We will move to the next item of business, which is a statement from Marie Todt on an update on cervical screening. The minister will take questions at the end of our statement, and so there should be no interventions or interruptions. cher Richardroc jeddwar diwedd,社ul yn tytwm wedi ei mewn cwrstech surprisingu. In June, I informed Parliament of a serious incident of cervical screening programme. I am here to set out how we continue to address that issue, and reassure members y cyfleiddau fyddon nhw nesaf i gael i'r ffordd yn llefnodol yn yr hynny. Asgol yw'r cyfleiddau gyrraeth y byddwn i'w hunain a gael i ddaf yn siŵr i gyfleiddau gyda chi fod yn gyntaf mewn bethau. Yn dwylo'r 2020 ar gyfer gyfer sgwrs anoolig o ddweud y cyfnodau cyfnodau cerddurau cynllun ac swyddwyr aethau yn gwneud ar gyfer rennod bwrn ymwysig gan gymrydol ac yn fwyfyr unrhyw ddweud cyfnodau cyfnodau cyfnodau. As I explained in June, one of those women has sadly died. This happened because the women were incorrectly recorded as having had total hysterectomies when in fact they had had subtotal hysterectomies. Members will remember that women who have had their cervix completely removed do not need to be screened for cervical cancer, while women should continue to be screened if they have had subtotal hysterectomies which leaves some or all of the cervix. I confirmed in June that immediate safeguards were implemented to ensure that similar mistakes could not happen again. An urgent review into exclusions was also conducted by an adverse event management team consisting of senior gynaecologists, pathologists, public health experts, amongst others. This review confirmed other instances of incorrect exclusions across Scotland. For clarity, I will update in the work in three parts. The first part of the audit, which reviewed exclusions where records indicated a subtotal hysterectomy had been performed from 1997 onwards. The second part, which reviewed exclusions where records had indicated a subtotal hysterectomy had been performed before 1997 and plans for a wider audit of other exclusions from the cervical screening programme. In June, NHS boards sent letters to 434 individuals who had been excluded despite indications on their records that a subtotal hysterectomy had been carried out since 1997. The audit focused on that time period because the records of procedures before 1997 are stored differently and can be more difficult to access. Contacted individuals were either reinstated to the screening programme and asked to make an appointment with their GP or offered gynaecology appointments where they were above the upper age range for screening or where their records could not conclusively show that their exclusion was correct. I can confirm that of the 220 people who were asked to make a GP appointment to be screened, 112 have had samples taken. Those who have not yet made an appointment will be contacted again by the NHS and I would urge anyone affected who has not yet made that appointment with their GP to do so. You will be prioritised and find supportive and understanding staff when you go. I can also confirm that 130 people have attended a gynaecology appointment of 215 who were invited. Of those, 90 were found to have a cervix, although only 65 were required to be reinstated into the programme because they remain in the eligible age range for screening. A small number of people have not yet attended a clinic because they chose to reschedule their appointment to a later date and 68 people either did not attend, declined or cancelled their appointment without rescheduling. Again, my advice to anyone who has not yet attended is to please contact your health board. It is not too late to rearrange an appointment. The clinic will be aware of your situation and they will do everything they can to support you. Members will understand that some results are still being processed but only seven people seen at either their GP or a clinic have so far needed to be referred for further investigations and no cases of cancer have been detected. Where, in those seven cases, precancerous cells have been found, those involved have been treated through our standard care pathways. The second part of the audit focused on people who had a subtotal hysterectomy before 1997 and had been excluded from the screening programme. This work concluded as expected at the end of July and letters were sent to around a further 170 individuals by 18 August. I once again offer my sincere apologies to anyone affected for the anxiety that I know that this will have caused. 39 people were reinstated in the programme and invited to make an appointment for screening with their GP and 132 were offered a gynaecology appointment. Where possible, I will keep you informed of the outcomes and future updates. Jo's cervical cancer trust continues to make their helpline available for anyone affected or concerned by this issue. It can be reached by calling 0808 8028000 or via email at helpline at joastrust.org.uk. To ensure that care for those affected is prioritised, the Scottish Government has provided additional funding to health boards so that gynaecology appointments can be offered as quickly as possible. In total, we have now provided over £60,000 to support both reviews and we will continue to make financial support available for boards who require it. Alongside the audit, clinical teams have completed a review of the cancer registry to ascertain whether there are other cases in which an exclusion may have contributed to cervical cancer. In most cases, they were able to establish that the exclusion was not associated with the development of cervical cancer. I am sorry to say that, while it is not possible to be certain, there is a high level of clinical suspicion that, in one case, inappropriate exclusion from screening may have resulted in a cervical cancer diagnosis. Secretly, there is another very complex case where several factors may have contributed to a diagnosis of cervical cancer, including an incorrect exclusion from cervical screening. Presiding Officer, I have explained already that the audit of women who had sub-total hysterectomies and had been excluded from the programme was prioritised because these are the cases where there was most reason to suspect errors. When I last spoke to Parliament, I also said that work was under way to consider the appropriateness of around 2,000 permanent exclusions from the cervical screening programme, which has been made over decades. I can now say that the adverse event management team has recommended that all of those records should be individually reviewed. I must be open with you that, based on the complexity and the numbers involved, it is likely that more people will be discovered to have been wrongly excluded. I know that this will concern people who have been excluded. However, I hope that I can offer some reassurance. Firstly, the overwhelming majority of these exclusions will be correct. We already know that around 95 per cent of hysterectomies carried out in Scotland are total, and women who have had total hysterectomies do not need to be screened. Secondly, the risk of cervical cancer in general is fewer than one in every 100 women in Scotland across their lifetime. Thirdly, there are dedicated NHS staff who are committed to completing this work as quickly as possible and to bringing all of their considerable expertise to doing so. To them, I offer my thanks for all the hard work that I know that this will involve. Planning and conducting this audit is extremely challenging, both because of the sheer scale of the task and the sometimes complex nature of the hysterectomy procedure. However, the NHS is working to develop and test a robust process involving teams of administrative and clinical staff spanning primary and secondary care that will ensure that all records can be reviewed consistently. As members can appreciate, this will be an especially challenging task as the NHS continues to recover from the impacts of Covid-19. While the methodology is still being developed and the timescales are not yet finalised, I must say now that this wider review is likely to take at least 12 months to complete. However, the records to be reviewed will be prioritised on the basis of risk informed by clinical advice. Work to complete the audits will happen in parallel with work to care for those identified as wrongly excluded. The NHS will not wait for the full audit to complete before beginning to contact and assess those affected. I recognise that people whose records are being reviewed will want and need to know how long they have to wait for the outcomes of the review. The NHS will make sure that those affected are informed about progress and I will update Parliament as often as required. It is vitally important to stress once again that the safety of the screening process itself is not in doubt. What happened here involves errors regarding who should be invited for screening. It does not reflect on the way that samples are taken or analysed and everyone should be clear that screening is the most effective way of preventing cervical cancer. It can and does save lives. It is for that reason that we must maintain confidence in the programme and also ensure that everyone who needs screening has the opportunity to receive it. Our priority has been to address the current errors and do all we can to prevent anyone else coming to harm. It has become apparent that some instances of incorrect exclusions were discovered in the course of previous data checks, incidents and reviews in 2006, 2015 and again in 2016 and 2017. Those were more limited reviews conducted within narrower parameters than that current audit. The errors uncovered at the time were corrected and it was believed that all issues had been resolved. Nonetheless, I am acutely aware that we must consider whether opportunities were missed to identify the wider issues now being investigated. That is essential if we are to fully understand what happened in the past and to prevent similar incidents in the future. I have therefore commissioned Health Care Improvement Scotland to take forward a review of the processes, systems and governance for the application and management of permanent exclusions in the cervical screening programme in Scotland. That will draw on lessons from past adverse events as well as the learning from other screening programmes in Scotland or elsewhere in the UK. It is important to acknowledge that significant strengthening of national screening programme governance has already taken place over recent years, including the development of a robust process to manage adverse events. The review will be led by an independent chair from Outwith Scotland, supported by an expert review group. I have asked Health Care Improvement Scotland to take forward this work with urgency and I will update Parliament when that appointment is made. It is important to stress that the cervical screening programme continues to be the best way to prevent cancer before it starts, but it is also important to say again that anyone who has any concerns about the symptoms of cervical cancer, including unusual discharge, bleeding between periods or after sex and bleeding after menopause, should contact their GP straight away for an appointment. The NHS has established and delivered a pathway for those affected by this incident and is developing plans to review the records of all those who have been permanently excluded from cervical screening. Finally, I have commissioned a review to look back and ensure that we can learn lessons so that arrangements around exclusions are strengthened for the future. I once again extend the offer to meet Opposition spokespeople should they wish to discuss this further. I will continue to update Parliament as this work progresses. Thank you very much. Minister, I appreciate the importance and the sensitivity of the statement. I am slightly concerned that we have run over time that is going to eat into the time available for questions, but we can maybe revisit that in the future. The minister will now take questions. I will allow again around 20 minutes four questions, after which we will have to move on to the next item of business. Any members who want to ask a question, please press the request-to-speak button or place R on the chat function. I call Annie Wells. