Let's become familiar with that mock data that we're going to use throughout this lecture series First of all, we have our fancy style sheet there. You need to do this That's just for me to get consistency through all of these lectures so that all these notebooks look sort of similar We're going to set up set up our python environment those The things that we're going to import and the things that we're going to execute to expand pythons capabilities The first thing I want to do is to import numpy and I'm going to use the abbreviation in P I'm going to comment out these lines now when I make these notebooks I just want to want to use templates and then from these templates I just skip these lines by putting this little pound or hashtag or Hashtag or the pound sign in front of the of the line and that will Comment out this line and python will ignore this line So we skip down here to import matplotlib. That is a plotting module. It has a Submodule called pyplot And I'm going to import that as the abbreviation plt I'm going to import seaborn as sns all these as as as words You can use whatever name you want, but there are conventions most people stick to them So if we do share our code, we all we all have the same Abbreviations now seaborn Just extends matplotlib. It just adds a few extra Plots to the matplotlib and it also adds a bit of eye candy. There's a lot more Colourization and customization of the graphs that you can do with seaborn I'm going to import the very important pandas. That is what we Used to play with our data to Reconstruct our data to get solutions and answers from our datasets pandas as PD and Then something I always do sometimes when you run these scripts There's not Explicit error in the syntax of the code the python that you write But there's something that the python interpreter or ipython does not like and it will give you this ugly pink warning box And I like to ignore those so from warnings.  They I use it and I use This argument whatever goes inside of these brackets behind the method is called an argument And I use the argument which is in quotation marks. In other words, it's a string ignore In ipython notebook, you have these magics commands Percentage sign matplotlib so percentage matplotlib is one of them in line so there's no Round brackets and in quotation marks is a space then in line that will render any matplotlib plots and Seaborn plots for that matter right on the web page Yeah, it won't open a new window with the graph and sometimes you want that specifically if want to save those To insert in a document that you want to submit for publication, but in line is what we want here Now I mentioned to you Seaborn can really extend Your capabilities of plotting graphs This is not important for this course Google Seaborn See what you can play with up setting the style of Seaborn setting the context to a paper background Or a sitting line widths certainly you don't have to do this You can just go with what the default settings for Seaborn is So let's become familiar with our data the data set that we are going to use is MOOC underscore mock That's its name dot CSV. It's a comma separated value file That is one of the spreadsheet formats most spreadsheet formats can save your spreadsheet as a CSV file as opposed to its native xls xlsx for For Excel or the open document formats for LibreOffice, etc. and numbers As far as the office suite for for Apple is concerned You can save your files as CSV if it is a CSV file I have to use this method read underscore CSV and That is part of that's a code word Python code in the pen pandas module Because I imported import pandas as pen PD. I must say PD dot read. I can't just use read CSV otherwise, I would have had to say from Pandas import read CSV, then I could just have used read CSV I've deleted some lines some PD pandas dot Read CSV There we go pandas dot read CSV. Oh, there's another dot that has to go and I'm going to read that as soon as it reads a data frame It's going to import it inside of a computer variable, which I've called data That computer variable data is actually a object and that object is a pandas data frame Whenever you use read CSV It becomes a data frame. That's very computer variable will become a data frame Let's import it and we get an error Why did we get that error because we never ran this block of code? We did not extend the Python language by running this block of code Let's run that block of code and now if we go down here and run this there would be no problems whatsoever Now we need to see whether our data set was imported correctly I've got the word data now. And so if I use data dot Let's do this. Let's write that Data dot if I were to hit the tab key It gives me a list of all the things that is attached to data All the methods that I can apply to data in this instance, I want to apply the head So I'm going to start saying H and Then you'll see the two Methods that that I can apply to data start appearing there and it's the head one I can double-click it or just write out head and if I open my Parenthesis there it says self comma n equals five These are the arguments that I give to this module so that it can work on the data data frame. I Just want to put three in there self that self you can usually ignore don't worry about that three or n equals three I can just put three there means Please show me all the columns and the first three rows, please I just want to see if the data imported correctly and lo and behold There's the first three rows of our data again, Python counting from zero one two So that's the first row the second or the third row file numbers. Let's run through what our dataset contains File numbers. We didn't want our patients to be identified. We have age Which might or might not be coded in other words I might we might have between yourself and all your investigators You might say we just going to subtract five from every patient's age and then capture it here so that that de-identifies our patients Female and male that's the wrong way to do that. Remember We want to de-identify that data as well. In other words use code. You would say use two four six eight and The letters R B or C if I entered any of those that would be female So we have the secret code behind the scene for our purposes here We just put down male female male female, etc. That's gender delay How many days before the symptoms developed until they presented to hospital an integer format? Stay how long did they stay in the hospital before discharge? Were they admitted to the intensive care unit? Yes or no What was the retro viral disease status negative or positive? So no. Yes. No Did they have a CD4 count when you see something like NAN that is pandas Interpreting the fact that in the data set in the spreadsheet. That was not a number not a number Then 57 suffered was left blank or you said someone typed in not done not performed Not applicable anything other than a number. It would say NAN not a number Heart rates the admission heart rate patients admission temperature If a CRP was done in what the value of that CRP a C reactive protein What the admission white cell count the leucocyte count was what the admission hemoglobin values were? At surgery was the appendix found to be ruptured. Yes or no all the appendices were sent away for histological examination in the laboratory and under the microscope a Core was made whether there was infection. Yes for appendicitis or no. We took out a normal appendix Was there any complications? While the patient stayed in the hospital. Yes or no wound infection respiratory tract infection urinary tract infections bleeding any complications We just coded as yes or no and the mean alvarado score modified alvarado score That is a scoring system where we predict whether patient has appendicitis or not that is our data This is mock data does not belong to any true patient these values were just thumbs sucked To to make this spreadsheet so that we can play with the data Now let's try start finding out a bit more about our data set. Let's start playing around with it Now it's called data and this is the way that we refer to a column We use the name of the data frame, which is data and with these square brackets and then quotation marks and then Exact name as it appears there. You must use the uppercase G exactly as it's written there Try never ever when you do your spreadsheet to have spaces spaces can cause problems But anyway gender just as it's written there and from that I put the dot and then The method of value underscore counts open and close parentheses, but they empty. What does that do? It will look down the gender column and first of all it will group everything that it finds so female male There's a difference between those two if there was a spelling mistake someone wrote males with an s That will be deemed a different type of entry and how many times that occurs will be counted So it's just gonna count everything that it finds Let's hit Enter there or shift enter command a shift return And we see it found the word male 94 of them and it found the word female 56. It didn't find anything else. So no one made a spelling mistake down that column Let's do value counts for some other things So again, it's data That's the name of the data frame and the column so this and the whole thing together is how you refer to a column There was an ICU column do for me the value counts So it is dot value counts once again, let me just show you if I were to write this Dot if I hit the tab key Those would be what appears now value counts Unfortunately, one of those that do not appear you have to type out value counts. It's not going to appear as as a Legitimate method for you to use but it is available use it all the time. You can see No appeared hundred and thirty six times down that column this ICU column and Yes appeared 14 times 14 patients went to the intensive care unit hundred and thirty six do not let's look at the RVD status Just for you to start getting a feel for your data because how many how many were patients were in this data set Well, let me click there something nice to show you. I'm here and I can say insert cell below It's going to do a empty cell below this. Let's write data dot tail Give me the last three rows. Oh What did I do wrong? It was not proper right if cannot make spelling mistakes the date dot tail So there's file hundred and forty eight file hundred and forty nine file hundred and fifty so they are hundred and fifty entries Hundred and fifty patients were entered in this database So just to if you were to print all of them out, which we can do you can just type in data just data like that And it'll do all hundred and fifty there. Well, it won't do all of them it within limits It will skip the middle lot But you can't just look down a column of 150 values instead of getting idea how many times things occur So this value counts is excellent. Let's do the value counts for rupture at surgery 60 were found to be ruptured 90 were not the penics themselves when we send them away for analysis it looks like 120 were taken out because for the correct reason they were inflamed and 30 were taken out. No they were normal and That's kind of par for the course these days. We are a bit better at that might be a bit high but again These this is this mock data 80 did not develop any