And despite the long title and the long name here, our Lousel is actually encryption with short ciphertext. So if you can remember our contribution in that way, I would appreciate most. So what is our contribution here? I would like to summarize in one slide first. In this paper, we construct a functional encryption scheme with constant ciphertext, like the title said. And we got a scheme with adaptive security and a scheme that support policy for negation formula. But our scheme came up with a satisfying anonymity.  But there are a lot of application of non-anonymous and I will talk about that later on. So here is our talk, our life today. I would like to explain first about background on functional encryption and next to our contributions. And finally, we will go to difficulties of constructing such a scheme with constant ciphertext and how we solve them. I will not go into details. I just leave the scheme description and so on in the paper and I just speak here for the intuition. So first, background before functional encryption. We have a public key encryption. That's why we are here in PKSC conference. And there is ID based encryption where any ID can be used as public key, like Alice at gmail.com and so on. And there is more advanced encryption called attributes encryption where you can use any policy as a public key, like if you want a president or a manager that has more than 35 can be equipped. You just specify that policy as a public key. And of course, it should have the universal public key or it's called a public parameter to digitize the system first at first. So what is functional encryption? It's a further generalization of attributes encryption and ID based encryption. Its definition is as follow. Functional encryption for function F where F is a Boolean function that evaluates to zero or two or zero or one. And the point is that the key will be correspond to what I call a key attribute X and ciphertext will correspond to ciphertext attribute Y. And this key can be used to decrypt this ciphertext if the function of F of X and Y evaluates to one. So it also known as predicate encryption by cat's high waters or generalized ID based encryption by Bonnet Humboldt. So F E generalized IBE and ABE in the following way. In IBE the underlying function F IBE is defined in such a way that it evaluates to one if two inputs ID dash and ID is equal. So it evaluates if it equals. So and attribute based encryption it evaluates the underlying function is evaluates to one if attribute is satisfied P. It is quite simple and for the definition and it generalize many more encryption primitive. So what motivate us to study about this functional encryption? Because functional encryption is a new perspective of encryption. So we can think of some complex system like crowd environment in the trash where we want a set access control over our data database and in traditional solution we have many keys. So we have many complex key management, complex database and up on that we have to define some access control mechanism separately from encrypt data. So it's not so nice. But if you use functional encryption access control is enabled by encryption mechanism itself and security is guaranteed by that. So it's nice. And our focus is functional encryption for zero inner product similar to test the high waters in zero, zero or eight. Okay, in your equipment. So what is functional encryption for zero inner product? It's defined by the following. The key will correspond to vector X and the ciphertext will correspond to the vector Y of length N and the function is evaluated to one if it's in a product it will evaluate to zero. So we can call it also zero inner product encryption or zero APE for short. So why we are studying this inner product encryption? Because it has useful instance which is a functional encryption for polynomial evaluation. So in this case the key will correspond to a polynomial F, a small F here and the ciphertext will correspond to a value set and the definition is that it evaluates to one if the value of FC is zero. So we can construct this from inner product encryption by use the vector X as a coefficient vector of a polynomial F and vector Y as a, the power vector of various set. So that the inner product of X and Y is evaluated to FC and we can have this polynomial evaluation and it can be generalized to multi-variate polynomial also and it has a dual case which is a ciphertext policy type where the ciphertext will correspond to policy. And so why we are studying that polynomial evaluation because it actually implies functional encryption for policy satisfaction. So if you want like in this first line of policy, if you want all policy you just implement by using the F set of the multiplication of set minus I1 multiplied by set minus I2. So you have all by doing that and you can have and also like this R is the random number and it extends to a general CNF or DNF formula like in Castahay waters. So that is a motivation of inner product encryption in general and since we are going to speak about adaptive security let me explain about that adaptive security. So it actually similar to IDE case where adversary will get the public key and he will receive this challenge ciphertext and at any time he can ask for the key of X if F of X and Y star is zero which cannot be used for decrypt challenge ciphertext and this query can be asked anytime so we call that adaptive security. So there is also selective security notion where it's exactly the same except that adversary has to announce the challenge vector Y star before looking at the public key, public parameter. So it's weaker and we want adaptive security more than this selective security. So I will move next to our contributions in this paper. Previously for zero inner product encryption Castahay waters and Takashima Okamoto in Azure Crypt propose a scheme with ciphertext size of linear size. So it's quite long and not so efficient in size and they got only selective security. Here in our contribution we reduce ciphertext size to only constant and obtain adaptive security but we have to trade of anonymity out. So our scheme is not anonymous and indeed we send the ciphertext attribute Y in clear. Yeah, so that is straight up. And independently Leukosahay waters and Takashima Okamoto we will present in next week your trip with another scheme with adaptive security but ciphertext is still linear size but they got anonymity. So the question arise here that anonymity is actually the problem or not. The answer is that there are a lot of application that we don't need anonymous. For example, if you consider this encryption database in like cloud storage, at least want to search or attain ciphertext to her. And if you use non-anonymous FE at least just evaluating the F of X and YJ if it is true or false, which could be really efficient. But if you use anonymous FE, the ciphertext attribute YJ is not in clear. So at least must decrypt all the ciphertext to see if it intends to her or not. So the decryption might be actually generally more inefficient than evaluating F of XY. So maybe if you want efficiency, not anonymity, it may be better to use non-anonymous FE. So we also have a side contribution from our first contribution, which is a adaptive ID-based broadcast encryption with constant size ciphertext. Previously, Gentry and Waters got the scheme IBBE, which is adaptive secure, but ciphertext are either linear size or the proof is in random or commodal, but we got both. And our second, I will move to our second contribution, which is functional encryption for non-zero inner product. It's actually the negation of zero inner product encryption, where you can guess from the name that decryption can be done when the inner product of X and Y is not zero. So it's kind of like a evocation and a rock of FE for zero inner product. So what is the application of non-zero IP? It's actually imply functional encryption for non-zero polynomial evaluation, which actually imply FE for policy and satisfaction. So you can get functional encryption for NOR or NAND policy, like we wrote it here. For example, if you want policy of NOR, you can just implement the polynomial evaluation, which is non-zero by the first line of that implementation. And it actually extends to general CNF-DNF formula with negation. So, but for the case of FE for non-zero inner product, we couldn't achieve adaptive security. We achieved what we call co-selective security. It's actually do our case of selective security in the sense that it's actually the same, but the challenge can be adaptively chosen by the adversary at any time after the public key. But however, the query have to be asked first before seeing the public key. So it's kind of like do our case of selective security. And this is incomparable in general, but in some case, co-selective security will be stronger notion. And let's see, later on. And for our second contribution, we proposed this constant size suffatex non-zero IPE with co-selective security. And we have also site contribution from this, which is a ID-based evocation scheme. Until now, only Lugosa High Waters and other scheme also, actually. All the schemes until now, achieve a suffatex size only linear in the number of rework user. But we got a scheme with constant size suffatex, but we have to trade off the key. And we also present a scheme with the trade off of suffatex and key. And you can see the Lugosa High Waters scheme and our scheme to be a extreme on the spectrum of the trade off, actually. And we got the security, which is co-selective, which is actually slightly stronger in the