Oh, it's so cute, what's he calling his pet? He's a cornemix, so this is someone that would have gotten put down. Oh, babe. I want Marlene McCohen here. How are you guys? I miss you. We have an important urgent video today. I didn't even tell George about it. That's how urgent it is. I don't recommend you doing that if you're in this situation. Let me just tell you what the situation is. 55 dogs were scheduled to be euthanized today at the Riverside Shelter. A very excellent rescue organization called Barks and Bitches. My sister's involved with, she's fostered for them before. My sister put the word out and I decided like, you know what, I wanna save one of those dogs today. So that's what we're on our way to do. My sister is gonna foster a small one of those today. So we're in an urgent hurry. I haven't had time to tell George cause it's today. You know, this has all happened really fast so he's gonna come home and see a dog. Also my sister-in-law, see it was coming. My sister picked him up, didn't tell her what we're doing either. Yeah. Ty, did you put the blanket in the car for? I put it in the back seat. What do you mean in the back seat? In the back seat, with the jacket that was over there. What do you mean there's a jacket over there? You put it over the jacket? Ty, that's even funny. Oh my God. Ty, also the cat, put the cat back in the YouTube room before any dogs come. Psycho. And don't tell George, okay? Like cause at this point it's just gonna be more fun to surprise him. You're not leaving the house, are you? No, I'll be here. She just called and my sister was gonna foster a little dog and now they said, oh, they have a problem like that one got adopted or something and got swooped up. So what's a snafu? She wrote snafu. Pick up or like a- Okay, well she wrote snafu and that basically now it's two large dogs and Jenna told her fiancee that she's bringing a small dog.   I got a little excited with his lunch today. Yeah, right, chuchu. Oh, hi, Ty. Hi, Ty. Hi, Ty. The fact that there's two- To what? Is that right this now? I don't wanna drive, I can't feel. What does CEO think is happening? Oh yeah, that's a good question. All I know is we better not go to one of those doggy rescue things. This is the location? Yeah, it's just a house. Hold on, I got like some stuck in a cactus. I'm gonna lock the door. How do I lock the door? Here we go. Look at Ty. Since May 1st, they have impounded 800. Well, here's the horrible part about the whole thing. Riverside, their jurisdiction is also the Coachella. Oh, right. Shelter, which is I think of a smaller, yeah, smaller shelter, but just on Monday alone, they impounded 60 to 65 dogs. And out of the 800, so what do we have? May 12th, the 800 dogs that were impounded, 700 of them came in as strays. Listen, we didn't even make a dent. We made a dent for the dogs we got and all the dogs that hopefully end up in some decent homes. But it's just gonna fill right back up again. Yeah, that's my heart. So, yeah, it's just this horrible thing that spay and neuter is your, you know, answer. Oh, hello. I know, what a good dog. The dog's always visiting a crab. Oh, that's your dog. Oh, it's that. What? Yeah, it's just your dog. That has been, that's part of like damage from a husky from, you know, many years ago. So the dog is eager to meet us. I know. James Dean. We named him James Dean. Aww. I love him. Yeah. Yeah, so wait till you meet him. He's just, and he was the one that was set to be used in ice today in New York. Ahh! So when you meet him, you're gonna just think like, how, and he's been there for two months. Over two months. Yeah, yeah. Probably closer to two and a half months he's been at the shelter. So he had to go not because of anything about him, but just because he's been, they have to do it by date. Right, right. Kind of thing. But when you meet him, you're gonna think, why? Oh my God. He's fantastic. So what we're doing now is like, there's two dogs and Jenna's going to. This is James Dean. They don't neuter him for rescues. Aww. I think he's going with Jenna. I think so. I think so. He's hot, but what's your call it in his head? He's a core gaming. He's a core gaming. He's a core gaming. Let's go down. He's a shepherd? You're kind of calm. Well, I say that now, but once they get back. He's cute. I know, right? Hey buddy. So this is someone that would have gotten put down. So there is two though, right? Yeah. Yeah, the other ones in the yard. Marlene's waiting to see what's behind door number two. Hi, cute. That's a lot of energy. This is Nip, Marlene. Hi. George is going to be really into this dog.  Yo, they're like siblings. Sit. They think that there's a treat involved. Oh, you're so cute. Keep in mind, James Dean scheduled to be euthanized today. So this dog got out. Let me see no butter. I'm going to say it to life.  