complications and 70 did so quite a high complication rate Now that's one way to look at our data just value counts value counts value counts Human beings are much better with pictures though. So let's introduce the matplotlib.pyplot Submodule which I use the PLT remember PLT abbreviation for and we're also going to type I do an SNS Now look at the difference between these two the the matplotlib PLT is quite a few lines of code I could write a slightly better code, but the SNS boxplot is a much easier Syntax here makes life much easier one line of code versus all this. So let's just run through this boxplot very quickly What am I interested in I'm interested in drawing two plots I want to look at a box plot of the age distribution in males and in females So I say plt.figure Empty there inside of that arguments. There's quite a few arguments that you can use Let's just do that if I were just to do that You see all the arguments that it takes so you can play around with all sorts of things, but if I leave it empty All I'm telling I Python is please get ready to draw a figure. I Want to make two subplots. I want to put male and female box plots next to each other and so I would say PLT.subplot and you see one two one and there's the other subplot one two two What does that mean? It means draw it in one row two columns number one One row two columns number two So you're gonna have this one row with two columns next to each other This is the way to do it get used to it. So subplot one. I'm gonna give it a title You can do it like this plt.title then the arguments Is the title that you want to give those are string values you have to put them in Quotation marks comma fun size equals 18. What do I want to put in there? The following data Now I'm using something a bit different here. This is not purely matplotlib. I'm using Box plot within pandas. I'm referencing the box plots. I've created this plotting figure But I'm doing a box plot as a method of data Data contains remember we just type data dot. There's a lot you can do So data What do I want to do take all the data gender column? So I'm referring to that column Equals equals double equals remember that is a ask a question. Is it equal to male when the answer is true? It'll take that row if it's not true It won't take that row. I want you then only the males to draw box plot The column that I want you to do is the age column And we run through that again. Now. This is not something I would normally use. This is very laborious Look through that code Should make sense to you and there we draw one figure two subplots one row of them two columns of subplots There is my box plot of the male patients and of the female patients very laborious Let's do it in s&a seaborn seaborn dot box plot Takes a lot of arguments, but the ones I want to use is just take data and the age column So there's my first argument look down the age column, and I want box plots of that comma, what's the next argument group by So what do I want it split by the age while I want males and females and that's very easy I just say group it by data Gender column so that gender The gender column remember it found males and females so it's going to group the ages by the gender And then I just want to give names to my plot You've got to be very careful which one comes first and which one comes second Okay, just note that you don't put the wrong Title here to the to the two or two graphs, but that's a much easier line of code only the three arguments and very easy to understand and Look at those beautiful box plots with statistical outliers even indicated for you by default Let's look at a violin plot the violin plot is something I use quite often. I like a violin plot I've done a different type of violin plot here where I break them down into New the data frames into new data frames. We'll have a look properly at how to do this with quite a few examples in this lecture series Let's just use and for purposes of this lecture just this easy way of doing it SNS dot violin plot We had SNS dot box plot now. We have SNS dot violin plot exact same thing the data that I want That's my age column. Please group it by whatever you find in the gender column and Give the names exactly the same you'll see in both instances. I use this semi colon If I don't use the semi colon, let's not use the semi colon It's going to write this line of text there and then draw your plot the semi colon just gets rid of that That you just get your graph and there's a violin plot violin plots are kernel density estimates on this side so you can kind of see a much better idea of how the spread of the data was here between 40 and 50 there was a Bit more females before it went down and that sort of notch doesn't really occur here in the males So you get a much better idea of how your data was spread than just from a bland old box plot I really like violin plots speaking of a kernel density estimate. That's called a dist plot so SNS dot this plot and Now unfortunately, this is not going to work because yeah, I am referencing These two new let's take out the comment line take out the comment line These two new data frames that I made I said create two new data frames They would both be both these computer variables will be data frames because they are constructed from other data frames What data frames are they constructed from or from the original data one? square brackets The column that I'm interested in Equals equals males is going to look down the gender column of the data data frame and when it finds male It'll put it inside that row inside of male and run through the whole lot and only put males in this new one Only put females into this new one Run that and now I can reference these male age and Bins what does that do? Let's have a quick look. There's a Distribution plot, so it's just going to make these bins of ages see those little bins So between that age and that age there were so many and then it also draws this beautiful smooth curve Which is basically this curve that you see here just on its side same for The females I can do there. There's another thing I can do. I can SNS set style white So I'm only gonna have a white background because there's a bit of a problem with the overlap of all these lines So I'm just changing the style Let's just redo the female the bin still 10. What does that 10 mean? It has to decide how wide this is from what age to what age falls inside of one bin So you can give it the size of bins what you know, whatever you like But I'm just going to say kernel density estimate equals false It's another type of argument I can put in there if I ran that code we're gonna have a beautiful white background by the style that I set and This kernel density estimate is gone now. I only get I Only get this little histogram to tell me how many and you can see we've also changed from a fraction This fraction will apply to this kernel density estimate the area under the curve Which will have a lot to say about later on but it just gives me a normal histogram So these are normal ways just to get familiar with your data to play with your data And just to see what does what is my data set all about what is inside of there? These are common tools for you to use to become familiar with your data set


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss how to graph quadratic equations and power functions using graphing calculator. Here we are going to use TI83 plus calculator. Now let us start with the quadratic equation y is equal to x square. Now this is TI83 plus calculator and we want to graph y is equal to x square on it. First we begin with a home screen and press y is equal to button. Now this takes us to the equation entering screen where we will write our equation. Now let us enter equation x square into y1 for this we press f t theta n key. X will appear and then we press x square button and so we get x square. So here we have y1 is equal to x square. If we want to plot more than one equation then we write the other equations at y2, y3 and so on. But here we discuss graphing of only one quadratic function. So we have put one equation that is y1 is equal to x square. Then to view its graph press graph key. Now on the screen the graph of the quadratic function y is equal to x square will appear on the coordinate axis. We see that it is an upward facing parabola. We can get the better picture of the graph by using zoom feature. So we press zoom key and the following screen will appear. On scrolling down we get more options. We see at 0 zoom fit is written. So we scroll down and press 0. We get the graph of y is equal to x square which fits the screen. Now let us see the trace feature. For this we press the trace button. Now on screen we can see the points which lie on the graph as the cursor is moved. It will give the exact values of the function on the graph. See as we moved to right by pressing this right button we reach this point and on screen the coordinates of this point appear. That is x is equal to 7.23 and y is equal to 52.33. Thus we can graph any quadratic equation on the graphing calculator. Now let us graph a power function. Suppose we want to graph two ways to the power x. We will follow the same steps as for quadratic function. So we start with pressing the y is equal to button. Then we write y1 is equal to 2 raised to the power x and press trace. The curve of y is equal to 2 raised to the power x will appear on screen. If we want to know the coordinates of points lying on curve then we press trace and the following screen will appear. To know the point we move the cursor on the graph. Now see this point on screen shows x is equal to 0 and y is equal to 1. Thus we can graph the quadratic and power functions on TI 83 plus calculator. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


