This 10th year of Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners, thanks to all of you including Irwinster, Ken Hayes, Philip Shane, and our lifetime supporter, Monty Marvian. On this episode of DTNS, meta numbers showing some signs of reality. Proprietary software isn't always good for hardware, and BodeGram is with us making sense of the evolving changing options for EVs. Are we nearing an industry standard? This is the Daily Tech News for Friday, July 14th, 2023 from Studio Secret Bunker. I'm Sarah Lane. From the land of the 216, I'm Richard Raffaleno. I'm the show's producer, Roger Cheng. And joining us is host of the Kilowatt podcast, BodeGram. Hey, Bode. Hello. How is everybody today? Well, we're doing well. Better now that you're here, we're going to be talking to Bode a little bit later in the show about the whole idea of charging EVs and where that's going depending on what market you're in. But for now, just real quick before we get to the quick hits, wanted to let you know that Microsoft has named a new default typeface for its productivity apps, Aptos. Calibri has been Microsoft's default font since 2007, so this is kind of a big deal if you follow things like fonts. And now on to the quick hits. Meta confirmed it applied further measures to prevent users in the European Union from signing up and using threads. Many EU users report the service is no longer accessible in Europe using a VPN. That's, of course, relevant because earlier this month, the Guardian reported Meta didn't launch threads in the EU over legal uncertainty around the block's upcoming Digital Markets Act. Meta also announced a new text to image model called Chameleon, C-M-3-L-E-O-N, but pronounced Chameleon, capable of producing image captions as well. This is a transformer model, so it's different than using diffusion like Dolly to another image models. Meta also claims it requires a five times less compute and a smaller training data set than other transformer based approaches. The model can also understand instructions to edit an output as well as answer questions about a generated image. No word though on plans to release Chameleon to the public. Oh, the world of foldables keeps getting more interesting. We have on or launching their magic V2 foldable. This is in China for now. We don't know if it's coming to other markets, but its standout feature is it's 9.9 millimeters thick when folded and compared to the what is considered very thin pixel fold, it's 18% thinner than that device. It offers an external 6.43 inch screen and it unfolds into a 7.92 inch screen, both of which are 120 hertz. It offers 2023 Android flagship specs, pretty typical there with a 5,000 milliamp hour battery. It ships July 27th starting at $8,999 yuan. I'll save you the conversion. That's about $1,250 US dollars. According to documents seen by and sources speaking to Reuters, India's information and broadcasting ministry held a meeting with several streaming service providers, including Netflix and Disney proposing that content should be independently reviewed for obscenity and war violence prior to release. The streaming companies rejected the proposal. All theatrical films are reviewed and certified by a government board in India currently, but this doesn't apply to streaming content as of yet. The UK's Competition and Markets Authority, my personal favorite CMA, extended its deadline for a final decision on the Microsoft Activision Blizzard acquisition until August 29th. Additionally, Bloomberg sources say Microsoft and Activision Blizzard are considering selling off rights for cloud-based games in the UK as a possible concession to appease regulators in the country. Rich, let's talk about social networks. Where are we? The battle of the social networks rages on like we haven't seen in quite a few years here. We mentioned in GDI yesterday that Twitter has begun compensating some of its popular creators with a share of ad revenue for ads served in tweet replies. To be eligible, you need to be a Twitter blue subscriber with over 5 million tweet impressions a month for at least three months.  It's like a lot of people sharing the exact same screenshot, it seems like. It's also a little unclear why some prominent Twitter creators with large followings either didn't get payouts or just didn't say anything. Bodie, I'm curious, creators are used to being rewarded on a variety of networks when they get traction. There's a lot of different mechanisms for this. I'm curious, what do you think about Twitter's play here? Well, okay, so I spoke to my oldest daughter who's in the social media business and she was actually very surprised that Twitter could afford to pay anyone. There's several lawsuits with Twitter and unpaid severance packages and stuff like that. So she's a little concerned about that. Most people aren't going to be able to take advantage of this, especially me. So I really don't have too much to say on the matter. I do find it interesting that not in the article that you guys provided, but in the Twitter space, I've seen a lot of people talking about followers and it's really important that all of this is measured off of impressions, not followers. Yeah. And the other thing that stands out to me is that this is based on replies to tweet and a lot of other where you're talking about like TikTok snap or something like that, those are all based just on views, right? Like consuming content, not generating responses to your own content. Sarah, do you think that like changes up kind of the motivations and kind of like the thought process behind creating content on Twitter? Definitely. I think we've all gotten familiar, all of us who have been on social media for some time with the whole sort of like, Hey, look at this funny picture. Would you do this with your dog? That kind of thing because you're trying to get response. You know, you're trying to get engagement. You're trying to get a conversation going. Sometimes that's totally organic. Sometimes, you know, it's more of a click-mating thing. We've been doing this online for the dawn of the internet. Some of the Twitter folks who were like, wow, didn't even know I was about to get five grand. Thanks, Twitter. Thanks, Elon. That kind of stuff. You see a few of those posts and then you see 10 to 12 to 15 of those posts and you go, what's going on here? You know, and why do other content creators who say, well, I'm a subscriber, meaning I pay for Twitter blue, which you have to do. I Sarah Lane do not. So, you know, I wouldn't have expected Twitter to ever give me any money. But if you do that and you have enough engagement, meaning that you have a lot of impressions, a lot of impressions, let's be honest. You might get, you know, a little bit of a kickback. Everyone, the tone of all of this, you know, it all sounds like, wow, I just won the lottery. And it just strikes me as very odd. And perhaps because Twitter, you know, has fewer employees that might be in a marketing messaging PR department than before, that might be part of it. But yeah, it all seemed a little strange. I also do wonder considering that, you know, we've talked about this a couple of times now that Twitter is resource constrained, right? Whether it's they have reduced ad revenue been reported, they've made massive cuts to staff and stuff like that. I do wonder if potentially this could be seen by Twitter as a way to almost self moderate replies, right? Like if you're based, if your revenue is based directly on ads run in your replies, at a certain point one, I don't know, one would think on most other platforms that would give you an incentive to make your replies more ad friendly. I know Twitter has, you know, had cuts to content moderation teams and stuff like that. So maybe that has seen that. I don't want to say that's intentional. That may just be a side effect that I'm seeing and I'm putting those pieces together out of turn, but that also that thought also did strike me as well. Well, we would be remiss if we didn't talk about the challenger in the room seems like just less than a week ago, because it was meta is Twitter competitor threads reported a record 100 million signups in just five days. People went, whoa, the company itself said, wow, we did not, you know, think that so many people would, would care about it.  