They're in a very vulnerable state of mind and it's no different than us as humans. When we go into an unknown environment, we're a little bit more vulnerable and susceptible. I always tell my fosters, you think that giving a lot of affection when you first bring in a dog if you want them to like you is actually doing more harm than good. I always say leadership over love. The worst thing that you can do when a dog leaves is when you're leaving is to heighten the sense of emotion like be a good dog, help with beeping. You know, all of that and heighten their emotion when you're walking out on the door. Now the door becomes a problem. When I walk in my front door, the dogs know I'm home, they hear the car. I walk in my front door and I just do it without ever thinking. I walk in, I don't make eye contact with them. I walk right through them. I put my things down. And then in the separate part of the house, once they're calm, they then get the greeting. So, and I've never had an issue as a result of that and it's just kind of a natural thing I do. Even though all my dogs are fine, I come and go as I please. I still walk in and I still maintain that same entrance and leaving. That's a very hard thing to do. So it's really easy to, you know, be creating bad behaviors in our dogs, which also leads to more dogs needing to be put up for adoption and things like that. So I think that's really good advice. I think the most important thing that I can say is it's pretty horrible what's happening to dogs. You know, and it's not just the Shelter Riverside that we just pulled from that's in this catastrophe. It's shelters everywhere. And it certainly shelters everywhere in Southern California at full capacity. I just want to tell people that to really kind of jump in and if you can be a volunteer for your local shelter, if they allow the dogs to get out, you can walk them, spend time with them, take them to a yard. It just means the world to the dog. I think that's super important.  I like we do. You know, we hit the pavement every day and we go to where dogs need help. The big, huge, huge corporations, I think that it's like either five or 10% of your donation literally goes to the dogs. Fostering is huge. Definitely the biggest thing you can do.  Be the foster auntie. Yes, you are. There you go. No, no, not in here, not in there. So, um, to crazy, oh my God, oh my God.


Okay, so there's a small change in the title, I've corrected it, so that it reads detection diagnosis and correction of batch effects in TCGA data because I hate to be the bearer of bad news. So here's good news. We actually are able to correct some of the batch effects that we see. And the really good news is there aren't many batch effects to begin with. So here's the simplified flow diagram for the TCGA data. I'm sure you saw Kenner's presentation earlier. This is a very simplified diagram of how the process works. So we have these multiple tissue source sites and then they send their samples to the BCRs which in turn extract the DNA and RNA and send them to the genome characterization centers and genome sequencing centers which in turn then produce the data that goes to the DCC which goes to the TCGA website. So there are many potential points at which batch effects can be introduced. They can be introduced at the tissue source site level. They can be introduced at the BCR level, the GCC level and so on. So the first step is once we have the data, that's all we have. We have the data at the end. The objective is to detect or quantify any batch effects that we might see and to identify sources of those batch effects if possible. We use certain tools for the diagnosis of those batch effects. We at MD Anderson GDAC have developed this tool called mBatch which is an R package that's available from that URL that you see. It has multiple tools there. For example, it has PCA plus which is a novel algorithm that we developed. It's an enhancement of the traditional PCA plot. There's a batch core algorithm that we have developed which is again a novel algorithm. There's hierarchical clustering which you're all familiar with. Clinical correlates with the clusters. We have box plots and we have ANOVA and MANOVA. There's a disclaimer, obviously there's no substitute for human input. These are just tools. They allow you to look at the data, but then what to do with it, the final decision, that relies on the user. I'm not going to go through each one of those tools in great detail, but I'm going to show you a few screenshots so that you have an idea of what I'm talking about. If you look at the traditional PCA plot, this is what it looks like. I don't know about you, but for me, I can't really tell anything interesting from such PCA plots. We have these enhancements and now what you see is a PCA plus plot. It's exactly the same plot. The points are the same except we have connected each of the points by their batch centroids. What you see is each of the solid points that you see here, they are actually batch centroids and from here, you can see that one of the batches, which is batch 29 in this case, stands out from the rest. This is how you can identify that there's potentially something weird or something different about that one batch. We've also introduced a metric called DSC, dispersion separability criterion, that quantifies the differences between these batches. Anything that has a value close to zero is good. Between zero and let's say 0.3, you know, it's not too bad, 0.3, 0.5, you should be somewhat concerned, 0.5 and above, you should be really concerned. Here's the other algorithm, this is called Batch Core and what it does is it produces numbers and between zero and one, the closer the number is to one, the better it is. Anything that's less than 0.5 or less than 0.7, you need to be a little bit concerned about. But we've also introduced p-values there. So you have not only the metric itself, but p-values to statistical associations. So again, in this case, you can see that batch 29 is somewhat problematic in this case, for example. We have hierarchical clustering, which you're all familiar with. We've annotated hierarchical clustering with tissue source site, batch ID, ship date, plate