Everybody forced here rip in 21 22 Donner's optic basketball hobby six bucks number 33 random teams I'll do the results on screen for you. You can always find them at late in sports cards comm as well Good luck. Let's see what we got Hello, I think it's sports gardens good to see you Come on gold bottle. I predict the gold vinyl Damian Lillard Shengyun rated rookie with a 75 years Clyde the glide I was a rider red Pacers Chris Lavert 29 and 99 Pacers legends only seven off Jersey number I would I would pay extra for that Hello Celtics Jason Tatum Sugs rated rookie Orlando stargazing Dame Time That's that's highly debatable Brian Guy rated rookie most moody warriors gonna roll a die for these all-stars for the whole break here one two three left side Four five six right side unless there's like a gold really low numbered. That's big. I'll random it in that case But this will be the whole case for these that's a four over here. It's not for going right side Boston a hollow KD stargazing for the nets And you got rent from PPR It's close rated rookie. Hello nice. That's a Jalen green for Houston Like run for a good team or catches What was the week one line for both of them? Bones Highland rated rookie Nuggets Just into everything should get triple-teamed, right? Yeah. That's that's what I say He's impressed in orange warriors J. Monterey 195 of 199 Healing probably higher ceiling Kispert rated rookie hollow Kessler Edwards Nets rated rookie also I don't even know what what teams there were playing no idea Monday night I go to the I go to the the players not playing Monday night Johnson lighted up John Meraintz Sorry Williams rated rookie Grizzlies hollow Grizzlies Brandon Clark Who's your favorite Grizzlies legend mine hollow Kawhi Leonard and see y'all come Kind of actually a grizzlies legend though. I mean he is yeah the rookies Jalen Green, but like overall over the course of time He was really good for like 10 years Jalen Green rated rookie Rockets Well, I'm green a Rockets rated rookie David Johnson 72 of 149 part of the jailblazers big country that's a great Rives That's a good one Mike Miller. Hello Siakum Raptors Mike Miller magic legends, there's a Hawks rated rookie Otto. Hello Jalen Johnson Rookie of the year snub your dear snub Jalen Johnson says Sam Mike Miller jinx Randy That's them. That's the magic fan on us talking You pour four souls He champion like Miller he checked the one with the cabs, too He did not do anything for that team no no god No, he was like he was moral support elite dominators. Hello, Nikola Yolkich He was like moral support and like the emergency emergency back up Like dang if we lose three more players, we might have to put Mike Miller in the game He was just like LeBron boy Yeah, I didn't want it on the team to play your coach on the bench.  We had like 200 people watching on tiktok now. We have like 26 Top out there People would much rather watch a NFL game day kickoff. I think yeah, hollow victory all the depot heat For some guy some guy play guitar covers I get it been there light up LeBron James Sometimes I get in those like you're scrolling through like tiktok live and it's just like people playing guitar You know, I want to watch this for 30 minutes Nice one gills Evan Mowley rated rookie pink velocity scary Terry for the Hornets Numbered 52 of 79 with your favorite Charlotte Like I would say Gerald also he's actually really good was it Gerald Wallace. Oh, yeah, maybe I'm actually got hollow. Oh Gianna. No, be rafters Maybe I'll say Not ready for this game. My mind was who along some warning. I'm like, that's the dumbest thing you can say right now Elite silver Zion like that's the literal one guy. I would think Right, yeah, Larry Johnson. Yeah, hollow Trey young Atlanta Charlotte flair. Oh gills Sorry, I didn't mean to pronounce the second L there my bad James book night. It slipped that time just to have it Maybe skate dominators indeed Charlotte legend man stuff one kid cutting game rated rookie Raymond Felton, maybe lime green they'll mall it on 23 of 149 thunder It's got to be someone from the Bobcats days, right? Oh, yeah, I'm a coca-pore He was good for some time. Yeah, like he was probably like I he was not living up to first round pick But he was he was a piece of player for a while. Yeah Orange Davion Mitchell Kings three of 199 nice one Kings Yeah, I said Gerald Wallace and I was like, he was actually really good hollow rated rookie Garza Pistons bronze Wagner Joe Anderson's another good one Kaminga 75 years Shaikildo talent either which which don't be talking about bird. Oh nice. They want to take grand pelicans black velocity number 11 to 39 Now I'm not buying any Baker cards right now. I'm not buying any football right now It's not the time to buy football all the rated rookie Clippers right unless you have a lot of money you believe in guys then Like if you can still get like Trevor Lawrence Or like fields for like solid stuff you want to hold long term I would do it no a 75 and 99 auto for the Bulls retro series He is a Nick's legend, but who did he was on another team for like Was it clippers? I was gonna say clippers slay Murphy the third Clippers but I could picture it my mind like that doesn't make sense. Yeah, there's a lot of clippers legends You do you on tamer is a beast nice calves rated rookie orange Evan Mobley Good it's gracious man 80 of 199 Gills, I'm a Hawks fan. I think the odd tamer is gonna be a stud there Maybe all start starting backcourt hollow Andre John sixers potentially. I mean, it's it's tough. You'll be starting now.  Yeah, I'm talking about guards. We got Hardin got Donovan now Lame low Ramrez dude But can I at least lame lows have it spelled elite dominators silver Jimmy Butler? Yeah, all of us of each bulls Photon Jason Tatum. Hey, you go seas This has been a really good three boxes so far Photon short print Celtics Jason Tatum Blake was here to be like freaking out I got a Tatum card to give him actually Conley and go there. It's a mosaic It's a mosaic Like insert numbered to like 99 Decent bull out of a blaster. Well, I'm telling you got pink velocity in the Cal Bridges sons number in 65 79 Who's your favorite? Houston Texan legend Got a hollow Cole Anthony magic. Nice Cole Oh boy Red stargazing for the Lakers Anthony Davis 78 of 99 then Tate He has a card actually is rookie here The account freezing cold takes and it says if you know Mitchell lighted up John Moran He signed it see you in the hall Ben Tate Ben Tate signed it like that. Yeah hollowed Brandon Ingram Pelicans I can understand like a like a first round drafted bust player had signed it like that. He was drafted high. He had the buzz Like he kind of rationalized that still preposterous, but yeah lighted up hollow Zach Levine. That's amazing, dude The Hall of Fame in my heart that's for sure. Yeah, and the rookies Jalen Green He was at the point where like if you drafted Aryan Foster because he had like those Groin and like hamstring issues all the time Or when you start to slip they're like, well, I got I better get Ben Tate later on as a handcuff Exactly in my handcuff There's Alfred blue is there for a while Alfred blue. Good lord. Yeah, it's Ron Dane ever there. He might have been That's weird. Yeah, he's like that's one of those like guys He don't orange Thunder Derek favors 104 of 199 guys you forget late on certain teams Keith broken. That's a good one That's that's a strange one. Hello, Joe Harris Nets bones. Highland rated rookie throughout prior He's just a legend in general. That's true Championship winning quarterback in college. I'm already 75 years. Yeah, the longest Evan mobility rated rookie calves Hello, Randy threes Bain for the Grizzlies. Who's your favorite? My sir Storks all the Rudy Gobert jazz you ever play for them probably Man when anyone deny me if I just outrageous claims He might have Navarro was a brewery the honor. Yeah, I believe he played for quite a few teams. I'll get his career stats. They're pretty good He's like a career 250 hitter for a catcher and he was an NLB for like 15 years And I was like what? This man was we're making fun of the man. He's a great player Livers rated rookie pink velocity to a 79. Do you have one on top of your head? Bill Hall, yeah, most is moody rated a rookie Warriors. I put up there Lighted up Luka Donch. It's Sherrard. Oh, I'm not like the right mind to think of these names right now Daily green rated Riki. Where's the one we need him? I know John Halducroy holler rated Riki bulls. I have to assume him Nice one bulls Yankee legend Chris Carter, what about Tames Eric Tames. Oh, yeah, hollow Ratley Beale dominators That's a good one. That's a very good one. Caleb's boy Was it Travis Shaw? Yeah, he had some good seasons there he came up with the Red Sox actually read for the Hawks in Capella 2999 the mayor of Ding-Dong City Jalen sucks rated Riki magic with a hollow will Barton Nuggets Prince is like he was at Hall of Fame level for a while Spurs Riki optographs Joshua Primo Number 88 of 99 So I hate people watching on tiktok. We're not dead yet. Whoa, Zyra Williams Grizzly's hollow selfish Jalen Brown off dude brutal See how low we can go Back up the night what did I say?  Is that a common dish you're from like what are you trying to say? They're like, oh, it's supposed to be like this like, okay Durant and a rose hollow all-stars What up illegal The smile Michael is where 75 years D Wade? I don't know man.  You can only watch Thursday night football on prime video really? What are we gonna do? Is that true everyone? Can you only watch the game on prime video? JT Thor lime green 134 of 149 for the Hornets You know our broovers legends illegal hollow John wall Rockets. I'm gonna go home right now NFL sold out Franz Wagner Lighted up Trey young Apple as well. John, I think a minger rated rookie 75 years Tatum. So yeah, my bruised legend. I think I was Eric Thames Hollow stargazing Anthony Davis Lakers I Sure the business has an Amazon account Jalen Suggs hollow Chris Middleton bucks Moses moody rated rookie for the Warriors We have to watch Broncos Seahawks for Iran 75 years LeBron James You see this crazy high-scoring game in the Chiefs and charters. No, I saw a ground out to short in this Detroit Tigers game 135 of 149 wizards And I just slam the Tigers bones highlands hollow spurs Yacopoldo Just gotta be just prime I would think Evan mobility rated rookie calves blue for the Pacers to Montess upon us 44 59 Davion Mitchell and a hollow Scotty Lewis rated rookie Hornets. Let's see Luminance guys 15 to go 15 to go Yep, just two breaks tonight with spots left Luminance and select Luminance six box break select six box break Random teams luminance to your random team select Hollow Covington Blazers. Oh, man. Where's Red Sox? You got a gold Kauai Leonard Pascal see y'all come Clippers Raptors all stars five out of ten We'll go ahead and random that one Round that one at the end here Nice card. Good luck on that random Josh giddy rated rookie followed by 75 years Chris Paul Gary Trent Jr. Red 40 of 99 Raptors Hollow Westbrook Lakers Isaiah Jackson Orange Hawks Bogdan Bogdanovich 149 of 199 Hollow rated rookie Pelican Stray Murphy the third Jalen Suggs four of ten of the gold optographs magic Big card magic Nice rookie Otto there. It's been a great six box break. That's Jersey number. All right Congrats magic Hollow rating three Sonics Ray Allen. Yeah, not yet illegal not yet Lime green Josh Hart pelicans 109 of 149 hollow Nurkitsch Blazers Jayden Springer lighted up hollow bull Zach Levine hollow Kauai Leonard Clippers Downtown and basketball is in one and one 75 years Jamal Murray Blue Chris Duarte nice one Pacers 59 of 59 on the rated rookie. All right, I'll do it Let's do one random then a recap last last week's games. That's illegal. Thanks illegal Game that happened three nights ago That's pretty terrible. You know how many people are actively signing up for Amazon right now though. Yeah Genius all right gold all stars Clippers Raptors Leonard and Siakum again The others were went one way, but I said if we get a pretty nice little number one that would random it here So we're gonna do that Clippers Raptors. Good luck nine times whichever teams up top gets the card one two three four five six seven eight and nine So let's go into the Clippers was on that one. All right. We had Sun's auto Alfred Payton Dominators auto to 99 optographs Joshua Primo Spurs to 99 Botan Jason Tatum Celtics bulls auto Joe Kim Noah Nets rated rookie auto Cameron Thomas hollow Jalen Johnson rated rookie auto for the Hawks orange rated rookie Evan Wobbley for the Cavaliers Number 80 of 199 blue rated rookie Thunder Josh Giddy numbered 43 of 59 and gold optographs magic Jalen Suggs with the Jersey number match 410 That'll do it. Thanks again everybody. We've got more optic coming up