case of revocation. And in the third contribution, we proposed a functional encryption for F5 spare inclusion, which is called spatial encryption in Bonet-Hamblouc, Azure Crypt zero eight. Actually, I will gonna skip this slide, but I just want to explain that in Bonet-Hamblouc is selective security, but our is adaptive secure. So I will go to the next part to talk about the difficulty of achieving constant size suffatex scheme and how we solve them. So here is our approach overview. We have a warm up scheme as a selective zero inner product encryption first. And we will use dual system encryption of waters last year to get the adaptive security. So it's kind of like a generalization of IBE case to functional encryption case. So there are two problems here because we don't have a selective secure scheme first. And this generalization is actually non-trivial as the first place. For the first problem, we just show implication from spatial encryption, but we will omit the detail here and go to the main part here, which is the problem of generalization dual system encryption to functional encryption case. So since we want to use dual system encryption, I will re-rule that first. The concept of dual system encryption is that there are two types of keys and ciphertext in the scheme which call a normal and semi-functional type. The point is that both types are indistinguishable to each other, but if you use semi-functional key to decrypt semi-functional ciphertext, it will fail. So from this idea, they prove adaptive security of water scheme by using the game hopping as follow. It begins with the real game and end up with the game queue here in the right hand side. In the game queue here, the challenge ciphertext and all the key queries are of the semi-functional type. So from the definition concept here, the keys cannot be used to decrypt. So advantage of adversary could be zero in the last game. So we can prove security from that. And the point for adaptive security is that simulator can produce keys for any identity ID. So we can have adaptive security from that. But actually there is some paradox to solve and this is the most difficult part of your system encryption which I explained briefly as follow. In the proof between game i minus one and game i, we have the simulation that interpolate to each a game. And the simulator can construct a key which is unknown type. It could be semi-functional or normal, depending on the problem instance to the simulator, which for example decision linear as in water scheme. But if the simulator can produce a semi-functional ciphertext, I don't have pointers here, that semi-functional ciphertext, it can actually distinguish the game i minus one and game i by itself by just decrypt the challenge ciphertext with the key of unknown type. If it fail, it should be game i. And if it not fail, it should be game i minus one. So it's kind of like paradox because the simulator can distinguish itself. So there's no point of reduction. So how water solved that is, he used a scheme with the notion of tag, is the tag of ciphertext and tag of key, tag c and tag k here. And he set up the scheme so that the script can be done only when the tag c is not equal to tag k. And in the simulation, the simulator is constructing such a way that he can simulate only at the tag c, which is equal to f of id and tag k also the same value. So the tag of ciphertext and key will end up with the same value. So he cannot test by itself. So the point here is here, which is the heart of the system encryption. So we are back to the difficulty of generalize this dual system encryption to our functional encryption. So it's not clear at the first place that how we should generalize. So difficulty begin with, we have to consider a critical case. So in the IBE case, the critical case is only one such id that equal to id star. So it's kind of like not so complex, but in the functional encryption case, we have to consider critical case of x, which that is in a product with y star is equal to zero, which there are many super polynomial, many such x. So this FE is much richer structure and it's more difficult to do. So this is difficulty of generalization to functional encryption case. So how we do that, here's the idea. We set up the scheme so that the encryption can be done only when the tag of ciphertext is not equal to the inner product of tag k and y star. I mean y, the vector y for the ciphertext. And we call this is aggregate tag and we look back to the IBE case to set up the system for this decryption condition. Waters use his id-based revocation inside the scheme. So to generalize this to aggregate tag, we use the notion of non-zero IPE of tags. So it's kind of like confusing at first, but if you summarize, you see the summarize here, summarization here. You can see the similarity from IBE wall to FE wall. Waters use Leuco-Sahai waters, id-based revocation, which is negative analog to prove security of adaptive IBE. But our scheme use non-zero IPE, which is the negative analog of zero IPE to prove adaptive security of our adaptive zero inner product encryption. So this is why our two contribution is relayed like this. I will not go to the detail of how to use non-zero IPE to prove contribution one, but I will go to the problem three, which is how we can generalize id-based revocation to construct non-zero IPE. We can't emphasize ciphertext. So I will review that revocation scheme first. So actually it's quite detailed here. I will speak only the simplified form with one revoke user. So the intuition of revocation scheme of Leuco-Sahai waters is that the decryption can be done when the id and id- is not the same. So you can see this denominator here. We can compute when it's not equal. So the revocation can be done. But behind the scene is that we have abstract interpretation like this. Actually the key and the ciphertext will form a two equation system like this and decrypt condition is actually equivalent to solve the system, which is equivalent to that determinant of m is not equal zero, which is actually the value of id minus id dash. So we got that intuition behind the scene here. And since we are going to generalize to n dimension, we will look at the case of n revoke user. In that case, they set up the n systems of local two equation here like this. And I will speak briefly about the difficulty of constructing non-zero IPE from the n revoke user, id-based revocation. There are two difficulties here because the first one is that decryption condition is generalization. In the id-based revocation case, we can decompose to n systems. But in the inner product encryption, all n dimension are correlated, correlated. So it's non-trivial. And even we can use the technique from LSW, the scheme of content, I mean linear size, ciphertext. So we have to use some new technique here and we propose a technique called n equations technique. We use the system of n equations. And we have a problem here of constant size ciphertext and how to define the metric so that the system is solvable when the inner product is not zero. And we solve this by do some kind of trick here but I am not going to say the detail. You can look at the paper and we got the FSEC interpretation here and we transform back to the algorithm and we got the scheme. So here is the complete view of our contributions in the paper. We also have another one but I will neglect here. Here is the summary. We propose FEE functional encryption for zero inner product. Previously it's linear size ciphertext and selective security. We propose a scheme with constant size ciphertext with adaptive security but without anonymity. Under decision linear in prime order group and it extends somehow and we also do that for non-zero inner product also. So thank you very much. That's all. Thank you.


Okay, so good morning, and thank you very much for this opportunity. I'd like to thank the organizers of this conference for the chance here to speak to you today about the dynamics of 2D turbulence in magnetically-confined Tokamak plasmas. So I've noticed that there isn't too much coverage of magnetically-confined plasmas at this conference, so I'm going to take a little step back and review some of the basics of it, kind of put the problem in context, why it is we care about turbulence in fusion plasmas. Just a brief introduction, again, I'm George McKee. I work with the University of Wisconsin, but I work at the D3D National Fusion Facility, which is located at General Atomics in San Diego, California. So why do we care about turbulence? Well, it turns out that it's a critical issue for the development of fusion energy, which has been a goal for many scientists for a long time. It turns out that it's a very fundamental and basic topic to plasma science, fusion energy sciences, and ultimately the development of fusion energy. So the reason we care about it is because turbulence drives radial cross-field transport of particles, energy, and momentum across the magnetically-confining surfaces, and ultimately it helps set a fundamental parameter, which is called the global energy confinement time. This is basically how well the plasma keeps the heat and particles inside of it, and as a result of turbulence, there is a significant reduction in the energy confinement time relative to what would happen from basic neoclassical processes, and ultimately this determines the size and cost of fusion reactors. I show you here a picture of the Iter Tokamak, which is under construction in catarache France. It's a very large international project. It's designed to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion energy, but its size is quite large. There's a canonical person down here, you probably can't even see him because he's too small. The scales of this are tens of meters, and that's basically driven by the fundamentals of the energy confinement, which come down to the turbulence that's inside the plasma. But more fundamentally, and perhaps of more interest to this community, is that the turbulence is a highly complex system. It exhibits strongly nonlinear dynamics across multiple spatial and temporal scales, and the plasma turbulence is largely two-dimensional, not entirely, there are important 3D effects, but it can be described largely as two-dimensional in nature, and therefore has some strong connections to fluid dynamics, planetary, atmospheric, geophysics, and astrophysics. So just to be a little more particular in this, some of the commonalities between plasma turbulence and, say, planetary or fluid turbulence, such as atmospheres, you have a very similar phenomenon of having rotation sources, whether it's Coriolis or the Lorentz force in a magnetized plasma. You have energy sources sort of in the middle of the plasma or at the equator. Common physical equations, Hasagawa Mima in plasmas versus the Charniyokukov in planetary plasmas. Rospy waves are very analogous to drift waves in plasma. Then, of course, you have large-scale flows, zonal flows, we call them in plasmas, or jet streams as you might see in planetary atmospheres. And I'll be talking about measurements of some of these parameters later. So how do we end up with large turbulence in a magnetically confined plasma? Well, in order to achieve the conditions required for fusion energy, you have to have a very hot core, typically the center, you want it to be on the order of 15 kilo-electron volts in order to sustain the nuclear fusion reactions. Correspondingly, there's a relatively high density, and so you end up with a system that at the core has a pressure close to one atmosphere. It turns out it's coincidentally about a million times hotter than the atmosphere, but also about a million times less dense, but around one to ten atmospheres in a reactor at the core. This drops off to near zero at the edge, and we essentially have the vacuum condition. This leads to very large pressure gradients that vary, and when combined with the magnetic geometry, lead to very strong gradients in both separately the density, ion temperature, electron temperature, and flow velocity, which can also be a stabilizing factor. This in turn drives turbulence in multiple fields, density, temperature, electrostatic potential, and magnetic fields, which then drives cross-field transport of the various kinetic properties, density, temperature, etc., which then feeds back on and limits the gradients that are allowed to be sustained in the plasma. There's sort of a fundamental nature to this turbulence. It has both an electrostatic and electromagnetic component, and they both add up and result in a particle flux and a heat flux. And there's some exotic names for some of the specific instabilities that arise, ion temperature, electron temperature gradient modes, trapped electron modes, etc., that arise because of the specific geometry, the kinetic particle populations, etc. The basic nature of this is that it's similar to turbulence in any system, that you have some sort of driving force or driving scale. In this case, there's energy that goes in at around the ion gyro radius, and for a typical magnetically confined plasma, this can be on the order of several millimeters, and then that energy gets dissipated through your standard forward cascade to high k, dissipated regimes, but because it's largely two-dimensional in nature, you also have an inverse cascade to a low wave number and ultimately leading to the development of stabilizing or saturating zonal flow phenomena, and we'll talk more about that later. This has been observed experimentally. Here's a wave number spectrum from the Tor Supra experiment in Catarache, France, and they've seen the wave number does seem to have a break point at sort of near the ion gyro radius, so this makes some sense. And I'll be showing you some more experimental data later that sort of supports that viewpoint. So where are we making these measurements? I realize people may not be so familiar with the facility here. So this is the D3D National Fusion Facility. It's a Tokamak facility operated again at General Atomics in San Diego, and it's designed to ultimately do the science behind developing fusion energy systems, and it has several major elements to the research program. It pursues sort of fundamental fusion science, which includes a study of turbulence, alphanic modes, energetic particle modes, magnetohydrodynamics, et cetera. It also addresses some specific issues towards the technology of developing fusion energy and also optimizing the plasma confinement sort of for a given magnetic field, which tends to be expensive, how much pressure can you contain in there by optimizing the current density, the kinetic profiles, et cetera. One thing I wanted to highlight to this community is that we have started just this past year, a so-called Frontier Science Campaign, and this is basically a campaign that opens up the facility to basic plasma science that may not be, or in fact, in principle, it's not connected to the fusion application, but perhaps can be done in the toroidal geometry with the parameters and the heating systems and the diagnostic systems that we have available. So we actually reached out to a community from universities and national labs at work in related fields, but not necessarily directly in fusion energy to pursue some fundamental topics in, again, turbulence and alphanic instabilities, flux ropes, there's reconnection physics, et cetera. And this will be continuing next year, so if people have ideas and are interested in doing this work, it's sort of a new experimental campaign but it seems to be successful after its first year. So I'm not going to go through this in detail. I just wanted, in a sense, convey how seriously we take turbulence in magnetically confined plasmas. We've developed a very wide range of diagnostics, microwave-based, optically-based systems that measure a range of fields, density, temperature, electron temperature, ion temperature, magnetic fields and electrostatic potential over a range of different scales that are relevant to turbulent transport. So you could spend hours just going through the various systems. I'm not going to do that here, but I want to let you know that these do exist and we work in concert to obtain these measurements in a wide range of experiments to understand the role and impact of turbulence on the magnetically confined plasmas. Again, I'm not going to go into too much detail, but the data I'm going to be showing you for the rest of this talk was primarily obtained with a density fluctuation diagnostic called beam emission spectroscopy. It's an optical diagnostic system that observes emissions from a heating neutral beam that are excited but not ionized by plasma collisions. They emit a photon that's observed spectroscopically and then with high-speed optics detectors, we measure the localized density characteristics because emission density can be related directly to the local density fluctuations in the plasma. So for what I'll be showing today, we've deployed a 2D grid because, again, the turbulence primarily is two-dimensional in nature and that's primarily in the so-called radial direction. That's horizontal in this orientation and the poloidal or azimuthal direction, which is sort of vertical in this direction here. The characteristic scales of the turbulence are, again, a couple centimeters, so we have about one centimeter resolution in this radial poloidal plane. So you can think of it, it's about the size of your hand, the detection zone that we're looking at. And we locate it near the outside edge of the plasma here because that's where there is a particularly strong turbulence effects. It's where particles and energy get transported out of the plasma into the surrounding zone. So what does the turbulence look like? I don't typically show raw data, but I thought since you're a turbulence community you could probably appreciate that. So here's some actual raw traces. This is a 300-microsecond time window from three poloidally adjacent channels showing the turbulence here and how it evolves. So primarily it looks like noise, it is the turbulence. And you can actually see that there's pretty high coherence among these three different spatially separated channels. In fact, if you measure the coherence, it can be up to 0.8 or so between these channels and is being uniformly convicted across the plasma or as a mutally by background E cross B forces. So that leads to a finite convection and a so-called phase shift between these poloidally adjacent channels. So these measurements are fairly high quality. They allow us to look at the dynamics in 1D and two dimensions near the edge of this plasma. So here's a couple of images. There are a set of images that were obtained in a so-called L-mode plasma in D3D. Each of these frames is separated by four microseconds. We use kind of an interpolation method to colorize the pictures and show the advancement, but keep in mind that the original data is obtained on an 8x8 grid. And if you follow some of the individual structures, I'll show you a movie in a moment, but you can kind of see them advecting from frame to frame. And it's very asymmetric radially and vertically, so I want to point that out and just orient