Sometimes it's just a shiny new thing now new data from 10 sensor tower rather shows that threads daily active users were down about 20% from Saturday and the time spent for users was down 50% from 20 minutes to 10 minutes. Data from similar web shows the same trend. Now, I think in general, especially when you've got a company like meta, you know, putting anything out there, this is to be expected. If the trend continues downward, I think, you know, it would be an issue. But, but yeah, for your a lot of folks who said, Justin Marbury young, a frequent contributor to the show among them saying, this isn't a really novel thing. This isn't that great. This isn't going to, you know, the be and all be all of, of, of social networking. Perhaps Rich, we're seeing some signs of that. Yeah, that or it could be that it's, it is an extraordinarily bare bones app at launch. I think also there's just less things to do in it than even, you know, than most other apps. So I also think that's a factor to it as well. All right. Well, in the growing market for e-bikes, the Dutch company van move has made a name for itself by taking a very designed forward. Some might even say Apple like approach companies bikes offer a minimalist look with no visible batteries or screens is pretty unique in the e-bike world. That doesn't mean though that they aren't tech forward, the bikes feature things like Apple find my integration remote unlocking and stolen bike recovery services on top of a fairly novel front spoke drivetrain. Van move bikes also a shoe industry standard third party parts with Van move handling its own supply chain. You just can't go buy your Shimano shifter and throw that on there. Oh no. All of the company's technology runs through its phone app. The problem though is that after pausing new orders, the company has now received a postponement of debt payments by Dutch courts and it's temporarily closed stores while attempts to restructure is basically the step you take before you file a more traditional bankruptcy. So Bode obviously a big problem for van move owners, but do you see, I guess, device app dependence as a bigger problem? I do. This was a huge van oof. Van move. Sorry. They were thinking outside the box with these rolling keys and then they got overly cute with features and ultimately that feature that was used to sell bikes is now a cautionary tale because a lot of people may receive brick bikes in a couple of weeks. Yeah. I've got a couple of friends who live in Amsterdam, which is in the Netherlands, Dutch company. And I said, did you ever heard of van move? Because I'm not familiar and they go, oh yeah, they're everywhere, everywhere. So this is not a few people who are going to be affected. This is a large swath of people who are going to be affected one way or another. Does the bike get bricked at this point? That would be a pretty big issue, but does it just not receive updates anymore? Also a big issue. If you're paying a premium for something like that. And to be clear, potentially affected because if they file something, like if they're filing a chapter seven, that's one thing. If they're filing a chapter 11, which is a business restructuring thing, usually the point of those kinds of filings is you're trying to keep the business running. And so they would keep their existential services running. Now, they've gone to the point where they've basically shut down every single way they can possibly make revenue, which is not a great sign, admittedly. The other interesting thing though is we're seeing their competitors trying to maybe make some inroads with their customers. The Belgian e-bike maker Cowboy released an iOS beta app called Bikie that will download and store the current unlock key from your VanMoof app in case the servers go offline. That'll only work for existing bikes, but not like if you bought one after theoretically the company went out of business, you would still be out of luck. And that wouldn't offer any of their dashboard functionality as well. But again, Sarah, to your point with having a huge market share, obviously there's an incentive there to make use of that. But with that market share, Bode, I'm wondering, do you see like in the event that they file this chapter, whatever bankruptcy they may end up filing, there's always the private equity swoops in and turns everything into a subscription? Yeah, honestly, I'm surprised that VanMoof didn't have something in place just in case this did happen. And especially when they are rolling closer towards chapter 11 or bankruptcy. I would hope that somebody swoops in and picks up this technology. I also hope that it doesn't just turn into a money grab that will eventually turn people off on these electric bikes. Yeah, I mean, they do have a big market share. And so I do think there is an incentive, even if someone comes in and say, hey, we're going to run the leg, we'll buy their legacy infrastructure from them. And if you still want to use all these features, it's X amount of dollars per month. That stinks. If you were counting on that as a free thing and you bought this because it was integrated into that. But there is like, there's enough business sense in that I can see that people won't be totally out of luck. But we've seen it happen across technology, just not with necessarily vehicles like this before. Well, you might say I've got thoughts on what VanMoof should have done differently or anything that we talk about on the show. And if you do have feedback, well, we'd like to hear about it. You can get in touch with us. The DTNS audience has lots of social network options because you might be in a lot of different places. DTNS show on Twitter and Mastodon at mastodon.social, Daily Tech News show on TikTok, DTNS pics, BIX on Instagram. And also we are now on threads. Well, late Friday, Mercedes-Benz announced it would be integrating Tesla's North American charging standard or NACS into its electric vehicle lineup. And starting next year, Mercedes-Benz EV drivers can take advantage of Tesla's supercharger network. The company will also build out its own charging network accessible to a wide range of EV owners. The company plans to have over 2,000 charging hubs in North America, Europe, and China by the end of the decade. Yeah. So this comes on the heels of similar announcements made by Ford and GM last month, seeming everybody's getting on board with that whole Tesla supercharger. Now, Bodie, as a person who follows EV trends in the marketplace, let's talk about what's going on here. Why is everybody suddenly working out deals to use Tesla's charging network? Were they always going to? Were they working on their own? What does this mean for the Tesla supercharger becoming an industry standard? That is a very, very good question. And a lot of people in the EV space are asking that same question. And I don't know that we'll actually have an answer until we start hearing from the automakers Q2 2023 earnings calls, because they've been pretty tight lipped about it. I wouldn't imagine that Ford and GM and Mercedes and these companies would get in bed with a competitor. And just to have that capricious CEO of the competitor make changes that will affect your business. I'm sure that there are ironclad contracts in place, but I honestly don't have any additional information on why they would do that. They haven't really said anything. I do have some thoughts, though. Certainly, it could become an industry standard right now. The Society of Automotive Engineers is looking at making it a standard. And that might take some of the power away from Tesla, which is a good thing. Right now, in the United States, we have a whole grab bag of charging standards. We have J1772, CCS, Chattano, the Tesla standard. We just have a lot. We do need to, for lack of a better word, we need to cut off some of those standards and make one quality standard. Now, you mentioned an industry standard perhaps taking some power away from Tesla. Why would that be the case if Tesla is the one that's providing all of the charging stations? Well, Tesla will certainly get their money because they'll license out this technology. If the Society of Automotive Engineers ends up making this a standard, then it goes to a consortium and EV players in that market, whether they make charging equipment or they're charge point operators or automakers, they all get to have a say in how that is developed. In some ways, I think it's similar to what we've seen just kind of across tech. Standards by their nature need to move slowly so they don't break everything when you add a new feature for Tesla or something like that. Bode, I guess for EV owners on their perspective, the benefit would just be a wider charging network not to worry about carrying adapters or does my vehicle work on this? Is there any other benefit than just a wider charging base? Hopefully, right now in the US, I won't speak about anywhere else because I don't, I'm not as familiar with, but right now in the United States, there is a whole list of problems with our charging networks. So I'll leave that, I think maybe we can talk about that later. The benefits, I'll just stick with the benefits, be positive. With Tesla, you can have plug and plug and charge capabilities. I would imagine that third party EVs equipped with the NACS standard will also have this ability where you can go up to a Tesla supercharger, plug your car in, watch a movie, unplug your car, leave and the payment details are saved in the app or in the car or however they decide to implement that. One of the other good things about the NACS adapter is there's bi-directional charging, which is vehicle to grid, vehicle to home and vehicle to load, like if you needed to charge your refrigerator and an outage, you could do that. Current Tesla cars don't do this, but it is in the NACS standard that Tesla put out. You might say, okay, well obviously they're, depending on what market you're in like the US, there's some government hurdles to jump through for any company who wants to be part of this, but probably a lot of hardware