ID and BCR, among other variables. So these are some of the variables that we are studying it by. And then we have the clinical correlates. So these clinical correlates, if you have, for example, in this case, we have the colorectal data. So you can see, well, if you look at the histological type, I know you can't read it, but that's histological type. If you see that, you get excited and you say, well, we get a separate cluster for histological type. And we also see that the colon data and the rectal data, they are separated out. So maybe the microRNA expression profiles of rectal data is different from colon. But then we see that rectal data sets were processed in a completely different batch. So they are confounded by that batch. And we can't say for sure whether any differences are because of batch or because of biology. So there is some confounding that you will occasionally see. Now, with a large project as TCGA, we know that we have some of the best scientists producing this data. But it's such a complicated project that it's inevitable that sometimes you might end up with a few batch effects here and there. But like I said earlier, the good news is that we've analyzed most of them and there are very few batch effects to begin with. And when there are batch effects, we hope we're catching them in time. Here's another example. We have these box plots. So in the box plots, you can see this is plotted by batch medians or by batch means. And you can see over here that batch 29 has low expression. So that's a suspect batch. Then we have ANOVA and MANOVA tools, and this actually quantified the amount of variants that can be explained by any one variable. So the amount of variants that can be explained by batch ID or by TSS or by BCR or even by subtype, which is a good variable. We want the variance by subtype to be maximized. So it shows you all of those variables in a neat Venn diagram. One caveat about batch 29 that I'm talking about continuously, it's actually confounded with subtype. So it's actually one unique subtype of colorectal data, which is why it may very well be biology. The differences might be due to biology rather than technical effects. But because it's confounded, we can't be sure one way or the other. Okay, so if you do see a batch effect, what do you do? How do you correct for that? So of course you want to correct the source of the problem whenever possible, right, that's pretty obvious thing. But when it's not possible or the source is unknown, then the algorithms, different bioinformatics algorithm can be used. For example, some algorithms that are there in the M batch package that we are offering is combat, which is empirical base, ANOVA and median polish. And there are two flavors of each, so a total of six algorithms. So this particular URL that I've highlighted over here, the package is up for download. So now let me move on to an interesting story that came about in kidney DNA methylation data. And this story sort of evolved and this is to give you an idea of how we use the tools and how we can use the tools in order to narrow down what the problem is. So we worked with USC in order to narrow down this particular problem. When we first saw kidney DNA methylation data, we saw a dichotomy and that was weird. So we drilled down to it and we found that the dichotomy was due to male and female patients. So the next thing we did was we removed the sex chromosomes. So after removing sex chromosomes, the same figure looked like that. Again, we see a dichotomy, but the new dichotomy corresponds perfectly with batch ID. So then we drilled down into the data, we collaborated with USC and USC informed us that they'd done some controls, experiments and so on. And they identified a few probes that were suspect. Now when I say a few, I mean really few. We're talking about 27,000 probes that were there in this data set. Out of that 150 probes are responsible for the batch effects that you see over there, only 150 out of 27,000. So we removed those 150 suspect probes and then this is the figure that we get. Well, it's improved, but I put my hand to my head again because I saw another dichotomy and I'm like, okay, this is the third time that we're seeing a dichotomy. What's going on? Lo and behold, these are chromophobic samples. So it turns out that these samples were chromophobes that were not identified as chromophobes by the clinician. And there's a long story behind that. I'm sure you guys know that there were some chromophobic samples in kidney that were eventually removed from there. So that we have pure renal cell carcinomas. But this just shows you, you have dichotomy, you gotta drill down. You can't just trust on the tools and say, okay, the tool is saying there's a batch effect, so I should take it for granted. Finally, I'm gonna talk a little bit about the TCGA Embatch website that we've put up. That's the URL for the website, it's the same URL that you saw earlier. I'm gonna switch to a live demo and keep my fingers crossed. So when you go to the URL, this is what you see. This is the documentation page and you're gonna see two green buttons there, which will offer you either you can download the Embatch package. If you do that, then this is the page that you end up with. We've got a Linux version and a Windows version and we've got documentation for the batch effects package. The alternative is you can launch the TCGA BatchFX website directly. So if you wanna launch the TCGA BatchFX website, this is what you would end up with. On the