on the anatomy of the trabecular mesh work.  How do we divide the trabecular mesh work anatomically? We divide by whether it's pigmented or not pigmented. Okay, even more specific. Say you're looking at the trabecular mesh work in a goniomere. What's the first thing that you see? Enter. Schwabbi's line? Schwabbi's line, what exactly is Schwabbi's line? It's the termination of decimation of membrane. Okay, so it's what decimation membrane is. So when you're looking in a goniomere, looking at the angle, you really want to know your structures because that's how you can decide is the angle open, is it narrow, is it recessed, are there synechia, what's going on in the angle? So the first part is, we'll show you another view, but there is the end of the termination of decimation membrane is called Schwabbi's line.  We're just going to go down. What's the next one that you see after you see Schwabbi's line? It's the non-pigmented termination. All right, so you kind of see the non-pigmented trabecular mesh work as an axotina. Then the pigmented trabecular mesh work. Okay, welcome back. What do you see next? Scleral spur, exactly. So the scleral spur, you would see right here. Now, there's other ways of dividing the trabecular mesh work. Aside from anatomically, when you're looking at it, they've kind of divided it anatomically into zones. Can you tell me a little bit about those, Becca? Sorry, I'm not remembering the zones. Well, the zones, there's what we call a corneus sclera, there's a uveol, and there's a thurbulin area. Anybody? JCT. Just a canolecular, exactly. So when you're looking at it, you can not only divide them as looking in as here, you know, here, here, you can kind of put a line down here and divide it into the part internally, the part externally, and then the most important is the juxtacanolecular. Well, since we're talking about juxtacanolecular, Katherine, can you whisper to me what the juxtacanolecular tissue is next to? She said a vein. Or something in her home. Yeah, the aqueous vein, I said. I don't know, before that, right here. Oh, a Schlemzkanal. Schlemzkanal. All right, so Schlemzkanal. So let's look at a close-up right here. So it's important that you understand a little bit about the anatomy of the trabecular merciless. So it's made up of these bars of collagenous tissue, and they actually have some endothelial cells around them, so there is endothelial cells around them. Now this is not just a wide-open meshwork. It's not like a drain that water goes through. In the juxtacanolecular area here, there is actually not only some passive, pressure-dependent transport, but there's actually some active transport going on. So this is where the money is. This is where we think that the issues in open-angle glaucoma occurs right here in this juxtacanolecular area. And so that's the most important part we want to look at. Now we did have what Katherine mentioned one other thing. Here's Schlemzkanal, and here is an aqueous vein. So let's go back to Feisch. Let's track aqueous. Where is aqueous made? In the siler body of epithelium. More specific. Exactly, so the non-pigment epithelium of the siler bodies, what's producing aqueous? Where does it go from there, Chris? So it flows forward around the pupil in the anterior chamber. And then Tina, all right. And then where does it go from there? Then into aqueous veins. And so, exactly. So it's made in the non-pigmented part of the siler epithelium, circulates through the pupil, provides nourishment to the anterior chamber of the eye, and then eventually percolates through the meshwork, through the juxtacanolecular tissue into Schlemzkanal, and then eventually into the aqueous veins. So when you look at the trabecular meshwork here, we talked about the non-pigment of the pigment of the scleral spur. We talked about that. What is the scleral spur? You get a reprieve, because you can't. I don't read sign language. Well, I guess it's just an extension of connective tissue that the trabecular meshwork sits on.  And so the trabecular meshwork is triangular shaped.  So if you think of it in three dimensions, it kind of supports the trabecular meshwork. And then of course Schlemzkanal, when you look at it, it's not a round structure. It's more oval. It looks like a bicycle inner tube. And again, it goes 360 degrees all the way around. Now there's one other important structure that attaches to the scleral spur from the ciliary body. What is that? Attaches to the scleral spur. The iris root would be kind of behind the scleral spur. Okay, the longitudinal ciliary muscle attaches to the scleral spur. Why is that important? When you stimulate the ciliary muscle, it literally pulls on the scleral spur and actually pulls it to make the meshwork open. The very first glaucoma drop that we had available more than a hundred years ago was pylocarpe. And no, I wasn't here a hundred years ago using it. They seem that way, but no. So pylocarpe was the first drop that we used. And pylocarpe, and you'd give it to somebody, it would constrict the pupil, but it would also stimulate the ciliary body. And as a result, it would pull on the scleral spur the trabecular meshwork, you'd get increased drainage. So that was the first glaucoma drop that we had. Now there's problems with that drop. You use it four times a day.  So you can imagine the compliance was excellent with that, I'm sure. So people weren't going to use it, but it was the first one that we had available. Here's the close-up of Schlem's Canal and the jyxtacanalicular tissue. Now what we're trying to show here is, here's Schlem's Canal, right there. And then here's an aqueous vein that then drains out onto the surface in the little episcleral area right there.  And you can see the aqueous veins because there's not only blood in there, but there's aqueous fluid in there, which is clear. So you get what's called boxcarrying and you'll actually see little RBCs, but then you'll see clear fluid in between them. And if you really look closely with your slit lamp, nobody pays attention to these at all, you can actually see them. And so that's your mission today, it's find these aqueous veins and they're really there. They really exist just nobody ever looks at them. So when you get increased pressure, not only can you get increased pressure from open-angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma, other mechanisms, you can even get it from increased episcleral pressure. And so for example, you have an AV malformation or you have some kind of increased pressure the backup of that pressure can actually cause backup into the aqueous veins and increased pressure. So this just to remind me of talking a little bit about open-angle glaucoma, if you take a trabecular meshwork and you look at it with light microscopy and a 70-year-old with open-angle glaucoma and a 70-year-old who doesn't have open-angle glaucoma, they both look the same. And so that's the problem. Now, there's aging changes in trabecular meshwork, but on light microscopy, you really don't find changes glaucoma compared to non-glaucoma. Now, in electron microscopy, you can find changes in the actual bars and the cells around it, but on light microscopy, open-angle glaucoma looks just like a normal angle, so you really don't see much. All right, now we want to start talking a little bit about some of the variations of glaucoma. So again, when we talk about glaucoma, you want to look at open-angle, closed-angle angle recession, but when you're looking at open-angle, you want to look at primary open-angle glaucoma, which is what we just showed you, but you also want to look at secondary causes of open-angle glaucoma. All right, so what's the secondary cause pictured here? So here we see an external photo and we see these kind of radial translimination defects. So, you know, this would make me think about, like, victim dispersion, given what we're seeing here. Exactly. Look at those little radial-shaped, slit-like translimination defects in the iris. And so that tells you that something is disturbing the pigment epithelium on the posterior surface of the iris. And when that disturbs that, where does that pigment go? That pigment floats up and can cause secondary open-angle glaucoma.  And this is looking from behind. Here's the iris. Here's the ciliary body. Why do you think there are those little radial areas of pigment dispersion? What causes that? So it's caused by, oh, the zonules. Exactly. So those zonular bundles that run from the ciliary body to the lens itself, if you have a posterior bowing of the iris, you can get scraping of that posterior iris pigment epithelium on these zonular bundles. And that's exactly what we think causes this. And so if you look at people with pigment dispersion glaucoma, they tend to be younger male myops, not huge myops, just mildly myopic. And if you do an OCT of the anterior segment, you'll actually see a subtle posterior bowing of the iris, which then allows it to scrape on those little zonular bundles. What are we showing here, Tina? Not only do you see pigment in the mesh work, but where else do you see pigment here? Look right here. There's pigment on the surface of the cornea. So if we look with the slit lamp in a patient with pigment dispersion, what do we see? So what happens is it kind of flows along with aqueous patterns. And so aqueous patterns will allow that pigment to deposit kind of in the center lower third of the cornea. It's almost like an upside down triangle. And so they call it Krukenberg spindle. Then you put a Goniomere on there and you'll see pigment in the angle, but also right here. Look, here's normal iris pigment epithelium. And right here, there's where it's been scraped off. So secondary open-angle glaucoma due to pigment dispersion syndrome. What do we see? What do we see in right here? Reach back from your vacation. So if you look, here's the cornea and here's the iris. This is kind of part of the cylinder body here. There's something right here and it's taking up that whole area, the angle of the entire ciliary body. And it's dark. Our metastatic tumors usually this heavily pigmented. So what would the most common cause of this be? Melanoma, exactly. So remember, you can get, you know, UVO melanoma is growing not only in the coroid, but also in the ciliary body. And if you get a ciliary body melanoma that grows forward, it can actually grow into the area that you're making or mesh work. It can cause separation of the iris here, pushing it backwards. And so you can get a secondary open-angle glaucoma from a ciliary body tumor, most commonly amylignant melanoma of the ciliary body. And that's what you're seeing here. And then when you look at a close-up here, here's cornea, here's iris root. Look at the increased space there. So this tumor is growing from ciliary body behind into the iris root and into the chiropractor mesh work. So secondary open-angle glaucoma due to malignant melanoma. Becca, what are we looking at here? Pseudo-exfoliation. Okay, so when you look at pseudo-exfoliation or exfoliation syndrome, I guess we call it now, you see this material deposited on the lens cap. So then there's this clear space and that's because the pupil acts like a windshield liper.  