Before the video begins, I just want to say how crazy excited I am to see my Miami Heat team. If you've been a fan of my channel for a while, you know I'm a heat fan. I've been a heat fan for a long time. How crazy it is that we're in the NBA finals after everything that's gone on this year and also the rebuild that we've had. It's just crazy to see us in the NBA finals. Anyway, before the video begins, I want you to let me know your predictions down below in the comments section. Before the NBA finals begin, who do you think will win and in how many games? As a Heat fan, I won't try to be biased in this video, but I am very excited to see us go to the NBA finals. And even if we lost to the Celtics in the Eastern Conference finals, I would have thought this year was a massive success. We're here now and we may as well just try and go all the way like the 2004 Detroit Pistons. But let me know your predictions down below. Let me know in how many games and if you could help me out by hitting that like button. I'd really appreciate that. Subscribe if you're new for NBA content every single week and let's get on with the video. So the Miami Heat have officially done it. The fifth seed advancing to the NBA finals. In one of the most remarkable seasons in league history, one of the most weird seasons in league history, the Miami Heat are advancing to the NBA finals. This is an underdog team. They don't necessarily have a superstar, but they have two all-stars in Jimmy Butler and Bam Adebayo and a very, very solid supporting cast that are willing to play their role, to win a game, to win a series and to win potentially an NBA championship. It's just overall an incredible story. Jimmy Butler who's been scrutinized throughout his career with different teams has finally found a home in Miami. Pat Riley has built this team into a championship team or a finals team in only a matter of a few seasons. They've drafted guys like Bam Adebayo at pick 14, Tyler Hero at pick 13 and got guys like Andre Godala and Jay Crowder in trades. They've acquired Duncan Robinson and they're a real grit and grind team. Now they're facing off against the Los Angeles Lakers, a team with LeBron King James, Anthony Davis and what an NBA finals matchup it will be. These teams have faced off twice this season, but not really this season, because they faced off in 2019 in November. November was a long, long time ago. That is almost a year ago and a lot has changed since December and November where the Miami Heat faced off against the Lakers. In the first matchup of the season, it was only the second week into the NBA season. The Lakers did get the upper hand back then, but they won by 15 points. Really though, it was only nine games into the season. Then they faced off against each other just a month later, December 14th of 2019. The Lakers did get the win but only by three points and now a lot has changed since December of 2019 and we're in September of 2020. Coronavirus has happened, new formations have happened, Dwight Howard's emergence for the Lakers has happened. Can the Miami Heat really defeat the Los Angeles Lakers? With Anthony Davis and LeBron James, two stars of the competition where the Miami Heat don't really have that star player. Sure, they do have Jimmy Butler and Jimmy Butler is our best player and Bam Adebayo is an all-star, but you can't compare them to the play of Anthony Davis and LeBron James. They're just a tier above or two tiers above. LeBron is arguably the greatest player ever and Anthony Davis is right now probably the best pal forward the game has. So, that doesn't mean the Miami Heat can't win this series or can't win a few games because as an overall team, their team is better. They do give me glimpses of the 2004 Detroit Pistons when they won their NBA Championship. Shaq and Kobe were the better duo obviously as the two stars of the competition with players like Gary Payton and Karl Malone in comparison, Rondo and Dwight Howard. But overall the Pistons were just a better team. Billips, Rashid, Rip Hamilton, Ben Wallace. It sort of reminds me of the Miami Heat with Bam Adebayo, Jimmy Butler, Gore and Dragage, Andre Gadala, Jay Crowder, Duncan Roberts and Tyler Hero all players that are willing to play their role to help the team win as the Pistons did when they won their 0-4 Championship. Solid role players that can fit in and play their role to help the team win, they don't rely on the stars. But the overall Miami Heat team I would say is a better team, they just play better as a team but they don't have the stars like Shaq and Kobe, like LeBron James and Anthony Davis. The thing about the Miami Heat is that you don't know who will step up, you don't know who will win the game for them. It could be Andre Gadala as we saw in Game 6 of the Boston Celtics win, it could be Tyler Hero, it could be Gore and Dragic, it could be somehow Kendrick Nunn, Duncan Robertson, it doesn't necessarily have to be Bam or Jimmy to win the game for the Miami Heat. That is why the Miami Heat actually faced off well against the Lakers because the Lakers realistically only have their two main stars in LeBron James and Anthony Davis and if you are able to match up against them well, you can beat this team. We've seen teams beat the Lakers simply based off matchups alone and matchups being that they have a powerful that is willing to play on Anthony Davis and play his role against him defensively and if you have somebody that can guard LeBron James, you can stop this Lakers team because really their roleplayers are good, but they're not great offensively. Shaw Rondo and Dwight Howard have stepped up this postseason, but they're not offensive powerhouses. In fact, they're better on the defense event, especially somebody like Dwight Howard, a much better defender than he is offensive player. In saying that, they are very good players that the Miami Heat will have to match up against, but they do have a good matchup against the Lakers in Jimmy Butler on LeBron James and Bam at a bio on Anthony Davis. And we saw what the Miami Heat were able to do to the Bucks and obviously Yarns and LeBron, you can't really compare because LeBron is much better of an outside shooter, but if you don't want Jimmy Butler on LeBron on the defense event, you've got Andre Gadala, you've got Jay Crowder or Jimmy Butler, three guys who could potentially play LeBron at different stages in the game. And that is tough for LeBron, one great defender on him and then switching it up with another great defender or a third defender. I don't think he's really had to face off against a really good defensive team, these NBA playoffs. The Nuggets did have a good defender on him in grand, but when driving to the hoop, Nikola Jokic isn't a great defensive stopper. He was always in a lot of foul trouble as well. Then against the Houston Rockets, they may have had decent defenders on him immediately, but when he attacks them and goes to the hole, they're running a small ball lineup, which means the paint is wide open for LeBron to finish. And in the opening round, whilst they had Whiteside and Nurkic in the paint, their immediate defender wasn't that good. The Miami Heat have a bit of both. They've got a really good immediate defender and Butler Crowder or Andre Gadala, and then at the rim, you have to get by Bam, which makes it quite tough for any player driving to the hoop, which is the reason Miami has been really good on the defense event, these playoffs and this season. But LeBron is LeBron for a reason, and I'm not saying it will be easy. I mean, a lot has changed with the Lakers lineup. They've got Javal McGee at center some games, then they run Dwight Howard at center. Who's going to match up against Dwight Howard or Javal McGee if Bam's on Anthony Davis? There's a lot of questions that need to be decided and need to be figured out, but what I will say is that the Miami Heat defensively always seem to play a very good zone and a very good matchup against whoever they're facing off against. Erics Volstra is arguably one of the greatest head coaches in the NBA. Nevertheless, the Miami Heat are in the NBA finals and I think he deserves a lot of credit for that. He's matched up well against every team they faced off against this postseason. The thing about the Los Angeles Lakers is, what they bring is far different than any other team the Miami Heat has had to face off against this postseason. The Lakers bring a good defensive team that is tall. The Boston Celtics tend to go to a smaller lineup, which actually suits the Miami Heat. Although the Heat have shown that they can face off against a taller lineup, as they did beat the Bucks with Brook Lopez and Giannis, who are very tall players, due to Giannis not being able to hit the outside shot like LeBron, it does make the Lakers a little bit more tough. Sure, it will be harder to face off against the Lakers, considering that LeBron James is a better offensive player than Giannis. He's able to attack the rim, but he's also able to shoot from the outside. And that is when it gets really, really hard to beat LeBron, because he is all around that good for player. Anthony Davis is still one of the greatest power forwards in the game, if not the greatest power forward in the game, which Bam will have to play his role against him, but a lot can happen. Do I think the Miami Heat, though, will win the NBA Finals? As a Heat fan, I would love to say yes, and I do believe that anything is possible, but because they're so good offensively and of course defensively, and they are running a tall lineup, it makes it harder for the Miami Heat. But in saying that, I do think it will be seven games. I think the Miami Heat will force it to seven games, and that's because I believe if Miami can stay with the Lakers throughout three quarters, they have the opportunity in that fourth quarter to get somebody hot. Whether it's Tyler Hiro, Duncan Robinson, Goran Dragik, Kelly Olinik, whoever it is, somebody in that fourth can get hot and get the Miami Heat maybe one or two wins in this series, potentially three, and maybe if they're lucky, four wins in this series. But they have to hang with the Lakers throughout three quarters, because the Lakers, they don't really have that third option that can really go for 30 points a night. Rondo is good, but he's not going to go for 30. Dwight is great, but he's not going to go for 30. He's more of a defensive stopper. Literally, there are so many players on this Miami Heat team that can get hot at any moment, which makes it very exciting to watch and very exciting to see what happens these NBA Finals. With that said, let me know what you believe will happen. Let me know what your predictions are in how many games as well. It's been your boring Smith. Leave a like if you enjoyed the video. Subscribe if you're new, and I'll catch you guys in my next one. I am out. Peace.


