Our conference minister, the distinguished reverend cancelati, will come forward at this time to address the delegates and visitors. Churches full of life, love, faith and joy overflowing into service. Skilled, dedicated, energetic and compassionate people providing inspiring leadership in their communities. Understanding this basic truth, we are all connected. We are the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. My name is Kent Salati and I serve as conference minister. We believe that God has made us interdependent and that we can do more together than we can as individuals. We work to connect leaders and congregations to learn and to serve. We foster the gifts of young people through outdoor ministry at Silver Lake Conference Center. We labor to eradicate racism through education and public advocacy. We help churches nurture, form, call and equip pastoral and lay leadership. We share our stories. We proclaim the good news. In the churches. In the state house. In the neighborhoods. In the trees. And in the hearts. We are the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. We are all connected. In Christ this is the day our God has made and we will rejoice in it. Let me begin by a friend of us can make it on our own.  Work with an amazing group of people, relationships and connectedness. And so I would like to invite to stand the conference staff and recognize them as vital partners in our ministry. If you would show is your hand if you're completely completely come church of Christ service is to equip and to encourage members of our communities to live out their baptismal vows in their respective ministries out there in the world who are gathered here today. Deacon chairs, chairs, treasured things within the church, congregations, witness, thrives in the communities in which our churches find themselves. Most of us exercise our leadership outside of the life of the church. Middle man store managers, team leaders, coaches, teachers, principals, lawyers, doctors, shift leaders, state senators, caregivers and a whole host of other things that require us to undertake the important responsibility of leading. We've made it into something beyond. We have taken this title as leader and we treat it as if it's something that one day deserve. But to give it to ourselves, he says right now means a level of arrogance that we are not comfortable with. He goes on to say sometimes that we spend so much rating amazing things that hardly anybody can do that we've convinced ourselves that those are the only things worth celebrating. And we start to devalue the moments when all of us are leaders. The biblical record offers some insight as we at this meeting explore the importance of leadership. Ephesians chapter four, as people worthy of the call you received from God, gentleness and patience. Accept each other with love, an effort to preserve the unity of the spirit with the peace that ties you together. You are one body spirit. Just as God, one hope, there is one Lord, one faith, one baptism and one God and creator of all who is over all through all and in all. He gave some apostles, some prophets, some evangelists and some pastors and teachers. The purpose was to equip God's people for the work of serving and building up the body of Christ until we all reach the unity of faith and knowledge of God's Son. Our commission as leaders is to build up the body of Christ, the body that is one body of which we are all apart. Jesus demonstrated a model of leadership to follow. James and John were with Jesus walking and asked him for special seats in God's realm on the left hand and on the right hand. You remember the other disciples getting really angry probably because they didn't think of that first. Do you remember the response that Jesus gave? Whoever wishes to be great among you must be your servant. Jesus not only preached, but he modeled this kind of leadership. Do you remember him washing the disciples feet? After demonstrating this kind of leadership, he said, I have set you an example that you should also do as I have done to you. You servants are not greater than their master, nor are messengers greater than the one who said them. I shared with you our commitment to strengthening the mission and ministry of our local churches. We stand firm in the belief that the world needs a church that proclaims no matter who you are in life's journey, you are welcome here. The world needs a church that proclaims that God is still speaking. The world needs a church that proclaims that the gospel invites us to be transformed as individuals and then as a community of faith to transform this world that God so loves. We are guided by this principle of Christian connectedness, one Lord, one faith, one baptism. No single congregation can be the church that the world needs today in isolation. To be the church that the world needs today, congregations must be joined together to support and to inspire each other and to lean on each other. To talk about what's working and what the challenges are that we all face. We live reliant upon a fabric woven of mutual interdependence. God calls us to the work of strengthening our interconnected threads. As the United Church of Christ, we know that it is together that we learn, that we grow, and that we love. With a spirit of mutuality, we strive to build faithful leaders and vital communities of churches here in the state of Connecticut, each and all of us proclaiming a radical welcome that embraces all of God's children. We fulfill our mission by encouraging faith leaders to have creative and impactful ministries. And we fulfill it by supporting local congregations to live out their missional identity and to become justice-seeking, peacemaking communities of compassion and pursuing our mission together. Our central focus is on leadership and congregational vitality. We are uniting churches in common mission and ministry because God is calling us to do new things, my friends, in some new ways. Our distinctive witness is so urgent in the world in which we live, and our capacity to make a difference is greater when we all work together. Quite a number of interdependent sightings this past year. In fact, I could spend the rest of my time listing the ways in which our working together has strengthened our common witness. Let me share just a few examples of sightings that we have seen around people working together. In the city of New Haven, there are five United Church of Christ congregations that are meeting together to discern if God's spirit is inviting them to share ministry in some new and dynamic ways. United Congregational Church in Bridgeport and Salisbury Congregational Church have established a covenant with one another, which includes commitments to pray for each other to join efforts in serving their neighbors, gathering resources to support the ministries being carried out in their diverse communities, and to share blessings with one another in as many ways as they might imagine. They end their covenant with these words. We will be neighbors and friends, carrying each other to Christ. We will be blessed. At Silver Lake Conference Center, young people come from all across this conference and neighboring conferences in a safe and loving environment to build community and to grow together. Silver Lake is a place where leaders are nurtured and invited to build God's beloved community. Our Give Squared ministry hosted 13 events in four settings where youth from 27 of our congregations came together. For a total of 1,100 hours of service. In Southbury, a tradition of joint Ash Wednesday services by the United Church of Christ of Southbury, the Roxbury Congregational Church, the South Britten Congregational Church, welcomed two additional churches from the region, First Church of Woodbury and North Congregational Church of Woodbury, for a time to co-celebrate Ash Wednesday together. Other joint worship services have become an important part of our interconnected fabric. Our legislative advocacy ministry has brought members of our churches together to advocate and to support legislation around our issues of economic, environmental, and racial justice. Racial Justice Ministry has held trainings for facilitators not only here in our conference, but also in Massachusetts and Rhode Island and even in Kansas-Oklahoma Conference. For the third year in a row, young people of color participated in the Joseph Clemens Training Program and our environmental ministries for the second year in a row hosted Environmental Justice for All event, partnering with the national setting of the United Church of Christ. For the fifth year in a row, a youth revival was held, and the planning team was made up of five of our congregations working together in collaboration with the Bloomfield High School Gospel Choir. Now, the youth have a lot of fun at these revivals, so we have decided that they can't have all the fun. So November 6th and 7th, right back in Bloomfield, we're going to have a revival for the whole community of the Connecticut Conference. Newest staff member, the Reverend Michelle Hughes, our ACM for Transitions will preach the first night, and Reverend Ken Samuels will be preaching the second night. You will not want to miss that opportunity to worship and to be together to revive, to have the spirit revive us again. In Fairfield, the Fairfield County Youth Music Festival was held with four of our congregations participating. Several of our associations host joint mission trips to various locations all across this country. Registrar's of our associations gathered to resource one another around the best practices of that particular ministry. We conducted an experiment this last year in resource generation through social media crowdfunding. And as a result, we raised close to $14,000 to build a leadership studio at the conference offices. This resource allows us to live broadcast, to edit and take content and to bring leaders together for conversations. Local churches can also use this studio to learn more about emerging technologies and to produce their own content. Now the last interdependent sighting I would name is a resolution that is in your packets titled Awakening. A season of discernment for a future of shared ministries that was adopted unanimously by each of the Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut Conference Board of Directors. This resolution invites all of us to enter into a season of discernment as we listen to how God may be calling our three conferences to either federate or to merge. We are in the midst of designing a way for those conversations to take place over the next year to see how the spirit might be inviting us to new ways of ministry in witness here in Southern New England. And so in the spirit of the resolution, I have one of my colleagues here, Barbara Libby, who is the Interim Conference Minister from Rhode Island. Jim Antall would have joined us in person, but his brother died on Thursday. So I would invite your prayers for him. But Jim, still in the spirit of interdependence, is being brought into our meeting through the miracle of technology and the miracle that Eric Anderson provides to us. Jim. Thanks to Kent for this opportunity to join your gathering in this way. No doubt Kent has shared with you the reason for my absence. And you should know that within a few hours of learning of my brother's death, Kent was on the phone, as was John Dorhauer, expressing their support and prayers. And Barbara was preparing to convene 40 of her pastors to discuss our common resolution on interdependence. I want to share two thoughts. The first builds on what I've already said. The only way I can provide the leadership God calls out of me is to be constantly grateful for