Right, so today we are looking at the last chapter. We started with the last chapter, last class, looking at stewardship and also some practical guidelines. So that is what we are looking at, some practical guidelines to how to steward our finances or the finances that God puts into our hands. So that's what we are looking at. Okay, so why don't we pray and then get started, right? That's great. Father, we thank you Lord, thank you for this day that you've given us, Lord. This is the day that you have made and we will rejoice and be gladdened. Lord, we thank you that every new day is a gift from you, Father God. We thank you for the promise of your presence in every new day and every minute of every day, God. Lord, we thank you that your Word says that you're the one who daily loads us with good things, daily loads us with benefits of Father God. Yes, Master, we thank you for your presence, the blessing of your presence. We thank you for the blessing of your Word. We thank you for the blessing of your Holy Spirit, Lord, leading us, guiding us. And Lord, we thank you for the richness of the wisdom that we find in your Word, Lord. Father, we thank you for the precepts, the principles that are there in your Word, Master. Yes, Lord, we give you all the praise even today, Father God. And Lord, we pray that you would write your Word upon our hearts, Lord. The things that we have been learning and we are about to learn, Father God, I pray would be, Lord, stay in our hearts, Father God, and Lord, direct our lives, Father God. Yes, Master, Spirit of God, we pray that you would quicken, that you would cause us to remember these things that we are sowing to the Spirit. We thank you. We give you all the praise and we give you all the glory. In Jesus' matchless name, we pray. Amen. Okay, so I'm just sharing the screen. Okay, so we looked at the third topic in the last chapter, which is basic guidelines. Okay, basic guidelines. So what is a guideline? A guideline is like a map. Okay, so these are not laws, but these are guidelines. Okay, so what is the difference? A law or a command, you have to do. You have to do it. If you break that, there are consequences. If you break that, you're saying that, okay, I'm not obeying the law. Whereas a guideline is more like a suggestion. Okay, here is something that you can do. Okay, here is something that is good for you. Well, if you do it, well, it's good. But if you think, okay, right now, you know, I don't want to do it and there are alternatives to do it, that is also fine. So this is basically guidelines, which will help us. Okay, the first thing that we saw, I think we are in, which page are we in? Okay, page 29 in the notes, right? So the first thing that we saw is that we need to spend less than what we earn. No, that's a basic, basic criteria. It's logical. We need to spend less than we earn. So what will that result in? One, we are living within the means, within whatever money that we are getting. We are not spending more. We don't want to please others by spending. We are living within what we are getting. Now, is that easy or difficult? Sometimes it's difficult, right? Because the needs could be more, right? The requirement could be more. So living within what we can earn is sometimes challenging, but that is why we need to discipline ourselves and live like that. Okay, second one that we see is to avoid the use of debt. So Proverbs 22 and verse 7 says, The rich rules over the poor and the borrower is servant to the lender. Okay, so when we say debt, okay, we, let's say we borrow something. When we borrow something, what does that mean? We need to, we need to pay back, right? With that understanding only we are taking. Suppose you take a loan from the bank, why is the bank giving you the loan? First, they're going to charge some interest, but they give you with the understanding that you will pay them back, right? If you're taking 1000 rupees, then they might charge you 1000, you know, whatever, 1000, 100 or something like that with the interest. But the understanding is that you would pay them back, okay? So now we've taken the loan and we need to pay back. And let's say, you know, there are other needs which come up, other requirements which come up, we have used the money. Now monthly we are not able to pay back. That is a challenge. We're not able to pay back because when you're paying back, you're paying back more. Not the same amount that you took, but you took it in faith saying that, okay, I will be able to earn, I will be able to pay back, but if you're not able to pay back, then that is a challenge, okay? And I just want to caution us today about, you know, how very easy they have made it to get loans, right? With very high interest, okay? And if you default a payment, which means you're not paying back on time, a particular payment, the interest doubles, right? And now they have so many apps, right?  And then if you're not able to pay back, these are not nice people, right? These are not nice people. They're going to create all kinds of difficulty, right? And sometimes they take law into their own hands. So we need to avoid the use of debt as far as possible. Avoid borrowing, avoid taking, like in some cases, like we know I need to take, you know, maybe you're building a house, maybe buying a vehicle, and you don't have that much money with you on hand immediately, right? So saying, okay, I'll, let me, let me take a loan and I'll pay back or maybe, you know, it could be in business, whatever, which is fine, right? So the thing is, when we, why do we say avoid, avoiding is, okay, as far as possible, do not, right?  It is going to restrict your life, okay? So that's the thing. Avoid the use of debt. The third thing is to build liquidity. Liquidity meaning, what does it mean? It means that the ability to use the money that we have, okay? Sometimes, or immediately, you know, sometimes we are not able to use the money, okay? What would be that situation? You know, maybe the wealth that we have is in some form of jewelry, right? Maybe the, you know, it is there in some safe deposit locker, isn't the form of jewelry. The wealth that you have could be in the form of a land, right? Maybe in the house, maybe you've rented a house or you're giving it on rent. Now you're getting an income out of it. So immediately, if you need money, you're not able to use that. That house could be worth, maybe whatever, 50 lakhs, one crore. That house could be worth that. But unless you sell yet the money, we're not able to use that, right? Same with, like, if it's jewelry, if it's anything, right? So all our asset, asset meaning, all the things that we own, which is of value. That's an asset, right? You could be having like simple things like a watch or a phone or laptop. These are all assets, right? But you can't, this is of value, some value, but you can't use that money immediately. So that is why, you know, we advise normally given the guideline is to build liquidity, you know, build or save, you know, and build liquidity, build ability to be able to spend money.  Thing is to build that ability to use that money immediately, right? Okay. Then the third one that we see, okay, we can just look at that verse, you know, it talks about, you know, it's a very strong verse, right?   Consider her ways, probably 6 verse 6 to 8. Consider her ways and be wise, which having no captain, overseer, or ruler provides her supplies in the summer and gathers her food in the harvest. Now, why does it do that? So that in the, when the season changes, okay, it's doing the, what is it doing? The ant is collecting in summer. It's collecting during harvest time when it's available. So that when the season changes from summer to maybe winter, when there is scarcity of food, it can actually use this, right? So that is it. So the writer of problems is exerting, you know, go to the ant, consider her ways, learn, learn from this. Okay. So building liquidity is one such thing. We learn from it and we apply it. Okay. Then the next one that we see is to set long-term goals. Okay. What do we mean by that? Long-term goals, right? When we set long-term goals, our way of living changes. A pattern of living changes.  You're planning. And so accordingly, your finances or the way you spend your money also changes because of that.  So I'm going to use this money for that. Right. So you're setting long-term goals. Long-term goals can also be, you know, I'm going to maybe build something, buy something for myself or for my family. This is a long-term goal. So you're setting. Okay. You're saying, okay, 10 years from now, I want to be able to, you know, build that house or buy a house. 10 years, 15 years from now. That's a long-term goal. But because you have that goal, what happens is it changes how you live your life or how you spend daily. Okay. Doesn't mean that you have to live life in fear.  But your thinking changes because of your long-term goals. Right. And there are people who are, you know, who set long-term goals and said, okay, I'm going to buy this place. I'm going to buy that thing. And, and sometimes we think it's worldly. What is this? You know, very worldly. It's just, when you look at problems, it's full of wisdom. Right. And in fact, it's saying, go, consider, look at the ant, look at how they, all these animals, how they function and learn. Why should we learn so that we can use that in our own lives? Right. So, so it's not worldly. It's not worldly to think like that. It's not worldly to say, okay, I need to think ahead. I need to do this. What is worldly is when we put, you know, when we put confidence or when we boast about certain things that we want to do in our arrogance and pride and not include God in our planning. Now that is worldly. That is, that is worldly because we're not included God and the Holy Spirit is able to lead us. Can the Holy Spirit lead you to plan in such a way that you, you know, own something 20 years from now? What do you think? Or is God going to say only, you know, all that you have, you have to use it either to, you know, give to poor or you need to give it to the church? Do you think, what do you think? Can the Holy Spirit ask you, lead you to, let's say, buy a property, a land or a house for yourself? Yes, Pastor. Yeah, definitely. Yeah, because you, we've studied, we've studied about the heart of God. Right. It could be a blessing to you. It could be a blessing to the future generation, your children, their children, whatever could be a blessing. Maybe the Lord wants to use that as a place of ministry. It could be a blessing. Right. So don't think that it is worldly. I will never think like that. I'm just going to live for the day, live for the moment, use whatever high I have for the moment. We don't know what's going to happen tomorrow. Forget about it. No, no, no. God will lead us. No, there is planning and foresight and God will lead us. So where you are right now, like when I'm talking financially, you might be saying, I don't have enough money. I don't even have a bank account. No, I don't have this. I don't have that. Maybe you're thinking like that. But where you are financially is not where God will take you or lead you five years from now, 10 years from now. He's able to do exceedingly, abundantly above all that we can ask or think, which verse is that? He's able to do that. So right now what are we thinking? I cannot. How can I own that? How can I live in such a place? How can I even have a vehicle? So many