Welcome to our pre-filled series seminar, part three. My name is Klaus Ulhe, I'm a Senior Product Manager at Sünderkorn Technology in Kreisheim, Germany. Today, we want to talk about the first step in the filling line, the bag opening and the transfer into the sterile area. I'm very happy to have a guest here today, JP from Dupont, who will give us some insights about the bag itself and the Tyvek material. JP? Hi, my name is Juhabe Kapoor and I'm Technical Marketing Specialist for Tyvek Healthcare Packaging at Dupont. Thank you so much, Klaus, for having me. Yeah. Thanks, JP, for being here today. As you can see here, we have the bag opening machine that is doing the no-touch transfer of the tub into the sterile area, can be wraps or either isolator, and you see here the bag around the top, the top is inside and in the front, you see the waste bin where in the end, the empty bag is going. It is very important that we have a good fixation of the bag and we're doing that by the means of a vacuum suction from above and from below. Then the cutting takes place and the transfer of the tub into the sterile area takes place. Now I want to hand over to JP to give us some more insights about the bag itself and the material of Tyvek. JP? Let me first start by setting the context from my part. What we see here is so-called the bagging process where Tyvek pouch is removed from a tub containing ready-to-use preferable syringes. These ready-to-use preferable syringes are already washed, cleaned, and sterilized by the syringe manufacturer, and now pharma companies are using those pre-steralized syringes to package their drug products. This packaging we see here is only used in processes within the pharma companies. Now coming back to this de-backing process, also called no-transfer, as Klaus mentioned, this is actually really a well-researched proven GMB methodology for transitioning pre-steralized containers to create a clean room for filling. Essentially, this is basically removing packaging layers from the tub when moving towards more cleaner clean room environments. Yeah, this is exactly true, JP. So when all the discussions are taking place, this is a very important spot to transfer into the sterile area. It can be a wrap system. It can be an isolator system, JP. And the Tyvek part here, so Tyvek is used in the medical device packaging for a very long time and also in processes for pharma packaging needs. And Tyvek is composed of fine, interconnected, continuous filaments made of high-density polyethylene that are flas-pun into a non-movement structure. And it gives the really unique properties for in-process pharma packaging needs. Those are permeability to enable sterilization by ethylene oxide or steam gas. Low particle generation, obviously important for clean room environment. And micro-wheel barrier to maintain sterility after sterilization. And JP, what does it mean really for that packaging, for that bag that we see here in the movie? Yeah, so what we see here is a kind of 50-50 bag, if you will, consisting of Tyvek 1073B and impermeable transparent film. And having this large area of permeable Tyvek makes it ideal for exposing these syringes to ethylene oxide or steam sterilization cycles. So packaging is used to facilitate, know that's transfer process, meaning bags surrounding the tops are being removed progressively as the tops are transferred to more controlled areas inside the clean room. Thank you so much, JP. So we have learned a lot today. And for those who are watching the video, please give us your comments. Was it helpful for you? What do you want to see in the future? We would be happy about your feedback. See you soon.


Also, stakeholders in those states have reacted to the statement made by the governor, Godwin Obaseki, over the 60 billion narrative that was printed in March to support federal allocation to state. Some of the stakeholders expressed different views on the matter, or some said the statement by the governor is in the right direction. It is a little bit too late because we are aware of what has been going on. And I think Godwin Obaseki should have exposed Buhari's inefficiency before now. Because he was trying to save his life, he was very desperate to become a two-tenure governor. He said Buhari was his father. He said Buhari was with him. He said Buhari was the best performing president. Now, why is he not coming back now to tell us that they are printing 60 billion to share within the three tiers of the government? We are proud of him. We agree that he did what is right. But if you cannot trust a messenger, you cannot trust his message. And I think that Obaseki cannot be trusted. Obaseki says things when it's convenient for him. It is a really tough, you know, Nigeria's suffering. For the federal government to print extra money, it shows that our economy is down.


Ladies and gentlemen, let me remind you that the details will be up on the web and we will provide both the trends in the Force and Gary's presentation. I would also ask that if you have a brilliant technical question on the subject of polling, you email Gary because the answers are almost as long as the questions and it is very difficult. In general if I could ask that each person ask one question with one part since I have noticed that people have gotten around the one question with nine part questions. Please look around you, we don't have time for interesting speeches but the steps outside are available for those of you who wish to give one. And finally if I may as you ask a question would you please identify yourself and your organization with those limited caveats who would like to start please in the front row. Wait for the microphone please if you don't mind. Mike Delaney, officer of the U.S. Trade Representative. It has been my experience in southern Afghanistan that there is a fairly strong positive correlation between tribal or sub-tribal affiliation and support for the Taliban. Have you tried to inject a tribal or sub-tribal dimension into your polling? We have to some extent although I haven't gotten a lot out of it and it may be simply a function of sample size. One thing of course is you've got, there's not a lot of variation in terms of ethnic identity. There's sub-tribal differences but there are not a lot of Hazaras in helmet for example right. We ask ethnicity and then we did ask a tribal element, Durrani etc. But our sample sizes aren't really adequate for provincial level analysis of that data much less, well not provincial, not even regional and nationally we don't see substantial differences. In fact for instance in Durrani versus other Pashtun for example. But it's a good question and by the way I really value this part of the presentation because I can take some of these suggestions, run our data, see if indeed we do see something and be happy to share that with you if it shows up. The gentleman in the second row over there. I'm Malik Nugent from the Treasury Department. You mentioned that 80% of the Afghan population is rural and one of the things that we're looking at at Treasury is expanding the reach of the formal financial sector out to those rural populations. And one question that we have though is to what extent do rural populations look to formal institutions based in Kabul, based in the cities for services, for public services, to what extent do rural populations look to the formal financial sector or would they look to the formal financial sector as opposed to traditional lending arrangements and then extending that not just to financial systems but to other public services as well. Yeah, I would say you should do a poll on that. These are specific topics to which you could get excellent data. All I would be able to give you are suggestive data but certainly the changes that we see have to occur in rural areas. There's not enough people in the urban areas to drive these differences. So the improvements in ratings of local conditions, the index of rebuilding that I discussed, the greater sense of some jobs and economic opportunity clearly do exist. The improvements have occurred in rural areas at least as much if not more than in urban areas. But in terms of specifics on the interest and reliance and microfinance or other sorts of loans, you'd have to go in and do that. But the guys from D3 are over there, you can get together. Let me just comment that there is a problem in defining rural areas. Some are near roads, some are relatively dense because they're in river valleys. Others are highly dispersed. One answer to your question that would come I think from talking to Canadian, British and other aid workers and the PRTs is that anything that's more than two hours walk, which is often the practical test, isn't accessible. But the question is who is two hours walk from what? And mapping that is not something where it's easy to generalize by going urban to rural. Let's see, the second row, the gentleman there. Chris, the Angel side also from the Office of US Trade Representative. I'll be going at the Pakistan in the summer. So I'm wondering, one of the key issues we've heard is problems with justice and the judiciary functioning effectively, particularly in the countryside. That's one reason it seems that these people turn to the