Thank you for joining us Ariel, I don't know if it's a good morning, good afternoon or are you in Indonesia at the moment? Yes, I'm in Indonesia but my background here is in Helsinki, back then in 2011 I guess, so we were supposed to be there but unfortunately unfortunately today we can't so maybe it's a hope in the future I can visit there again. Yeah that's like a decade before Covid, right? So great for you to be able to join us. I have just one main question which now leads to a build-up of other questions. So I saw that you were the leader or one of the focal points for the project on structural transformation in developing countries. I also just glanced through your paper with Kunal and the people at SCAP and I found that structural transformation was quite high in Indonesia for a while and then during the Asian financial crisis it went lower. I don't know about your experience with African countries but can you give us a sense of what was easier about achieving structural transformation and inclusive growth in Indonesia and why it may be so much of a challenge in Africa? Well historically speaking Indonesia has an episode, had an episode of successful I think structural transformation which is during the decade of late 70s and 1980s and toward the end of 1990s where actually we managed to have industrializations accompanied with rapid poverty reduction as well as not so much increase in inequality for some reason. Some people also believe that this is a good side of manufacturing based structural transformation which actually can help not only reducing poverty but inequality. But that ends in 1998 or in the late 1990s because after the year of 2000 which is after we encountered the Asian financial crisis things start to change. I haven't done much research in Indonesia except generally including it amongst the panel of countries when I'm doing my research I'm a bit more familiar with the African context but it's almost impossible. There's not much structural transformation in Africa and even I was able to go through the book by Kunal and Eric Verca on the development and even there's a difference between the kinds of deals which are palpable in Indonesia and in Asia in general from the kinds of deals which are palpable in Africa and maybe Latin America. Would you have a sense of why that may be the case? Do we have a sense of why the politicians in Africa tend to be more susceptible to corruption than the one in the Asian countries? Because I think about the whole deals and development is about the finality of the politicians. If they're more susceptible to corruption then the nature of their deals are more short term and less long term. Can we have a sense of why that's the case? Is it because of the availability of natural resources or is it just some bad luck? Well that's an interesting question. I'm not necessarily an expert on African countries by the way but actually Indonesian episode of successful structural transformation happened during the authoritarian government during the Suharto era. I'm not so sure if it's something to do with political stability or something else but from what I learned for Indonesian case even though the political leadership is somewhat authoritarian and also of course corruption is there, yet the corruption at daytime may be because of the very strong power in one hand. So the corruption was also a little bit centralized so these big people corrupt a lot. Yet the good thing about it in that era is that for some reason the economic rationale was maintained. For example by practically inviting at that time there is a new generations of young economists from California, I think around 10 or 55 to 10 people and they become the architect of the economic transformations at that time. So we follow this economic rationale very closely and then it seems to work at least to increase growth at that time so we managed to have consistently 7% growth for I think almost 2 decades. That's remarkable. So that's I think one of the key. So you can be authoritarian but if you listen, listen to some experts, some good advice from economics manager, economics development manager maybe it can change something, it can make a change. In contrast actually, I'm just, this is a casual conversation. In contrast there is at that time actually the Nigerian government or Nigeria and Indonesia actually experiencing almost the same episode of oil boom and then we managed to be a little bit more successful in terms of using that resource boom for development compared let's say to Nigeria. So you are correctly pointed out there are some contrasts between some Asian countries and also African countries. But I think maybe, I'm not so sure, I read the book by Asimov, for example, that say that one of the most, therefore deep determination of growth and one of them is lack, lack hypothesis. I think that could be a role, for example, the key features of the Asian is Asian miracle. It's the manufacturing based export growth. And then it seems to be to fade away when China come along in the mid 1980s. So I think the lack factor in that case maybe I'm just thinking out like here is the long life of Mao Zedong. Because otherwise then if the post to, you know, not as have that longevity, or maybe doing shopping can enter them earlier and then China will come earlier and then they may be like make the competitiveness of those Asian miracle, I mean, lose earlier. So that part, so I'm not so sure in Africa, but of course it is not the only factor. It's not empirically proven yet, but it can be, can be too. Yeah, but for Nigeria, at least I'm familiar with the Nigerian case because at the time of the oil boom, they've always been bestowed with tremendous levels of natural resources. Right. At the time of the album, they had coups after coups after coups. So they were mostly on the military control and each general was very happy to overthrow the other one and then grab as much of the oil boom as the cold and then be overthrown by a colleague. So for at least a couple of years, I'm thinking 15 to 20 years on the military rule and it wasn't under one person. It was under successive military rules and then, you know, it was a bit difficult for them to sustain. I don't know if you've been following the headlines now. I don't know if to refer to him as the current former president of Guinea was just recently. And there's an example of a country that's bestowed with natural resources and then the kinds of deals which are there are not necessarily long term or rents reducing kinds of deals. So everything that's there is some kind of clock and dagger and there's lack of transparency in how things are treated. And so there was Mali before that. And I'm thinking that I've just forgotten the other country. This is the third African country in this year which has overthrown their government or overthrown their president. So it makes it a bit challenging because historically they've been able to achieve some levels of growth, maybe like in Rwanda or Ethiopia and all, but structural transformation and inclusive growth that's, you know, becoming less and less able to be implemented in the countries. And if you have examples in Asia like, you know, India and Indonesia and China where growth has been more forthcoming or at least structural transformation has been more forthcoming. And I've always wondered why that happens as much in Asia and it barely happens in Africa. But if we talk about luck, then I'm sure it makes sense to an extent. I don't know if it's critically testable anyway, but it kind of explains a lot of what is happening in Africa now. Yeah, I guess so. Sure, but so I think I'm sure that the China coming along I think has also has to do with what happened more recently to Indonesia and also the rest of the other developing countries. I really like Danny Roderick's keynote speech yesterday, which also suggesting that, for example, manufacturing base structural transformation will be very hard to find again. So now I think that's what also Indonesia experiencing because after that then we start seeing something different compared to the decade of that era of this high quality. Structural transformation because the most recent data suggest that actually the structural transformation happened still that people from agriculture still coming out. But yet the manufacturing cannot anticipate that through fast. So now they have to go somewhere else. And then because of the investment in human capital, maybe it's not that fast. So it end up that only certain the biggest service sectors that receive all of those influx of labor from agriculture is at those with lower productivity. For example, the trade services in Indonesia, the share of labor into those services rising quite rapidly. Yeah, the value I didn't share, for example, stagnant. So that's a sign, very clear sign of that low productivity. And it goes with the rising inequality that quite also happened rapidly during the same period. So we are entering something quite worrying because this trend is strong. And we cannot see that this will have an inflection point in the near future. So if that happened, then we have to come up with something different. There are two actually in the government now. Actually, we are still insist, not insist, but we are approaching with the industrialization agenda, reindustrialization. But I'm sure that not many development economists have a strong preference or strong agreement about this, such as Roderick, for example, yesterday. But people can still see non-hopefully, hoping that reindustrialization will make our prospect of more less tensions or transformation and inclusive growth happen in the future. So that's what we're having. So in your opinion, as an experienced economist, what does the future hold for Indonesia then? Well, I'm looking at the future of Indonesia based on the history of the 10 for the past two decades. And my observation is not so positive because actually we have, because Indonesia was to get the independence in 1945. And then we really, really have the aspiration politically speaking to achieve the high income status after 100 years of independence, which means that will be 2045. So that is a campaign quite highly in the country. But to achieve that, actually our calculation said that we need economic growth that we used to experience in the decade of 80s and 90s. Otherwise, there's no way we