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I thank the minister for advance sight of her statement and I echo her remarks that the cervical screening programme remains the best way to prevent cervical cancer. The minister is involved and he deserves answers as soon as possible. Will the Scottish Government commit to the independent review being a full inquiry into why those women were excluded unnecessarily and the effect that this has had? Apologies, I have my team just contacted me to say that I inadvertently said that 2,000 records were to be reviewed when I should have stated 200,000. The women are absolutely at the heart of this decision. First of all, let me put on the record how heart-sorry I am that we are in this situation. Our concern around the women who have been affected and their families and the need for sensitive care and communication has been at the heart of the development of our response to this situation and I can assure you that they will be kept informed of how we progress and how the situation unfolds. I make this assurance again that I will keep Parliament informed and I am more than happy to keep Opposition spokespeople informed as well. Jackie Baillie. That unfortunately remains a huge scandal. Concerns were raised in 2015, then in 2016, then in 2017, in 2016, in 2009, in appropriate exclusions 2017, there were 11 in appropriate exclusions. Why were all the cases of women wrongly excluded from cervical cancer screening not picked up after the 2016 audit or, indeed, after the 2017 audit? Why did we have to force this information from the Government using freedom of information requests? Why did we need to wait until another case was discovered in December 2020 for that wider review? On what basis, does the minister say, it was believed that all issues were resolved when clearly they were not and recommendations were ignored? In her last statement, I specifically asked the minister why the issue was not picked up by previous audits, and her response was that no cases were found through the national audit system until 2020. That is patently inaccurate given the previous audit. I hope that the minister will correct the parliamentary record, but more importantly, we will never know if this gross oversight contributed to the deaths of three women who deserve so much better. Will the minister apologise for the Scottish Government's failure and assure the chamber that this will never happen again? I thank the member for those questions. The audits, incidents and reviews that previously took place were all more limited in scope with very different starting points than the current incident and a narrower focus of investigation. Because of that, those historical audits could not have picked up the wider issues that we have now identified. In particular, none of those previous reviews would have picked up the small number of cases that first brought this incident to light when they were discovered by one health board in December 2020. Further and importantly, there was consensus among Scottish screening exercises that the errors identified earlier audits had been corrected and that the issues that caused them were resolved. We have been advised by clinicians involved in the screening programme that, given the available evidence at the time, the audits were considered to be an appropriate and proportionate response. However, like Jackie Baillie with the benefit of hindsight it is, I agree, it is really important to ask whether there were opportunities missed to look further at those wider issues earlier. I understand that. I agree that questions can and should be asked about whether the opportunities were missed. That is why we are dealing with this the way that we are. I also want those questions answered. That is why I have commissioned Healthcare Improvement Scotland to take forward a thorough review of the processes, systems and governance of exclusions in the Cervical Screening programme. We will include understanding how those processes have developed over time, the lessons from past audits and the adverse events and it will help to establish if those issues could have been uncovered sooner. Emma Harper will be followed by Sandesh Gulhani. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Will the Scottish Government continue to provide funding to the charity Joe's Cervical Cancer Trust to provide support to women affected and women concerned for as long as is necessary, particularly given the challenging circumstances many of these women face? I thank the member for that question. Yes, absolutely. As I mentioned earlier, the Joe's Cervical Cancer Trust helpline will remain open and available for anyone who is concerned or affected by this issue. We will continue to provide additional funding if needed so that they can provide support through their helpline. It is important to put on the record the trust have established links with each of the NHS boards so there is no need for the boards themselves to have their own individual helplines. Let me just issue again the helpline can be accessed by calling 0808 802 8000 or emailing helpline at joestrust.org.uk Joe's Cervical Cancer Trust have a huge amount of experience in supporting people who have questions and concerns about cervical cancer. Once again, I want to put on record my thanks to them for the work they have been doing in supporting people affected by this incident. We are followed by Gillian Martin. Cervical screening is safe. Cervical screening is effective and cervical screening is going to save your life. I urge women or anyone with uterus to please not lose confidence but to attend the screening programme. To give women reassurance can I ask the minister what safeguards were put into place in June to stop that happening again and what they were and when will we run an audit to look at whether that has happened again? I can confirm that as soon as this issue was discovered immediate steps were taken to ensure that no one else was excluded from the programme in error. Cervical screening labs will no longer add hysterectomy information without confirmation in the operating gynaecologist that the cervix was completely removed during the hysterectomy procedure. Also, GPs can no longer add exclusions at present. This will remain the case until we can be absolutely assured that our robust process is in place to verify GP exclusions. As I mentioned Healthcare Improvement Scotland has been commissioned to conduct a full review of the incident, what governance processes and whether there were opportunities to learn earlier the scale of the incident than we did, and I am sure that that will fruitfully bring forward suggestions on how we make sure that this never happens again. Thank you, Gillian Martin to be followed by Carl Mullen. I appreciate the minister's update on this very serious situation but my question is about the future of cervical cancer testing in general. Could the minister give an update on the status of the roll-out of HPV home sample tests and who would be eligible for these? Minister. I thank the member for the question. Self-sampling is still a relatively new innovation and the UK National Screening Committee and the NSC hasn't yet recommended that self-sampling should be incorporated into the cervical screening programme. The NSC continues to gather and evaluate the evidence on this matter to see when that process will be complete. However, Scotland is playing an active part in supporting this work and will also be taking the necessary steps to ensure that we can roll it out as soon as possible once a recommendation is made. At all times, ensuring patient safety will remain key and we will not act until we are sure it is safe to do so. Some members in the chamber will be aware that a pilot is currently being carried out by NHS Dumfries and Galloway which involves sending all screening participants aged 25 to 64 years of age who have never attended for cervical screening or have defaulted on their most recent appointment a self-sampling kit. Findings from that pilot will inform our work going forward. I am glad that the Government is finally instituting the healthcare improvement Scotland review Scottish Labour asked for. Could the cabinet secretary clarify what the terms of the review will be? When you expect it to report and how far reaching we can expect it to be to prevent further instances of this happening again? Minister. I thank the member for that question. As I said, we have commissioned a review with Healthcare Improvement Scotland who have a long track record in improving quality and safety in Scotland to look at the records of all of those who have to look at the incident in its entirety and to look at the governance processes and also to ask for an independent chair to steer that independent review in order that we can be absolutely 100 per cent sure that we learn everything that we need to from this incident. That review will look not simply at the incident that we have uncovered at the moment and the governance that is in place. It will look at other screening programmes in place in order to see if there are lessons that we can learn from our other screening programmes in Scotland. Finally, it will also look at asking for learning from the other UK nations and Ireland to see if there are things that we can learn from their screening programmes that would make ours safer. James Dornan to be followed by Alex Cole-Hamilton. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Minister, I appreciate that this is a very sensitive and difficult subject. Could you tell us what actions have been taken to ensure that cervical screening are fully accessible for age groups that have low take-up and also for disabled women? Minister. It's an excellent question because we know that participating in the cancer screening programme has many ways to detect cancer early. That's why we are so concerned about these women who have been wrongly excluded from the programme and that's why we've continued to invest in our screening inequalities fund to tackle inequalities in the national population screening programmes. We've committed £2 million over the next two years to tackle inequalities including those that have arisen as a result of Covid-19 and that's in addition to the £5 million that we've put into the fund so far. At the moment, we're focused on making sure that future projects are sustainable and will deliver real impact. A workshop was recently held with a wide range of stakeholders to gather their views on how best that money could be spent and discussions on going as to how to make the best use of this funding. Let me assure the member that we are determined to identify the barriers that exist to participating in the screening programme and to remove those barriers just how preventable this illness is. We want to ensure that people, women, can participate in the screening programme because it's so effective at protecting cancer. Alex Cole-Hamilton Deputy Presiding Officer, thank you. The Government waited until June after the election and months after it discovered there was a problem to tell Parliament that a woman had died after being wrongly excluded from screening. Today, we learned two more women have cancer after being excluded. Not only that, a review of 200,000 women's records is under way. So can I ask the minister how are indications of this public health scandal detected on four separate occasions without ever triggering a full scale investigation? Will the Government now write to the 200,000 women whose records will be reviewed to keep them updated and also to give them agency to seek help themselves if they want to as a basic courtesy? Minister. Screening systems are inherently complex and that requires robust quality assurance mechanisms and we can anticipate that there will always be incidents where we are required to undertake further checks and investigations. That's what happened in those previous audits. The changes to screening governance in Scotland including the establishment of the programme boards for each screening programme, the development of a formal adverse event management process for screening, the establishment of a national screening oversight last year demonstrates the Scottish Government's consistent and on-going commitment to improving the governance and oversight of our screening programmes in Scotland. We are going to press forward with this review of women who have been permanently excluded from the cervical screening programme in Scotland. The work is complex and we will face many challenges taking it forward in a period of unprecedented pressure to find every last case where an appropriate exclusion may have occurred. I can assure the member that we will write to the women involved, to the women whose records are being examined, they will know that their records are being reviewed and we will keep them updated. I'm conscious, I've got four members who want to get in now and less than three minutes, two and a half minutes to get them in. I would appreciate brief questions and very brief responses. Rona Mackay, first. Can the minister reiterate what work has been carried out to investigate any issues prior to 1997? Minister. As I said in my statement, the work to review the records pre-97 concluded at the end of July. Letters went out to around 170 individuals who were identified in the second part of the review as being or potentially being wrongly excluded and they were issued by the 18th of August. 39 people were stated in the programme and invited to make an appointment or screening with their GP and 132 were offered a gynaecology appointment. The next step, obviously, is to consider that larger cohort of 200,000 records which feature a permanent exclusion from the screening programme. Minister Sue Webber. Thank you very much, Deputy Presiding Officer. We've heard a lot about the development of the review for the records of these 200,000 women that have been permanently excluded from the screening. How long does the minister expect this review to take? Minister. The first thing to stress is that the overwhelming majority of permanent exclusions will be correct. As I said in my statement, around 95 per cent of hysterectomies performed in Scotland are totaled, but because we know there's a possibility that some exclusions will be incorrect, we are taking a really rigorous approach to reviewing every single record and I fully expect that the people affected will want to know as a matter of urgency if their exclusions are correct. I assure them that we will be working as fast as we can, but it's going to take some time to work out the procedure so that we don't overburden the NHS at a period of time when it is under immense pressure anyway. The exercise will be like trying to find needles in a haystack, but since even one person developing cancer is too many, we are absolutely, absolutely committed to finding each and every one of them, who have been harmed or who could be at risk of future harm. Gillian Mackay For those who find themselves needing further treatment, this could be a traumatising event. What other wider support such as mental health support is available for those who need it? Minister. We certainly made available extra money to health boards to ensure that gynaecology clinics are available and we've put extra money into gynaecological trust helpline to ensure that they can meet the needs of this incident. The first place I would suggest that women go to is Joe's Cervical Cancer Trust. They are absolutely wonderful people and they are used to giving individual advice to women and are well prepared and well versed to support women through this particular incident. Should mental health support of a different nature or a more individualised nature be required, I would expect women's GPs to refer them on. Finally, Audrey Nicholle, very briefly. Thank you, Presiding Officer. The minister has outlined that the urgent review uncovered that some exclusions had been wrongly applied across Scotland. Can the minister outline if there are further steps to be taken to ensure that those exclusions are not applied wrongly again? Thank you. Yes, I can. I confirmed in my answer to Sandish Gilhane that as soon as this issue was discovered immediate steps were taken to ensure that no one else was excluded from the programme in error. As I mentioned, Health Improvement Scotland has been commissioned to undertake a wider review of the processes, systems and governance for the application and management of permanent exclusions in the cervical screening programme in Scotland to ensure that it doesn't happen again. In particular, this will look at how processes have developed over time lessons from audits and adverse events. Finally, the changes to screening governance in Scotland, which I've mentioned before including the establishment of programme boards for screening, the establishment of the national screening oversight, the adverse event management process, all of those provide reassurance that there is robust national oversight and quality assurance for Scotland's screening programmes. Thank you very much indeed. I'm conscious we've slightly overrun but, given the nature of the topic under discussion, I wanted to allow as many members into question as possible to be a slight break now before we move to the next item of business. Thank you.


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He was in Long mirror night stalker and vinson our young guns of dust and wolf In young guns while we're pulling young guns. There we go All righty guys still got Where we at 17 to go now on a lower breaking next in the lower hockey the hockey going It's a um travis, um konechny konechny Cole coffield and the superstars and young guns of ridley craig on the uh, or craig on the campus young guns All righty, and I'll do it for box two. Let's go box three See that badard short print young gun Yeah, let me see uh Let's do it again The dart is uh, he is hyped. He is hyped I don't know. I don't know. I remember the first two games they showed and then Watched a little bit of them. I didn't see after that They had the they had the blackhawks on primetime the first two games Evangelista, there's a superstars clayton keller and a young guns campus of jacob. Um pellets here pellets here Grubauer Oh is he that's not good He's still only like 18 19. So does have time, but that is unfortunate to start pewter. Um kachikov for the kings Got a samuel urson and adam getting on the young guns flyers Yeah, so not been playing that good It's hard to live up that kind of pressure though, man. That's A lot a lot of pressure coming in A star zone of eric carlson And they stink right one is kareel um marchenko. They were really bad last year. So if he's not playing good or not Cole gutman young guns Yeah, I imagine they're playing probably not that great Getting bullied by marsh Brad'll do that. Brad'll do that. There's a brad dazzlers of jeff skinner One is marco casper johnny gudro portraits portraits are interesting Yeah Interesting Alrighty guys keep going 17 to go in the next break. It's going to be some more hockey Get some lower hockey going a little more um patch and auto center products more base products Riley greek for the senators got a young guns of adrian mcdonough and base Haven't seen all riley yet. I have been looking now. You mentioned it Say william nielander Got bohorvat on the um superstar and canvas is samuel gerard samuel gerard for the lanch Also got some merlin later and then we're getting on to baseball Got um series um update series jumbo. We've got a dual case bowman chrome hobby and bowman chrome choice Then some gilded got nakita kutcher off Got a superstar of tage thompson. One's a canvas. Um checklist going to go to the right All the check let's go into the right Yeah, that's that's really cool. Yeah the dazzlers There's a ascarov on the predators star search Um that one is sydney crossby stat fillers And young guns matthew kinete Yeah, I forget which product they have but they have one that looks kind of like a lot of those kind of cards like cool color Mr. French, how are we doing sir? How are we doing? Can't complain over here my man cannot complain. What up french? debut dates is david gust got a joe erickson ek on the portraits and silver one per box is crossby It's a nice one there We'll sit the kit on the horizontal One per box Yeah, how you doing today french? Yeah, yeah Yeah, I think those are one per box and I like that horizontal A john gibson on the star zone Got a acetate that one is logan thompson for the gold knights And young gun checklist. I want to go to the right matthew kinete Yeah, no, I will not know it rich unless it has something to do with the Lightning in the last 10 years. I probably will not know it This one is teachers pet gonna be a mark shifley someone the someone in the um jam I know though if you want to ask it mitch marner superstars definitely got some hockey fans and a jake gensel Uh jaker gensel on the canvas You don't have to you don't have to there's a special edition of simon edwardson The austin matthews fillers and young guns of junna copenin junna copenin I'll give some wrong answers. I will do that I could do that rich Absolutely Sticker on that one. Hey nice rich. Let's go We're uh We're yet. We're at yeah. I hope he's going for that record man. I saw him special edition clayton