Taliban because they can get something done even if it's some rough justice but they can get something done. Do you have any data on how people perceive the justice system working and the government's role in it? Sadly I don't. And the reason is we made a specific decision not to go there because it's a complex enough area of questioning that you can't do it in a question. You would need a battery to really pick apart the concerns and the solutions that are in place and the preferences for alternatives. And this was about a half hour questionnaire which is about as long as we can comfortably go without getting responded fatigue and others have done longer and I start worrying about data quality. The Asia Foundation has done survey research in Afghanistan that tends to be less focused than ours on political issues and on broader public attitudes and does drill down to some extent into social preferences and concerns. And that may be a place to look if you check the website. There's another way to look at this. There have been surveys done within the embassy and within the various aid teams. Basically you have at this point something approaching a court presence. That doesn't necessarily mean it's effective but approaching something like a judicial system that affects about 9% of the population. So just in a very crude sense, is there anybody there doing anything? Those are mapped and the answer is it affects maybe 10% of the population on a functional level. Let's see. There was a young lady in the third row there. Anika Arabidzanska on the part international. What was the percentage of women respondents in your sample and also how were you able to reach women? Okay, so the sample is about 50-50 men and women. We send out separate teams of male and female interviewers to conduct interviews of male respondents and of female respondents. But the ultimate ratio is 50. The women interviewer teams I should say are escorted of course. But only women interview women and only men interview men, I believe. And indeed we have separate sampling points for men and women in order to prevent rivalry. But yeah, it does reflect. The survey across the board reflects as best we can the population values in the country. One of the challenges is the population values in the country are a little sketchy, right? There hasn't been a census done in Afghanistan since 1979, I believe. But we do have a CSO, Central Statistics Office estimates of the population and the distribution of the population. And those include the roughly 50-50 division of men and women which we then reflect in our sampling. The gentleman in the third row in the center. Incidentally, I have a blind spot on the left, so please raise your hand because I can't see you otherwise. Marvin Wyman of the Middle East Institute. Probably one of the most surprising findings that you have is the popularity of Karzai, which is obvious. I think you reflected that in your remarks, particularly because of our concern about the legitimacy of the central government. How important that is in terms of support for our counterinsurgency. Trying to understand that further, is it possible that many of the respondents saw that as do you prefer Karzai to the alternative? So that it was in a sense there a choice there Karzai or someone else. And also, is there some explanatory value in the fact that it is well noted that in the move up to the election, Karzai deliberately in good fashion, political fashion, went and spent a lot of money in the development area. Clearly, people are, especially with electricity, are experiencing a better outcome because of that. And it has a strong effect. And I think I mentioned that, or tried to mention that, that the effect of campaign promises can have a positive impact on... Delivery. Delivery as well, on expectations and on assessments as well. We asked about Karzai both directly and elliptically, if you will, in a variety of ways. And the data are pretty consistent. We ask about his personal favorability. We ask, as we have consistently now for five years, about ratings of the performance of the government he leads. And we ask about, not about Karzai, simply are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the outcome of the election? A question that we didn't want to tie to Karzai, again, to see if we get any difference. And we get consistent readings across. I would again, there is a halo effect of winning, of emerging victorious from a period of conflict, even if an election conflict, if you will, that we've seen in previous cultures including our own strange culture. So that certainly is not unheard of by any means. Separately, this is a society that seems to, I don't want to go too far beyond our data, that I think can be said to value a strong and assertive leadership. And the emergence of a strong and assertive leader after a period of uncertainty, again, can indeed inform positive ratings of that leader. The question is, do they stay positive? President Obama has gone from 69% approval to around 50%. It depends on performance. And that's why it's necessary to continue to take these measurements and assess in an ongoing way. The gentleman on the background. Phil Mastretta, Office of the Special IG for Iraq. Are you still polling in Iraq? And how much comparative analysis do you do between Iraq and Afghanistan? I noticed one or two slides on this point. But it's become quite a cottage industry here inside the bell way. Yeah, that's true. My last poll in Iraq was about a year ago. And I'm always looking for another opportunity in the right time. We've in the past polled around the anniversary of the invasion, but very frankly, the elections were in the way this time. I didn't want to poll in the midst of the national elections there, which I would have needed to do to get results in time for the anniversary of the invasion. So we let that go. We do have continued interest in conducting surveys in Iraq, but it's obviously of less pressing, if I may say, news value, which I have to keep in mind given my employer. But I think it's important. The value we can provide in doing these independent surveys as news organizations is by opening a window that many of the decision makers in our government, frankly, already have opened and are looking out. There is a lot of data available in Iraq and Afghanistan, but not a lot publicly available. And I think by doing this, we can get a better public understanding by disseminating these data of the decisions that are being made and the information that's informing them. And that's frankly why we do it, why I think it's an important project, and I'd like to continue it. I've not done a lot of comparison, some general stuff, but we've seen similar trends to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan. In Iraq, as you know, some reasonably high expectations. And no one was, other than Sunnis, no one was glad to see. It was sad to see Saddam gone. But then that spiral of despair in that country is it fell into sectarian violence after the Samarra bombing and then a recovery, a dramatic recovery in our last poll, which I suspect is continued because violence is lower and there's a greater sense that the country is going to stay together. But there are very fundamental differences. The attitude driver in Iraq in many ways was the sectarian attitudes, the Kurds and the Sunnis and the Shiites. And the question is whether they could find some accommodation. That's much less the case. There's much more uniformity across groups in our data in Afghanistan and it's much more about the level of violence, the development, and the other measures I've discussed. I should note that both the State Department in dealing with Iraq and the State Department in dealing with Afghanistan is zero-basing its models of how to measure progress in both countries with new polling elements as well as fixed indicators, which is kind of interesting after nine years. It is truly zero-basing. It is also doing so without any coordination with the rest of the United States government or between the Iraqi and Afghan efforts to see if there are areas of common effort. So let me note that your question is a very good one, but I would be much happier if the United States government showed even the slightest interest in coordinating within itself. The lady in the back there. Read our latest white paper. I have unfortunately read the latest papers from State in defense as of this week. They have evidently not read your white paper. They have, but they don't agree with something. All right. I'd love for you to send it to me. The lady in the back there. Gail Moragato from SCRS, Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization within the Department of State. My question is you spent a lot on public perception on military forces and the U.S. as a whole, but what about, did you ask about what the perception was of civilians working in the field and of the U.S. as well as international community that's there and is ramping up and if that's noted by Afghans at large or if that's simply not... Yeah. We had a favorability rating, I believe, of, I don't know if we did NGOs, but we did of the United Nations, I believe, the performance of the UN. Let me see if I can find it for you. Here