Welcome this evening to the sixth annual Great Decision Series, and this is co-sponsored by the Meade Public Library and the Sheboygan Branch of the American Association of University Women, which incidentally is celebrating its 100th year of empowering women and girls this year. Yes. Thank you. We always welcome new members to help us with our mission, and so membership information is available on the Sheboygan Branch's website. So if you put Sheboygan AEUW into whatever search engine you have, it will pop up and you can become a member, and I encourage you to do that because we're great people. The Sheboygan Branch of AEUW gives scholarships every year to non-traditional women students. This year we gave three $3,000 scholarships to local non-traditional women students, and they are excellent people. Another project of the branch is our annual STEM event for sixth to ninth grade girls to inspire them to consider careers in science, technology, engineering, and math. Last year we registered 86 girls. This year our event is November 4th. Registration information is available on our branch website or Facebook. Great Decisions is a project of the Foreign Policy Association, which also publishes a book and DVD with information about eight timely topics. You can order a book or DVD through the Foreign Policy Association online. We are indebted to the work of the Mead Librarian Aubrey Locks. Where's Aubrey? She's not here. Okay. For her work in arranging the schedule of these programs, our final topic will be war crimes. Before introducing tonight's speaker, I would like to thank Scott Miliff, Director of WSCS, and his cameraman for taping our Great Decisions programs for viewing on WSCS. Tonight's topic is Global Famine, and will be presented by Elizabeth Wheat, Ph.D., Associate Professor in Public Environmental Affairs and Political Science at the UWGB. Dr. Wheat completed her Master's Degree in Public Affairs at Indiana University and her Doctorate in Political Science at Western Michigan University. She is currently pursuing a Master's in Social Work at UWGB with a field placement at World Relief working with refugees. That's really cool. Elizabeth teaches courses in Global Environmental Politics, Environmental Law and Policy, and Natural Resources, to name a few. She also serves on the board for Midwest Environmental Advocates, Wisconsin Conservation Voters, and the Green Bay Water Utility. She is a proud dog mama to three rescue pups and co-exists with her adopted cat. Oh my gosh, a reg doll named Dolly Potton. That's cute. Dr. Wheat will speak for 45 minutes. Afterwards, we'll have about a 15-minute Q&A. We need to leave the room by 8 o'clock, so we'll keep that in mind as we go take questions. And if Dr. Wheat talks a little bit longer, that'll be fine. But we'll stop yet, about 7.30. So please raise your hand if you have a question, and wait for me to bring the mic to you. That way everybody will be able to hear what you're asking. So, welcome Dr. Wheat. Thank you. Yes, thank you. All right. Thank you very much for inviting me back. I really, I love being part of this series, both here and in Manitowoc. Sometimes it's in my area of expertise, other times it's a brand new topic. And I think as an educator, I'm still a student at heart and really enjoy learning about topics. So thank you very much for coming tonight. So the overview tonight, we'll be looking at one of the most extreme situations right now of global famine. There are currently about 345.2 million people projected to be food insecure in 2023. This is double what we faced just three years ago in 2020. And it's 200 million people more than the pre-pandemic. 900,000 people are trying to survive in famine-like conditions, which is five times the rate of just five years ago. 828 million hungry people exist in the world, with 349 million facing severe hunger. So we really are observing the largest global food crisis in modern history, which is part of why I would suspect the Foreign Policy Association chose this as a topic to feature this year. We first have to start by looking at what is famine. And you can see the UN definition up here. Famine is declared when malnutrition is widespread and when people have started dying of starvation through a lack of access to sufficient nutritious food. And so certain conditions have to be met before a famine can be designated. And we'll talk about some of those conditions and how those get applied. But there's a few characteristics to highlight first. And think of this really as a combination of multiple factors interacting, but we'll talk about some of the primary ones. So when we're looking at the characteristics, the first one is the lack of access to adequate food. And we'll talk more about food insecurity in a couple of those slides. The next is acute malnutrition. This is looking at the deprivation of essential vitamins and this can cause developmental delays and a whole host of problems, especially for children. And another aspect without malnutrition is stunted growth and then also making people more prone to disease. We'll discuss impacts with COVID a bit later, but all of these are really are complex factors that can have pretty big impacts on a person's body. With poor health, this will relate to stunted growth, but also people being more likely to dive illness, being underweight, risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. And so famine is going to be one of these contributing factors to a lot of other issues. And then we have excess mortality or death. 45 million people are at the emergency phase of food insecurity right now, which is the last step before famine. So we've got a lot of people really on the edge of an even worse situation. The issues of hunger and food insecurity often get talked about interchangeably with famine, but they're really different meanings. And so looking at what the FAO will describe hunger as the physical discomfort caused by a lack of food. It becomes chronic if someone doesn't consume enough calories or dietary energy on a regular basis. So it's one thing if you skip lunch, you might be a little bit of extra hungry at dinner. That's going to be different than if you're going days and days without food. And so when this happens on a regular basis, it will affect your ability to lead a healthy life and then going to cause more problems. With food insecurity, this is looking more at access. And so here it's lacking regular access to enough, obviously the resources and nutritious food that you need to develop and to grow and to again lead that healthy, active life. This could be due to a lot of reasons. Maybe there's an unavailability of food in the area that you're in and we'll talk about some countries where that's a problem. It could also be a lack of resources to obtain food. Maybe you're in a civil war torn area and there isn't a safe way to get to a store or we're seeing right now in Ukraine where the stores don't exist. So there can be a lot of factors for that access. And so the connection essentially here is if someone is food insecure and they run out of food, they're likely going to experience hunger over time that can lead to malnutrition and insecurity. The IPC classification is one that you'll see on the next slide as well. Phase five is the famine stage. And I'll show you a graphic with the first four stages. But when we get to phase five, it's a system that's designated by the UN to evaluate what a country's food situation is like. It'll look at a lot of different reports, different factors. It's great data if you really want to, if your numbers cruncher and want to see the visuals on this. It's a good site. And there's a state of food security report that they publish and nutrition that looks at global food crises. And so I'll be showing you quite a few from that. So the thought may be a little tiny to see. Don't worry about it too much. Green is going to be the entry level. So no food insecurity, no crisis at that point. Okay, that's the top one. At that point, a household is able to meet their basic needs. And we're focused mostly on, the last column just says priority response objectives. So you've got the phase, the description, and then the response. So a phase one response is going to be a lot of resilience building, maybe advanced food packets if there's a disaster, a little bit preventative and kind of immediate response driven. Phase two, which is the, or citrus orange we'll go with, light orange. The, there we go. The households have enough food, but they're unable to afford some essential non food, essential non food expenditures. Okay. And so they're starting to engage in some stress behaviors. So maybe they're having to travel a little bit further. Maybe they're having to go to a food bank. The response at that stage is still disaster risk reduction and trying to protect the livelihood. So people can afford food. Phase three is where it starts to get pretty dangerous at this stage. A household has either a gap in their food consumption that can lead to malnutrition or they're only able to meet their basic needs. If they use their essential household assets. So maybe they're having to sell items, sell a car to pay for food that that phase three is the urgent action required. So at this point, the international aid community starts to get really concerned and really involved. How do we protect livelihoods? How do we provide food? Okay. At phase four, that's our emergency stage. And at this point, bigger food consumption gaps, huge nutrition problems, malnutrition problems. And you can only meet those consumption gaps if you use emergency strategies and you really start to liquidate all of your assets. Okay. So at that point, the response is to save lives and livelihoods. And so these are bad, right? None of these stages are great. So by the time we get to the actual famine stage on the bottom, households lack food. They lack basic needs. They don't have a lot of coping strategies available. We're looking at starvation, death, destruction, malnutrition. And so the action at that point is to start preventing death and total collapse of these livelihoods. And so none of these are great, but we have a lot of people at that famine stage. And so we'll talk about some of the challenges that presents. This is just a nice graphic. I won't spend too much time on. But I think it highlights the different elements of food security. So the big four are availability, access, stability and utilization. Sometimes famine gets talked about primarily with, well, we can't access the food that exists, but we can't get to it. And it's really more complicated than that. And I think in the last three years, we've seen more examples of this where it can just be hard to get to things. Like you think of the toilet paper shortages or how long we had to search for pasta for some reason for a while. We saw these breaks in the supply chain, but we're also not in a country where we can live without pasta. I mean, it's sad, but we're not going to starve if we can't get our spaghetti. And other countries don't. If you have a heavy grain dependent country and we look at that availability with the production, if grain is not going to be produced, that's a huge part of your diet. It's going to be more expensive for you to get grain if there's not as much out there, your classic supply and demand. Safety and hygiene and storage. One of the issues that's contributing to a lot of the African famine issues is the storage capabilities. And with a lot of developing countries, storage can be a challenge. Eating fresh, you go to the market, you buy what you need as you're going to use it. It's hard to hold on to things for a while. So it's hard to stockpile in case there's a crisis. All right, we'll take a look at a few of the causal factors with famine. A conflict is going to be one of the biggest. And this will be a common theme that we see in the case studies and one of the most difficult barriers to overcome in actually addressing famine. 