What is found in Prochlorococcus and essential for photosynthesis?
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Prochlorococcus Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6 µm) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll "a2" and "b2"). These bacteria belong to the photosynthetic picoplankton and are probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. "Prochlorococcus" microbes are among the major primary producers in the ocean, responsible for a large percentage of the photosynthetic production of oxygen. Analysis of the genome sequences of 12 "Prochlorococcus" strains show that 1,100 genes are common to all strains, and the average genome size is about 2,000 genes. In contrast, eukaryotic algae have over 10,000 genes.
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Chlorophyll Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός, "chloros" ("green") and φύλλον, "phyllon" ("leaf"). Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.
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Chroococcaceae The Chroococcaceae is a family of cyanobacteria.
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Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria , also known as Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός ("kyanós") = blue). Cyanobacteria (which are prokaryotes) used to be called "blue-green algae". They have been renamed 'cyanobacteria' in order to avoid the term "algae", which in modern usage is restricted to eukaryotes.
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Diphlorethol Diphlorethol is a phlorotannin found in the brown alga "Cystophora retroflexa".
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Phototrophic prokaryotes Phototropic prokaryotes are bacteria or archaea that obtain energy from light. phototropic prokaryotes may utilize a variety of carbon sources, depending on the metabolic pathways available to the bacterium. Most phototropic organisms are also autotrophs, obtaining carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide in a process called photosynthesis.
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Plastid The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's color. They have a common evolutionary origin and possess a double-stranded DNA molecule that is circular, like that of prokaryotic cells.
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Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in red algae and cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.
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Xanthophyll Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek "xanthos" (ξανθός, "yellow") and "phyllon" (φύλλον, "leaf"), due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments.
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Antheraxanthin Antheraxanthin (from "ánthos", Greek for "flower" and "xanthos", Greek for "yellow") is a bright yellow accessory pigment found in many organisms that perform photosynthesis. It is a xanthophyll cycle pigment, an oil-soluble alcohol within the xanthophyll subgroup of carotenoids. Antheraxanthin is both a component in and product of the cellular photoprotection mechanisms in photosynthetic green algae, red algae, euglenoids, and plants.
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is redox cofactor. It is found in soil and foods such as kiwifruit, as well as human breast milk. Enzymes containing PQQ are called quinoproteins. Glucose dehydrogenase, one of the quinoproteins, is used as a glucose sensor. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.
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Coccolithophore A coccolithophore (or coccolithophorid, from the adjective) is a unicellular, eukaryotic phytoplankton (alga). They belong either to the kingdom Protista, according to Robert Whittaker's Five kingdom classification, or clade Hacrobia, according to the newer biological classification system. Within the Hacrobia, the coccolithophorids are in the phylum or division Haptophyta, class Prymnesiophyceae (or Coccolithophyceae). Coccolithophorids are distinguished by special calcium carbonate plates (or scales) of uncertain function called "coccoliths", which are also important microfossils. However, there are Prymnesiophyceae species lacking coccoliths (e.g. in genus "Prymnesium"), so not every member of Prymnesiophyceae is coccolithophorid. Coccolithophores are almost exclusively marine and are found in large numbers throughout the sunlight zone of the ocean.
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P700 P700, or photosystem I primary donor, (where P stands for pigment) is the reaction-center chlorophyll "a" molecule in association with photosystem I. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 700 nm. When photosystem I absorbs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. The resulting P700 with excited electron is designated P700*, and is the strongest biological reducing agent (in contrast to P680 of photosystem II, the strongest biological oxidizing agent). The electron is subsequently captured by the primary electron acceptor. Type I photosystems use ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors.
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Synechocystis Synechocystis is a genus of unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria primarily represented by the strain "Synechocystis" sp. PCC6803. "Synechocystis" sp. PCC6803 is capable of both phototrophic growth by oxygenic photosynthesis during light periods and heterotrophic growth by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during dark periods. Gene expression is regulated by a circadian clock and the organism can effectively anticipate transitions between the light and dark phases.
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Prochloraceae The Prochloraceae are a family of cyanobacteria.
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Carboxysome Carboxysomes are bacterial organelles consisting of polyhedral protein shells filled with the enzyme Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) -the predominant enzyme in carbon fixation and the rate limiting enzyme in the Calvin Cycle-and a carbonic anhydrase. Carboxysomes are thought to have evolved as a consequence of the increase in oxygen concentration in the ancient atmosphere; this is because oxygen is a competing substrate to carbon dioxide in the RuBisCO reaction. To overcome the inefficiency of RuBisCO, carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide inside the shell by means of co-localized carbonic anhydrase activity, which produces carbon dioxide from the bicarbonate that diffuses into the carboxysome. The resulting production of carbon dioxide near RuBisCO decreases the proportion of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenation and thereby avoids costly photorespiratory reactions. The surrounding shell provides a barrier to carbon dioxide loss, helping to increase its concentration around RuBisCO. The carboxysome is an essential part of the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM).
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Dictyoglomus thermophilum Dictyoglomus is a genus of bacterium, given its own phylum, called the Dictyoglomi. This organism is extremely "thermophilic", meaning it thrives at extremely high temperatures. It is "chemoorganotrophic", meaning it derives energy by metabolizing organic molecules. This organism is of interest because it elaborates an enzyme, xylanase, which digests xylan, a heteropolymer of the pentose sugar xylose. By pretreating wood pulp with this enzyme, paper manufacturers can achieve comparable levels of whiteness with much less chlorine bleach.
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Paracoccus In taxonomy, Paracoccus is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
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Chloroplast membrane Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis, such as the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes.
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Azotobacteraceae The family Azotobacteraceae contains aerobic diazotrophs with three genera, "Azomonas", "Azotobacter" and "Azorhizophilus" distinguished by the ability to form cysts. The family is also characterized by variable cell shape, the classic shape being ovoid, while many are pleomorphic. With an adequate supply of molybdenum, the Azotobacteraceae are able to fix at least 10 mg of molecular nitrogen per gram of carbohydrate consumed under aerobic conditions. Like most Pseudomonadaceae, the Azotobacteraceae are able to use a wide variety of carbon sources, including sucrose. Recent analysis of the unannotated genome of "Azotobacter vinelandii" has shown this bacterium is most appropriately grouped in the family Pseudomonadaceae. The original familial distinction was based on the ability to fix nitrogen, but a few Pseudomonadaceae have been found to fix nitrogen, as well. The relation is not surprising given the ability of many Azotobacteraceae to fluoresce due to the production of pyoverdine, a nonribosomal peptide siderophore typical of many Pseudomonadaceae.
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Deinococcus Deinococcus (from the Greek: δεινός , "deinos", "dreadful, strange" and κόκκος, "kókkos", "granule") is one genus of three in the Deinococcales group of the Deinococcus-Thermus phylum of bacteria highly resistant to environmental hazards. These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them Gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to Gram-negative bacteria. "Deinococcus" survive when their DNA is exposed to high doses of gamma and UV radiation. Where other bacteria change their structure in the presence of radiation, such as endospores, "Deinococcus" tolerate it without changing their cellular form and do not retreat into a hardened structure. They are also characterised by the presence of the carotenoid pigment deinoxanthin that give them their pink color. They are usually isolated according to these two criteria.
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Synechococcus Synechococcus (from the Greek "synechos", in succession, and the Greek "kokkos", granule) is a unicellular cyanobacterium that is very widespread in the marine environment. Its size varies from 0.8 to 1.5 µm. The photosynthetic coccoid cells are preferentially found in well–lit surface waters where it can be very abundant (generally 1,000 to 200,000 cells per ml). Many freshwater species of "Synechococcus" have also been described.