the core and so that's how we're getting our users. YouTube, we've had 6,121 minutes, four days and six hours so 1,600 views of the videos so these things are being found in this year so last year the main goal was to get the structure up, get the website in place which we have done and this year we're really gonna be focusing on building the content and filling in the outline and so we're hoping that you'll all help us with that by submitting your great cases and we will start promoting it, we're going to be working with marketing at the Moran, yes? So if we're working with internet access and work directly, what is the purpose? You can just give them the URL, right now the URL is morancore.med.utah.edu and then it's all freely openly accessible, they could start using it right now and there are, as I know 99 countries have accessed the site so far so yes, you can start directing them to it, the international outline is just starting to be populated so if you do send the URL you might note that this is something that's under construction and we're in the building of the content now and I just wanted to acknowledge the Bloomberg Library committee that has been so instrumental in getting the site set up and to the point that it is and then my little library team who have done all of this work, getting this website online. Can you go back to the main thing and... To the site? Surgery, ophthalmic video, or surgery videos. Sure. This is the live site? Yes, so we have, on the homepage, we highlight the surgery videos here with this button but we also have a section with an organizational structure just for ophthalmic video but if you wanna see what's new, these buttons are really helpful because they will display everything in that category and they're displayed in chronological order as far as when things were added most recently so these are the newest videos and if you scroll down you'll see it's just a long list of the video submissions that we've gotten and if you want to view one, you just click on play, you can watch the video so that is the easiest way to get to them using this button. Over time we hope to fill out this whole outline and it also, they all work the same way where it's a collapsible menu structure and it can take you into them guided and organizationally by the topics so any other questions? Yes? So the question is, would articles that would be available on PubMed be included in the Moran Corps? I don't think that we will have journal articles per se now in the templates that we have submitters fill out there is a place for you to put references and we could link directly to the PubMed article from the references so there could be a link to an article but I don't see us republishing articles that have been published elsewhere. No, it's actually not what I thought. Oh, okay, would material in the Moran Corps be accessible in PubMed? We can look, we will investigate that possibility. I think if we get the content developed substantially there is a possibility that PubMed would index this tool, they do index some electronic books and other tools of that sort but I think that we will have to do maybe at the end of this year after we've done quite a bit more content development, that's a possibility. Any other questions? Okay. Thank you.


Hello everyone and good morning, good afternoon or good evening depending on where you're joining us from today. Welcome to Engineering for Change or E4C for short. Today we're pleased to bring you this month's installment of the E4C webinar series focusing on a tool to measure household water and security globally. My name is Yana Randa and I am the president of Engineering for Change and I am pleased to be your moderator for today's webinar. The webinar you're participating in today will be archived on our webinars page and the E4C YouTube channel. Both of the URLs for those areas are listed on this slide. Information on upcoming webinars is available on our webinars page. E4C members will receive invitations to upcoming webinars directly. If you have any questions, comments and recommendations for future topics and speakers, please contact the E4C webinar series team at webinars at engineeringforchange.org. If you're following us on Twitter today, I invite you to join us in conversation with our dedicated hashtag, hashtag E4C webinars. Now before we move on to our presenter, I'd like to tell you a bit about E4C. E4C is a knowledgeable organization, digital platform and global community of more than one million engineers, designers, development practitioners and social scientists who are leveraging technology to self quality of life challenges faced by underserved communities. Some of those challenges include access to clean water and sanitation, sustainable energy, improved agriculture and more. We invite you to become a member. E4C membership is free and provides access to news and thought leaders, insights on hundreds of essential technologies in our solutions library, professional development resources and current opportunities such as jobs, funding calls, fellowships and more. E4C members also enjoy a unique user experience based on their site behavior and engagement. Essentially, the more you interact with the E4C site, the better we will be able to survey resources aligned to your interests. We invite you to visit our website to learn more and sign up. Now one thing here to note about the E4C solutions library is if you're interested in learning more about tools that enable data collection related to water systems, we invite you to explore our solutions library after the webinar. An example of the type of technology that you'll find is the MWater Explorer mobile app, which allows users to map water sources and sanitation facilities and report functionality, water quality or sanitary inspection reports using standard forms. The app allows users to test a water source, take a picture of the results and upload them to an online database for other users to see and reference. The full report in the solutions library provides more details about technical performance, compliance with standards, academic research and user provision models related to this particular solution. All the information in the solutions library is sourced by E4C's research fellows and reviewed by our community