left-hand side, you can select different parameters like what disease you're interested in, what data type and what center, what data level. Right now we just offer level three, so what level you want and then whether you want the original data or corrected data. I'm gonna talk about that in a little bit. But here we have the assessment algorithms. As of right now we have hierarchical clustering and PCA to choose from and which variable you wanna categorize by, batch ID or tissue source site or whatever other variable you wanna categorize by. And then you get this particular PCA plot. Now cool thing about this plot is you can mouse over it. So if I clear this window right here and I say, well, let me see what that particular outlier sample is. I just mouse over it and I see all the information regarding that particular sample in the window that's in the data point log. And I can mouse over multiple points and later on select all copy paste into my favorite text editor or whatever the program that I want and drill down into what those samples represent. The DSC values are also given over here for your convenience. I can also zoom in into the plot and I can pan around and see whatever area of the plot that I'm interested in. So zooming, panning, and mouse over capabilities are included among other features. What is also included in there is, well, if you wanna see the compendium of TCGA data and see, okay, where are batch effects in TCGA data? Or which data sets are likely to have batch effects in them? Then you can actually click on this button which says Algorithm Specific Scores. And when you do that, you will end up with this DSC table. Over here you have your disease type. This is the name of the disease, the disease type, data type, and so on. All the information regarding a particular data set. And at the end of that, you'll see if you scroll to your right, you will see the DSC value. And you can sort by any one of these columns. In this case, I've sorted by DSC. So I'm gonna see the highest DSCs, basically this is in descending order. So when you see a high DSC value, you can go and look at, okay, that's the data set that is showing me the highest DSC value. So you go to that particular data set. So for example, one of the data sets in which we saw a relatively high DSC value was this data set. This is a prostate cancer data. And we see two batches and they're quite different from each other. So when they're different from each other, what we can do is, once we've exhausted all of the options of getting the data corrected, then we can actually go ahead and download the corrected data. So here, we have corrections by many different algorithms like I mentioned. This is empirical base. So this is before the data was corrected. This is the original data as you downloaded from the DCC. And this is the data after it's been corrected by empirical base. So you can clearly see that the centroids match up. And you can actually download this data. The way you get to that data is simple. You just go to the data set. Instead of original, you say corrected by batch ID. And that'll update automatically and you're gonna see a figure that has been corrected. If you say, okay, I wanna download this particular data now that's been corrected, you go to related documents. And there you have this document that is about 800 megabytes long. So I'm not gonna download it right now, obviously, but you can download that and you will get your corrected data. But again, word of caveat and a disclaimer, only download corrected data if you need to. If you don't see a batch effect, don't download corrected data. Because the side effect of any correction algorithm is that some of the biology may quote unquote be corrected. In other words, some of the variants that you wanna see in the biology might also be corrected for. So that's a basic demo of the website. And like I said, that's the URL for the website. So I'm just gonna skip over this as I just showed that to you. And I would like to conclude with acknowledgments. We worked closely. This is our group at MD Anderson. And we worked closely with the in silico people. And that's my email address right there. If you have any questions, please feel free to email me. I also have a poster, poster number 50. And here's the URL once again. Thank you. Rehan, thank you. Hello, Mehmet, based on from NCI. Normalization has an effect on the batch effects. So the data that you show, is it the raw data or the normalized data? It's data at level three, which by definition has been normalized to a certain extent, depending on which data type we're talking about. But yes, it's level three data that I just showed to you. And the Mbatch website plans to do regular runs of the data. So the data is automatically downloaded from DCC and shown to you as is. Okay, have you made any comparison on the raw data to see what part of the batch effect is reduced by normalization? So that's data at level one and level two. And to be honest, we have not looked at that primarily because of the size of the data that's involved. At level three, you have considerably reduced size. And even then, it takes us two to three weeks to get this run there. So for level one, which could be 10 to 100 times larger, that's just not practical at this point to look at level one data. But if you're interested in specific data sets, then you can certainly download the Mbatch package and run it yourself at your end and look for batch effects at level one or level two. Thank you, Rahan.