you ahead of time. So the horizontal direction is a radial direction sort of going out from the hot core to the cold edge and the vertical direction is the azimuthal direction. That's sort of along a confining magnetic flux surface. There's a background advection in the plasma, again coming from an E cross B flow that you'll be able to see in the visualization. So here I'm going to show you the... Let's see how this works. Okay, this is an actual movie and it's advancing at the rate of 10 microseconds per second of real time, so it's got an inflation factor of 10 to the fifth year. And you can see the individual eddy structures, they're sort of advecting upwards. It's sort of the dominant kinetic that your eye will catch. But you can see that there's a lot of complex interactions going on within the plasma. You see eddies sometimes merging together and sometimes kind of tearing apart. There is a shear flow in the background here which interacts strongly with the eddy structures. And again, you can see visually that the structures have a few centimeter correlation length. This is directly traceable back to the ion gyro radius in the magnetic field as sort of the fundamental length scale, which is again a few millimeters typically in these conditions. But there's a very strong asymmetry between the radial and the poloidal dynamics and also with the correlation lengths as it turns out. So you can watch these for a long time. But the question is what can we determine from the dynamics of the turbulence? So we're going to apply some analysis techniques that actually were developed in fluid mechanics to try to infer some... or quantify some of the detailed dynamics of the turbulent eddy structures and ultimately how they're resulting in the cross-field transport of particles and density. So here this quantifies the images, the spectra in a little more detail. Again, you like looking at spectra. So these are time average spectra at several locations. The parameter, the spatial parameter here is the so-called normalized minor radius where one is the boundary of the plasma, zero will be the core of the plasma. So you can see there's a very strong variation in both the amplitude as well as the spectral shape across the plasma. You get a combination of both local amplitude and e-cross speed Doppler shift effects that change the frequency. The fluctuation amplitude has a large dynamic range. At the very edge of the plasma it can be up to near 10%. That's the n tilde over n, the equilibrium density. So you get this sort of turbulence, virtual turbulence storm near the boundary of the plasma. Then it can drop down below 1% within just a few centimeters spatially or about 20% of the minor radius. And this very strong edge turbulence might in fact be a source of the spreading that might impact core confinement in a stronger way than we might think. You heard about this, Paxu Ham presented this talk on Monday or Tuesday on this topic. And we think that perhaps this very large edge turbulence is a source of that avalanche spreading of turbulence into the core. Some of the other spatial characteristics are shown here. This is a radial correlation function where I've taken a reference channel in the middle of the array, and you can see that there's a radially asymmetric function here. And this can be traced back to the ion gyro- sorry, ion gyro radius being shorter on one side rather than the other side because there is a strong temperature gradient at this region of the plasma. And colloidally you have this wave-like structure. This shows that there's a very strong asymmetry in the radial and colloidal structure of the turbulence. And here this shows a full 2D map of that. So you have this sort of wave-like structure in the azimuthal or colloidal direction and a sort of monotonically decaying radial structure. Again, showing you the strong... And we can invert these and look at the S of K structures and do that routinely. I'm not going to show that right here, but one of the things I claimed earlier was that the ion gyro-radius was sort of a fundamental scaling parameter. And I just wanted to show you some data that backs that up. So we did experiments where we varied the ion gyro-radius by varying the confining magnetic field and other dimensionless variables were held constant. And when we did that, we saw that the measured correlation length of the turbulence scaled just with the ion gyro-radius. So if you look at the normalized ratio of plasma turbulence correlation length to the gyro-radius, you see a fairly flat uniform dependence, about a factor of 5 there. But again, it does change quite a bit numerically. Likewise, the temporal decorrelation time can be measured. Tends to be on the order of about 5 to 10 or 20 microseconds. But it scales with this so-called gyro-kinetic time scale, which comes from the underlying theory of how turbulence is driven in these plasmas. And you can see that the... you can see the parameters quite a bit. When you normalize it to this parameter, you get fairly uniform normalization of the temporal decorrelation time. And this can be thought of as sort of a turnover time or any lifetime, which is important, very important, for how rapidly it convects energy and particles. Here's also some measurements with a much different diagnostic technique on a different machine, but this lineup, when it's normalized properly, gives you some support for the idea that this is a good normalizing factor and you're getting similarly or self-similar turbulence on much different machines with different measurement techniques. So, looking a little more critically and quantitatively at the dynamics, we've applied some villosimetry techniques to the data. These techniques have been developed in fluid mechanics, and they... we particular... oops, sorry about that. We use a particular technique called orthogonal dynamic programming. It results in a velocity field, basically a radial-polloidal field that's a function of space and time, and it shows us a lot of the dynamics of these turbulent eddy structures. Again, we apply this to the data. It gives us a V of r, z, and t. And from these measurements, then we can infer quantities such as zonal flow behavior, the Reynolds stress, particle flux, vorticity, entropy, et cetera. And interpret, again, some of the dynamics of the turbulence here. So, I'm not going to go through this in detail. This is just the technique as it was developed in fluid mechanics, particularly to look at particle imaging villosimetry. It turns out to apply fairly well to the much lower spatial resolution, but sort of the blobby or smoke-like structure of the turbulent eddy structures. So, this is similar background images to what I showed you earlier, but now I'm superimposing on top of that the velocity field, a 2D vector, again, in r and z. And when I show you the movie of this, you can see that there's some very unique dynamics, again, some differences in the radial and colloidal structure that are very important to the particle transport that results from this. So, this is actually a different plasma from the one I showed you earlier. So, actually, the background turbulent eddies are behaving in a somewhat different fashion. One thing you'll note is that there's sort of a natural shear flow that develops in this plasma. You can see a very strong sort of vertically upwards advection at this one radius, and then just a few centimeters over, you actually see a downward advection of the turbulent eddies. So, it's a very strong shear layer that's developing right across this area here. And this turns out to be very important for a phenomenon that's known as the low confinement to high confinement transition. This plasma is about to undergo such a transition. And you'll see the turbulence get very large. The eddy structures are getting increasing in amplitude and getting torn apart by this shear layer. And then very quickly, it gets suppressed. And now you see a much quieter turbulence zone. And at some point, there's a whole story behind the Reynolds stress that's driven by the turbulence and how it drives the flows that ultimately trigger this transition. I'm not going to go into that in detail here other than to just mention that in passing. But now we have this 2D flow field that's derived from these measurements and looking at how the individual eddy structures convect in space and time. And we're going to apply, look at the distribution of these velocities in more detail. So, here's some spectra, long time averaged windows of the velocity. So, this is not now the density turbulence, but the inferred velocity. So, here's a radial velocity spectrum and a poloidal velocity spectrum. And you can see there's much different characteristics between the two. Spatially, this sort of makes sense. If you increase the separation between the point measurements, these are cross-power spectra.  