of experts. All of this is available to E4C members free of charge. Now we have to take care of a few housekeeping items before we get started. We're going to start with practicing our WebEx platform skills and I'm going to do this first by asking you where you all are joining us from today. So in the chat window, which is located at the bottom right of your screen, please type in your location. If the chat is not open on your screen, try clicking the chat icon at the bottom of the screen in the middle of the slides and I'll also join you here. So I see folks from Chicago. I'm here today from Brooklyn. I see folks. I see that are putting answers also into the Q and a window Colorado South Carolina, Yemen. Welcome everyone. Pennsylvania so excited to have you all here. All right. Again, if you do not see the chat window, you should be seeing the icons in the middle of the screen on the bottom there is a little chat bubble. So from India North Carolina. Welcome. Welcome everyone. All right. So you can use the chat window to share remarks during the webinar and share any resources that you might also be familiar with. If you have technical questions or questions specifically for the presenter towards the end of the webinar, please use the Q and a window, which is located below the chat. So you can we can be sure to keep track of those questions. Again, if you don't see the Q and a window, please click the Q and a icon at the bottom of the screen in the middle of the slide. All right. And if you have a technical challenges specifically that you want us to address also feel free to send a private chat to the engineering for change admin. If you are listening to the audio broadcast and encounter the troubles, try hitting stop and then start. You may also want to try opening up WebEx in a different browser. In the first 11 hours qualify engineers for one professional development hour to request your pH, please sign in and go to your member dashboard to access the pH form. And you'll see it on your dashboard link or you can go directly to the link listed on this slide. So with this, I'm very excited to introduce our speaker today. Mary Young is an assisting professor of anthropology and global health at Northwestern University. Methodologically, she draws on her training, excuse me, in medical anthropology, international nutrition and public health to take bio cultural approach to understanding how mothers, especially low resource settings hope to preserve their health and that of their families. Most recently, she has led efforts to develop the household water insecurity experiences scale, which she'll share with us today across culturally valid tools to measure household water insecurity. So I'm not going to go to deeply disturbing you because that is what she will be doing with you today. And we're very excited to have her join us by video. I'm going to go ahead and turn over control to Sarah. All right, and welcome Sarah on. We're keen to hear all about a twice. Thank you. Good morning, everybody. I have to say I'm thrilled to be here. And even more thrilled when I can advance. Yes, great. I'm thrilled to be here to discuss this metric, this measurement tool that we've come up with. And I would really like to hear from people who are actually doing useful things on people on this call, how this would be helpful or how this isn't helpful so that we can make it as useful and simple to use as possible. So we're, we have something practical, I think, and represented by this user manual that we're making public. I can say how much I appreciate engineering for change generally. So I teach a class on water and security, and we draw from your references including this particular article on on successes and failures and I think it's important to talk about failures, much more than we do. So thank you, engineering for change. Today in this webinar, I'm not going to talk for the whole time. I really do want to hear from you. I'm going to spend about 25 to 30 minutes answering three questions. Maybe four, the first is what are the links between food insecurity and water insecurity. The second is why is measuring experiences with water important. The third is how do we measure experiences with water and security. And lastly, what will we learn from measuring those experiences and I think questions three and four will be the most interesting to the to the group. So let's get started. So the backstory is, and it's always fun to tell these sorts of things that don't go into the peer reviewed manuscripts and the manuals is that I'm not trained in water. I have a degree in anthropology, medical anthropology, and public health nutrition, and everything that I do focuses around the first 1000 days of life. So I think a lot about women before they're pregnant during pregnancy, and then their health and that of their children in those first. It's called the first 1000 days a year before two years after delivery. It's really a vital time for the well being of society. And I with my nutrition hat on was thinking about the role of food insecurity, which I think is a concept that's pretty familiar it's not overt starvation but not sure when and how and what the meals will be. And in that first 1000 days, the consequences of food insecurity, hadn't been assessed. And so I had a big grant from the National Institute of Health to quantify those, those impacts. We know how to measure food insecurity. It's quite simple. USAID has come up with something called the HFIA, the household food insecurity access scale. And that's nine simple questions where the phrasing is how often the last month have you, and they asked about experiences with food, worried about not having enough to eat all the way to going for a day and a night without eating. And the responses can be never which is weighted as zero, or often which is scored as a three such that nine items times the maximum of three for the waiting is 27. Anybody food insecurity can easily be quantified. So with my nutrition hat on, I'm thinking about all the consequences of this exposure to food insecurity. And we're measuring food insecurity at all of these time points in this observational cohort. And with my nutrition with my anthropology hat on, I want to make sure that we're asking questions that are relevant and