can get the high income status in the 42045. But what we learned from the episode of high and consistent growth of other country or even developed country like OECD, we learned actually that the source of economic growth that persists, that sustained the growth spell that can last long, is actually the growth that contributed predominantly by productivity, total factor productivity growth. So I think 70% of growth in OECD country from 1960 to 2000 is actually contributed by the total factor productivity. But in Indonesia, many analysis, many estimations of the source of the economic growth in Indonesia for the last two decades is actually almost zero total factor productivity. So that's a sign of non-sustained economic growth. We had a 5% growth average for the last two decades, but it's not enough. If we really want to achieve that 2045. So the idea of escaping from middle income threat seems to be, we will face a lot of challenges at that time. So that's my observations of my Indonesia toward the future. Not to mention the inclusiveness of the growth. I'm only talking about the growth per se, not necessarily the inclusiveness of the growth. Yeah, the inclusiveness of the growth, that's going to be my next question. Because I'm thinking the income status of the country is determined by the international organizations, right? So even if you become a high income country per se, does that necessarily imply that growth in the country is inclusive based on my so far limited knowledge of economics? I don't think as much. I have two examples. Rwanda has been the first growing country for the last decade and above, but it's still classified as low income country. Conversely, Equatorial Guinea is an upper middle income country, but still the inclusive growth in Ethiopia in Equatorial Guinea is quite low. The president has been there forever, as you know, and he has a select group of people who end up being ministers with different portfolios. So the rents are just shared between an elite group of people. So I'm thinking if Equatorial Guinea meets a certain international standard at some point, they might be classified as a high income country, but then the inclusive growth in Equatorial Guinea is almost non-existent, which is the same thing in Rwanda. So if Indonesia gets classified as a high income country eventually, does that necessarily mean that the growth in Indonesia is inclusive? I'm not too sure. Yeah, that's true. And that's what happened even now. Because when you have a country as fast as Indonesia, so we have 36,000 islands, the land mass is very big and the population is the fourth in the world, then the income per capita tells you very minimal information about the welfare of the majority of the population. Take this as an example. Jakarta, the national capital, is divided into five cities, five districts, sub-provinces, right? And then one of them is the center of Jakarta, and you calculate their income per capita, let's equivalent to Belgium. So the Belgium in Indonesia is one Belgium, and I think the population of this Indonesian Belgium is also higher than the real Belgium, but then per capita income is comparable. But on the other hand, we have somewhere in the East Indonesia, like North Musa Tenggara Island, who actually almost as poor as the poorest country in South Africa. So we also have this diversity in the region. And I'm sure in other countries also this actually happened, especially in countries like China, which is also even much larger geographically Indonesia. And I'm sure many African countries also have these issues. I know that in other neighboring countries of Indonesia, for example, there are similar issues, which is more serious. In Thailand, the country was so divided into urban bank, Bangkok, greater area, and then the rest, which that's why the political situation in that country actually resemble, is a resemblance of this geographically divisive economic performance of these two regions, Bangkok or not Bangkok. So yeah, so I agree with you that to have higher growth to achieve income per capita, similar to high income in 2045, well, it may happen, but of course there are issues other than that. And then when Indonesia, for example, the last year in 2018, for example, even though we already in a group of upper middle income countries before COVID, after COVID we go down again to lower, but during that time we already have in the upper middle income countries, yet if you look at the vulnerability data of World Bank, which is $5 per capita per day, that's the threshold of economic security according to World Bank publication in 2018, $5.5 per capita in poor charging power parity, Indonesia 52% still below that. And then interestingly, I did some research to find other countries in the history that at that particular period has similar per capita income as Indonesia. And then I look at what is the proportions of the population of that country in that period that has that below $5.5 per day. I just found out that Indonesia only better than South Africa of today. So it's just to show you how deceitful those numbers, even the grouping of those countries, upper middle, lower middle income countries, if we didn't really look at it correctly, the distributions vertically between person or household, but also between regions, if your country is fast enough where this regional imbalance can be actually problematic. So that's what I see, basically. Okay, we have a question from one of our colleagues, which is going to be linked to the question I was going to ask. I think we have just about a few minutes, so we'll scale through them as fast as we can. So he asks, can Africa replicate growth in Indonesia given the poor institutions and corruption? How does policy in African countries resolve such bottlenecks? Which is linked to what I was going to, I was just going to conquer with your statement. You have better knowledge to answer this question. It's like a country that is vast, like Congo or the Democratic Republic of Congo. So they have the capital, Kinshasa, which is quite developed by the standard. And then they have the other sections of the country which arrive with marginalization. And even within Congo, some places are inaccessible such that you either have to take a flight or you have to land on the plain ground, or you need to take a boat and travel for like a day or something. So those are the differences between countries. And I think Congo is always classified as a low income country. So in response to Qabela's question, I'm assuming Africa should be able to replicate Indonesia's kind of structural transformation and inclusive growth. But for the most part they are susceptible to high levels of corruption. So we don't know when that's going to happen. Personally, I'm a Cameroonian and the country is aspiring to be an emerging country in 2035. That's what we're told in the year 2000 anyway. So we are 21 years into that. It doesn't seem to happen. Maybe in 2035 they'll give us a new story, but we're waiting to see what they say. Yeah. Do we have any more questions from the group? I think we have just about a handful of minutes. How much time do we have Lume? You can have five minutes. There's the other session starting, but obviously I think answering Qabela's question might be interesting. But there's no other question. Okay. Ariel, what do you think about China's prospects as well? We've talked about the prospects of Africa, which almost always seem bleak. We've talked about the prospects in Indonesia, which I touch and go. They just depend on how the policies are implemented. What does the future hold for a country like China and India with all the population and development, but the ensuing stagnation as well? Well, I'm afraid. I'm not an expert on China, but maybe I will just give a personal remark about how the way I see China positively. I think as you mentioned in the early sections of this chat, you mentioned about how the leader of countries can plan ahead beyond the political cycle. And that matters especially if we talk about growth spell, not only growth, quarterly growth or annual growth. So China, I think, has the advantage of that. Has the advantage of looking ahead without too much thinking about who will be in power at that time. Will I be in power? I'm not an expert. This is just personal curiosity and personal opinion. Because to some extent, maybe to a large extent, that matters. Because China in 2011, for example, as I look up their long-term development plan in 2011, they already invested billions and billions of dollars of government money to invest in green and renewable, for example. Something that is beyond the thinking of many other countries' government. And I think why they can see it simply because they can look ahead without really thinking about what sort of political cycle. So maybe perhaps this is something put forth thought. Maybe if we can manage to have a democracy with the same capacity like that with the same legislative process that can maintain road map, disregarding will be in power in Indonesia, for example. Then maybe that's the key of how to sustain economic growth. So I think China has the advantage of that now. But other than that, politically, I don't have any expertise on commenting on that. But for me, I think the key to sustain growth is technological progress, innovations. And that needs a country that can be thinking beyond the political cycle. So that's what I thought about China. So I can see that China will be still expanding and perhaps can manage to sustain growth for a while. And a final question from Andy. If you could write a book on any topic, economics or not, what would it be about? Andy's tale. Well, if I could write a book on any topic, economy or not, what would it be? Well, actually, I mentioned this to Andy once in Thailand. I want to write a book about economic inequality, but it's a fiction one. So it's a little different style of fiction. And I also invited Andy to co-order that book with me. I hope that one day we can realize that promise. Okay, sounds like a good idea. If we look forward to that then. I think we've run out of extra five minutes. So we're going to have to close. Thank you very much for joining us, Ariel. It was a very instructive and constructive discussion. Look forward to exchanging emails with you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you all for joining. Bye.