all the ways I am connected to and interdependent with Kent and Barbara and John, along with my staff and board of directors back in Massachusetts. The leadership and witness I and we are called to undertake would be impossible without the certain knowledge that God has woven our lives together for a reason. And that reason is to join with others as we lead the transformation of a denominated America to a place where historical religious affiliation matters less than growing a sustainable common future together. A future rooted in the values we share with progressive Christians across denominational lines. A future rooted in UCC nexts as much as our past has been rooted in UCC firsts. A future in which the church insists that the laws of the land protect not only the rights of future generations, but also nature itself. A truly united church is ready to rally behind a prophetic call that articulates a repurposed church ready to meet the challenges of the coming decades. And my other thought emerges from my personal circumstances. Be sure to live with integrity moment to moment to moment. Each moment is a gift, each one a blessing. Every blessing to all of you and thanks. God does indeed continue to weave us together. I bring greetings from the Rhode Island Conference, its pastors, its leaders and the congregations. Rhode Island recognizes the many partnerships and linkages already at work among our three conferences. We could mention the huge youth delegation that went from our three conferences to Synod, a shared Haiti mission opportunity, the racial justice training of leaders among our three conferences, committee on ministry trainings that we share together and of course our Super Saturdays. Rhode Island is excited to move into a season of discernment with Massachusetts and Connecticut as we lean into determining what God and the Holy Spirit calls us to do and be as we move into the future together. Last night our General Minister and President John Doerrhauer suggested that the Holy Spirit is already tilling the soil and I agree. We may wonder where God is calling us and John also reminded us. Unity at the table enables us to fulfill our calling. Let us continue to be both brave and faithful as we listen carefully together for the still-speaking God who invites us into new opportunities for service and mission together as partners. I love the words of a new hymn called Restless Weaver and it continues to build on this idea of our weaving things together. The words are Restless Weaver still conceiving new life, now and yet to be, binding all your vast creation in our living tapestry. You have called us to be weavers. Let your love guide all we do. With your reign of peace, our pattern, we will weave your world anew. May it be so. So I am grateful to Jim and Barbara for their partnership with our conferences and for their leadership as well as we have shared these interdependence sightings and continue to lift up this vision of our connectedness. I am reminded that interdependence is a process vision. I would like to suggest that there is another word that begins with the letter I that complements this vision for our collective ministry. Now I promise not to come back every year with a new I word, but that word is impact. Marianne Williamson has said that our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens ourselves. We ask, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be?  You're playing small, she says, does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people will not feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God within us. It's not just in some of us. It is in every one of us. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give others the permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. Who? Me? Yes, you. As servant leaders of Jesus, we are called to make an impact. We have been called to be disciples who believe in our bones that the gospel both saves and changes lives. As leaders, we are called to cast a vision that is centered in God. As leaders, it is our responsibility to gather in our communities and to invite our community to align itself around a common vision. We motivate, we help change, be ushered in, and we work hard to help multiply leadership in our midst. Who? Me? Yes, you. Leaders in gender trust. Leaders have fun. Leaders develop cultural competencies to read and adapt to the culture in which we live and to find ways to authentically speak the gospel truth. Leaders follow through on commitments. Leaders are self-aware. Leaders do what is right, embrace the unknown, endure in spite of circumstances, lead by example, experiment, and yes, learn from those mistakes. Leaders love God and leaders love people. Leaders are passionate for what they believe in. Leaders believe that impact comes about by aligning ourselves to what God wants us to be and to do. Leaders work on mobilizing Holy Spirit power to live out a common mission. One of the most important skills in being a leader is asking really good questions. We need to embrace questions. We surely, I know in my bones, are skeptical of any leader in our midst that says that they have all the answers. That doesn't exactly work out, does it, in the United Church of Crest. So what are some questions that we should be asking ourselves as leaders? When is the last time you heard from God? Is our leadership informed by God's vision and God's leading direction? What is God doing in this community where we find ourselves? What are we as a faith community passionate about? What is it that we cannot let go of that holds our attention, that drives our focus, that drives our passions and our mission? What impact, what difference does our local church make in our community, in our state, in our nation and in our world? How are we changing lives? What do we need to learn? Who in our community should we partner with to make an impact? God has called each one of us into this moment of time. These surely are interesting times to be in leadership together. In just a few moments you will have the opportunity to meet with your colleagues assembled for this annual meeting. You are encouraged to share your wisdom, your questions, your experience and your insights with one another. Who? Me? Yes, of course you. Churches full of life, love, faith and joy overflowing into service. Skilled, dedicated, energetic and compassionate people providing inspiring leadership in their communities. Understanding this basic truth, we are all connected. We are the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. My name is Kent Salati and I serve as conference minister. We believe that God has made us interdependent and that we can do more together than we can as individuals. We work to connect leaders and congregations to learn and to serve. We foster the gifts of young people through outdoor ministry at Silver Lake Conference Center. We labor to eradicate racism through education and public advocacy. We help churches nurture, form, call and equip pastoral and lay leadership. We share our stories. We proclaim the good news. In the churches, in the state house, in the neighborhoods, in the trees and in the hearts. We are the Connecticut Conference of the United Church of Christ. We are all connected.


Cultural Sensitivity in the Classroom and the Geert Hofstede Model There are several things that a teacher should consider before entering a classroom and one very important consideration, particularly for EFL teachers, is the topic of cultural sensitivity. Because English classes are often conducted with students from a variety of different cultures and often take place in a foreign country, teachers must ensure that their teaching does not offend cultural or social norms. For example, in a Western classroom it might be quite common to divide the class into mixed sax bears, however, in some cultures this could be seen as offensive. So how can teachers prepare themselves for these situations? The Geert Hofstede Model One tool that English teachers can utilize to help overcome this difficulty is the Geert Hofstede Model. Hofstede is a social psychologist who developed a framework that identifies four key dimensions which allow us to differentiate between cultures. Based on a large-scale study conducted in the 1970s that evaluated how values in the workplace are influenced by culture, Hofstede's analysis identified four key dimensions through which we can understand intercultural differences. The dimensions he identified are Power Distance Index, PDI, Individualism, IDV, Masculinity, MAS, and Uncertainty Avoidance Index, UAI. Breaking Down the Jargon Power Distance Index, PDI, focuses on the level of equality that exists within a particular society. A country with a high power distance index would be one that has allowed a high level of inequality to develop within society and therefore these cultures are more likely to follow a caste system and restrict upward social mobility of its citizens. A low power distance index indicates that a country values equality. Individualism, IDV, focuses on whether a society values and reinforces individuality and individual rights over collective, community ties. A country with a high individualism index indicates more. The emphasis is placed on the individual whereas a country with a low individualism ranking would be more concerned with a family unit and communal ties where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of society. Masculinity, MAS, focuses on the extent to which a country values the traditional masculine role. A country with a high masculinity ranking would be one in which males exert strong control over society and dominate the power structures of the country. A low masculinity ranking indicates a country with low levels of discrimination between the genders. Uncertainty Avoidance Index, UAI, focuses on the tolerance within a community for uncertainty and ambiguity. A high uncertainty avoidance ranking demonstrates a country with a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. In these countries rules and regulations are paramount to reduce the level of uncertainty. The Fifth Dimension Based on an additional study conducted at a later date, Hofstede added a fifth dimension which is known as long term orientation, LTO. This dimension focuses on whether a society embraces long term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values. A high long term orientation ranking demonstrates that society values long term commitments and respects tradition whereas a low long term orientation ranking shows the country does not promote this long term devotion to traditional thinking. How does this help an English language teacher? By considering how a country ranks using Hofstede's model prior to commencing a teaching role a teacher can gain in understanding into what is valued most in that culture and ensure that their conduct in the classroom reflects this. For example, China is a country that is a popular destination for English teachers and its Hofstede analysis tells us that it has a high long term orientation ranking and a low individualism ranking. This suggests that there is a deep, long term commitment to traditional values in the culture, so it would be highly important for a teacher to learn what these traditions are and ensure they do not defend these values in the classroom. The low individualism ranking means that this society places much emphasis on strong group relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of the group. An English teacher could use this to their advantage in the classroom by placing greater emphasis on group work activities. Are you ready to teach English abroad? Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today. Thank you.