hurdles as well, especially things that are needed across the world to make this hardware. Do you think, Bodie, that part of this may be that Tesla just got a jump on being able to put together these stations that other companies say, well, there isn't really any more cobalt, for example, to do the same? Well, I don't know. Ultimately, this is just a connector. So right now, EV or EVGo or Electrify America, if they wanted to, now that they have permission to use the NACS standard or agreements in place, they could just plug the, they could just install an NACS connector onto their existing charger. So it's not magic. It just provides electricity from one place and puts it into your battery. The thing with the NACS adapters, it does level one, level two, and level three charging, whereas the CCS-1 and Chatham adapter only do DC fast charging. And then the J1772 does level one and level two charging for those vehicles that use CCS-1 and Chatham. Bodie, do you see, is there any company you foresee being the big holdout? I remember, this is a much lesser example, I remember when CarPlay and Android Auto were rolling out, Toyota very resistant to doing that. They wanted to control that whole stack for a really long time. Do you feel like there's any automaker out there that's going to be extremely resistant to this, or is it just too much up in the air? I think there are several Nissan motor group, which includes forgetting what Nissan's luxury brand is, but Honda, Mazda, Sony and Honda developed a car together. There's a good chance that they won't adopt it, Toyota for sure. I mean, at some point in time, they might adopt it. I think they're not going to just easily come out and say, well, we're going to go ahead and do this now. And also, it's worth noting that those companies don't really have a big hold in the EV market, Nissan, more than the other two that I mentioned. All right. Well, Sarah, it looks like later in the news today, we also saw some interesting stuff with some emojis. Can you share some light on that? Rich, glad you asked. Thinking about charging your EV along the road might come along with sending people emojis, depending on how you feel about it. So new potential emoji time, contenders in 2024 could include head shaking vertically, like a nod, head shaking horizontally, like a lime, a phoenix rising from the ashes, actually just a phoenix, but a broken chain, a brown mushroom, which confused Roger a lot, and new family silhouettes. The Unicode Consortium will be approving its emoji 15.1 specification in September, after which point Apple and Google and other device managers can all adopt them using their own software updates, but that often takes time. So if you're like really looking forward to that brown mushroom, probably not coming to iMessage until 2024 earliest, you never know. The latest emoji edition came in iOS 16.4, which was released in February of 2023. You know, I like the lime one.  There's been times when I needed to- What do I have to say to you for you to give me a lime back as a response? What do you want to drink, Rich? What do you want thinking? I'll send you back that. And then you would say something lime-related. Yeah. Well, I would signal a gimlet specifically, but, you know, the fact that I can do that with emoji will make me feel hip and cool, like the kids. Hip and cool. Yeah, you know, we are arguably sort of hip, sort of cool. We're certainly not kids. Bodhi, back in the day, some of these, you know, usually the yearly drop of like new emoji, I used to be like, who cares? And now I care quite a bit. Where do you fall on the spectrum? I use emoji all the time. I love emoji. It's usually to try and insult my friends over text. I don't use it to like verify contracts or anything like that, but it's usually as a way to just to make people laugh. I'm most looking forward to this because my father-in-law is like an emoji hunter. There's no contextual use. It's just very clearly he's going through every single one to find something very specific. I've gotten the mini DV cam one. I've never had anyone else send me the little camcorder looking emoji before. I've seen that and I've never used it either. Yeah, but I don't know where that chat was going. I love the idea that my father-in-law will find these new emoji. He'll find a phoenix or something like that. Maybe the broken chain and hopefully not the brown one. That was one of my favorites. So I was like, I like it, but I don't know when I would ever send that to someone. It's for when your friends blog has a broken link, has a broken link and you can just send it to them. It'd be like, hey, that link, broken chain emoji. I see what you're saying. It wasn't that somebody said something weird. It's that they sent you a link where you're like, oh. Well, that's the exciting thing to me is we don't, these are like things that are going to be put up the culture and I'll get to see how our wonderful human society will interpret these in ways that will confound me in my unhipped and non-young status. So it's very exciting. Oh, well, Rich, you're a hip and young as far as I'm concerned. Also, you are also somebody who could read an email from an illustrious viewer. It is. It is both a skill I have and a pleasure. For example, Kenneth Waden on the Washington Post reporting that members from similar way mitigate traffic to chat GPT fell 9.7% in June month over month. It's not just threads, chat GPT, seeing a decrease in traffic. What Kenneth said, it'll be interesting to see if that number month over month increases in September to October. If so, that is the percentage of chat GPT traffic that could be attributable to students using it for school work. Just a thought could be of less interest, summer break slump for students. So Kenneth, I love this. This is a brilliant insight. I hadn't thought of this till I saw your email. But yes, of course, what happens in June? Kids aren't in school using the chat GPT to write their papers. 100%. I think, I mean, this probably doesn't make up all of the numbers. Maybe some people, like myself, were sort of like, ah, cool, chat GPT, cool. These tools are cool. Let me figure out how to make them useful and my everyday life doesn't necessarily need them. Bodie, you've got kids. Are they using chat GPT to write book reports? No, no, not even a little bit. They're 10, though. They're not really writing, like, in-depth book reports at this point in time. My oldest, she uses it for her work all the time, though, all the time. There you go. There you go. Okay. So maybe, yeah, that summer slump could be summer vacation, but also, you know, we know this in the tech world as well. Sometimes the summer kind of turns into a little bit of a, you know, a... A little bit of a vacay season. Yeah, there you go. Yeah. Where tech news dribbles out, but it's not necessarily as as exciting as some of the other months of the season. But Bodie, back to you. We want to thank you so much for being on the show with us today, bringing the knowledge. Let folks know where they can keep up with the rest of your work. Well, I happen to host what might be the worst podcast on the internet. It's called Kilowatt, so I would highly suggest that you don't go search it out and look for it and listen to it, because you'd just be disappointed. I like what you're doing. Yep. Yep. Don't go to Kilowatt. Do not check out that podcast. He will only be disappointed and sad. I'm also telling the truth. Well, in non-reverse psychology, patrons stick around for the extended show, Good Day Internet, where we are going to test everyone's knowledge of sports, tech history. I'm terrified and intrigued, and I can't wait. Oh my gosh. I'm going to bomb this so badly. What I do know, though, is our live show times. I've been doing this for a minute, y'all. You can watch the show live Monday through Friday at 4 p.m. Eastern, 2100 UTC. You don't have to watch. You can just listen, but we are live every weekday. You can find out more at Daily Tech News Show dot com slash live. We hope y'all have a wonderful weekend. We'll be back on Monday with Megan Maroney joining us. Talk to you then. This week's episodes of Daily Tech News Show were created by the following people, host producer and writer Tom Merritt, host producer and writer Sarah Lane, executive producer and booker Roger Chang, producer, writer and host Rich Stravolino, video producer and Twitch producer Joe Coons, technical producer Anthony Lemos, Spanish language host, writer and producer Dan Campos, science correspondent Dr. Nikki Ackermans, social media producer and moderator Zooey Deterney, our mods, Beatmaster, WSF1, BioCal, Keptkipper, Steve Guadirama, Paul Reese, Matthew J. Stevens, a.k.a. Gadget Virtuoso and J.D. Galloway, mod and video hosting by Dan Christensen, music and art provided by Martin Bell, Dan Looters, Mustafa A, A-Cast and Len Peralta. A-Cast's ads poured from Tatiana Matias. Contributors for this week's shows include Justin Robert Young, Scott Johnson and Tim Stevens. Get us on this week's show included Will Smith and Bode Grimm. And thanks to all our patrons who make the show possible. This show is part of the Frog Pants Network. Get more at frogpants.com.