keller We've got a white johnson And young gun cold mc ward cold mc ward An nc gotcha gotcha That's awesome, man. Hopefully it goes well for you, sir Let's go rich a dazzlers john savaris For the maple leafs teachers pet is ol mark in a cadre superstars Base base base Yeah, how many does he need uh mr. French? How many uh does obi need? This one is a Swagnificent tased hobson for the sabers Swagnificent haven't seen that it's a star surge that one's going to be um goonther And a young guns of yori. Oh yori. Oh Joe pavelski got a portraits that one's going to be brad marshan That's interesting Interesting portrait there uh ud canvas is conor hella buck for the jets Suzuki Brown 80. I gotcha. I gotcha I thought he was a little closer than that the way they made it sound on sports center last night It's a star zone of conor mc david Got a teacher's pet of ovechkin and young guns is melos kellaman Thinks svp. I was I got home and was watching a little bit trying to see some basketball scores and whatnot He was saying like oh obi's gonna take everyone he gets trying to break the record I was I thought it was closer than 80 if he's if he's saying that But I mean he will take everyone he gets for sure. There's a eric carlson Got conor mc david on the superstars for the oilers and a campus of um dislorious Nicholas dislorious Something around there He needs 71 gotcha gotcha. That's Still a good chunk for sure That's a good chunk. It'd be awesome to see him break it though star surge is starber And um, binson yorio and a bullduck on the young guns for the islanders Absolutely way closer than me way closer Teacher's pet is gonna be mico rantonin Got a superstar of philip forzberg and our silver one per box is patent crev's that one's going to the um To the sabers sabers patent crev's base I appreciate that mitchell. Yeah, I did see a few gone. We'll get that one going the jacob pelleteer pelleteer special edition got a math you could chuck on the The acetate nice one there for the panthers Chuck acetate. That's a cool looking card and a young guns of yuri patera Swamin and I got 17 to go um a lower hockey breaking next more of a um auto and patch center product This one's more of a uh base heavy looking for the young guns and everything eric carlson When we're looking for autos patches all the good stuff. There's a andre pilates um that one's for the Devils and a canvas of nico hersheiser her sure her sure Just saying names out loud until they They sound more correct I'm saying man got a star zone that one is duggy hamilton Yeah, it is it is on sale. It is on sale willy um will kuyol kuyol There's a matthew kenees on the young guns bunch of these so far for the maple leaps 11 to go appreciate that guys Appreciate that get that going after a little bit of hockey One is alexander barkov Got nilander on the superstar canvas of philip denauts Alrighty box number four. Good luck. Good luck Appreciate everybody grabbing spots so far tonight. Let's keep all moving All moving Yeah, mc david has been a points machine man ever since he came to lee. He's been a points machine I imagine his average has to be higher than ovechkin so far, right? Like per year I would think there's a jake sanderson on the star search Got luke hues nice one there. Um jake and quinn's brother and a ollie ericsson egg young guns another ericsson egg There's a dazzlers brandon montore Panthers got brady kichuk And superstar cid the kid That is a fact Jay's getting involved in the action. Let's go Jay's There's a special edition red that one is connor mc david It's a nice one there first red we've seen of these For the oilers special edition and a special edition matthew kenees Can I there's a devon levy young guns? See this is an enigio force i'm saying kenees Thank you, uh Thank you, richard. That was not the right email. Thank you richard taking one in a lure coming up next should be 16 to go on that one more of a uh Yeah, can you turn that on? Teacher's pet is scott vaughton UD portraits that one is mckinnon Dude the portraits are hilarious The portraits are hilarious Mckinnon, uh, this one is canvas kale macarre. What's up? Yeah, I called i called napoleon 16 to go guys breaking next Bonafas with the gold bonaface there. He is so good. He is raw. It's a patrice bergeron starzone He has been lighten up the goals. There's a pewter, um kachetkov kachetkov and a young guns david gust David gust. I mean, there's a dude that had a 15 minute hat trick Like yesterday I don't know I didn't see that It's pretty impressive though. There's a maddie baneers on the insert Kapritsov on the um superstar and canvas of morgan riley It doesn't work We had to turn it off. Yeah, the sound buttons don't work What yep It's a kent johnson on the star search got a report card vasilevski and Young guns henry thrun I don't know how to fix it john moracy stat box fillers Got a karil kapritsov on the uh portraits and silver is mckinnon this time for the avalanche on the one per box I like those man. Nice, uh mckinnon more shifely There's a sydney crossby on the star zone preacher. How we doing? How we doing sir, what up? Sebastian aho. Oh, yeah, man stash and trash ready to go. I know it jake living stone on the young guns So checklist I'll go to the right kapritsov Appreciate everybody get some more hockey going next 16 to go on it Get some more hockey a lower hockey going next It's a eric, um calgren Got a superstars mckinnon and canvas of chandler stevensson for the golden knights Ryan heart. Yeah, how you doing today preacher? How's everything? It's a special edition brady kashok. We got the bucks on uh thursday football day. I'm happy sydney crossby futures pet easy dub easy dub young guns simon ed vinson easy dub This one is vincent dishaun disharney's disharney Got a carter heart superstar and canvas of jimmy vessie jimmy vessie And one more box here one more box Got some more hockey going next still got 16 to go on it What up marth? Hey, what's up mark? How we doing sir? How we doing doing good over here my man can't complain And complain box number six here Good luck preacher Hey nice preacher.  Let's go. Let's go. Like I said easy win tonight Just gonna Gonna put that out there. I don't know uh I don't know that's true, but we put it out there. We put it out there Dude that what they do with the the stanley cup is hilarious They're always messing around with the drinking out of it. Why johnson? I saw him put in a uh in a dishwasher one time Eric carlsson. It was a sports center commercial Um young guns canvas is arnaud dironde dirondo There's vasilevski I think it was a sports center commercial they were putting the cup in the dishwasher one's phantom brand burns Starzone leon dried saddle stats and a young guns of a keto hero say Keto hero say mark andre Everybody's enjoying their uh thursday so far Hey the dazzlers of chandler stevensson golden knights This one is a matias.  I do remember saying different gears thinking it was saturday Where the hell is everybody? Yeah, it's asking the bartender. Where is that? Saturday, i'm like, yeah, this is tuesday. Is it not? Lord Special edition is going to be seth jones blackhawks. I gotta get it pulled together Yeah, matthew cornato, definitely And drew hellison on the young guns for if we're like four or five days off, bro We probably do gotta lock in a little bit. Let's call it a no life right now. Gotta lock in a little bit Locked in this place did play some uh galt today. Mr. Shawn. Yeah Shout some uh trash Not the greatest gulf not the greatest gulf because a brad man pernaren Andrey vasilevsky on the portraits and canvas brad marshan Second half three groups All at least in their 70s Geez So it was like eight yards 100 yards 80 yards 100 yards and i we wound up leaving 13 holes in yeah Matty baneers special edition they can definitely uh slow you down. Can you play uh mount dora? Yeah. Yeah. No, we played uh zealwood castling Oh, yeah, same thing. Yeah, um nester Nester and eco on the young guns Yeah, that's what i'm saying, man. What are they doing to these men? What are they doing to these men? All right. Thank you john taking one an update series and charlie Taking the tigers mr. Charlie and Uh john took the tigers charlie took the blue jays and then jim grab in The marlins and gilded appreciate you guys Still got 16 to go on the next one.  There's a stat fillers kevin fiava Super stars is dylan larkin and a silver is gonna be young guns silver. Nice one there. It's spencer Stasny And when it's for the predators on the silver young guns one per box um jigo Palletti a on the star search Got a new jinn hopkins And young guns is white kaiser black hawks And i'm breaking next some more hockey Keep the hockey going Don't always get it going too often, but we'll take it when we get it Teacher's pet is going to be ilia sorokin Robert thomas on the portraits And canvas leon dryside Special edition is ovechkin Caps got a debut dates jonathan um gruden old john gruden Yeah, it's in the background I like that this guy's name is jonathan gruden. Is it really jonathan gruden on the young guns Young guns of yaslav escarof Yaslav escarof and last pat pretty much victor and prove that you can't drive Once you prove that you don't know how to drive they they slap you with one You gotta be missing three teeth. You get one immediately. There's a nice one again a young guns numbered this one's a 250 on the deluxe Akito hirose Young guns to 250 nice numbered young guns second one of this uh case cartover hagi and young gun of elliott Desneuers that's definitely not correct. Definitely not Most definitely not Alrighty guys, that'll do it for the break. Let me get um a little hit recap going. We'll do the young guns some of our young guns here and some of the silvers We had a numbered a 250 hirose on the young gun There was escarof gruden kaiser nestarenko uh helison there's a hirose again edvinson um livingstone there's thuren gust Levy um erickson ek the second one Say matthew kinese or kinise Patera bullduck. We had kelemann Iorio Mcward copenin and was a young guns going to the right kinese It's another kinese um mcdonough guptman beginning wolf clevin mccount We had dishar disharney So i'm uh stasny casper pelletier robbins rusek kessel greek gruden and to 100 tyler clevin on the young guns The exclusives young guns to 100 Silvers were one per box had a stasny young gun had nathan mckinnon Peyton krebs Sid the kid young gun hirose seems a nice hirose is um ze Zekez Kempie and a logan thomas on acetates Alrighty already there guys that'll do it for um upper deck series one. That was um six box break number five random teams Thank you guys. We'll get some um more hockey going next