This is Witchspace news for Friday the 17th of January 2020 I'm CMDR Buur In this weeks news The January patch drops Frontier want your stellar screenshots Game glass adds support for Elite Dangerous Elite is on UK postal stamps And will have a smattering of community news If you enjoy this video consider subscribing And also click the little bell icon To make sure you don't miss any of our future videos The first of this year's promised bug fixes dropped this week With the anticipated January patch We did a breakdown of exactly what was included in the patch Which you can find linked on screen now Given the experience the Elite community had with the September patch Last year nerves were running understandably high And whilst it hasn't been all plain sailing I think we can all agree it could have been so much worse Some initial issues around frame rate drops When exiting hyperspace were identified And then addressed by Frontier firstly on social media And then in a patch for the PC the next day The same patch for consoles is expected to drop early next week With a follow up patch expected later in the week on all platforms To address some of the as yet unspecified high priority bugs Amongst players concerns are the invincible Thargoid heart bug Which appears to still be an issue Combat zone progress bars that disappear halfway through the fight Leading to a combat zone that can't be completed And the sell price of mined commodities not appearing correctly If you've got a bug that's particularly bothering you Then head over to the Frontier issue tracker Which is linked in the video description and make sure it's reported As I mentioned there's a follow up patch for all platforms expected next week And as soon as we have details on what's included in that patch We'll let you know Elite Dangerous has always been a very photogenic game And there are at least two communities within the online elitosphere That are dedicated to nothing else Those communities being the SPVFA and Galphoto Frontier themselves however have recently put out the call for Commander's very best elite screenshots to be submitted With the chance for those screenshots to be shared Across elite's official social media feeds If you're looking to make a name for yourself amongst the Photography elite of uh elite Then this could be your chance to get recognized Submit your screenshot to Frontier on Twitter or Facebook To enter the fray and you never know Your work could suddenly be seen by a much larger galactic audience The second screen third party application Game Glass That made a name for itself with its initial offering to Star Citizen Is now available for use on Elite Dangerous If you're unfamiliar with Game Glass It seeks to provide a cockpit style touch screen interface Using a second monitor or ideally a phone or tablet That interfaces directly with the game on PC Allowing you to perform a number of in-game functions Such as activating landing gear, frame shift drives Or cargo scoops etc From a slick looking in-game style visual interface You can try the basic interface yourself for free on one screen And you then have the option to buy individual shards That increase the functionality of the app Into more advanced areas such as mining or exploration As well as allowing their use on multiple screens Alternatively you can pay a monthly subscription To gain access to all the elite shards across multiple screens The UK Post Office is issuing a new set of commemorative stamps this month Celebrating classic UK designed video games And the original Elite is featured on one of the stamps The stamps will be featured in a special commemorative collectors pack Which will be limited to a run of just 2500 units As well as Elite the stamps feature classic titles like Tomb Raider and Lemmings And will also include a booklet detailing stories about the origins and impact Of these iconic video games Suffice to say here at the Burpit we've ordered one And here's this week's smattering of community news As you may have seen on last night's Frontier livestream The Hutton orbital truckers have tasked themselves with delivering a single unit Of the rare commodity Hutton mug To every single station, starport and outpost in the galaxy That has a commodity market That's somewhere in the region of 54,000 commodity markets In order to combat what the truckers call Mug ownership deficiency syndrome They're inviting anyone with a cargo hold to get involved And help with the colossal task The Elite Dangerous Author and novelist Drew Wager Has announced the launch date of what he's calling the LAW Tour Details are sparse at this time But kicking off on the 2nd of April It's expected to be a guided expedition To significant sites and locations From the lore and backstory of the entirety Of Elite's decade spanning history From all the games in the series For more details on these Or anything else we've talked about in the show this week Then check out the video description below If you enjoyed this video Consider subscribing to the channel And be sure to click the little bell icon To make sure you don't miss any of our future videos That's it for now Thanks very much for watching We'll be back later this week with more videos Until then, 07 Commanders Follow the Greens on the way out And do keep clear of the toast rack We very much look forward to seeing you next time


So welcome back, everyone, also on YouTube and or Moodle. So for today, we will have the answers to the exercises, which we just did. And I first want to start with a little bit of kind of a demotivational speech or a motivational speech depending on how you interpret it. So that's what we did. So a word about practicing. So in the early 1990s, a team of psychologists in Berlin studied violin students. They studied their practicing habits in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. So it was a long-term follow-up study. So all of the people that played the violin had begun at around five years of age. And at age years, their practice times began to diverge. Because when you're still young, your parents forced you to go to violin lessons. But then when you start becoming eight, nine, you start becoming rowdy. And you don't want to do what your parents tell you anymore. And by age 20, they found that people who were elite performers, so people who were really good, they had around 10,000 hours of practice. And had the less able performers only had 4,000 hours of practice. So this study is a clear insight. And what did they actually conclude is that there are no naturally gifted performers. You can only learn to play the violin by practicing. Because, and this is a quote from their paper, so they say, if natural talent had played a role, one would have expected that some of these natural, so these kind of people who are personally gifted, should have been at the elite level with fewer practice hours than anyone else. And they did not find that. And this is the same what people always say about things like mathematics or programming is that you have to have like a born ability, an innate ability to do mathematics or to do programming. And that's not true. There are no shortcuts. There is no natural giftedness. There is no innate ability. There is no I am a born performer or something like that. The only thing that matters in the end is to practice. Without practice, you will always be at the lower end of the spectrum. So if you want to learn how to program, you just have to put in the hours to kind of do this. Risfren, Redeem, Next Slide in Dutch. All right, we will do the Next Slide in Dutch then. So there is really no natural giftedness. And that's what you hear a lot, especially in the programming field, where people talk about things like 10x programmers, programmers who were kind of born or have an innate view into programming. And that's just not true. If you want to be good at something, you just have to practice. And this is one of these things that I think for a lot of people is kind of an eye opener is that you just have to be like the hours that you put in will pay themselves back in the end. And that's just what you have to do. If you really want to be a good programmer, you have to invest probably around 10,000 hours, which is a lot of time. But after investing those 10,000 hours, you will be an elite program. Was there not even a trend for some people learning quicker than others? Yes, there was a little trend, but that was only at the beginning. So it's only when you first pick up an instrument that other abilities kind of play a role. So there's things like fine motor skills that played a very small role in the beginning. So they found that there were some covariates in their analysis where the people that kind of were learning much quicker from their young age to adolescence, so when they were like 12, that there was some correlation with some other things. And this was mostly sports. So people who did a lot of sports, besides playing the violin, they had a kind of quicker upward trend. But in the end, after like going from eight to 20, so after 12 years, there was no correlation with these things anymore. And the only real strong correlation that they found was the practice hours. So in the end, you can have a little bit of a boost and the same thing holds for programming. If you've been always interested in mathematics and mathematics was your favorite subject in school, then of course, when you start programming, you will have kind of a little bit of a head start because you know the Pythagorean theorem or you know how logarithms work. So you don't have to invest time to understand that part of programming anymore. But in the end, there will not be any shortcuts. So if you really want to become a good programmer and you want to work for Google, you just have to put in the 10,000 hours. And the 10,000 hours is a very good rule of thumb. If you want to become an expert in anything, you have to put in like 10,000 hours. That's kind of the rule of thumb for many, many different things. All right. This is a very easy slide to do in the Netherlands. So because we have seen that you can't have a natural gift for things like programming, I have, because you want to practice, of course, because everyone wants to become a good programmer, I have put extra assignments on the ground. Except the moodle assignments, I also made a PDF and I've already made that one before. And you can download that here, from my website. And the R-introduction PDF is based on this course. So the whole course, everything you learn, eventually comes from this PDF. And I made this PDF during my PhD, because often people who had no programming experience came to us, I did my PhD in a bioinformatics group. So we had a lot of people who came from biology or from other areas within the biology and they then gave us a course for a few months or a project for a few months. And to make those people very quickly in a week, another week or so, to be a little ready to vote, I made this R-introduction PDF. And the R-introduction PDF is just the same as the course, so there is a little text that you read through and then there are assignments that you make. So very similar to what we are doing now. Besides, it may be easy for the next assignments is the cheat sheet. The cheat sheet includes things that are very standard and things that you can always use. So it has a small example of how a pre-loop looks like, how it looks like a function, how you select something from a matrix, how you select from a list. And the cheat sheet is just, you can print it out, it is a single page and you can put it down at the moment that you are programming. And so you have to write a while loop, then you look at your cheat sheet and then you have the standard structure of a while loop, or if it is ready. All right, so quickly summarized in English to practice, I've uploaded additional assignments, they've already been there for some time. So do the assignments and also look at the additional assignments, like I told you guys, practice, practice, practice, that's the only way to get or to become a good programmer. And there are some PDFs available, I used them at the University of Groningen, we were on bioinformatics course. So the bioinformatics course that we did was like a three month project for people that came from