This video will cover the fourth and final portion of the following objective from the endocrine system, list the major endocrine organs and the hormones they secrete, then for each hormone discuss its effects on target cells. In previous videos I covered the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, the adrenal glands and the pancreas. This video will start with the pineal gland and then move to discuss the thymus and then finish with the gonads, the female gonads are known as the ovaries and the male gonads are known as the testes. The pineal gland is located in the brain in a region known as the diencephalon, a region of the diencephalon known as the epithalamus is the posterior portion, just posterior to the thalamus, and this is where the pineal gland is located. The pineal gland's function is to produce the hormone melatonin and melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland at night in order to help us sleep. The production of melatonin by the pineal gland is regulated by the hypothalamus, a region of the hypothalamus known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, controls the pineal gland and the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives visual input in order to entrain the circadian 24-hour cycle to the light cycle. The thymus is located within the superior medius stynum, just anterior to the arch of the aorta. The function of the thymus is important for the maturation of leukocytes, a specific subtype of leukocytes known as the T lymphocytes, mature within the thymus to become fully immunocompetent, meaning that they'll become capable of responding to an infection. The thymus produces hormones, thymic hormones known as thymocins. In the bottom left here, we can see the structure of a thymocin hormone, and the function of the thymocin hormone is in order to stimulate the maturation of the T lymphocytes. The hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis or HPG axis starts with the hypothalamus producing GNRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, the tropic hormones that stimulate the gonads. LH stands for Lutinizing Hormone and LH will stimulate the production of the steroid sex hormones. FSH stands for Follicle Stimulating Hormone and FSH will stimulate the production of sperm and eggs. The name follicle stimulating hormone comes from the fact that FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles. The ovarian follicles are support cells surrounding the immature egg cell as the ovarian follicles grow and stimulate the maturation of the egg cell. They produce increasing levels of the estrogen known as estradiol. So estradiol is just a specific form of estrogen. Estradiol is produced in increasing levels during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and has effects all through the body, including in the uterus where it will stimulate the growth of the inner lining of the uterus known as the endometrium. But the production of estradiol is regulated by a negative feedback control mechanism where estradiol will bind to receptors in cells of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland in order to inhibit the production of GNRH, LH and FSH. Around the 14th day of the ovarian and uterine cycle the control mechanism regulating the production of estradiol switches from a negative feedback to a positive feedback mechanism where estradiol will stimulate the production of increasing levels of GNRH leading to even higher levels of LH and FSH. As the levels of LH surge this stimulates the process of ovulation which is the release of the immature egg cell known as a secondary oocyte from the ovary. The immature egg cell will then travel through the ovaduct also known as the fallopian tube or uterine tube following ovulation. The remnant of the ovarian follicle is called the corpus luteum and the corpus luteum produces the steroid hormone progesterone in response to luteinizing hormone and so this is where the name luteinizing hormone comes from that LH stimulates the process of ovulation leading to the production of the corpus luteum and the corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone progesterone will then bind to receptors within cells all throughout the body in the uterus this will help to maintain the endometrium and stimulate the secretion of the uterine glands in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary progesterone will have a negative feedback mechanism to decrease the production of GNRH, LH and FSH. The uterus is regulated by the steroid sex hormones estrogen and progesterone these hormones fluctuate over roughly a 28 day cycle we can start looking at the cycle with the beginning marked by the initiation of menstruation the shedding of the uterine lining or endometrium following menstruation increasing levels of FSH stimulate the ovarian follicles to produce estrogen and estrogen stimulates the growth of the endometrium during what's known as the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle following ovulation the corpus luteum of the ovary produces progesterone in response to luteinizing hormone then progesterone will stimulate secretions from the uterine glands during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle and progesterone helps to maintain the endometrium but as progesterone levels fall towards the 28th day of the uterine cycle declining levels of progesterone stimulate the process of menstruation and then the HPG axis regulates the production of the steroid sex hormone testosterone and also regulates the process of sperm production the HPG axis starts with GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulating the production of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary LH binds to receptors on the surface of cells in the testes known as the lydig cells or interstitial cells of lydig and LH stimulates the lydig cells to produce testosterone testosterone then travels through the blood all through the body binding to receptors within cells stimulating the masculinizing effects like increased muscle mass increased growth stimulates the maturation of hair follicles to produce the facial hair stimulates the enlargement of the larynx to produce the deeper voice in men but locally within the testes testosterone will help to stimulate the production of sperm and within the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary testosterone will have a negative feedback control mechanism decreasing the levels of GnRH FSH and LH but testosterone's negative feedback effect is primarily regulating the control of luteinizing hormone release and luteinizing hormone is the primary hormone regulating the production of testosterone follicle stimulating hormone binds to receptors on the surface of sirtoli cells sirtoli cells are support cells in the testes that help to support the production of sperm one of the ways that sirtoli cells help to stimulate sperm production is by producing the androgen binding protein that binds to testosterone and helps to increase the local concentration of testosterone within the testes sirtoli cells also produce a hormone known as inhibit inhibit travels through the blood to reach cells in the anterior pituitary where it will decrease the production of FSH so inhibit is a negative feedback mechanism to control the production of FSH where his LH is primarily controlled by the negative feedback from testosterone


Hello everyone, welcome to the session of regression analysis. In the previous session we have discussed simple linear regression and different measures of goodness of fit. Today, we will extend the concept of simple linear regression to multiple linear regression. In the previous session, we discussed the steps of simple linear regression and how to estimate the coefficients of least square and also we have discussed different measures of goodness of fit like r square, standard error, prediction interval etc. So, let us see what we have done as a simple linear regression. Today, what we are going to discuss that is called multiple regression. This is just extension of simple linear regression, but basic the fundamental concepts will remain same. So, here if you have a data set say x variable and y variable dependent variable and independent variable and based on the sample data, you can fit the regression like y equals to alpha plus beta x or a plus bx. So, then you can calculate the regression coefficient through least square method we have discussed in the previous session and also the intercept. So, intercept and the slope that we have calculated in the previous session and then we have fitted the line. So, this is what simple linear regression and then different measures of goodness of fit we have calculated which are very important in regression analysis like coefficient of determination of the r square which is nothing but the square of correlation coefficient also or it is actually as far as technical understanding are concerned the r square is nothing but the explained variation by the total variation. That means in the data how many data are falling on the line that is your explained variation and those all total all points and the distance are coming up to be a you know if you put together you will be able to calculate the total variation. We have discussed in the previous session and this is nothing but SSR by SST and this is what the r square value. R square generally range from you know 0 to 1 because r correlation coefficient can be minus 1 to plus 1 in case the relationship are like this it can be minus 1. So, but once you take the square it is actually the 0 to 1. So, higher the r square value better the regression strength or the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. We have also discussed the standard error standard error is nothing but the variation of the data from your predicted value. So, how much is the variation you can expect in the future that is standard error that also helps in making a prediction interval or confidence interval of your data. We have discussed detail of it you just you can refer to the previous session of regression and the measures of goodness of fit you will get to know the detail inside of this. Also one more part let me discuss that also like the difference between the major r square and the standard error. r square actually develops on the past data r square helps to define your strength of relationship between the independent variable and dependent. How it is explaining the independent variable is explaining the dependent variable that is been defined by r square based on the past data. So, based on past historical data you are seeing the strength between the dependent variable and independent variable, but in standard error actually you get the future confidence. That means once you establish the regression graph or you know say you know strain line and after that if you have new data sets and if you get a predicted value say with some input data for independent variable or explanatory variable in