interesting to the people we're working with. So I knew food insecurity was important, but I want to make sure I was looking at what people in this community in Western Kenya thought were. So I did something called photo elicitation interviews, which is a fancy way of saying you give people a camera, and you ask them to go and take pictures of whatever phenomenon you're interested in. It could be sanitation stuff, it could be safety on the way to school. In this case, we did what shaped how you feed your infant. And to my surprise, we got pictures like this pictures of water back, and I expected failed crops, you know, six chicken theft, but the number of pictures like this that I got back really surprised me and made me pay attention. People were saying that they had to choose. So this is a photo that one woman took that this is water that comes from downstream from a prison. So it's really dirty and they needed to choose between buying food for their family or buying water. And so I ran to the literature I had this beautiful study designed, if I can say that beautiful studies I ran to the literature to try to find the the analogous measurement of of water and security. Turns out there's lots of hydrologic indicators of water. Many of you are more familiar with them than I am. We have data on per capital water availability at the level of the state. There's the water poverty index, which is useful if you want to know community assets, but it doesn't get it those individual experiences. And of course, there are plenty of ways of looking at water quality from colony forming units to parts per billion of whatever heavy metal. But what I wasn't finding at the household level was something like the household food and security access scale. What I found was the very useful JMP module on drinking source, drinking water source, but of course there are many more things that we do with water than drink it. So we developed a scale from the bottom up to measure water and security. And it's, it taught us a lot about how water and security works in people's lives. And now we can quantify these women's scale these women's water and security, much like we can with the household food and security scale and this is open access available anyone can have it. And doing this has taught us that there are far reaching consequences of problems with water ones that I never saw coming. This, this is also published in global public health. I'll give you just three examples of some of our findings. And the first is that of all of the problems that water and security causes, like the stress and the fear and the worry about not having water is by far the biggest problem. When we talked about losing sleep and having the weight of worrying about water on their mind. In terms of physical health, we would expect problems with sanitation, waterborne disease, even some of the physical hardships of carrying water people talked about complications like miscarriage from from water but from carrying water but the one that was the most salient and that I didn't see coming was gender based violence. And so women said that not having water in the house was a perfectly okay in quotes reason for your husband beating you up. This woman says I fear beatings and if that's what will lead to beatings I'll make sure my husband at least gets the water and then receive the water that I have for him not such as it. Nutrition was another consequence so people talked a lot about reducing their quality and quantity of food and in this picture that a woman took. And how her children didn't have enough porridge, not because they didn't have the meal for making the porridge like the powder, the flower, but that they didn't have enough water to make more poor. So that's a little inside of what not having enough water can do in Kenya. But if you look at the world, many people are experiencing problems with water. Based on satellite data, this is blue water. 4 billion people don't have enough water for at least one month of the year and in some places as you can see as it gets darker, more people and many more months of the year people don't have enough. There's not enough surface water. And then of course there are problems with water access like flooding and water quality with pathogens or chemicals contaminated. And for these reasons that the World Economic Forum has listed water in when they fight their global risks, these are the top five, four of these touch on problems with water. So the answer to my first question is one of the links between food and water insecurity is that there are many and therefore measuring them will be a very powerful tool in trying to affect change. So let's talk about that. I think it's a nice moment to reflect on how special we are on planet Earth for the abundance of water. I mean a few molecules of water have been identified on Mars. As far as we know the abundance of water distinguishes us from anywhere else in the universe.  I mean sitting here, 70% of our body is composed of water. And when we came to life, when we floated on water for nine months, drinking is perhaps the most common that comes to mind is the most obvious thing we do with water. But irrigation both small scale and large scale cooking and cleaning up after the cooking and keeping our grubby little kids clean after we feed them as well as ourselves. They're all really visceral uses of water, but water is also transcendent and it brings spiritual meaning. It brings us together as a society and previous experiential scales of a household level have been transformative. I mean the measurement of food insecurity has most often been done using us aid scale. But there are other flavors of measuring food insecurity and it has changed how we think about policy. It's changed how we prioritize funding. And so I would argue that we need a sister scale to these food insecurity brother scale. And I think that the household water and security experience of scale is going to fill that niche. So measuring experiences are going to really provide us relevant and actionable data. So my third question that I will pose and then answer is how, how do we measure experiences with water and security? The short answer is very carefully. I'll give you the medium answer and then if you want the longer answer, there's some