biology or other fields of like more or less natural sciences. And they would come to us, we were purely bioinformatics group and they would do this, our introduction PDF. And this is a PDF which is just, it's like 30, 35 pages and it has a little bit of text and then some assignments to practice. So very similar to what we're doing now, but some people just work better by just reading and had they learned better by reading instead of watching me on the live stream. Besides that, there's the cheat sheet which I would advise everyone to just download and print out and when you're programming next time, then there's a lot of little things on a cheat sheet which you can directly just use. So if you wanna know how does a while loop look like, you look at the cheat sheet and there you see kind of the default structure. So you don't have to think about it, you just kind of copy paste it from the cheat sheet in your text editor where you're working and then you can just fill in the missing parts. So it has things like a for loop, a while loop, how does a function look like, but also some other things which I found really useful because they would come up over and over again when I was doing this programming course or the bioinformatics one course at the University of Groningen. All right, so that's it for this slide. So practice, practice, practice. All right, so for today, like I told you guys, we will be doing a lot of theory. There will be a whole bunch of slides as well showing you how you can do it in R, but since the exam is coming up, I want to add some theory so that I can just ask you some questions. So this is the definition that I think I got from kind of Wikipedia or some other page where they defined what an algorithm is, but like an algorithm, and I will just read the whole text for you guys because it's just a long piece of text, but the highlighted parts are the things which are important, right? So an algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function. It starts from an initial state and an initial input, which could be empty. The instructions describe a computation that when executed, proceeds to a finite number of well-defined successive states eventually producing an output and terminating at a final ending stage. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic. Some algorithms known as randomized algorithms incorporate random input, right? So in essence, an algorithm is like a cooking recipe. So hey, you start off with a finite list of well-described instructions, so like 10 steps to cook an egg. You start off with an initial state, right? I have all my eggs in the carton. The book is open. I have a pan and I have butter and these kinds of things. And then what you go through is a finite number of well-defined successive states. So I break the eggs, I put them in a mug, I take the butter, I put it in the pan, and so these are all well-defined steps. And then in the end, after following the whole list of instructions, you end up with an output. So a fry egg or a cook egg, and then this is the terminal state, right? So these are the very basic concepts of an algorithm. So you start off with an input, then you have a finite number of steps, and then you end up with an output. So that is what an algorithm is. So to kind of summarize it, right? Because when you do the exam, if you are good enough to write down this entire sentence exactly as it is, which shouldn't be too hard, since if it's an online exam, I'm not gonna, but this is my kind of summary. So when I read this whole piece of text, then in my mind, an algorithm is a list of a discrete number of steps that when followed will complete a certain task. And completing a certain task also includes failure. All right, so how do we then describe algorithms? So when we describe algorithms, we can visualize them, right? And we visualize algorithms using something called a state diagram. So a state diagram is a diagram used to describe the behavior of a system. It is a visualization of an algorithm and it is very similar to a flow chart. However, a state diagram responds to activities or events, so actions and events. However, a flow chart does not need explicit events. So a flow chart is just, we go from A to B to C to D and there might be branches and these kinds of things, but in a state diagram, there is always an action to go from one thing to the other. So if we look at these two things here, then A and B, they are both more or less state diagrams because here you go from your point, which is the initial state, you go to state one, then you have a certain action, this action brings you in state two, then you have another action which brings you in state three, and then you have another action which brings you to the eventual state. So in these diagrams, there are a couple of things which are important. So what is important? So there is an initial state and the initial state is denoted by a closed circle. Then the initial state always has an arrow towards your first well-defined state in the system. So for example, you might have a state system which is idle, right? If I'm looking at a car engine, right? Then the initial state is that I have a car engine and then the car engine should be idle. So you end up in the idle state. So states are defined by using these boxes with these kind of rounded edges. Then the actions are the transitions from one state to the other. So in this case, it is turning the key, right? That is an action that you perform. And that brings you from the idle state into the running state. And then from the running state, you could go back to the idle state using an action, but there is also a possibility to end up in the final state, right? So here, turning on an engine ends up in the initial state, which means that the engine is idle. You then turn the key, which makes the engine run. And then you are in the final state because that is where you wanna go. So of course, this is a little bit nonsensical when you only have two states, but state diagrams can become very complex. However, they're very useful because they allow you to kind of subdivide the thing that you're going to do, right? An ATM machine is a very complex machine, an automated tele-machine, right? So the automated tele-machine is a very complex machine, and to make it work always, or to kind of make sure that it always works, you have to beforehand think about what the system that you are designing is supposed to do. And then what you do is you write down everything that you know in one of the state diagrams, and then you kind of go through the state diagram and see if every possible eventuality is covered, right? So a bank ATM more or less looks like this. So we begin at the initial state, which is we have an ATM machine and the thing is off. So what happens when the first action occurs? So the first action, of course, is turning it on. So turning it on brings you in another state called self-test because the first thing that you need to make sure is that everything is okay, right? We can't just turn on an ATM and then start sending out money, right? Because we need to do a self-test. So the self-test runs and there are two possible transitions, right? There is a failure condition, right? Something is not working correctly, and then it will go to an out-of-service state. Of course, the out-of-service state can be, you can get out of the out-of-service state in two ways. One of them is you can shut down, which brings you back to the off-state, but there is also the possibility to go from the out-of-service state into maintenance mode. So a mechanic working on an ATM will input a special card and this card will put the machine then in maintenance mode. If the maintenance succeeds, it goes back into the self-test and then the self-test runs again. If the self-test fails, you go back to the out-of-service state and then you can service it again in the maintenance mode, right? So you see that there's a whole bunch of loops which just continue over and over again. Of course, if the self-test succeeds, you go to an idle state, right? So from the idle state, you could also service the machine. So there's a possibility that nothing went wrong with the machine, but you still want to service the machine. So these kinds of diagram force you to kind of very explicitly reason about what you want your machine to do and what kind of software you should write and how the machine more or less should work. And of course, when you are in the idle state, you have the card inserted, which is an event, so an action, which then brings you to the serving customer, kind of sub-event structure where there's all kinds of steps that you go through, which again has a starting point and it has an ending state. So this is a separate algorithm within the ATM algorithm, right? So when we are designing an ATM, we have to be aware that we have two different types of algorithms. One algorithm which runs the machine and one algorithms which service the customer, right? So this state machine allows us beforehand to reason about what we should do and what will happen with the machine. All right, so a very basic for each loop can be represented in one of these state diagrams as well. So if we have four X in A and then we do a certain function, right, on X, then we have a starting state. We have A, if A is not empty, we then take the first element of A called X and then call the function on X and then we go to the next element of A. If A is not empty, we continue going through this loop over and over again until we end up in the state where A is empty and then we are in the final state. So we are ready, we are done. Right, so the initial state is, if we look at a very specific example like four X in one to 10, what am I doing? I'm taking my matrix, column X, taking column X, adding one to it and then storing it back in column X. And so the initial state is my matrix is filled with numbers. There is a finite number of successive states, in this case, 10. The successive state means that the values in column X of my matrix are increased by one and then the final state is columns one to 10 contain values increased by one, right? So this is how an algorithm works. It forces you to be really, really explicit about what's going on, but this will increase your understanding of what your code is doing a lot and it allows you to more or less subdivide codes in different parts. And going back to the ATM machine, you could hire someone that writes the state machine for the ATM and you could hire someone else which does the serving customer part, right? So if you have a big software project, it allows you to subdivide the projects into logically independent units which can then be assigned to different groups which might not even know each other or which might never meet each other, right? So that is the nice advantage of a state loop. And so the nice thing is is that R, the four, each loop is modeled very close to the natural language, right? That's one of the advantages of R, because four X in one to the number of columns of M is very logical. Four X in a vector A, B and C had these things are very, very close to your natural kind of English language. So if you're an English speaker, the R language is a really understandable language because the instructions that you write are very similar to how you would speak it out. So how you would more or less define your algorithm, right? R also, the R language allows you to take your cookbook and then more or less take the direct instructions from the cookbook and put them in R without having to modify many, many different parts. So for example, we can have a while loop. So we say while A is true, do something. And of course, this is less natural because while something is true, do something, it's because we don't know how often. In this case, we don't know how many state transitions there will be. We know that there probably is going to be a finite list because otherwise we end up in an infinite loop. And an infinite loop itself by the definition of an algorithm is not an algorithm, right? Because there has to be a finite number of transitions from one state to the other. So a while loop in itself can create something which is not an algorithm, which is quite funny in a way. But the while loop in my mind, it is less natural because