things we say, I cannot, I cannot. But God is able to do above what you think. He is able to do exceedingly, abundantly above what we ask or even think. He's able to do that. So don't discount yourself. Don't discount God. And he does that for a purpose so that we can be channels of blessing. He does that for a purpose because he takes delight in prospering, increasing and bringing success into the lives of his servants. He takes pleasure in that. Like if you ask any earthly father, any earthly father will take pleasure in the prosperity of his children unless there is one serious issues or challenges. They will take pleasure in saying, I want my children to do more. I want my children to have more than what I have. So how much more our heavenly father? So set long-term goals. It's not sin. Believe that God owns it all. It's a very important thing. Some 24 talks about that. It says that the earth is the Lord's and the fullness. Let's just look at this. The earth is the Lord and all its fullness, the world and those who dwell therein. That means that he's the creator. He possesses everything. It belongs to him. So when you believe that it belongs to God, then we will be good stewards of what he brings into our lives. We will handle it well. We will use it well. And pride won't take control of us. So we will handle money. Money will not handle us. Money will not take a hold of us. Why? You realize, all that I have, it comes from God. It comes from him. And I'm going to use it. He doesn't hold me back. I don't have to hold back from using on my needs. But then I'm going to be ready to use it for his plans and purposes. And so God is able to do that. We need to understand that it belongs to him. The fourth one is about goals. Which means that when you say goals, we just looked at it just now. Long-term goals, short-term goals. Financially, a goal is what? It's an objective, something that you want to achieve, something there you want to reach in the future. So when you say goal, you must always think in terms of how much or what is it, describe it. What is the goal? And it also should have time attached to it. So when you say, I want to become a pastor or I want to become, that's a goal. But also, prayerfully, you need to consider by when. When is it? When is it that you want to start and plan what is God putting in your heart? Plant a church or what is God putting in your heart? Yes, there is a time of season of preparation and there is a season of commissioning and we know that when it comes to planting churches also there could be different seasons of preparation and so on. But the thing is, it always has time attached to it. When we say time attached to it, we say, okay, by when should I do it? A goal should have a time frame. So when you say, I want to financially, I want to save so much or achieve so much, always put a time frame. Well, it could be shortened, it could be extended, but put a time frame, goal. Lifestyle, to be a good steward of God's wealth that he's putting in your hand, we need to consider our lifestyle. So does the Bible talk about a certain kind of lifestyle? What do you think? Suppose you're sitting in Bangalore, this is how a person should live. Meaning, if a person is living in a city or if a person is in ministry, a person is whatever, some kind of profession, this is the lifestyle a believer should have. So explicitly? The scripture explicitly does not tell anything in specific what to do and what not to do, but what we understand is God provides for our needs and not for our greed. So needs, wants, greed, they're not different categories of. But God gives principles, God lays down principles. Think about it. Let's say we go to, you know, my grandparents, they grew up in a village in Tamil Nadu and then the main road was just one road. That is the only road, main road. And if you have a car, it's like this person is rich. Any car, any four wheeler, because I think those days some two families owned cars, two families. My grandfather was a doctor, and so, you know, whatever it happened, he had one old ambassador. Anyone seen ambassador car? I don't know if it's still in production, but I think they stopped. Hindustan Motors ambassador, so he had an ambassador car. Then there was one more politician and his house, they had, what about telephone? Okay, all of us know this kind of phone. But do you know this phone? Yeah, you have dialed the phone, right? So my grandfather did not have a phone. Okay, in the house, there's this, only this house had a phone. So whenever we needed to talk to someone, we had to go to that house, book a call, trunk call, they used to call it. So you call one number, you give you who you need to call, and that operator will connect the call. Now you have to wait. Sometimes it could happen immediately or it could happen after five hours, ten hours, whichever. The line has to be cleared because there are not too many lines. And then, so a trunk call, you book a trunk call. Long, long distance call. International calls, forget it. So that is how it was.  It's like he has a telephone in the house. TV, same thing, right? I remember my grandfather had one, small, okay, black and white, Durudarshan only, with the antenna, one channel TV. So if there's any program, all the neighbors, everywhere, everybody will come into the house. Why? Because they want to watch the program. And they're all sitting there.  No program today, we can't watch it. So that is how it is. That is how it was. Now you shift the whole scenario to maybe a city. And you see that almost everybody is driving in a car. You could see that, okay, almost everybody has a television in their home. So relatively speaking, it's like you cannot say that, okay, this person is super rich, right? Or is the richest? So when you say lifestyle, that is also very relative, right? How much you're earning, where, how, how you want to spend, what are your needs, right? So the Bible does not say, okay, so that does not mean that, okay, if you're a pastor, or if you're in ministry, then you should not have your own house. The Bible does not say that, right? Or let's say you're in ministry, oh, I'm in ministry, you know, how can I, how can I go by plane? Now people are starving. That's not it. If you need to reach a place in one hour time or two hours time, and it's, you know, if you go by bus or train, it's going to take two days. And if you need to be there, and if you can afford to spend for the ticket, well, you can do it, right? So you cannot say, you know, I'm in ministry, therefore, you know, I should not, what kind of reasoning or what does the Bible say? No, I should live this way. I should be in poverty. No, right? So the Bible does not say that, okay, this is the lifestyle of this person. This is the lifestyle. No. There are principles, guiding principles, right? And, and that's how, that is what it is, right? If you decide, and the same way, you cannot compare, right? You cannot compare and say, okay, that person, this person, all the doctors are living like that. I'm also a doctor. All the, you know, ministers or pastors are living like that. So I should also, no, no, no comparison, right? No comparison. You don't have to compare and live up to the other person or the other neighbor. No, you decide. You decide.  So live within the means, okay? I'm not going through all the scriptures there. You can read through it, but we'll just look at one, which is Matthew 25, okay? Matthew 25, we saw this, okay, earlier also when you consider stewardship, the Lord said, well done, good and faithful servant, you are faithful over a few things. I will make you ruler over many things. Enter into the joy of your Lord. He is specifically talking about money, which was interested to this person and how that person used that money, okay? So that can be our guiding principle, okay? God has given it. We need to be faithful with it. And how faithful am I with whatever has been given? So these are guiding principles, okay? We won't go through all the other scriptures. You can, you know, please go through it in borrowing and debt. We looked at it for a small question. Yeah, please go ahead. Yeah. So in the biblical time, are there any examples of people who have actually been in debt?  It happens by chances. Yeah, but it can happen overnight also. It can happen overnight also.  Yeah. So in this scenario, any other example that comes to our mind when we look at it and my question primarily is, you know, sometimes it is not by choices alone. It also happens by chance, like a job layoff I'm talking about myself. So a job layoff and commitments at a different level. And at that time the job goes. Yeah. I'm trying to come out of debt. I've got into more debt. So it's just like a cycle. Yeah. As you say, obviously it takes a lot of mind space which doesn't give the liberty to, you know, breathe through all other areas including spiritually or family or finances because of the last statement on the notes it says, you know, one of the keys for financial freedom is being totally out of debt. Yeah. So how does really one go about it faster? Yeah. So, so the thing is to see people get into debts for very reason, very different reason like when I was working there was one guy who was a, he was a bachelor we were all bachelor's working and he at the end of the month invariably would ask for money. Okay. Last day of the month, maybe 29 30th, he will invariably ask for money and the thing, oh yeah, so I was married, he was single. So then you know, I would ask, you know, what is it one month, two months? Okay, I gave him, you know, you say, can I give 500,000? Then I realized that he had this habit of drinking. Okay. So his, this 500,000 was not for any bills that he had to pay, but he would use that for drinking. Right. So he was getting into debt with different people. I owe this person 500,000, you know, and I think he would have probably, you know, every month he was collecting, accumulating debt of maybe 10,000, even more because of this. So that is one scenario.  And because of that, we take a loan from somewhere else and then finish this loan, but then now interest is accumulating on both sides. So those kind of things are there. So the thing is, when we get into such a situation, right, we need to think, okay, what are the assets that I have? How can I change my life now? Right. We need to take a hard look. Yes, our style of living has to come down, has to change. That's the thing. Okay, I used to do this, you know, maybe four times in a month, every once a week, you know, we used to go out and eat and all that. No, change that. Because this is a season, we need to get through the season and accordingly, my lifestyle should change. And if you're a family man, family person, then we need to have the chat with the family saying, hey guys, we need to, you know, we need to make some adjustments here. Okay, we're not going to be able to afford that holiday that we used to go, you know, twice a year or, you know, we need to make some changes. Then we need to make a list, what are the assets that I have? Vehicle, gadgets, what are the assets that I have? Because I need to pay back this debt, maybe jewelry, land, whatever, what is it that I can let go of?   