So you'll see a little bit in the center and then you'll see more in the periphery. So this is classic for exfoliation syndrome, what we used to call pseudo-exfoliation. And here you can see the classic, we call this the scalloped border look. And that's what it looks like. And again, on retro-limitation, we showed these when we talked about lens a couple of weeks ago. So what this material does is as you stay in the lens capsule, you can see it kind of stands up on there. They call this iron filing. Again, as you ever take like a magnet some of those shavings of iron and they stand right up on it. That's what this looks like. But this material, we used to even call it pseudo-exfoliation of a lens capsule. It's not of the capsule itself that just where it's deposited. All of the cells in the eye make this material. Now this material is everywhere. It's not just on the lens capsule. It clogs up the mesh work.  This stuff even gets into the iris, sphincter, and dilator muscle. And so this is like a quadruple whammy when you're doing cataract surgery. First of all, this material deposits not only on the lens capsule, but on the zonules in three places. It's where the zonules insert to the capsule. It's on the zonules themselves and it's where they insert to the ciliary body. So it makes them weaker, makes the capsule more brittle. It makes the pupil so it doesn't dilate as well. It makes you more susceptible to glaucoma afterwards and it affects the endothelium. So exfoliation syndrome can make your cataract surgery quite tricky and quite challenging. So here we have, this is our trabecular mesh work. And right in here, all of this exfoliative material just clogs up the mesh work. So the one advantage, well, two advantages of doing cataract surgery. First of all, when you take out the cataract, especially the anterior capsule, a lot of that exfoliative material leaves with it. And so when you're taking out the cataract, you get rid of a lot of that exfoliative material. But when you remove the crystalline lens, which is big, you put in a thinner implant in there that angle actually opens. And so you can get a pressure drop of up to five points in a patient with exfoliation just doing cataract surgery. Even in a normal open-angle glaucoma, you do cataract surgery, you can get a three-point drop. So I mean, you can literally treat glaucoma by taking out the crystalline lens, but especially in exfoliation syndrome. All right, so again, you get a reprieve because you can't talk. What do we see in here? So this external photograph of the left eye showing markedly injected conjunctiva as well as some corneal edema. That's a little hard to say, or if that's just a really hyper-mature cataract. All right, so let's say it's a hyper-mature cataract. He comes in with acute pain. What's his pressure gonna be? Super high, 40, 50. 60, yeah. Now, so what is this condition? Is this, yeah. Bacolytic glaucoma. Bacolytic glaucoma. So this is a setting of a hyper-mature lens. You actually get leakage of protein through the intact lens capsule. And then that protein itself can actually gum up the trabecular mesh work. But also, what kind of cells are these? Macrophages.  And so you get these macrophages actually plugging up the mesh work in addition to the protein. So again, the treatment of this is removal of the lens and then flush it out, flush it out. If the corneal edema is not too bad and you can still see in the anterior chamber, these macrophages are huge because they engorge themselves with all of this protein that's leaked out. And so they're not just a little sparkle juicy, you know, when you're looking at cells after cataract surgery, these are big juicy cells when you look at them. So facolytic glaucoma again can cause a secondary open-angle glaucoma. And this is just an aspirate. I don't know, this is a picture I copied from somebody. Nobody goes in and aspirates to see what this is, but this is an aspirate showing you macrophages again. All right, so we've talked about open-angle glaucoma, you know, primary, secondary. You know, we can get closed-angle glaucoma where the angle is blocked off and we can also get angle recession where the angle actually tears loose. So let's look at right here. What are we looking at right here? This is the right eye's injected, mid-dialated state. What would you be concerned about? Angle closure. Okay, so this is a patient that we saw in console. This was a few years ago. They had abdominal surgery. You know, for abdominal surgery, they get atropine and they get some other things. And so he was complaining about a red eye. So of course they gave him, you know, neosporin. Okay, they were giving me a spore for two days. And then he was vomiting. And they said, okay, well, it's from surgery.  Finally, about the third day when the guy had this relentless pain around his eye, it was red, they called a consult. And, you know, when you look with the slit lamp, what are we seeing here? It's an approach. Exactly. So you see the iris bowing forward. They call that iris bombe. So from the, not from the Greek, from the, from the French actually. So bombe, an E with an accent de gout, you know, the little thing sticking up over it. So bombe. And so what happens in, in these cases is you can get a primary open-angle glaucoma can occur when you have a relative pupillary block.   Now, what, why does that happen when you dilate a patient? It's not when you dilate them the widest. It's when the dilation is just beginning to wear off. And it's about halfway down and you get that maximum opposition of the iris to the crystalline lens. And then you'll get pupil block. Now, this doesn't happen in a deep angle. This is in people who have either a narrow angle from hyperopia or really swollen lens or whatever. So you can get, you know, narrow-angle glaucoma from this. So what's the treatment? Exactly. So you want to get the pressure down first because this can cause corneal edema. You want to see what you're doing. Then you can do a laser perfilaridectomy. Give the aqueous another avenue to flow through the erudectomy and then into the anterior chamber. And that will relieve the block. Vice, what are you seeing here? Another entity that can be associated with closed angle. So we see that the angle, yeah. Exactly. So here's the trabecular meshwork back here and here's this kind of scarred angle right here. And so synechia is, you know, sticking together of two things. And so this is called a peripheral anterior, meaning anterior to the isopriflantir synechia, PAS. So this can be caused by chronic angle closure. You can do this. You can get synechia. But chronic uveitis, chronic inflammation, anything that can stir things up can give you this synechia here, which will give you a secondary angle closure. And here you can see, again, here's the trabecular meshwork. Here's the iris. And then you see the iris is just totally stuck to the peripheral cornea. Closing off that angle, secondary angle closure. So, Chris, here we're looking at an iris here that's kind of closing off an angle secondarily. What's going on here? There's a lot of red here. So this makes me think about some blood vessels forming here. Exactly. There's a lot of blood in here, but if you look, look at all these little blood vessels on the anterior surface of the iris. Should you have a network of little blood vessels on the anterior surface of the iris? Not normally. Yeah, not normally. So this is another cause of secondary angle closure glaucoma. This is neovascular glaucoma.  So what's the most common causes of iris neovascularization? So you see it in poorly controlled diabetes. We could see it in van inclusions, like a CRVO could do it. I've seen it in like ocular ischemic syndrome. Sure. Anything that causes long-term ischemia. So the key word is ischemia. And so when you get ischemia, either from severe diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, ocular ischemic syndrome, you can get abnormal blood vessels growing onto the iris. And here's the iris. Sure enough, there's those blood vessels on the surface of the trawler's condition. Rubiosis, literally red-like. Rubiosis here. So you can actually see the fine vessels on the surface of the iris. And that can give you a secondary angle closure glaucoma. All right, Tina. What are we looking at here? This is Jurassic Park. There's the dinosaur. So what do we, what's happening here? So what do we call it when the iris is stuck to the lens of the pupil? What kind of synechia? Hostereous. Hostereous synechia. So we call this PS, or posterior synechia. So you can get synechia where the iris sticks to the lens posteriorly. Again, this can be chronic inflammation, it can be uveitis, whatever causes this. So you actually get iris stuck to the lens capsule. And you can get what we call an occluded pupil where you can get, it blocks it off and it can seal it up 360 degrees or you can get an actual membrane of inflammatory tissue going across the pupillary space, closing it off, we call it a succluded pupil. And so either way, you stick that iris down to the capsule and you don't allow aqueous to flow through so you can get, again, an angle closure glaucoma with that pressure building up behind it due to posterior synechia and due to iris pupillary occlusion or pupillary succlusion. All right, what do we see in right here, Rach? See a nice aqueous vein. Yeah, there's the mesh work there and the iris is clear back here. What do you think could cause that? So this is angle recession. This is the opposite. So the angle's recessed and people will talk about tearing of the iris and angle recession. What's interesting is the blunt trauma that causes this, you don't usually get the iris to tear loose from its root, but you actually get a tear here almost into the face of the ciliary body. And so you can go ahead and you'll get this angle recession and the most common cause is trauma. And so as we say when they come into the ER most common cause is two dudes, you know?  It's never one dude, it's always two dudes and they were always minding their business.  Yeah, okay, sure, you know? So most common cause here is two dudes, you know? Or you can have any blunt trauma, getting hit by a ball, getting hit by, you know, in the car by an airbag. Now, what often do you see associated with this when you're looking at someone who's had trauma to the eye? Immediate, when you see them first in the ER you may not even know they have an angle recession because you can't see the angle. Why's that? Because they have a hyphaema, exactly. So, you know, if you get a bad enough trauma to tear the angle, it's a hyphaema. So you really gotta watch these people carefully because sometimes you can't see the angle recession because they'll have a hyphaema. So you'll watch them carefully till the hyphaema clears. Then once the hyphaema clears, it hasn't re-blad, you let them calm down for a month or so, then you wanna look with your goneo because you don't wanna miss this. Becca, what's the most common timeframe for angle recession glaucoma to occur after the initial injury? No, in fact, the opposite of that, seven to 10 years. So the hard thing is who usually gets angle recession? Young dudes. And so you've gotta strike the fear of God in them that they have to come back every year for follow-up because their eye will start to feel fine, they don't perceive a problem, so they'll just never occur. I've seen a couple now in my career, guys who are 40 who documented trauma when they're in their 20s just never bothered to come back till their vision went blurry. And so by the time we see them, they have a pressure of 45 and they have a visual field that's a temporal island, this big and a totally cupped-out nerve. So you gotta strike the fear of God in these guys that they're at risk for developing glaucoma seven to 10 years later. Exactly, you just get changes in the trabecular mesh work that takes a while because the initial rip occurs posterior to the mesh work, it doesn't necessarily damage the mesh work immediately once the hyphema clears. So you get a secondary angle recession, and this is just kind of a picture showing you how to compare. Here's your normal angle, here's your Irish root ciliary body, here's angle recession, here's your trabecular mesh work, here's where the Irish root should be and look at this tear into the face of the ciliary body. And so that's traumatic angle recession.  