papers that we've published that you can look into the statistics on and be happy to have a follow up call. So I'm presenting this today, but this work is really the product of a group of people across a number of disciplines. So I worked with people in global health and development clinicians anthropologists and geographers and statisticians and nutritionists and engineering is not on here but I'm married to an engineer. So that sort of counts de facto engineering has been a part of this and engineers have been listening and informing what we're doing for the last couple of years. So this is the protocol and this is published and available for how we develop the scale. I'll touch on just a little bit. There are kind of three phases of scale development and I will say scale development is not for the faint of heart. I don't know if any of you have done so, but it's, it takes a lot more work than just getting together a couple of questions that you think would be useful. So in the first phase, you develop items and you, you make sure you're asking questions about your topic of interest from there you test those questions and implement the scale. And then lastly, you evaluate the scale to see if those items that you're asking are getting at what you want them to be getting at. So I'll say like two things about item development. The way we did that is we reviewed the literature on household water and security and how it had been measured to date. So you know that there's a site specific scale for Kenya. There's another great one for Ethiopia and another one for Bolivia, the Texas Mexico border. We looked at those and we, we developed a definition based on how everyone had been thinking of water and security. And then from those site specific skills, we extracted the ones that we thought would be most salient in a global perspective. Because remember what we're trying to do is measure water and security in an equivalent way across all these sites. So we started with 32 items that we thought had potential at being globally relevant. And they were scored similarly from zero to three for often are always in the last month. Then we pre tested those questions made sure that they were translated appropriately in linguistically but also culturally and contextually. And then we administered those in a similar way as possible across the site. And in the end we had 28 sites in 24 countries, maybe 25. And we selected those sites to maximize the heterogeneity. So we wanted to make sure these questions could work in all sorts of constellations of infrastructure and climate and water problem. So flooding, these could work in areas of flooding like Colombia, they could work in urban pipe settings like Kathmandu or urban Kathmandu and everywhere in between. So when we asked these questions we would get, so here's 32 items at the top, they could either be affirmed, which will be shown in gray. They could be never experienced, which is black, or those experiences could be not applicable in that particular setting, or in some cases we will not have asked the questions at all. So I think you can see here, like the item care for children or take medications, those have been dropped at this point you can see this version 2.0 over here, if you can see my arrow. And you can see that in Lebanon, not surprisingly a lot of people didn't grow crops or didn't have livestock so that became not applicable. Taking the data all together, this is not something you should be able to read, but this is the just loving looking at the slides because it represents so much work, so much data, so many experiences of water and security. But nobody wants 32 items in a scale if they can have 10 or 12. And so we wanted to shed all of those items that we weren't feeling that will not feeling that empirically weren't contributing to our understanding. So we reduce the items based both on a lot of statistics from item response theory and class test theory, as well as from thinking through what made sense and what didn't. So we had a number of meetings across time, and we, after much discussion, dropped items that were not affirmed very often that weren't universal, that were tangential to the definition of water and security. There's a rash statistic called inter-item correlation, they had low inter-item correlation, or they were highly correlated with other items. So in the course of many meetings with site PIs, and you can see there's a real range of representation in this meeting, Bangladesh, Ghana, Nigeria, Indonesia, Lebanon, Beirut, sorry, Lebanon. My little kids, lots of Skype calls from five time zones. We went from 32 items to 12 items. Drum roll please. Here they are. Often in the last month, has anyone in your, you or anyone in your household worried you wouldn't have enough water for all of your household needs? Had your water source be interrupted or limited? Had there not been enough water to wash clothes? And then these other nine more for a total of 12. I'll let you look at those just for a second. So we thought we had the items, but did we? And I will skip all of the statistics to show you what we found. Now, in addition to collecting those 32 items about experiences of water and security, we also collected data on sociodemographics, the JMP module about food insecurity and perceived stress. And there's no kind of gold standard for measuring water and security. It's not like you're measuring something in somebody's blood. You can't pinch them and know if they were water and secure or not.  