But right now, we need to get over that debt, because it's rising high, right? And so, we need to make a list of that. And also, you know, there are people, good believers who are consultants who are wise in this field, and who can actually suggest various options, safe, ethical options, right? It's going to be painful, but they can help walk through that path of recovery of, you know, our recovery of our situation we are in. They can help do that, so that we don't make further mistakes in our anxiety, in doing something, you know, to get over one mistake, we probably get into some five different things, which again, just earlier talking about all these loans, all these app based, you know, things that you can take loans, and people are getting stuck over and over again, I'm hearing about, you know, even just last week just three cases, sorry. A lot of, yeah, a lot of scams and a lot of very easily, you know, it's not big money. It's like 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, but you have like 10 apps like that, and you take 25,000 from each app. That's it, right? You're already paying huge interest, and if you default on a payment, then the interest doubles. You know, people are and they, when they send people to recover money, they are tough people. They don't listen to reason. They're willing to take away everything that you have, right? So you lose a lot of peace of mind etc. But yeah, so the thing is, yeah, can I, in what situations can I borrow? Again, there's no hard and fast thing. Maybe, you know, borrow in the sense you're using your credit card to make an online payment, if you're buying a ticket, or you're using something, but use it in a way that you know, use it in a way that you know that you can actually repay. You know, every loan people take, they take it with that good faith, right? That tomorrow I'll be able to repay. But there are people who take saying I'm going to take it now. I'm not even thinking of repaying now. That's a dangerous mindset, right? So borrowing and debt, we need to be careful, okay? If you're a married person, you know, consult, discuss with one another. If one person is not in agreement, then it's better to stay away, right? So that's the thing. Yeah, any questions, any further questions on this? Sorry, I'll just... There's no example that we can relate to. Sorry about that. Yeah, that is one thing that comes to my mind also. The other thing is that Jesus cast a miracle to pay the taxes. To pay off the tax, yes. Even I can't recall anything. But numerous verses, I mean, a lot of verses in Proverbs which talk about you know, don't stand in surety for someone who's borrowing. Wisdom. Yeah, a lot of wisdom, a lot of principles about debt and everything is warning. Everything is warning saying that do not get into such a situation, right? So that's the thing. I can't recall right now any other situation. But at times it also hinders ministry also, if the mind is really clogged with all of these issues. So let's say a church trust or something takes a loan to buy something. Now every month their focus is I need to pay back. So offering time is something that they cannot miss, right? They cannot miss on a Sunday offering time, emphasis. Then all these supposes offering dips or people, maybe people are not attending for some reason. Then we use, like one tends to use other means to hold the people to make sure that they give the offering. So we get into other modes of manipulation, putting fear in people's lives saying that, you know, then every Sunday, one mini message on giving, right? A lot of pressure, emotional pressure, you need to give what are you doing etc.  So all these methods come into play and then, like you said, yeah, it hinders ministry, right?  You're saying, no, I cannot. I have this loan, I need to fulfill that, repay that, right? So, yeah. So if you're maybe here or online class and you have you are in debt, okay? So you can think about, okay, you don't have to lose hope. You don't have to panic, right? You can get help.  They're not talking theory, who have lived out of experience and so they're more than willing to. But we need to be transparent. They're more than willing to help.  So, and so, such such an amount, okay? What is your spending? Why should I tell this person where I know, you need to, right? Like, just quite recently one person whom I knew said, you know, because of this I'm in debt. Okay, people help now that then that situation didn't change, you know, always some kind of a problem financially. And all the while the problem pointed out to us, you know, because I stood in the gap as a surety for another person I'm in this problem. So I guided them to a person who could help, you know, give financial wisdom and advice a couple. So then, I find out that, that is not, that is one of the problems. There are many other problems. But praise God, you know, this person was open enough, transparent enough to say yes, this is how the problem started all these loans, various things, all these expenses and and so, they realize that there is a pattern of spending, right? There is a mindset when it comes to money. There is a mindset maybe it could be things like what will the other person say? Simple thought. Okay, have you ever thought like that? I'm sure all of us have. What will the other person say? Now, if it's about money or spending of money, okay, what will the other person say, you know, if I invite them home and I serve this food, what will the other person say if, you know, I'm at this age and I should be living this kind of life. I should be driving this kind of vehicle. What will the other person say? So if that person has that mindset that's a dangerous thing. So it's not about how much money they are earning. It's about this. It's about this thinking. It's about the stronghold. So they were able to help in that. You don't need to do that. You don't need to order food from me and Zamato every other day. You can very well manage. They suggested all that. They went to that level. Right? And so, there is help available to walk out of debt but one needs to be transparent and teachable. Saying, okay, I'm willing. It's a very humbling experience. But one can walk through that. Okay, this whole the seventh one is about bankruptcy. Bankruptcy, you know, it's more of a, I think it's a western thing where or maybe it's in India also where the business, you know, takes on a lot of loan in order to do business, takes on a loan. Maybe it could be a person. It could be an enterprise, an organization. But they declare bankruptcy. Meaning that the business is not working or I'm at a place. So they declare bankruptcy, which means that, you know, they don't have to pay back. Right? So I don't know how the situation is.  So it means that they cannot they don't have to pay back. Okay? So, what is the thing? Can I declare bankruptcy and then just make sure that all my whatever I owe is cleared, cleared off or written off, right? Or should I actually make an effort to repay? No, that's the question here. Right? So, you know, certain, certain cases, yes, we can, you know, one need one declares bankruptcy. But when you declare you also know that your reputation as a business person, your reputation, your credit worthiness, it changes. Right? When you declare bankruptcy, which means no other bank will readily give something. Right? Or, you know, maybe you want to start a business and you want capital and no other bank will give when you declare bankruptcy. So you need to be careful about that.  Maybe it could be vendors, maybe it could be customers, right? Think about that. As far as possible, let there be what we would call as an equitable treatment, right? Let there be a righteous treatment or settlement for all who to whom we owe money. Right? Okay. Next is about giving. I think we looked at that, right? Giving, we looked at tithes. We looked at offerings. We looked at arms, which means ALMS, arms, which is giving to the poor. So I won't go into that. Investments. So it is, is it sinful to invest as a believer, as a minister of God, as a child of God? Is it okay to invest? What does that mean? Invest. You're taking your money and you're putting it somewhere, maybe investing in a business or investing in some kind of a policy, right? So that you will get a return. Okay. So what is the simplest way of investing? I don't think you can even call it investing. What is the simplest way where you get a return on your money? Fixed deposits. Great instruments of like fixed deposit, recurring deposit. Or your simple savings account. There is an interest that you earn. You can't call it investment, but this is what. But when you talk about fixed deposits or when you talk about recurring deposits. Risk taking appetite is very low. So it is more long-term and there is less risk. When you say less risk, which means less chances of things going back. So those are some things to consider. What are other ways, I'm not an expert, financial expert, but what are other ways by which we can invest something called mutual funds, right? Stock market, high risk, high return. So one needs to know, one needs to be knowledgeable and we need to study and then do it. There is a high risk. There is a chance that you invest and then everything goes down. Depends on so many things. Depends on the political climate. Depends on the industry. Depends on how globally things are functioning. Suppose there is a war. That's all. Because there is no supply. That's what happened. Ukraine, Russia and prices shot up for because the supply stopped and so on. So we need to understand that. But yes, it is a high risk but also high return. Investment can also be in land and assets like that. Real estate where again, we know land value always appreciates. So maybe in gold so those are some ways of investing which you can consider. So there are several options and probably I will just share a document on simple ways of investing. But also if you are listening and if you are from another country and so on, you see what works in your nation in your country and also if you are from another state in India also, you see what works there and then you can invest. Is it okay to invest in chit funds? Chit funds, you know those. What do you think? Because when chit fund is suddenly that office is open. Yeah. I do not say it's a wrong investment. It's a wrong investment. I mean it's a risky investment. Yeah. So it's a risky thing because if somebody defaults there are so many organizations which are there open up office start get the investment and then shut office and you do not hear about them. So there are some well reputed organizations but there are others we do not know. So we need to be careful. Okay. Okay. So investments consider that. It's not sin to invest but at the same time also guard your heart because why are you investing? You want return. So there is nothing sinful about that and in fact you must have that thing to get back and to have a good return. So in the inverse here. As far as you're not putting everything in one place so then that gets diversified. Right. So that's that's the thing. Like when it comes to mutual funds that is what everything is in different mutual funds do that. They put it in different debt instruments so that even if one is they do put in stocks and shares but then even if one pulls down the other one is able to balance it. So yeah. So that should be the right. Okay. We'll stop here. We are going to look at how many more work in retirement, net worth, income taxes, life insurance, wealth transfer training shelter. Okay. So we will finish this in the next class and with that we'll come to the end of this course. Okay. So, okay. Thank you so much. God bless.