that case whatever the output you get that is the estimated value. But that standard error and the prediction interval these two combinations gives you the confidence that your predicted value will fall inside this band line or inside the range of the confidence interval may be 68 percent, 95 percent, 99 percent all these we have discussed in the previous session. So, this is what the summary of the previous two session that we have discussed on regression analysis. Now, let us enter into the multiple regression. Also one more part that if you have a look only remember these examples we have illustrated for simple linear regression and we have fitted the line say like this is the line say with this intercept and slope and then this is the r square value and this is the adjusted r square value and the standard error observation and the overall F test value and the corresponding P value we also found less than 0.05. So, the overall regression is also significant and individual level since it is one single variable only to think much of that, but still if you see the overall individual level variable also says that P is less than 0.05 for the corresponding T test and you can say that the regression analysis has been well established with good r square and the corresponding standard error is this and the corresponding forecast is for 10 new sales persons your forecast will be like this. This is what the illustration part also in excel we have done it. Now, let us enter into the regression like multiple regression. Remember simple linear regressions we have discussed the basic assumptions like linearity among the variables. There will be linear relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. The independent the observations will be independent to each other as well as the errors will be normally distributed. We have discussed same. We have also discussed that equal variance or homoscedasticity that means the variations of the error or the distribution of the y data sets output data sets will be to some extent equal or in a range for a given data set of x. So, there will be no much to not too much of variation in y values for a given x values. So, the variations are in limit. So, therefore the variations of the error is also constant. So, therefore since the constant or equal variance we are considering this is called the basic in assumptions of homoscedasticity or homogeneity of regression assumption. This also help this also same for multiple regression also all four. Now, one more assumption are required for multiple regression that is called multicollinearity. The independent variable should not have any relationship among each other. They should be independent as much as possible. If there are little multicollinearity or correlation between them we can accept and fit the regression line multiple regression line. But if there is a high correlation between the independent variable you cannot accept that relationship or that causal relationship or regression. You have to reduce the multicollinearity. There is a logic, there is a concept, there is a method to discuss the multicollinearity. We will take a separate session and discuss the multicollinearity and other miscellaneous activities of regression analysis. But for the time being this is another assumption that there will be no multicollinearity among the independent variables. So, these are the major five assumptions for multiple linear regression also. Now, keep these five assumptions in your mind. Let us enter into the multiple regression. So, in simple regression what we have done? y equals to a plus say bx. Simple one variable independent variable and one dependent variable and you have fitted the line. Now suppose you have a more than one independent variable. Look at here 1, 2, n say and this is the general forecast for regression line or the trend line of your multiple regression. So, where these are nothing but least square coefficients. So, here you have to calculate the series of equations through least square method, partial derivatives and if you make them equal to 0 and rearrange the data sets, you will and solve them. The system of equations, you will get this coefficients of multiple regressions. So, once you get that coefficient values in terms of based on the data sets, you can fit your regression line. So, this is what look at a is the same as it intersect part and remember in two dimensions, you can understand the line. You can understand the line because of the data, you can see the relationship and this part is a as I mentioned and this part is b say among the data set, the slope part. So, this is what your simple linear regression but when it comes to the and you can imagine the graph here, you can imagine the graph here but when it comes to the multiple regression up to two variables, you can think about the 3D function. When you have n variable independent variable, then it becomes some to some extent n dimensional graph or n dimensional picture. So, in that case it will be called as a y function will be called as a hyper plane because you have many independent variable and in that case it is to some extent n dimensional diagram which you cannot imagine only theoretically you have to understand and the carry for the discussion or the calculation process. So, this is overall it is nothing but a hyper plane remember it. Now, similarly this coefficients you can also calculate using the least square and the other independent variable, this is the predicted value of the dependent variable. So, as it is using least square you can do it which is nothing but extension of simple linear regression, we are not going to focus on the calculations of regression coefficient same as previous session. Only we would like to see the application and the illustration in excel. So, now suppose you have a data set now with numerical examples let us understand the multiple regression concept. Suppose you have two independent variables say x1 and x2 that means and one dependent variable say salary. So, age is one independent variable and experience is another independent variable and you have captured the instances of combination of say x1, x2, x1, x2 and y1 set one data sets. You have captured that all these instances in the past or based on the past samples. So, these samples will help you to create a relationship between the independent variable x1, x2 and y. In that case your output that salary will be dependent on two variable not only one variable now age, the person's age and experience. Suppose if you have this sample data set and if you fit the multiple regression like this say a plus say you know b1 x1 plus b2 x2 say error term will be there we are not focusing on that. Suppose this regression line if you fit this is called the multiple regressions and this is your estimated predicted value and these are your like you know multiple regression coefficient. So, you have to calculate that using least you can do it but we will go to excel and we will see the values of a, b, b1 and b2 these coefficients as well as what is the best fitted line of these data sets. Look at here the salary is dependent on age and experience. So, suppose both will explain the dependent variable not only age or the experience will explain the salary but effectively both will explain the salary. So, how much correlation coefficient or say you know coefficient of determination you are getting because earlier you had only one variable now you have a two independent variable and in that case this multiple regressions will define the impact the explained relationship between dependent variable and two independent variable now. So, that r square is a combination of both the variables. Let us see how it works and we will study that for this a given data sets say you know for a given say x 40 and say y say 14 years. So, in that case what would be your y value, y value so that we are going to study. Let us see using excel. So, here we have come to the excel now and if you see the data set I believe it is visible let me increase the font size. So, if you see the data set here. So, we have taken the independent variable age and experience to independent variable and salary is the dependent variable. So, how to fit it we know this process because yesterday in the last session we have done it look at here once you install the data tool pack you go to regression go to data and the regression and the data tool pack select regression click ok you will get this data set. So, let me rerun it for your look at the salary data I have kept here sub salary as dependent variable and x input are two variable now. So, I will select both the column now both age and experience as two independent variable there is a label because age x the first row we are considering so click label and the output cell you have to select some cell. So, here already we have output cell I have made a color to save the time. So, let me put here say same result will come. So, we can see the predicted or summary output of your multiple regression same as it is the previous one. Now, if you see here look at the age intercept will be as it is look at the age and experience slope. So, these are the two independent variable and the corresponding you know slope we found that means the coefficients of the independent or explanatory variables this is like 99 and 2160 2162 and also if you see the R square value here look at 97 percent quite good very good right. So, the R square is very good of your regression and adjusted R square is nothing, but same as I mentioned in the last session that it is nothing, but people actually prefer adjusted R square because you know if you increase the sample size or say more independent variable system the overall process penalize the relationship because it is penalizing the relationship because you are adding more data and as well as also to some extent you know suppose if you add more independent whole that entire simulations are being done sensitivity are being done by the software and they have come up with the if you do more as the adjusted what you analysis or say sensitivity analysis with the data with more independent variable or similar type of data or say you know more sample size etcetera you might get a better R square, but here actually you know system penalize your R square value and adjusted R square value will be always either same or less than actual R square. So, this R square adjusted R square is more reliable most having more strength than R square one of them you can select as per your decision-making process. Suppose here we are considering R or say adjusted R square standard error as it is I talked about the standard error the deviation from your expected prediction and the gap right upside and downsides if you add that 1 sigma that means 68 percent 2 sigma means you know 95 percent this way you can do it, but if the sample size above 25 or 30 then only you can take that 1 sigma to 1 standard if it is standard error or 2 standard error, but if the sample size are less say 5, 10, 10, 15 sample size in that case you cannot just directly calculate the standard error or the predicted interval by 1 sigma to sigma you have to obey to the standard normal table and from there you have to select the t value and the corresponding you know calculations. That also we have discussed in the simple linear regression session. So, now this is these are the you know measure of goodness of fit whether the whether the model is really good or bad that says from here now come to the you know the overall analysis and the regression coefficient analysis. So, rather than studying this we can come here because I have put a color of all this it will be easier for us to get a output. Now, if you see the prediction first of all let us see the prediction. So, what could be the prediction the predict for a given value of 40 and 14 as the work experience and 40 as the age what could be the prediction. Let me rewrite here I can the prediction would be which I have already written in the PPT, but here you can see it is nothing but intercept A plus B1 say slope of age multiplied by input of new input of age plus sorry plus slope of experience the coefficient of experience like B2 multiplied by the input of experience you will get the y hat or the new forecast estimated value or forecasted predicted value of salary. So, this is what your regression outcome.  