Which government targeted Jewish individuals?
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Page of Testimony A Page of Testimony is a form issued by Yad Vashem (יד ושם) that asks for information about a Jewish victim of the Holocaust. Over 4.3 million Pages of Testimony have been submitted to Yad Vashem, beginning in the 1950s. Most of these, as well as other forms of documentation of Holocaust victims, are searchable and viewable online through Yad Vashem's Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names.
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Holocaust victims Holocaust victims were people who were targeted by the government of Nazi Germany for various discriminatory practices due to ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, or sexual orientation. These institutionalized practices came to be called The Holocaust, and began with legalized social discrimination against specific groups, and involuntary hospitalization, euthanasia, and forced sterilization of those considered physically or mentally unfit for society. These practices escalated during World War II to include non-judicial incarceration, confiscation of property, forced labor, sexual slavery, medical experimentation, and death through overwork, undernourishment, and execution through a variety of methods, with genocide of different groups as the primary goal.
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History of antisemitism The history of antisemitism – defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group – goes back many centuries; antisemitism has been called "the longest hatred." Jerome Chanes identifies six stages in the historical development of antisemitism:
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World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks The World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks was launched to retrieve deposits made into Swiss banks by victims of Nazi persecution during and prior to World War II. Initiated in 1995 as WJC negotiations with both the Swiss government and its banks over burdensome proof-of-ownership requirements for accounts, strong support from United States politicians and leaked documents from a bank guard pressured a settlement in 1998 in a U.S. court for multiple classes of people affected by government and banking practices. As of 2015, $1.28 billion USD has been disbursed for 457,100 claimants.
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Bricha Bricha (Hebrew: בריחה‎ ,  "Briẖa", "escape" or "flight") was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post–World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. It ended when Israel declared independence and annulled the White Paper.
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Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust
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African American–Jewish relations African Americans and American Jews have interacted throughout much of the history of the United States. This relationship has included widely publicized cooperation and conflict, and—since the 1970s—has been an area of significant academic research. Cooperation during the Civil Rights Movement was strategic and significant, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
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Częstochowa Ghetto The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland. The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak – right before mass deportations – 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. In June 1943, the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising, which was extinguished by the "SS" after a few days of fighting.
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Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom The Legionnaires' rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom occurred in Bucharest, Romania, between 21–23 January 1941. As the privileges of the Iron Guard paramilitary organization were being cut off gradually by the "Conducător" Ion Antonescu, its members, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews, and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Following this, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned.
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Livia Rothkirchen Livia Rothkirchen (1922-2013), historian, author and archivist, made distinct contribution to documenting the Holocaust, specifically issues flowing from Nazi Germany’s peacetime take-over of the democratic Republic of Czechoslovakia. Nearly two years before the outbreak of World War II, Germany seized the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia with the assent of major European states. Germany then dismembered Czechoslovakia, replacing it with German-controlled Bohemia and Moravia, and a nominally independent Slovak state, which collaborated with Nazi policy. In all three areas, harsh regulations were imposed on Jewish citizens, most of whom were ultimately deported and killed. Rothkirchen examines the impact of decisions of Europe's political leaders on general society, on Jewish communal leaders attempting to save their communities, and on Jewish individuals attempting to save themselves and their families from annihilation.
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Ministry of Religious Services The Ministry of Religious Services (Hebrew: המשרד לשירותי דת‎ ‎ ("HaMisrad leSherutay Dat") (formerly Ministry of Religious Affairs and Ministry of Religion) is a government ministry of Israel that handles Jewish religious affairs.
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Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland The Reich Association of Jews in Germany (German: "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland" ) also called the "new one" for clear differentiation, was a Jewish umbrella organization formed in Nazi Germany in February 1939. The Association branched out from the Reich Representation of German Jews ("Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden") established in September 1933. The "new" Association was an administrative body concerned predominantly with the coordination and support of the emigration and forcible deportation of Jewish people, subject to the Reich government's ever-changing legislation enforced by the RSHA ("Reichssicherheitshauptamt"). The legal status of the new organization was changed on 4 July 1939 on the basis of the Nuremberg Laws, and defined by the 10th Regulation to the Citizenship Law issued by the "Reich's ministry of the Interior". The Association assumed the so-called old "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland", which was the name under which the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden ("Reich's deputation of German Jews") had been operating since February 1939.
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Lithuanian Ministry for Jewish Affairs The Ministry for Jewish Affairs was an interwar Lithuanian government portfolio.
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Iraqi Jewish Archive Iraqi Jewish Archive is a collection of 2,700 books and tens of thousands of Jewish history documents found by the United States Army in the basement of Saddam Hussein's intelligence headquarters during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The collection includes a wide variety of books and rare documents, ranging from 500-year-old commentaries on the Talmud to personal letters sent during the 1950s. The Intelligence Agency of the Iraqi regime gathered the books and documents from synagogues and Jewish community institutions after almost all Iraqi Jews made Aliyah to Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. Upon leaving to Israel, Iraqi Jews were forced by the Iraqi government to leave most of their belongings behind, and thus the archive was created from the books and papers that were left behind.
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Lwów Ghetto The Lwów Ghetto (German: "Ghetto Lemberg" ; Polish: "getto we Lwowie" ) was a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Lwów (since 1945 Lviv, Ukraine) in the territory of Nazi-administered General Government in German-occupied Poland.
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Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC, Russian: Еврейский антифашистский комитет "Yevreysky antifashistsky komitet", ЕАК) was organized by the Jewish Bund (labor union) leaders Henryk Erlich and Victor Alter, upon an initiative of Soviet authorities, in fall 1941; both were released from prison in connection with their participation. Following their re-arrest, in December 1941, the Committee was reformed on Joseph Stalin's order in Kuibyshev in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the West. In 1952, as part of the persecution of Jews in the last year part of Stalin's rule (for example, the "Doctors' plot"), most prominent members of the JAC were arrested on trumped-up spying charges, tortured, tried in secret proceedings, and executed in the basement of Lubyanka Prison. Stalin and elements of the KGB were worried about their influence and connections with the West. They were officially rehabilitated in 1988.
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1980 Hebron terrorist attack On May 2, 1980, six Jews were murdered and 20 injured at 7:30 pm on a Friday as they returned home from prayer services on the Sabbath. They were attacked from behind with gunfire and grenades from the rooftops around a small alley.
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History of the Jews in Austria The history of the Jews in Austria probably begins with the exodus of Jews from Judea under Roman occupation. Over the course of many centuries, the political status of the community rose and fell many times: during certain periods, the Jewish community prospered and enjoyed political equality, and during other periods it suffered pogroms, deportations to concentration camps and mass murder, and antisemitism. The Holocaust drastically reduced the Jewish community in Austria and only 8,140 Jews remained in Austria according to the 2001 census, but other estimates place the current figure at 9,000, 15,000 and 20,000 people.
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Jewish secessionism in Israel Since the declaration of Israel's independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, there have been a number of proposals or bids for the establishment of other independent Jewish states besides that of the government and territory of Israel. These proposals have often arisen in protest or grievance against the government for various contemporary reasons.
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Jewish diaspora The Jewish diaspora (Hebrew: Tfutza, תְּפוּצָה) or exile (Hebrew: Galut, גָּלוּת; Yiddish: "Golus") is the dispersion of Israelites, Judahites and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.
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Timeline of the Holocaust A timeline of the Holocaust is detailed in the events listed below. Also referred to as the Shoah (in Hebrew), the Holocaust was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and its World War II collaborators. About 1.5 million of the victims were children. Two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe were murdered. The following timeline has been compiled from a variety of sources including the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46 Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46