But we can see how these different experiences triangulate and if they do so in the ways we would expect. So we would expect water and security scores to be associated with greater stress with more food insecurity with time to collect water and a bunch of other phenomenon. And they were, here's just one example. So we asked a question if you had been injured while fetching water and those people who had been injured scored on average 4.5 points higher than those people who hadn't been injured when they were fetching water. But this is all suggesting that the HY scale is valid. It was also really important for us to know that a seven in Nepal meant a seven in Kenya or a seven in Pakistan so that we could compare experiences of water and security globally. And using the statistical package M plus, that would be the royal we using that statistical package of my postdoc, like gunny and man, you saw a few slides back. We landed on the fact that indeed these were highly invariant. In other words that the scores are equivalent across sites. So the scale is now ready for broad implementation. And it couldn't have come at a better time. So, um, last, you know, six months ago, the high level UN high level panel on water called for higher resolution data on water. And they talk about not being able to manage what you can't measure. And the need for this, this scale, the scale of data. And I mean, USA is also very interested in measuring water and security as are many other NGOs. So I would, I hope I've convinced you that the HY scale is a robust way of measuring water and security experiences easily implemented takes about three minutes to do. So what will we learn from measuring water and security.  So the first thing that the HY scale will tell us is will help us to assess problems will be able to identify vulnerable populations because water and security is often heterogeneous does not similar access within a community. Um, I've made a pitch to DHS to include it in their surveys demographic health survey. We'll see if that happens, but very excitingly UNESCO heard me give a talk with the Royal Geographic Society in November last year, and have proposed partnering with. UNESCO and then Gallup world polls. So Gallup polls do polling of many things, but in the last five or six years they've created this global architecture to measure to get representative sampling in 140 countries, which is very exciting when you're interested in comparison of phenomenon like water and security. So we had a launch cocktail party launch in this in February of this year where they sent their ambassador to discuss how she on behalf of UNESCO is really exciting to be producing the first global picture of water security at the household level. Um, and I think everyone here is familiar with the sustainable development goals. And what what you might not be familiar with is that Gallup world polls have this precedent of being able to collect data worldwide, a couple of years, a couple of years, a couple rounds. And then that those questions become indicators for the SDG. So there's precedent for their food and security. Questions becoming an indicator, same for financial inclusion, same for indicators of modern slavery. However, it ain't cheap. I don't know if any of you know Cardi B's song money. It takes money. So for three minutes of survey, which is how long Gallup estimates that these questions will take to implement. It's 1.4 million dollars. Um, and but I'm not interested in spending my the rest of my life raising a million dollars every year. We think we need just three years of data for to be in time for the 2023 agenda with the development goals are reevaluated. New indicators are set. And these modules often become based international statistic forms so that, for example, there's an, well, there is an example with food and security. So this, these nine items on food and security are now part of whatever what 60 countries collect every year on as national indicators. So the voices of the hungry project, they are the metric of food security for the world. And it's based on people's experiences. So we'll know about prevalence and vulnerable populations will also understand what water and security what's causing water and security as well as what are the consequences of water and security. So you remember this conceptual framework from when I was first thinking about food and security. These pathways are likely very salient around the world for water and security and we saw them in Kenya that there was a lot going on driven by water and security. And the science on this is wide open. So you've seen now these brother scales on food and security. If you do a Google search of in quotes household food and security, you'll see something like 16,000 references come up.  So this, we're just because we haven't been able to measure it, we're just starting to understand what water and security can do. Both how, how deleterious it is. And that will bring I think I think thinking about this, the role of food and security and water and security can really bring together the SDGs on food and the SDGs on water. So just one little peek at some data that we have that we have showing their causal relationship between food and water and security. You'll recall, we had this observational study in Western Kenya. And by the last three visits, so seven 15 months postpartum 18 months and 21 months postpartum we had both the food and security scale, the SFIS in place, as well as the validated water and security scale. And so we measured those two exposures concurrently. And you can see at the top, this is a structural equation model of the relationships between food and water and security. And what you see at the top is a scores for food and security in the bottom is water and security. And not surprisingly, water and security at 15 months drives subsequent water and security. But what is like super exciting is that water and security is underpinning food and security. And that matters a lot because, as I said at the beginning, a lot of institutions and organizations are prioritizing food and security as their primary outcome. Okay, the last thing that HWI will tell us is the impact of intervention. And for that, I'm pleased to say a number of NGOs are we're in discussions with or have already taken up this, the HWI scale to measure how, how the construction of a dam or how construction of wells or how changes in pricing structure of water are impacted by, by whatever the intervention is, and how that changes water and security. So here's just one little peek at what we're finding. So Oxfam implemented this, the HWI scale in Zambia. And they found that this is at a baseline so without an intervention that people who had higher water HWI score so who are more water and secure had worse overall health were self reported more of their normal activities were interrupted and they were less resilient to cholera outbreaks. So this scale is capturing things in ways that are fairly subtle. And I was just at an American Geographic Society meeting where other people were