What is the most common predator of the animal that is susceptible to the parasite Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates?
216abe181690ff4f32f66742c6297881
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (also known as meningeal worm, brainworm, or moose illness) is a neurotropic nematode parasite common to white-tailed deer, "Odocoileus virginianus", which causes damage to the central nervous system. Moose ("Alces alces"), elk ("Cervus canadensis"), caribou ("Rangifer tarandus"), and mule deer ("Odocoileus hemionus") are also susceptible to the parasite but are aberrant hosts and are infected in neurological instead of meningeal tissue. The frequency of infection in these species increases dramatically when their ranges overlap high densities of white-tailed deer.
1add984cc8155d39756095ea04e6cb1a
Moose The moose (North America) or elk (Eurasia), "Alces alces", is the largest extant species in the deer family. Moose are distinguished by the broad, flat (or "palmate") antlers of the males; other members of the family have antlers with a dendritic ("twig-like") configuration. Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Hunting and other human activities have caused a reduction in the size of the moose's range over time. Moose have been reintroduced to some of their former habitats. Currently, most moose are found in Canada, Alaska, New England, Fennoscandia, Baltic States, and Russia. Their diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. The most common moose predators are the gray wolf along with bears and humans. Unlike most other deer species, moose are solitary animals and do not form herds. Although generally slow-moving and sedentary, moose can become aggressive and move quickly if angered or startled. Their mating season in the autumn features energetic fights between males competing for a female.
20a3b014d85c43f03f9e3721789e96b8
Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur ("Lepilemur edwardsi"), or Milne-Edwards' weasel lemur, is a species of lemur in the family Lepilemuridae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
91e6425f5d8062ed023c03489384b5f7
Ixodes petauristae Ixodes petauristae is a hard-bodied tick of the genus "Ixodes". It is found in India and Sri Lanka. Adults parasitize various smaller mammals such as "Ratufa indica", "Funambulus tristriatus", "Macaca radiata", "Petaurista" sp. and mice. It is a potential vector of Kyasanur Forest disease virus,
e911d30edcd8afbe5c71e78bfcacc42f
Large-eared tenrec The large-eared tenrec ("Geogale aurita") is a species of mammal in the family Tenrecidae. It is monotypic, being the only species in its genus "Geogale". It is endemic to Madagascar where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss, but to a lesser extent than was previously thought and is listed by the IUCN as being of "Least Concern".
8f3fdf85278c7d47280d0a043847168f
Toxocara canis Toxocara canis (also known as dog roundworm) is worldwide-distributed helminth parasite of dogs and other canids. "Toxocara canis" is gonochoristic, adult worms measure from 9 to 18 cm, are yellow-white in color, and occur in the intestine of the definitive host. In adult dogs, the infection is usually asymptomatic. By contrast, massive infection with "Toxocara canis" can be fatal in puppies.
fb66595b7b2382785c0a3b72af465a41
Gray fox The gray fox ("Urocyon cinereoargenteus"), or grey fox, is a carnivorous mammal of the family Canidae ranging throughout most of the southern half of North America from southern Canada to the northern part of South America (Venezuela and Colombia). No other canid's natural range spans both North and South America and it is the only American canid that can climb trees. This species and its only congener, the diminutive Channel Island fox ("Urocyon littoralis"), are the only living members of the genus "Urocyon", which is considered to be the most basal of the living canids. Though it was once the most common fox in the eastern United States, and still is found there, human advancement and deforestation allowed the red fox to become more dominant. The Pacific States still have the gray fox as a dominant. Its specific epithet "cinereoargenteus" means "ashen silver".
8e2d73907ea79ec26430a1a0da3cb971
Euhaplorchis californiensis Euhaplorchis californiensis is a trophically transmitted parasite (TTP) that lives in the salt-water marshes of Southern California. It lives in three hosts: shorebirds, horn snails, and killifish. As with many TTPs, "E. californiensis" modifies the behavior of the host to increase the likelihood of transmission to its next host.
79cb690164a1a38e89ca438470c4d890
Babesiosis Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with "Babesia", a genus of Apicomplexa. Human babesiosis is an uncommon but emerging disease in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and parts of Europe, and sporadic throughout the rest of the world. It occurs in warm weather. Ticks transmit the human strain of babesiosis, so it often presents with other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease. After trypanosomes, "Babesia" is thought to be the second-most common blood parasite of mammals, and they can have a major impact on health of domestic animals in areas without severe winters. In cattle, a major host, the disease is known as Texas cattle fever, redwater, or piroplasmosis.
ed5321675710b12c3c8c2904e1fb3c2a
Haemonchus contortus Haemonchus contortus, also known as the barber's pole worm, is very common parasite and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Adult worms attach to abomasal mucosa and feed on the blood. This parasite is responsible for anemia, oedema, and death of infected sheep and goats, mainly during summer in warm, humid climates.
1f00e29c623c4f14794f5c427e693474
Cape cobra The Cape cobra ("Naja nivea"), also called the yellow cobra, is a moderate-sized, highly venomous species of cobra inhabiting a wide variety of biomes across southern Africa including arid savanna, fynbos, bushveld, desert and semi-desert regions. The species is diurnal and is a feeding generalist, preying on a number of different species and carrion. Predators of this species include birds of prey, honey badgers and various species of mongoose. The Cape cobra is also known as the "geelslang" (yellow snake) and "bruinkapel" (brown cobra) in South Africa. Afrikaans speaking South Africans also refer to the Cape cobra as "koperkapel" ("copper cobra"), mainly because of a rich yellow colour variation. This species has no known subspecies.
b084b16a657703f095eb7471589e73f5
Salmon louse The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is a species of copepod in the genus "Lepeophtheirus". It is a sea louse, a parasite living mostly on salmon, particularly on Pacific and Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but is also sometimes found on the three-spined stickleback. It lives off the mucus, skin and blood of the fish. They are natural marine parasites of fish such as adult salmon. Once detached they can be blown by wind across the surface of the sea, like plankton. When they encounter a suitable marine fish host they may adhere themselves to the skin, fins, the gills of the fish, and feeding off the mucus or skin. Sea lice only affect fish and are not harmful towards humans.