Here if you read that the ANAVA table it is nothing but the degree of freedom you have you know total 2 independent variable. So, it is coming up to be the 2 degree of freedom and the residuals will be k like you know AN minus k minus 1 from there you will find you know 17 as the residual number of residuals and if you see the total degree of freedom it is coming up to be 19 and then the total sum of square error and that and then you know that for the regression you will find this and for the residuals data you will find this and the overall total sum it will be like that and mean of square error will be like this too and if you take the division of that you will get the F value look at F is 366 which is quite good higher the F better the you know regression the causal relationship that you have established lower the F like if it is less than 2.5 or something 2.9 2.5 or less than 2 we say that there is no much strong relationship between that. So, this signifies the F test of the overall regression analysis whether it is single simple linear regression or multiple linear regressions and once you can get the F the ratio between the mean square error of the regression line and the residual data this value you will get the corresponding P value. This let me you know make it with clear outcome. So, look at the significant value this is the P right P of overall you know F test and here you will find that overall analysis and here you see that it is like e to the power minus 14. So, it is nothing, but you know less than 0.05. So, you can accept the overall regression the overall regression is established I will discuss more information about it and after that you come to the individual variable overall regressions are been now that means you can build a relationship I will come to that later with hypothesis testing and then come to the next level. So, individual level if you see the P value of like intercept you do not need to see that first row look at this two row age and experience and here you can see the overall standard error for them of the coefficients as well as you know you can see the T value T test and the P value look at here this is also you know less than 0.05 less than 0.05 and this is also e to the power minus 14 means it is also less than 0.05. So, both the variable age and experience are explaining the dependent variable quite effectively. So, you can say that both have both are significant both the variables are significant. So, now let us see how the overall you know unavoidable also overall F test saying significant about the good strength of your regression how we can develop that that you can you know set like this let me delete this we will get to know suppose if you if you develop a hypothesis say if you develop your null hypothesis say you know for overall test F test and the corresponding you know and of a table understanding whether there is a really relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable or not and you need to read the regression line or not that establishment you can do by developing hypothesis suppose your null hypothesis you are assuming that all beta all suppose here you have two variables say b 1 equals to b 2 equals to 0. So, there is no relationship null hypothesis you are assuming that coefficient this coefficients are not there that means there is no strength between like this is what this is what your b 1 b 2. So, these are 0 you are assuming initially and your null alternative hypothesis is that at least at least 1 b sorry at least 1 b i should be not equal to 0. So, these are the two hypothesis you have said now you throw F test you calculate your p value how much you found through this after analysis that table has given to us the regression table has given to us it is less than liquid liquid 1 point something due to the power minus 14 that means it is very less than 0.05. So, since it is less than 0.05 this value less than 0.05 we can conclude that that null hypothesis is rejected and there is at least 1 b the coefficient the regression coefficient which is not equals to 0 eventually here we found both are non-zero right. So, therefore you can say that conclude that from the interval table and the overall F test that the regression is significant. So, you can fit a regression line. So, this is the first understanding of overall test now let us come to the individual variable level initially you found that there is a at least one of the you know coefficient are non-zero the slope are non-zero. So, that you have established right say because your p value of overall test is less than you know which is very less than 0.05 this which is less than you know 0.05. So, you can say that there is a relationship now come to the individual variable level because all variables may not be linked to the output variable. So, there might be only couple of we will have to check that individual level also.  So, therefore we will be considering simple t test for individual variable level. So, in that case suppose for one each variable. So, for age or say experience whatever you want in that case your hypothesis will be say b 1 equals to 0 and alternative will be b 1 not equals to 0 and you check your p value how much is p value look at this p value 0.0209 which is less than 0.05 you accept your alternative and reject your null hypothesis. So, age is also accepted now you come to experience experience in that case also you propose your hypothesis suppose b 2 equals to 0 and alternative will be b 2 not equals to 0 because in the overall it is at least because there will be many variables, but here 1 1 individually you are testing. So, in that case here also p if you check your p this is very less right 0.00 so 0.0003 something which is less than 0.05. So, you can also say that null hypothesis rejected alternative is accepted. So, that means that both the variable are explaining the dependent variable and here you can see the confidence interval for them also like 95 percent confidence interval for your data information etcetera and overall p are quite significant. So, the final summary is that there is a relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable from ANAVA table we found for a overall F test and for the individual level t test we conclude that there is a relationship between age and xalary and experience and xalary and we have fitted the line this is what multiple regression.


So we're here today at the Yuma Prairie Grounds to demonstrate a current munition system known as the Spike and List Missile to include also the Altia Small UAV together combined with the FEL ecosystem is how the future munition system and also air-launched effects will work in conjunction for target acquisition and target prosecution. The Spike and List Missile is a current capability with a long reach so with the multi-domain operations 1.5 there's unique capabilities the enemy has created which has now changed the battle space and how we conduct operations. We need a new capability that has a greater distance. How fire is still a great missile, but we need a missile that can actually go beyond 20 kilometers to be able to prosecute targets that are looking at the enemy's battle space. It has the capability to be added on to the H64 which people aren't. It does have applications for future attack returns to the aircraft. It may have future capabilities not just aviation but also ground forces as well. Those are requirements and also capabilities we're looking into.


Why Archaeology Matters? Archaeology can play a crucial role in building a society where individuals are able to tackle the challenges we face and shape the future. This is because archaeology gives us the tools to examine and explain human behavior, understand how society functions, learn from the past, and apply those lessons to the present. So, archaeology definitely has an educational importance, providing historical information on past societies. Without archaeological investigation, the history of some ancient societies would remain a mystery to us in the present day. Archaeology also has an economic importance. Local, regional, and national economies are boosted when tourists visit iconic sites and museums to learn more about the archaeological collections on display. Archaeological knowledge about past societies can be applied to present challenges. Through archaeology we can identify strategies used by different societies for living on this planet. For example, traditional farming practices can offer valid alternatives to help make industrial farming more sustainable. Recently, an Incan staple food from 5,000 years ago, quinoa, had been re-adopted. Another example is that modern-day farmers in North America have reinstituted Native American multi-cropping agriculture techniques. In this way we learn from archaeology that growing a diverse range of crops means that if climate conditions limit the growth of one crop type, they might actually favor another crop. Moreover, archaeology is also a useful tool in climate resilience as it reveals a diversity of solutions to climate change issues. For example, archaeological excavations provides data allowing us to work out how humans dealt with their environment in the past. Archaeology reveals climate adaptation strategies. For example, Australian archaeologists have shown how traditional fire management strategies can hugely reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires. And so, archaeology provides us with a variety of strategies that have worked in the past. This provides us with a range of possible solutions to the problems we are facing today.