What's up guys, EvilD here and I'm back for some more World of Warcraft slash Esperanto lessons. So I guess we will begin with a little bit of revision shall we? So first up, what is the word for pillar or column? Such as those ones down there. It is Colono, Colono. And what is the word for Basilisk? It is Basilisco, Basilisco. And do you remember the word for Tower? It is Turo, Turo. And you know what, I just noticed this massive temple over there and we're going to see those like temples a lot in this game. So I might as well teach you the word for temple as well. The word for temple is Templar, Templar. And I guess I'll start referring to those now on when I see them around the place. So what is the word for 39? It is Trideknau and what about Dia? There's one down there somewhere. It is Sertival, Sertival. And I taught this one like once during lessons like way back but then haven't touched on it since. What is the word for grandfather? It is Avo, Avo. And do you remember Grandmother? It is Avino, Avino. Remember you just got to put the female suffix in there. Now do you remember and you should definitely remember this one if you saw the previous lesson. How to say more? It is Pli, Pli. And how would you say I'm bigger than the Dia? And how would you say the Giant is bigger than the Dragon? Okay. And what was the word for a professional swimmer? It is Najisto. And what about someone who's just swimming in this very moment? That's what they're doing right now. They're not professional. Well, they could be professional but they're just, it's just something that they're doing. It is Najunto, Najunto. So this hippogriff wants to kill me. Okay, let's just get past him because I really want to get out of this part of the map and I actually want to go to a totally new area. That's my objective for today apart from of course teaching you new words. So first up, the word I'm going to teach you is the word for family because I want to start building like some sentences around family relations and stuff like that. So the word for family is Familio. Familio, okay. You see the little rabbit? Oh, it's so cute. What was the word for rabbit? It was Cuniclo, Cuniclo. And do you remember the word for hair? You know, the more wild one, bigger long legs and ears and stuff like that. It is Lepodo, Lepodo. Okay, that's a lot of revision. I should get into the lesson. So what was the word for family? I just taught you. Familio, Familio. Okay. Now we learned more which is Pli. So now we're going to learn most because most usually goes with more. It's like, I don't know what I'm trying to say. So how would you say? Well, you can't really say, but I'm going to teach you the word for most. So the word for most is play. And the way to say it is the biggest giant. You'd say G estas la play grande giganto. So it works exactly like Pli. So if you wanted to say, so based on what I've just taught you, how would you say that tree is the biggest tree? Now you guys probably recognize where I'm walking. We came up this way and we went into that territory. I remember how those things were skulls because they were just so high level. Yeah. Well, hopefully they're not skulls anymore. Otherwise this is a wasted trip. Okay. So I'm going to teach you the word for world now. And the word for world is Mondo. Mondo. Okay. So how do you think you would say I? So you're saying yourself, not like me. You don't have to talk about me. So saying I'm the most beautiful person in the world. Now, you know all of these words, but we haven't really used in in this context. So just give it a shot. See what you get. Okay. This is bad. I'm getting hammered here. No, I haven't got a shield. I haven't got a shield. Okay. So that is me estas la play bella. And la tuta Mondo. Oh, wait, I haven't taught you tuta yet. There you go. So tuta means entire. Okay. So there you go. There's a new word for you. But to say I'm the most beautiful in the world is just me estas la play bella en la mundo. But I can't get up this goddamn mountain. Okay. I got to walk around it. So how would you say he is the most beautiful in the entire world? Lee estas la play bella en la tuta mundo. And how would you say that mountain is the biggest mountain in the entire world? Teo monto estas la play grande monto en la tuta mundo. So if you got that, you're awesome. Just remember that. Okay. So we're finally heading over here. Oh wait, I almost left my body behind. No, don't make me go all the way down here to get my body back. Okay. There we go. We got it back. Okay. So we've learnt play. Let's learn a few other words. So I'm going to teach you the suffix for a member of a group. Okay. So it basically just means member by itself. That's one thing you guys should realise. In Esperanto, most suffixes can be used standalone as well or they can be used as suffixes. So the suffix for member or member of a group is ano, ano. Okay. So how do you think you would say and now you know all these words but we haven't learnt again this particular phrase construction. So how would you say how many members are in your family? Okay. I'll give you a little bit of time to think on this one. Now, if you said kiom da ano estas en via familio, you would be correct. But a more usual way of saying it in Esperanto is kiom da ano havas via familio. Okay. Now you're probably thinking, hey, hang on. How come via familio isn't in the accusative case? It should have like an end sound at the end there. Well, no, don't get confused just because it's changed the word order. Via familio is actually the subject. Okay. And the subject of the sentence and it's asked, what the? Did someone just shoot an arrow at me? What is that? Oh, hello. So yeah, it's actually the subject of the sentence and kiom da ano is actually the thing that's in the accusative case or it's a thing with the little n at the end. But since kiom is a standalone word, it's not like a noun or anything like that. It doesn't actually put the end sound on the end. So to say how many members are in your family, you'd say kiom da ano havas via familio or you could say kiom da ano via familio havas if it makes you feel better about word order and everything. But it's usually the first one that I told you. But you know, you're going to get used to both anyway.  I feel good about myself now. Awesome. So how would you say, let's think of another one.  How many enemies are in your city? Okay, now you know all these words again.  So the next word we're going to learn is the word for yeah. Okay. And the word for year is yard. So again, based on what you know, how would you say how old are you? Okay. Now, there's many ways to say this in Esperanto, but based on what you know and what I've previously taught.  So how would you say how old are you? So basically what you're saying is how many years do you have or how old are you? Now there is many other ways, as I said, to say this, but this is based on what I've taught you so far. So how would you say she is the ugliest person or she is the ugliest night elf in the world? She estas la play Malbella, noct elfo en la tutamondo and I almost died.   I'm a highly positive person about these matters. Okay. So let's see. What else we got here? What is this? I don't know where I'm going at the moment, but I like this area because it's green. Okay. So now we're going to practice a little bit of what we've already learned so far. So how would you say this is the smallest village in the entire world? Now I'm going to give you a little bit just to practice this. Now if you remember the villager from my like second or third lesson and I haven't used it since, again, you're pretty freaking awesome. So let's push on forward. Shall we do glory? Let's randomly attack this person because he had nothing against us, but you know, I'm out to make new enemies in my new location. What is that thing you just dropped? Okay. So how would you say, um, how old are you? And how would you say, um, how many members are in your family? Okay. So we've learned years at Yaro. Now we're going to learn day or sorry. Yaro is year. Don't get that mixed up. So we're going to learn day now and the word for day is target. Target. Okay. So, oh, sorry. I just saw that and I was like, what's going on out there? Oh, do you guys remember the word for fire? Now I don't think I've taught this in my World of Warcraft series, but I did teach it in my left or dead series. The word for fire is Fido. Fido. Okay. How would you say he is the ugliest orc in the entire world? Okay. So what we've learned today, which is target, it's pretty useless by itself. So let's learn the days of the week. Now I'm not going to teach you all of them in this lesson because that's just a bit too much for one lesson. So what I'm going to do instead is I'm going to teach you just a couple of days of the week. So the first day of the week we're going to learn is Monday. And the word for Monday is lundo. Lundo. Okay. And what is Monday? Monday is the first day of the week. Now, we haven't actually learned how to say first, but we do have, I have taught the tools so far in order for us to create first. So what was the word for one? It was uno. Uno. And the way to create first, second, third, fourth, fifth, et cetera, et cetera in Esperanto is actually very simple. All you have to do is turn a number into an adjective. So one is uno and first is unua. Okay. Nice and simple. So how would you say Monday is the first day of the week? La unua tago de la semana. And I haven't actually taught you week. So you'll probably sit in here going, I don't know week. Sorry about that one. So I might as well teach you week while I'm at it. So the word for week is semana. Semana. And if you didn't know what week was, well, that's because you've been cheating and you've been studying elsewhere. You've betrayed my trust. But anyway, so yeah, the word for week is semana. Semana. So how would you say Monday isn't the second day of the week? Lundo ne estas la due tago de la semana. Okay. We've pretty much reached the end of this lesson. So we're just going to have a little bit of revision before we just wrap it all up. So how would you say this mob is the ugliest mob in the world? By the way, I'm just randomly standing here because I opened up my chat window. Chitiu estajo. Esta sofre malvela en la tuta mundo. And I wouldn't really use estulo for this type of mob because even though it's like humanoid, it's, well, I guess you could kind of say, I don't know. You know what? This is going to be one of those things that I debate with myself for eternity. Just go for estajo whenever in doubt. Okay. So how would you say this mob is bigger than me? Chitiu estajo estas pli grande olmi. Now I've been teaching bigger is grande. Okay. But that's just talking in general sense. So I might as well teach you one last adjective before I close this whole thing up. So the last adjective I'll teach you is bigger as in height. Okay. So grande is just overall size. When we're talking about height, we actually say alta, alta. Okay. So how would you say that mob is taller than me? Because that's probably the best way to translate it. Chitiu estajo estas pli alta olmi. Oh my God. Did you see his run then? It was so cute. He's like over like, I'm coming.  So I guess the final sentence for this is how would you say he wants to kill me? Okay guys, so I'm going to wrap this lesson up now. So if you've liked it, give it a like. Share it around with your friends. Subscribe if you haven't already. And by the way, I've noticed that these lessons have actually less and less people watching them. So I don't know if that's because they're getting boring or what's going on. So give me your feedback and that will help me make them better. So anyway, I'll see you in the next lesson. And if you're not there, well guess what? I might miss you a little bit.