it is, sure. And it was a little underwhelming. We asked ratings of the presence and the performance of foreign aid organizations. Half of Afghans... This would make more sense, too, if we dissected it regionally, but half of Afghans said there was a strong presence of foreign aid organizations in their area. About half said there was not. And we didn't do a lot of other metrics on it. You know, our report is up at ABCNews.com. Our questionnaire, again, even in a presentation of this detail, I can't hit it all because it's a half-hour interview of 60 or 70 item questionnaire, but the full questionnaire and the marginal results are up at our website. In this document, you're welcome to take a look at. And I'm happy to run any cross-tabulations anyone's interested in. So you can look through our questionnaire and say, what did that look like in the Southeast or in Kunduz? And we can run that data. I'm happy to do it. Again, I'd be very cautious about this, where efforts were made last year to map where the civilian aid workers were and where they reached out to. When you talk about polling nationally, you have to understand that the actual presence of civilian aid workers in the field, which is very different from seeing a project somewhere, is very limited in terms of most of Afghanistan. The other is that when you ask questions like civilian versus military or U.S. versus international components of ISAF, often people think U.S. as ISAF unless they happen to know it's German or Swedish or what have you. Nationality differences and perceptions are extremely uncertain. So when you start doing French, German, and U.S. presence in Afghanistan, you're more likely to get misleading than positive results. We've tried some of that and it's essentially the same. In other words, if you ask about the performance of the United States or you ask about the performance of NATO ISAF, we have those separate measures and they're almost identical. I think they're conflated. So gentlemen, back. Jim Doros from the Office of Military Affairs at AID. I enjoy your polls. Two things I'd like to ask you, not in numerous parts. One, you've got some data on development and things are going up. And I'd ask, so what? Dr. Korzman has talked about this all the time and his stuff about just having metrics of output things. The second thing is I'd ask, when you look at favorable response to the Taliban, did you get a sense of why? Why? Well, two things. So first, in terms of development improving, as we show in our regression analysis, it is a significant predictor of the positive public attitudes in terms of the sense that countries go in the right way, confidence in the government in the U.S. and NATO as well. I think it's an essential element, in fact, of public confidence and attitudes more broadly, where development is seen as occurring. I think this was the promise, or the perceived or taken promise of the invasion. The notion that A, the yoga, the Taliban would be removed and B, that much needed development in a very impoverished country would follow and that slow pace of development, in addition to the ongoing violence, has been one of the great sources of frustration among the population. So to see those improve does in a very important way, I think, inform our broader judgment and understanding of how people are reacting to the situation. There's nothing like local development that is going to hit you personally, that's going to affect your personal life. If you've got electricity when you didn't erode, so you can get to the market in a few hours rather than a few days, all these make very important differences in living conditions and therefore are reflected in attitudes. And I'm sorry, your second... Does that lessen support for the Taliban? I mean, we can do all these things. There's lessen support for the Taliban and that's what we're trying to do. Right. Why is the Taliban a fraction of it? Because they're not providing jobs, programs, putting girls in school over the road. Right, support for the Taliban A is not at all broad around the country. It peaks in conflict zones and there may be some cultural or religious or political reasons for that but I think, I mean, in Kandahar it's the birthplace of the Taliban. It's where they're from and it's where their support is essentially strongest. I don't know that there'd be a surprise a cultural and allegiance that's related to a variety of preferences but also that these are the areas where not only is development challenged but where violence is highest and where violence is highest people are going to look to some solution to that violence and if they don't see it coming from one source there may be an increased inclination to seek it from another. It's drawn from a different source but I think we need to be extremely careful here. First, the Taliban does provide key jobs for young men and until really late in 2009 it was paying more than the local place or the army was. So it was a major employer. Prompt justice is, for many Afghans the key to local stability. The Taliban was covering about five times the area that the Afghan government was in terms of this because we focused on formal justice systems rather than traditional justice systems and the other problem is when you talk about Taliban presence you have to remember that and again the maps here are not generally distributed and in an awful lot of areas the Taliban is the only presence. There is no competing Afghan government presence of any kind whatsoever. So when we talk about Taliban versus NATO ISAF or Jiroa we have to keep in mind exactly what the areas are and these and I think one of the great problems we have had in general is the failure just in the crudest terms to map where we are active or the Afghan government is active because quite aside from the qualitative issue if you're not there at all strangely enough you're not taken very serious. Again as I think the table I showed you our data suggests that attitudinally it's very clear that where you're seen as having a strong presence or any presence you're much more likely to be rated positively for your performance. You'd be in real trouble if the opposite were the case. Let's see I think we let me take the question over here on the left sorry I couldn't see it. Craig Adair just an interested member of the public I have a follow up question on ethnicity and if that's if I understood your response earlier that your sample sizes weren't large enough but the numbers that you did get didn't pick up significant differences across ethnicity. If that's the case how do you or do you have any explanations to offer for the difference that you the clear difference that you saw in the south and the east. Yeah there are regional differences I haven't teased out if those are ethnic or regional differences and we could run the data to establish whether you're right the Pashtun in the south as opposed to Hazara and Tajiks in the north that may well be associated. I don't know if it's regional or ethnic and it's an analysis I haven't done but it's one worth doing. Initially in Iraq for example there were suggestions that the differences we saw there attitudinally were regionally based rather than ethnically or ethno sectarian based and we could dispel that pretty quickly when we ran that data. It was clearly ethno sectarian. There are some I shouldn't say we haven't seen any differences I haven't seen any that have risen a level for me to spend a lot of time on them. Rural Pashtuns are more conservative more negative about the government to some extent particularly rural to the extent I've looked at them rural Pashtun men but I haven't done depth and in depth analysis of those. We've got by the way a good robust data set now we can combine these surveys and look at some of the basic metrics over time and even though we've had change in the outcome we can therefore increase the sample and look at some of the individual groups and differences among groups can stand out better. Ladies and gentlemen I think we have kind of run over the normal hour but let me take one last question I think the gentleman in the second row there. Vijay Nilekani, NEI. The scope of your survey include the perception of neighboring countries? Like what do the Afghans think of the Iranians or the Tajiks or Uzbeks or Chinese or Indians? Yeah we did include some favorability ratings of other countries and consistently in our data the country that is seen most favorably by Afghans this should not be a surprise I hope is India and I think that's because India is seen as a counterweight to the Pakistanis who are viewed with a great deal more suspicion there's that less in the sense that Pakistan is harboring the Taliban but there is still not a lot of warm feeling about Pakistan as a check our data 81% of Afghans see Pakistan unfavorably I guess you could look on the bright side and note that it was 91% the last time we asked. I hope are the Iranians and Chinese? Yeah we did ask about China we got an even split on Iran half see around favorably about half unfavorably and again the one that really jumps out of me is India's 71% favorable. Ladies and gentlemen thank you very much for coming and may I ask you to thank Gary in a sort of traditional manner.