Hey y'all welcome back to the Fire and Water Cooking Channel. I'm Darren and today it's just going to be a quick video. I actually went ahead and I bought an ANOVA Nano to test it out. They're on a really good price right now. So what we're going to do is we're going to do an unboxing of the ANOVA Nano. All right, I'll see you back in a second. All right guys if you're not familiar with the ANOVA line of sous vide units you're probably under a rock or you haven't looked at sous vide units at all before. But ANOVA is one of the top sous vide unit producers out there. They're owned by Electrolux now. They're one of the innovators, one of the first ones that started making the sous vide circulators on a regular basis. This particular unit is one of their newer models. It's the Nano which is a little bit smaller than their older units. And one of the things that they did, I guess on their older units, they used to have some issues with the steam from the water getting into the electronics up above. And it would cause shorts and issues and had a lot of problems with that with one of their manufacturers. So they went ahead and totally redesigned one of this unit here. And this here is supposed to be pretty much waterproof up to three foot of water. So and you know so far I haven't seen anybody complain that their ANOVA Nano has gotten a short in it. So it looks like they probably fixed that problem. But one of the other things, this particular unit is smaller. It's not as heavy as some of the older ANOVA's or the full-size ANOVA Wi-Fi unit. But it also has some other things that we're going to take a look at real quick. All right guys, I'm back. And the first thing is you know this cover here is just a sleeve. It comes wrapped in cellophane.  One of the things that it does say under here, it tells you the weight of the unit, the temperature range, the precision. It's supposed to be within 0.2 degrees. So it's supposed to be actually a little bit better than some of the other Soviet units out there. The power is 120 volts but 750 watts. So it's kind of on the lower end of the wattage. But supposedly from what I hear they change the algorithm on this. So even though it has lower wattage, it's supposed to heat the water faster than some of their other units do. That may have a higher wattage. So IPX7 is the waterproof rating. And it just gives you the managed measurements, 1.6 pounds. Like I said, it's supposed to be lighter, smaller, and a little bit more versatile than their other unit. The only thing is that their clamp on here does not come off. All right now let's get this out of the box here. It comes in a nice you know black box with a nova on it. First thing you're going to want, it does have a little pack here that's got some information. Just a general maintenance or general you know specs. Like I said, this is bluetooth. So you're going to want to download the ANOVA app onto your phone or iPad, Android or iPhone, just so you can use their recipes and some of the other functions of the app. You don't need to use the app with this. You can, it does have manual controls. I mean it's sleek, not very big. I mean compared to the other ANOVA units where they have a really big you know head and big stainless steel. This is pretty much all plastic. It does have, I understand this bottom part will un-cop pop off here. So in case you want to get down here to try to clean it. I don't think the whole thing will come off though. I haven't had a whole chance to play around with that. It snaps back into place. But it doesn't look like you can actually pop this off. You may be able to pop this off to try to clean this inside. The clip does not come off. It is adjustable and it's pretty stationary though. I mean it's, you can't move it up and down. You can't take it off so you can put this inside a cool or anything. Just kind of show you, this is my regular LaPave container that I use. It does fit in there pretty good. This is an 18 quart. You can kind of see. It does not go all the way to the bottom though. So you pretty much have to fill it, this particular one, the minimum line comes up to right here and then the max is here. So really you got to fill this particular container up pretty high. One of the things I don't like about this I can see so far is if you look where the clip is and the minimum line is right here and the maximum line is right here. So I don't know how you could get up to the maximum line using this clip because any container you're sticking this in you're going to stop right here. So you're never even going to get close to this max line. You might get up to here so, but it won't even let you get up over the max line. So that could be a good thing, could be a bad thing because I know on some of my Gourmet units I can go just above the max line a little bit and it'll be fine. With this you can't even get close to the max line on this at all especially in this type of container. So that's just one thing I can see right away. Other than that the only other thing I can see is that since this does not move and it's probably only a good inch, inch and a half space in between here you're going to kind of be limited on what kind of container you can use this in. So it probably won't fit in a cooler if you've got thicker insulation on a cooler since it doesn't adjust you know just by comparing it to the Gourmia that I've been using. You know this is also kind of limited as far as the clip goes but at least you know there's a more space compared to what this has and it does have a cushion on it. So I can actually get this over two inches on the Gourmia and get into a cooler or something. This I'm probably not going to be able to fit into a cooler especially a thicker cooler. If it's a real thin cooler maybe like my Coleman stacker I might be able to but just since we got those next to each other here I'm going to show you the difference in the size. The Nano is definitely a lot shorter. Gourmia is a little bit skinnier though still. The clip sits way up high on the Gourmia so I can actually in this particular container I can pretty much set the Gourmia all the way to the bottom so that gives me full operation you know full usage of all the water in there. I don't have to fill it up all the way with this I'm going to look like I'm going to have to fill it pretty full no matter what kind of meat I'm cooking in there just because of the way just how short this unit is. It's a sleek looking unit that's for sure. It's not as small as the jewel you know I have seen the jewel I don't have it particularly have a jewel here to compare it to but it is bigger than the jewel a little bit thicker than the jewel but it certainly is not as it doesn't have as much wattage as the jewel so I'm going to go ahead and plug this in and see how easy it is to operate so I'll be right back. I'm going to show you how I'm going to connect this on my iPad here I've downloaded the Innova app and opened it up and once you pull it up it's going to say on the bottom here connect to start cooking hopefully you can see that hope the light doesn't mess you up too bad but it does say connect to start cooking so what I'm going to do I have my Innova here right next to it the Nano and I'm going to go ahead and plug this in and it does power on as soon as you plug it in and what I'm going to do is hit the connect to start cooking and then it's going to automatically read it that's going to tell ask me says your Nano's current temperature should be the same as shown above or shown below so 76.5 that's exactly what's shown on here asking me if this is it yes or no hit yes and now it's going to tell me that it's paired then it's going to ask me to allow notifications so allow notifications and then you got a green light at the bottom just says start cooking so I'm going to go ahead and start cooking so I'm going to put this right on my container I'm going to show you move the camera a little bit show you how I got it here one of the things that personally I don't really care for on this particular unit is the way the the front is facing so as you can see on the Gormia the clip is on this side sorry didn't mean to knock the camera but as you can see the clip is on this side the front so this face is here so I can actually put the Gormia unit on the front here and clip it instead of it having to be in the back and just that's a personal thing for me closer this is to my eyes I can see it better because I you know can't see real well because I'm getting older but another thing you can see compared to the Gormia you see how I got a clip then it goes all the way to the bottom the nano as you can see is barely touching the water it's actually below the minimum fill line there because it's so short so I actually have to put a lot more water in this if I only had a couple steaks or something that I wanted to cook in this I'd really have to put a lot more water in there in this particular container yeah I just threw some chicken in there for dinner tonight so we're going to run it through its test to see just how good this thing can do with the whole chicken I did cut the chicken in half but if you can see my container remember this is an 18 quart container and I do have the water is pretty much right up to about you know two inches from the top and we're still good two and a half inches from the max fill line so having to fill this up pretty full in order to use the ANOVA nano here so just so you can see that there it did slow down a little bit as far as heating the temperature up initially was going pretty quick and then it kind of slowed down a little bit as it dragged on and so it's still heating up it looks like there is a timer on the app though that will give you a warm up period usually it looks like depending on how hot the water is going in it'll give you a time of how long it'll take for the water to heat up to the temp so that's a good thing but so far so good and like I said I'll do some more videos with some more tests and compare it to some other things and see how it works but for 60 bucks compared to some of the other cheaper units out there so far I like it and it the app alone is a lot better than some of the others I've seen with apps so all right guys that's it


Hello, everyone. Welcome to today's Bitesite stock. My name is Panciska Bohnert. I'm today's host. But before we go into the talk, I would like to highlight an event. As you all know, we had a hackathon not long ago, which was hugely successful and good news. There will be another one coming up in March 2023. And this one will be a completely virtual event, but we were planning to have local communities come together and join forces. So if you want to host one of those, please contact us or at a pull request to the website where you can add your own site. So this enough of announcements. Now I would like to hand over to Phil, who's giving today's talk, and he's talking about configuring linting, right? Yes, I'm indeed. Yeah, so this is me stepping in doing a bit of a last minute talk again. So sorry for the late advertisement about this one and about what the talk topic would be. We realized, actually, I've been telling us for a couple of weeks that we were running out of talks, but we only really realized yesterday that we didn't have anything scheduled for today. So we had a look through a list of suggestions and this was one which had been asked or requested a couple of times. So I thought I'd jump in and try and try and talk everyone through NF core linting, what it is, how it works, but most importantly, how to configure it. And this is going to be particularly interesting for both people building NF core pipelines, but also people working with NF core tooling outside of the NF core ecosystem, where maybe some of these tests are not really relevant to you. But it's good for everyone to understand how it works and how to configure it. And so, in the spirit of last minute decisions, I'm going to be live demoing everything. So my apologies in advance if everything breaks horribly, but let's let's see how it goes. Okay, hopefully you can all see my screen. Wonderful. First things first, just a reminder about where the documentation is for all of us. So this is the NF core websites and if you head on over to the tools page up at the top here, you find the section for NF core lint. And this is documentation and basically it pretty much tells you everything I'm going to tell you.  