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Chalakhtu ki maineltak negquesch toomet bas bdi dwi ek poln jag pthant phtant. Khaas karka Dinse. చార BUR ఓసివనిఆరిట్చానిందిలింత deity ఇథంతూ మావ్ప్స్పిఆరిపిన్చిందిది. ॐ ॐ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ  ौ...? ौ...? ौ...? ौ ौ пош Cooking ूось ू... ौ... ु...? ौ... భ౞్లిఎండిర్య౼ ముమువనిలురిరాయం మారినినిదిరిన నిబేతలండి,పూద్లినింది పెనినిన్రిబ్నిసలిండి. Ա inare Ա বাযায� affir�ি ঐি �teilটাযান���বুতাযা我跟你講, � principle is something. 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Nolan driving �시 paragus  వ etc ఠీ గ్రో ఆట�veాigglyảiైiggly పన Pomال గ్నwww ఏల్రో వాలోఇో దెర్ని NICK మ౗ిఝాయాసెసె వాసూిunya పికవరఋదె踏తాలగపటడి Legal ఱతటరకయ Catch लिजा स्छे, अरीश रागी बचों जुगा सेरतें जों ठनी तास्मान प youngstersよbare संघ schema की राषी फ्माद् मर्बर सेeral तफ्स आंई पेश्र Goldman 2023, prigida pakronh 2020, prigida pakronh 2020, prigida pakronh 2020, apr military 2020, apr homeland ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ ौ  ڈ according outside the environment should be safe with all kinds of people Genesis ڈ are not sup AB gdy they are in sin  Kingston next target to this wh Yi VK  KIN-Dört  kachiotei pahal Compuras ʾ ḛᵍ᳚ᵍᵉᵈ ḛᵈ˙ ᵇ˜ᵍᵇᵌᵃ Ṣᵀᵌᵍᵉᵉᶅᵉᵃᵃᵉᵃᵇᵃᵃᵉᵉᶅᵇᵃᵃᵃᵃ ᵇᵉᵇᵉᵃᵃᵉᵃᵃᵃᵃᵃᵉᵃᵃᵃ ᵄᵇᵇᵉᵉᵃᵉ ʏᵃᵉᵃᵉᵀdidn't talk about gettingPEAL. Shee said that, if free, tell them to he got help from that fund. The lady told me to visit her husband. She said she will remain by his side for the next 8 months. Her mother told me to stay by his side for the next 3 months. ژ transformation ڈ repluwāryaṁ ڈ NON ژ Naxāraṁ ڈ  коммент ڈ oli ڈ R� intersection un yoga prashā digestive systemon China  деле ڈ punkr-feeling ڈ Book King i n ڈ者 to m planting worshipping in Latina but thehere ڈ eibbeddere方面 not complete saving of any Pas— 這時間 ڈ  dislocations in Qijindo在 Qijindu during this holiday trying also for us set aside any open deal because the parties ڈ back down to by rainy season ڈ cleaned the areas during the rain ڈ as the land and looks like it's aboutי ڈ may go again  Neden шт ṅ mistake ṅ that vaisyaw ṅ let tell you  ۛ ۜۚ ۬ ۛ ۛ ۚ ⇌ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۖ ۚ ۛ ۛ ۂ ۚ ۛ ۉ ۛ ۗ. isn heatp更 pisture away al al al al al al al al al al Müzik ۛ ۛ ۘ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ے ۚ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۪ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ ۛ wiąz... rophe e n thaip tose ek pas val dash kan. ۛ ۛ ۛ ی ۛ ۛ � left. ۑ ۜ ۓ  nouve ільh � seb� ṢĀkhāv g당 � trays ṭāgana Ṭiik b agric జ⾒n shila kan Ṭu Ṭiik � 지난 불site devant � Dayton idency also for the assembly of council and also a somehow does not have any liability for the fiefya of the system. Especially the protection of the regime, and also the거 that the poor people hired. People who are inrave he que are called Hallo tightly. ˈṉ ˋ donations ˈ 🛅 ˍ' ˄ἜἜ ˇ ˄ἜἜ lil ంవళటియటsed గోవరరిెరీకొప్దె Вమావ ఏలిలజాతావూనాటరిseen. రాప్, వితూని. ప్రినువూనుigraph theme నిఈ�えるివూనిamas Yetal అథ౮ Izですか, బిరౄésus�కమ ṣhaun plain ṣhaun pieces ṣar goba �జ хочட Kazu aque జజజజజజజజజ� públic జజజజజ, జజజజజజ, జజజజజజజజ, జజజజజజజజ జజజజజజజజ. ়జ਑ಈ , ඕໜ༁ ඕ຀ ඉ༁ ࿵༂ຏ ં༂༁. napa dhe kapoor khala diya hai taswiraan jithe mandiyaan devich paani khadin paani khadin karke kisan prishaan ne janadi fasal mandi devich hai ovi prishaan janadi kheta vich hai ovi prishaan par prishaan nida khal phil hal koi kyunki asmaan to mi var hai mi de rupe devich aafat var ri hai khule asmaan de hethaan ek boriya payane pijriyaan ek gatte pijrae ne kanak de re khule asmaan de hethaan payane par liye kapoor khala di kalkati ek halat takri bane koji hai dave bhi ek koji hai dave sariyaan zamaan te ek intzaam mukammal kar le gayne intzaam ne aur kisi trikke bhi nuksaan nahi hon jitha jaavega par o nuksaan hon da faya nazaar hai khaskar ke kanak jidho pijjaavegi ta fer osdo ke strikhe rekhya jaavega aur khaskar ke gatya me jidhi kanak paya jithe hai o apne aave kyaab ho jaavega boriya ne khule asmaan de niche pijriya ne kitena kithe athe market committee de ne leki samne ariya kyaun ki e hi kanak lokane de khan liye jaaniya kyaun ki tosi saaf tasvira veksade lakhan di tadaad vechi boriya athe sade nal athe kisaan ne ki kana chonoji jo lakha boriya ne athe pijriya ne khule asmaan de li khule asmaan de li kata gai sanha nahi bhi kus pinda aave mandiri veksade apne kanak le ke panchya hain jithe ke aaj be mosmi prasath hoi hain e jo prasath hoi hain e li na kanakada boh jala naqsaan ja naqsaan ta pehle jo sade toh ne liya fhasana hoi hain te maan de veksade khetr de veksade paaniya aon kar ke saaniya fhasana hoi hain maariya gai hain jera ke aje tak muha bhaja nahi mehlsa kya te aaj bhi asmi eche prasad de veks apne gili fhasan wala dekhra hain so kisaan na de kudradi maar pai hai khule asmaan de haid pai kanak pijriya na ba the kapoor thla diya hain toh se mushkil halaad kisaan na li bane hoi mushkil halaad bane hoi ne toh se kanak di fhasan paano chetan chkhadia paano mandi chpichal chti gai


Hello everyone, welcome to remote sensing and GIS for rural development. This is the NPTEL course focusing on rural development using remote sensing and GIS as two. We are now at week five lecture two. In week five lecture, we have been looking at specific data types in GIS of which vectors were discussed in week four and week five we are looking at rasters. There are only two types of data vectors and raster and we are looking at each one specifically for each week and in the last lecture which is week five lecture one, we define what raster data is supposed to have, the specifics and properties of raster data and we also looked at the formats in which raster data is stored. We also looked at the difference between vectors and rasters. In today's lecture, we will look into more specifics about using raster for rural development. What we see here is some examples are going to be very specific for rural development whereas some have to be tailor made into your objective. As I said, satellites are collecting some physical properties as data and it is converted to remote sensing image or information after some post processing. This post process data which is still raw data for you because you are going to take the data and process it in GIS has to be worked upon in different objectives so that we know what objective we are going to have and what data we are going to use. So let us look at some raster data for rural development. I am going to revisit the slide which I used in the introduction lectures however with more specifics. This is the luminescence image taken for the Indian region by a NASA satellite in 2012 and 2016. So how can we use this for assessing rural development? We have defined what is rural development earlier and one key aspect is connectivity and rural electrification. So this image while it does show that the urban centers are expanding you can see the bigger dots in both the images are expanding the bigger dogs Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai all these major metropolitan cities are expanding it is called spidering effect. However we also see some positive rural development because in the central part of India and around the major cities you see some small lights also popping up and you see also a road kind of a network connectivity which is the highways over the 4 years between 2012 to 2016 there has been tremendous growth of highways thanks to the different schemes of the government that we looked upon and also rural electrification has been happening and at large scale. So these also can lead to access to electricity and power which in turn can be converted to a livelihood option, shifts that can be operated shift as in morning shift and night shift for running cottage industries and most importantly storage and processing hardware can run on power. So these can be installed in villages now because there is access to rural electrification programs which is evident from this image. So this is one that we would revisit the other is the image taken by a satellite of a river this is before flooding that I explained earlier but let us look at it per se for rural development. Once we have a water network we can also assess where the fertile land is again agriculture is the key livelihood option for rural regions and for agriculture water supply is key not everywhere we have irrigation through groundwater because it is expensive however we do have surface water irrigation. Surface water irrigation can be through rivers and channels mostly gravity fed. So now if we know where the substreams go through the land near the substreams can be managed to support agriculture. This is what this image can tell but as I discussed earlier in the introductory slides this also helps in assessing the damage after a natural calamity. These natural calamities are known to impact mostly the rural regions because they are more vulnerable and for example let us look at the image after the flooding has happened. You could see that the banks of the river has swelled, gohathi is here where you could see lot of swelling happening we call it swelling or the water parameters increased. Now the lands which were under the swelling are going to be flooded and or sedimentation would have been spilt so the sediments soil would have been spilt across. So these are not fertile soil some of them and can impede agricultural development. So for rural development one key aspect is resilience climate change resilience which means how does the system bounce back from a natural calamity. How fast or how what is the investment needed these kind of things. So on that note this image plays vital role in assessing the rural infrastructures land and housing locations where the floods could have damaged thereby letting officials to support these regions through a satellite data