70% of the world's hungry people live in areas that are facing war and violence. And so I'll talk through a few of the ways that conflict contributes to famine. Starting with a forced displacement, you can have multiple aspects of this where communities who live off the land, if they're forced to move, then they're disconnected from their food source because they're living off the land that they would own. Conflict can also jeopardize agriculture and livestock. And so we're really seeing this right now again in the Ukraine with grain crops being affected because the conflict has gone on for so long. Additionally, people are not able to work or earn money. So when the food prices rise, it can be very difficult to afford those additional expenses. And then depending on the conflict, aid organizations may not be able to reach affected people with humanitarian aid. And we'll see this in one of the case studies as well. And then lastly with increased migration, we'll talk about this when we discuss Ethiopia. But people are fleeing to areas for safety and also for resources. This really is putting a tremendous strain on other countries that are welcoming people that are fleeing, the refugees that are fleeing. And the journey itself is also difficult. It's not like there's a lot of places where sanitation and food provisions along the way mentioned in my introduction. I finished my placement at World Relief in May and I worked with a lot of Afghan clients who had fled when the Taliban took over. And just hearing their stories of not just the emotional trauma of leaving, but just the difficulty of it. Especially if you had young children, how to take care of them, how to provide food for them. Because these are families who are fleeing with what's on their back and what they can carry. And so when you look at really long migrations and depending on how welcoming the country is that they go to, you can really see a lot of food crisis problems happening. With the experts looking at climate change, we've heard a lot about this on the news. The last couple of days have been a little toasty around here too. We're all seeing different measures and impacts with climate change. Globally we're seeing more extreme weather events, flooding, cyclones and droughts. And these climate shocks can really have a big impact on people already on the edge. They're disrupting crops and livelihood. It can make it really difficult for people to feed themselves. With chronic poverty, if you're unable to afford nutritious food, that can contribute to under nourishment and then making it difficult to work to then afford more food. And so the poverty really just makes it very difficult. We talk a lot in the U.S. about food deserts. Green Bay has been working through this quite a bit of not having grocery stores with fresh, healthy produce available in certain areas of town. So like there isn't a good grocery store downtown in downtown Green Bay. Third largest city in the state. So if you're someone who lives downtown, if you don't drive, if you don't have a car, our mass transit is not great. It can be really difficult to access healthy produce. And globally that's going to be even more of a challenge. And then with global fertilizer costs, this has been a big, big challenge, particularly with the conflict in Ukraine. Global food prices, fertilizer prices have climbed faster than food prices. And those food prices are also at a 10-year high. The war in Ukraine has really disrupted global fertilizer production. We might not have known, I didn't know until I started getting into this topic that Ukraine was such a big producer of global fertilizer. I was not aware of that connection. And so it was another aspect of that conflict, really having a global impact. The crops you see listed here of wheat, maize, soybean, and rice, production of all four of these declined in 2022. And so we are also getting really concerned about a food availability crisis that's looming. And then lastly, looking at operating costs of organizations. The food prices have also hit them, and the fuel prices have hit them. So if you want an example, World Food Program, which you'll hear about a lot tonight, they're the main UN organization that does a lot of food programs and aid relief. They have a really good global monitoring system. Their costs of operation in 2022 were 44% higher than what they had been in 2019. That's the difference of feeding 4 million people for one month. It's a huge, huge impact. They spent $14 billion in 2022 doing their work. That's a lot of money, and it is an unsustainable budget. And so it really is a red flag for us to start thinking about some of the systemic issues so that World Food Program isn't needed that much because they can't sustain. They're not going to be able to get that level of funding year after year. But there's a need for it, if not even for more. The visuals, again, this is a really cool map. You can go to the World Food Program's website and just put in Hunger Map. And this will look different every time you pull it up. So on the very bottom, you see those little icons. The first one is hazards. Then you have conflict. Then you have undernourishment. The little people are food consumption, vegetation, rainfall. And then it'll give you the food level classification. Remember that five is famine. Changes all the time. I love GIS maps. I think they're fascinating. And so you can see here the blue circles are the percentage of people living in areas with rainfall. And so there's a lot of different metrics. And so I'm going to show you screenshots throughout the presentation of what some of these countries look like based on the live GIS map. All right, we'll look at some of the impacts of COVID on famine. And I will preface this by saying that there are a lot of different aspects. I focused on the ones that were most relevant to our topic tonight. There's certainly no shortage of difficulties there. And we also don't know entirely the long-term effects of this. Right now it is projected to have a long-term famine projections. 30 million more people are projected to be undernourished by 2030 because of disruptions from the pandemic. So again, I don't have a lot of good stats tonight. I'm very sorry. They're not cheerful. We'll get to the cheerful part at the end, but there's a lot of dark numbers to get us there. Let's first look at food insecurity. As many people have experienced, even in the U.S. and other developed countries, reduced incomes had a big impact. And that contributed to a lot of health issues. 5.5 million children in East Africa are facing high levels of malnutrition, largely due to compound COVID effects, intense drought, and then the Ukraine crisis. It's a very grain-dependent area. Less than 40% of children in the Middle East and Northern Africa have access to the nutritious diets that they need to grow properly. And then we have increased vulnerability from COVID for both the elderly and immunocompromised. COVID makes you more vulnerable to malnutrition. Malnutrition also makes you more vulnerable to different diseases. And so you have this unfortunate cyclical effect of not being able to get enough food, needing to eat to fight that pandemic, along with other illnesses. And then you have varying levels of access to treatment. And whether that's medicine or vaccines, there are a lot of moving pieces with that COVID treatment that are very easy to access in a developed country, really challenging, especially in some rural areas of developing countries. For economic effects, it's projected that the economic impact of COVID-19 may result in $29.7 billion in losses in 2022, just due to the excess stunting in child mortality. It's huge, and it's just one slice of metrics that we're looking at. So more burdens on the healthcare system, education system. We'll talk about some other effects on children in a bit. But I do want to have one happy stat for you. For every dollar invested in nutrition, $16 is returned to the local economy. So there's some promise there. And that's part of why eight organizations and schools and governments are trying to do more of these kinds of programs where they can invest in whether it's a school meals program, which we'll talk about, or other ways to address nutrition aspects. For the supply chain disruptions, this led to increased food prices and higher rates of food insecurity. This had a really disproportionate effect on small-scale farmers and people who were kind of in an informal market, so different sellers or traders. So you think about, you know, in some of the islands of the Philippines or Indonesia, there will be sort of a local shop where the shop owner will buy supplies coming in and then sell them for a slight markup to make a profit in the community. That's how the family survives. And there's a very, very small margin of profit in these cases. If they have to pay higher prices to get those goods coming in, they're not going to be able to sell that back to the community and make a profit. They might at best break even. And because they're in the informal market, there's not a government to go to necessarily. There's not aid that you can access. There's just not the resources that a lot of developed countries have. And then we also have restricted supply deliveries. We experienced that with shortages of technology, of toilet paper, of, again, the root spaghetti thing. I apparently eat a lot of pasta. I'm very hungry all the time. But, you know, we had a lot of those shortages, some really trivial, some really significant. Mentioned in my bio, you know, I have dogs. I had a lot of health issues that came up with my animals in the pandemic. And there was a supply shortage and disruption of medicine that they needed for anesthesia. A good friend is fighting cancer.  