Welcome to our lecture series Math 3130, Modern Geometries for Students at Southern Utah University. Let me quickly introduce myself. My name is Dr. Andrew Missildine, and I will be your instructor for this lecture series. So for a class like Math 3130, like I said, the title is Modern Geometries. That's a plural thing. We are going to study geometry from a theoretical point of view, the axiomatic point of view that is to say. So this class is going to be proofs, the whole proofs, and basically nothing but the proofs. But the reason we pluralize the word geometry here is because in the modern sense, there's not just one geometry. Prior to this lecture series, your native geometric language is probably what's called Euclidean geometry, which is something we're going to build up towards later on in this lecture series. But we also want to talk about other geometries as possibilities, things like hyperbolic geometry, elliptic geometry, just to name a few other things. In our very first unit, we're going to be building up to examples of finite geometries, which is what we'll get to in about lecture three of this lecture series. Now, to give you some background of what is a student of this lecture series have as their background, let's say it that way. So as we go through this series, there is the expectation that students have an equivalent of a semester worth of mathematical proof writing prior to this. With the Southern Utah University numbering system, this would be math 3120, which is why our class is called 3130. In some essence, it's the sequel class to a first semester of proof writing. Now, the topics of this lecture series, I should say, do focus on geometry. It really should be thought of as, again, as this second course in proof writing. One of the very first topics we'll cover in this lecture series is the so-called axiomatic system. What are axioms? So from a class like math 3120, students would have developed the rudimentary skills in first-order logic. So we know things like truth values, true and false. We can do some basic implications, maybe some more advanced proof techniques like proof by contradiction, mathematical induction. We should have some basic understanding of set theory in a mathematical sense. So we should know about subsets and cardinality, unions, intersections. We're gonna use all of those terms. We're gonna use them as if the audience already knows these things. And a little bit of basic combinatorics will be helpful in our finite geometry unit, but I won't even assume much about that. So we've learned the ideas of proof. So we can write some basic implications, maybe like a biconditional statement. But in this very first lecture, lecture one, I want to introduce to the ideas of axiomatic geometry. And so why is geometry the right setting to study logic from an axiomatic point of view? Well, arguably, geometry is the oldest branch of mathematics. And applications to geometry were studied thousands and thousands of years ago by the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, the ancient Chinese culture also had many applications, great knowledge of geometric things. And the theory of geometry was studied very extensively by the Greeks. Many of us are familiar with the School of Pythagoras. There's, of course, Euclid, just to name a few. I'm not gonna go through all the history of geometry in this lecture right now. The study of modern geometry often begins with the axiomatic method. One of the big, one thing we'll talk about a lot in this lecture series is, of course, Euclid and his book, The Elements, for which that's really where the birth of axiomatic geometry began. And really it was, to modern history's perspective, the birth of axiomatic logic in general. It's the birthplace of axioms, for which, honestly, Euclid's axioms weren't very good. There were some problems there, but as things developed over time, we were much better. And that's the sense of modern geometry that we're taking on right here. Modern geometry begins with this axiomatic method as this is the logical perspective that separates the modern study of geometry from the ancients that I mentioned a moment ago. In fact, the axiomatic method is the bedrock for all pure mathematics. Algebra, analysis, topology, you name it, they're all built upon axioms. And so from the historical perspective, it does make sense to use geometry as a vessel to learn about the axiomatic method. So the axiomatic method you can actually see on the screen right now. And so there's basically four parts to the so-called axiomatic method. And each of them has a bolded part to simplify what are those pieces. So the first step of the axiomatic method is that any axiomatic system must contain a set of technical terms that are deliberately chosen as undefined terms and are subject to interpretation by the reader. So every axiomatic system has some collection of terms that are intentionally undefined. In some degree, we don't actually know what these things are, but they're allowed to be interpreted. A lot of this will make sense when we look at some concrete examples of axioms and undefined terms that we'll of course see in the next video. Now all other technical terms of the system are ultimately defined using these undefined terms. These are called the definitions of the system. So we can define new terms using the undefined terms. The undefined terms never receive a proper definition, but everything else we define, and this is what we call a definition. And so with mathematical writing, you often see list and list and list upon definitions. Mathematicians often feel like dictionaries because they have all these list of definitions and we must know all of them if we really are to understand the theory. All right, so some terms will be undefined, most of the terms, nearly all of the terms will be defined using, of course, those undefined terms are perhaps we can make new definitions using old definitions and such. So it just compounds on top of each other. So next, the axiomatic system contains a set of statements. Now remember from your previous proof writing situation, a statement is a sentence that could be true or could be false. And so these statements, true or false statements will be dealing with undefined terms or definitions we've created. And so these statements though are unproven. That is to say these statements which are called the axioms of the system and thus are the titular topic of the axiomatic method. Axioms are gonna be statements that are taken to be true without proof. There's no proof to an axiom. It's true because it's an axiom. And then the last step is all other statements in the system are logical consequences of the axioms. These are so called theorems. For which you can give other names to theorems. A theorem is just meant to be something we've proven from the axioms. It's something we've proven inside of our logical system here. But other names you might have is like a corollary. A corollary is typically a statement that's been proven almost immediately from a theorem. So its proof is super, super short in comparison to maybe the theorem that provided to it. You might have the idea of a lemma. Lemmas are typically helper theorems. They're not necessarily super useful in their own right but they help prove a very helpful theorem. We have propositions. The typically proposition means that it's a theorem but it's not grand enough to be labeled a theorem. Theorem sort of suggests it's important. Like a fundamental theorem is one of the biggest theorems you could prove there of course. Proposition is sort of like a weaker result.  Aporism, that's always a fun one there. Aporism is a theorem you proved while trying to prove something else almost by accident. It's a statement that can be derived from the proof of another theorem. And I can go on and on of all these terminologies and such. But the axiomatic method has these four parts. We have these undefined terms that never receive a definition. We receive axioms which are statements that never receive a proof. There are other terms that receive definitions. That is they're defined using the undefined terms. And then theorems to approve it from the axioms. Now definitions precede axioms here because the axioms actually could be statements involving defined terms, not just undefined terms. And that's why they're preceded there but essentially we're gonna have definitions and theorems but some of those theorems are not proven which is why we call axioms. And some of those definitions are actually not defined believe it or not. So we have these undefined terms. And so when one first sees this description of the axiomatic method, particularly these undefined terms and these axioms might seem a little unsettling because like it needs to be proven, right? It needs a proof or it needs a definition. How can we talk about things if no one actually knows what they are? Right, again, it feels unsettling at first but this really is the proper framework to develop not just mathematics but logic in general. So axioms are considered to be the fundamental true statements of any theory, okay? Axioms are true because they're true. And this is coming from a philosophical point of view, right? Axioms don't get proofs. Now why is that? Essentially something cannot be proven from nothing. That is in order to prove a statement to be true one must already have some known true statement to derive the new statement for. You know, like if you have some theorem, theorem one, you know, and the proof of theorem one is basically, oh, it's proven from theorem two, okay? And you know, plus some other things but where did theorem two come from? It's like, okay, well, the proof of theorem two, well, this was given by some type of other, you know, some other thing but basically theorem two was proven by some other theorem, theorem three, right? And so then where did theorem three come from, right? Continuing on in this process, we must have some infinite line of logical dominoes that have already been set up just to be able to prove theorem one, right? You know, the proof of theorem two preceded theorem one but then the proof of theorem three preceded theorem two and they have all these infinite line of dominoes here. The only way to avoid this logical paradox is to accept that some statements are fundamentally true. That is, it's a statement known to be true without a proof. And that's why axioms enter the system. We have to accept something logically speaking as true. Otherwise we can't get anything else. Thus the truth of these axioms is not just an issue. All right, let me say that again, you know, the truth of the axioms is not, it's not the concern here. It's really the reader's, you know, willingness to accept them as true or not, right? And so if I might divulge this for one more moment here, you know, interesting enough, this issue about the truthfulness of an axiom or not, this is something that theist and atheist alike have used and been concerned about. Philosophers have played around with these technicalities for centuries. And there have been many theists who try to use this logical paradox I'm describing to prove the existence of deity, to prove the existence of a God. Atheists have also, you know, done the same thing to try to prove the non-existence of deity of any kind. And I'm not gonna entertain all of those arguments right here, but let me just offer one of them really quickly here and be aware, I'm not advocating any religious statement whatsoever, whether the belief in God or not. You know, I'm not advocating either one of these in the videos. I just wanna provide it as a logical example here. And so basically from a theist point of view, there's sometimes been the argument, well, you know, we're here in the present, how did we get here? There has to be something that caused it. So there's a predecessor, but then that has to have a predecessor and that has to have a predecessor. And so basically you get this infinite descent of cause and effect, right? A implies B, but A was implied by something which was implied by something which was implied by something. And so then they come to the argument that there must have been some original, some original event that caused the, you know, the eternal cause and effect of the universe. And theist will make the argument that that's where God comes into play. There must have been some original cause and effect. There must have some original cause, in which case then they take essentially axiomatically the existence of deity. A scientist might argue that this original event was the big bane or what have you, right? But I want you to be aware that all of these, you know, some initial event, some first moment in time is fundamentally an axiom, right? That's a belief. Can you prove that there was a first moment in time? Well, again, I'm not gonna get into the debate too deep here, but basically the differences that people take in religion, the differences that people take in politics, this all comes down to axioms. It really does. In the end, there's some truths that must be taken on faith. And this can actually be, this is a provable statement from a mathematical standpoint, but I won't delve into that too much more. Again, our goal here is not politics, it's not philosophy, it's not religion, it's gonna be mathematics. And so the axiomatic system, I should mention that in mathematics, it's ubiquitous, particularly in pure mathematics. The axioms are used in algebra, of course. I teach algebra a lot, algebra is my background. This leads to the axioms of groups, which groups have three axioms, the associativity axiom, the identity axiom inverses. We can talk about abelian groups, where one extra axiom is placed on top of it, commutivity. We can talk about ring theory, where you take the axioms of commutative group, abelian group and stack on top of that, more axioms about associativity of the multiplication, distributive laws, maybe you want that to be commutative, maybe you want to be a multiplicative identity. There's a lot of things you could add on to it. You get the field theory, we basically have all of the axioms of rings total. But you can also go the other way, right? What if we start pulling away axioms, right? We maybe don't want all the axioms of groups, maybe we only want associativity and identities. We talked about a monoid. Maybe we just want associativity, we get a semi-group, but maybe that's the wrong direction. Maybe we want inverses and an identity, so we get what's called a loop. But maybe we just want inverses, don't need associativity or identity, we get the idea of a quasi-group. And we can go in lots of different directions as well, linear algebra, you have the idea of a vector space, which could stack on another axiom and get a normed vector space. You could stack on another axiom and get an inner product space, or a Lie algebra. Or again, there's just a few of the examples in algebra. There's tons and tons and tons you could do. Topology is another great example where we talk about axioms all the time. So in topology, axioms are introduced to determine what's an open set, what's a closed set, how can points be separated?  That's some topology that has some axioms about separation. Is it connected? You have connected axioms. Is it path connected or simply connected? There's these mean different things and there's different axiomatic things going on there. Analysis, right? The theoretical study of calculus. You have real analysis, complex analysis, just to name a few things. What's a natural number, right? There's axioms that decide what is a natural number. This is the so-called piano axioms. There's axioms that determine what a real number is. There's axioms that even determine what a set is. The ZF set theory axioms, particularly what we'll be using in this lecture series. And so I could go on and on and on and on and about this, but the axiomatic method is ubiquitous in mathematics. And so a mathematician does need to learn these to become, well, really a mathematician. And so in this lecture series, we'll use the vehicle of modern geometry to help us understand the axiomatic method. And so to give you a little bit of foreshadowing what's going to do here, in this lecture series, we're going to start by taking geometric axioms and start adding on top of them, stacking them bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger, bigger until we get to something called euclidean geometry. Then at that point, we're going to pull out some of the axioms and interchange them with new axioms to create different types of geometries. Now, before we get into these geometric axioms in the next video and in the next lecture, we're going to play around with the axiomatic method, but we're not going to use geometry. We're just going to use basically made up words, truly undefined things that you have no context to what they are to truly develop what is the axiomatic method. And then in lecture three, we'll transition into geometric terms.