And it's kind of a broadband spectrum extending up to a few hundred kilohertz. In the poloidal direction, we have a much different structure. Again, there's sort of a more rapidly decaying broadband structure, but then there's this somewhat coherent mode at low frequency. And we didn't know this at the time, but it turns out that this is a feature called a geodesic acoustic mode, which is driven by the turbulence and actually acts to self-stabilize. But again, this shows the strong radial and azimuthal or poloidal asymmetry in the turbulence, because this structure does not show up at all in the radial velocity. So on the time scale, the movie I showed you back here, you wouldn't see this mode. It's about a 15 kilohertz oscillation and so about a 70 microsecond period. So you don't see it by eye, but it's going on in the background, kind of oscillating up and down at relatively low amplitude. But nevertheless, it comes out quite clearly when you do these long-time average spectra. And this feature turns out to be critical to the oscillation mechanism of turbulence. So this turbulence is here, but is it important? Is it actually convecting particles and transport? It's not immediately obvious that it is, but so we interpreted both the density... Sorry. Pardon me. I'm learning how to use this. Both the density and the radial velocity component that's inferred from the velocimetry techniques to get a inferred particle flux. And an important quantity is the phase relationship between the density and the radial velocity. And again, from the density field alone, we don't know what the underlying dynamics are because there's an important but unmeasured quantity here, which is the electrostatic potential, but we assume that there is some E cross B motion, and if it's phased in such a way, then you can get some net outward flux. And when we do this ensemble-averaged measurement here, we do in that indeed see it there is a net radially outward particle flux over the last 10% of the minor radius. So that turbulence I was showing you earlier is in fact moving the particles from the core of the plasma out across the separatrix into the boundary zone. This is the sort of magnetic boundary here at unity minor radius. So this last 10% of the minor radius is a particularly critical zone where the turbulence is basically mixing and conveying the particles and therefore the energy and momentum they carry out into the separatrix. And it gives us, it tells us a lot about the unmeasured electrostatic potential, but that is very important for these measurements. And separate measurements with probes that can both measure the density and electrostatic potential directly give a similar result. So we can see this. Now just to, this is sort of a qualitative impact, but if you look at the raw data signals, you see another factor about how this transport is taking place. It turns out that the skewness of the probability distribution function of the turbulence changes very rapidly across this boundary zone near the edge of the plasma. So the skewness here, again toward the third moment of the probability distribution function is slightly negative inside, just inside the plasma, but it's statistically negative. The error bars are small enough that this is below zero. It then gets very negative right inside the separatrix and then quickly changes sign at the separatrix, the boundary, and then goes positive here. And because of the 2D array and because it was not perfectly aligned with the magnetic geometry, several more data points had effectively higher spatial resolution. These are shown in blue. And they kind of show a very consistent story of a rapidly changing skewness. And you can see this sort of qualitatively by eye in the raw data here. You see this sort of negatively spiking density of plasma sort of developing, and then right at the boundary it becomes more Gaussian-like. And then in the scrape-off or boundary region you actually have these positive structures. So this is sort of qualitative evidence that you do have this mixing and the sort of scooping of the particles from inside to outside as a result of the turbulence there. So, how am I in time? A couple minutes? Okay, that's good. One more topic here. A question comes up as to when you have these strong gradients in this geometry, how does the turbulence stabilize itself? And I mentioned earlier the observation of this geodesic acoustic mode. But for many years the theorists in our community were asking us to try to find this elusive so-called zonal flow. And it was predicted theoretically, basically the underlying mechanism is that the turbulence in the jet stream, and this was predicted to be critical to the stabilization of the turbulence, essentially the saturation mechanism. And the basic nature of this zonal flow is that it's basically a potential of radially localized but as a mutally-anteroidally uniform potential structure that results in a radial electric field that's shown by these black arrows here. And then in a magnetically confined plasma you have an E cross B flow that kind of goes up and down locally. And essentially the concept is that the turbulence drives this flow which then shears the turbulence so it actually has a self-stabilizing mechanism. But did this actually exist in the plasma? So we went to look for these zonal flow phenomena and what we found was in the poloidal velocity spectrum, as I showed you earlier these very coherent modes that had the features of this theoretically predicted geodesic acoustic mode. Then we looked at the frequency of this mode it turned out to match very closely with the predicted gam frequency. There's a slight offset which might come from geometric factors but basically it depends on the sound speed of the plasma. That's the underlying parameter and the geometry. It scales as CS over A and we showed that experimentally. Also there's a uniformity to this structure so it was observed on a different tokamak here. This is a measurement obtained with a Doppler back-scattering system on the Azdex tokamak. A completely different technique different part of the world but fortunately there was a uniformity to the plasma behavior it also showed this very coherent structure which we've since identified as the geodesic acoustic mode. The question then comes, well this is there but is it actually doing something? And it turns out if you look carefully at the amplitude spectrum of the underlying turbulence, what you do see is that there's an amplitude modulation right at the gam frequency which tells you that yes this geodesic acoustic mode or GAM is in fact modulating and helping to stabilize or saturate the underlying turbulence. And if you look more carefully at the dynamics of it you perform a bispectrum between the density fluctuations, the poloidal density gradient of the fluctuations and the poloidal velocity fluctuations there's a lot of math behind this which I won't go through here but this three-way bispectrum is a measure of energy being transferred within the turbulence spectrum. And when this was evaluated you did indeed see these very clear bands and it's not very clear here but the frequency separation between sort of the f1 equals f2 line here is exactly the gam frequency. And there's a positive band at along here and a negative band below that. And what this says is that the geodesic acoustic mode is basically moving energy from lower frequency to higher frequency in steps of the gam frequency so it again provide further assurance that it wasn't just sitting there in the background but it was in fact helping to mediate and saturate the underlying turbulence there. So just one final note before I conclude most of the pretty much everything I've showed you here today was data measurements of the turbulence but there's been a lot of effort in our field and this came up yesterday in the general public discussion about the collaboration and interactions between the experimental community, theoretical and simulation community. And we've been doing some quantitative comparisons between the measured turbulence spectra and the calculated spectra. There's been very advanced numerical codes. You heard earlier as an expert in these. They've been developed. They can predict quantitatively what the turbulence is like. So we did a comparison between the measured turbulence spectrum which is shown in blue here and then the predicted or calculated spectrum from what's called the gyro code. This is a nonlinear turbulence simulation code in red. This is a quantitative graph. There's no free variables here and it shows that you in fact have very good agreement, very good quantitative agreement between the amplitude and the spectrum of the underlying turbulence there. This is at a mid-radius location of the plasma. If you move out to the edge of the plasma there is somewhat of an anomaly. We found that there was almost a factor of 10 difference. And at this point this is still an unresolved issue. It might be a code issue. There might be something to do with the comparisons but we don't understand why there's such a difference. So there are some significant outstanding problems. Some other codes have done this and they show less of a discrepancy between the measured turbulence and the calculated but it seems to be important and we are working to try to understand that. So then let me just summarize and conclude here. So I hope I've demonstrated to you that plasma turbulence and the resulting cross-field transport is a very important phenomena in magnetically confined plasmas. It drives transport of particles, energy and momentum. Generally this is deleterious to plasma confinement although it can have some benefits such as the transport of impurity particles and other things that you don't want in the core plasma. We've developed many measurement techniques to investigate the properties and it's again largely dimensional in nature which is kind of convenient and gives us a lot of mathematical and physical analogs to like atmospheric turbulence. The turbulence obeys the theoretically predicted spatial temporal scaling with respect to the ion gyro radius which is sort of a fundamental driving parameter here and there's a few beneficial impacts like I showed you it does drive a self-stabilizing or saturating normal flows and it actually helps to trigger a phenomenon that actually improves the confinement of the plasma quite a bit which is kind of a subject of a whole different talk and at least our computational simulations are providing reasonable comparisons although not in all cases as I showed you which are helping to reinforce our predictive capability for the performance of burning plasma reactors but there are many outstanding problems how the turbulence saturates how different fields look and so there's a lot more to do in this area. So I appreciate your time and be happy to answer any questions you might have.