presenting and who had implemented the HWI scale and they were saying HWI scale is predictive of diarrhea and of dengue infections. So all this is to say is that when we want to, by quantifying these experiences with water and security will gain tremendous insights into what we consume and what we grow and how we take care of our families and even how we relate as society. And with that, I just want to thank my own research group who are awesome. The HWI analytic team who did wonderful things to, to make the scale happen. The executive committee who really we've, it's not always easy to work across disciplines, and we've played together very nicely despite being from quite different disciplines. And of course, I want to thank our funders for making this work happen. So that I would be happy to take any questions or clarifications or remind me of questions on water and security we should have asked. Thank you. Thank you so much, Sarah. This is a beautiful presentation and certainly really insightful. So there's a few questions I've already come up and encourage folks to enter their questions into the Q&A window. Immediately, I'm going to start with one which is comes from one of our listeners who's curious about how populations are chosen of who to survey or how they are accessed. So how are you, how are you conducting those surveys via cell phones, what's up or direct visits to villages by foreigners or local partners? Are surveys given verbally or written formats? So if you can speak to that part of the methodology that would be insightful. Sure. So the, the protocol for this was all surveys were face to face. And in some sites paper, paper forms were used in other sites. We programmed it into tablets or phones using ODK. That was the open desk. And that was a great way to, well, they both had their strengths. So here's another backstory. When I wrote the grant to do this study, we said we would implement in six sites around the world, but people got word of what we were doing. Oh, yes, let's do this. We can do this. Let's add it into our clinical trial or let's add it into this PhD dissertation that are already collecting data here. USAID already had something there. So we were very, we're, I'm confident that we asked these 32 items in the same way across places in terms of what the content of the question was. How it was asked was different in that sometimes it was using a tablet. Sometimes it was using a paper. It was always local people who are asking the questions. And then people were selected. So, and in most cases, we don't have contact data. The contact information was a cross sectional, hit it and quit it kind of survey where we said, like, are you over the age of 16? And are you familiar with the water situation in your household? And if people said they weren't, then we didn't ask them. But if they were, then, then we did. And those households themselves that were asked were usually randomly sampled. So we identified communities where there were no problems with water insecurity. And the sampling within those was more or less always random. But in the protocol paper that I showed you that's in VMJ open, it shows exactly the sampling strategy per site. Thank you for that. And I'm going to build on that question a little bit myself. And for those of you who are interested, Sarah referenced ODK and I put into the chat window a link. We have a mobile data collection series that we hosted back in 2016 on engineering for change where we actually looked at a variety of platforms and ODK was one of them open data kit. So the link is available there, the recording is available there so that if you're interested in learning more about that particular platform and its applications, you can get a sort of demo via this recorded webinar. So that's just more for reference. But on that note or extending from that, you mentioned, and by the way, I do love the Cardi B reference. How expensive the Gallup poll is, it's really, it makes good sense. So what, what approaches have you considered for democratizing data collection? At the start of the webinar, I mentioned the MWater app that kind of decentralizes data collection.  Well, it's not really fair to do this, but I would turn that question back to the group because I'm open for this to be implemented widely. I mean, I, this is not anything I'm from. And I feel like I did the, if I can say hard and slightly scale development, like, now it gets interesting. I mean, now we get to see these relationships between stress or loss of GDP or time use or opportunity costs or diarrhea. I mean, I don't, I don't know what, perceived stress. There are so many things that we can look at that now that this scale is out there. So like I beg of everyone to please go ahead and implement this and implement it widely. And if you do implement it, I beg of you to please use the 12 core items that we've identified so that data can be comparable across, you know, from this to Japan. Okay, that's bad from the United States. But and if you want, though, if you're interested in agriculture, add the egg questions back in. If you're interested in child health, add the like children missing school question back in or washing your kids or breastfeeding questions. So, but it. No, please. So, for those individuals who are listening to this webinar and do integrate the scale into their work, the data that they collect where, beyond publishing in an academic paper, which frankly, most practitioners don't necessarily end up doing. What, what means do they have for providing or sharing back the data so it can be aggregated more globally? Like, what is the preferred pathway? Yeah. So right now we say like, Oh, if you want to use this data, like please send us an email and tell us in what context you want to use it. Are you using it to evaluate a large study or is this to tell us how you're using it and and what kind of population and then we're just keeping track. I mean, as this works and it's growing quickly, we're going to have to think of something better. But we're just keeping track of who's using it, which organizations, what they think they're going to use it for. And then like in six months or eight months or nine months, we'll say like, Hey, do you have those data? Do you want any help looking at it? Would you mind sharing