just three races left in the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season and this one being the final one at a 550 horsepower track, the final two at Martinsville and Phoenix, very different races we have this weekend. But I think that the strategy we had last week for Texas will be very similar to what we have this week in Kansas. So kind of an easy week in terms of how we wanna play things from a DFS perspective. Let's let you know what that strategy is, who fits it best and which drivers to target on FanDuel for this weekend. Welcome on into the heat check fantasy podcast powered by Number Fire. That's right here on the FanDuel podcast network and numberfire.com. My name is Jim Sonnis. I am a senior writer and analyst for numberfire.com. Here to preview Sunday's Hollywood Casino 400 in Kansas from a DFS perspective. Lock is set for 3 p.m. Eastern on Sunday and we'll be going through a tier by tier breakdown plus a breakdown of how to fill out lineups for this week's race based on the salaries and scoring over at FanDuel.com. Before we dive into that though a quick reminder to make sure you are subscribed to the Number Fire Daily Fantasy podcast feed wherever you get your podcast because NBA and NHL are both back which means Tom Vecchio has you covered each and every weekday here on the Number Fire Daily Fantasy podcast be breaking down the main slates for both basketball and hockey. Those go up every morning. The Friday ones already posted right now. You can find those by searching for the Number Fire Daily Fantasy podcast feed wherever you get your podcast. Of course, got our NFL podcast for week number seven already posted as well. UFC coming up later on today. PGA each week, NFL twice a week. So a lot of good things here on the Number Fire Daily Fantasy podcast feed. Hit subscribe and if you like what you hear leave us a rating and review as well. Hey football fans FanDuel is giving you the chance to bend on week seven of the NFL season by placing a risk-free same game parlay. All you have to do is go to sportsbook.fanDuel.com or download the FanDuel Sportsbook app place a three plus legs same game parlay on any weeks of the NFL game. If your bet loses, get a refund and site credit. Max refund is $10. Bet on week seven of the NFL season with FanDuel by heading over to FanDuel Sportsbook today placing a risk-free NFL same game parlay must be 21 plus and present Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia or West Virginia. Refund issued as non-withdrawable site credit that expires in seven days. Max refund $10 restrictions apply. See terms at sportsbook.fanDuel.com same game parlay available for multiple sports in all states on mobile and web. Gambling problem call 100 Gamber visit fanDuel.com slash RG Connecticut won't call<PHONE_NUMBER> or visit ccpg.org slash chat in Indiana 1-800-9 with it. For confidential help in Michigan 1-800-270-7117 in Tennessee call the red line at 1-800-899-7789 in West Virginia 1-800-gamber.net or in Arizona call 1-800 next step or text next step to 533-42. Let's get into the track breakdown here for Kansas and it's gonna feel pretty similar to last week despite some key differences. It is a shorter race and that's the main key difference here between the two tracks. The race on Sunday is only 267 laps. That gives us 6.7 fewer fanDuel points for laps led which could lead to a more back centric approach in theory but that's not really the case because it's still 26.7 fanDuel points for laps led which is quite a bit and the fast drivers are out front. So if you want lap leaders you need a front centra approach which is what we had going into last week and that did pay off at this track last year because it was a similar setup there was no qualifying so the eight playoff drivers were out the front of the field. Two of those playoff drivers were in the perfect lineup and both of them started within the top four spots. The first two rows gave you two of the five drivers in the perfect fanDuel lineup. So the two playoff driver approach worked there and that was how we broadly wanted to play things last week. That's the baseline for this week too with a slight caveat and I'm gonna phrase it as two playoff drivers or William Byron being one of those guys in there. Byron is not in the playoffs but he's gonna be fast this week. He ranks fourth in my models projected average running position for this week. He could very well lead laps. He could very well win. So I'm gonna lump Byron in to that dominated group. I want two playoff drivers or Byron in each lineup to soak up that lap slide upside that we do want here in a still relatively long race. And I think in this format that is the correct way to play things. I'm also not expecting to get place differential out of my value plays because if you look at the top 21 drivers in my model only one of them is starting lower than 21st. So like it's basically the starting order is what it is. That is Alex Bowman back in 25th. There are some guys who are viable starting deeper in the pack but the most obvious plays and to me the best plays are all kind of closer to the front. Last week the perfect lineup had nobody starting deeper than 24th. Three drivers started inside the top 12 and I wouldn't be shocked if we get a very similar outlook once again this week. Finishing points matter a lot. And to get them this week you will likely need drivers at the front. So I'm bracing for them in building lineups with value plays like we're gonna be looking in the teens, looking around 12th or so. I think that is a necessary evil for this week. As with last week we've got good data to look at here. There have been eight races at one mile track so far this year. Four of those have had similar banking to Kansas including one race in Kansas itself. Five of them had low tire wear similar to Kansas and that does include last week's race to Texas. So a very similar race recently during the playoffs. So we know who is going to be fast and that should give us more confidence in using driver starting towards the front of the pack. If we know they can get a top 10 because they've proven it across these races then it doesn't matter as much if they're not gonna get us place differential points because the value of those finishing points is so high. So to me it's a pretty straightforward race this week. You want to playoff drivers or Byron per lineup. You wanna emphasize finishing points with the value plays. You want to be comfortable using value plays starting near the front of the pack. Like get bowman for sure but like a lot of your other value plays will not be massive, massive place differential guys starting back in the thirties. To decide which place differential guys you want and which drivers you think can lead laps lean on the one half mile tracks put extra emphasis on the mile and a half tracks that do tire wear. I also do like to look at those with reduced banking. So Homestead, Kansas and Vegas those three to me do stand out quite a bit. So it should be a pretty big blend overall this week. I feel pretty good about the approach and feel pretty good about my tiers for this week. Speaking of those tiers, let's go tier by tier now brace based on the salaries over at vandal.com and break down my favorite drivers for this week. The elite tier on vandal is Kyle Larson at 14.5 through Chase Elliott at 12.5 and Larson has some minor complications this week. He's gonna be fast. We know that for sure. But he's already locked into Phoenix. So his team can afford to have both eyes on Phoenix as opposed to focusing too much on this week. And that's why I'm not quite as high on him this week as I was last week. I will still put him first though because we know he'll be fast. He has led more than 900 more laps than anybody else on mile and a half tracks this year. He has three wins out of eight races, point-paying races. He has won four out of nine if you count the all-star race in Texas. Sunday will also be the anniversary of the death of Rick Hendrick's son Ricky. And Ricky used to drive the five car had a similar pain scheme to Larson's. That is a narrative and I don't like doing things based on narratives but I don't think they're gonna slack off this week. So they might even be able to win even if they do slack off because of how fast this car is. So I'm gonna still put Larson first but like my confidence in him putting him first is just a smidge lower than it was last week due to motivation, the fact that they may be focusing on Phoenix just a smidge lower but do still like him quite a bit for this week and he is number one for me. I'll put Denny Hamlin seconds ahead of Kyle Bush and Chase Elliott. Hamlin seems to excel most at these mile and a half tracks with lower banking. I know Bush won in Kansas earlier on this year but Hamlin won in Las Vegas which was during the playoffs. He led 137 laps there. It seems like all the JGR cars missed the setup last week but long-term I do trust that organization even at these tracks. So to me, this tier is Larson first all by himself then that second tier is the other three guys. Hamlin will be second for me, Kyle Bush third and Chase Elliott will be fourth. The second tier is William Byron at 11.5 through Joey Logano at $9,800. And I've got two guys standing above the rest in this tier and I do like them a lot. Those guys are William Byron and Ryan Blady. Byron, we talked about him before in the strategy discussion. He ranks fourth my models projected at our droney position. His car was at least on par with