Or if you forget everything else I'm going to tell you about then just remember this, where is documentation on the website, and you can read it and it explains how everything works. With that said, let's kick jump in and do some do some demo and walk through what we're going to be talking about today. So just before we started recording I created a new pipeline. And so I just did NF core create. And which made me a new empty pipeline, and then I updated the modules and I cleared out some of the template stuff so but so but we're kind of up and running with a clean pipeline. And if I do get log you can see I've just got two commits from, this is when we started preparation for this talk, and just resolving the late mornings. Now, what is code linting or linting? Basically, a code linter has a set of rules about how codes should look and how it should work, and it checks the code and gives you passes or failures or in a series of tests. Typically, when you talk about code linters, you're also talking about code formatting. So for example, you can have a JavaScript or a JSON code format or Python code, code format and these have linting tests, where they look at the code and they can also reformat the code for you. We're not talking about that today. And of course, linter doesn't do anything to do with code formatting. It's just a set of rules. And it's a way to inspect code for standardization. The linting has been around for enough course since the very start of the project and is a fairly crucial part of how we work and allows the community to scale. Because we do so much work with carried review where other people are reviewing code that you're writing, having a set of automated tests means that we can be a bit more confident that things are adhering to the principles and not breaking stuff without having to check really really carefully. So without automating the things that we are commonly asking for, it streamlines this process of code review and makes the general code quality better. And this is pretty much how the NFCOR lint tools have evolved over time. It started off with a couple of minor things. And every time we've come across the same thing a few times in a pull request, we say we should write a lint test for that, so we can automatically test for this thing again in the future. Another thing that's really important about it is it makes sure that everybody stays up to date with all the latest things, guidelines and rules for NFCOR, because these change over time. We have updates in the NFCOR template and we do template synchronization and all this stuff, and that rolls along. And what happens is if you keep running NFCOR lints on your code base, over time, as we're tooling updates along with the template, you'll start to get failures where before it's passing and that's because it says it checks the code in your pipeline against the template and in some places it says this should be the same as the template. And it's either out of date or you've edited it and that's a bad thing. And so it also kind of forces everyone to stay up to date and then sync. So that's why we have the tooling. That's why we have NFCOR linting. And if I do, if I do NFCOR help, you'll see that it's one of the commands here. And the basic one is NFCOR lint. You can also call it just specifically for modules so it's NFCOR modules lint and that calls just a subset of those tests but generally speaking you just do NFCOR lints and it just checks everything. I'm currently sat in the working, my working directory is the root of the pipeline. And here it's run 182 different tests and they all passed and nothing failed and that's great. When I push commits and open pull requests to GitHub and things, we have automated continuous integration tests, zero tests, and they run the same command on the code. And so that means when you open a pull request, those tests automatically run and you get a green tick or a red cross saying whether this is good or bad. We have different statuses that the tests can have so they can be passed, they can fail, which is obviously is bad, and they can fail warnings. With warnings they don't actually fail with CI so you'll still get a green tick but it tells you in the text message or any checker text that there's something which is maybe not ideal. And hopefully when you're creating pull request you also get a little comment automatically added which summarizes the results in the body of the pull request so to give you visibility, especially for these warnings which might kind of fly under the radar otherwise. And what we're particularly interested about today is this category tests which are ignored.  So first let's make something fail. So if I open up VS code here, this is my, my pipeline that I've just created, and I'm going to dig in as different, lots of different tests which I could make fail but I'm going to start off by doing something very simple. We've got the read me file here, and one of the tests checks that the NFCOR read means look like NFCOR read means, and all NFCOR read means have these badges at the top. I mean, if I go to RNA seek, go to the, go to github.com and look at the main read me on kind of when you load up the repo. It's got these badges along the top which says it works with next flow and you need this version or whatever. So we have a lint test that checks these badges are there and correctly formatted and consistent. So for example, it says the minimum version of next flow you need. You also define that in the config file down here. And it's quite easy to let these two fall out of sync. And so we have a lint test which checks this button then read me. Simple. So I'm going to break it by deleting those. It's gone. Markdown file is still totally valid. It just doesn't have any of the buttons at the top. So proof of principle NFCOR lint now should hopefully fail. Okay, it didn't fail. It gave us a warning close enough. So this. Now, really important about this is when you see these warnings, like you get a summary text saying didn't have a minimum. So you get a minimum version badge. But there might be it might be that you don't completely understand what the message is or it's a bit unclear. And most browsers will handle these the hyperlinks in the terminal and where it says read me that's the identity identifier for this test. And if I hold, I'm on a Mac. So if I hold command, I think on Linux and Windows its control. I can click that and it's going to open up a tab in my web browser. And it's going to go specifically to the test ID called read me. And then this is where we have longer form documentation about this specific lint test. And here you can see it says it needs to have an extra badge and it should look like this. And it should be the right thing and it should have a bioconda badge and everything. So this is where the long form documentation about these lint tests are. You can also find it if you go to tools and then somewhere under tools. I always forget. Anyway, you follow that link here and it tells you all about it. So I noticed that this is quite specific. It's not just editing the whole file, but it just this part of the read me file is checked. And there are other ones as well. So if I go into, let me see assets multi qc.config do. Then I should get. I think a failure about editing the multi qc file. And no. Okay, I managed to do something right there. But anyway, there's certain files where you can get a failure for putting stuff at the start. But if you stick it at the end, it will be valid and things. And that test is, I think, called files unchanged here. So I should have picked one which is actually tested. But so there you go. So these ones you can add extra stuff and see the gignore file, for example. So, yeah, these are all different lint tests and they're documented here. So obviously I could fix this read me file by putting the badges back in, rerunning and template, et cetera, or reading the documentation and seeing what's required. But in this case, maybe I don't want to do that. So maybe I'm building outside of NF core. And I don't want to have the NF core badges at the top and I want to do my own thing. And that's fine. How do I go about doing that? So I need to ignore this test. And the way I do that is when you run NF core creates, you get a config file for NF core. This one. NF core. I am always as a hidden file. So depending on how you're looking at your files, you may need to show your hidden files in here by default. We just have this. It just says this repository is a pipeline. This is to do with working with modules. But I can add a new key in here called lint. And under lint, I'm going to give the name of the test that failed, which is called read me. And I'm going to set it to false. And I'm going to hit save. That's what it is. I'm going to rerun linting now. And now it says pipeline test ignored. And it just says it didn't run this test. And so because of that, nothing failed and everything's fine. That's basically all there is to it. If any of these lint tests you don't like that you, you are sure that it's doing what you want it to be doing. Then you can just say ignore this test and it will be ignored. Some of these, so this is quite a blunt tool. I've just ignored this entire lint test called read me. And so for example, if I go in and I change, let's do files exist here. So I'm going to delete the editor config file. And of course, then it should throw a failure because this is a required file. And it's not there. So it takes me here. So I could do files exist false and that will disable the entire lint test. And that's, that's fine. That makes everything work. But it's a bit of a blunt tool because now it's not checking for the presence of any files. So it's allowing me to delete that one file, but it's now not checking for the presence of any of these files, which is maybe kind of overkill because it was just that one file that I care about. And now some of the lint tests then allow you to provide a bit more information. So in this case, what's the file I deleted editor config, instead of just saying false, I can actually give the name of the file there. And I think it has to be a list like that. Now, when I run this again, hopefully it should still pass. But now it ignores just that one specific file. So this isn't possible for every single one of it and of course in tests, you have to check the documentation. But certainly files exist and files unchanged, which are probably two of the ones which come up the most frequently. And you can specify exactly which files you want to ignore. And then you keep the value of the rest of the lint test there, which checks all the other stuff, which is generally kind of a good thing. Right. 1314. That's my 15 minutes. It's a very short and sharp bite size talk this time. Very specific about this one kind of thing. But hopefully that's helpful and hopefully this will be a useful resource for anyone coming back to this in the future, asking about how lint configs work. If you have any questions or feedback or suggestions, then please shout and I'll do my best to answer any questions if there are any now. Back to you. Yeah. Hi. So everyone can unmute themselves if they want to and just ask the question right away. I don't see anything coming up for now. I mean, you don't have to ask now. Obviously as usual, you can come to Slack. Either ask you questions in bite size or in the help. And as usual, I would like to thank the Jen Zuckerberg initiative for funding the talks. And of course, Phil for this very short notice talk today and the audience for listening. I would also just say on Slack that there's a Slack channel called Linting, I think it's called Linting, which is the place to go for any specific questions about Linting when you're generally confused. Yeah, I should have known there's always a Slack channel for everything. Thank you, Phil.