And so you wanna warn these dudes that they wanna come back for seven to 10 years and here's a patient, this was interesting, we kind of put these two together. Here is a recessed angle. Now he also ruptured his lens and so there's a little summering dream here, but here is a totally 0.99 cupped optic disc from end stage angle recession. All right, so when we're talking about glaucoma, obviously the pressure is gonna cause an effect. Where? Where do we worry about? So in the optic nerve, ultimately, so this is a color fondness photo of the right eye and it shows some pretty significant cupping, maybe a cupped disc of like 0.8 and there's also some significant cupping. So if you looked at this in three dimensions, that would be bowing away from you. And so this is kind of the opposite of papalodema where the swelling is coming towards you, this is actually cupping that's going away from you. And the glaucoma guys will talk to you about the theories of why this is happening is that ischemia is a disruption of axoplasmic flow. Bottom line is whatever the pressure does to that area, it eventually affects the axons going into the nerve, those axons die off and you get less and less and less fibers in there. You get posterior bowing of the lamina crebrosa and you get an increased cupping. So that's what it looks like pathologically. And here's one that's, you know, again it's a little bit more symmetric, but it's a point, this is a good 0.8 cupping. And of course this is what you wanna avoid. This is a complete cupped out. I mean this is an autopsy eye, but this is a completely cupped out optic nerve. So you want to do everything you can to avoid that. So you wanna make sure that you treat the eye pressure, you treat whatever the cause is before it gets to that point. So again, here's our traumatic eye. This patient actually had a sharp trauma. And so that's actually called a glaucoma, a little white band adhering to the cornea, summer injury and cataract. And again, we come back here and look at that cupping. Totally 100% cupping of the optic nerve. And sometimes you can even get almost like a beanpot appearance to this. And so the atrophy gets so much that when you look at them coming in here, you can actually even see a little bit of excavation there. So when you're looking at this, you know, with your 90 diopter lens, that blood vessel will go around the edge and just disappear. So you don't even see it. And so you see this little beanpot here. And so this is the temporal edge, nasal edge, and you get that beanpot underneath. So again, posterior boeing of the lamina crebrosa totally cupped out optic nerve. So we want to do everything we can to prevent that from happening. Here's another look with that excavation.  So totally excavated optic. All right, now there are a couple of weird conditions that I have to show you because they're going to show up on boards. And so I'll give you a bonus, but just what tissue are we looking at right here? Yeah, even posterior to it. We've been looking at the optic nerve here. So there's something funny going on with the optic nerve. This is normal out here. Splotches of white. It's kind of, yeah, splotches of white right here. And this is where you've actually got almost some hyaluronic acids and vitreous stuff being pushed into the optic nerve. So again, they'll show this every once in a while. This is called Schnabel's cavernous optic atrophy. The reason that it's important is this is going to occur in a acute attack of glaucoma. So let's say you've got someone who's got an acute angle closure. It's not recognized. Pissure is really high for a couple of days. You can literally get this vitreous-like stuff driven into focal areas of the optic nerve. So they call it Schnabel's. Sounds kind of cool, Schnabel's atrophy. Sounds like something you'd do for New Year's. Oh, man, we're going to do some Schnabel shots, you know? So Schnabel's cavernous optic atrophy. And there you see, this is actually a stain for mucin, you know, a stain, I'm sorry, a stain for hyaluronic acid. And so you can actually see this focal staining in there. But you laugh, but it shows up on boards about every third year. Now, there's another weird thing that an acute attack of glaucoma would do. Boy, Weiss, this is obscure also. What, first of all, what are we looking at right here? So we're looking at the anterior lens capsule, as well as just the anterior part of the lens, and deep in the tissue, there's these focal areas of exfoliant, vaculated spaces. That's a good, these little vaculated spaces right under the anterior lens epithelial cells. And again, this is a sign of acute glaucoma. What do you call those? Glaucoma. Yeah, another cool German word, glaucomflecken, you know, that's just kind of a cool word. So an acute glaucoma, you can also get these little pale dots under the lens caps and eventually they'll fade away. And it's an acute pressure-like ischemia that can occur on the anterior lens epithelial cells. And so they're called glaucomflecken. And that's, again, I like that just because that sounds kind of cool. I think they've been on the exam like the last five years in a row.   Exams are used to separate wheat from the chaff and so you have to, you know, memorize these obscure minutiae in order to be really wheat rather than common chaff. All right, Chris, what are we looking at here? It looks like retina to me. Okay. What are we seeing here? Well, that's what we're seeing here. And since we're talking about glaucoma, the ganglion cell layer looks a little patchy and thin to me. So next week, you guys are gonna know these layers cold when we talk about retina. But as you look right here, here's retina. You see that the outer, you know, two thirds of the retina is in pretty good shape. But right here where the ganglion cells should be there gone. And so glaucoma, again, it affects those axons at the optic nerve.  So end stage glaucoma in a retina, you see a lack of ganglion cells, but the rest of the retina is still okay. And here you can see this is just a normal macula up on top. And then on the bottom here, you've got a glaucoma where even the macula eventually gets severely damaged and you get less and less ganglion cells. All right, now, I wanted to show you something because this is something we don't usually see often. You can have glaucoma that is congenital. And I know, I don't know if you guys see a lot impedes of congenital glaucoma or not, but when we used to think about this, people would say, what happens is, is that you get this membrane growing across the mesh working, kids with congenital glaucoma, they even call it a Barcans membrane. And you put these kids to sleep and you look at them with your lens in the operating room and you literally see this little membrane across here. And so the initial treatment for pediatric congenital glaucoma was they'd go in with a knife and they'd just slice it 180 degrees open. You'd see the iris drop back and they thought that would open it up. Well, it turns out that it's not like a true membrane going across there. It's that the mesh work just doesn't form properly. And so you get an appearance like a membrane going across there. And if you put a big goniol knife in there and slice it, it does actually allow the aqueous to flow out there. So it actually didn't improve the pressure. So this is what we see in congenital glaucoma. So it's really a maldeveloped angle. Just don't get a normal development of the angle. And you get this, it almost looks like this fine velvety membrane, Barkhans membrane across the surface. All right, now we've got to talk about some different entities here that can eventually result in glaucoma. And again, these are always on boards. So you need to memorize these. Tina, what is this, what is this you're looking at right here? Mostly polychloria. So you just have multiple kind of... Well, pupils. So this would be one of our ice syndromes and this would be essential iris atropide. What does ice stand for? Yeah, so irrital, corneal, endothelial syndrome, ice syndrome. Now, ice is an interesting entity because it can often be unilateral instead of bilateral, which is weird. And it can show up and when we look at ice, you know, it depends on if you're a lump or a splitter. You know, people who are lumpers put it all under the umbrella of ice, but there's three distinct entities in ice with some overlap between them. So the first one we talk about is this is called the central iris atrophy and you will get multiple pupils, you'll get the iris pulling away and moth eatin'. You get glaucoma with this and this is called the essential iris atrophy component. Now, Rachel, what's a second subset of ice where you get lots of corneal problems? Nope, that's the third one. Okay, so go up in your brain. Go up a level. Chandlers. Chandlers, all right, so Chandlers is the second one and Chandlers you still get some moth eatin' iris here. You get some glaucoma, but you get a lot of corneal edema. So the problem is, people when they were first looking at these many, many years ago, they would each kind of put their name under their description, then eventually someone put them all together and said, hey, wait, this is just variations of the same entity. So Chandlers is ice syndrome with lots of corneal edema, huh? Okay, so she kind of stole your thunder there, Becca. So what is this? It looks like iris nevi that you see in. Iris nevis or cogan reese is what people call this.  And so that's the third entity of the ice syndrome. And now, what is the unifying theme here, Mike? What do all of these have in common?  