Larson's last week. Like might've been a tidy bit past faster just couldn't quite make the pass there. The win for Byron this year came in Homestead which has similar banking to Kansas not the same tire fall off but similar banking. So I like Byron a lot. You can get him a 12 to one over at Fan Dual Sportsbook. My betting guy going up right now and it has Byron in there. I think that 12 to one, a good number on him. And I think he has a legit shot to outrun the playoff drivers here. So that's why he is the exception to this week. As far as Blaney, there are two things going for him. The first one is that he's in the playoffs and I do value that quite a bit but he's also tremendous at Kansas specifically. Blaney had three top buys at this track back when he was with the Wood Brothers and they're basically a Penske team but like the team around it, the team around the car is different. So I would still view it as being a tear down. He was awesome with Wood Brothers here. He's had a top eight average running position in eight of the past nine races at this track and that was when he was crazy young. I think he is a legit threat to win similar to Byron. I've just like Byron's speed a bit more recently. So I will put Byron first in this year but I'll put Blaney second. I don't think Blaney will be as popular as Byron this week. So kind of don't mind it as a turn of pivot to go with Blaney here. I'll put Brad Kezalowski third, Martin Truex Jr. fourth and Joey Logano fifth. Logano had more speed than I thought he would in Texas but I'm still a bit wary of him on this track type. Kezalowski I had written off a long time ago because of the team transition. I think he's actually a pretty good bet this week too at 19 to one at Fandall Sportsbook. I'm coming around. I've tried to lower him in my numbers but I can't get low enough to see him not being a value for DFS and for betting. So I do like Byron and Blaney a lot but I'm not opposed to Kezalowski at $10,000. I think that's a little bit too low for how well he is still running despite the transition next year. The mid-range is Kevin Harvick at $9,500 for Matthew Benedetto at $8,000. This year is where we find Bowman. He's the one guy who can get us some place differential. He's starting 25th at $9,000 and we can get to that with Larson pretty easily especially if we have either Byron, Blaney or Kezalowski as our second driver within the lineup. And I'd like to get to Bowman for sure. Bowman nearly got his first career win in Kansas a couple of years ago. He does tend to do better at tracks with heavier tire fall off in Kansas, isn't that but we did see Bowman finish fifth at Charlotte which is a similar track in terms of tire wear. So I'm on Bowman this week. I like him most for cash games. I think that he's a must in cash games but for tournaments, you know, there may be a pivot specifically Tyler Redick. I think that he's a good pivot here for tournaments. He's already 12th, so less place differential upside for Redick but he has been on a rocket ship recently. Redick has had a top 10 average running position and a top 10 finish in five straight races at the mile and a half tracks. He hasn't turned those into top end finishes but if you get a sixth place finish for $9,200 starting in 12th, that'll go a long way. I think having Redick and Bowman paired together is preferred if I can get there because I do like both a lot but you know, you're probably gonna choose one in your Larson lineups and if I had to choose one for tournaments I'd be at least tempted to go Redick. I'm not saying I would but I'd be tempted by Redick there. I think the Bowman is a better cash game play Redick at least on par with him for tournaments. I'm gonna rank this to your Bowman one, Redick two. Kevin Harvick three, Harvick has been fine. He's not the fastest guy but like he's smart and he can make things work either way. So I would put Kevin Harvick third, Christopher Bell four, Kurt Busch five, Matty Bennett six, Austin Dylan seven. I wouldn't cross any guys off in this tier. It's a pretty good tier overall but I would prioritize Bowman, Redick and then Harvick after that. The value tier is Eric Elmerol at $7,700 through Eric Jones at $6,500. My favorite guy in this tier, Bol, straight up and after adjusting for salary and before adjusting for starting spot is Chris Buscher. He is $6,700 and starting 21st. He ranked 17th in my models, projected average running position straight up like that doesn't account for salary, starting spot any of that, he's 17th. He actually was close to a huge race in the first Kansas races here. He tried to use strategy to get, he did use strategy to get the lead at one point when there was a tire in the infield. NASCAR didn't throw a caution though and it kind of hung Buscher out to dry. It's kind of rough hang for them but Buscher did still rebound and he finished eighth which was pretty incredible honestly. He was also eighth at Charlotte, another low tire wear track. So Buscher will be in my cash game lineup. I can tell you that right now and I'll be heavy on him for tournaments too. I think he is a rock star level play for this week. After Buscher, this tier is pretty thin. Thins out pretty fast. Daniel Suarez keeps finishing well but doesn't have the best speed yet. Similar thing for our Jones. If I had to pick two guys down here I like outside of Buscher, I would go with Chase Briscoe and Ross Chastain. Briscoe, a lot better speed recently in this package. He had a top 16 average running position in both Vegas and Texas. He also has three straight top 15 finishes on the mile and a half tracks. So warming up to him, I've been impressed with Briscoe's speed recently and I'm okay with him for sure. Chastain is mostly because he's starting deeper in the pack. He's starting back in 24th at $7,500. I haven't liked his speed in this package at all this year. His best run was in Kansas for what that's worth. Worth a 16th place average running position there. 14th place finish, I will use him but again, I'm not super enthusiastic about him. I prefer Buscher potentially prefer Briscoe as well because I think the speed has been better. So I'll go with Buscher one, Briscoe two, Chastain three, Suarez four, Eric Jones five, Eric Amarola six. I might regret putting Briscoe above Chastain. I might switch by Sunday too but like I kind of think that I need to go Briscoe first. We'll see. But just not super enthused about Chastain's speed on these tracks. The punting tier I think is better actually than the value tier outside of Buscher. We've got Bubba Wallace and $6,200 on down. Couple of guys here I think are super usable. One of them is sorry, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. Apologies. He's starting 28th at $5,800. He predictably keeps crashing but when he finishes, he finishes well. And like the odds that he crashes aren't 100%. So, you know, you account for that for sure but like if he finishes, it'll probably be a pretty good finish. He has four top 13 finishes at the mile and a half tracks this year across eight races which is more than you can expect out of someone at $5,800. So, you know, put a lid on the exposure to safeguard yourself in case he does what he does but I think he's still worth it. I will keep that beating my head against this wall and seeing what happens. I also do not mind Bubba Wallace at $6,200. He's starting 27th. He was in the same crash as Stenhouse last week which is very painful for me because I had both on a good number of lineups but Bubba's had some speed on this track type. So, I will go to him as well. I prefer Stenhouse by a smidge over Wallace. I would also consider Michael McDowell at times at $5,300 but I think it's mainly Stenhouse and Wallace for me. Not a bad tier overall. I do like this tier a decent amount relative to the tier above it. Again, outside of Chris Busher. Let's finish up here with the picks to win for this week. Last week went well. The win picks were Larson and Byron, both those guys ran up front all day, finished one too. So, high standards. I have a hard time pivoting off Larson and it's just picking straight up. So, I'll go Kyle Larson. I know it's boring but like he's at 28% to win my simulations. Who am I to say no? So, Kyle Larson, the win pick above $10,000. Below, I'm gonna go Tyler Redick. I love the speed that he's had. I think that if one guy is gonna like burst up and get a win from down there, I think that Redick is the most likely. He's just been so good on this track type recently. Kansas has some overlap with Homestead based on the banking of those two tracks. So, to me, I think that he does great out pretty well. So, again, the win picks for this week, Larson and Redick above and below $10,000. That is all that we have here for today on the Heat Check Fantasy podcast. As mentioned, make sure you check out all the other good stuff here on the Number Fire Daily Fantasy podcast feed, week seven NFL preview, NBA NHL via Tom Vecchio, UFC via Austin Swain, PGA once again next week. Lots of good stuff. Hit subscribe and while you're there, leave us a rating and review as well. If you've got questions for me, I am on Twitter at Jim Sonnis, J-I-M-S-A-N-N-E-S. You can also follow the Fanduel Podcast Network at Fanduel Podcast. Big thank you to everyone for tuning in for today. Good luck to you with your DFS lineups or in your pets and we'll talk to you once again next week for Martinsville, the second to last race of the year. This has been the Heat Check Fantasy podcast powered by Number Fire.