we never say while something is true, do something. We always talk about for something that I need to do and then you describe the things that you need to do. So, but here we have the while loop. Again, the state diagram looks very, very similar to the one that we saw before. So we have our beginning state, we have A. If A is true, then we do our function. If A is false, then we end up in the final state, right? So remember that an algorithm is an effective method. It's a finite list, well-defined instructions. We have an initial state and initial input, a finite number of successive states, and then we end up at an output and a terminating at the final ending state. So something which does not terminate by definition is not an algorithm. So a loop which is while true is not a definition of an algorithm. So when we are defining algorithms, we can define algorithms in several ways. So we can define algorithms by implementation or we can define algorithms by design paradigm. So by implementation means, for example, we can use recursion or we can use iteration. So iteration means using a for loop, 4x in 1 to 10. Regersion is something that we will come back through during the lecture and that means that you have a function which calls itself. And in the end, by calling itself an x number of time, it ends up at a well-defined state which then gives you an answer, which then bubbles up through the entire loop of function calls. You can have like logical implementations, right? So an algorithm can be a logical algorithm, meaning that it is based on Boolean operators. We can define an algorithm as being serial, right? So things happen one after another, but we also nowadays have parallel algorithms. So if you have a multi-core computer, and then you could have an algorithm which splits up a job and half of the job is done on CPU one and the other half of the job is done on CPU number two. We also have distributed algorithms. Distributed algorithms means that you use, for example, 10 computers across Germany, right? So every computer does part of the task and then they communicate back to either a server. So you can say I have a distributed algorithm. So the difference between parallel is that it still runs on a single machine but it splits up the task for different CPUs while a distributed algorithm is something which is distributed to different computers and on a computer it can be done in parallel again. So you could have a parallel distributed algorithm as well. We have deterministic or non-deterministic. So deterministic means that given a certain input, you will always get the same output but an algorithm can also be non-deterministic meaning that, for example, random numbers are being used inside of the algorithm to find more or less a local optimal solution instead of a deterministic solution. Again, this ties in with wanting to have an exact algorithm or an approximation and of course nowadays we also have quantum algorithms like Schor's algorithm which kind of simulate or simulate running on a quantum computer. So design paradigms are also a way that we can kind of classify our algorithms into different groups and these can be mixed and matched with the implementation designation. So we can have, for example, a serial brute force approach. So I think everyone knows what a brute force approach is. So imagine that I'm trying to log into someone else's Google account, a brute force approach would be to just say try all possibilities, right? So I'm first going to type in zero, then I'm going to type in one, then I'm going to type in two for the password and I'm just gonna continue this until I have exhausted all of the things. So brute force is also called exhaustive search. Although exhaustive searches are slightly different because then generally you don't try every possibility but you try every logical possibility which might mean that you are excluding some situations. Why? Because you know, for example, that Google has a minimum password requirement of six letters or numbers, right? So you then are not going to try a password which is only three letters long. So the difference between brute force is you just try everything without looking at the kind of circumstances surrounding what you are trying to do while an exhaustive search algorithm is more or less the same thing but you take into account kind of some limitations from the system. For example, the password needs to be longer than five and shorter than 12 letters. So and a brute force won't care when exhaustive search will take that into account. You have to divide and conquer paradigm and this is very commonly used when sorting. So what you do is when I have like a thousand numbers that I need to sort, what I could do is say, well, no, I don't want to sort a thousand numbers, I'm going to sort 500 numbers and then I'm going to sort the other 500 numbers also, right? So I'm not going to sort both of them at the same, I'm not gonna sort a thousand numbers but I'm just going to divide it and every time you then subdivide the problem into smaller parts and then solving these smaller parts. So one of the examples here is sorting because sorting things like bubble sort or other sorting algorithms, they work by divide and conquer. And divide and conquer is a very valid strategy because you make the problem smaller. So for example, you divide the problem by half and then you have a problem which is half as hard to solve and then you subdivide again and then you have a problem which is only one fourth of the original problem. We can have search and enumeration algorithms, search and enumeration algorithms are for example, chess. So in chess when you play against the computer then a computer can do a search and enumeration which means that it looks up all possible states from the current board. So we have a certain board layout and it will just try to move every piece. So it will enumerate all the possible options that it could do and then it will search through these options to find the option which has the best outcome for the computer, right? So that's how an AI in searching can work. Furthermore, we have randomized algorithms which for example, the Monte Carlo algorithms are a good example of and we will see how you can approximate a Monte Carlo algorithm using a washing machine and Lego blocks, which is actually an active field of research. And then we have the reduction of complexity which is very similar to the defined and conquer approach where we try to reduce the complexity of the assignment by making the assignment more or less smaller or redefining the question. And of course these things can be mixed and matched. And I just, for me, I don't want to have you guys know exactly what a divide and conquer is but be aware that if you have an algorithm or have written an algorithm then you can classify algorithms based by implementation or based by the design paradigm which is behind it. And we can use these things to kind of come up with general cooking recipes. So these are called design patterns, right? So design paradigms are ways to do it and after things have been solved multiple times then we end up with a design pattern, right? So a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. So for example, logging into a website, right? Logging into a website is a very common problem that occurs and this is a solved problem in a way because people have been writing logins to websites for dozens and dozens of years so you don't have to reinvent the wheel every time. So a design pattern, the definition is that it's not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code but it is a template on how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. And so logging into something is something that we've done before so we know how to implement that. So there are more or less design patterns for logging into a system but there's also design patterns for how to write software so that it is easily extendable. There are design patterns and there are books which just have all of these design patterns in there. And just remember that a design pattern itself is not code but it is a template which can be transformed into code relatively easily. So why do we use design patterns in software engineering? That is to avoid reinventing the wheel. And so it's a best practice that has been proven to work just by the things that we have tried in the last 60 years that we have computer. And so there are some very good example for what is a design pattern? So some design patterns are, for example, the model view controller pattern. We have the Monte Carlo sampling pattern. We have the facade pattern and we have, for example, the scheduling pattern. And so the idea behind having a design pattern is that many, many smart people have thought about some of these problems and they have come up with kind of solutions. And then from all of these solutions that the expert have come up with, we have kind of extracted a template. And using this template, you cannot really go wrong. The only thing that you have to do is when you pick up a new language, then you take your design pattern that you already have and then you just re-implement that pattern in a new language. So we will be looking at these four different design patterns. So what is a model view controller pattern? What is a Monte Carlo sampling pattern? What is a facade and how does a scheduler work? So one of the most commonly used design patterns, especially in web design or in interface, so user interface design, is the model view controller design. So it's used a lot in web development, but also for GUIs and like, okay, if you have Windows, then you have your Windows programs. They also follow generally a model view controller system. So how does it work? So you have a data model, which is called the model, and the data model knows nothing. So it just has the data in there. It is something that describes how the data looks like. So it might be our data, for example, at Facebook, data might be stored in a single table, which is indexed by the username and then the username is coupled to a column, which is then the age of the user, and then you have something which is the occupation of the user. And so it's just a big table where every column is more or less described. So the model does not know something about the view and it doesn't know about the controller. We then have the view. So the view is the data presentation layer. So the view, of course, needs to know how the model looks like, because for example, a certain view on Facebook might be your own homepage, right? So your own homepage looks a certain way. You have your photo there, then you have your name, then your occupation, and all of these things. And for this, the view needs to know the model. But the view doesn't know the controller. So the controller is the application logic. For example, when you look at your own page and you are logged in, you see a different Facebook as when you are logged out, because I am the owner of the page. So the view is more or less the same. Well, the view is different if I am logged in or not. So the controller determines which view I can see. So the logic, all the logic, if logged in, then show your page with your occupation and your photo and everything. Else, if logged in as friend, show the page as if you were a friend. Else, if not logged in, show the page as being an anonymous user, all of this logic gets put into a third kind of file. So you can think about this as files, right? So you have a model file, which is just a big database or a big table, could be a comma-separated file. Then you have the view. This takes the comma-separated file and presents it in a certain way. For example, a certain HTML view being logged in or being a user or being a friend view. And then you have the controller and the controller knows the model and the view. So it can kind of look at if you are logged in, then I have to take the view as friend. If you are logged in, but you're not friend with the person, then take the view, which is the anonymous view of this user. And by doing this, you separate these components from each other and you make these components more or less independent, right? Because by doing this, we can change the model, here we can add two columns and nothing in the rest of the system has to change