And so this against small examples and really life-threatening ones that we experienced too. And then with fatalities, the World Health Organization estimates around 7 million deaths globally. The caveat there from COVID. The caveat there is some countries deny COVID exists, so they don't report deaths. And the other factor is whether or not they report a death as due to COVID. Some states don't. And the U.S. actually isn't doing that as much now once the public health emergency ended. Okay. It can hurt hospital metric data, essentially. And so there's a lot of reporting things. But even if it's really low, there's still a lot of people. These people had communities. They had families. They were working in the economies. And so it's a big impact. Some of the different case studies have to talk about the Ukraine here and pre-Russia invasion. So if we look at November 2021, just a few months before Russia went in, 28% of Ukraine's population experienced moderate to severe food insecurity. That's before the conflict. Okay. It's projected to increase to as high as 40. And I will say that is very likely higher now because in July, I believe it was July of this summer, Russia withdrew from an agreement that allowed the Ukraine to import grains in the sea. So a lot of the Russia-contested area has been in southern Ukraine with the Odessa port. And Russia had an agreement in the Black Sea with the Ukraine to allow Ukraine to import grain. And they withdrew from that. And it's had just devastating effects. We'll talk about what it did for Yemen in a little bit, but it's affected global prices. Russia is getting very frustrated with the pace of the Ukraine conflict. And this was one way to essentially weaponize food and weaponize poverty. Then we get to the displacement aspect. A lot of people have had to flee the country. We're now starting to see some trying to go back. But there's massive displacement. People often lost their employment. And then we see a lot of harm to the crops and harvesting. The war has damaged nearly a third of the entire global wheat market. Okay. And this has led to some of the highest food commodity rates we've ever seen. With the economic impacts, global food prices have surged at their fastest rate ever just in March with a 13% jump for record highs. And so if you're an import dependent country, which a number of the Middle East and Northern African countries are, they're having to pay so much more for grain-based foods and for grain itself. The prices have just skyrocketed. I'll give you a few examples. The cost of the minimum monthly food needs is up 351% in Lebanon, 97% in Syria, 81% in Yemen. And it's not like food was achieved to begin with. That's the increased percentage. Wheat flour and cooking oil can be up as much as 47% in the region. These are tremendous increases in countries that were already struggling with poverty. In Somalia, wheat and oil prices increased 300%. And one of the poorest countries in the world. Related to all of this is in higher natural gas break. Now this has been fluctuating quite a bit this year. But in, so in August of the conflict, the price is going to skyrocket about 80% per megawatt hour. Europe was hit the hardest because they receive about 40% of their natural gas from Russia, but it travels through the Ukraine. And so as the US has put sanctions on Russia, it made it difficult to do business. Russia is, of course, stopping a lot of the transport of the natural gas through the Ukraine. Germany was having the most vocal about the challenges that they've experienced. But it really has been a big issue for a lot of the European countries. And this is the hunger map of Ukraine. And so you can see the darker and area is the worst. So red is going to be kind of our worst area. At above 40% that are experiencing insufficient food consumption. And you can see again on the eastern side, we also see with a lot of conflict close to the Russian border and then in the south. I took this screenshot a couple of months ago. I would guess that if you pulled one today after the grain blockade has been put in place, I would guess you see much hot, the kind of the yellowish ones in the south. I would bet you see those closer to red now because they're not able to get the grain that they used to be able to. And as population numbers and a lot of other rates that you can look at, on the left-hand side, you see the trend up. Not good. Basically people with problems of food consumption. That's what the top one is. On another really cheerful case study, it's important to look at what's going on with Somalia. About 200,000 people are at risk of famine, 1 million in need. And recent humanitarian assessments put Somalia at a stage five. And over 3 million people aren't unable to meet their daily food needs. The three biggest factors are conflict, high food prices, and drought. With the conflict, El Shabaab, which is an Islamic militant group, controls some areas, and the Somali transitional government controls other areas. And so civilians are getting killed at very high rates. And the fighting parties are cutting off access to the supplies and services that are important for those civilians. A third of the people who need help are living in areas controlled by El Shabaab. So they really are trying to starve civilians into compliance or to starve them in a way to persuade them to support the militant group because the government is so limited as to what it can provide. The UN Emergency Relief Coordinator characterized this by saying hunger is used as a tactic of war, which applies not just to Somalia but really to every case study that we're going to look at. Additional risks with climate change are hitting Somalia very hard, particularly droughts, floods, desertification, and water scarcity. When you look at where a lot of the temperatures are worsening, they're hitting sort of sub-Saharan Africa very, very hard right now. So they're unable to grow crops and need a lot of assistance in that area. Somali refugees primarily flee to Kenya and Ethiopia. And think about what we've just learned about the challenges Ethiopia is facing. Now you have an influx of refugees further straining your limited resources. In Kenya, there's the Dabab refugee camp. It's one of the largest in the world. It actually looks like a midi city. So it'll have generators, five different units of it. Over 80,000 people arrived most in the last two years just from these conflicts. 24,000 arrived from last September to December. That's a huge increase. And I can say that especially having been a case manager now where I had two families, it's a lot of work to get someone settled in a new place and to provide them with services and we're in a developed country where we have services to provide. Getting an influx of that many people is really difficult to sustain. And so you have limited resources in these refugee camps, cholera outbreaks. And then the last estimate extra from July 2020, so very likely higher now, was 218,873 refugees and asylum seekers in this camp. It's bigger than Green Bay. Green Bay proper. So when you think of camps, we're not talking tents and little pitched fire stoves. We're talking small cities that we call camps implying that they are temporary. What also makes it tricky with Kenya is that Kenya will not grant Somali's refugee citizenship.  You can return home, claim asylum in your new country or you resettle in a third country. Kenya's basically saying option A or C is what you need to go with.  So the refugee, the Somali refugees, there are multi-generations that are living in this camp. They have only known refugee life in that camp. And so it really is a dire situation for Somalia and putting a big strain on Kenya and Ethiopia too. The whole country's red. So it's just a very difficult environment. You're looking at very high rates of malnutrition, about just a 15 million people with insufficient food combination. And the population is around 16.4. So almost the entire population is facing insufficient food consumption in Somalia. Looking at Nigeria, Nigeria is facing a lot of issues with Boko Haram. And you may have heard about them a few years ago, but more than we do now, they attack both military and civilian targets. But they're the organization that became sort of most infamous for kidnapping children, particularly women and girls. And so that was what they were involved in. And so that's kind of some of the conflict background with this. And we'll circle back to kind of why that's an issue too. This is also a country on the brink of famine, particularly in the Northeast where that conflict is taking place. 4.1 million people are facing acute food insecurity. And most people are at a three or four on a food insecurity scale. So it is really dire for a lot of people. And it's projected to worsen as the lean season comes up, which takes us back to that storage issue. It's really difficult to store goods and crops to get you through the tougher seasons. Many of the people in this area are unreachable for humanitarian assistance. And so it's difficult to do accurate assessments. It's difficult to figure out not only what people need, but how do we get it to them? Really, really dangerous areas to work in. And then at the macroeconomic level, a lot of new economic policies have been put in place in recent years. But they're dealing with currency shortages, lower government revenue as crude oil production changes. And with so much they can produce, and other countries, primarily Middle Eastern countries, have upped their production. The U.S. also has tried to increase production. And Nigeria has a very oil dependent economy. And so it's been difficult to replace that revenue. And then food inflation rates have been rising. They did have an election in March 2023. And I think it was right around the time that I was talking about this in Manitowoc. And my notes were a little more optimistic at that point. There was tremendous hope for this election that people were really frustrated with what was going on with the government. You get to see the results of it. So still a heavily contested election. And it ran into a lot of logistical issues with polling stations, but also the currency loss, which you might not think about having an impact on an election, but people couldn't afford to get to polling sites. And so they had a record youth turnout, but turnout as a whole was down. And so the incumbent party is re-elected. It's a new president, but it's the same political party. And so we're just going to kind of wait and see to what policy changes are going to be put in place. We just don't know yet. I'm optimistic that there was a pretty good youth turnout because in every country, that's an obstacle that we face. So I'm hoping that that signals a new direction that the country wants to go in. We'll have to wait and see on that one. And then this is Nigeria's map. So similar, we don't have any information on the southwestern quarter. Most of our information is from the other three quarters of the country. We don't have accurate population data, so it makes it difficult to say what percentage is affected, but about 50.4 million people exist with insufficient food consumption, and those are just the ones we know. And so it's still a very dire situation. But hopefully the new government can make some progress on that. And then we mentioned Ethiopia a few times. Ethiopia primarily in the northern region is also on the brink of famine, with 13 million people in need of food assistance. And the famine risk has gone down very slightly as they've tried to put in different farming techniques or roads to transport goods a little bit easier, but still have a ways to go. In 2022, their agricultural season had a lower than average harvest. And so households had to use their own supplies much earlier, and then they had to rely on the markets for additional food. But they had less purchasing power and less income to do that. And so it really stressed a lot of the economic options that they had. Also in the northern areas, there's been more of the conflict has been. And, you know, the Tigray area temporary was a good word choice on that one. The Tigray area was temporarily calm, and they were able to restore a lot of