Thank you for staying with us if you just indeed this is why 2.34 health and a lifestyle when it's the end tonight we're talking about the corona virus vaccine that has been spoken so much in the recent days I'm speaking to Dr. Jafeth Olubugi from Nigeria. He's the chairman committee on COVID-19, Nigerian Medical Association Lagos Zone. Good evening sir. Good evening. Welcome to Kenya and why 2.34 studios. Thank you for having me. Maybe I should begin by asking how is the COVID-19 in Nigeria and our country so far we are at 79,322 confirmed cases. Thank you for having me once again. The COVID-19 situation in Nigeria is not as bad as it is in Kenya and apart from that the number of cases confirmed were also dwindling and going down. The epic was receding until about 4 weeks ago when the international flights were opened up and the international flights were opened about 6 weeks to 2 months ago but the effect of that began coming to fourth about 4 weeks ago when cases started coming up again. But then again it's like I said it's not as serious as it is in Kenya or some other parts of the world because as at 24th which was yesterday there were about many thousand cases, about 66,000 cases. Just a little about 66,000 cases are tested positive and about 1,417 deaths there about compared to Kenya where you have about 79,000 cases. Nigeria has about 1,001 deaths and in Kenya you have about 1,417 deaths so you have 1,417 deaths from about 79,000 cases and Nigeria has about 1,100 deaths from about 66,000 cases. And then if you extrapolate the population of Nigeria compared to that of Kenya you're talking about maybe 4 or 5 times over. So if you do the maths and you find out that you're expecting a go for bid about maybe 10-5 deaths in Nigeria compared to that of Kenya. So it's not as bad but if it's one case, if it's one death nobody wants to be that one case and of course nobody wants to be that one death. So whether it's one thousand deaths or two deaths it's still serious because if it affects somebody or somebody's relative you know that it's serious. So the epic called was flattening in Nigeria but now it's picking up again and one of the reasons we cannot do that is because people stopped testing.  We have transit buses, big buses that we call bialities. You find out people are not wearing their mask like they were wearing during the lockdown and the coffee appears. Also people started going to parties doing social gatherings and you see them in the hundreds without face masks so the cases have started going up again. But then again I am of the opinion that if we test more we probably pick up more cases and then we cannot take away the fact that the opening of the borders and the international travels may have had some form of effect on that. Or right maybe the same case is happening in Kenya but we have to do in the second wave in our country. But now in the recent days there has been a conversation on the vaccine and so many countries have come up to say we have a vaccine. Everyone is now maybe everyone is producing their own vaccine but the biggest question would be now is the vaccine that is being produced is it critical for it to help to bring down the COVID-19 or to control it? Oh yes, absolutely. If you look at the part of physiology of communicable diseases all over the world you want to see what is causing this disease, how it's been spread, who are who it's affecting. COVID-19 is affecting everyone all over the world over 60 million people affected by COVID-19 and because it's affecting and spreading all over the world even many countries are battling with the second wave now and many countries are wary of the second wave already. In Turkey I understand they recorded the highest number of deaths in a day yesterday or there about the same thing in California and so many parts of America and so many parts of Europe. So it's a big problem and then when you look at the measures put in place to curb the spread of the virus which include the non-farmacy measures which include the wearing of face masks, maintaining social distances, washing of hands and using of hands sanitizer and all that. The big question is how many people are obeying these measures? How many people are observing these measures due to the letter? Like I mentioned earlier in Nigeria to many people who have forgotten about the use of face masks, despite the fact that we people like me go on TV all the time and we tell people when you wear your face mask you are protected against COVID-19 and you are also protecting another person against COVID-19. So people are not all over the world. It's not just here. It's not just in Africa. So people all over the world are not obeying the social distancing rules as we should. We're not wearing our face masks as we should. So that brings us to the vaccine. The vaccine, if it's up to 80 to 90% potent, effective, it will curb the spread of COVID-19. But there are some issues about the vaccine and these issues will include safety. First of all, is the vaccine that has been developed safe to be administered to human beings No. 1? No. 2, is it potent that it's effective? Will it do the work you want it to do? Now, how about storage? Can it be stored under almost any conditions because you are distributing it all over the world? So you have to think about the storage. It has to be able to be stored for a long time. It has to be able to be stored at optimal temperature that is probably available almost everywhere in the world. And apart from that, about the side effects, a lot of people don't want to take the vaccine because of the side effects. Because we keep saying yes, it is true. We keep saying COVID-19 is new, a new body of knowledge all the time. So a lot of people are running away from it. Some people have even associated COVID-19 with the 5G network that is maybe the antichrist or something. So a lot of people don't want to take it. So is it safe? What are the side effects? Now, any vaccine may come with one or two side effects, but then again, when the side effects are fatal, brutal, life threatening, then that particular vaccine is not safe. And that is why vaccines have to go through at least three stages. We call them clinical trials. Three stages of clinical trials, the first one, the second one and the third one. In Russia and China, they skipped the third stage in order to be able to produce vaccines for their people on time. Which are these steps? Yes, the first one is when you want to test an antigen in a