And welcome once again, Punabo Inco Taria is a civil rights advocate and is joining us. Good morning. Thanks for joining us, sir. Thank you. Good morning. Great to have you here. So, of course, it's, I believe it's right to say that we are currently in the buildup to the next general elections, and there already have, you know, been these conversations concerning what next, you know, these political parties, you know, are Nigerians tired? We do Nigerians want something different. There's going to be, of course, engineering, political engineering here and there, and one of those things are pressure groups. So let's start with, you know, the idea of pressure groups and how relevant they are with Nigeria's electoral system. Do you think that they still have any bit of relevance? Oh, yes. Of course. They have great and quite important relevance because, like, you know, resigning yourself to faith is madness, it's the critical part. And so nobody wants to resign himself to faith, especially in Nigeria, given the catastrophic leadership we have right now, and this has given rise to the various agitations going on in the country. So if you ask me, I'll tell you, bet for the pressure groups. I believe that the tyranny we're experiencing in the country today would have been worse. Bet for the pressure group. Really, we have a government that is impervious of the citizens, a government that is quite insensitive to the yenings of Nigerians, notwithstanding the hardship that Nigerians are facing. And this is the government that believes that it knows it all. So bet for these pressure groups. I tell you, this situation would have been worse. Okay, and let's also talk about the foundation of the current administration. I believe, you know, that some of these pressure groups also played a huge role in bringing the government into power. Yes, they did. That's the fact that underscores the importance of pressure groups. Because a lot of them before now, the assumption of office, of President Guadalupe, of General Guadalupe, of General Guadalupe, a lot of people felt that the PDP government had performed a piece of malice. That was the thinking. And so they felt they needed to change. Mr. Inkotara, can you hear us? All right, we seem to have had a quick glitch there with the connection. So we'll, of course, bring back, or punabo, Inkotara, to share his thoughts on pressure groups. Welcome back. I think we can hear you now. Go ahead, please. Oh, I may have lost him again. Okay. The conversation really is about pressure groups. If you followed the show yesterday morning, I spoke with Okpe and me, or Rinoa, who spoke about what is necessary for Nigerians or to be able to engineer young Nigerians to get involved with the electoral process. And some of the conversations we had yesterday were still about pressure groups. How can they put in some effort into getting more people involved in the electoral process? All right, Mr. Inkotara, welcome back. You were speaking about the 2015 elections. Oh, yes. I was talking of the relevant and important of the pressure group. I said that the result of the pressure group that Mr. President, the President, came into office. Because the whole of Nigeria, it was like a referendum of the disapproval of the system, which was the PDP system. So Nigerians in there, they changed. And they've told that the having out of that change was going to be the APC-led, the APC-government led by General Jair, General Ma'ana Mubare, now President Ma'ana Mubare. And that was my Nigerian budget for the APC to kick out the PDP. But unfortunately, if we just uphold the achievements of both the PDP and the APC, you realize that the APC has performed abysmally. The APC has performed worse than the PDP. And that is why you have this agitation that has doomed apocalyptic dimensions. And that is why you have the lives of Tunde Bakare and Kona coming out, expressing the views of Nigeria that we can no longer discern ourselves today. We must take our destiny in our hands or else we are going. No man goes to sleep with his roof on fire. And the roof of Nigeria is on fire. So we must react. And that is why you have all these present groups. And this situation is worsened by the painful blame of the tempest of justice in this country. Look at the citizen here, man, today. He's gone to cost. But look at how the CJN was removed from office. Even before they had to regularize the procedures. They had already removed him from office. He was already out of suspended before they had to regularize the procedures. Because of the bridge in particular obligation. So you find, and there is a lot of dividends in the society. You may not have hunger. The hopes of Nigeria have been dashed. The promises of the greater future as by the president have been secret. And there is despondency in the system. There is hunger in the system. And that has given rise. That has precipitated the pressure group we are having today in the country. It never in the history of this country has the tenuous figures have been so threatened than now. Yeah. All right. There's also something that is important with the pressure group conversation. And that is trust. Is there a way to measure the sincerity of their promoters? Because if you see the response to Nibbakari, and not just him, Amoy Ali-Shawari, there's numerous of these persons who have spoken. They have thoughts and shared their views on the current administration and also shared their views about new third force springing up here and there. There's still a trust deficit. So how can we measure the sincerity of the leadership of these groups? Well, you cannot really foresee because you don't have the gift of level yet. So the ability to decipher is a function of what you see and the antecedents of this character. Now, the issue of Nibbakari is making waves, creating waves because of the futility of Nibbakari, the character of Nibbakari. That is why it has generated. It's not a Ferrari that it has generated. Shorareh, yes. But I can tell you that he has appreciated because people have started giving his applications into his actions that it is more of a centric than a Christian. That's in the case of Shorareh. So it all depends. But that does not in any way appreciate the fact that these groups are a referendum of the people disapproval of the system of incompetence. So we should not take that away. That is the most important thing. And whether the people are sincere or not, I'm talking of the leaders of these groups are sincere or not. The fact remains that they are all saying everything. They are speaking in unity. They are saying what is in sync with the feelings and interpretations and understanding of Nigeria. So it is not about the leaders that say no. It is not about the present. It has to do not just the messenger but the message itself. It has to do with what they are saying. It has to do with what they are dictating for and what they are dictating against. So that is the most important thing. And I can tell you now that most of the issues raised by this agitator are in tandem with the views of Nigerians. And that is why it is happening the way it is happening today. Yeah, but the challenge with that, I'm not sure if you would agree, is when Nigerians see these pressure groups and look at the leadership, a lot of them develop cold feet because they don't want to be used to achieve the goals of a certain person or a certain group. And you've mentioned the way you've described the way the government has been run since it came into power in 2015. It also came through a pressure group. And so when Nigerians look at leadership of some of these pressure groups, they might have a rethink and say, yes, you might be speaking the truth, but I don't trust you as a person and what you are trying to achieve from this pressure group. So isn't there a challenge there with the trust? People have also said that some of these pressure groups are really just a distraction until we are able to fix our electoral process. These pressure groups are only just going to reduce the votes of one side or help one other side win. These are the thoughts of Nigerians. Yes, but I will not completely agree with your submission. Even though I agree with the ten of the government, but not with your submission. Now, for example, I might not agree with Inland Canada. The paradigm, his ways, his modus operandi, his statements and so on, which I think are uncooked and brash. But that does not mean I disagree with the ideology. That is one part of the distinction I'm trying to create. That we must distinguish between the messenger and the message. Yes. That the evils have been relegated. That the evils have been humanized. That the evils have been subjected to all kinds of injustice. It's a fact. I'm not evil. I'm a reverse man. I'm not an evil man. And I will never be part of Biafra. If today they say reverse is the fact, I don't want to do I don't do Inland Canada because the reverse thing is part of Biafra. But that does not in any way mean that what he's saying about the evils are false. So when you realize that yes, we can discard the messenger. But what with the message? We must not make Inland... I'm using him as an example. He's hypothetical. We must not make Inland Canada if today, tomorrow, you have the federal republic of Biafra. Inland Canada must not be the president of the federal republic of Biafra. You might have another person imagine as the president of the federal republic of Biafra. But he might only be the having there. He might only be the former. Notice like the people out of Egypt. But he was not one that took them into Israel. The land of Canada. So we are here. Inasmuch as we impute integrity the credibility of a lot of these leaders. A lot of them want to run us. That has not in any way went down the effect and impact of the message they dispense. Okay, absolutely. Now let's talk about 2023. How do you think or what would you suggest for anyone who is setting up a pressure group? How do you suggest that they can be relevant in the build-up to the 2023 elections and what do you think they can achieve? Unfortunately for the government. It is one government that sees dangerous enemies in the greatest struggle. And so the fight has to start not behind everything. It's a government that ordinarily should have come through theirs till the broken and ruptured nasty and not make tissue threats and make incendiary thinking. In 2023 or in the build-up to 2023 what we have experienced thus far is going to be addressed to you also. The political hostile has started. You can imagine Tunde Bakare now