Welcome to the 2015 NCHA Ferturity. We just had the amateur final and the winner was Marilyn Jo Frans who marked a 2-17 on Hawke's Desire. Congratulations, Marilyn. Thank you. Thank you so much. Is this your first major win here in the Will Rogers? Yes, it is. How does that feel? Tell us. What that moment was like when you realized. Well, it took till the very last horse before I realized because I was so happy but yet, I mean shocked. I'm just thrilled to have been able to do it. How long have you been cutting? Since 1989. And you've made some finals before? I've made some finals here in the amateur and a few semifinals but this is the highlight, the high point of the whole, all the years I've been coming here. That was a big final. There were 30 riders. You were fourth out. What was your game plan? My game plan was just to cut as clean as I could and my help was great and kind of helped tell me what cattle they thought would work and it just happened that the horse did everything he could do with the three cows we cut and it just, it felt great and I was thrilled to be able to ride him. Tell us about the breeding of Hawks desire.  So I raised his mother and then I own EBR Kitty Hawk there at the ranch in Stillwater. What a fantastic. It's even more special than the win. Very special, very special and then what made it even more special to me tonight was my nephew Alex Frans also showed in the finals. There's two places behind in the draw. Sixth in the draw and he showed at EBR Kitty Hawk also and we just had a great time tonight. So no competitive rivalry there between you? It's all support? I would actually, I would have been even more as thrilled as I am if he would have marked the 17 I would have been even more happy but as it is I'm just, you know, I'm thrilled to have done it and it's just basically due to persistence and determination just to keep coming to Fort Worth because I enjoy it so much and also Andy Sherrod did a great job with training my horse and the help I had tonight they were fantastic. So all the guys, it's definitely not a one person accomplishment. It's all the people from Gabriel to Andy to Glen, Lloyd Cox, James, it's Jamie, it's just all the help that it takes to get here. Well you've won just over $9,000, enjoy that and congratulations once again. I will and thank you so much.


As a water sources engineer, we are interested in looking at how much runoff is generated, so that we can find out how much surface water is available. Sometimes we are interested in how much ground water is also available, but we will first concentrate on the surface water. So, out of the total precipitation which is the driving force behind the runoff, some part of it is lost if we consider the runoff. Now, this loss depends on what point of view we are taking. For example, if we look at it from surface water point of view, then whatever amount of water infiltrates or evaporates is lost to us. If we look at it from an irrigation engineering point of view, then the infiltration is not a loss. In fact, this is what will drive the soil moisture. So, the loss will be defined differently depending on what point of view we are taking. Right now, we will start with from a water source engineer point of view, what are the losses or what we call abstractions. So, if we look at the precipitation over a certain area, where there may be trees, there may be buildings, then out of total precipitation part of it will be detained on the rooftop or on the tree leaves. Part of it will infiltrate, part of it will evaporate, once it reaches the surface it will evaporate. So, evaporation then there is infiltration, there is some storage on the tree leaves and the building, then we may have a small depressions where water may be stored. So, these are not the streams, but they are small depressions, which have to be filled and then water will move towards the river. So, if we consider the runoff, so this part which is runoff, water when it falls on the ground all of it will not reach the streams as runoff. So, whatever is abstracted, we will call that as abstractions, as we have seen there are various components of the abstractions and these can be written as interception, which is the amount of water intercepted on the let us say buildings or trees. Then we have the depression storage, a small surface depressions which will store some water before it goes for runoff, then we have evaporation, transpiration. So, evaporation may be from the land surface or from the small depressions also there will be some evaporation and transpiration is when the plant roots take water from the soil and then transpire it through their leaves back to the atmosphere and then we will have infiltration, which is the amount of water which is going below the ground surface. Now, out of this infiltration some part may come back to the surface as runoff. For example, if we have an impermeable layer close to the surface, then part of the infiltration may run over this impermeable layer and contribute to the stream. So, that part will also contribute ultimately to the runoff, but for now we will consider that all the infiltration is an abstraction from the rainfall or the precipitation. Interception and depression storage typically occur in the early part of the rainfall and therefore, they are combined called initial loss. Similarly, evaporation and transpiration they are very similar in nature and the factors affecting evaporation and transpiration are almost identical. So, we combine them and call it evapotranspiration or sometimes it is also called consumptive use. So, evapotranspiration includes both evaporation and transpiration from the plants. Then infiltration we will consider as a loss as we have discussed that the inter flow or subsurface runoff we will for the time being not considered. So, let us look at these mechanism of these processes and see what are the factors which affect them. So, we will look at them one by one. Let us start with the interception. Suppose precipitation occurs over a rooftop. So, this is a building and on the roof when the precipitation occurs some amount of water will be stored on the roof before it is carried through the drains down to the ground level. Some small amount will be stored on the rooftop or it will be intercepted by the rooftop. Similarly, when there is a tree some amount of precipitation falling on the tree will be detained or intercepted by the leaves and that will be called interception. Out of this interception there will be evaporation similarly from the rooftop there will be some evaporation. From rooftop water may go through the drain and ultimately reach the ground surface. Similarly, from the tree also some water may fall down out of the intercepted water. Some water may directly fall down from the tree or some of it may go over the stems and then again reach the ground level. So, these parts are not really lost, but the part which is evaporated is lost as far as runoff is concerned. Now, for a building if the rainfall intensity is very small almost all of it may be intercepted. Similarly, for the trees also if the intensity is small the leaves will be able to store all of the precipitation, but when the intensity becomes large then only there is a limited capacity of the rooftop or the tree leaves to store water. What we do is write the interception loss equal to some storage initial value which can be stored on the rooftop or the tree leaves and there is some factor k, e and t where e is the evaporation rate and t is the duration of rainfall. This factor k we will discuss in little while, but let us first look at the rooftop. When there is some initial storage the interception storage now there is an evaporation going on while the rain is occurring. So, depending on what is the rate of evaporation and the duration of rainfall this additional amount which is evaporated from the rooftop can also be lost due to interception and for rooftop k will be equal to 1 a flat area or let us say call it rooftop, but if you have leaves then the leaves are not horizontal they have some inclined surface and the evaporation from this whole area will occur. So, k will represent the ratio of the area of the leaf to the projected area or the horizontal area I will call it vegetation surface divide by the projected area which will be the horizontal area this will be greater than 1. So, from a tree leaf surface we have some initial storage then we have this ratio k and e into t gives us the evaporation loss during the rainfall. So, this gives us the entire interception loss from an structure or vegetation and this typically is about 10 to 20 percent 10 to 20 percent of the rainfall or precipitation. If we have vegetated area then it is typically 10 to 20 percent, but sometimes if you have very dense forest is may it may be more than 25 percent the interception storage is generally around 0.25 to 1.25 millimeter and this represents how much depth of water can be stored without it flowing off from the tree or from the rooftop into the drains. Now, the next abstraction which we considered is the depression storage and as we discussed there may be a small depressions on the surface. So, when the rain occurs these depressions have to be filled before the water runs off to the stream the amount is stored in the depression is lost through infiltration and evaporation. So, the depression storage will depend on presence of depressions on the surface. So, it will also depend on a lot of other factors and we can look at some of these factors the type of soil because the depression storage the loss from depression will depend on the infiltration therefore, the type of soil which will affect the infiltration rate will decide the loss through depression storage. For example, if you have sandy soil then you have more loss due to depression storage of course, the surface the ground surface is important because if there are more depressions then there will be more depression storage. So, type of surface so, more depressions typically would mean more loss the slope of the catchment is another important parameter. So, if you consider two cases in one the catchment is very flat then there are depressions in the other the catchment is sloping and the depressions typically there will be more loss in flat catchments and less in steep catchments because the water will be flowing faster there will be more time for infiltration here and less here. The fourth factor which affects the depression storage is the initial soil moisture. So, if you have initial soil moisture high then there will be less infiltration and therefore, less depression loss. So, these factors tell us that the depression storage and similarly, the interception also depends on a lot of factors and it is very difficult to estimate the effect of all these factors individually. So, typically we assign some percentage of the precipitation as the initial loss which includes both interception or sometimes also called initial abstraction which includes interception and depression storage. So, generally we say this initial abstraction or I a is some percentage of let us say k times the amount of rainfall and this is the initial abstraction I a k is some fraction which will depend on catchment characteristics and will typically be obtained by observing the conditions. This initial loss varies with time. So, if we say that let us talk about the interception and see how it varies with time with time