which is a raster all these are raster because as I said satellite data is mostly raster we are looking at some raster that can be applied. So now if the blue color is only going to be taken out as water and then the rest green is going to be converted as land so the raster is going to have only two values suppose blue for water green for land. In this first image you have blue at a certain location the raster is going to only have blue here whereas in the second location some land parcels have been converted to water. So these are where initially land now it is water. So you could see that these raster cells which have been converted to water cells are the inundated cells water inundation which is affecting rural development. As I said earlier also access to water is key and initially groundwater was a point data it was at a point how much ground data is available and that is catered to the local land around the well. It was good assessments when groundwater was less used however India becoming the leader in using groundwater over extraction is reported in many regions across India and this could mean because of climate change because of overuse of pumping etc etc however it is important to monitor groundwater levels and with the current point source. So what is the point source this is a vector data whereas here you have raster data the point source will only give the groundwater level in a particular location. So we have location specific groundwater data however in a raster image so this is a very specific satellite called grace in this image you could see that the coverage is continuous. So not giving groundwater at a point but across Gujarat and that helps because we understand where the regional pumping is happening not a point pumping. The point pumping can have impact only in the location whereas a regional pumping can have impact across the region you could see that here there is more pumping happening during in the south raster region central regions but after water has been supplied there is a lot of recharge groundwater recharge happens and so there is groundwater recharge in these regions. The other thing that we would like to discuss is the inundation of the land. So land inundation happens because climate change creates a water level increase a sea level rise happens and that can impact the low line areas. Most of the low line areas are rural regions except if it is cities like Chennai Mumbai etc. Most of the other regions are still under rural entities. Why? Because these support predominant agriculture plus fisheries occupation and there is a lot of people who are dependent on these for their livelihoods. So now if you look at this the level increase can only be looked upon as a climate change impact. How do you create early warning systems by using these kind of satellite images and you can see that it is a pure raster and a raster which had land in some spaces now has water. So this is where pixels that had land has been converted into water because of sea level rise and sea level inundating the land. So both you saw the water in the river coming out because of floods and the sea level rise increasing because of snow melt and more water joining the rivers the sea level rise increases mostly global warming has been linked to the sea level rise. We are not going to talk about the processes that happen but because of the process the impact that is affecting the rural regions can be studied on a raster scale. Can this be studied using vectors? It is possible but not at this high coverage. You may have a point here I am going to put some points. A point data which is vector data a point here, point here, let me make it big. So let us say you have a pointer sensor here, sensor here to collect point data of the water level rising. How does it show the entire coverage? It cannot. So you need a surface to show the entire coverage and that is what this satellite image is giving us. All these are remote sensing images and are rasters. In some cases the rasters can be converted to points and the points can be smoothed to a final resolution of rasters along with observation data. But again this is kind of a data less intensive course. So we will not be getting into high processing of GIS and remote sensing but introducing methods and tools that can be used for rural development. One of the most important application of rasters for rural development is mapping. Mapping the land cover, acreage. So there are multiple terms that can be used. Let us stick with the agricultural and agricultural allied livelihoods for example grazing of animals, dairy, all these require land. Land as in not just a plain barren land but a land that needs cultivation, water and after that there is a harvest and then post-production. Cows need grazing, cows need food for dairy industry to flourish. If you try to bring the food from other resources it is going to be expensive. So there is a grazing land and then you have goats. These are predominant livelihood options in the rural regions which are allied to the farming. Farming is key but then these are like poultry is also there, chickens, ducks etc but mostly it is agriculture followed by dairy and goats and stuff. In agriculture you have different types of agriculture, potty culture, cash crops, food crops etc. Knowing the spread, knowing the acreage of this helps in understanding the natural resource requirement for optimum yield. Let us say you have one hectare land which is growing sugarcane and another one hectare land which is growing cotton. You are not going to apply the same resources to the land which means same water, fertilizer, pesticides. These differ because of the land use cover. So this land use cover is very important for attaining sustainable rural development and other sustainable development goats you have food security, poverty reduction all are linked to the optimum use of the land. So here in this map what you can see is which is produced using the European Space Agency's satellite data, globe cover version 2, 300 meters per pixel. You could see that the land has been coloured based on the type. Here we are, we look at multiple colouring that has been used this, I am just zooming in, I am just zooming in this region for you to see. You could see that a lot of cultivated and managed areas, rain pad areas are an orange in colour and the dark greens are more the forest. So now if you have a time lapse image which is an image taken in 2004 for example and a current image that is taken in 2022 or 2023, if you can assess the difference. The difference in forest cover, the difference in the agricultural land cover all these would provide the assessment of resources that are needed for rural development. Let us take some more focused angle on this. We have the decadal land use land cover map for India, so decadal means in 10 years over 10 years. So you can see that a land use land cover map of India for 2005 versus 2015 which I am going to pull up. But before that, this is a raster, see how the data is continuous. I have clipped the boundaries out so that you can only see the data for India. Because the discussion is going to be on India, we are not going to look at the other regions of the world. So we are going to look at here for example, you could see here, you are looking at the colours which are red for built up area and then fallow land etc. So this is very important to understand where we are having built up area and where the land of rural land has been compromised or changed into multiple different land use types. So let us look at what the land has been used for. What the land has been used for is, it has been used for rice production, other cereals, pulses and oil seeds. So this is a spread of land use land cover across India. The top catchment parts do not have much agriculture because of the Himalayan region. But if you look at here, let us say for example, Pakistan, it was growing rice but not high. So where was the rice growing regions? It was here. So just looking at this rice image, you could see that most of the rice is grown in the Chattisgarh Odisha belt and the southern regions a little bit. But cereals are grown mostly in Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana and pulses in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat whereas oil seeds are in Rajasthan. Wheat is still there but we are not having it in this paper so all these are done. So these are extracted first as a generic crop land. So if you could see, crop land is given in brown color in the left image and then the crop land is divided into multiple crop types. I gave the example of a person has two hectares, one is sugarcane and one is cotton. So if you look at the top image, the initial image of raster, you will combine both the one hectares as crop land because it is used for agriculture. However in the second phase which is the second level of raster estimation, raster classification, the crop land area is converted or classified into rice, pulses, oil seeds, horticulture, whatever it is for that location. So you could see here initially this image just shows it as crop land but what crop? So that can be answered by here which is pulses and rice. These are taken by high resolution satellites which can capture the difference between the green color of a sugarcane and the green color of a soybean. From the top it might look all green but the satellite can differentiate between many multiple green levels. And based on the green level, sugarcane has a signature green whereas soybean has a or cotton has a different color of green. So both the greens are not the same. So once you know the signature of sugarcane and the signature of cotton, you could easily divide it and make these kind of maps. Which says that