speaking fire and dream school all like before. These things are happening because we want to change. We don't want the APC government to continue in office. Now it is so sad that the opposition party which is the PDP is not even brave enough in opposition. You cannot even say this is good between the APC and the PDP because they are one and the same. The PDP members of yesterday are the APC members of today. Some of the APC members of today were the PDP members of yesterday. They are one and the same. What Nigeria wants is a leader unfortunately only the APC or PDP can win elections in this country because of the peccinary involvement. The financial involvement. They have the money the financial muscle and that is why they are the only one because they've been in office because they can win elections today. We have to address two major issues if we actually want a change. One, the electoral act we have to carry a massive major orientation telling the electorate yes when these people come because you are hungry collect the money from them but vote your conscience and that is where the electoral act comes in. That is where the electoral act is crucial. And it is the realization of this fact that the National Assembly members embark on traditional legislative discussion by attempting to survive in advance the will of the people with by amending the electoral act with their low powers to amend whatsoever because for you to amend that particular electoral act for you to stop electronic voting you must amend sexual subject of the of the constitution which empowers INE to show MOTO decide on the paradigm of election to conduct a regulation of election until you amend that particular act any other law that is inconsistent with that is no land void so they have to ultra-vile but in their high to perpetuate themselves in office they forgot to amend the constitution of the constitution before amending the electoral act because they know most of them know that in a free and fair election they will never win they are poisted on Nigerians this is an opportunity for Nigerians INE does not even need to challenge that just go ahead the cost is also a problem in this country we live in INE the constitution has empowered INE to decide on how best to conduct election so if INE have used electronic voting or electronic transmission in 2015-2019 or what, any year it had the power to show you but for the cost to say no it was not recognized in the electoral act it was declared case of fine so the cost is also a problem because it was a fact doing compromise doing I will say this Nigerians take the money from these money bags and vote their conscience INE has said it will go ahead it will not subject itself to the electoral act submit itself to the proposed electoral view it will not, it will go ahead and do what it did best and necessary for the country and that is the INE I love that is the INE we want and I pray that it will not capitulate any form of intimidation and it will go ahead with the electronic transmission of the law now the electorate, I plead with them I implore them to please please collect these money from these money bags these depraved characters that are accidentally distracted from the political subject collect the money from them and vote your conscience then the change will start but if we allow things to remain the way they are because no matter the agitation the agitation is going on so far in the country it is just to create awareness it is just to let the people and the government knows that we are not happy also to create awareness that things are wrong and we need a change we need a better society that is the essence of the agitation but the agitation itself will not translate into a better government unless the masses use the card the voter card to effect that desire change they need that voter card is important they must register, they must vote and they must vote their conscience nobody will know who you voted onto the results are out by which time the changes would have been done to collect this money go in there vote and work away so that by 2023 we are going to have people in power that will be there in the image of the masses and not hypocrites and not people that are autocentric we don't want to encourage the world people that are acoustic people that will ensure that the rest of the masses are distanced their own personal interests that is where we have good governors and not what we have today so by that we are going to have a change from 2023 it depends on one, the INEC two, because the electoral act I am not bothered about it because the electoral act is inferior to the constitution therefore even if Mr. President signs it into law it is not a law unless the INEC chairman is being intimidated financially or otherwise because even to remove him they cannot the national assembly has never be left the electoral the voters that is Nigerians the electorate and INEC if we must have but most importantly the electorate because INEC is just a reflection of your vote INEC will not change the results for you so the electorate must ensure that they get registered if they don't compromise their conscience they use their privacy to effect that change we want no amount, because we are never to have a coup so no amount of voters no amount of agitation will effect any change unless 2023 when we have a right the mandate to constitutionally see voting who want to vote and voters who we want to vote the responsibility of these pressure groups whoever they are wherever they are also I believe has to include encouraging the electorate to get registered and get ready to vote increasing the number of registered voters and also encouraging more and more Nigerians to get involved with the electoral process because that has been one of the challenges if you don't have numbers you can't really make a change so these pressure groups have a lot of work you don't play Nigeria because the results in Nigeria are only count I understand that so there is a methodology there is a method that is up to everywhere because it's only count so you know how infernality for you to cast a vote and the result is not the reflection of your vote I totally understand that you are not going to cast so that's why I am pleading with them and you don't blame them you don't really play that difficult in the country, in the system you must appeal to them and let them understand and give them that confidence that their votes will count it's only at that time and that is where the pressure group is coming it is not just to say Mr President is wrong, Mr President is right if Mr President decides to continue in what he is doing that is what you can do so you can infernality is convincing the electorate to go get registered and ensure that they don't compromise their plans we started this conversation yesterday I spoke with an advocate a human development advocate yesterday and we are speaking mostly on different tactics with which this can be achieved how to get more people registered how to get more people to understand the value that they have in their voters card and what they can the change they can effect but I want us to quickly go back to 2019 but there were pressure groups in 2019 there were certain figure heads that came up then the likes of Albea Zekwisili and Donald Duke and even former president of Lusio Gombasangio there were a couple of these small movements here and there what mistakes do you think they made in 2019 that they should try to avoid in 2023 to ensure that it does have some effect because it seems like all of those things have come before the elections in 2019 not really I will not completely agree with you because the 2020-2019 during elections resolved we are quite contentious you remember the issue of server, the issue of this there are some people who are talking of electronic electronic transmission of results so highly contentious I strongly believe that for the server the issue that the parties accused of me it should have been really difficult to have declared worry for worry to have remained in office so those groups and what we are having today the issue of electronic transmission of results is a function from that particular from some of those pressure groups and agitation so you cannot completely dismiss it as a failure it is not a failure it might not come to push on immediately but it will eventually come to it is a build-up it is like when you have this tent of feeling tent of feeling is not something that it is not a reaction of what happened immediately it is a reaction of the remote and immediate force so that is exactly so we cannot dismiss any pressure group we cannot dismiss any agitation because they all have subliminal effects and eventually there will be an outburst there will be an explosion every agitator is doing so sincerely and genuinely some are doing so for pecuniary reasons no doubt about that but like all of the advice people if nobody will convince you that you are a woman my brother you are a man, nobody can come and convince you so nobody needs to tell you how bad the situation is in this country our political engine is overheated social climate is sitting in front of major economic atmosphere is highly combustible that we are headed slowly for stability we are in the mood and nobody needs to tell you everybody goes to the market we pay school fees we pay electric bills even though we don't get the likes so we are all series of the problems of this country and this is a man-made problem born out of greed nobody needs to tell you to vote for A or vote for B nobody needs to tell you that you don't even need the pressure group to show you it is interesting because in countries where you have some of this pressure group one day you just get up and there is commotion everywhere there is war everywhere there is breakdown of war and all that so this pressure group is trying to develop a mitigate and sort of organize the displeasure the disapproval that is inherent in most Nigeria you cannot dismiss any pressure group whatsoever because they all have subliminal effects one day they will all be aggregated and brought to cushion open up civil rights advocate thank you so much for joining us and for sharing your perspective on pressure groups this morning truly appreciate it stay with us we are moving away from pressure groups now to another discussion we are bringing up a conversation concerning the legal options that are available to the supermarket chain and also how do you deal with a nine year old accused of such a crime we will talk about that right next with a lawyer