because the view that you had is still valid, even though there's an additional column, because the view didn't display this column. Here we can, when we drop a column, then of course we need to update the view and we need to update the controller as well. But the idea here is to separate things and to have the data be just the data, be the presentation layer, be just the presentation layer and keep all the application logic in something called the controller file. So when you do web design, this is generally how code is structured. And so you have the model, which is generally the database containing the data. You have the view, which is the kind of HTML template on how this data should be presented to the user. And then you have the controller, which can be JavaScript or PHP, which couples these two things together and make sure that when you are not logged in, you're not allowed to see certain data or selects which view you are seeing based on your current status. So why do people use the model view controller? So it separates between the data model and the view, so you can add new views very easily and there's a separation between the view and the controller, which means that the user interacts via a view because you can only see a certain view, but the views don't do any computation. So this improves security a lot because the way that you look at pages on Facebook, if it doesn't really, so you don't have to put in all kinds of smart logic in the view, it's all handled by the controller. So the controller just has a rule. If you are logged in and a friend of someone, then you are allowed to use view number friend view. If you are a user and you are logged in but you're not friends, then you are using the anonymous view. So that improves the security because you only have to define these logic rules once instead of having to redefine them over and over again. All right, another design pattern is Monte Carlo sampling. Monte Carlo sampling is used a lot in things like genetics and economy and agriculture, but also in weather prediction. So it uses an algorithm to map that everything that might happen in a complex event and then determines from that which events are most likely to happen. So the way that I always try to explain this is by using a Monte Carlo sampling device. So this is real scientific research and this is something that people generally always laugh about because people don't think that scientific research can be done with the washing machine and Lego blocks, but there is actually a very big correlation between genetics, biology and using a washing machine and Lego blocks. So what do you need to build your own Monte Carlo sampling device? You need Lego and a washing machine. These things randomly sample and then you have to evaluate the outcome, right? So imagine that I have just a box of Lego. I throw it in the washing machine, then I set it to do 30 spin cycles. After it has spin 30 times, I open up the washing machine and I see which kind of blocks are together, right? So, and then I can see like, okay, so if I have these blocks and I put them in a washing machine, how often do I get a structure which is this structure? How often do I get these structures or these structures? So the idea here is that you can write papers even about this, had the random structures from Lego blocks and analog Monte Carlo procedure. And this was written by Ingmar Althoff and this is actually a pretty well-cited paper. So by doing this, you can really do research. And the abstracts are pretty funny. Recently we discovered a phenomenon when filled with many single Lego blocks a washing machine rate generates random complexes, right? Because the Lego blocks will generally randomly stick to each other. So this generation process can be viewed as a paralog analog Monte Carlo procedure. It may be used for discovering new Lego structures and for interactive generative design. This report is preliminary and tentative, but there's a lot of people that do this. And it's a very fun thing to do because you can kind of calculate the probability of two blocks, how often do they come together or not? And of course, this has a direct effect on things like protein folding, right? Which proteins will interact with each other? Which proteins will couple to each other and which will not? And you can kind of simulate this by using Lego blocks or not so much Lego blocks, but blocks which have very similar structure. So things like docking algorithms where you are trying to, where you have, for example, a virus and now you're trying to dock all kinds of antibodies against this virus. They work in the same way. It's kind of like random Lego blocks.   And of course, you do this computationally, but you can do this in the real world by doing Lego blocks. And this is called Monte Carlo sampling. So you just write down which inputs you have, you write down how they can more or less interact with each other, and then you just randomly generate structures based on the rules that you have and you then observe which structures occur more often than other structures. So there's a direct parallel to how more or less these algorithms work for drug discovery and putting Lego blocks into a washing machine. All right, so we've been busy for 41 minutes. So I will do the facade pattern as well. So the facade pattern is an interesting pattern and it is used a lot. For example, not Twitch, but the other one with a T, Twitter. Twitter uses a facade, right? So Twitter uses a facade to provide a stable call interface, right? So imagine that we have two clients, right? So we have, for example, me and Daniel. And me and Daniel want to do something, right? So, and the thing is, what do we want to do? Well, we want to do something and this is the thing that Twitter allows us, right? So Twitter, for example, has a function which is do tweet and this generates a tweet, right? And it has a function called add friend or it has a function remove friend, right? So, and I can write a Twitter client and Daniel can write a Twitter client as well. And this client just contacts Twitter and then calls the function add friend. And we don't care how this thing is implemented on Twitter because as long as Twitter offers us the add friend function and we call the add friend function, then we don't care if Twitter uses Java or if they use PHP or if they use some other programming language, we don't need to know about that, right? So the facade allows a company to provide a set of tools or a set of functions to a user but by providing a stable interface towards the user, the company is free to switch its own backend. If Twitter wants to move from Java to PHP, it is free to do so because for us developers who make things like Twitter bots or other like tweet decks or these kinds of software, Daniel might just join soon because you mentioned him so often. I'm just doing that to make him join like next week but the stable interface is the thing that works here, right? So, and because there's just this function that you call so you just go to http www.twitter.com slash add friend and then you provide the name of the friend that you wanna add in your own user ID and then Twitter does the thing for adding the friend but we as developers, we don't have to care how Twitter does that and this is because the facade is very simple. So they just have a very simple shell which is called twitter.com slash add friends. You summon him if you say his name three times in a row, right? Peter Aaron's, Peter Aaron's, Peter Aaron's. All right, so the facade pattern is a very common pattern. And so it provides some very high level functions like an add friend function. The implementation is unknown to the people using the facade but the behavior is defined. So there is advantages because you provide stable interfaces for external tools and application like the Twitter Twitter tools because there's a lot of different apps that use Twitter and hey, you don't have to use the Twitter standard app but you can also use things like tweet decks or online Twitter tools. And so there's this stable interface and it is easy to change the implementation behind a facade, right? So as a company, Twitter is offering a facade so that they are free to kind of choose what they wanna do in the back. All right, so the last design pattern that we're going to take a break again is the scheduling. And I think many students are having their own scheduler algorithms, right? So scheduling is a way to schedule task in a certain timeframe. For example, I need to learn for five exams that's this semester, right? So that's the task. For this, I have two weeks because in two weeks the exams start and then you can use different scheduling algorithms. So the first one is the most common one which is the FIVO scheduling which is first in, first out, right? So you look at your schema and you see, well, the bioinformatics exam is first. So I'm going to learn first for the bioinformatics exam. Then the second exam that I have is programming in R. So after I've learned for the first exam, I'm going to learn for the second exam, right? So that is just it. So the first in, first out is just the first thing that I arrive that I will do, right? So that's a FIVO. Earliest deadline first is another way of scheduling. So, and all of these of course are design patterns. So you can just pick up a book and read how to implement FIVO. How to implement earliest deadline first. How to implement SRT, so shortest remaining time. You don't have to think or redesign these algorithms from the ground up. No, you just take a book which has design patterns and then it will tell you there's a chapter called FIVO. You go to the chapter and then there in kind of pseudo code is written down which steps do you need to take to implement a FIVO scheduler. Yes, so, but the earliest deadline first is the way that whenever scheduling an event, a queue will be searched for the process closest to its deadline, which will be the next to be scheduled for execution, right? And this only works when you know how long it will take. But the idea here is that, well, I have three exams but for exam number two, I already learned like 90%. So I'm first going to learn the remaining 10% of this thing and then I'm going to switch to number three because I already read 80% of the book there. And only then am I going to do the first one because I haven't learned anything from this one yet. So the shortest time remaining is the scheduler, the strategy where the scheduler arranges processes with the least estimated processing time remaining to be next in the queue. So here again, it's very simpler to kind of earliest deadline first, but here we just look at the time it takes that we still need to invest and the things that take the least amount of time is the ones that we're going to do first. And then we have round Robin scheduling and this is then a way of scheduling saying that, no, if I'm going to learn for five exams, the thing that I'm going to do is every hour, I am going to take 12 minutes and I'm going to learn 12 minutes for the first exam, 12 minutes for the second exam, 12 minutes for the third exam, 12 minutes for and so on until I finished my hour and then I start again, right? So it's just investing equal amount of times for each of the exams and just skipping from one to another. It's not the best way, but for computers, scheduling like jobs or processes in a way, this is a very common way of scheduling. So just give everyone everything 12 minutes. And of course, if you finish before these 12 minutes, right? If I'm learning for exam number three and after six minutes I'm done, then I'm going to do nothing for six minutes because that's the way that I plan my schedule. So I'm just going to assign 12 minutes for every exam that is going to be there. And if I finish before the 12 minutes are up, I'm still going to idle for the rest of the time. All right, so we will stop here. We will, I want to talk a lot more about functions. I have like 15 slides left. So we'll first do a break, it's four. So I've been talking again for two hours and four minutes. So we're going to do a short break of like 10 minutes, 10, 15 minutes. So I will be back at like four, 10, four, 15. I have forgotten which animals are there for break number two. But I will first stop the re...