Hey guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rossell here. Today's going to go down as one of the best days in my post-Aliah history living in Israel because I finally found on a supermarket shelf a super, super incendiary hot hot sauce. Now I went on a bit of a wild goose chase last summer after I came back from Texas and I found their ghost chili hot sauce on the supermarket shelves and I was really excited because I absolutely love screaming hot food and it's sometimes kind of hard to get in Israel. I got standards of what is a kharif or hot dip for a little bit. So here's what this guy is, this product is. I found this, if you happen to be watching this video from Jerusalem, I found this in Balagan. It's formerly called Mizraq Ma'arav. So if you live in Jerusalem, you probably know this. It's one of the, it's kind of the biggest Asian import store and it's located, if you're going towards the Shukh, going up Agripa street, it's on the left. There's two different Asian stores now and it's the one further up. Anyway, look at that, look for Balagan. So this is, this was on the super, the shelf was about 20 shackles. It's Carolina Reaper and they also do a ghost chili variety. It says here extreme hot and they even have in Hebrew Azhara, which means a morning. So it says it's the hottest chili in the world. Use this like one drop at a time basically. So yeah, I was just like, this was really unexpected because when I got back from the US last year, I went on a bit of a Google rampage trying to track down anyone who was selling ghost chili hot sauce in Israel. I find one or two companies, but they were only selling in like industrial, well, retail quantities. I even bought some ghost chili seeds myself. I was thinking about growing them before I heard that was quite difficult. So this is imported by, I'm trying to read the Hebrew here, read through the Hebrew, Daniel speciality foods, no connection to me. And fortunately, I'm not sidelining in a hot sauce imports. And it says, for those interested in Kashrush kosher, it says Yivol Chul, which means because of Shemitah. It's a foreign produce, not grown in Israel, the actual ingredients. So it's got approval from the chief rabbinist. And it's a kosher parva. So it's neither Chalavi or Vasari, it's parv. And I'm trying to read the actual heck share here. It says, but that's bet Yosef. So it's that's the kosher standard. I'm not so strict about kosher that I personally usually read these details.  There we go. So there's the there's the heck share for you guys, if this is important to you. I buy 20 shackles and it is as hot as you suggest. I couldn't finish this video aside trying some, I just had some on rice. I'm going to put a few, you really have to use this stuff one drop at a time. I'm going to start bringing this round with me. And so I just put a few drops on my pita bread here. There's about a five second lag before the burn starts. Well, really, really hot stuff. I can't wait. Okay, it's hitting it's it's hitting intensely now, but I love it after like a few minutes of like your mic being on fire for me, it just like clears out my whole breathing breathing airways. That's why I love it. Anyway, it's great fun. So yeah, this product is here it is called Saberito line of hot sauces. If you want to write to the guy, it's the guy who's bringing this in is in Evan Yehuda to ask about Stalkis. He's even got his email on the product packaging. I'm going to try to get into focus again. Why this is hot stuff guys. That is Daniel at Bezekin.net. And as my message is now on fire, I'm going to end this YouTube video.  Go to Balagan in Jerusalem and you can get yourself some super, super spicy sauce. Thanks for watching guys. Subscribe for more videos on chili. What else do I talk about? Technology and other stuff.


Welcome back to Why in the Morning on Woman Crush. When is there why to for for channels where you can find us across? All our social media handles at Michelle Achira is where you can find me across. All my social, we'll get into the discussion of the day. So head on to our Facebook page. We have a question there. So we have now Lisa. So say ni muna jua quick and safe ways. Musea ane zawa moka haraka haraka wa say it. In studio I am joined by a couple of our guests. So I'll let them introduce themselves from my closest, right? Hi guys, my name is Mark Mugo. I'm an actor, I'm a content creator and I'm also a mental health advocate. Thank you very much Mark. Hi guys, my name is Jackie Lule. I'm a postgraduate student at Kenyatta University. And I'm also a writer and I'm a poet. Hi guys, my name is Frida. I'm a graduate student at Kenyatta University. And I'm also a writer and I'm a poet. Hi guys, my name is Frida. Hi guys, my name is Florence Mwangi. Florence is a mother. I'm a director and founder of Destiny Rescue Center. Where we deal with teenage girls and children in need of care and protection. Yes. So guys, welcome. And this is the story.  Everyone wants to live lavishly. And when you look at our social media channels. We look at the people problem now. And then just compare ages to be like, I am 20 something and she is 20 something. You know, kumoka lazema. So this issue is kumoka especially for the elderly people. We want to talk about kumoka earlier. Before that, one of the tips is kumoka very quickly. Raka raka fina. Now I'm sure that you're so safe. So, where do you live? Kumoka, this is an interesting discussion. Because as you to, not a kumoka, because life as a young person in this country, in this continent, in this world, it's very hard. I mean, to be honest as in what can I say. It's really hard when you don't have anything to sustain yourself. And it's hard when you, when you can't sustain yourself, you end up having so many problems within you. So everybody wants to make it. Everybody wants to build their own house, buy their own car. For us it's good. I'm the only panelist who's a man. Everybody wants to, as a man sometimes you see guys, other guys were motivated so much by women. And I don't know why. So you see this person on Friday night, he's going, these women surrounding him. So it comes from all that social pressure that we all want to get it so quick and so fast that we can't trust the process. Because we have to trust the process. It's a process and I think Florence, judging from her age, she'll tell us it's a process. And none of us wants to trust the process. Like when you say you want to trust the process. You want to trust the process. I do like to trust the process. Right now I want it. I'm seeing Florence or I'm seeing my friend who's made it.  And in social media there is a lot of, not only pressure but a lot of lies with it.  It's a picture he has travelled to Dubai. You don't know why I've travelled. You don't know who has taken me there. But of course I'll say I've taken myself. And now I want to be where Makumogo is. So you'll ask me, Mark how did you get there? I'll tell you lies. So I think there's all that lies which have come with social media and it has put so much pressure on us that we don't want to hear there is a process. Because people of our age won't tell us there is a process. From what we see there doesn't seem to be any process. People are making it. Everyone is making it. Everyone is making it. So what process do I need to go through and everyone is making it? What is this process you're telling me? Okay Jackie do you want to take a look and you want to take a look at yourself? Of course not kumoka raka raka but you know it's quite hard. You know kumoka raka this success is a process. You know very many people define success differently. But one thing I know is that all these successful people have things in common. But looking at success from the quicker and safe perspective it's quite complex. I mean for success to be safe most of the time haikwangi quick. You see you have to wake up and be consistent with what you're doing alafulita uta kwa successful. And then tenokia una successia nini quick una pata c-safe most of the time. But we cannot dispute the fact that there is quick and safe success because they are used to a successful see they are used to a successful let's say lack inheritance. Yeah those people don't need to toil but if you need to work hard then I think it's it takes time. Alright. So Florence. So kumoka e tu being successful in life. Most of the young people want to kumoka being successful in life just very fast and especially badutunanga kumoka kwa safe. So from where you are seated and from where you are coming from Florence how possible is it? I will say it's not possible and I will start by saying this we all know that rum was not built in one day so if it was not built in one day there was a process. Number one the youth want to kumoka ya raka they know themselves. They don't know what they want in life. They want to live a life like they want to imitate somebody's life but if you really know what you want you need to know that there is a process I'm going to use a very practical example as a mother if you want to have a child you will not have a child ha raka you have to wait for nine months whether you like it or not whether you ataka ma udataka ni yi omie ziti salazima itikem toto so what the youth do not understand or what they don't want they don't want the process because number one, let me use this end with a lot of humility they are lazy, they don't want to work na ha kuna kitu kizudiki na tokanga na kuta on a silver plata ha kuna but then as a matayo inakuja you have to really think how do I stretch my hand and get it so there is still work you need to do so what this our young generation is looking for microwave issues things yani ni baton inakuja na hiyo nindoto tekin tawan biawazi, hiyo nindoto a kuna kitu eni na ito atacha kula wukiwe kakwa microwave unawacha kwanza ispindo ipaten ni ipaten moto so it is, they need to sit down and know unless they work hard unless they work hard ii vitu anataka kumoka a raka dui nawa ingiza kwa mashida na