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here, late in sports. Guards from TenBox Tuesdays. TenBox honors a football mixer, number 154, random team style. Here's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the website, under the results tab, as well as the link that's currently in chat. So good luck here, everybody. Let's do it. Let me open this first. All right, we'll start with 2019 contenders. 19 contenders. Hold on, Daniel Jones auto out of this, actually. Rookie ticket auto out of this. The other guy. Eric's cheering for the Niners. We got some pretty possibilities in honors and in illusions, prism, and contenders and obsidian. It's pretty much everything other than iMac. Debo, that is 125. There you go. That's pretty solid actually too. There you go. J-Waggs, that's J-Cub, right? Yeah, Jacob. There you go, Jacob. Not a bad start there. A little number Debo action. Round numbers, it's not full. I am very jealous of that, about to obliterate some tacos. 250 points, randoms all at the end. Yeah, there you go, Chris. Kishon Johnson. 95 of 99, different Kishon Johnson. That's K-E-E-S-E-A-N, Johnson. Riley Ridley. Rookie of the Year contenders. Alexander Madison, Rookie of the Year contenders. J-Sternberger for the Packers, nice one there. Rookie Auto, Rookie Ticket Auto. Ed Oliver, nice one there. 249 for the Bills, he's actually a stud. Grats on that Bills. Round numbers again, Marquis Blair and VK. Mikkel Hardman Jr., four of 20 on the, what is that, 2012 throwback? There you go, Chiefs, very cool. Now a member of the Jets, of course this is still a Chiefs guard. Very nice, the Rookie Ticket Autograph. Buggin' here, now these pets getting all over the place. It's stinky. Round numbers again, that's just both the same team. Okay, the year contenders, Nick Bosa. The Niners, Nannis. Devin Bush, N-Base. All right, on to the next box, which will be 21 Chronicles. bathroom shots at Chamar Chase here too, Ty. He's got a kind of couple of 21 products here. Cadarius Tony, that is Plates and Patches, Rookie Jumbo Jersey, the 399, the Giants. G-Men with the Cadarius, Tony. Ponte Treilance, Treilance. The Chase would work, that is Tom Rathman, 19 of 50 Ascension Auto on the fullback. Somebody made a point yesterday, there's Monday Treilance. I'm not saying this is gonna be 100% true, but there's gonna either be a quarterback or a wide receiver auto now. Cause there was that Rathman. There's Kyle Trask. So if you get one of those Ascensions, usually the next one's a bit better. Nice, Chamar Chase, the 199. The Bangles, Fields, Rookie, ETN. Forget who said that, but somebody said that, that that's generally how it runs. Silver, T-Law, nice one there. Prism Black for the Jags, Friar Mief. Red, Amanra, St. Brown, Legacy Update, 299. Lions, another T-Law and a Fields, Clear Vision. Variation, that's a good sign. Tom Brady to 399. Kind of Gainwell and 2-2 Atwell. We've got Redemption, Justin Fields, Gridiron King signatures, going to the Bears. See that's how it runs apparently. The Ascensions run with a quarterback or a receiver. Very nice, congrats on that. There you go, Chicago, Justin Fields, Rookie, Gridiron King signatures, got Chicago. Bears, Matthew Seed, there you go Matthew. That's redemption coming your way. That is, does that expire? Yeah, you got till 2024, so you're good. January of 24. Montay, Tyler Lockett to 25. Kyle Trask and Kyle Pitts. All right, nice little Chronicles box there. We are on to 21 Mosaic choice now. 21 Mosaic choice. Jamar Jefferson, exclusive. That is Jalen Phillips for the Dolphins to 80. Silver of Jared Oaks and Julak Mosaic. Our auto is going to be Ron Dale Moore, Rookie Auto going to the Cardinals. Congrats on that Cardinals. We've got a Cream Hunt to 80 for the Browns to 80 for the Giants, Plasco Burris, and Keenan Allen to 80 for the Chargers, thank you. Thank you, peace. 22 Contenders now, 22 Contenders. Now we'll have the dice rolls probably. Brandon Smith, Rookie Ticket Auto for the Cowboys. The winning ticket is Allen, Allen and Diggs. Travis Kelsey, Game Day. Perins, Touchdown Pandems, Lamar and Bateman. Derek Henry. Ticket stop, Jalen Warren, 26 of 30. There you go, Steelers. Nice one there, Jalen Warren. And Ritter, Rookie of the Year Contenders for the Falcons. Gladiators, Buckus. Akalob Evans to 49. Champ Ticket for the Vikings. Akalob Evans, Rookie Ticket Auto. I have not, no. All right, one, two, three left, four, five, six, right. We'll go for the rest of this box. That's gonna be a four. That's going to the Browns. Right, yeah, so I'll go right for the rest of the game. Jason Peters to the 99. The Cowboys, Gladiators. It's gonna go right with Charles Woodson. Ooh, Malik Willis, Variation, Rookie Ticket Auto. Nice one there, Titans. Gonna hope he gets a shot somewhere. And one, two, three, top, four, five, six, bottom.  Kills, bro, every matchup. So the round numbers will go to the bottom team. Joe Montana. Ryan Stonehouse, some punter mojo, Titans. Titans picking up a couple of autos in that contenders box. Not too bad. Base, can he pick it? Rookie of the Year contenders, Gladiators, Grump, and Darian Butler, Rookie Ticket Auto for the Raiders. Now for one of the main events, Illusions Football. 22 Illusions Football, 22 Illusions Football. We need one in this. That is Traylon Burks, four of five, green. Illusions Auto, congrats, Titans are cleaning up now. Tennessee is Paul S, there you go, Paul. That's one there, buddy. Bloop, two attack on my low at a 75. And King of Cards, Tom Brady, to 3.99. Chris Godwin on the Highlight Swatchers Jersey Cards, the Bucks, and a Operation Detonation Damian Pierce. And Watson, Aaron Jones, to 4.99. Funkadelic, man! Matt Stafford. Yep. For sure. There's Justin Herbert, to 1.99. Nashi Harris, Illusionist, not numbered. Drake London, five of 50 on the Illusionist Auto. Nice one there for the Falcons. Good box of illusions here. Fred, Derek Carr, to 1.75. And Sam Howell, Mystique, to a 3.99. Shout you out, get back at the wrong time. Oh man. There's Damian Pierce, instant impact rookie jersey for the Texans. And Matt Stafford. Sorry, you had to walk in on that, Josh. I'm very sorry. David Montgomery, to 3.99. And Mystique, Eric, guys who con with 2.99. All my shirts. Hey guys. Justin Tucker, three of five. Two autos numbered to five in that box. There you go, Ravens, Tim T. Awesome, dude. Tim A. Tim T, let's go, Tim. And Pickett, amazing. Great box. One of the best box of illusions I've ever opened. That was pretty impressive, actually. Wait, was that three of three? Oh, three of three, good call. Three of three on that one, thank you, Felix. So two cards numbered to five or lower, I should say. Very nice. Good catch, Felix. Stu, 22 prism, no huddle now. Yeah, why? Oh yeah, I'm not sorry at all. No regrets. There's Fast Break, Traylon Burks. Carl Aftis, Danny Gray, Dak Prescott, 250. Wait, who was it? Your coworker was a backup kicker for the Ravens for a year? The easiest job in sports? Same losing as eyesight at old age, telling me he's eye. Backup kicker, wow. Disco, Jalen Hertz, and Chris Johns. I wanna see if I know him, Ty. No signal, what are you doing here? Daven Cook, Brilliance, and Dunstall Disco. That's Stefan Diggs, Disco. Rhys Hall Rookie, Kyer Elan, and Carson Strong, 22 of 35. Kicker at Michigan, Kenny Allen, nice. Don't, doesn't ring a bell, but. Guy Moore, David O'Jobbo, Jaya Alexander, 79. Grant Marquez-Valdes, Scantling, 235. Disco, Garrett Wilson, Emergent. Jerome Ford, Matt Corral, Mike Dicca, Iron Mike, Disco. Jamar Chase, Prism Break. I knew that wasn't gonna be an auto. Zappy, they likely, Disco, Greg Kulcic, he's got a number of dollars here. Random upside down, Jamar Chase. No, sorry about that, Ty. A little bit of a troll job there by Panini. 600 points, rends all at the end. Sam Williams, Kenneth Walker, K-9, and Disco, Tyron Matthew. I hope. Is there a fight breaking out now? Ken Robinson. Tyquan Thornton, Disco, Variation. And Jalen Hurts. What just happened in the Sun's Game? Why is everybody getting ushered off the court? 22 obsidian, okay, it's Jockland. Whoa, whoa, whoa. 22 obsidian, no. Brown just being annoying. Like T-D-K-D, wow. Amon Ross, St. Brown to 25. And Prescott Orbital to 50. James Robinson. Got 10 of 25, Deandre Swift, two-color patch equinox gear. It's gonna be Sam Howe, 28 of 50, unbreakable jersey card. We've got six of 75, Elijah Moore. Orange lightning strike auto for the Jets. Iron Ornus Vinkle is Iron Ornish. 33 of 175. Tyquan Thornton. You haven't seen Ace Ventura, that's what you know. No, yeah. That's what Ty just said. 22, Prism Hobby. Iron Ornish, a man. Don't do iMacPotal, and we'll finish with HonorsPotal. I'll be the last group raker tonight, everybody. Do I have Personals up after this? Just one in queue currently. 