Exactly. So people call this desmetization and remember the endothelial cells are based on membrane is decimates membrane. And so for some reason, this entity will affect the endothelial cells. They will grow onto the surface of the iris and they'll even start laying down decimates membrane. And then when they do that, you'll get the iris kind of being moth eaten and pulled over and big holes forming in it. You can also get little nevi popping up through this membrane. And then of course, if the endothelial cells are affected, then you'll get the corneal edema. But the kind of unifying field theory here is always that there's this endothelial proliferation and there's decimates membrane covering the tissues. So that's what unifies all three of these. And here you have a close-up. That's all decimates membrane. Look at that. It's like quadruple thickness. And then it comes around and here's the surface of the iris. Again, there's decimates membrane on the iris. And so that's all the unifying thing that denotes ice syndrome. And here's a peripheral air deck to me. This is one many years ago. We took this cool picture and this was actually the cover of the archives. This was my only archives cover. Well, what's it called now? Excuse me, JAMA ophthalmology, sorry, the archives. And so this was a peripheral air deck to me from an iris nevus, Cogan re-syndrome. And when we did the PIS stain on here, you'll see it had this decimates membrane along the surface with PIS stain. But it also had these little iris nevi popping through. So they almost look like little volcanoes popping through. They're little mushrooms. And so you've got decimates membrane on the surface of the iris and you've got these little nevi popping through. So that's the velvety membrane with the nevi popping up. So Cogan re-syr iris nevus syndrome. And there's a nice close-up. Okay, now there's another entity that you have to memorize. There's always, you know, on boards and it has multiple parts to it. So, Baish, what are we showing here? So we're looking at the posterior surface of the cornea and the decimates membrane has a kind of big fold in it. Okay, so it's kind of thickened or folded. What do we call that? It's part of the anterior cleavage syndrome. Exactly. So there's another entity you have to remember. It's called anterior chamber cleavage syndrome and there's multiple parts. So the first thing you see is this entity. What is this? Exactly. So it's called posterior embryotoxin. And the reason is people had theorized that this is some kind of toxic insult going on to the embryo when it's forming. And so this is actually Schwab's line. This is where the decimates membrane ends, but it's more toward the center, not near the angle. So it's a little bit more toward the center and it's thickened. And so when you look at these anterior chamber cleavage syndrome, the first thing you see in all of these is a thickened little anterior displaced Schwab's line or, you know, where decimates membrane ends. They call posterior embryotoxin. Now this entity was called anterior chamber cleavage syndrome because it was thought that there would be this cleaving going on during embryology and that that cleaving was disrupted. Well, now that we've learned that, you know, the anterior chamber angle and the tissues there form successive waves of what embryologic layer that forms this, Chris? Neurocrest, so not mesoderm, neocrest. And so we know it's not really a cleavage, but that's pretty much in the literature. The best description is George Waring, sadly passed away a couple of years ago, described this, called it the stepladder classification. So if you go back even to the mid-70s, George Waring's original paper with the stepladder classification is still the best way to memorize this. And so the first thing you see is posterior embryotoxin and there you can see a close up. Now, we're looking at an angle here, Tina, posterior embryotoxin, what else is going on? It kind of looks recessed because there's kind of, the angles clear the heck back here and there's some stuff coming down from that posterior embryotoxin to the iris. So what do we call this entity? The next one in the stepladder. Regers. Yeah, both. Now they've kind of lumped them together, accent-filled regers. So again, if you're on oral boards, do not let your voice tail off. They think you're guessing. And so you say it with conviction. Axebells, even if you're wrong, you'll get credit for it. So, but if you get it right and you let your voice go up, then they'll think you're guessing. You won't get credit. So, with authority. So accent-filled regers are you. You've got posterior embryotoxin, but you've also got little bands of connective tissue coming down onto the iris. You can even get some areas of iris atrophy and you can get what's called accent-filled regers anomaly. And these kids can actually even have systemic things. They can have funny teeth, funny bones. There's a lot of systemic components to this. All right, so Rachel, we're kind of going down the stepladder. What the heck are we seeing here? So it's up against the cornea then. Look at the cornea in the center. It's totally white and opaque. So going down the stepladder, accent-filled regers, what's next? Peter's anomaly. So Peter's anomaly, you still have posterior embryotoxin. You've still got the strands, but in Peter's anomaly, you get this weird problem where you get this central loss of the posterior cornea. So they call this the ulcer of von Hippel. It's a central posterior cornea loss where decimates and endothelium just don't form well and they're gone. And so you get a focal corneal edema here. This is Peter's anomaly. And if you look at, here's the iris, here's the strands sticking up. You look at the central cornea, right in here decimates and endothelium are just gone. And so you get significant corneal edema. It's called Peter's anomaly. And here's another close-up right here or look at the cornea here. And right here in the center, decimates and endothelium are just gone. And so that's what we call Peter's anomaly. It's again kind of the lowest thing down in the stepladder classification of the anterior chamber cleavages. So again, something you have to memorize because it's rare, it's obscure. So they love it on boards.  And I like to really kind of subdivide it. My brain works by putting little cuppy holds like where you get your mail, putting the letters in there and that's how I can remember them. But you guys, however you wanna memorize them, you need to know these for boards because they're always, always on there. Okay, enough. So next week, we are going to talk about retina. Now retina has what specific feature that I always pound on? Ogres and onions have in common, layers. All right, so you gotta know those layers cold. And we'll spend a lot of time talking about the various layers of the retina. Okay, thanks.


Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayesakarmi. The news articles along with the page numbers are displayed here for your reference. The PDF link of the handwritten notes and the timestamping of the news articles is given in the description box as well as in the comment section. Now let us start our today's news analysis. This article talks about the recent study on urban heat islands and how it impacts the human health, air quality, water quality and environment. In this contest today we shall be seeing these aspects. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. The recent study titled as anthropogenic forcing, exacerbating or aggravating the urban heat islands in India are noted that the urban heat islands may contain potential health hazards due to heat waves apart from pollution. Now we will see what is an urban heat island which is mainly a human induced phenomena and it occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas. The difference in temperature between urban and less developed rural areas has connection with how well these surfaces in each environment can absorb and also can hold heat energy. If you travel to a rural area you will find that most of the region or most of the surface is either covered with plants or farmlands covered with crops. And therefore the rural areas are much cooler than urban areas and this is because of transpiration. Now we will see that how transpiration makes the surface so cool. We know that plants take up water from the ground through their roots and then they store the water in the stems and leaves and the water eventually travels to small holes on the underside of leaves. Through these holes the liquid water turns into water vapor and it is released into the air. This process is called as transpiration and it acts as nature's air conditioner and makes the environment so cool.  See these structures are usually made up of materials such as cement, brick materials, glass, steel and such other heat absorbing materials. Now we will see what creates the urban heat island effect that is as urban areas develop changes occur in their landscape. And you can notice that buildings, roadways and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation and the surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry and these changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings and thus forming an island of higher temperatures in the landscape. Everybody know that heat islands can occur on the surface and also in the atmosphere. In case of surface urban heat islands these are typically present both during day and night times but tend to be strongest during the daytime that is when sun is shining. See surfaces are instant reactors and as long as the sunlight falls on it they absorb the light energy and emits the absorbed energy. In contrast the atmospheric urban heat islands are often weak during the late mornings and throughout the day times and become more pronounced after sunset. The study says that the annual mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1 to 3 degree centigrade warmer than its surroundings. Now we got a clarity on water urban heat islands and how in daytime it is warmer on the surfaces and in night time it is warmer in the atmosphere. If you look at the news article it says that after a detailed research and analysis across all seasons in about 44 major cities from the period of 2001 to 2017 it is noticed that the mean daytime temperature of surface urban heat island intensity is going up to 2 degrees Celsius for most of the cities and the similar trend has been confirmed by some other researchers in major cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai. The study also listed down the impacts due to the urban heat islands. These include decrease in air quality in the cities then urban industries and automobiles emit hazardous pollutants and also particulate matter into the air which can affect human health. Then urban heat islands also impact nearby water bodies that is the warm water from the cities is transferred to drains in sewers and released into nearby lakes and ponds and thus polluting the water bodies. In addition to that the cities tend to experience heat waves which can affect human health including health of animals. Then it may lead to heat cramps then sleep deprivation and increased mortality rates. Then the other impacts includes colonization of species such as lizards, geckos and ants which live in warm temperature. The report made by Terry that is the Energy and Resources Institute of India also mentions that the rapid expansion of buildings, industrial parks and associated high-rise apartments in suburban areas such as electronic city and whitefield has made the cities unpleasant and unhealthy. See there is also a drastic reduction in the air quality index and it is above the safe limit when particles from the air enter the human and animal bodies and it will cause discomfort and illness. See the worrying fact is that in places like Delhi it is gone to very poor to dangerous levels of about 317 based on air quality index. So you can see the air quality index of various cities in India from this table. So what is the solution and how city planners mitigate the urban heat islands. See industrialization and economic development are vital to the country and at the same time the control of urban heat islands and their impacts are equally vital for sustainable cities and sustainable communities. Because if the whole earth is taken into consideration then the area covered by the cities are very limited. However they contain a large population and also important to human life. This is particularly important for a country like India where about 32% of people live in urban areas. Therefore to cool down the urban heat islands builders can use the materials that are light colored so that they reflect the solar radiation mode. These are better than black material since they reflect more sunlight as compared to heat absorbing