zileza kumoka a raka pumbisa matuna enda lakini kama unataka kumoka in the right way you have to be ready to work you have to be ready to sacrifice you have to be intentional in what you want you have to really know who you are what you want and where you are going otherwise utaising itua paka mavile utaising itu kwangaliawa kwa makagarizawe unawana mutu na de nani kazi ni ake na zileza kumoka anataka lakini haina and then i will say this success that i have made and journeyed has a lot of fulfillment and pride actually yata inheritance haina ii ya babayangu kwa ii vuli kwa ya mwenye mimi nataka mutu mwenye kwa fokus anataka kitwi ake nasi se mi musitu kwa inheritance ii oni baraka parans properties they start killing each other reason being they don't even know what they want hawa jawa ii fanya kazi gumu wale wata ututunadil na waskuizi ni wale yata kuhosha kikombeni shida kusabutuluwa aniki ya wa fanyi kazi kila kitu by the way tumewave kia hapo lakini kuna wale wana wa fanyi kazi but they still want to wash that cup they want to have that experience so i think even us who are now at a place whereby we are mentoring these youths we need also to let them work for themselves ukitaka kubadilisha diet kwangu na fukiti tuta debate uta letter kuna maiai letter sasaka mahauleti maiai wacha tu kule due to when then in your process ya tu patehiyo maiai lakini sii leya nili kitu umututuwa nataka unampatia somehow i blame us as parents because we've actually not taught these children i hear people saying i cannot bring my children the way i was brought up i wish i could what if the parent wants something better you can still give something better and still make this child learn from it it doesn't mean that kwa sa abu mimi nili lewa nakiboko nili azimani cha pemtotuwa ngundiwa elewe kuna vile naweza kwa kumukumpeleka lakini sii tamchapa lakini adnita achieve what i want but it has to be from the word go it has to be from the word go because our children are messing because kwa sa iyo jina kumomoka unajiwa mii sii kwa na juwani nini na kwa na sii kwa kumomoka na piriya tu na nda kumomoka kupa ni kwa nakupata ni ni ni kupata and there is no success without hard work let me give you a very simple example if you want to sleep nuna taku nila comfortabili na ujifunike sasa kwa apukutu umwajia ufunike siu taku luwa na umbuk luwa na baridi hutalala so hard work ok thank you floris so do you think like going back to Mark do you feel like as youth we are so much entitled like we feel like i want something and i should have it do you feel like we are so much entitled not necessarily and in fact and we have been labeled lazy by the way it's just that i wanted her to feel it and me what i can say and it's good you brought somebody more less of her generation over here because it helps because sometimes i feel there is a lot of misunderstanding between our generation and their generation because when they say we are lazy the youth are not lazy i mean if you watch i mean the youth are not really lazy i cannot label any young person as a lazy person and i think one thing because i have parents from her generation where sometimes we may disagree on things is that when my parents were 20s when my dad was like 20 the system when i say the system the government really catered a lot for them in that when he was 20s good grades got him a job and the government was able to train him he never had to look for a job again as in there was a lot of there was a bit more meritocracy in how you are rewarded but these days young people if you talk of unemployment right now how many people go to campus and are still unemployed the system doesn't cater for that it's more or less and me and you we both know that we've seen so many times that the people who get jobs are the ones with what we call godfathers people who have people to you need to know somebody you need to know somebody in a high place and you see now what happens is that me who doesn't know somebody for example and doesn't have a job i'll be labeled lazy probably let me use the term lazy for example but is able to get a job because of the godfather won't be looked at in the same way so i think there is a bit of a misunderstanding between generations in that within when they were our age the system really catered a lot for them and maybe for our generation the system has left the job to family, parents and all and you know sometimes there is a bit of a misunderstanding i don't think we are lazy or maybe some are entitled i don't know but i don't think it's good to generalize all of us so Jackie for you were growing up and did you did you explain the aspect of feeling entitled towards anything in your life have you seen people were entitled feeling like they are entitled towards anything they want in life yeah i've seen them and most of the time these people don't really make it in life yeah they don't because you really need to work you see if you inherit something or if you feel like you're entitled to something you become lazy you know that something is at your disposal and you're not going to put any extra effort to make whatever it is better you see so youth should just work hard if you don't work hard there is nothing that will come away and there is no success that is quick i mean what do you even mean by quick i mean for how long for you time gone i think if you come next week or next month it's okay next month quick as that that's next to impossible because you know some of the common things that successful people do is as much as people define success differently some of the common things that successful people do is add value to others or to something else you see if you wake up with a purpose of adding value to someone or something automatically you're going to help yourself like let's say if you realize that the people around you need food right and then you come up with something that will make them get food like plant crops or something you see you're adding value to them and you're also helping yourself and in the long run you're going to be successful so if you propose to you know add value to something even this thing that you feel that you're entitled to you're going to be successful but if you just sit there and you know tell yourself i have inheritance, my parents have these my future is sorted yeah you will languish in poverty


Today we're going to be taking a look at the Krohn sneaker travel bag. A lot of people hit me up all the time asking the question, DJ, what shoes do you travel with and what bag do you use? So I'm going to make sure that I give you guys a full in-depth review of this bag, show you all the details, the pockets, the stitching and everything like that. That way you have a better understanding of it to see if this is a good fit for you or not. And if you didn't know by now, my name is DJ and this is the DNA show. On this channel, I love talking about sneakers giving you guys in-depth reviews and especially going over different accessories like this because this is a very essential key to being a sneaker hit. So if you haven't already, consider subscribing and joining the fam. We're on the road to a million subscribers and you could be the next one to help get us there. So I've been in the sneaker game for over 15 years now traveling around the world and I always got to make sure I got my kicks with me. And when I found this bag, I didn't realize how much I really needed it until I started using it. So not only am I in love with using this bag, I actually found it on Amazon for under a hundred bucks. So let's go ahead and crack open this bag, talk about the space in the pockets and everything that come along with it because there's definitely a lot going on. I know it looks very simple, but trust me, there's a lot of compartment. So right here on the top of the bag, you have two handles with a Velcro strap. We're going to undo that right here and then zip open the top real quick. And then you have a flap right here. Now looking on the flap, you have two zipper pockets right here with the mesh and then a larger pocket right here with the Chrome logo on top of that.  Now, as you can see from the top right here, you have room for four different pairs of sneakers. And the reason why I love this bag so much is I'm a size 13 and my shoes actually fit in here. So when it comes to a sneaker like an Air Jordan one, this is a high top and we know this is definitely going to take a lot of space. But these fit in here with no problem, especially a sneaker like an Air Jordan six, another high top takes up a lot of space. And again, these fit in here with no problem. So when you're in a situation and you got something like an Air Jordan three, definitely you're not going to have any issues when it comes to a lower cut sneaker like this. Also, as you can see right here, you have three different dividers. One, two, three, these come with Velcro on the side of each divider. So you can adjust these accordingly and maybe make room for two pairs of sneakers and a basketball on the side or clothing or camera gear or whatever may be.   Whenever again, I'm going and I'm traveling for maybe sneaker con or something like that.  