6717b2a01c8281a1f07319e918991ab5
Heterogyna Heterogynaidae is a minor family (only eight described species in a single genus, Heterogyna) of small spheciform wasps occurring in Madagascar, Botswana, Turkmenistan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Eastern Mediterranean area. The majority are dark in color and range in size from approximately 1.5 to 5.0 mm. Most specimens have been collected in arid climates, but one species from Madagascar is known to occur in a humid forest habitat. Although males have functional wings, heterogynaid females are typically brachypterous, a trait which is unique among spheciform wasps. Wing venation is reduced in both sexes. All species are diurnal, with the exception of "H. nocticola". Other aspects of their biology are completely unknown, but details of their morphology have prompted researchers to hypothesize that they may be non-fossorial parasitoids adapted to hunt in tight spaces, such as under tree bark. This is speculative and has not yet been confirmed by actual observations of behavior. It is also possible that modifications of the female metasomal tergum VI and gonostyli may represent a unique prey transport mechanism, but this is also unconfirmed.
f9b751286a1adbd03456ac32a2f733f6
Taiga vole The taiga vole ("Microtus xanthognathus") is a large vole found in northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada. The name "taiga vole" comes from its living in the boreal taiga zone. It is also sometimes called the yellow-cheeked vole or chestnut-cheeked vole because of the rusty-yellow color on its face around its vibrisae (whiskers); The taiga voles derive their name from these features xantho is Greek for yellow and gnathus is Greek for jaw. It is typically much larger than most other North American voles, especially those from the genus "Microtus".
1adc71243236c6b0548a4ef986ba92ca
Philodromus rufus vibrans Philodromus rufus vibrans is a spider that ambushes its prey and lives in United States and Canada. It is commonly seen in forests, Aspen parkland, wetland, Riparian zones, and grassland.
ebe42d888b6b93c42801c2746b9d367b
Parasitism In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally "parasite" (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
ca62ecbe5709c3fc8b3bbf84128cf43d
Mammals of Australia The mammals of Australia have a rich fossil history, as well as a variety of extant mammalian species, dominated by the marsupials, but also including monotremes and placentals. The marsupials evolved to fill specific ecological niches, and in many cases they are physically similar to the placental mammals in Eurasia and North America that occupy similar niches, a phenomenon known as convergent evolution. For example, the top predator in Australia, the Tasmanian tiger, bore a striking resemblance to canids such as the gray wolf; gliding possums and flying squirrels have similar adaptations enabling their arboreal lifestyle; and the numbat and anteaters are both digging insectivores. Most of Australia's mammals are herbivores.
c272d80bab6bd931153aebd72006e69c
Boreal ecosystem A boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate in the Northern Hemisphere, roughly between latitude 50° to 70°N. Boreal forests are also known as the taiga, particularly in Europe and Asia.
825eb08b17ccbc7e7c7b1bda8c438aa7
Plasmodium gemini Plasmodium gemini is a parasite of the genus "Plasmodium". Like all "Plasmodium" species "P. gemini" has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.
8d225d45cd125c132b539e08c77eacd0
Leucauge argyra Leucauge argyra is a spider and is known for being the host of the "Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga", a Costa Rican or Puertorican parasitoid wasp. It is found from the United States to Brazil. "Leucauge argyra" (and many other "Leucauge spp.") is known to be a colonial species, with spiders maintaining individual territories/orb webs within a scaffolding of shared support lines maintained by the group. Colonies of multi-generational individuals are often seen with some levels of size stratification (where larger individuals/adults occupy the highest web positions and smaller individuals/juveniles occupy lower web positions).
04203d6992d36fe5960d766d194c89c9
Rhabdomiris striatellus Rhabdomiris striatellus is a bug found widespread through the palearctic ecozone and common in the United Kingdom. The species is partial to oak trees. The body of the insect reaches 7 - . The body is yellow to reddish brown and has yellow veins and dark stripes on its wings. The bug can also be much darker and similar to its relative, "Miris striatus". The larvae suck flowers and fruits while the adults prey on aphids and the larvae of other insects.
f3317ca2cc530db717fda8a92043930c
Exhyalanthrax Exhyalanthrax is a small genus of bombyliid flies. Bombyliids are commonly known as "bee flies" due to their resemblance to bees. "Exhyalanthrax" are found in the Afrotropical ecozone and the Palearctic ecozone. Exhyalanthrax spp. are pupal parasitoids."Exhyalanthrax afer" has been reared from pupae of tachinid and ichneumonid parasitoids of "Thaumetopoea pityocampa" and from the pupae of this species and other Lepidoptera. It has also been bred from cocoons of "Neodiprion sertifer". Several African species have been reared from the puparia of tsetse flies and from puparia of other Diptera. An "Exhyalanthrax" sp. has also been found preying on cockroach, ("Heterogamisca chopardi" Uvarov) oothecae in Saudi Arabia. It has been suggested that "Exhyalanthrax" might be utilised as