Again, Pastor Paula de Farrasen speaks on corruption in Nigeria, questions the censors' figures and calls Ainek a fraud. And the House of Representatives considers a bill to make the president and governors lose their positions after the defection. Well, this is plus politics and I am Mary Annacolle. Paula de Farrasen, the senior pastor of the House on the Rock Church, has spoken on the various challenges of the country. The prelate referred to the Electoral Commission as a fraud, saying that the number of citizens leaving in the north is incorrect. He also called Lord Lugad, who amalgamated the north and south in Nigeria in 1914, evil. On the way forward, he said it is important to educate the citizenry, encouraging people to get their voters card and, of course, a political party card. Joining us to discuss this is Alesta Wilcox, who is a political analyst and or maybe she is a broadcast journalist and we also have Kunli Lauer, he is a public affairs analyst. We'll take a short break to bring you that video of Pastor Paula de Farrasen and when we return, we'll be talking. By the way, if we don't fix some of Nigeria's problems today, that is this Ainek problem.   And if nobody will speak up about it, the righteous should speak. The numbers are not properly reflected in our voting. This is the only country in West Africa where you move from the ocean to the desert and the numbers decrease or rather they increase. The only country, the only country in the world where you move from a large body of water to little or no water and the numbers increase. It was not Nigerians that started it. It was the parents of Nigeria who were not good parents. They were not good parents. The man Lord Lugard was a devil incarnate and what he did to this country was suffering it many years later and it's time that we must tell the truth.  And from the wards, they're the ones who select their governors, they select their House of Representatives, they select their senators, they select their congressman and they select the president. It's a party system. If you're not in the party, you do not affect the system. I can't get a party card. You know why? Because they are APC here, they are PDP here and we can't tell the difference because they say the blood of one washes the others free from their sins.  That politicians are allowed to cross carpet and accept it as they see that one governor washed all his crimes away in the blood of apes. I said the blood of apes. I didn't say anything else but that. Part of my job is to make sure that the wealth of Nigeria is redistributed with an evenness. How do you do it? Not by giving the poor advice and oil at election time. Give them an education. Education in today's age does not have to be formal. Well, that is a clip from the long message that was preached by Pastor Paul Adi first and this is not the first time he's talking about this but I want to start with you, Kunle, because he talks about the numbers that is generated from our senses and of course he talks about INEC being a fraud. Now you are of the Electoral College who are advocating for free for incredible elections. What are your thoughts on this, especially because it's coming from a pulpit but not necessarily the normal voter education that we would be expecting? I think first I would like to address his position on INEC before the centres. So as long as we have the president appointing the INEC chairman, the INEC is never going to be independent and this is because for independence, INEC needs to be able to appoint itself either from within its ranks or as the Ministry of Justice to be passed under the Ministry of Justice and then you have people that would select high court judges. As regards the census, it's a long time in Nigeria the census has been done and not only the North has falsified numbers even the South has falsified numbers so it's an acrossboard thing and they falsified based on the fight and scramble for Nigeria's resources. So of course because Nigeria also does not have a computerised database system to keep our numbers we have of course falsified a lot of things across board and this is the problem we do not have, it's like we are planning for dinner and we don't know how many people we are cooking for that's the exact problem. Let me come to you, I know that as a journalist he behoves upon us to get data get information that is factual such that we can make reference to Bakula here saying that we have falsified numbers across the country it's not just a North or Southern problem it's a nationwide problem but let me just take you back to 2013 the NPC boss under the Good Locked Jonathan Administration first was Udomegu, he spoke about the population census in Nigeria and he did say that the country has not had any credible census since 1816 and here we are, we keep making reference to the fact that Nigeria has 200 plus million and this has been the same number over the years where do you stand on this especially if you have to give information as regards the number of people in different places do you support what Pastor Paul is saying or do you have a different standpoint? Okay, so I think that first of all Gleaming INAG is I mean it's out of place because it's not INAG's responsibility to count or to provide census figures for the country, there is a body whose job it is to do that and it's very instructive that politicians get into power, they have these numbers put up I don't know how they come about the figures but like you said if we indeed have the census that someone says is I mean it hasn't happened in many many years where then do we get the numbers and then again we have a voter registration process we have a voter register if that is what INAG has then that is what INAG will work with and then again over time why have the politicians or the political class or even civil society not pushed for a census to be done I mean with the unrest the violence in the northeast and other parts of the country you could say okay I mean right now they have an excuse but you know time was maybe 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 years ago when it was possible to conduct a census so if we don't have the figures really what are we doing then it becomes a problem but I don't think it's an INAG problem it is a national problem it's a system problem nobody wants to fix it because if you fix it then you're going to take it away fraught primarily and a lot of corruption that goes on there were 5,000 people who want to see data so if we don't have the data then you know you can do all sorts of shady things but once you have data then a lot of the rubbish that goes on in Nigeria cannot happen and that's what they are preventing the political people let's say civil society and other people have sort of enabled them to do this and get away with it when you say we've enabled because being an enabler means that you create but how have we as Nigerians enabled this to continue to fester so first of all if we go back to the voting process and the voting day I mean many times the figures that they give there's always a contest for me that is very disturbing that you'll be somewhere you would see maybe 200 people and then when the results come out it's much more than that they don't come out but when the figures are announced they're much more than those that were there and people haven't said no we need to cancel that I mean some of the conversations we have around elections and the process should contain those kinds of conversations those kinds of calls and then again if census is not happening and those that should push for it because if the political class are then they're never going to push for it so those that can be raising our voices enough are we making those calls are we making those demands enough so if we're not raising our voices to say we want this, we demand this or nothing I mean they could say we're not going to come out to vote if we don't have you know, census I mean we could have done that maybe 12 years ago or earlier than that but if we look the other way and say well you know we're enabling that let me go to you Alastair now I would like to quote him directly to blame the irregularity of distribution or distortion I beg your pardon and falsification of figures for selfish reasons which Enor has pointed out he said and politicians have given all sorts of reasons for these distortions and falsifications and he has said also that there's been an outrage from the north you know every time issues of census is brought up I remember that one of the reasons why Festus or Domego was asked to resign was because there were reactions to what he said and of course a certain Norseness did not like the idea I mean there were several reports as to why he resigned or why he was asked to step down but if we as a country do not necessarily like Enor said put our acts together and try to you know get these politicians to do right by us why should we be complaining in the first instance like Pastor Paul well thank you thank you for having me and I want to thank my two colleagues on the platform I think we're going to have a nationalistic discussion this evening which is fine to me I would have clapped for Pastor Paul a different if he has not made those tribal sectional comments I mean are saying targeting the north as his basis of his whatever someone I think this Nigerian this merchandise of Nigeria Nigerian project is taking a lot of people too far beyond their calling if Pastor Paul a different he has talked about the Nigerian wars rather than targeting the north as its target of his anger I think he will have made a very good I think he failed it at that point and I'm giving a thumbs up my other colleague has talked about it in terms of of that in Nigeria of course like my colleague it's an across board theme we are not born when 1916 when the country was not born and he has a father that was a chief judge that lived through this system they all benefited from this system so if then they didn't complain with all the anomalies of the system and they didn't put their foot down as to do what was right so now to begin to because of today's merchandisation of Nigeria and they want to be played to the gallery and play the populist game people now target the north as the problem of Nigeria and from reverse states and we know what election is in reverse states I will not share away from saying this reverse acquire bomb delta they are the eyes the eyes of info in terms of election in Nigeria you grow up in protocol you know what happened in protocol there will not be election you hear gunshot and on the day you hear humongous figures that will be ruled out humongous figures under pitot dili it was sea slide moon slide victories but each time people talk about election they talk only about canon and so we are not addressing the issue we hide our own thing people will do down south here we cover ourselves the southern dominated press will always focus on what happened in canon what happened in Sokoto look in 1983 I was young but I knew when Sokoto Resolve comes it has always been like that when Sokoto Resolve comes it's overshadowed all that happened in South East and so that has contributed today and if Pasapal is telling the world why in the north at age 13 12-13 you say in south down south you don't how many people bear children at 13-15 how many girls in the north you marry 6 wives 4 wives in the south you marry only one and then you keep your children to grow which is the good thing we do so why would they not be populated in the south there are more Christians in the south than in the north in the south we believe in one wife we believe in castles and all those things they don't believe in the north they believe in progression so the population in the north cannot be compared with that of the south so if educated, well-traveled man does not know these basic facts you talked about the emergencies where do they come from is there also a lie you talked about early pregnancies and teenage pregnancy is not in the north so this is in the middle of the north and if a certain pregnancy we claim it doesn't know there's nothing wrong with that it's not in truth or it's calling you should be able to tell the truth if it's able to tell you the truth