human or in an animal to ensure that the body will actually even mount up some immune system, immune response against the antigen. So at that first one that has been done, a particular vaccine is tested to see if the body will mount up some response against it. So they test that particular vaccine in a mouse, rat and all that. That's at phase one. Then the latter part of phase one, they test that vaccine a few people to see if they can withstand it. Then in phase two, you test that particular vaccine about 20 to 80 people to see how many of them we do work with it. If the vaccine will actually cure or prevent what you wanted to prevent, then phase three is where you test it in several thousands of people, up to 10,000 and upwards of people. Now, these stages all take numbers of years, a long period of time. Now because COVID is very serious and the world is giving it all the attention it deserves, some approving authorities try to fast track all these stages so that we can have vaccines that are potent and safe in the whole world as soon as possible. So Russia and China skipped the third part of it where you test it in different numbers of people including women and children, including pregnant women, including elderly so that you can see how the vaccine does in each category of persons. Now if you don't do that, you would know how the vaccine would do in children, how it would do in adults or in the elderly, how it would do in women or how it would actually perform in pregnant women. So if that is done or if that is not done, that particular vaccine may not be safe because it carry that attendant risk with it. And then apart from that, the first two want to determine the dosage that each person will actually need or the dosage that is actually safe for human being to use. And then the mode of administering, the mode of administration of that particular vaccine. So all these things go on underground that people don't know about. So producing a vaccine is such a myth. But if you have a vaccine that is potent, there are about six of them now that have reached stage three out of about 87 that have been developed. About 87 vaccines are going through clinical trials at phase one. About 37 of them have gotten to phase two, I think. Then even less are known as have gotten to phase two B, which is a later stage of phase two. And then six of them have actually reached phase three now. That means that they are safe to be used. They are just awaiting the FDA's approval. So many countries are making these vaccines and maybe one would ask if I get one vaccine and maybe the other one. Maybe get two vaccines which are different. How will they help boost the effectiveness? And in any case, how long will this immune of the vaccine last? Yeah, the vaccine is supposed to last for eternity, I mean for life. But then again, you know, vaccines like that and yellow fever only last for about 10 years or there about. Or it could last for life, but at least you can guarantee that it can last for 10 years. So the manufacturers will come out to tell us how long their own vaccines can last. I will call the AstraZeneca as a vaccine now, which they claim is about 94% effective. And then I think Sinovac also have a vaccine that is about 90% effective. But we would like to know if it's going to last for life for a number of years. But I think a lot of people are working on the vaccine to last for life. So if we can have safe and potent vaccines, we'll be able to curb the spread of COVID-19. And I think that is what the world needs now because not so many people want to be wearing masks around. Not so many people want to be washing their hands everywhere they go. If you go to some slumps especially, you would wonder how people can spread, how government itself can curb the spread of COVID-19 because people live closely together. They are dying and wanting closely together. They exchange, you know, market and all that. And then apart from that, people would always want to travel. Human beings are nomadic nation. They always want to move from one place to the other. So it is a vaccine, a potent and safe vaccine that can nip COVID-19 in the body. Now in the interest of time, tell me this, we have so many recoveries being recorded and the vaccine is here. If someone was recovered from COVID-19, they get the vaccine. Are they prone to get to transfer because we've been speaking of symptomatic and asymptomatic measures. If someone has the vaccine, are they able to maybe transfer it to susceptible persons? No, I don't think so. Although a lot of information is coming forth from COVID-19, vaccine and all that. But then again, the way vaccines work is that they prevent you from being able to infect another person. In fact, we talk about herd immunity. If at least 80% of the population can take the vaccine, you'll be able to control that particular disease in that particular community. So like you said, the other time that you want to take two. Well, if you take two, the better for you. But then again, the side effects of those two vaccines, we are not sure. So you may not develop side effect to one. You may develop to side effect to the other one. You may even develop side effect because of cross reaction of the vaccines. So if somebody takes a potent vaccine, you're not likely to be able to transfer the infection to another person. And lastly, if I have the vaccine, do I still need to wear my mask? And what if I don't want to get the vaccine? Oh yeah, like I said earlier on, a lot of people don't want to get the vaccine. But if you don't want to get the vaccine, just wear a face mask everywhere you go because it has been proven scientifically that when you wear your face mask, you are not likely to transfer or transmit the virus and you are not likely to contract the virus from anyone. So if you don't want to get the vaccine, wear your face mask. In fact, I once tweeted that if at least 80% of us wear our face mask, we will be able to control and stop the spread of COVID-19. But how many percentage of the populace actually wear their face mask. So if anybody doesn't want to take the vaccine, you wear your face mask. If you take the vaccine, you can still wear your face mask to be sure, to be double sure because these vaccines have not been around for so long. In fact, I worry for Africa because distribution was one of the issues I wanted to mention about the vaccine. If America is already planning on how to get the vaccine to their people, they are planning on how to