And I'm not trying to have a $5,000 sneaker get lost in luggage while it's out in the airport. So it's easier for me to carry this on. And that's another thing that I wanted to mention as well. This is TSA duffel bag approved, which means I can take this on the airplane and put it up in the bin with no problems. And that's definitely another thing that I really love about this bag because it gives me a lot of security when I'm traveling and I know I'm picking up an expensive pair of sneakers and I want to make sure that I'm bringing them back home in hand and protecting my shoes along the way. Now as I zip this bag right here up on the top, you can see these have some very nice metal zippers and they also have a nice little red stitching that goes around the bag that kind of matches the inside when it comes to the all over red print on there as well. On the top end of the bag on both sides right here, you got two metal loops right here that also match the zippers and the clips that go along the shoulder strap right here. This is adjustable and it has the logo on here as well. It's pretty soft padded and it's got a gripper on the backside of the pad. That way it doesn't slip off your shoulder when you're walking around with the shoes. Again, another thing that I really like about this bag. Now looking at the right side of the bag right here, you have a pocket with a zipper that goes in all the way down to the bottom part of the bag and then on the left side of the bag as well. Same thing again, matching zippers that go all throughout the top end of the bag as well. Another compartment that's kind of hitting the plain side right here. You can see it with the red stitch line. You got an additional zipper right here and then a whole slack that comes in the whole front end of the bag. That way you can fit more stuff in the front side of the bag if needed. I personally haven't really used these compartments as much. I never really have to worry about stuffing too much stuff in this front pouch, but at the same time it's always nice to have it than not. Now going to the backside of the bag right here, you have a Velcro patch and a zipper on the bottom. Now when you unzip this right here and you can see I can fit my hand all the way through the bag right here. Now what is that for? That is easy access for you to be able to... Ah, you nasty. Nah, but for real though, this is so you can put this on the top of your rolling suitcase and put the handle through it and it's a lot easier to roll it around without the bag falling off the top of your rolling bag. So as you can see right here, there are definitely a lot of compartments and functionality things that make sense when it comes to this bag. Again, especially at this price point, I think this is an amazing deal to say that I can fit size 13 sneakers in here. Travel with this, mix it up, flip things around and put different stuff inside the bag. Put a basketball in here, a football in here, a helmet in here. I can put a lot of things in this bag. And another thing that I forgot to mention that I think is very, very important about this bag as well. It's a waterproof material, meaning you can put a lot of stuff inside this bag and say you're going out to play soccer on the field or something like that and it's raining. Well, now you don't have to worry about it because your bag is going to keep everything dry and that's definitely another perk to have for my athletes out there. And one last thing I got to mention before I go because I have done this multiple times and trust me, it is so convenient. This bag has a plate at the bottom of it that you can flip up and then condense this whole bag down and make it flat. Now, when you make the bag flat, you can put this in your traveling suitcase, check it into your luggage and take it with you if you plan on shopping when you're out of town. And that way you can then bring stuff back as a carry-on and not have to worry about paying for an additional bag. I do this all the time and it definitely saves me a bunch of money with bringing this as a carry-on compared to paying for check bags or anything like that. So that's definitely always something to consider as well. So again, for those that may have missed it, this is the Cron Travel Duffel Bag Sneaker Bag, whatever you may want to call it. You can find this on Amazon. I think this is the best deal out there right now and I want to make sure that you guys know about it because a lot of people be asking me this question. I want to make sure I have the link for you guys down below in the description for everything that you guys need. I appreciate you guys as always. I hope this was helpful. I'll see you in another one. All right y'all, bye-bye. Yo, if you enjoyed this video and want to grow your collection or make extra money on the side, I built a VIP mastermind that will teach you everything that I've learned about growing my sneaker collection over the past 15 years. This will also give you access to the DNA Fam in my VIP community where we talk about investing outside of sneakers. And don't worry. If you don't plan on joining the VIP community, it's okay. I also set up a private DNA Fam community that gives you access to all the behind-the-scenes looks from the studio and multiple chances to win free sneakers and gear from weekly and monthly challenges. So all you need to do is click on the link down below in the description or the first link pinned in the comment section. That will get you set up and into the community. I'm excited to see you guys on the inside. If you made it to the end of this video, drop a comment down below and let me know what is your go-to travel sneaker something that just has to always be in your suitcase. For me, it's the presto. I got to always at least have one pair of prestos in my bag.


Hello, in this lecture we're going to talk about the issuance of a bond at a discount. We will calculate and record interest payments on the bond. Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category, further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need then can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files, and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. We will be able to record the journal entry for the issuance of a bond at a discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on the trial balance accounts, calculate the interest payment and amortize the bond discount using a straight line method, record the journal entries related to interest payments and amortization of bond discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on the trial balance accounts. All right, so we're going to look at this in context of a problem. We're going to have the information on the left hand side, we're going to look at a trial balance and post this within context of a trial balance. We can see it in relation to other numbers and see the balancing concepts within the trial balance. In the trial balance, we're going to have a simplified trial balance where we have just a couple assets, those assets being cash and accounts receivable. We've got the liabilities account payable. Then where we are focusing in this area will be the bonds payable, the discount on the bonds and then we've got the common dividend payable as the another liability. Then we have the equity section and one thing in there at this time, retained earnings. Then we have the income statement being sales income and expenses. We just have income over the 700 at this time. That is income not a loss, the brackets representing credits and that will give us a net income number which we can use to see what will happen to net income. As we post some journal entries related to bonds and bond interest payments as we go. Also note that debits are going to be represented without brackets and there are going to be positive numbers and credits will have brackets or negative numbers. This will be a simplified way for us to see the debits and credits. If we were to add up the debits minus the credits, it would add up to zero. Therefore, the debits equal the credits. It will give us a nice simplified way for us to calculate everything we need to see within one page and limit the amount of columns we are going to need to use. So first thing we want to do is just discuss what a bond is, how it is compared to a note and look at our information on the side. So we issued a bond which pay interest semi-annually. It's a 15-year bond. It's a semi-annual bond. It's going to have a face value of 240 and it's got an interest rate of 6%. These are things that are going to be on the bond. So if we were to actually have a physical bond, which we don't usually have these days because it's all electronic, but they would be part of the terms of the bond. If we were working a problem, these are the things that you want to think are like set in stone in the bond. We cannot change these things. They are part of the bond. So that means that we are the issuer of the bond. When we think of bonds as an individual, we often probably think of it as if we're thinking about investing into a bond. Now it's good to think on both sides of the table. It's often difficult when we think about problems to think on both sides of the table. So in this case, we are the issuer of the bond and we then are going to pay the bond back to whoever is holding the bond at the end of the period, which in this case is 15 years. We will pay them the face amount of 240,000 and we will be paying interest on the bond to whoever is holding the bond semi-annually, so twice a year and we'll be paying 6% of the 240,000. We will then calculate that out. Notice the difference between a bond and a note payable. A note payable is very similar to a bond where we would borrow money and we would pay it back in the future in some format and most people have experience with a note payable in terms of a car payment or a mortgage payment and in those types of payments, what happens is we borrow money and then we're going to pay it back and we pay back both the principal and interest usually in monthly arrangements. In this case, we are only going to be paying the interest on the note, so that's going to be the difference. Oftentimes with bonds, bonds could be set up in many different ways, but this is going to be a common type of bond, common type of bond problem in which we are just going to pay the interest. That means that as we make the semi-annual interest payments, we are only paying, I call it like the rent on the money. So if we were to rent an apartment, we pay back just the rent, the use of the apartment. It's not like such as a mortgage where we pay back part of the principal. We don't give back part of the apartment each time we pay the rent. We only pay back the use of the apartment. Similar to if we have borrowing money, in this case we're borrowing money, we are