when we say with time the rainfall intensity is also an important parameter. So, the rainfall intensity may be changing with time as it may be idealized like this. Now, if the rainfall intensity is less than the capacity of the interception in that area then all of it will be intercepted. So, what we can show is with rainfall intensity suppose we say I here and interception loss here as typically as a percent of. So, if initially the rainfall intensity suppose is smaller then interception loss would be a larger percent of the rainfall and the general curve which we get is something like this that when the intensity is small more percent in fact it may be typically about 80 percent of the rainfall can be intercepted and then it is loss through evaporation. But as the intensity increases the capacity of the structures and the trees is limited to store water. So, interception loss remains almost same it increases little bit because of the evaporation as we have seen here with time it will increase slightly because of evaporation. But more or less we can assume that interception loss is almost constant. So, as a fraction of the intensity of rainfall it will go on decreasing as the intensity is increased. So, with time if we say that with time we have initially a small intensity then it becomes large then again it becomes small then we would get interception loss the interception loss would be limited to the rainfall it may be equal to the intensity of rain in the beginning if the intensity is smaller than the capacity of the area for interception. Then when we have rainfall which is higher than the capacity of interception then we have slight increase because of the evaporation occurring from the surfaces and then again when the rainfall becomes smaller then it will increase at a constant rate. So, it may become like this. So, interception loss is not constant with time it changes with time. But what we typically do is assume that it is some fraction overall interception loss is some fraction of the total precipitation which will depend on the catchment characteristics and also it will depend on what is the distribution of the rainfall whether there are more number of storms or whether there are less number of storms. For example, over a certain period we may have a few storms of very high intensity or over the same period we may have lower intensity storms, but they may be more in number. So, suppose we look at this distribution where there are more intensity of storms, but there are only 3 and here there is half the intensity, but there are 6 of them. So, the total amount of rainfall total precipitation is same in both these events, but the amount of interception loss as a percentage of total precipitation if we look at interception loss will be much more because for each storm event the interception loss will be almost same as initial storage. So, if we look at this equation there is interception storage which would be fixed there would be some change with time, but if we say that more or less the interception storage is same interception loss is almost equal to interception storage. We can say that in this second event the interception loss total interception loss will be 6 times interception loss for a single storm while here it will be only 3 times interception loss for a single storm. So, the interception loss will be much higher if we have more frequent storms for the same amount of precipitation. Now, the other factors other abstractions which we want to look at are evaporation and typically we combine the transpiration also with this and call it evapotranspiration or consumptive use. So, if we look at the evaporation the process of evaporation is if there is a water surface. So, there is filled with water let us look at from a water surface how evaporation occurs above the water level there will be air which contains water vapor. So, there are water vapor present in the air there is water below the surface. So, there will be some vapor pressure in the air as well as on this water surface depending on the difference of this vapor pressure water molecules will go either from the water into the air which is called evaporation or from the air into the water which is the which is called condensation. So, if we can write the process of evaporation as change of liquid to gas below boiling point of course, you have one change which is because of boiling when the liquid is converted to gas. But, below boiling point change of liquid to gas occurs because of the difference in vapor pressure and this vapor pressure difference. So, we can say that this evaporation rate E will be proportional to vapor pressure in water vapor pressure in the air. And typically the water surface the water surface vapor pressure will be higher in order to cause infiltration. So, this gradient of the vapor pressure is what drives the evaporation and for this we need some energy. So, there are two things which are important for evaporation one is energy source and the second is some agency to carry this water away from the water surface carry the air away from the water surface. So, some carrier to remove saturated air from the surface the energy source is needed to cause this evaporation. But, if we have the evaporation without any mechanism to lead this air away from the water body then the air here will become saturated and generally slowly the water vapor pressure in the air and water will tend to be equal because as more water molecules evaporate the vapor pressure in the air will increase and it may become saturated above this water body. So, there has to be some agency like wind to carry this water away from the water surface and once the saturated water is carried away from this there will be unsaturated air or less saturated air replaced here on the top of this water surface and therefore, it will again create a gradient of vapor pressure causing more evaporation otherwise the evaporation will be limited once the what air becomes saturated then the evaporation will be reducing with time. So, this tells us that there will be a number of factors on which the evaporation will depend. So, let us look at these factors. So, evaporation depends on as we have seen the foremost factor is the water vapor pressure in air and water surface that we have already discussed that the difference of the vapor pressure on the water surface and in the air will decide what is the amount of evaporation or the rate of evaporation. Then we should have since the vapor pressure depends on the temperature the temperature and the temperature also is denotes the amount of energy present. So, water temperature is another factor which affects the evaporation vapor pressure we have already seen that E is proportional to or we can write E equal to some constant into E w minus E a. This vapor pressure is typically represented in millimeter of mercury both of these are represented in millimeter of mercury and E is the evaporation rate typically in millimeters per hour. The water temperature generally E is proportional to or E is increasing as water temperature increases. So, E is directly related to the water temperature as T increases E also increases. Then the next factor which we have as we discussed that if we have wind speed. So, if there is no wind evaporation will continue for some time and then almost be negligible, but if there is a wind then we have a continuous process going on. So, evaporation again will increase with increase in wind speed let us call it w, but it will not keep on increasing because there is a critical value beyond which the wind speed will not effective evaporation. For example, if you take a water body like this and there is a wind velocity w here. Then when the wind velocity becomes sufficient to carry this water this air away from the water surface at the rate at which depending on what is the rate of evaporation. When the wind speed is sufficient to carry this air away and cause or maintain the evaporation rate beyond that speed there will be no change in evaporation rate or if we draw a curve wind speed versus evaporation. If the wind speed is small the evaporation will be small because what air will become saturated very soon and it will increase as the wind speed increases, but beyond the critical value evaporation will be more or less constant because that wind velocity is sufficient to carry air away from the water body and this wind velocity critical wind velocity will depend on the size of the water body. So, if we have a water body which is very long the critical wind speed would be higher because then we need a larger velocity to carry all this air away from the water body. So, wind speed is an important parameter because this is the mechanism which will carry saturated air away from the water surface. The next parameter which we which will affect evaporation is the atmospheric pressure and this case we have an inverse relationship e increases as atmospheric pressure decreases and this is the effect of due to effect of vapor pressure. The other factors which affect the evaporation size of water body as we have seen here the size affects the critical wind velocity, but the size itself will affect the evaporation in the sense that if we have a water body which is shallow or a water body which is deep the mechanism or the process of evaporation will be affected by the depth of the water body. In this case the solar radiation which is hitting the surface the heat energy will be absorbed by this body, but in this case the heat energy will be absorbed by the lower layer. So, in summer months when there is high radiation. So, in summer the water here at the lower level will get heated or will absorb the radiation and in winter this radiation will be released to the upper layers to cause evaporation. So, in summer typically this will have high the shallow body will have high evaporation because the absorption by the lower layer is not there. Here some of the heat energy gets transferred to the lower layers and therefore, the energy available for evaporation from the upper layers is smaller, but in winter the shallow body will have a lower evaporation. So, as we have seen evaporation and transpiration are quite similar. So, we combine them in evapotranspiration, but transpiration has a basic major difference compared to evaporation is that transpiration occurs only during daytime. So, if we look at some vegetation roots extending into the ground during its growth it will require water which is generally taken from the soil moisture. So, there is some moisture present in the soil the root zone which can be taken up by the tree and then it breathes out the breathes out means it is transpiring. So, the tree transpires or breathes out the water in terms of vapor, but this process occurs in presence of sunlight. So, this is a daytime process in nighttime it does not happen while evaporation can take place during night also. So, that is a major difference between transpiration and evaporation although the rate of evaporation is slow during night, but it is still happening naturally the amount of vegetation present if there are more trees or less trees will affect the transpiration. So, transpiration has the factors which affect evaporation for example, the wind velocity will carry saturated air from above this tree. So, all the factors which affect evaporation will also affect transpiration in addition the vegetation density the nature of vegetation its stage in