This 2017 Chevy Silverado 1500 double cab six and a half foot box is stock number 11065. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used light duty truck headquarters. This 2017 Chevy Silverado double cab has the 5.3 liter V8 motor with active fuel management. It has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. It has four brand new tires and this truck is 100% ready to go. Red hot is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, television, turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you'd like to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the lower right hand part of the screen is a gold subscribe button. Click that and then click the bell notifications to get updates each and every day. We do videos and we do a lot of videos of our new and used inventory each and every day. This one comes with the 22 inch painted alloy rims and it has Kelly Edge HT 28545 R 22 tires. These are brand new tires on here. We put those on in our safety inspection. So four brand new tires on this truck. Front fender is in excellent condition as well. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. It does have the LED running lights, the LED fog lamps and I believe their HID headlamps in there as well. Grille is in nice shape and you do get the painted bumpers with this truck. The hood is in very nice condition as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Passengers side front fender looks really good too. And the passenger side rim no major scuffs or scrapes. As you go down this side of the truck take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home. That's really why we do the videos. It's all for the customer. Coming down that side looks really good didn't see any dents or dings and for full disclosure this back rim is absolutely perfect. Back tires, brand new as well. You can still see the little wear knobs on there. Frame and underbody is in really nice shape. Has the Z71 off-road suspension package. Frame and underbody all the way underneath looks good. Has all the remaining factory exhaust and the lower rockers all look really good on this truck and it does come with some really nice factory painted stepars. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper has the in bumper steps, full towing package which includes the receiver hitch, 4 pin and 7 pin wiring. The tailgate is in really nice condition as well. It is a locking tailgate. It also has the shock down assist so it's never gonna slam down on you and you do get the very nice spraying bed liner back here as well. The bed itself is in really nice condition and that tailgate lifts up really nice and easy just like so and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side. I didn't see any dents or dings in the box and for full disclosure this back rim pretty nice shape as well. It does have the capitalist fuel fill which is a really nice feature.   You get the 40-20-40 split bench seating. No rips, no tears on the seat. You do get a power driver seat, factory all-weather floor mats throughout and it does have heated seats in the front. Here's your factory brake controller, turned dial four-wheel drive and your auto headlamps. You get tilt and telescopic steering wheel. Power windows, power locks and power mirrors will hop inside. Take a look at the ignition and check out the radio a little bit. You can see the truck has 43,186 miles. You do get the Z71 instrument cluster there and that's very nice and clean. Comes with the leather wrap steering wheel. Nice shape as well, no rips or tears, Bluetooth and information center controls on the right cruise controls on the left. It does come with the six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift and it comes with the Chevy MyLink radio, AM FM and Sirius Satellite radio capabilities on this truck and you get the projection manager where you can project your cell phone to the screen via Android Auto or Apple CarPlay. It has a CD player there as well. So while this one doesn't have nav, you can project your cell phone with nav on it such as ways or Google Maps and project it right to the screen and use it through the screen and then it's like you have nav right on there. So pretty cool system there. Heated seat buttons, dual climate control, stability control, that's for your cargo lamps and your downhill assist control. Carpeting is very nice and clean and it's kind of hard to see but you do have a plug-in right here and that's a 110 volt, 150 watt plug-in right there. I do apologize, it's a little dark down there. Passenger side seat and floor mat are in excellent shape as well, no rips or tears on there and the headliner is in nice condition too. Up here you get your map lights, on-star capabilities in the mirror, and we'll take a quick look at the back seats. Start it up and then check out under the hood. Back seats are in excellent shape as well, no rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Do apologize, my gimbal is just not cooperating right now. Has the fixed glass rear window with the built-in rear defrost. These seats fold up for extra storage and there is a storage bin under here. There's also factory all-weather floor mats and the carpeting is in a very nice shape. You do get side curtain airbags on this truck and we'll start it up. Take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out. There are those HID headlamps, the LED running lights. Under the hood we have the 5.3 liter V8 motor and the base very clean runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. It has four brand new tires and this truck is 100% ready to go. I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other Fulner 50 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons. You name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact any second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on the upper left to link to more Chevy 1500 truck videos like this one the upper right a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2017 Chevy Silverado 1500 double cab long short box six and a half foot box LT2 in red hot. Thanks again for checking out the video and remember to like subscribe click the bell notifications to see videos each and every day


Hi everybody, happy Sunday coming at you with 2022 hip parade goat baby goat young stars multi sport edition series three six box break. It's a random player break as well. There it is. Right. Case two of six. So very nice checklist here as well. Only one card per box. Let's do it. Big thanks to this group for buying this out straight up straight no filler. There's all the players right there and let's roll it randomized names and players three and a six nine times each one two three and ninth and final time we got Corey down to Frank after nine three and a six nine times for the players one two three four and ninth and final time. Good luck. After nine times we got Vlad Guerrero Jr. down to Connor McDavid. All right. Corey Vlad Jr. Eric with Josh Allen QB Josh Allen I would imagine I don't think they put defensive end Josh Allen in here. Ron with Luca Dantridge Roy with Yanisante de Campo Corey with Fernandes de Tis Jr. Stephen with Nicola Yocas Jason with Max Verstappen Ron with Charles Eclare Scott with Jason Tatum Adam Wander Franco Stephen flat Christian Pulisic Corey with Erlen Holland Frank Joe Burrow Scott Austin Matthews Ron Nate McKinnon and Kail McCarr couple hockey players Roy with Juan Soto Barry with John Morant Ron with Lando Norris and Kylian Mbappe Corey with Ronald Acuna Jr. just came off the IL recently Jason with George Russell Scott Cooper with Kyle Murray Kyler Murray that is Stephen flat Jude Bellingham who may make a move to the EPL this summer English Premier League Adam with Ansu Fonte Terry with Justin Herbert Barry with Trey Young Logan with Lamar Jackson and Frank with Conor McDavid. All right. So let's alphabetize by player name here and we're going to pause the video trade trades are allowed but trade at your own risk there's only six cards in here so stick around trade window open we will be right back. All right. Welcome back everybody a little bit of trade chatter but in the end no deals were done here on on the first of the month May 1 thanks everyone for joining us long title there but there you go list remains the same once again there it is hit parade baby goat young stars edition series three three and three doing all six go bigger go home. Good luck everybody rated card first out of the gate I think it's a football player yes NFL player American football player their soccer here as well and it's Josh Allen from 2018 Panini prism football PSA nine base version of Josh Allen the bills had a pretty pretty decent draft right Josh Allen going to Eric Eric A with the J.A. on graded card looks like hockey and it is Kale McCarr chronology autograph or upper deck chronology autograph Kale McCarr and that'll be for Ron think abs are at least corn of Vegas the favorites to win Stanley Cup graded card looks like formula one a lot of formula one drivers on this checklist PSA 10 it's George Russell rookie card George Russell that's in his Williams racing gear he's with Lewis Hamilton Mercedes now had a nice nice race last week in Italy and George Russell going to Jason Kersh next box another graded card it is a mini card oh nice PSA nine Erling Holland I think he has all but made his move to Manchester City one of the not that man city needs the help but there's Erling Holland I don't that's official yet but that'll go to Corey nice Corey should him going to the English Premier League should represent a boost in value to next non-graded non-graded baseball I think yes museum collection and it's 13 out of 25 superstar showpieces autograph Juan Soto it's a sharp-looking card there and that'll go to Roy and Juan Soto nice congrats and the sixth and final card good luck everybody fingers crossed graded card looks like baseball PSA 10 Ronald Acuna Junior rookie card PSA 10 2018 tops heritage baseball looks like the action variation nice I think just just a couple days ago maybe made his way back off the IL and into the action it's gonna make it's definitely gonna help the Braves a lot Ronald Acuna Junior going to Corey another one for Corey there you go congrats thanks everybody for watching and for breaking with us I'm Joe for jazzy's case breaks calm and I'll see you next time for the next parade break bye bye


Hello everyone! Today we will talk about Astakus – a cloud storage backup and restore tool for Apache Cassandra. This talk is being recorded for Cassandra Summit 2023. We will discuss Astakus's architecture, walk through backup and restore procedures, and finally restore a small sample cluster as a demonstration. A few words about myself. I've been in software development for more than 10 years, worked mainly in C++, in various application areas such as healthcare, IPTV, messaging, and emails. For the last couple of years I've been working as a senior software engineer at Ivan, and for a change I decided to explore the non-relational world, so I've been working on various Apache Cassandra related automation tools, including tools for disaster recovery such as Astakus. Why would we want an automated tool for disaster recovery? Well, at Ivan we manage many different clusters for many different customers. They all have various sizes, workloads, and we deploy those clusters on top of the public cloud infrastructure such as Google Cloud or Amazon or Azure. So to make all this work we need a lot of automation. Also we care a lot about security, so we want additional protection for the data we upload to cloud storage. And since we want to scale, we also want to keep track on our object storage costs. We don't want to waste object storage space since it costs us money. Though we came up with Astakus as the solution for Apache Cassandra and multiple other databases. Astakus hides backup restore complexity behind a simple REST like API, manages common things such as snapshotting, uploading, downloading, and backup retention for Apache Cassandra and some other databases. It is possible to configure data compression and data encryption in Astakus and that's what we usually do. The software is written in Python. A single Astakus process is deployed on each Cassandra node. Astakus processes interact with each other and coordinates during backup and restore operations. Finally Astakus is open source developed under Apache license. But there is already an open source tool that does backup and restore for Cassandra and it's called Medusa. Later during this talk we will do a brief comparison between the two tools so you could decide which one fits your use case best. Let's dig into the Astakus architecture. From the bird's eye perspective, Astakus is a collection of nodes, the same number of nodes as Cassandra nodes that interacts with the outside world via the coordinator API. This is the higher level REST like API of Astakus that includes operations such as backup, restore, and cleanup basically do backup