paying back the rent basically on the borrowed money. We're not paying back any of the principal, the stuff we're using. We're just paying back the interest until the end of the term in which case at which time we will pay back the principal of the 240. Also note the two things that change when we talk about loaning money. If you go to the bank and you say, I need a loan, you can say, well, I need this much money and they're going to then negotiate on terms of what the rent should be. What should the interest on the loan be? How much should you pay me in order for you to have the use of the resource being the money and you can adjust the interest payment? The problem on a bond you want to realize is that the interest payment is set in stone. Remember that's one of those things that you want to think that the bond is already written. So when we issue the bond you want to think, well, the bond's already written and the bond already has a face amount. It already has an interest amount. So if we are going to go on a market and negotiate over a bond, we can't adjust the interest amount as we would for a note. We need to adjust something else. And that something else is going to be something, the same thing we would adjust for anything else we sell and that's going to be the sales prize. So if we were to sell something a tangible good, then of course we would haggle over what the sales price should be. If we are selling a bond, it's kind of the same thing. We're going to say, well, you know, this is set in stone, the interest rate set in stone, the face amount is set in stone. But we can haggle over the price that we will sell this for. So in terms of this note, we're going to say, yeah, we're going to pay back whoever owns the note, 240,000. We're going to pay interest at a rate of 6% semi-annually. And how much would you like to buy this bond for? And if we put that on the market, then a problem is always going to have to give you kind of the market rate and the interest rate on the bond. So the market rate is kind of, it's not set in stone. That's the negotiable rate. So when you go on to the free market and you try to sell something, well, if it turns out that people can buy similar bonds at a rate of 8%, meaning they can take their money, give it to someone else and earn rent on it for a higher amount, just like if I was to take my apartment and sell it to somebody else and they're going to pay me more rent than this person is, then I'm going to sell it to the person who pays the most rent. Therefore, if the market rate is higher than the interest rate on our bond and we're trying to sell our bond, then we're going to have to sell it for less than the face amount of the bond. So we'll say, OK, you know, you don't have to give us 240,000 for it. We'll give it to you at a discount. So that's the idea. We're going to say we're going to give it to you at a discount. We think of a discount versus a premium. It's easier to think of it in terms of if we are the person purchasing the bond, because I think we have more experience with that if you go to the store and it says the sticker price said something like the face amount, in this case is the sticker price, and it said 240,000. And we paid for something less than 240,000. We would say that, you know, we got a discount on it. If, on the other hand, we paid more than the sticker price, we would pay a premium on it. Why would we ever pay more than the sticker price on the bond? Well, that would be, of course, the opposite here. If the market rates happen to be less than the rates on the bond, then we would have to we would be selling it. The issue would be selling it at a premium. The purchaser would be buying it at a premium. And of course, either of those situations could happen because the interest rate on the market fluctuates due to a lot of different factors. So if we go through here and we think about the journal entry as we issue the bond. So if we're going to issue the bond here, then how are we going to record this? Remember the reason why a company would issue a bond is because they're trying to get money. So we're trying to get money in order to fund whatever we're trying to fund for the business. And so is cash affected? We're going to say, yeah, cash is affected in this case. And cash is going to go up. Cash has a debit balance. We're going to make it go up by doing the same thing to it, which in this case would be another debit. Now, the next thing that's going to happen will, of course, be that why did we get cash because we promised to pay at the end of the 15-year period, 240,000 plus rent on that money that we borrowed at 6%. So that means that we have signed an obligation to owe back the money in the future that money that we owe back will be at the end of 15 years, 240,000. So the bond payable is a liability. All liabilities have credit balances. We need to make it go up by the amount that we're going to pay back at the end of the time period, which is 240. So we're going to credit the 240 increase in the liability that we owe. Also want to point out here that you could get this amount confused one with the issue, with the issue price, how much money we're going to receive. And the reason we're going to say the bond payables for 240 is because that's how much we're going to pay back at the end of 15 years. It's also common for people to get confused on the fact that, well, we're not just going to pay the 240, we're going to pay the 240 plus a bunch of interest on top of that. But at this point in time, we have not yet incurred the interest. We've already got this obligation to pay the 240 because we are currently using that. However, we haven't used the money. Like it's a similar, it's similar as if we had rent. We can't record the rent expense before we've used the apartment or the building. So once we use the building, then we have incurred the rent expense. That's when we record that rent expense. So then, of course, we have a difference here. We have the cash that we received and we've got the bonds payable. And that will be the discount. So the difference will be the discount. So the 198, 444 plus the 41, 516 will equal the debits of 240 will equal the credit of 240. How do we get the 41, 516? It's the 240 minus the 198, 484. That's the plug that we need in order for the debits to equal the credits. Also note the way that we thought this out is that we thought of cash first, like we normally do, and we thought of the bond that we forgot to put out, and then we thought of the plug being the discount. That's how I would think through it. However, thinking through it in that way means that the discount is a debit and it's on the bottom. If you're going to record this into a software that's going to be grading you or something like that, then you probably want to put the two debits on top. If this format helps you to go back and audit the information or helps you think through the information, I would think that is more important than having the two debits on top. So be aware of that. Now, of course, if we posted this out, then we would say cash has a debit balance, we're going to increase the cash here by this 198, 484. And it's going to go up to 918, 484. Then the bonds payable, we have a credit balance in the bonds payable. Bonds payable is a liability down here. So it has zero. It's going to go up by the 240 to the 240 credit balance. And then we have the discounts. The discount is here. There's nothing in the discount. We're going to debit the discount by the 41, 516. So note what we have here. We've got the bond payable, which is the 240, and we have the discount. So that means that the carrying amount of the bond then would be the 240,000 minus the 41, 516, which would be the 198, 484. That's the amount of cash that we've received. Now, a couple of things to note. Remember that we're not going to pay off the 240 till the end. We will be making interest payments semi-annually paying the rent similar to paying the rent on a building. But we also have this discount. And what are we going to do with that? We know that at the end of 15 years, that discount is going to have to go away because after 15 years, we're going to pay back the 240,000. And we can't have this discount like hanging around on the books when there's no bond related to the discount. So we need to get rid of this discount somehow over the time period. So it's, you know, it has to go away somehow, some way. So what we're going to do is we're going to basically amortize that. We're going to, there's a couple of ways we can do it. The easiest way is a straight line method. And if the amortization is immaterial in that it will not materially affect the decision making, then the straight line method would be an easier way to go to amortize the discount. And it would be calculated similar to depreciation in that we would just take the amount of the discount. We're going to divide it by the number of periods. And just amortize it at the same period in which we pay these interest payments. So in that way, we would just write it off. Meaning we're going to reduce it by crediting the discount. And what are we going to debit then? We're going to debit interest on the bond. And that might seem weird. Why do we debit interest on the bond? But remember what the discount is. Why do we have a discount? Because it's basically a difference between the interest rate and the market rate. So really the difference is because of the difference between those rates. It really is interest that is the reason for it. And therefore it makes sense for us to write it off to interest as we go. So let's see what that would look like. So now we're going to think about us in June 30th, record the bond interest and straight line amortization. So now we jumped forward in time. We issued the bond and now, of course, we're paying the rent on it. We only have to pay the rent twice a year. This is the rent has come up and do at this point in time. So we will then have to pay it. So the first question we're