them back? No one is obliged to share the data back with us at all. We've done a good job of shepherding those 28 sites into a really robust data set that we're now answering asking really interesting questions with. Okay. And about the Gallup endeavor. So I've been really insistent that if we do this and UNS go has also been assistant that if those data are collected that those would be publicly available data. Because I could never analyze all of that in my career. I wouldn't want to. I mean, we want to get this out so that people can be asking questions about how water and security relates to for a station or urbanization or a rainfall or all these other types of exposures and consequences that we also have data on. So I'm glad for democratization of data. I would like to vote that as much as I can. Fantastic. All right. I would think that's a very comprehensive answer. And for those of you who are looking at the slide, you'll see that there has listed a number of pathways to kind of get in touch with her and at work will give you obviously more information. So one more question has come up that is quite specific regarding the development of a choice, which is, did you take the role or consider the role of micro financing institutions or MFIs and market systems development into account while developing a choice? No, I didn't. How should I have done that? What should we have done different? Perhaps this listener can can shed some light on that in the chat. Perhaps they're thinking more so if those organizations are tracking data as well. They might have had some insights. I don't have the answer for you. I think both of us will be speculating on that particular. I mean, in our Kenya site, in one of our Kenya sites is Semay. It was implemented by and it's called their community based organization called Pomodja. And so they were familiar with the lay of the land and they had done some micro financing stuff, but this was a randomly sampled people not necessarily who had been beneficiaries of a micro finance programming or not. I mean, we bring micro finance scheme change water security. I think that's that would be a really interesting research area. I agree with you entirely. And I hope for those of you who are listening and seeking perhaps research topics for your investigation that you would take up some of these because I think these are gems, frankly, pearls directly from Dr. Young. So this question, I'm going to try to unpack this. I hope I'm going to stay true to the what this listener intended. So the direct question is, do you have any plans or procedures for rural and remote areas where water is very hard or has a high minerality? I think is what they intended to say. I am going to, let's say, rephrase this or perhaps we contextualize this in terms of the measurement approach or H. Y. Did that take into account water quality as part of the insecurity element. Yeah, so that's an important part. And in a lot of we had an outright question. How often less long do you worry about the quality of your water that ultimately fell away after a number of statistics says is clustering with others. So if they're highly if four items are highly correlated, then you can have just one and does the work of of all four. So that question fell away and but the quality is implicit in a number of the 12 items. I don't know. Do I have the 12? Yeah. So, for example, gone sleep thirsty because there wasn't any water to drink. Oops. I have control now, Sarah. So I'm going to get to that slide. Let me know what my number is right at the end. If you just go forward to like the final slide. And then it's one more. So because you didn't have any water to drink implicit in that not any water to drink is quality of water also changing the the foods that you cooked one more. There we go. Changing what was eaten because there were problems with water like you couldn't wash the food if you only had that prison downstream prison water. So are usable or drinkable water. Quality is implicit in them. Understood. There you go. So hopefully that addressed the question for our listener. The other kind of side of that is how does this kind of. Yeah, how can it be applied to transient population? So for example, underprivileged communities who are migrating for work and constantly on the move. How does that presented so that obviously much of this is is related to core location, but for transient population. How do you account for that? Yeah, so there's a number of populations were thinking about using this and so pastoralists in northern Kenya, but also Roma communities in Eastern Europe. That they might be in in movement, but all you need to do is talk to them for a few minutes, depending if you want to collect just water and security if you want to know other covariates. So as long as they're around and you can move with them, you can ask them these questions. And if I was asking those questions, I would definitely be adding in back in a question that fell out, which was like, are you moving because of problems with water? Right, exactly. So, I suppose to kind of come back to the users and you can apply the tools to transient populations. However, it's obviously critical that you report and frame the results and underscore that this is a transient population that has been surveyed. Yeah, so there, there's another question here. One that I might take also, but I'm just going to tackle the other one. Do most NGOs work on these issues or other corporations or entities in the private sector that are investigating water security as well from your experience? What are the NGOs that work on this? No, the question is, so this user perceives that you obviously spoke to the multilateral agencies as well as the nonprofits and NGOs that are would be definitely deploying each wise. Are there examples of corporations or private sector entities that are also looking at water security or water insecurity in this instance? Well, great question. And we're trying to raise a bunch of money. So we're thinking a lot about which corporations would care about this. I mean, a number of large companies depend a lot on water. And I think about the beer industry and the soda industry. Water is used a lot for manufacturing, but it's not as the quality isn't as important. So certainly these