give a particular percentage to the elderly, a particular percentage to the needy, to the poor, a particular percentage to those at the highest risk, the health workers and all that. So how long will it take the vaccine to get to Africa? How long will it be distributed? Would it be affordable? Would it be accessible to you and I? And if we come up with our own, will it be approved by the budget? And if we come up with our own, would it be able to make it to stage 3? Let it on stage 4. There's a stage 4. And that stage 4 is when it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration and all that. All right. We are out of time. Please give us your final recommendations on how you feel about the vaccine. Should we go for it? Yes. I would like to appeal to the pharmaceutical companies to put hands together and give Africa a vaccine on time. I would also like to appeal to the political office holders, the leaders, political leaders to do everything possible to procure the vaccines for Africa populace because not so many people want to wear their face masks. Not so many people want to obey the social distancing rules. So the vaccine is what can save us. We are lucky in this part of Africa because for one reason or the other it is not as serious as it is in the U.S. and Europe. And then this is why in the Americans and the Europeans but then again we should leave it to chances. And then to the populace. In the meantime, let us protect ourselves. Let us protect our loved ones. Let us protect the vulnerable, which are the elderly and those who may have one comogid disease or the other like diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, heart disease and all that. These are the people who are fall prey to COVID-19 easily and then die easily from it. So we should wear our face masks. We should protect them and protect our loved ones. Thank you. Alright. Thank you so much, doctor, for coming and speaking to us. Namastu. And I wish you the best as you continue to enjoy your vacation here in Kenya. Please visit so many places and you'll go with some good news. And Bakum, thank you so much for staying with us. I hope you have learnt something. Even as we wait on the vaccine, personal responsibility is key like the C.S. for health. Motaika we keep on telling us the Kenyans personal responsibility is very much key. My name is Dereva Hillary. I was speaking to Dr. Jaqfele Olubugi from Nigeria. He's the chairman committee on COVID-19, Nigeria Medical Association Lagos Zone. And that marks the end of this broadcast. Have yourself a very good night. See you on Monday. Good night.


Hello everybody, Andrea Majeski here with Dental Tutoring. Let's talk about how to study properly and the best ways to study, especially if you're new to either the dental hygiene program or the dental assisting program. It can be very overwhelming. They have probably overloaded you with information, probably the first day, the second day, the third day. And they've also probably told you, I know in my program, they had said, if you wanna look full-time, just don't because you'll have no time. I remembered that and I remember thinking, oh goodness, I'm screwed, right? Cause I did have to work full-time. I didn't have the money otherwise. But so let me just help you guys and what I found worked for me when it comes to studying and what didn't work. And when I saw other students doing that worked for them, but just honestly didn't work for me. So everybody's different. The best advice that I can give you is to be as organized as possible and make it fun, make it exciting, meaning, you know, buy a different color notebook or well, you'll probably have a laptop at this point, right? I don't really know. I didn't have a laptop in school. I did have a laptop story, but a lot of my notes were still in like a notebook. And I just bought a different color notebook for every topic. So then that way, if I only needed to bring, like if I had three classes that day that I would only bring those notebooks opposed to having like a binder for all of my classes and then having to bring that whole thing with me. I took a bus and it took about an hour and then I still had to walk to my school so I didn't really want anything too heavy. But that's what I did to make it more exciting. All of my notebooks were a different color. Now, I'm not gonna just talk about different color notebooks here, but that did help me. But the most important thing is to get organized. So make sure to write down somewhere, whether it be on a calendar agenda, maybe, write down when all of your different classes are, plus when your tests are, when you have homework, when you have a project due, when you have exams, you know, write all of that down. And that might seem obvious and that might seem simple, but not a lot of people tend to do that. And I say to write it down because before every test, I want you to be studying for two weeks, two weeks before your test for every topic. Now, sometimes your teachers may not give you two weeks notice. It's usually about a week, hopefully, but two weeks preferably. But let's say that they only give you a week's notice. Study a week before for every single topic. And I say that because you will have a lot of different topics, a lot of different tests, and you need to study equally for all of them. It doesn't matter if this test is worth 10% yet in your pharmacology class, the test is worth 20%. I don't know. It doesn't matter about the percentage. You need to do well on every single test. And to do that is to study in advance. If you study the night before, that's not going to help you. You might do a good job, but are you going to get 80%? Probably not. Always aim the highest. And I say to study two weeks before, if you can, because I want you to study one hour per topic, two weeks before your test. But a nice thing is, is it after you are doing, say an hour per topic after about three days, you will only need to do, say, half an hour a topic after that. And then by the second week, you're literally just reading through your notes and then going, okay, I finally understand this now. It takes two weeks. That's what I have found. That's what a lot of people have said. It takes two weeks of consistent studying, memorizing however you want to do it to have it in here. Okay, it takes two weeks. But again, if your teacher only gives you a week to study, yeah, if they only give you a week's notice before your test, then that's all that you can do, right? Then you might have to study an hour per topic for that week, opposed to if you started two weeks beforehand. You'll probably study an hour per topic. And then by the third day, you'll be reading through things a lot quicker and then studying like half an hour per topic, right? And that's a lot easier than having to study like two hours a topic because you just thought, okay, it's three weeks before my test. I don't know anything. So I'm gonna have to be studying for like six hours tonight, six hours tomorrow. That just isn't right either, right? Because you need to have a life too. Not much of one. You will not have much of a life while you are in school but you still need a break too. And always remember you guys that life happens, okay?  