What is the name of the geographical region that early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia and where Vistaham helped Khosrow regain his throne after the rebellion of Bahram Chobin?
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Vistahm Bistam or Vistahm (also transliterated Wistaxm, Persian: بیستام‎ ‎ ), was a Parthian dynast of the Ispahbudhan house, and maternal uncle of the Sasanian "shah" of Persia, Khosrow II (reigned 591–628). Vistahm helped Khosrow regain his throne after the rebellion of Bahram Chobin, but later led a revolt himself, which encompassed the entire Iranian East before being suppressed.
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Greater Khorasan Khorasan (Middle Persian: , Persian: خراسان‎ ‎ "Xorâsân"    ) is a historical region lying in the northeast of Persia. However, in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, so-called Jibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind.
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Al-Muwaffaq Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja'far (Arabic: أبو أحمد طلحة بن جعفر‎ ‎ ) (842 – June 2, 891), better known by his "laqab" as al-Muwaffaq bi-Allah (Arabic: الموفق بالله‎ ‎ , "Blessed of God" ), was an Abbasid prince and military leader, who acted as the virtual regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid. His stabilization of the internal political scene after the decade-long "Anarchy at Samarra", his successful defence of Iraq against the Saffarids and the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion restored a measure of the Caliphate's former power and began a period of recovery, which culminated in the reign of al-Muwaffaq's own son, the Caliph al-Mu'tadid.
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Parthia Parthia (Old Persian: 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 , Parθava, <a href="Parthian%20language">Parthian</a>: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 , Parθaw, <a href="Middle%20Persian%20language">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 , Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern <a href="Iran">Iran</a>. It was the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD).
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Abdallah ibn Amir Abdallah ibn Amir (Arabic: عبدالله بن عامر‎ ‎ ) was a governor of Busra (647–656) and an extremely successful military general during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. His father was a maternal uncle of Caliph Uthman. Abdallah was thus a cousin of Uthman. He is well known for his administrative and military prowess. his campaign of Reconquest and pacifying the large soils of Persian Empire former territories has left great legacy of Islamization in both Iran and Afghan land
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Pax Khazarica Pax Khazarica (Latin for "Khazar Peace") is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase "Pax Romana", applied to the period (roughly 700-950 AD) during which the Khazar Khaganate dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains. During this period, Khazar dominion over vital trans-Eurasian trade routes facilitated travel and trade between Europe and Asia by such groups as the Radhanites and the early Rus.
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Seljuk Empire The Seljuk Empire or Great Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (Persian: آل سلجوق‎ ‎ ) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks. The Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to western Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and then into mainland Persia before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia.
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Achaemenid Arabia Arabia or Achaemenid Arabia was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire by the name of Arabâya.
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Abyssinian–Persian wars In the late sixth century, Sassanid Empire of Persia and the Ethiopia-based Aksumite Empire fought a series of wars over control of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen, Southern Arabia. After the Battle of Hadhramaut and the Siege of Sana'a in 570, the Aksumites were expelled from the Arabian peninsula. They had re-established their power there by 575 or 578, when another Persian army invaded Yemen and re-established the deposed king on his throne as their client. It marked the end of Ethiopian rule in Arabia.
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Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire ( ; c. 550–330 BC ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great. Ranging at its greatest extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was one of the largest empires in history, spanning 5.5 million square kilometers, and was larger than any previous empire in history. It is equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under the King of Kings), for building infrastructure such as road systems and a postal system, the use of an official language across its territories, and the development of civil services and a large professional army. The empire's successes inspired similar systems in later empires. It is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city-states during the Greco-Persian Wars and for the emancipation of the Jewish exiles in Babylon.
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Spahbed Spāhbed (Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲</a> ; also spelled spahbod and spahbad, early form spāhpat) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the <a href="Sasanian%20Empire">Sasanian Empire Originally there was a single "spāhbed", called the "Ērān-spāhbed", who functioned as the generalissimo of the Sasanian army. From the time of Khosrow I (r. 531–579) on, the office was split in four, with a "spāhbed" for each of the cardinal directions. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the "spāhbed" of the East managed to retain his authority over the inaccessible mountainous region of Tabaristan on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, where the title, often in its Islamic form ispahbadh (Persian: اسپهبذ‎ ‎ ; in Arabic: اصبهبذ‎ ‎ "işbahbadh"), survived as a regnal title until the Mongol conquests of the 13th century. An equivalent title of Persian origin, "ispahsālār", gained great currency across the Muslim world in the 10th–15th centuries.
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Shah Shah ( ; Persian: شاه‎ , "Šāh " ‎ , pronounced ] , "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs, the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (in that context spelled as "Şah" and "Şeh"), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate, as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (Persia and Greater Persia) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the "Šāhanšāh" (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire.