resources until April of this year. And it was actually right after, I think within right after I gave the, I talked about this before, because at that point, the aid halted. You might be asking, why would you halt humanitarian aid to one of the worst areas in the world? Well, as it is estimated, 1,400 people in Tigray have been starved to death since the aid was suspended. Now the World Food Program in USAID, who are the main donors, didn't make this decision lightly. What they discovered in the investigation is continuing that they found that the aid was being distributed on alternate markets. And last count I saw was about 500 cases of corruption where people were government officials and others were taking the aid and reselling it. So the aid was not getting to the communities that needed it. And so they felt that the appropriate decision at the time was to halt the aid until they can figure out a way to make sure it gets where it needs to go. But it's led to a lot of deaths as a result of that decision. Another group in the UN office, the UN is called the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. They have been able to access some areas outside of Tigray, Tigray against one of the northern provinces. They're still seeing a lot of displaced people because now you have people trying to get out of Tigray because there's no food there. So they're trying to go to other countries or trying to go to other parts within Ethiopia. Let's not leave out the south and southeastern areas of Ethiopia. This is where we see the drought. Tremendous loss of livestock and reduced livestock production. And then also the reduction in household access to food and income. These are both going to be exacerbated by climate change. And then at the country level, Ethiopia is also struggling with low government revenue, very high inflation, high import costs. Government has also reduced fuel subsidies. So it makes your fuel more expensive to purchase. And food prices have also climbed. And so there are a lot of moving pieces that have made it a very difficult space. And here you can see, again, the areas that are affected. Tigray is the one at the very top on the left. And it's such a difficult area and we just don't have good data on it right now. It is very likely worse than what we are projecting or anticipating. Looking at the south Sudan, they're on the brink of famine. So they're currently classified as a level three. South Sudan became an independent country a number of years ago from Sudan and really have struggled in a lot of areas since. Civil war has led to mass displacement and a lot of abandoned fields, which is going to contribute to the crop issues that we've discussed. 7.76 million, but two-thirds of the population face food insecurity. 1.4 million children malnourished. Conflict will be a common theme. It's displaced about 3.5 million people and disrupted the agricultural productions. Here you also get flooding. So flooding is taking out the crops, taking out livestock. Over half of the country's water points have been damaged and led to more cholera outbreaks as well. Some countries actually, some counties in the country are also experiencing more drought, some drought conditions, but flooding has been a big one there. It is also one of the most dangerous places to be an aid worker with 319 violent incidents in 2022 that target humanitarian personnel. And so it's really been challenged for the aid workers to even get in there and do anything. It kind of depends on the country. It could be an attack on the village. It could be an explosive bomb. It could be kidnapping, could be burning down the village, killing all the crops, slaughtering the livestock. It really just kind of depends on if you're looking at political violence or if you're looking at, I mean, actually the food supplies and that kind of issue. So it's not just human beings. Correct. Correct. Thank you. And then here's the map with the country, with South Sudan all in red. Just over half the population insufficient food consumption. 6.8 million out of 11. Yemen is, I think, one of the countries that has been most affected by the stoppage of grain because they received so much from the Ukraine. Prices are now seven times higher than they were in 2015. And this is an incredibly poor country already struggling. One child dies every 10 minutes from preventable causes, including hunger. The largest emergency response in the world by the World Food Program has been in Yemen. And they've done a lot of work with rebel-held areas to try and deliver food. The armed conflict has gone on for more than seven years and it is one of the worst humanitarian crises that we are experiencing. Saudi Arabia has led a military coalition that has blockaded a lot of the ports and we have had about four million people displaced from their homes. And so Yemen really is dire in every aspect. 17 to 19 million people are food insecure, 23.4 million in need of humanitarian assistance. And 538,000 people are severely malnourished. I will say, you know, the World Food Program, they have their own shipping unit, mobile cranes that they can use in ports, and so they supply, they provide supplies for 40% of the Yemeni people each month. So they're really investing as much as possible in here. The rates of malnutrition among women and children are the highest in the world and 3.5 million women and children need treatment for severe malnutrition. 2.2 million children under the age of five are at risk of malnutrition. 50,000 children do not receive enough food each day and then 1.3 million pregnant or breastfeeding women are also at risk for acute malnutrition. And so you're really seeing the developmental issues start at a young age and continuing on. And then here's your hunger map for Yemen. About 15.2 million people with insufficient food consumption out of a population of 30 million. There are 20 hunger hotspots that the UN has identified. I pulled a few of the areas of concern with Afghanistan, Central African Republic, DRC, Haiti, Honduras, Sudan, and Syria. And these are areas where the UN is concerned about the conflict, the economics, and the natural disasters putting even more lives at risk. And with Afghanistan, a lot of this has worsened since the fall of government and Taliban taking over. You have a lot of the funding for development that was frozen once the Taliban took control. Humanitarian crisis worsened. 6 million of the country's 39 million people are at risk of famine. It's a huge percentage in the country now. 1 million kids face malnutrition and death if they don't get proper treatment. And it's even worse for girls. And so there's a lot of gender discrimination. Girls not being allowed to go to school. Low priority for being fed essentially. Forced marriages, dowries, and a lot of traditions that really put girls at a distinct disadvantage. There's also increasing high rates of food insecurity globally, not just limited to those countries. And the risks for children really can get compounded in a lot of ways where it could be developmental. They're not receiving enough nutrition to develop, but also for their education. Because as more families are in poverty, the kids are often pulled out of school and sent to work. Harmful in terms of some of the physical labor that they may be doing. And then also if they're sold as child brides because the family needs income or it's a cultural tradition, that is also going to cause issues there too. Some of them will send out to beg for the family and may only eat once a day. And then for women, it is also very dangerous. There are a lot of barriers to work, gender-based violence, forced labor, early marriage, pregnancy complications. Famine and a lack of nutrition and access to food increases the risk across the board. And it's already very high, particularly in some developing countries. And then lastly with refugees. I mentioned these a little bit earlier when we're looking at Kenya. The UN High Commission on Refugees is the UN agency that largely deals with refugees. They do some food security work, so they'll help with refugee camps and some of the child malnutrition areas. But the really big one in the World Food Program, in the UN system, is the World Food Program. And these are just a couple of other programs. I won't go into too much depth on these. But the World Food Program is one of the largest UN agencies. They help 87 million people around the world in about 83 countries. And they actually got the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020. They have 5600 trucks, 20 ships, and 92 planes to help deliver food assistance. And so really an incredible outreach on a global scale. And they also help with nutrition programs for mothers and children. And they've fed 16 million children in 60 different countries. So we can take a little happy turn as we start getting into some of the efforts that groups like this can do. This HELP plan focuses on turning crops into other grazing lands. So there's big barren fields into crop land that can be used in a region that's really benefitted. This program has benefited 2.5 million people and helped a lot with climate resiliency issues. The R4 program protects 360,000 farming and pastoral families from climate hazards. And they work in 14 different countries. And then just a kind of general coordination with governments and the World Food Program does a lot with the dangers of being an aid worker and trying to keep them safer in these areas. OCHA is another really good one. They have our early warning systems. And so trying to make sure the World Food Program has the best information in a timely manner. And then that resiliency aspect that we talked about. This is the food insecurity chart that the FAO uses. They're another organization in the UN. They primarily focus on one of the sustainable development goals dealing with hunger. And so you can see the green is food security and as it gets closer to the red it moves to severe food insecurity. So just kind of another way that they conceptualize what it means to have stable nutritious food versus kind of what it doesn't. And so where do we need? Like what are the next steps of the global level? We need better early warning systems and early intervention so that we don't get to the stage five in a lot of these countries. Cash is really important. That when people give cash in the countries they can then use that money in their own communities. And so it helps the community functioning better and it can be a better long-term development if those businesses are able to stay open with cash assistance. But it can't be a long-term solution but it's a good way to kind of meet some of those immediate needs and particularly for countries that don't have social safety nets. That cash assistance that groups provide can make a big difference. RUTFs, if any of you have served in the military this is probably sounding kind of familiar for you there. Slightly different name with the U.S. military but it's basically ready to use food so you can pack up meal packs and put it on some hot water and you have a nutritious soup. And I'll talk about some organizations later. I have not actually tried any of these. I did help pack them which I will get to in a second. The military ones, unless you're Gordon Ramsay I don't think that they