materials and builders can use materials that will allow water to flow or percolate through these materials. These building materials are called as permeable materials which promote the capture and flow of water which cools urban region and these changes can drop urban air temperature especially during the heat of summer seasons. Then the article also suggests that we should paint rooftops with green color to reflect more. It also suggests that to install solar panels with a green background so that the background reflects the sunlight and the solar panels generate renewable solar energy at the same time. See the green roofs on top of city buildings can also help to cool down the city as a whole. The green roof can simply be a roof that includes plants and such other vegetation and these green roofs harness the same evaporative cooling effect that city is lost over a period of time. The green roof also prevents the building's roof from absorbing heat and also cools the air and thereby reducing the heat island effect to a greater extent. Similarly roof sprinkling is another evaporative cooling solution. Here the sprinklers on the roof wet the surface so that the air around it cools through evaporation. Finally one of the simplest solutions to mitigate the urban heat islands is to plant as many trees and plants as possible and trees are the best absorber of hazardous pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen, ozone, ammonia, sulphur dioxide and so on. So we can say that planting of trees is one of the effective and simplest solution to mitigate the challenges of urban heat island effect. To conclude this news article we have studied or we have discussed about urban heat islands and how it impacts the human health then air quality and water quality and environment as a whole. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The display practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This article is with reference to the issue of recusal of judges from certain cases. This issue is of importance to our exempt preparation because in your syllabus in GS2 you could see functioning of the judiciary and transparency and accountability as important aspects of governance. This could also be relatable to situations under the ethics paper as ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions. So in our today's analysis we will see what do you mean by recusal of judges then uncle judges syndrome then we will also see the observations made by some Supreme Court judges about the recusal and also few observations of Supreme Court judges when they refuse to recuse themselves from some cases. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now we will see what do you mean by recusal of judges. Here recusal refers to withdrawal of a judge in taking part as a judge in a case in the court of law. Say for example a person is accused in a criminal case this person is son-in-law of a Supreme Court judge and now the case comes to appeal before the Supreme Court then do you think that father-in-law sitting as judge in Supreme Court hearing this case is appropriate. The answer for this question is definitely no this is because there are some principles in justice and equity and these principles demand that the justice shall not only be done but should also appear to have been done. So what we have discussed is one example for the uncle judge syndrome. This syndrome has many examples for example there is a judge in a Supreme Court and some of the relatives of the judge could be practicing as lawyers in Supreme Court. So there is a chance that the judge may hear the cases argued by their own relatives. So these are also cases that can be cited as examples under uncle judge syndrome in judiciary. So recusal of a judge from hearing a particular case is expected when a judge has a conflict of interest or when the judge has prior association with the parties in such cases. Here the news article states that in higher judiciary in India there are no written rules on the recusal of judges from hearing cases which are listed before the judges. Also there are no written rules that while recusing the judge has to state the reasons for the recusal. See the 230th law commission report recommends to eliminate uncle judge's syndrome in the judiciary. And this FAQ article actually presents the opinions of some of the Supreme Court judges on this matter of recusal of judges. It also presents some of the reasons that are stated by the judges who objected to the demands to recuse themselves. Now we will see the observations made by the Supreme Court judges in this matter. For example Justice Kureen Joseph has stated that in order to be transparent and accountable a judge has to state the reasons when they recuse themselves in a particular case. And this is important because in some cases it was said that a judge could have recused from hearing a case because of fear or favor. And if you see the thought schedule of Indian constitution which deals with forms of oaths or affirmations. Here you can find that they have taken oath as to perform the duties of their office without fear or favor or without affection or ill will. Then Justice Madan B. Lokar has observed that there has to be specific rules on recusal of judges. So this makes clear that for judges there are no specific rules with respect to the matter of recusal. Now let us see few reasons stated by few judges when they have failed to recuse from some cases. See we have been hearing in news about judges not recusing from hearing in some cases where there could be conflict of interest. For example in 2019 the then Chief Justice of India was criticized for setting up a special bench which was headed by himself. And this special bench took up the matter of allegations of sexual harassment of Chief Justice of India who presided over this special bench. Similarly there is one more case and this case is with reference to Justice Arun Mishra in Supreme Court and a petition was filed to challenge a judgment that was given by Justice Arun Mishra and Justice Arun Mishra did not recuse himself from hearing a question of law that challenged his own earlier judgment. And the reason for non-recusal was that recusing himself is against the concept of judicial independence. Now we will see one more example that is in 2019 a public interest litigation was filed in Supreme Court about the plight of inmates of Assam detention center and at that time the then Chief Justice of India Justice Ranjan Gogai was asked to recuse himself from hearing that public interest litigation. See the then Chief Justice of India was asked to recuse because he had made observations against a proposal of Assam government and the proposal was to conditionally release and monitor those declared foreigners and who were in detention centers for more than five years. But the justice said that the plea of the petitioner which asked the Chief Justice of India to recuse had enormous potential to damage the institution. See the article states that he has also observed that a litigant cannot seek recusal of the judge. Even in one of the cases the Supreme Court stated that recusal means abdiction of duty. And there were also some requests where the judges stated that recusal also means leaving an impression that the judge was scared to hear that particular case. So from here we can understand that there are different circumstances and in some cases there is requirement of recusal of judges to serve the ends of justice and equity and in some other cases the judges are expected not to recuse to serve the ends of justice and equity. And there are also reasonable demands to mention the reasons for judges recusal. So we need comprehensive rules to address all these circumstances with respect to recusal of judges and that will be a starting point to ensure that justice is not only done but also appeared to be done. To conclude this news article we have discussed about recusal of judges then certain examples for uncle judges syndrome and we have also seen some of the observations made by Supreme Court judges about recusal of judges. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The display practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This discussion is related to adjusted gross revenue dues by major telecom companies. In this contest let us see the background of the issue and then we shall discuss some news articles which appeared yesterday and also some news articles which have appeared today that are related to the same issue. The syllabus relevant to the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Before seeing these news articles let us see a brief background of adjusted gross revenues which means that the gross revenue after some specific dedications and this amount is taxable by the government. Here the issue is what constitutes the Asia and it has become a bone of contention between department of telecommunications and the telecom operators and the definition of Asia has been under litigation since 2005. Here the telecom companies argued that it should only comprise revenues from telecom services but the department of telecommunications argued that the Asia should include all revenues earned by the telecom operators including from non-core telecom operations and these non-core telecom operations include revenues such as rent then profit on sale of fixed assets then profits from corporate deposits real estate transactions etc. So if all these are included then the overall value of Asia will increase and this means that the tax on this Asia will also increase and it will become a burden on the telecom companies to pay more money and this is the reason why this issue of what constitutes Asia was under litigation for a longer time. Regarding this issue the Supreme Court delivered its judgment on 24th October 2019 and it ruled in favor of the interpretation of Asia that was given by the department of telecommunications. So this was a huge disadvantage to the telecom operators. So as per the Supreme Court judgment the telecom companies now over the government not just the shortfall in the Asia for the past 14 years but also an interest on that amount along with the telecom companies have to pay penalty including interest on the penalty. So in this 14 years time period the telecom market in India has shrunk to just four major telecom players and at present we have Bharti Airtel, Vada phone idea, Reliance Jio and the state owned BSNL and MTNL. Out of the current telecom players, Bharti Airtel and Vada phone idea are the most affected telecom operators. See the Supreme Court ordered the telecom companies to pay their dues within three months but only Reliance Jio paid the dues within the time limit that is on 23rd January 2020 and on the same day the department of telecommunications passed an order to the controller general of communication accounts and directing them not to take any coercive actions against the defaulting companies. Here you should know that controller general of communication accounts is also an office attached to the department of telecommunications and it was created in 2016 and as of 14th February both Airtel and Vada phone did not pay their Asia dues to the department of telecommunications. This is the brief background of this issue. If you look at the yesterday's newspaper, there was a news article regarding the same issue and in this news article the Supreme Court questioned that why can't contempt proceedings be initiated against the telecom companies for not paying the