Or it's like, oh shoot, I have a party to go to on Sunday. So I'm not really gonna have time to study because I have to go look for an outfit or whatever. The point is that life happens but if you tried to study two weeks before then you're able to get enough in there that if you say a couple of days before your test, I think today I'll just take it easy because I have been studying a lot. You can take it easy that day, that's allowed, right? So that's the best thing that I suggest. What else was I gonna say? Oh yes, a lot of students think that if they rewrite their notes while they're studying that that helps them. In my opinion, that's not helpful because you are just simply writing everything down. Your hands will be sore and then you just have to read through that again anyway. So why not save your time and just read through it either on your PowerPoint and your notes and that's it. You're probably saving hours, steady time, unless, but if you wanna write everything down that will take just as much time, right? But everybody's different. If you find that that does work for you then by all means you should do it. But from when I've been noticing students try that they get exhausted and they fail their first test and they wonder why. They say to me, well I've been studying for six hours and you know, like I studied so hard so why did I fail my test? Well, it was because you took those six hours writing everything down, reading through it. You are tired at that point. So you read through it thinking you're memorizing it and then you don't actually memorize it. So be organized, study at least two weeks before if you can, if your teacher only gives you a week notice then study a week before for sure. Study an hour per topic and then it should become less and less after that. Like you will know as you're reading through things probably the third day. The first day you'll read through everything and feel like you learned nothing. That's normal. The second day you will read through things and think, okay I think I remembered one fourth of that. That's normal. The third day you read through everything and it will start to sink in. You'll be reading through it quicker and then you'll be able to memorize a lot easier. Now it gets a little bit tricky if you do work full time. So I do always say to study at least two hours to up to six hours a day. Hopefully your teachers are able to not have all of your tests on the same day, right? You know, hopefully that might happen. So then you'll be doing a lot of studying but hopefully they'll at least have a test on like Wednesday, another one on Thursday, another one on Friday type thing, right? So always study two weeks before and then you can manage your time that way because if you work full time you might only be able to study two hours a day. That's okay but then on the weekends when you don't work, study six hours a day to make up for it, okay? But don't study more than six hours and make sure to get a good sleep and make sure to only study like two hours at a time.  Do the laundry and for at least an hour, two hours even to give yourself that time to look at something else, to do something else, right? And then study two hours after that and then take another break after the two hours. It does help you out a lot because if you study, let's say for three hours at a time, you're becoming tired after the two hours. So that last hour of your three hours you probably didn't learn much where you're actually learning more. If you take a break after two hours to just sort of take it easy and then you feel ready almost to study again, okay? So I hope that helps. If I left out any study tips that worked for you please be sure to comment because I am sure that everybody else would love to hear them and good luck and let me know how you do and I'll see you guys in the next one.


One states that a party of Jews abandoned our law's words and turned... Yeah, this can be seen as well in this modern day and age, even if you don't want to get into the occult too deeply. Just by speaking certain words, you are casting a spell. You are producing magic because words create reality. Just look at the past few years, what the media has told you, what reality they built around you.


How to select the perfect thumbnail for your YouTube short video. In the bustling world of YouTube shorts, a thumbnail isn't just a preview, it's your frontline warrior in the battle for clicks. As viewers zip through content, your thumbnail is the beacon that can stop them in their tracks. But how do you harness this power to stand out? First, think of visual magnetism.  It's not about creating a thumbnail for your short because YouTube doesn't allow you to upload it. Rather, it's about choosing the moment from your video that encapsulates your message and entices viewers. Remember, the thumbnail is set in stone once your short is published. Uploading is a breeze if you use a video shot from your phone. First, navigate to the YouTube app. Then tap the plus sign and select your video short from your library of videos. Click on the pencil icon and scroll through your video to choose your champion clip. Add your title and details now or later from the comfort of a keyboard if that's your style. Remember to link your YouTube short to a relevant long form video to immerse viewers in your world and provide them with more information about your topic. For animated videos, Google Drive is your bridge from desktop to phone. You can upload your YouTube short video to Google Drive and then download it to your phone. Remember, the digital landscape is ever changing, but with a striking thumbnail, your YouTube short can shine bright in this dynamic arena.


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