going to ask, well, is cash affected? And in this case, the outcatch is we're going to pay the rent on the money that we borrowed and we're actually going to pay it with cash. Remember that we are only paying the interest portion. We will not be paying the part of the principal as we would in many types of loan arrangements like a mortgage or like a car payment. So how are we going to calculate this? Well, we'll pull up the calculator first and we're going to take the face amount. Remember, we're going to take the face amount, not the, not the issue price. This is going to be the amount that is in agreed upon on the bond. The part that's written in stone. We already had this saying that we're going to have to pay the face amount times the interest rate. Once again, the interest rate that's on the bond, not the market rate. Interest rate that's on the bond part of the agreement times point 06 6%. That would give us 14 for that would be interest for a year. And I want to stress that whenever we think about the interest rate, if I was to say that the mortgage rate on the interest is 5%, notice that that means 5% a year, even though we pay the interest on a mortgage, for example, monthly. So we could break down the interest rate to a monthly rate by dividing it by 12. Or we can figure out in this case, as we've done here, what the interest would be if the term was for an entire year and then break it down to what it's really over, which is only going to be for six months. So six is half a year. I could divide by two or this would work for any fraction of a year. We say let's divide it by 12, which is how many months are in a year. That's just how much rent we would pay per month. And then how many months have passed since this date to this date? Six months times six, and that would give us the 7,002. So that's how we're going to take a look at the interest here. Now I'm going to stop there and I'm going to calculate the amortization. So that's how much of the cash we're going to pay due to the interest on the face amount of the loan, which was, of course, the face amount of the loan times the interest rate. Now remember that we have to get rid of this discount. So how are we going to get rid of that? Well, we have to lower it. We're going to have to credit it by something. Let's figure out a straight line method to credit it. So what we have here is we've got the unamortized discounts. If we take out our calculator, the face amount of the loan, 240,000 minus the unamortized discount of 41516. Remember, that's the carrying amount. That's how much we bought the, uh, or how much cash was received for, uh, the issuance of the bond. Now we're going to have to reduce this 41516 over the life. So in order to do that, it's going to look like this. We're going to have to amortize them out. One, three, eight, four. How do we come up with that under a simplified straight line method? We're just going to take that 41516. And I could say divided by 15, that's how many years. So divided by 15, and that would be how much per year. However, uh, we're doing it semi-annually. So this is every six months or twice a year. So that would be for a year. So if I divide that by two, that would be the amount for, uh, one period being six months, notice it is rounded of course here. So we've got one, three, eight, four, one, three, eight, three point, blah, blah. So we could also do that. A lot of people will think about it this way. Uh, we don't want to think about how many years we want to think about how many periods. So if it's 15 years, semi-annually twice a year times two, that would be 30 periods. So we can just take that same 41516 divided by 30 periods. That would give us the same 1384. And that means that our discount should go down from 41516 minus 1384 to this 4132. And then our new carrying amount, it's always going to be the carrying amount will be the amount of the, of the bond to 40,000 minus the unamortized discount, 4132, that gives us the 199, 868. So therefore we are going to credit the discount for the 1384. We're going to reduce the discount, uh, here by 1384. And what will the debit go to then? It's going to have to go to the bond interest. So the debit will be bond interest. Remember just like rent on a building or credit, we're debiting the interest just like we would debit for the use of borrowing anything. And we're actually paying in cash part of that, the seven two. And then we're, the rest of that is the amortization of the discount, which of course is the difference between the market rate and, uh, the interest rate on the bond. So the seven two plus the 1384 is the bond interest that we will debit. So let's take this journal entry. Let's post it and see what it looks like as we do that. So here's the same journal entry. Uh, if we were going to post the bond interest, of course, we would be down here. It's an interest is an expense. Expenses all have debit balances. They only go up for the most part. We're going to do the same thing to it, which in this case would be another debit, so it goes up to here. What's that due to net income brings it down. So we had the 700,000 expenses go up, income goes down. How do we calculate that 700,000 minus the eight, uh, five, eight, four. So this is when the income statement is affected, uh, when we expense it, obviously, and then the cash here will be a credit. So we have cash as a debit balance. We're doing the opposite thing to it, which is a credit. So cash is going down. So cash is going to be reduced and then the discount. So here's the discount, uh, has a credit balance and we are reducing it. So we're going to reduce the, uh, amounts by doing the opposite thing to it. And that brings us down to the new carrying, uh, the new amount, the unamortized discount, which we calculated in the prior example. So now we're going to, we're going to move forward to 1231. And we're going to do the same thing. So it's going to be a very similar process. Once you calculate the discount on something like this, then it's always going to be basically the same. We'll go through one more variation of it and, uh, it'll be similar as we go. So thinking through it the same way, once again, six more months have passed. Now we need to record the interest. We got to pay like the rent, just like the rent has come around on the borrowing of, um, this, uh, this bond. So we borrowed, we got cash of 198 and the bond, of course, is for the 240. So is cash affected? We're going to say, yeah, cash is affected because we're paying like the rent on, uh, the borrowing of the money. And therefore we're going to calculate that. How do we calculate the interest? Well, we take the face amount, not the issue price, the 240,000 times and the interest on the bond, not the market rate, the one that's set in stone on the bond times 0.06. And that would be for a year and we only did it for six months. So I'm going to do it the other way this time. Last time I divided by 12 to give us a yearly total, then multiply times six to represent the six months past. We can also just say, Hey, it was half a year, one half, one over two. So we can just say, let's divide by two and say that's the 7,002. So cash is going to go down by the 7,002. We also need to think about, of course, the bond pay of the, I'm sorry, the discount on the bond payable that needs to go down. It's going to go down at an even straight line method and we already calculated it last time. If we do it again, it's going to be the same number. Just like straight line depreciation. So if we were to think about that, we put the calculator up here and, uh, remember what we have then the original amount of four, one, five, one, six divided by we have 15 years semi annually, 15 times two, 30 divided by 30. That gives us our, uh, amount that we came up with. It's going to be the same each time. And therefore, if the unamortized amount was 40,132 before 41,32 minus this, uh, one, three, eight, four, means the unamortized amount will be the 38,748. And then the carrying amount will always be the 240,000 bond less. The unamortized discount, 38,748, giving us the, uh, 201, uh, 252, which will be the new carrying amount. That means that we are then going to credit the discount. We're going to reduce the discount because it has a debit balance. We're going to credit it, reducing it, and then we're going to, uh, debit the interest expense. So we're paying the interest expense just like rent. We are expensing the use of the money in this case. And therefore let's take a look at this in terms of us posting this transaction. So now we have the interest expense once again, same transaction. And if we look at the bond interest, we have the interest expense from last time on the same year, and we're going to increase it. We're going to debit it. Expenses always go up with a debit balance. So now it went up to 17,168. What did that do to net income? It brings it down. So here's the net income brings it down, expenses went up, net income goes down. How do we calculate that? If the income credits 700 minus the expense debit, 17,168 gives us the net income. Then what happens to the cash? It's going to go down. We paid cash. Cash is a debit balance. We did the opposite thing to it, bringing cash down, bond discount, uh, bond discount as a debit, we did the opposite thing to it, bring it down to 38. Notice that this, what we would keep on doing this, of course, for 30, 30 times. And at the end of that 30 times, then this bond discount would go down to zero. And at the end of this 15 year time period, what would happen? We would pay off the bond payable at that time. So now we are now able to record journal entry for the issuance of a bond. Add a discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on trial balance accounts, calculate the interest payment and amortization of discount using the straight line method, record the journal entry related to interest payment and amortization of bond discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on trial balance accounts.