In what year was the physicist who introduced the 't Hooft operator born?
e3bcd1278879499cfb4b85e378937c22
't Hooft operator In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper "On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement", is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential "A" is replaced by its electromagnetic dual "A", where the exterior derivative of "A" is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of "A". In d spacetime dimensions, "A" is a (d-3)-form and so the 't Hooft operator is the integral of "A" over a (d-3)-dimensional surface.
2a8ecc87ce769a9e87e4ba86bc9962f0
Gerard 't Hooft Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (] ; born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions".
02cea3782db617cca56f2a6976aaafff
Carlo Rubbia Carlo Rubbia, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'OMRI, OMCA', '4': "} (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
984d2c97be9434af32915cbdeea89fe6
Walter Heitler Walter Heinrich Heitler (] ; 2 January 1904 – 15 November 1981) was a German physicist who made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He brought chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.
5dcc49964375aa2cf4f13e5c5fb0489f
Heinz-Jürgen Kluge Heinz-Jürgen Kluge, known as Jürgen Kluge (born 25 April 1941), is a physicist probably best known for the development of ion-storage devices and methods for accurate measurements of nuclear masses.
cf9bb685fc1c1c7c280cbef51eec5484
David Deutsch David Elieser Deutsch, FRS (born 18 May 1953), is an Israeli-born British physicist at the University of Oxford. He is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the Centre for Quantum Computation (CQC) in the Clarendon Laboratory of the University of Oxford. He pioneered the field of quantum computation by formulating a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer. He is a proponent of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
03d659c6799c1fbc3511b75bbd2cb6dc
David Hilbert David Hilbert (] ; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
021205886c99754ff8a1ce3df51729c7
Gordon Walter Semenoff Gordon Walter Semenoff (born July 11, 1953), {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is known for his research on quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and string theory and is particularly famous for his co-invention, together with Antti Niemi, of the parity anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge field theories and for his pioneering work on graphene. He is also well known for development of thermal field theory, the application of index theorems and their generalizations in quantum field theory and string theory, notably with respect to the duality between string theories and gauge field theories.
697e6e36959dc140cb420005e4e600e8
James Hough James Hough OBE FRS FRSE FInstP FAPS FRAS, also known as Jim Hough, is a British physicist and an international leader in the search for gravitational waves.
208487cc6d1b79ccfb433e3faa11ec19
Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( ; German: "Gauß" , ] ; Latin: "Carolus Fridericus Gauss" ) (30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, magnetic fields, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics.
3a13f1aacee6b02199e7a4620d3de3ba
Alain Aspect Alain Aspect (] ; born 15 June 1947) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.
f4b5fe5adca2fae10f1a0fa2780a76dd
Peter Higgs Peter Ware Higgs (born 29 May 1929) is a British theoretical physicist, emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Nobel Prize laureate for his work on the mass of subatomic particles.
b82d5862d0d96f6b467e36e01282ddba
Elliott H. Lieb Elliott Hershel Lieb (born July 31, 1932) is an American mathematical physicist and professor of mathematics and physics at Princeton University who specializes in statistical mechanics, condensed matter theory, and functional analysis.
d163fed47d07fb1cdee8195f7012507a
Tai Tsun Wu Tai Tsun Wu (, September 1, 1933) is a Chinese-born American physicist and applied physicist well known for his contributions to high-energy nuclear physics and statistical mechanics.
abfa2cf67ef18e66d3ee92fb5e489d7f
H. Dieter Zeh Heinz-Dieter Zeh (] ; born 8 May 1932 in Braunschweig, Germany), usually referred to as H. Dieter Zeh, is a professor emeritus of the University of Heidelberg and theoretical physicist.
3bd95ff71d183db2a983fcc124ae064c
Vasily Vladimirov Vasilii Sergeevich Vladimirov (Russian: Васи́лий Серге́евич Влади́миров ) (9 January 1923 – 3 November 2012) was a Soviet mathematician and mathematical physicist working in the fields of number theory, mathematical physics, quantum field theory, numerical analysis, generalized functions, several complex variables, p-adic analysis, multidimensional tauberian theorems.
998c3d8e714c5fbcaf534be1fa79885a
Edward Witten Edward Witten ( ; born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
da1f11e81b097971c544562614610fac
Mandelstam variables In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicist Stanley Mandelstam in 1958.
2a3790550ffdd9fb78300426ac22d6da
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов ; 25 June 1928 – 29 March 2017) was a Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003.
f524057ea9b26ae0d6e75ac83b28d579
Mitchell Feigenbaum Mitchell Jay Feigenbaum (born December 19, 1944) is a mathematical physicist whose pioneering studies in chaos theory led to the discovery of the Feigenbaum constants.
1aaf9759b84212fac73573438a161ee1
John Henry Schwarz John Henry Schwarz ( ; born November 22, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist. Along with Yoichiro Nambu, Holger Bech Nielsen, Joël Scherk, Gabriele Veneziano, Michael Green, and Leonard Susskind, he is regarded as one of the founders of string theory.
7c549705bc51013167d3580980c7a239
Werner Israel Werner Israel, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born October 4, 1931) is a world renowned physicist, author, researcher, and professor at the University of Victoria.