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Western Regions The Western Regions or Xiyu (Hsi-yu; ) was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to the regions west of Yumen Pass, most often Central Asia or sometimes more specifically the easternmost portion of it (e.g. Altishahr or the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang), though it was sometimes used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel "Journey to the West").
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Islam in Iran The Islamic conquest of Persia (637–651) led to the end of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except for a short duration after the Mongol raids and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
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South Waziristan South Waziristan (Pashto: سويلي وزيرستان قبايلي سيمه‎ ; Urdu: جنوبی وزیرستان ایجنسی‎ ) is the southern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, that covers some 11,585 km² (4,473 mi²). Waziristan comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between the Tochi River to the north and the Gomal River to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of British-ruled empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British-ruled territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. Troops of the British Raj coined a name for this region "Hell's Door Knocker" in recognition of the fearsome reputation of the local fighters and inhospitable terrain. The region became part of Pakistan in 1947.
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Khazars The Khazars (Turkish: "Hazarlar" , Tatar: Xäzärlär , Hebrew: כוזרים‎ ‎ ("Kuzarim"), Arabic: خزر‎ ‎ (khazar), Ukrainian: Хоза́ри , Russian: Хаза́ры , Persian: خزر‎ ‎ , , Latin: "Gazari/Gasani" ) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Kaganate. Astride a major artery of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading emporia of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'. For some three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.
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Khwarezm Khwarezm or Chorasmia (Persian: خوارزم‎ ‎ , "Xvârazm") is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum desert, on the south by the Karakum desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. It was the center of the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization and a series of kingdoms such as the Persian Empire, whose capitals were (among others) Kath, Gurganj (the modern Köneürgenç) and – from the 16th century on – Khiva. Today Khwarezm belongs partly to Uzbekistan, partly to Kazakhstan and partly to Turkmenistan.
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Aria (region) Aria (Greek: "Ar(e)ía", آريا; Latin "Aria", representing Old Persian. "Haraiva", Avestan "Haraeuua") is the name of an Achaemenid region centered on the Herat city of present-day western Afghanistan. In classical sources, Aria has been several times confused with the greater region of ancient Ariana, of which Aria formed a part.
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Guzgan Guzgan (Guzganan or Quzghan, in Arabic Juzjan or Juzjanan) is the name of a historical region and early medieval principality in what is now northern Afghanistan.
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Asian Steppe The Asian Steppe is the Asian part of the Eurasian Steppe. Some scholars wrongly use the term "Asian Steppe" to describe the vast region of steppes of Eurasia. The Pontic Steppe of western Russia and of Ukraine and the steppes of the Hungarian plain are all in Eastern Europe. The Asian Steppe itself includes mainly the Mongolian steppes and the Kazakh steppes. There are three main expanses of the Eurasian Steppe. The western steppe, central steppe and the eastern steppe. The Western Steppe begins near the mouth of the Danube and extends northeast almost to Kazan and then southeast to the southern tip of the Ural Mountains. The Central Steppe or Kazakh Steppe extends from the Urals to Dzungaria. To the south it grades off into semi-desert and desert which is interrupted by two great rivers, the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya (Jaxartes) which flow northwest into the Aral Sea and provide irrigation agriculture. The eastern steppe covering the area of present-day Mongolia, was the first home of the Turks, Huns, and the Mongols.
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Darvaz (region) Darvaz (Tajik: Дарвоз /Persian: درواز‎ ‎ /dærvɒːz/ ), alternatively spelt Darwaz, Darvoz, or Darwoz, was an independent principality until the 19th century, ruled by a mir and its capital was at Kalai-Khumb. The kingdom controlled territory on the left and right banks of the Oxus River. In 1878 Darvaz was invaded by neighboring Bukhara and absorbed into the Bukharan Emirate. In 1895 the left bank of Darvaz was transferred to Afghanistan as part of a border agreement. In the 1920s the portion of Darvaz located in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union was assigned to the Gharm Oblast. When the Gharm Oblast was dissolved in 1955, Darvaz became part of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast.
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Shirin Shirin (? – 628 AD) (Persian: شيرين‎ ‎ ) was a wife of the Sassanid Persian Shahanshah (king of kings), Khosrow Parviz. In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took power over the Persian empire. Shirin fled with Khosrow to Syria, where they lived under the protection of Byzantine emperor Maurice. In 591, Khosrow returned to Persia to take control of the empire and Shirin was made queen. She used her new influence to support the Christian minority in Iran, but the political situation demanded that she do so discreetly. Initially she belonged to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorians, but later she joined the miaphysite church of Antioch, now known as the Syriac Orthodox Church. After conquering Jerusalem in 614, amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the Persians captured the True Cross of Jesus and brought it to their capital Ctesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.