growth will be the factors which will affect the transpiration. So, evapotranspiration or the consumptive use is affected by a number of factors and we have looked at some of these factors. The next process which we look at is the infiltration and infiltration can be thought of as the movement of water below the ground level. So, it is really passing the surface ground water the ground level and going below the ground surface. Now, below the ground surface there is an amount of soil here which is saturated with water and this saturated water is called ground water. So, this is the water table and the water below this is known as the ground water. Once this infiltration goes below the ground level then it may be retained by the soil near the top or it may percolate deeper and contribute to the ground water. As far as the ground surface is concerned there is maximum rate at which infiltration can occur. So, we can define these two terms as to what is the maximum rate at which infiltration can occur and then beyond what volume of a storage within the soil it will go deeper and contribute to the water table or the ground water. So, there are two terms which are commonly used infiltration capacity and field capacity. Infiltration capacity is the capacity of the soil to transmit or allow infiltration. So, either we can say that this is the maximum rate at which water can be infiltrated and typically we denoted by f c and field capacity. So, f c is rate which is typically millimeter per hour and field capacity is the volume which the soil can hold before allowing it to go deeper. So, this is very simply can be thought of as volume holding capacity of soil. So, if you have a soil present here and let say we saturated with water. So, this is saturated soil and allow it to drain under gravity. So, if we allow the soil to drain under gravity after drainage it will again have these soil particles and there will be some water it will not be saturated with water. So, there will be some air also, but whatever water is able to hold that will be called its field capacity. So, once the field capacity is satisfied then recharge to ground water will occur. So, we have rain occurring at intensity i and this is the ground level. Then we have infiltration occurring at a rate of f and then we have the ground water and there will be some recharge to this. So, we can look at various conditions for example, if i is less than f c that means the rain fall intensity is a smaller than the infiltration capacity. So, it means that all the rainfall can be infiltrated and therefore, f will be equal to i. So, this tells us that the ground depending on the soil conditions has a certain capacity to infiltrate water which is called the infiltration capacity f c. As long as the rainfall intensity is less than this the entire rain can infiltrate, but when the rainfall intensity becomes larger than or equal to f c then f will be limited to f c. So, the rate of infiltration will have its maximum value as f c and if the rain is more than that even then it would be limited to f c. Infiltration rate f which is the actual rate of infiltration will vary with time. So, initially it will be high. So, time versus f and let us say that the rain fall is more than f c. Initially the infiltration rate will be high because the soil may be dry, but then when rain occurs the soil becomes wet and the capacity to infiltrate goes down. The other factor which affects the infiltration capacity or the infiltration rate is that because of rain drop impact the some of the soil surface will become rearranged and therefore the infiltration capacity might reduce. Also some of the fine particles can clog the pores on the surface by and thereby reducing infiltration rate. So, infiltration rate typically will show a variation like this where it will start with high value and with decrease with time. So, some factors we can look at on which the infiltration depends. These can be thought of as soil properties and soil properties typically mean size of the soil whether it is loose or tightly packed and so on. So, we can look at some of these generally sandy soils or the soils with larger grain size will have higher infiltration rate. So, sandy soils will have high infiltration rate and clay will typically have a lower infiltration rate. Then loose soils typically have high infiltration and tight soils will have low infiltration. So, size larger size high infiltration packing if it is loose typically we will have high infiltration. Then we have permeability high permeability would mean high infiltration and generally if we have initial condition let us say initial moisture. If initial moisture is high then we will have low infiltration. So, if we have high initial moisture we will have a smaller infiltration because if the pores are already saturated with water there will be smaller capacity to absorb further water. So, these are some of the soil properties which affect infiltration. There are some water properties also which affect infiltration. For example, turbidity if we have high turbidity then water contains a lot of other material solid material and that material may clog the pores and will reduce. So, high turbidity means low f then temperature of the water will also affect temperature of the water affects the viscosity of water and viscosity affects the permeability. If temperature is high it will mean the viscosity is smaller and therefore, water can easily go in the pores. So, it will cause high f. So, turbidity we have seen high turbidity means smaller infiltration higher temperature will mean lower viscosity and therefore, higher infiltration. So, these are the soil and water properties which affect infiltration, but in addition to these there are some other or one important parameter is impact of rain drops. So, in addition to the water property and the soil property impact of rain drops will also cause infiltration to vary. There are really two effects which we can look at. One is displacement of fines. So, the fine particles on the soil surface they can be displaced by the impact of rain drops and they may clog the larger pores reducing infiltration. If we have grass reduces clogging. So, if there are fine particles they can be displaced by the impact of rain drops and they may clog the pores, but if grass is present on the surface then it will reduce the clogging because impact of rain drops will not be able to displace that many fines. So, these are the factors which affect the infiltration and what we have seen today is the abstractions from the precipitation. So, we say that the runoff generated by a precipitation will depend on how much water we have taken out of the precipitation allowing the rest to go as runoff. The amount of water which we have taken out of the precipitation it depends on what use we are considering. For example, if we are looking at it from water sources engineers point of view then anything which does not go into runoff will be called an abstraction. For an irrigation engineering point of view anything which is not going for not infiltrating or recharging ground water or contributing to soil moisture can be thought of an abstraction. So, if there is some precipitation and there is some runoff and let us say there is some infiltration and evaporation then from water sources subsurface engineering point of view surface engineering point of view irrigation engineering point of view all these will classify different things as abstractions. From surface resources surface water sources point of view evaporation and infiltration would be abstractions. If we talk about ground water sources then runoff would also be an abstraction, but infiltration will not be transpiration will be an abstraction. For an irrigation engineering point of view evaporation and runoff both can be thought of abstraction and the deep percolation towards the ground water will also be an abstraction. We have looked at the abstraction from the point of view of surface water sources. So, we have classified abstraction as evaporation transpiration which are combined as evapotranspiration. We have looked at the interception storage or the interception loss and the depression storage which we have combined as initial loss and then we have looked at infiltration. What are the factors affecting all these processes what is the mechanism of all these processes and next we will look at what are the measuring techniques. So, we can measure some of these processes the amount. So, that we have a better idea of how much water will be abstracted. So, that we can find out from the total precipitation how much will be the fraction which goes as runoff.


One thing that can ruin your advent is pride in fact Jesus is coming into the world is an invitation for all of us To put pride to the side and make room for the Lord.  You were free to do what well You were free to fail. You're free to ask questions. You were free to not know the answer You were free to ask for help and but something happened along the way Where you said you did some someone told you or you just decided I'm no longer free to be a beginner I have to be an expert now. So I'm no longer free to fail. I'm no longer free to ask questions I'm no longer free to ask for help. I I have to be the expert Somewhere along the way in your life. That's probably what happened And so what what happens is then we stopped taking chances we stopped taking risks We stopped doing something where we might fail or doing something new what we might not know the answer And and might have to ask for help because we're convinced that We need to be the experts rather than perpetual beginners This is the first step in so many ways towards pride Pride that idea like no, I shouldn't need help In fact, I'll talk to so many people in the course of any given week or any given month who will say You know, I'm so tired of struggling with the same struggles I'm so tired of struggling with the same sins that I should be better by now or I should be past this by now And and I understand it. I understand in so many ways. It's like no I have the frustration of like I don't want to have to deal with this at the same time What's underneath what so many of these people are saying is this I should be at a place right now in my life Or I don't need God's help so much. I should be in a place right now in my life I don't need God's grace so much because they think I should be an expert by now And I should be so expert that don't need God's help anymore. Here's my invitation this advent To become a perpetual beginner to realize that I need to empty that pride I don't need to be an expert and I definitely don't need to pretend to be an expert I can be a perpetual beginner a perpetual beginner can ask for help Perpetual beginner can ask questions perpetual beginner doesn't know all the answers and a perpetual beginner has the freedom to fail There's anything that humble people know is that they have their freedom to fail They didn't come prideful people know or probably prideful people believe about themselves is that if they fail, they're disqualified But the Christian message this message of Christmas the message of Advent is that you don't have to be an expert You don't have to hold on to pride you can embrace humility make room for Christ and become a perpetual beginner For the from now until the end of your life You have freedom to fail freedom to ask questions and the freedom to ask God for help