Asia dues and the Supreme Court ordered that the next hearing is on 17th March and the company heads might have to appear in person if they fail to comply with its orders of paying the Asia dues. Next if you see the Supreme Court drew contempt proceedings against the department of telecommunications officer who was responsible for issuing an order on 23rd January to the controller general of communication accounts. See in this news article it is wrongly given that it is a constitutional authority but we just saw that it is an office attached to the devotee. Now based on this order the department of telecommunications began issuing notices to the telecom companies to pay their Asia dues as early as possible. Also know that department of telecommunications withdrawn its 23rd January order so now those companies which have not paid their dues can be subjected to legal actions. Now if you look at this news article in this news article the opposition party has alleged that this 23rd January order is favoring telecom operators. Now based on the Supreme Court's order let us see two more news articles regarding the immediate responses from the telecom companies. So in this news article which appeared on 15th February Barthi et al. committed to deposit about 10,000 crore rupees as part of its Asia dues and promised to clear the remaining dues well before 17th March. The company also gave reason that it was in the process of completing the self-assessment exercise in order to pay the Asia related dues. Then there is one more news article which has appeared today regarding other telecom player that is Vodafone Idea. This company has said that it will pay its Asia dues as soon as possible. Vodafone has also given the same reason that it was currently assessing the amount based on the recent orders and Vodafone dues are estimated to be over 53,000 crores. But if you see the financial position of Vodafone which is not in position to pay these dues so the analysts have raised concerns that India might become a two private player market with only Barthi et al and Reliance Geo in the future. Meanwhile, an industry body that is Cellular Operators Association of India has commented that the government has vast powers and options to address the issues of telecom sector. It has emphasized that the government should come up with enabling policies and regulations to ensure that telecom sector performs well financially. So we can see that Vodafone might possibly shut down due to heavy Asia dues. Now we will see one more news article which appeared in business column which says that the banking system in India will suffer due to the judgment of the Supreme Court. The chief of the state bank of India has said that every stakeholder in the banking system will get impacted and it will also impact India's economy as a whole. So he has stressed that shutting down of any enterprise needs to be prevented. This is all about the discussion of this Asia issue. To summarize we have seen the background of this issue which is regarding the definition of what constitutes Asia. Then we saw yesterday's news article regarding the order of Supreme Court and the company's reactions to the order. And then we saw few news articles related to reaction of telecom companies and also the banking sector. With this we have come to the end of analysis of these news articles. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us move on to the next news article. This news article is with reference to the recent announcement made by the United States government. And this announcement will prevent India from availing entitled benefits in terms of trade relations. In this analysis we will be discussing about the recent announcement made by the US. Then we will see about the GSP program of US. Then we will see what are the reasons or various reasons that US allies on India so as to be declared as a developed country. And then we will conclude this article by discussing that how the US announcement will distort global trade and the way forward suggested by the author. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. So what was the announcement made by the United States? The United States has announced that for the purposes of US countervailing duty law the US trade representative considers certain countries to be declared as developed countries. It says that those countries which have a share of 0.5% or more of global trade then these countries will be considered as developed countries. So based on this share in world trade the US has therefore designated Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam as developed countries. As a result these countries including India are ineligible for the trade benefits that are available for developing countries under the US countervailing duty law. Even the US government has clarified that though each of these countries has a per capita gross national income below $12,375 but these countries will be considered as developed countries and the announcement of the US was made applicable from 10th February 2020. We have discussed in detail about this announcement made by the US government that is on 14th February 2020. On that day we discussed what do we mean by countervailing duty and also agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures shortly called as SEM agreement. We have also discussed the difference between 1% de minima standard and 2% de minima standard and we also assess the arbitrariness made by the US in this video. So with reference to the discussion on these things we request aspirants and viewers to watch the analysis of ESTR article on 14th February video. Now let us come back to today's FAQ article. This article states that removing these countries from the classification of developing countries to developed countries will restrict them from availing various trade benefits. One benefit that will be lost is the protection available for developing countries in the countervailing duty law and in CVD investigations. Now US can easily impose countervailing duty on the products imported from these countries. Know that this is the second move of the United States particularly against India in the context of trade benefits. If you had noticed that with effect from 5th June 2019 US has terminated India from the trade benefits under its GSP program. See GSP stands for Generalized System of Preferences and it is a trade preference program of the United States which was established in 1976 by the Trade Act of 1974. See GSP promotes economic development and this is done by eliminating duties on thousands of products and these are products that are imported from about 100 designated beneficiary countries of United States. One of the benefits of the GSP program is that it promotes economic growth and development in the developing world and also other poorest countries. Know that India was also a beneficiary till 5th June 2019. See the author states that over 2000 goods exported from India were exempted from import tariff when India was a beneficiary. See termination as a beneficiary under GSP has led to loss of about 190 million US dollars to India in terms of trade. Also note that in 2018 US trade representative has ranked India as the top beneficiary of the program and the program has benefited crucial Indian sectors such as textiles, leather, engineering goods, gems and jewelry etc and this is because of the preferential and beneficial treatment by the US government. Now the US has announced that India as a developed country and this will further affect the benefits that India is having as a developing country. We also know that earlier there were negotiations that India could be reinstated as a beneficiary in GSP program but because of this recent announcement US has almost signaled that India may never be reinstated as a beneficiary in GSP program. Now if you look at the news article it also discusses why US has removed India from the designation of developing country. One accusation of the US administration is that India and China are wrongly claiming trade benefits that are reserved only for the genuine developing countries. This means that US does not conserve India as a truly developing country. It implies to say that India and China are saying that they are developing countries to wrongly claim trade benefits that are available for truly developing countries and we know that this allegation is false because US announcement is arbitrary in nature. India is still a developing country when we take most of the parameters that are required to classify as a developed country. For example if you take per capita GDP in 2018 the per capita GDP in 2018 for United States that is as per the World Bank data is more than 30 times the per capita GDP of India. Despite these facts the US government argues that India has witnessed significant growth in last few decades. Now we will see the consequences of recent announcement of US. These consequences include that is various trade deals between India and US will be renegotiated and these negotiations will be done to make trade deals favorable to United States. This is because the terms will be renegotiated considering India as a developed country and the same will be applicable for the future deals between US and India and this announcement by United States comes before the scheduled visit of United States President to India on 24th February. As a result it is highly unlikely that any significant trade deals will be signed between the two countries. Finally the article discusses how the announcement of US will affect the global trade. The US Mo will put pressure on global economy and will also slow down the global economic growth. This is because goods from all the recently designated countries have to face fresh tariffs at the hands of US authorities. So this will have a huge impact on the growth prospects of these countries. As a consequence these countries may also retaliate by imposing retaliatory tariffs on US goods that are imported to their countries. So this will have a long situation for both sides and finally will affect the global economy. Now we will see the solutions that are suggested by the author. One solution is that countries from both sides have to sit and talk to scale back the tariffs against the goods. If such negotiations can manage to bring down trade barriers on both sides then it can benefit the individual economies and also the global economy. Then the next solution as suggested by the author is that the trading partners to achieve an equitable balance between their domestic producers and also the global consumers. This will ensure that while domestic producers are protected and at the same time the interests of consumers are also not compromised. Note that this will require a proactive role to be played by World Trade Organization as well. Let us see how these things are to be managed in the coming days. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. In this analysis we saw about the GSP program of US and then what are the various reasons that US accused on India to declare as developed countries. Finally we have discussed how the US announcement will distort global trade including the suggestions suggested by the author. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. Let's start our practice question session. This question is based on recusal of judges. They have given four options and you have to choose correct option. So to answer this question you should know about recusal of judges which refers to withdrawal of a judge in taking part as a judge in a certain case. Say for example a person is accused in a criminal case and this person is son-in-law of a Supreme Court judge and then when it comes to appeal before the Supreme Court in such cases do you think that father-in-law sitting as judge in Supreme Court hearing this case is appropriate. The answer is definitely no. This is because there are some principles in justice and equity and these principles demand that the justice shall not only be done but should also appear to have been done. And this is one of the examples for the uncle judge syndrome and this syndrome has many examples. For example some of the relatives of the judges could be practicing as lawyers in Supreme Court. So there is a chance that judges may hear the cases argued by their own relatives. So recusal of a judge from hearing a particular case is expected when a judge has a conflict of interest or when the judge has a prior association with parties in the case. If you look at higher judiciary in India there are no written rules on the recusal of judges from hearing cases which are listed before them. And also there are no written rules that while recusing the judge has to state the reasons for recusal. Now if you look at the options of this question option A is an example for the uncle judges syndrome whereas option D refers to recusal of judges. Therefore for this question option D is the correct answer. Now let's take up this question which is based on adjusted gross revenue. They have given four options and we have to choose correct option. This question is based on adjusted gross revenue which means that the gross revenues after some specific dedications and this amount is taxable by the government. Here the issue was between the government that is the department of telecommunications and the telecom operators regarding what constitutes the AGR. The telecom companies argued that it should only comprise revenues from telecom services but the department of telecommunications argued that the AGR should include all revenues earned by the telecom operators including from non-core telecom operations such as rent then profit on sale of fixed assets then real estate transactions etc. And if all these revenues are included then the overall value of AGR will increase and this means that the tax on this AGR will also increase and it will become a burden on the telecom companies to pay more amount. This is the reason why this issue of what constitutes AGR was under litigation for more than 14 years. Therefore for this question option B that is department of telecommunications is the correct answer. Now let's take up practice main questions that is discuss the role of recusal of judges in establishing the principles of equity and justice and this is the 10 marks question and you have to write in 150 words. Now let's take up one more practice main question that is what do you understand by the term urban heat islands. Discuss the factors that induce urban heat island effect then suggest some mitigation strategies to reduce the urban heat island effect. This is also 10 marks question and you have to write in 150 words. So you can post your written answers for these two practice main questions in the comment section and your posted answers will be evaluated and suitable feedback will be given in the reasonable time frame. With this we have come to the end of analysis of today's India news analysis. If you like the video please do like, comment, share and subscribe Shankarai's Academy YouTube channel for more updates. Thank you.


Okay, so the meeting is recorded or recording. So, I apologize for all of that technical challenge this morning. I'll figure it out. I'll work on it after the meeting's over. Because I think it's just a setting issue. So I'll double check that and make sure that we have the right links. So, with that being said, good morning. I hope everyone's doing okay. It's almost Friday. So we don't I don't think we have Chris here today I know when we schedule this meeting he said he would be back on the fourth. But when I sent the information about the meeting out. I got a response that said he's returning on the fifth. So, I'm not sure he's going to be with us today. And today's goal was just to sort of review the outreach pathways that are three respective community use when we're doing public outreach. And I will admit that I don't have anything to share because I've been in touch with our director of communications. Yeah, I've sent our quest out but she hasn't gotten back to me yet I know she was on vacation for a bit so this time of year it's always a bit challenging coordinating with other people so. You know I'm sure on the list of all her to do is this wasn't at the very top so I'm sure she'll get back to me, but I don't, I wasn't able to do that before today. So, and I know Tom you had something from. Yes, Suzanne carry the select board administrative assistant rose to the occasion so let me go to the occasion absolutely. I shared that with everybody. Yes, I'm just going to share that on the screen I think. I have a process question. Absolutely. What I would like to do is to prepare a Google document with a list of organizations that Chris can add to, and I, I just want to check and make sure that's okay from the public open meeting law standpoint. Yeah, I mean, so our, our standard practice in the town is not to use Google docs, but I think it's okay if you're sort of putting it together and then maybe you save it in another format. Okay, and then share it with the group that way. Right. As long as it's not something we're all, you know, if you and Chris are just working on something that you independently contribute to, then save it as a separate document, as long as you're not having sort of conversation around anything. I mean, it's just a list of organizations. It's not like hugely any big violation, but I would say just save it. That's great. That's, that's an answer that I love. Okay, good. I hope it's the correct one. So we'll go with that. So I'm going to share my screen with the email from Susanna carry. See, so bear with me one moment. And this at least will give us a little bit of something to start with. Okay, so are you seeing my screen. Yes. Yeah. Okay. I'm looking at Susanna's response. She said you have three public outreach methods. You have a quarterly newsletter. A website and next door Pellum that you use. Interesting. So, yeah, I don't know how much the town of Amherst uses next door if we do at all, in terms of getting information out, I'll have to ask about that. Well, the residents, the residents of Amherst certainly. They do. Well, they do. Absolutely. There's no question. So that's why I'm not sure, but we do have. I know that. So my question to our communications director was which social media platforms do we use, because I know we use Twitter. I know we use Instagram. I know we use Facebook. I don't know if we actually use next door. So that's a good one to ask about, because I agree. I mean, I'm on next door in the community that I live in and I know that it's very, very active. There's a lot that goes on next door. So, I agree. Is next door a listserv or a social media site? I don't use it. I sort of feel like it's kind of like this combination of both. You know, I'm not, you know, I don't know what the distinctions are between the listserv and the social media, but it does seem to be more of a social people pose questions and answer questions and I would call it Facebook for neighborhoods. Yeah, yeah, that's what it feels like. It feels a bit more like a social media platform. So, but you can, I'm surprised you don't know about it Adele. I'm sure I got invited to participate, but I decided not to.  You know, it gets very down to that like I live on, you know, Sealy Street. So it gets very specific that way. So next door is a good one for us to maybe if we're if we don't use it as maybe a good one I don't I don't know if there are issues of why we might not but I can certainly see if we do. And I don't know about North Hampton. So that's a good one to add. I'll add it to this document that I'm going to prepare. Okay, great. So you have a quarterly newsletter is that a digital newsletter or physical newsletter. It's, it's paper cellulose. Okay. And, and that goes out to all of the residents in town. It does. We put our, our budget in there and things of that nature when, when that time of year comes around. Right, Bernard's didn't do something similar. We get a quarterly newsletter. So I'm familiar with, you know, receiving that and yet it's the source of all of our local information. You do have a website. And I haven't really looked at your website and I know that link is there so I guess we can take a look at that but. It's pretty well maintained I think I'm not an expert on it either but if you click around you can generally find out when every committee is meeting it's some massive number of committees. Are you all seeing the link or that I just opened or are you still seeing the email message. Still seeing the email message. All right. I want to stop that share. I want to share my screen again. So here's their website. We're not seeing it. Oh, you're not. Okay. We're seeing your desktop. Oh, it's full of stuff. Yes, I've gotten in trouble for that. It's not supposed to look like that. Now, can you see it? Okay. There. So, see, I'll change the view here. So. Where so, Tom, do you know where would with that information, like if we were to start doing some outreach and education and having this is the place it would be on the, on the stage. There. Yes, exactly. And then in the upper left there, my town government, if we had a meeting, if we wanted to do a schedule a public outreach session, it would get posted there. Yep. Okay. Yep. So ours is, you know, our website, similarly has this central area called the stage for it, you know, which rotates and ours. And has, you know, it changes depending on the topic of the hour. And we also have a calendar section. So we would similarly do something probably in these locations as well. Which is when you go to the website, those are like the quickest ways to find information. So I'm going to stop share. Do you so you don't do any kind of other social media like Facebook or Instagram or Twitter. Okay. So I know, I know for sure that we do. So. Oh, I just realized, is anyone taking notes. That's okay. If not, I'll, I can go back to the recording and I don't think this is going to be a lot to have to process today. So I'll take care of it later. If everybody's okay with that. Thank you. Yep. So I don't see, you know, there's not a listing of newsprint. Like, you know, which news outlets that you use. Yeah, okay, that's a fair observation. Because I know. I mean those would be included, you know, we use, you know, the channel 22 channel 40. We use our Amherst media access our cable access. Do you have a cable access? Or is that Amherst media also for you. Yeah. Yeah, I honestly, I don't think I know. Pellum doesn't but let me take that back. I don't watch TV. Okay. Okay. I'm typing in notes and I'll follow up with Susanna. Great. Yeah, just again, I think the idea is that we sort of have one central list. So that when all three communities are doing outreach, we sort of are getting it across the board. So let's see the news organizations and then also the print. The papers like the recorder. The Daily Hampshire Gazette. I don't see those listed as well. So I'm wondering if. I would assume that that's where information