retention. To implement those higher level operations, nodes talk to each other via a lower level API. It is also a REST like API so the communication happens via HTTP. The coordinator node that accepted the higher level backup or restore request talks to other nodes and instructs them to snapshot the database, upload the snapshot to the cloud, or download a snapshot from the cloud storage if it's restore we're coordinating. Any node in the Astakus cluster can become a coordinator and that coordinator node is responsible for the interaction with the outside world with a human operator that is invoking Astakus via CURL or Astakus client or some management plane software that is instructing the cluster to backup or restore and not unlike Apache Cassandra during read write requests. Finally, each Astakus node needs some sort of lower level access to the database itself. For Cassandra we need to be able to start nodes, stop Cassandra process, invoke some node tool commands, namely snapshot, and we also need access to the file system so we could grab that snapshot and then upload it later. All Astakus operations are asynchronous. The coordinator API method returns almost immediately and gives you a status URL that you can then query to get the status of the running operation. Also, Astakus clusters accept only a single operation at a time. You probably don't want to backup surrounding in parallel from different nodes. Each coordinator node, before actually invoking the operation, attempts to lock the cluster and only if that succeeds, it proceeds with the operation. So how does backup work? First we capture the cluster schema, then we instruct Cassandra to create snapshots for us for all the key spaces except the system ones. Then we upload those snapshots to object storage and as the last step the coordinator nodes compile all the information about this particular backup into a backup manifest, which is a piece of metadata that is stored separately in the object storage. When that succeeds, backup is deemed to be complete and we can return success from that status URL. Backup manifests basically reference the data items such as sastable data files or sastable index files or whatever other files that are there in the Cassandra snapshot. Since Cassandra sastables are immutable, we can store only a single copy for any sastable component that needs to be reused between manifests. For example, in this picture the sastable nb2 is being reused between the second and the third manifest because it existed in the snapshot at both at the time that manifest 2 was created and manifest 3 was created. A few words about backup retention. It's also a cluster level operation that invokes iterating over backups present in backup manifests present in the object storage and releasing all the manifests that no longer fit within the retention policy. We make sure that we have at least one backup, no matter what, and we also have a maximum number of backups that is configurable for the cluster. As the final step of the cleanup, the sastable data files or index files or any other objects we've stored during the backup are also removed from object storage to save on space because we don't need them anymore. Restoration is a little bit more complicated. First, we need to make sure that we have enough nodes on the cluster that we're restoring on to actually bring the data in and restore it. Astacus allows to restore the backup on a bigger cluster but doesn't allow restoration on a smaller cluster. Also, Astacus takes care of the availability zone balance. Each node is configured to belong to some certain availability and if the cluster topology at restore time doesn't provide a similar balance, so the availability zones at backup time cannot be mapped to the availability zones at restore time, then the restoration fails. If the topology fits our needs, then we restore schema from the manifest, then shut down the Cassandra nodes, download the stables from the object storage and distribute them in the data directory. As the very final step, after we've started up the cluster, we restore some other items in the schema such as user defined functions if there were any. Since Astacus is reused between different databases, there are common pieces of code that are especially database independent. Upload a blob to object storage, download a blob from object storage, compile a manifest, check topology. Those operations are database type independent and some steps during the restoration are specific to a certain type of database, like node tool snapshot for example for Cassandra is specific to Cassandra backup. So, Astacus is built on top of a plugin-based architecture. Most of the database specific logic is centered in the coordinator and the higher level APIs. When Astacus is configured, it is configured to load the plugin for a certain database and when backup is required, the plugin is asked for the actual steps that are needed to create the backup of this particular type of database. That list of steps can include general steps like upload snapshot, download snapshot or database specific steps like take snapshot for Cassandra. For example, here is the list of backup steps that were used when creating a backup for Apache Cassandra. It includes some generic steps like list hex digits, upload blocks and upload manifest and also some Cassandra specific steps like take snapshot and remove snapshot. So, we've discussed Astacus' architecture and some backup restore specifics. Now let's see those things in action. Let's look at the demonstration and backup restore for a small local cluster. For the purpose of this demo, I've configured a local Cassandra cluster using CCM. You can see the cluster status right here in the top right corner of the screen. It has three nodes, all three nodes are up and running. I've also populated the cluster with some data using Cassandra's stress tool. So, table standard one has some partitions written to it. So, there's some data for us to backup and then restore. I've configured a single Astacus process per Cassandra node, also running right here on my laptop and local host. Let's look at the node configuration in some more detail to illustrate the concepts we've talked about before. So, the coordinator section contains information that the coordinator needs to perform backup restore. For instance, the list of nodes to talk to. These are Astacus nodes. And database specific information configured in the plugin section. In this case, it is Cassandra since we're creating backup and restoring Cassandra database. The plugin configuration has some Cassandra specific details, for instance, credentials to access the cluster and the topology of Cassandra cluster as well. The node local section contains information that the node needs to perform backup and restore operations local to this particular node. For example, the node tool commands, start command and stop command all are pointing to the CCM binaries or commands that manage our local cluster. And the root is also set up to look at the CCM node one data root. For the purpose of this demonstration, I've configured a local object storage. But of course, Google AWS and Azure are also supported. There are multiple examples in Astacus GitHub repo on how to configure those. So it will store our backup information into a local directory on my machine. I've set up backup compression, but I haven't set up encryption just for demonstration purposes. It will be easier to look at what's actually stored if it's not encrypted. So let's create a backup and see how it looks. The backup should complete rather fast since we're not uploading data to actual cloud storage. So let's see what have we stored. First, we've stored the backup manifest. It contains metadata about the backup. Let's take a look inside it. Since it's compressed, we will need ZSTD cut to do that. So the backup contains the schema information. The SQL commands needed to recreate the schema. Also, no topology information so we can recreate the same token distribution on restore as it was during backup. And the snapshot results. The list of objects in object storage referenced by their hash, as well as their relative paths. Let's search for a Cassandra data file to illustrate. So yes, here it is. One of the SS tables, the data component, specifically, is supposed to be stored at this hex digest in the object storage. So since our object storage is local, we can actually locate it in there. And there it is. It looks like a data file indeed. So now that we know the structure of the backup, let's see how restore works. Since it's a disaster recovery tool, let's emulate a disaster. Let's remove the whole cluster. And it's no longer there. No data, no nodes, nothing. So to perform a restore, let's reprovision it, but let's not start it. So as we can see in the status, all the nodes are now down, node initialized, so empty, there's just the configurations and the binaries in place and all the directors created, but no data is actually stored. So let's create, let's actually restore our backup. Restore is powering up the cluster to recreate schema, then it will shut down the cluster again to put the data in place and then power it back on and leave it to us to use. I'm using the Astakus client mode during this demonstration. What it does behind the scenes is that it invokes the restore HTTP method and then monitors its status by the status URL provided in the body. So it could as well have been CURL that invokes the restoration process. You don't need the Astakus client to do that. As we can see, the restore is now done. The client will probably report it shortly. So let's see, the cluster is up and running. Let's connect to it and verify that the data indeed got restored. And this concludes the demonstration of Astakus backup restore tool for Apache Cassandra. Now that you've seen Astakus in action, let's do a short comparison between Astakus and Medusa. When it comes to Cassandra backup and restore, Medusa is the more established and more mature tool of the two. It's been around longer than Astakus and was built specifically for the purpose of backing up and restoring Cassandra's. While Cassandra support is rather recent in Astakus, the building blocks used to create it are very well battle tested. We're relying on the same code we use when creating and restoring backups for PostgreSQL and MySQL on Ivan platform. And we've accumulated quite a bit of experience with those over the years. That code exists as a separate library. It's called Romu. And we've shared this with the community. You can see the gift hub link on the lower left corner of this slide. Astakus is operated via a REST light API. The inter node coordination during backups and restores also happens via a REST light API, basically via HTTP. In Medusa, the backups are invoked via a common line interface or via a GRPC API. And the coordination happens by SSHing onto nodes. Under some circumstances, it might be easier to open a port for HTTP in the firewall rules than configuring a full-fledged SSH access between the nodes, for example. Astakus has a configurable option for client-side encryption. While it does consume some extra CPU cycles, it makes us independent from the object storage facilities related to encryption. We can store our customer's data securely on a provider that doesn't provide an option for encryption. Medusa includes an option to enable AWS server-side encryption. At present, Astakus doesn't offer a cross-topology restore option. If you had N nodes in your cluster during backup time, you need to have at least N nodes on restoration. And the extra node will not be used. After restoration, the cluster will include only N nodes. Medusa provides an SS stable loader-based cross-topology restoration option. So you could restore onto a different topology. So what's next in store for Astakus? Well, point-in-time recovery and incremental backup restore. We'll be working on implementing those with the existing building blocks and manifest infrastructure. Also, various scalability improvements. We're exploring the option of backing up and restore really big clusters with Astakus, like thousands of nodes. The present coordination mechanisms might be too simplistic for that. The requirement, for example, the requirement of having an up-to-date list of nodes in the coordinator configuration might become a challenge at that scale. And of course, various smaller improvements to configuration, logging, observability, stability, et cetera, et cetera. Astakus is influenced by the requirements of Python platform, so a lot of things that should be configurable still remain hard-coded. For example, the location of the data directory in the Cassandra route. So we'll work on making those tunable, making Astakus more community-friendly. And that's it. That's all I wanted to share with you today. Feedback and pull requests are always welcome. Never hesitate to contact us by GitHub or other means. And thank you for listening to this talk.