in the sense that I'm coming when do you not understand when do you not understand like you said what do you not understand why was it started so sometimes you blame the wrong people for your problem Alistair we'll come back to you I think Kuley wants to Kuley wants to bot in Alistair hold on, we'll get back to you Kuley you want to bot in I see that you were whenever we have this composition I'd like to stay away from the northern and southern rhetoric I think he was making mention of something he heard in the video and that's why I also didn't give Paul Adifaras in statement a little credence to continue the north and south dragging there's something he mentioned which is a common narrative which points to Nigeria and the constitution as regards Lord Lugard now Lord Lugard and the British left the country left Nigeria in 1960 by 1963 we're fully clear of them with our constitution our first constitution following then over the last 20 years even coming into this democratic dispensation I don't know how everybody has absorbed the national assembly from the 1999 constitution if you look at countries like the US between 1999 and present they've made more than 4200 amendments to their constitution is it because Paul Adifaras doesn't want to mention members of his congregation in the national assembly because it is key that even the factory don't have a census even if the president doesn't want a census the national assembly with the act that empowers it has the power to push a census the national assembly has the power to create a constitution that's favourable I don't know why nobody is pointing in their direction they seem to be so aloof with it and especially the national assembly they need to see government like their citizens and everybody just seems to absorb them of their own responsibility which is not constituency projects which is also not provided by the constitution so constituency projects is a direct anomaly of what they are supposed to do for me Nigeria's problem is the national assembly if we do not get the national assembly right we cannot have a country Paul mostly talked about education and I think that was the last thing that was in that video he talked about education and he says that I'd like to quote him that it is deliberate that education was killed somewhat in the south in the north he's literally talking about the whole country that it was deliberate tactics that now if you want to access good education you need to be able to afford a private education for you to be able to get something that is as close as good education but then he's saying that why can't our leaders have access to education because he thinks that if we are educated then we would be able to ask the right questions so I'm putting this to you again we have SDG goals that we're supposed to meet as a country we haven't even scratched the surface we look at our budget and the monies that are earmouts for education it's like a drop in the bucket could he be right that maybe this is a deliberate attempt or could it be that maybe we as a people do not necessarily prioritize education as much he's correct and you know how strongly we the people have accepted that narrative that has been pushed by the political class I mean if Nigerians know we will make more demands most of the things that happen will not happen and even the things that do happen they won't happen the way they should so what they have done and you know I've thought about this they killed elementary school they make tertiary education almost impossible I mean it's deliberate there's no other way to say it's actually very calculated because if they say that education is not important they want to ask why are their children studying abroad why is it that those that are in Nigeria are in schools that you pay seven digits why if it's not important if healthcare is not important for example why do you need to fly abroad to get treatment if it is not important why are you making sure that your children benefits have good education the best with taxpayers money do you understand so they know what they're doing and you know with this miseducation so it's not just the lack of education when they pretend to educate they miseducate the people so we have people saying oh like for example in river states I work on radio and you hear people say oh is Buhari everything is Buhari then I ask them so river state has been state for how many years now how many northerners have sat in your state assembly nobody will answer how many northerners have sat as governments nobody will answer how many northerners have represented you at the national assembly nobody will answer so how is it that the north of Buhari is your problem so there is the miseducation part of it and that is where the politicians go hard they make sure that the people are blinded to the basic things that they are supposed to provide and just create all this when I hear people say there's religious I don't know what they call it there's no bias anywhere it's what they're trading and people are blinded because they are miseducating people you know deliberately I mean look at the NSAS protest for example the church was there the mosque was there people were there and everybody was alright so where is the division that they preach or they talk about politicians come and they want to divide that's part of their miseducation plan they always come up with that division along ethnic, religious, political it's all rubbish and we ask the question all the time why is it that they don't quarrel among themselves when it's time to buy new cars for themselves when it's time to have a good life on taxed spheres, blood and money they're together it's beautiful Nigeria is okay but when it starts to touch them then they say oh the people need to understand they will need to make sacrifices so yes they have killed education and you know it pains me that when you hear callers on radio I heard the state government a few days ago saying I provided this 17,000 desks and chairs for family schools and one question I asked was how many family schools do we have so that the pricing can only say only 17,000 I don't understand so what are we doing so what we're doing is this and I was telling someone a few days ago what we're doing especially in a state like river studies that was setting the state backwards in like 50 years because if there's no education and the young people here see that militancy works aggression works that's the path they're going to follow and they kind of understand because that's the model they see and it's working it's effective, you work hard as a militant whatever it is that you do you break the law, you're able to shoot people you're able to hit gangster, terrorize people then something maybe a councillor local government chairman you get into the house assembly traditional rule or something so that's what they're doing they know what they're doing and it's daily break so I think it's important that political parties do the right thing and that we have what they call NOA I don't know what they're doing I don't know what they're doing don't get us started let's not go there don't get us started on anyway that's a different conversation it's for another day they're not funded they're not funded but do they earn a salary every month do their bosses get some from impress so yeah I'm sure that they're included in the budget every other month so where does the money go that's why I said it's a conversation for another day because we do not have a lot of time I think that we can also help them because if people know better they will do better do you understand so if civil society for example and other private individuals can say let's fund NOA let's support them, let's have these town halls and let them come and talk to people and they drag people in with some incentives, maybe lunch or something so they start to hear the truth and until we do that until they bring me start to educate people my dream is not going to go anywhere there's no amount of elections nothing will work the people are educated maybe you and I will kill universities then what is it that we have nothing maybe we need to start to go fund me for NOA but unless that, my last question is to you because we're almost out of time Paso Polatifarassan talked about the fact that we are leaving on a false hope of sorts that we think that our country is rich and he went ahead to say we are poor we are debt poor as a country that we keep deceiving ourselves that we are a rich nation but we're debt poor and I'm thinking to myself we know that we've been in and out of recession, the Naira I always keep saying has taken a deep dive I mean literally our money doesn't have any standing side by side with the dollar or the pound sterling we're facing a very tough time but do you think that the average Nigerian thinks that we are a rich country, why do we think that and what role is the government playing in that falsehood in closing? Well like you said the same poor education that is what is making people and I would have expected that and if I say that what British educated came from a rich home haven't run a church for God knows how long and has prospered in the system to properly educate the people as to the fact that and I always said it, maybe I've said in your program before and I was attacked Nigeria is a rich country and the important thing is that we respect so much from Nigeria, so much so that we don't understand Nigeria is a rich country we are talking about wrong education, yes what is the cost and what is your contribution to education this is a country where we respect free education and of course the university level is a free education we are having in this country talking about the government universities so how do you want to measure up with the British and the University of Serbia is playing 9,000 pounds as in citizens it used to be three before the Vikamero make it 9,000 pounds so how do you measure up so Nigeria is a poor country truly unfortunately the aspect of corruption has ever has concluded that the fact that this corruption is life and so people now look at the corruption angle of we think that we are a rich country Nigeria is a very poor country and that is where we look at what is our GDP compared to our population yes we are talking about our population is not correct but even if you look at our GDP to population divide it Nigeria sells 1.2 million 2.1 million per day let's even show we are 150 million people let's say the main source of income is oil and we sell just about 2.1 million per day on the population of about 150 million people let me take 150 million how much is that Saudi Arabia sells 8 million per day a population of about 30 million people so I want to compare and each time we make that wrong analysis and wrong comparison and unfortunately because government is not true to their words because government do not have that moral bargain to really tell Nigeria look this is a poor country they came giving us false sense of hope so today we have cheap fuel in Nigeria we are first cheap fuel even in the countries that are rich do not sell cheap fuel but we are better with them free and what is the contribution of the church look I am a Christian and I want to talk about the church we don't have time Alastair I am so sorry we are out of time we are out of time I am so sorry I am so sorry we have to go Alastair I am so sorry we have to go I could lay just in a sentence because we are totally out of time my guys are saying we have to go we spoke when Paula De Farris spoke about education what is actually lacking in Nigeria is political education how many of us have read the institution I love the way the middle class just absorbs the self of responsibility of what it created I think we can close with that I want to thank everybody we have raised a broadcast journalist of the Electoral College Alastair Wilcox is a political analyst thank you very much ladies and gentlemen for being part of this conversation thank you well we will take a short break thank you all for staying with us when we come back the House of Representatives takes a step to reduce defections in the political terrain of the country how do they want to do that we will tell you when we come back