taste great. They had a challenge with them but I'll defer to our military veterans for expertise on that one. Most of these RUTFs are made from powdered milk, peanuts, butter, vegetable oil, sugar and a mix of vitamins and minerals so they can be really good packets to distribute quickly. They can make a big difference. We need changes to our international humanitarian law. Using food or hunger as a weapon needs to be considered a war crime. It currently is not. But as we're seeing with a lot of these conflicts hunger is being weaponized and so I strongly agree with the scholars that make that argument. We need more UN Security Council resolutions. Security Council resolution 2417 condemned starving of civilians as a method of warfare and we need more actions like that to really make it clear that it's not acceptable to starve civilians. And then we need better conflict analysis. This can be more negotiations recognizing the impact of climate change on these food issues and trying to not just deliver the food but take a much more holistic approach to that. World Food Program is a really good program called Zero Hunger that talks about some of the different solutions. So we mentioned these a little bit earlier with breaking the conflict, poverty issues, connecting the rural farmers better, reducing food waste and then as a light solution if you go online and you Google the game Free Rice it will ask you different food related trivia and they donate 10 grains of rice for every question you answer correctly. So if you just want a little mood booster click some trivia questions donate some rice and it can be the simple things that really make a difference on that. So what can we do as global citizens? Support groups like the World Food Program promoting a planetary healthy diet eating less meat is one way because meat production especially industrial does lead to a lot of deforestation. It's not the only way also increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables growing what you can at home all of those steps really can add up. Eliminating our food waste 40% of food produced worldwide is wasted and ends up in landfills and so whether it's composting or distribution refrigeration technology all of those steps really can add up to the waste. Climate Smart Agriculture global food system is contributing 31% to global greenhouse gas emissions. So that climate change issue comes back we can have better food systems we can have a direct impact on climate change. Helping everyone afford nutritious diets which kind of relates to the last one of the universal school meals. 73 million students lack reliable access to school meals and so those really do make a big difference. And then the last one I promise are a few organizations that are reputable that if you want to support I certainly encourage you to do so. Feed My Starving Children is a Christian based organization they're the ones that I've packed meals for it's a very, it's a blast and you see all ages of people helping out with it you set up an assembly line like you scoop stuff in and they tell you exactly how much goes in pack it up send it out and so they're a really neat one. World Central Kitchen is the Jose Andreas one they respond all over the world usually within hours of a disaster and so when we had floods in Tennessee you know with the hurricanes we've had they're there they're also on the border of Poland and Ukraine. So they're really an incredible group they have served so in 2022 was they were in over 30 countries and just in Turkey alone 12 million people were helped after the disaster there. Care International is our Kiva one of my personal favorites they it's a micro-credit thing so you can pick an individual and give them money for a project and then it's a it's a lending system so the money they pay it off over time and then you can either withdraw your money or re-lend it to another individual and they partner with banks for people who couldn't get traditional loans and so I like to tell my students this one because if you're really overwhelmed with these issues you know my first loan was to this woman named Imelda in the Philippines and I still remember her face I still remember her story and my $25 helped her buy a fishing net which helped her feed her family and so I think sometimes these problems just seem too big to really take a step back and make a difference and so these are all programs that do that really well. Care is focusing on emergencies particularly fishers, small-scale farmers and pastoral economies and then one acre fund is an NGO that works to end hunger primarily in Kenya, Tanzania Rwanda, Burundi and Malawi and so they will help at this point they've helped farmers increase their profits by 40% per year for the ones that have participated in this program and I do a lot of really cool agricultural training in that kind of work I know it breeze through the last ones kind of quick I'm happy to answer any additional questions and a little bit longer than I hope but not too bad. For that world hunger map how do you get their information? You know they a lot of the data is going to be coming I think I'm fine with some details on this one they work in 94 different countries and so the world food program is gathering data a lot of it can be from staff some can be reported from the countries but they'll also use other information from the UN system so like the UN Environmental Program and the World Monetary and Meteorological Association is doing a lot of climate tracking so they're sort of our NOAA equivalent if they know there's going to be a huge typhoon coming into an area they can look at and prepare in advance for how that area might what food supplies they might need so they're gathering data from a lot of different sources they're also going to add in economic data from other parts of the UN I've not done a deep dive into all of the sources but the bulk of it is going to be data generated from within the UN what was the name of the organization you said had their own food trucks and they had their own cranes to go into harbors and World Food Program where do they get their food that's a good question I think some of it is I mean if it was available locally that's certainly going to be a priority it's going to be very conflict dependent and time dependent so if you have to donate and get a lot of money from a certain country that's close by and it's a very time sensitive situation then you're probably going to prioritize a country that's closer but that's a really good question I've never really looked into all of the supplies do they have warehouses I'm not sure on that yeah that's a good question on that second money and then they would pay back over time it's the third from the bottom I think my personal goal I want to donate to every country that they partner with and they put a few on hold right now so I'm like five countries short I think I met like 69 or 68 countries that I've supported over many years of teaching and working with students and that kind of thing I've only had a couple that have defaulted so I almost always get repaid it's very very rare that you see a default so I absolutely love them I just wanted to say that feeding my starving children is done here in Sheboygan oh great at First United Lutheran Church I think doing again this year and I believe last year I don't remember how many packets we got done but like 5,000 something like that yeah it's awesome if you go to feed my starving children's website you can put in your zip code and find out where the next packing dates are going to be so if you don't hear it locally from an organization you can also try and get your organization to be a site so if it's something that your church or your community organization wants to do you can reach out with them and they do a lot of publicity for you like I said I was not I wanted to do it to help and make a very tangible difference I was not expecting to have nearly as much fun and I think what makes it sound like a really soft hallmark commercial to see some of the little kids that wanted to be part of that and to see the parents explain you know here's why we're doing this here's the difference like your little scoop of corn is going to help these kids that you will never know you may never see or hear about but I think it was just such a good way again for kids to make a difference and not see everything that's so scary and depressing all the time because they're hearing a lot more I think now with social media and technology and to give them an opportunity to be involved in a really good thing is I think helpful and like I said genuinely fun mm-hmm well the idea of that is to make the enemies suffer and break the conflict to it earlier and easier or faster climax and what kind of trying to sell lets stop using food as a weapon mm-hmm just because economically there's so many indicators that say global or total war is better than of extended civil conflict you're not going to argue about that I think with some of the areas where I think I do see some potential like there are now global conventions and agreements on to war crime to target civilians you can engage in war you can engage in military targets but that's one of many reasons why the Russian conflict has been so controversial is that they're targeting schools they're targeting hospitals they're targeting targets that were previously considered off limits and so I think the hope with the famine argument or hunger argument is to make it more similar to the civilian protection arguments or not attacking diplomats or that kind of thing but yeah I think it is definitely going to be a very hard sell very commonly used and the effectiveness I think is a little more debatable on how helpful that is because conflicts like Somalia have gone on for so long and the starving is not working it's not it's a teacher well that's what Russia is hoping with ending this agreement in the Black Sea is they're hoping that it will continue to weaken Ukrainian resolve and it will weaken supporting countries that are now affected by not getting the grain that's exactly what Russia is hoping for some good friends that are Ukrainian so it's been particularly tough year and two of my students that I know are actually Russian were studying in the US at the time the conflict started and I will say from a teaching standpoint to see how other American students responded to these Russian students was a really eye-opening conversation because these are two kids who were scared for their families back in Russia unable to reach them and I think it humanized what some of the Russian people are dealing with and we haven't heard as much of that side it's not easy in Russia right now and I definitely teared up when some of the Russian exchange students at my undergrad had to go back they said this year the past year changed them and I think really inspired them to take actions in Russia when they get back but I think it made a lot me certainly but also a lot of other American students realize the privilege that we have in the things we don't have to think about so I feel for the civilians that are being affected by conflict they didn't choose at all Any other questions? If I know you're going to be quiet I had to slow down on those last couple slides Well thank you very much Thank you