beverage companies care a lot about water. I've also talked to some like faucet companies who are thinking about water, but if there are other ideas for who in the corporate world that would be interested in this, I will all ears. Thank you. Good. I hope for inspiration for those listeners who are in the private sector to consider how this might be part of their strategy. So this another question came in, which I think, like I said, I can tackle the question is, where do engineers work? Or in what context engineers work to address water security issues at the household that are community level. People educating global development or global health would definitely work on this. But where would the technical skills of engineers be most useful and impactful. So thank you for asking that question. You've come to that question. You've come to the right place. So Sarah, obviously you can feel free to pitch in. But on behalf of the first day, I can tell you that engineers are working across as a board on these issues from the perspective of research to the development of technologies that address water security. Those technologies to range from actual devices for a water access, but also to monitoring of water systems and water sources. We have a number of examples in on our platform in the solutions library across our news stories and so forth. And that highlight the types of technology based solutions for remote sensing and also for that I mentioned data collection. A lot of these platforms that are used to actually collect survey results are built on platforms that engineers have designed computer scientists and so forth. Beyond that, engineers are largely crossing over into research areas. There is the engineering for global development research form that's hosted by the American study mechanical engineers, which is at a International Development Engineering Conference annually attracts a variety of paper submissions where where this work is reviewed. There are a number of examples of engineers contributing to this field from a variety of directions from fundamental research through technology development. Through actual implementation of projects and the building of the infrastructure to address water security issues. Having said that, what I think is particularly compelling relative to what Dr. Young has shared with us today is actually having engineers who are working in these projects consider how they are understanding what is underlying kind of the the drive for, you know, deploying the technology, which is fundamentally the water and security issues. So being able to be part of this global collection and understanding of what modern security looks like around these vulnerable populations is something where engineers can actively contribute. One thing I think we can all agree on is that engineers are pretty good at collecting data and even better when you give us the right kinds of language to ensure we're asking the right question. So with that, I do want to put out a call there if you are working on these projects, if you are actually listening right now and considering how you might integrate each wise into your work. I think Sarah has given you the right tools and the pathways for contributing to this global knowledge base. So please do adopt to this tool and, you know, really think through where in your projects, this would be there'll be an opportunity to measure that water and security. I hope that address that. I don't know if you want to add anything else to that.  If you're going to collect these, you should know like the gender of the person who's responding or maybe where they live. But we don't, we don't have that laid out, but you're inspiring me. Well, I'm glad to hear that for sure. And we're excited to actively spark and motivate you on this webinar. It's it's additional benefits of the engagement. So I'm just looking through. It looks like we've tackled most of the questions that have come up. If anybody has any burning questions, speak now or forever. Hold your piece. As they say, because it's where we're also not the types to hold on to our speakers longer than necessary. So I'm seeing no further questions. I think we're going to be going ahead and wrapping up. And with that, I would like to thank Dr. Young for spending time with us. This has been thoroughly insightful. And as I noted, we believe that this is a really meaningful and necessary tool for us to deploy wisely. And of course, to contribute to your findings on the global water and security more generally. So with that, I'd like to thank also our attendees. Thank you for joining us from all over the world. For those of you who are seeking professional development hours, please go ahead and access the link that is on this page to get direction with how to do that. If you have questions that we haven't addressed and you're eager to dig out more information, feel free to send us an email or you would have seen Dr. Young's email address and Twitter handles all listed. So feel free to ping her directly. And of course, we want to encourage you to join us as members to get information on upcoming webinars. We actually are going to be hosting and water and they have a new data collection tool that they'll be presenting in a couple of months. So for those of you who are interested in data collection platform, this may be of interest. And with that, I would like to wish everybody a good morning, good afternoon or good evening, depending where you're joining us from today. And we look forward to seeing you on our next webinar. Thank you so much, Dr. Young. Thank you very much, everyone. Have a great day. Bye.


This study found that pre-treating chrysanthemum cut flowers with ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate, or potassium nitrate in varying concentrations can affect their post-harvest characteristics, including petal ion leakage, leaf SPAD values, carotenoids, water uptake, and shelf life. Ammonium sulfate at low to moderate concentrations improved shelf life, while high concentrations reduced it. Calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate significantly prolonged flower shelf life to 12 days compared to 6 days of control. This article was authored by Muhammad Kazim Suri, so may a gooder zizidi, Muhammad Ammadi, and others.