44 of 99, RPA, Matt Corral. Nice one there for the Panthers. Grass Panthers. Jersey on, Dualsage Avakite. Blue Wave, Roger McCreary to 199. Kobe Dean, Kyle Phillips. Silver, Carson Strong Rookie. Hyper to 175, Michael Vick for the Falcons. Wondale Robinson and Trent McDuffie. Silver all out, Tom Brady. Purple Power, Aaron Jones to 49 for the Packers. George Pickens and Boye Maffe. Silver, Jamar Chase Hype. Orange, Reggie Wayne to 249. Cold Sauce Gardener and Nick Benito. Hyper, Aiden Hutchinson to 175. Nice one there for the Lions. Devante Wyatt and Kate York. Ooh, Gold Vinyl. Gold Vinyl to five. Let's see what we got here. That is Dolphins. Let's go. Non-Rookie, Ty Rekill, the Cheetah. Two of five. Going to the Dolphins, that's sick. That is gonna be, he's got Miami. Michael B, there you go, Michael. Nice Cheetah, we'll get that into a mag for everybody. Andrew Booth and Snoop Connor. Orange Wave coming up now. It's Juju to 60 for the Cheeps. Got Malik Willis-Rookie and Jeremy Rucker. Yeah, really nice hill there actually, really nice hill. Silver, Harrison Smith. Purple Ice, Kyler Murray, 225. Cardinals, Galen Naylor and John Mechie. Three packs left, still looking for one more auto I believe too. Silver, Canine, Emergent, Rookie. Green Scope, Anquan Bolden to 75 for the Cardinals. James Cook, Kyle Hamilton. Oh, he's won in a pair. Silver, Elaine Johnson, we've got two Attack of Iloa. Silver auto for the Dolphins. Dolphins box right there. Not bad. Orange behind it is Corey Davis to 249 for the Jets. Got Kway Walker and Alec Pierce. Blue Ice, Corey Davis now to 99. Tyler Algier, Rookie and Desmond Ritter. All right, that'll do it for Prism. We're on to 22 IMAX photo now. Unbox the 22, Panini Immaculate first off the line, photo, see what we got. The Finites, or the Vinyls I know. The Black Finites, that makes the Black Finites a lot cooler though too. Got Finns clean that for sure. Rashawn's here. Got to see a nasty patch in this. It's gonna be Rashaud Penny to 23. The Seahawks, nice one here for the Lions. Aiden Hutchinson, five of five on the Nike Swoosh Patch. Rats on that there at Lions. Hutch, I think I pulled one of these already. I think I pulled two of the five. Jay Herbo, Justin Herbert to 99. A little bit of a scratch on that. I'm gonna send the empty box in wrapper with the chargers. Sorry about that, L.A. Do that once this box is over. There's Tyler Algier to 49. Scridge coming. I don't think Scridge is in this, unfortunately. I can make this one right here, this coming one. 15 of 25, that is a Drake London. 15 of 25 for the Falcons. Let's go Falcons, very nice. Atlanta is gonna be Craig A, there you go, Craig. And cool one here to end it for the Patriots. Taekwondo in 14 of 18 on the first off the line exclusive RPA logo patch on that as well. I'm gonna send this with the chargers if he'd be so kind. All right, last box of group breaks for tonight. One box of 22 honors. First off the line, Foto. Pick up a high-end honors mixer tomorrow. Five boxers. One of these, one of these hobby.  Really? Yeah. Oh, that's kind of dope, actually. Kenneth Walker to 75. Yeah, I know what you mean. Josh Allen to 12. Taekwondo is like notoriously bad for it too this year. The TT? Yep. It's still in. Three of 15, rookie auto for the Lions. Lions actually heated up pretty heavily that last two boxes. And nice one here. It's gonna be one of one, buyback Isaac Bruce for the Rams. Nice one there for the Rams spot, Ken C. That is a player worn from 2018 National Treasures. One of one, buyback. Let's do a quick points random. 602.50, gonna put all of the teams in here into the randomizer and then we'll do a quick recap. Whoops. All right guys, gonna roll the dice. Whatever team's on top. After eight dice rolls, we'll get 600. The team in second will get 250. So one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. The Colts will get 600. And then the Jets will get 250. Colts and Jets, congrats Colts and Jets. Let's do a quick recap now of our hits. We've got Max first, Justin Herbert, Aiden Hutchinson, Deandre Swift, Sam Howell, Damian Pierce, Chris Godwin, and Kaderia Stone. Autos, we've got Tua Taggabai Loa, Matt Corral, Taekwant Thorin, Elijah Moore, Drake London, Darian Butler, Ryan Stonehouse, Malik Willis, Akala Bevan, Jaylen Warren, Brandon Smith, Ron Dale Moore, Tom Rathman, Miko Hardman. Have a good one, Zai, thanks again. There's Zai. Ed Oliver, Jay Sternberger, Kishan Johnson, Justin Tucker, Traylon Burks, Taekwant Thorin, Tyler Algier. They're both bats, man. Yeah, they're both pretty good. They're just so good. Aiden Hutchinson to 15 for the Lions. We had a, what do you next? Justin Fields, Cridiron King Signatures, Redemption, Rookie Otto from Chronicles, Drake London, RPA, 15 of 25. Hey, have a good one, Jacob. Thank you, man. Appreciate it, you too, buddy. Have a good night, bro. One of one, Isaac Bruce on the buyback for the Rams. And really cool, Tyreek Hill, two of five, the Cheetah. Two times five is 10. Ten is yours, and number you get one of them. Plus three. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. Next up, Personals.


Are you aware there is a structure in India that is so spectacular that it defies logical understanding? It is strange for the western civilization to think that Indian civilization actually accept that there are alien beings, and India, they have been depicting them for thousands of years, in the Vedic text. It's crazy, but it's widely accepted in India, almost like common knowledge, that there are flying machines, voice-activated machinery, and even nuclear warheads that wiped out whole empires way back in history, where we are schooled to believe that humans were primitive. It is thought that the earliest Vedic texts were first written roughly 5,000 years ago, but Hindus claim that the stories originated thousands of years earlier, existing as part of an oral tradition passed down from one generation to the next. They describe the Kailasa temple as being built by a supreme race of beings, and when you consider the artistic accuracy of the temple, it is hard to disagree. Wait, do you hear this? Archaeologists believe it was chiseled out of the hillside, starting at the top and ending at the bottom. If this is true, then just how was it done? It is absolutely mind-boggling, and it is the single most magnificent piece of ancient majesty that points to the fact that an ancient civilization existed in the very remote past that were capable of just about anything, surpassing modern-day construction accuracy in a time that we are told we were not even conscious yet. Some historians estimate that construction of the temple required the removal of over 400,000 tons of rock, but even more incredible is that mainstream archaeologists propose that this feat was accomplished in just 18 years. Researchers point out that 150 years to accomplish this task is more realistic if it was in fact achieved by human labor. If people worked every day for that 18 years for 12 hours straight with no breaks, then they would have had to have removed 5 tons of rock every hour. In reality, such a feat is not even possible to date with modern technology. If it happened in 18 years, it is very hard to account for another baffling fact. If they removed 400,000 tons of rock, they have to have been discarded away, somewhere. The rubble from this site is not found anywhere, it does not exist, but that's not right. What could have happened to it? 400,000 tons of discarded rock would be easily visible, you would imagine, but it is as if it vanished into thin air. It's crazy to think there are no answers using the common sense we are meant to follow. Maybe common sense is just a measurement of our inability to self-focus, who knows. We pass the Vedic text off as a mythology, but what if we were to tell you that within the ancient text there is a machine that is described as being capable of building the Kalasa Temple by vaporizing the rock out of the hillside, much like the way a printer works. It is called the Bahumastra. This high-tech machine would be able to quickly drill into the rock and basically vaporize it. This could basically change the rock into air. The device was mentioned multiple times in ancient Vedic texts, which was used to mine for precious stones and metals. It is possible the Bahumastra machine described in the Vedic text was really a technological device that existed on Earth thousands of years ago. It is stunning to think there are no clues as to how it was built or when. It is a breathtaking construction that points out that thousands of years ago, ancient cultures were far more advanced than what mainstream scholars are crediting them for. Everyone is trying to understand how the temple was built, cut out of the rocks without the use of modern technology. We are repeatedly ignoring the ancient documents and passing them off as mythological fantasy. How ignorant does it make us in this day and age to not consider ancient technology? Why do we consider the day and now as the pinnacle of technological achievements on an Earth that has existed for close to 5 billion years? It's crazy. There is so much being overlooked and perhaps even more that has been destroyed through the ages for masonry and wealth. The temple symbolizes Mount Kailash, the home of the Lord Shiva, one of the most important ancient Hindu deities. The Kailasa temple is the sixth from a total of 34 caves which were literally excavated out of the surrounding rock. The construction technique is a mystery. The builders are unknown, yet the artistic brilliance found at this temple is out of its world. It depicts life on Earth and some of the creatures that can be found here, a collaboration of sorts, if we can't replicate this today, then how has it done thousands of years ago? It simply defies logical understanding. What do you think of the Kailasa temple? Comments below and thank you for watching.