the land, yes it is crop land in Maharashtra, eastern side of Maharashtra. But we also see the type of crop land wherein you could see, let us take Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh you have some crop land here but most of the crop land which has been aligned is having pulses. Same for Tamil Nadu you have lot of crop land which part of it is oil seeds, part of it is rice and most of it is pulses. So in this image you could see that you have multiple land use land cover done by ISRO. So knowing the importance of this land use land cover for Indian rural development ISRO produces these land use land cover maps at different temporal scales. So they aggregate the data and then they make 2004-2005 example till date. So they are publishing it. This book is 2008 book so that is why you see the image of 2008. However you could see clearly how the, at least here because all the other regions are overlapping, the image is overlapping. Whereas here you could see 2004-2007, how the green color in Assam region, the northeast region has changed. Is it good or not, will that kind of assessment, will you have to go to the ground and assess the benefits and impact for rural regions. But mostly it is how the land has been converted to industry or over production which leads the land as barren. So if you too much exploit the land for water and nutrients, it becomes barren thereby not supporting plant life for a couple of years. And that is where rural development requires resilience mapping and land use land cover mapping. How is this done? They first collect and data which is of two types. The first data is your remote sensing data which is your satellite raster data. The raster data is classified into different colors and each color is given a particular land use land cover type LULC which stands for land use land cover. And the remote sensing data is both imagery or satellite data. And then some surveys are done where people go down and look at each pixel in a region and then report the pixel's color to the satellite data. So now you have a same location through the satellite you assess the green color but you do not know what that green color refers to. So you send people to collect one or two points in the pixel to show what color that is. For example, the green color could be sugarcane or soybean from looking on the top view you cannot differentiate it. But if a person goes down to the survey and then assess it we can be taken up. So that is called ground proofing plots through plot scale surveys. Then you have sensors data which can give you data on yield, agricultural sensors yield or agricultural crop production data. These can also reflect the land use land cover change. We can only know that one hectare there's rates. One hectare can produce a ton of a particular crop. You won't expect 50 tons, 100 tons suddenly. So that is where the sensors data can play a vital role. And then proxy data, other data that you can use to map land use land cover. The key here is to classify your satellite data, the image, the rasters into multiple colors. And the multiple colors should be given names as in labeling of what that color means. So identification of key classifications is very important. Now let's look at in other regions and other scales how raster image, a satellite image can help. One is the cropping calendar. And in this you can clearly see that an image, an infrared image that has been taken by a satellite. Some pixels are red whereas some pixels are brown in color. The red indicates a healthy growing green crop. So if you look at the trees, the trees are also red. So this is an infrared camera in the satellite which is picking the green color a lot. And you could see that green, because trees are always green, it's not red in color. So green has been picked up which means the winter month wheat crop because this was taken October or early November that period. So in between maybe early November this image was taken. And you could see that the winter wheat, the winter sowing of wheat is happening in the same image. And some land is ready to be harvested because the green color is gone, it is turning brown. The plant when it starts, it is green in color slowly converts to dark green and the green color comes down thereby converting to orange, brown and then the plant is wilted or the plant dies or harvested. So this is where the coloring of the plant through a satellite imagery can give you the cropping calendar. Each pixel takes a color and that color can be represent when the crop was stoned, was sold and harvested. Also it can be used to assess what kind of technology has been used. Let's say for example this, this image shows clean cropping boundaries and also the harvest has been very clean. So if it is done manually, you will see some one or two not correctly harvested or it will not be smoothly harvested because people cut on the top, cut on the bottom. So the height of the stump which is remaining back in the land will have different colors. Whereas this is very smooth, this smooth color comes because it is almost unique and that unique comes because of a machine like this harvester which actually cuts through the crop land at a particular height. So you have a clean image and this image reflects the technology used. So now farmers can know that what technology is used in the neighboring farms, the neighboring rural areas and those technologies could be brought in for their use also. Instead of them going and looking at it, these images can help and also help the rural authorities. This is corn crop. So it can help the rural authorities to put budgets for farmers because these technologies actually help. And you can also see a river which is going across a water drainage that brings water. So to conclude, there are a lot of satellite data which are raster images and each data differs in spatial and temporal resolution. Spatial resolution is the pixel size whereas temporal resolution is how often does the satellite come to the same location to collect the data for the pixel. In this graph, you would see that the temporal resolution increases from top to bottom because 100 years is low resolution, 0.001 years is high resolution. The same thing, you have 100 kilometers as a high space, high spatial coverage but low resolution because at 100 kilometer pixel you cannot find what crop it is. You cannot find your road. It just takes the dominant color. So if that 100 kilometer pixel, most of it is let's say a forest, you will lose the housing, you will lose the agricultural land and only forest color will be there. So 100 kilometers is coarse and 0.1 is fine or hyperfine resolution. So now what you could see here is the linear point of collision is right there, the 45 degree angle and this is where improving spatial and temporal resolution happens, optimal range we can say because at this point it's very expensive. If you look at which satellites are giving these kind of data, these are not free data. You have to pay a lot of money together. These are private data collection agencies like for example, airborne camera through your drones and small aeroplanes whereas Quickbird is a commercial satellite data agency where it collects data at very, very high resolution and sells it for optimal views. So now where does rural development come? Fortunately the rural development mostly comes in this part. Emergency response is there during floods and droughts. The geology and topography is also a one time investment but mostly the land cover, agriculture, water quality all come at a not too fine resolution or too coarse resolution but somewhere in the middle. And those middle ones are dominated by satellites which are open source. So you could see that the bands are given and mostly these are also temporal resolution is 18 days, 8 days, 16 days which are okay for agricultural development work. You cannot have 100 years data, it is of no use or a one year data. One year data how do you accumulate? So if you remember the groundwater map I showed it was monthly and now this image in the center says bimonthly every 15 days, every 16 days if you collect data that is good for rural development. We will revisit this slide more after we discuss the satellites and the processes involved in assessing the data. With this I conclude today's lecture. Thank you.


Ernie's on Lancasham in North Hollywood. Let's go. Is this ready to set an idea? Yes. That is ready. Thank you. So this place opened in 1952. The owner was a World War II vet and the original location was in Lincoln Heights. Now he passed away in 1978, but the chef here used to work with him. This place is great. It's beautiful. It's windowless. I'd hang out at this bar.  I love this place. I've been here five minutes. I'm in love. I love the music. They're playing in here too, if you could notice. Nobody has to. They make these in-house and they taste great. Bring it. We're just goofing off. Okay. How smart are you on the rocks, please? South on the rim? Yes. Single double. Ooh. That's the hardest question for me. Classic. Thanks, man. No lime. Yeah. Not much flavor. Doesn't taste bad. It's not sweet. That's good. This isn't offensive. There just isn't much there. Let's try the skinny version. Skinny because it has a one tiny straw. It's better than the house one. Actually, that's not true. No, the skinny is better. Gosh darn it. Trigia. Do you call these? Whatever I've said about this hasn't got me from drinking the whole thing in a real short time. This is their double. I'm about it. Let's eat. That's it for today. If you liked it, please hit like. And if you want to see me drink more margaritas, subscribe. Oh yeah, because I'm going to drink more margaritas. I'm embarrassed that I've never been here. I know. I know.