goes as well. I'll find out. Okay. So I can say for sure that Amherst sort of does all that the usual, like all of the published newspapers in the area. So anything that's valley oriented like the recorder, the Daily Hampshire Gazette. I think even the Valley advocate. Certainly the Amherst bulletin. And then I know for the news outlets we do, as I said, you know, channel 22 channel 40 Amherst media. And then for social platforms for social media platforms. Again, I know that we do Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. And I will check into next door. So that's at least a very rough list. Okay. So that's it for now. And perhaps, you know, I would love to know what, you know, Northampton does because they may have something additional that they could add to this list. Well, I'm, I'm going to start a Google doc and send it to Chris and have him add to it, but I don't know what information he's gotten from the mayor's office. Okay. Nor do I, and that's okay. We'll get it. And, and I'm sure I may have more to add. I mean, I know that when I've done, you know, outreach, at least those are the general pathways that we've used to get information out. So, but our website being, you know, a primary one, you know, we always try to keep that with the latest information. That would be a priority for us as well, our town website, and I'm sure Northampton would use their website as well. So all three communities website seem like a really sort of easy go to to get information and to direct people to And it sounds like I like that you have a printed newsletter. The only challenge there might be timing of getting something in, you know, time enough to get into the newsletter. Yeah, I think. I think, you know, we'll use the website and if we have an article written then when the time comes we'll reprint it, you know, but other than that, yeah, it's, it'll be tight. Yeah. And we call it a quarterly but she only listed January, April and then only July if we have enough articles to fill in addition. Right. Oh, it might be. I'm putting quarterly in quotes. She does offer if we have something get it to her by Friday, September 9. So, I don't know that we will but So Friday, September 9 is the deadline for the next issue for the next issue. It seems like it would be q4. I don't know about that point. Okay. And do you know after that, what the next one is after September 9. My gut says it's, you know, sometime in December but for a January publication but I don't know. Okay. I'll ask that as well. Okay. All right. Good to know. Okay. So, you know, I don't think it goes to absolutely everybody. So other than the Amherst, Amherst bulletin is probably the closest we have that isn't even necessarily a, it's not generated by the municipality. But in terms of something that actually gets to residents directly to their homes, that's probably the closest we have. And I don't even think it goes to absolutely everybody. So. Are there any questions about this list or thoughts people have about additional sources. And resources. I think the goal is to reach people, right? So. This is what palim normally does we. I think we'll just use the proven methods and get the word out. Okay. I'm going to hold off on review of the minutes only because Chris isn't here. And given that it's only three of us actually voting on it. I'm just going to wait till Christmas here next time. Okay. So unless anyone has any questions, this was kind of the primary agenda for today. My very quick update about the JPE. Draft is that we've been trying to work with legal councils to sort of. Find out where they're at. And. Alan seems to have a different take on where things are than. We've been trying to get them to talk to each other and then to. Schedule a meeting with staff. So that they can get on board. You know, with one another and be on the same page, literally. So I thought they were like at one point it seemed like that was going along fine. And then. I think there was some confusion around the CCA contract draft versus the. Or not the CCA contract, but the. MOU draft versus the JPE. So. Anyway, we'll follow up with that. I'm going to try to get them to schedule a meeting with staff soon. If possible. And how does Pelham interface with that process? Stephanie. You know, I just keep you informed basically, I mean, it's just when we have the meeting, you'll be part of it. So. I'll let you know when and I'll certainly ask people what times. Days and times work best. Thank you. So, you know, you can, I'll send it to you, but I may not send it directly to Bob, but certainly. Yeah. Yeah. You know, I just keep you informed basically, I mean, it's just when we have the meeting, you'll be part of it. So. Because I know Bob a googly. I wanted to be part of it as well. So I just want to give him a heads up. I don't know what day life is like or anything. I'll let you know when and I'll certainly ask people what times. Days and times work best. Thank you. Yeah. Keep them in the loop. That would be great. I will. And just let me know that he needs to be included. I know you're telling me now. So I'll make a note, but. Also. If you could. I can. Okay. So does anyone else have any other updates or anything they want to discuss? Cause otherwise I think we can probably end this meeting a little early today. Cause. We don't have Chris. And we didn't have, you know, our agenda was mainly to just talk about this document. And I think. Maybe next time we'll provide what, you know, the draft of what we have of a list. To. Mass power choice. Folks. I'll just say, you know, having read through the. Education and outreach document. It's. It doesn't feel like we have to. Do much with it. Yeah, I don't. I don't think so. I think for me, I just need to make sure that. Our communications director has eyes on it and is like, doesn't have any issue or thinks there's something we should be doing differently. I just feel like. In deference to that role. I want to acknowledge that. You know, she take a look. And so I did tell her, I would try to schedule a time to review it with her. So that's what we're going to try to do before the next meeting. But I think all.   For us to provide them. So it sounds like Adele is. At least getting one together for North Hampton that they can add to, and then that seems like it would be the complete list. So. Adele, when you're, when you and Chris are done, just, you can get it to me. Absolutely. And Tom and I can fill in the blanks if there are additional things we think. So thank you for doing that Adele. That would be really helpful. Sure. I'm working on it right now. Actually. Awesome. Thank you. Andrew, did you have something else, sir? Just that. It seems like, you know, if we go beyond what we say. We're going to do in the document. Like if we do more outreach in the. You know, pre. Or during, you know, waiting for DPU. How could that matter? You know, it's, you know, more, more is fine. It's just, you know, we can't, we can't do less. Obviously. That's what was stated is, you know, as long as if we stated in the document, we have to do it. We have to. It's kind of an obligatory thing. So keeping it more. Open so that we can do more. We don't promise more, but we do more. I think it's always a safer way to go. So, you know, we don't want to over promise and underdeliver. We'd rather under promise and overdeliver. Yep. So, Stephanie, one quick question, just on the language work with KP law, they're working on two documents. Is that correct? One is the MOU and one is the joint JP. Okay. Thank you. MOU is done. We've already signed. That's why we're here officially. And then the, the, so the JPE is just the sort of next step for the, the MOU is kind of just the pathway to get us to the JPE. So they're reviewing the language for the. Joint powers agreement. Yes. The agreement is what will form the JPE. So once that gets signed, then we're officially a JPE. And that changes things a lot. It makes it kind of a whole new, it makes it a whole new entity. Thank you. Sorry for all the thinking. No sign. We're all used to it. Some of us don't ding as much as you do. So any, any other questions or. Any other comments or comments? Any other information to share or updates or. Everyone sending letters to the governor. To sign. Absolutely. Did you all receive my note about what's in the bill as far as CCA goes and wind. I'm pretty sure. Yeah. I think we did. Okay. It sounds awfully good. I, I, I don't know what it means, but it certainly is a good news. So the, the CCA. Like speed it up language was in the. Budget or the economic development bill. Right. There was something in there. I don't know where. I don't know where. I don't know where. I don't know where. I don't know where. I don't know where. I know. Well, Paul Gomer sent us information about that. Right. So there was definitely language about it. I don't know where it was, but there was definitely. But it hadn't passed when he sent it. It was just a potential. I think now it's passed. I thought, yeah, I thought he gave us an update. So maybe not. But anyway, that's great. I mean, it only passed like last week. Yeah. Really? Well, how, how would we confirm that it was passed? Paul. No. Okay. Fine. Absolutely. Yeah, there's no question. He'll know. Not to be, be wonderful if it has passed. And was there a timeframe on it? Like. It takes effect immediately or what? Oh, yeah, yeah, I don't know. Well, it says. I'm looking to see if there's any kind of, if Paul Gomer's message has anything about that. No, he doesn't say anything about. Okay. Once it. I don't know if there's like any kind of sort of. So does that also have to get signed by the governor? It says the budget goes to the governor. The governor has the authority to veto individual sections. So he has the power to veto the CCA provisions if he wants. Okay. So then we need to wait the 10 days. We need to wait. It's been. It's been 10 days. He signed already. I'm pretty sure. The budget. Good. Okay. I think we're not the other bill, the economic development bill. I might have been later. Yeah. Can't remember. It's been a whirlwind. Yes. Yeah. Trying to get everything done before he leaves. So. All right. Any other updates. Comments. Everyone doing okay. Having a good summer. Andrew, you have a pending birthday. That's exciting. Yeah. Oh, when's birthday? 10th. Oh, well, isn't that nice? Yeah. And hopefully you will not be attending a meeting. For your benefits. Yeah, I don't blame you. So. Hopefully the governor will sign the bill and that would be a great birthday. There you go. I was just going to say, Sam, you've been really quiet. Any, any updates, comments? How are you doing? I'm good. No, no updates or comments. Thanks. All right. Well, I don't want to prolong this anymore than we need to. So. Our next meeting, I think was with. I'll have to double check my notes. Because. Let's see our meeting would be. On the 18th. I'll have to double check my notes. Or around that week. I'm away that week. So. I don't know if our next meeting with Paul Groomer, I thought we had scheduled something for the 12th, but I may be wrong. I'll have to double check. My notes on that. Or Darcy's notes on that. So. In any case, I will give you an update and let you know. When the next meeting is, and I will iron out this issue with the. I'm sorry, I apologize for all of that this morning. I thought I had out at squared away. So I'll try again. Thank you. Okay, everybody. Have a great weekend. And I'll see you soon. Okay. Stay cool. You too. Bye all.