How do we re-envision a future of health care? People are on self-help. That is, they manufacture their own diseases. I would like to see a day when doctors before they touch another patient first fix themselves internally. We evolved a simple device called Jeevarasa. You will see miraculous things happening to people. There are specific scientific ways of doing that. Sixty-seventy percent of them have just come out of their problems. Just being in touch with this. I do want to say a disclaimer. One of my friends said to me, you know how like it's never a disease? Something recognizes a disease until the white male gets it. So what I want to say about many of what we're talking about in terms of a more holistic approach to health care is the foundation of many health professions in this country. Nursing, many, many, many health professions are based in those beliefs, but it's not the dominant paradigm. So the dominant medical paradigm is we have a disease that we have to fight. And it's revealed in the language that we use, you know, antibiotics, anti-psychotics, anti-anti-anti. The concept that disease sits over there and the job of medicine is to fight that battle and win. So this whole concept and this approach to modern medicine has come because you need to understand when they thought of medicine, when they thought of developing some kind of medicine and a system of medical treatment, their problem was only with infectious diseases and contagious diseases. How to treat the plague, how to treat the smallpox, how to treat this. Nobody ever thought of a diabetes or a hypertension or a cardiac problem. They never even considered those things that did not exist in their radar. In their radar, only infectious diseases did exist. That has to be handled on a war footing. No question about that, because it is a war. An infection means it's an invasion from another organism upon our own system and you have to use chemical weapons. You can't shoot them. So this whole medical system evolved from the need to handle infectious diseases, contagious diseases, which were taking a huge toll on populations in those times. But today we have come to a place where people are on self-help. That is, they manufacture their own diseases. They don't wait for any infection to happen to them. Because now they're on self-help. They need another system of medicine, another way to approach it completely, which is the shift we are struggling to make right now. Well, and if I may, I looked at Dr. Schneiderman because Ralph does a wonderful job of giving the scientific history of the medical paradigm. And as you were saying, I won't do this nearly as well as you will, Dr. Schneiderman, but that, in the late 1800s, germ theory, right? So our find it, fix it approach of the medical paradigm. Mainly infectious diseases. That was their concern. And I'm making gross generalizations. But the dominant medical model is still designed, our core competency is still designed on the find it, fix it approach, which is clearly failing. In Western medicine, we are taught to diagnose and treat the diseases of the body, the diseases of the mind. But we have missed that the doorway to the health and healing of the body and mind is really, in my opinion, the heart and the soul. So how do we, how do we re-envision a future of healthcare where there aren't those boundaries? See the ideal, the ideal is one thing and what we can do today is a different thing, okay? The ideal would be that we look at human well-being, not human health. If you consider human well-being as a composite subject and an approach, then you would consider what makes a human being complete and approach all of them together. That is the best way to do it. But today, what can we do? If that's a question, we can only talk about, you know, somewhere, having a little, we can't marry them yet. We can only have a date. I kind of like to jump right in. It's a, the situation is not ready to simply get them together. No, because a lot more work has to be done. It's not going to happen in a short span of time. But we can start interfacing here and there. It is possible that hospitals can have a meditation center going within them. And it is possible meditations can, mediation centers already generally have, but we can make sure that there's a little bit of health center out there. We can start having a little bit of a skirmish right now. Right now they're not ready for total union because in both the sides, there are too many opinions about each other. Largely people are not looking at the whole health as such. They are trying to impart what they have studied or what they have grasped. It doesn't matter whether it addresses the whole humanity or the whole human being or not. So that attitudinal change is not going to happen just like that. Till a day comes when medical education includes all these things, which may make it even longer than the way it is right now. And I would like to see a day when doctors before they touch another patient first fix themselves internally before they touch somebody else because this is all important. When I say this is all important, today sufficient research has gone into particularly into water, scientific research. And what these scientists are saying is water has memory. If you give it a thought, it remembers. If you give it an emotion, it remembers. If you give it a touch, it remembers. So if elements have that kind of memory outside, you can turn... you can change the quality of water just by touching it or with a thought or an emotion or a hand. The beautiful experiment conducted by a twelve-year-old girl and a ten-year-old boy in India. What they did was they read about this somewhere on the internet and they came home and they set up two glass pots of water. One room, same water in two glass pots. One room they go and express very loving emotions. They touch it, they kiss it, they hug it every day for ten minutes. Another room they go and abuse it and do... express all kinds of negativity. Mother was very... their mother was very concerned. I can't believe they have so much negative emotion in them. They're expressing it to the water. In ten days' time, this water for which they were abusing and expressing negative emotion, it turned dark. The other water remained just like that they posted it on the YouTube, you must see it. So this is something we have always known. In India, in part of our life, nobody in traditional Indian home ever drinks water from a tap. It doesn't matter whether it's potable or not potable. Even if it is say... if it's said potable, it is not. What we do is we take a copper vessel or a... see here they could... otherwise always next to me there's a copper vessel or a brass vessel and they will take it, they'll wash it with turmeric and tamarin and everything in the night, put water in it, they will apply something, some, you know, what is considered sacred symbols on it, they worship this and then only tomorrow morning it is given to your family. Because water has memory. They're saying if the water is pumped through the pipe, if pumped through the pipe and it's taking fifty bends by the time it comes to your house, by the time it comes to your house, sixty percent of it, the molecular change in it is such that it is literally turned into poison. But if you take it in your glass and hold it for about twenty minutes, it will undo itself. But just the forceful pumping, not contamination, just the forceful pumping is making the water in molecular structure in such a way that it's harmful to human health. So if you're doing that to the water, if you're treating this with all kinds of emotions and negativities and, you know, all kinds of abuse to yourself and to others, the water here also behaves the same way. So in India we have a word called tirth. Tirth means consecrated water. You can consecrate the water in such a way. There are simple ways to do it. We evolved a simple device called jivarasam. Jivarasam means the juice of life. This is the juice of life is water and if you treat the water with this jivarasam and then drink it, you will see miraculous things happening to people. This is not new. Always every human being who lived on this planet with a certain connection with nature around him always knew this. So one of the things that we can do, particularly for people who are going to war and coming back, whatever, what is the most extreme situation that human beings can create by themselves for other things, you need nature's help. You know, people who have been put through this ringa, if they're coming in broken states, one of the best things you could do is all of them compulsorily should go through at least one month of living on a farm, being connected to the soil and water and air around them, putting their bare hands into the land and doing something simple. Just being connected, I must tell you this experience. We had a yogic hospital in our yoga center in India. We called it yogic hospital. We did not want to grow too much because we don't want to turn into hospital full time. We are a spiritual center. So we're keeping it low-key. Once I came here, I spoke and a few doctors, American doctors who were interested, they traveled to India. They came and stayed there for three days and after three days, one of the volunteers came and told me, all the medical doctors are up in arms, they want to leave. I said, what happened? They said, it's best that you meet them, they're just off. Then I said, okay, and I went to meet them. Then I said, what's the problem? They said, you said there is a hospital. Where is a hospital? There is no hospital here. I said, right now there are about sixty and odd patients. But where is it? Their idea for hospital is that there must be beds. You must treat sick well and everybody should be... If you treat them so well, they will not want to become healthy. Where are the patients? I said, they're all in the garden, I put them to work. We give them the treatment and therapies and medication, but rest of the time I put them to work. Whatever they can do, they must do. Above all, they must sit and work barefoot and bare hands with the soil. Just being in touch with the planet because you're just a drop of this planet, you're forgetting that. What you call as my body is just a piece of the planet, isn't it? If you lose connection with the source, will you not get disorganized? There are specific scientific ways of doing that. If you cannot do any of those things, at least just let them walk in a farm, barefoot, work, do something, you will see at least sixty-seventy percent of them will just come out of their problems, just like that. Just being in touch with this.