Which year did the revolution, which Joseph Roth depicted in his 1927 novel "The Wandering Jews," begin?
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Joseph Roth Joseph Roth, born Moses Joseph Roth (2 September 1894 – 27 May 1939), was an Austrian-Jewish journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga "Radetzky March" (1932), about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his novel of Jewish life, "Job" (1930), and his seminal essay "Juden auf Wanderschaft" (1927; translated into English in "The Wandering Jews"), a fragmented account of the Jewish migrations from eastern to western Europe in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution. In the 21st century, publications in English of "Radetzky March" and of collections of his journalism from Berlin and Paris created a revival of interest in Roth.
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Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets.
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Joseph Kastein Josef (later Joseph) Kastein, really Julius Katzenstein (6 October 1890 – 13 June 1946), was a German-born writer and jurist. He wrote "Eine Geschichte der Juden" published by Rowohlt in Berlin in 1931 (translated into English, Hebrew and Dutch).
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Hastening Redemption Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel is a history of nineteenth century Jewish immigration to Palestine published in 1985 by Israeli historian Arie Morgenstern. Publication of the book led to a scholarly reconsideration of the followers of the Vilna Gaon, who were not previously thought of as messianic in outlook. According to Morgenstern, the messianic impulse that motivated Jews to settle in the Land of Israel and the belief in the centrality of Eretz Yisrael were critical components in Jewish spiritual life that predated the Zionist era. He bases his findings on documentation made available by the opening of archives in the former Soviet Union and archival discoveries in Western and Central Europe.
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The Wanderers (Rimland novel) The Wanderers is a novel by Ingrid Rimland published in 1977 loosely based upon her own experiences from growing up in a Mennonite community in the Ukraine. Rimland wanted to write a novel about her people, and "The Wanderers" tells the story of the plight of Mennonite women caught in the social upheavals of revolution and war. The novel traces the decimation of a pacifist people during the Russian Revolution, anarchy, famine, the Stalinist purges, escape from the Ukraine, and eventual resettlement in the rain forests of Paraguay.
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Moscow uprising of 1905 The Moscow uprising, which was centered in Moscow’s Presnia district between December 7 and 17, 1905, was the culminating point of the Revolution of 1905. Thousands of proletariat workers joined in an armed insurrection against the Imperial Government for better socio-democratic conditions. The uprising ended in defeat for the Bolshevik revolutionaries and provoked a swift counter-revolution that lasted till 1907. In many respects, the revolution of 1905 was a turning point. The December uprising played an important role in fostering revolutionary consciousness among workers throughout the country. Several years later the experience gained by the Moscow proletariat would also help them win the October Revolution of 1917.
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Orange Revolution The Orange Revolution (Ukrainian: Помаранчева революція, "Pomarancheva revolyutsiya" ) was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, was the focal point of the movement's campaign of civil resistance, with thousands of protesters demonstrating daily. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.
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Arab–Israeli conflict The Arab–Israeli conflict (Arabic: ‎ , "Al-Sira'a Al'Arabi Al-Israili " ‎ ; Hebrew: ‎ , "Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi " ‎ ) is the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel. The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict are bound in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians, and in the Pan-Islamic context, as Muslim lands. The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early 20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab–Israeli War in May 1948 following the Israeli Declaration of Independence.
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1834 looting of Safed The 1834 looting of Safed (Hebrew: ביזת צפת בשנת תקצ"ד‎ , "Plunder of Safed, 5594 AM") was prolonged attack against the Jewish community of Safed, Palestine, during the 1834 Peasants' Revolt. It began on Sunday June 15 (7 Sivan), the day after the Jewish holiday of Shavuot, and lasted for the next 33 days. Most contemporary accounts suggest it was a spontaneous attack which took advantage of a defenceless population in the midst of the armed uprising against Egyptian rule. The district governor tried to quell the violent outbreak, but failed to do so and fled. The event took place during a power vacuum, whilst Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt was fighting to quell the wider revolt in Jerusalem.
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Der Emes Der Emes (in Yiddish דער עמעס ] ), meaning 'The Truth', from Biblical Hebrew אמת "emeth") was a Soviet newspaper in Yiddish. A continuation of the short-lived "Di varhayt", "Der Emes" began publishing in Moscow on August 7, 1918. The publisher was the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From 1921 to October 1937 its editor-in-chief was Moishe Litvakov, after his arrest the newspaper was headed by an anonymous "editorial board". From January 7, 1921 till March 1930 "Emes" appeared as the organ of the Central Bureau of Yevsektsiya. In January, 1939 the campaign against Yiddish culture in the USSR became widespread, and "Der Emes" was liquidated.
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Radetzky March (novel) Radetzky March (German: "Radetzkymarsch" ) is a 1932 novel by Joseph Roth chronicling the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire via the story of the Trotta family. "Radetzkymarsch" is an early example of a story that features the recurring participation of a historical figure, in this case the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916). Roth continues his account of the Trotta family to the time of the Anschluss in his "The Emperor's Tomb" ("Kapuzinergruft", 1938). The novel was published in English translation in 1933, and in a new, more literal, translation in 1995.
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Abraham Barak Salem Abraham Barak Salem (1882–1967) was an Indian nationalist and Zionist, a lawyer and politician, and one of the most prominent Cochin Jews of the twentieth century. A descendant of "meshuchrarim," (citation needed) he was the first Cochin Jew to become an attorney. He practised in Ernakulam, where he eventually used "satyagraha" to fight the discrimination among Jews against his people. An activist in the trade union and Indian national causes, he later was attracted to Zionism. After visiting Palestine in the 1930s, he later helped arrange the migration of most Cochin Jews to Israel by 1955. He stayed in Kochi for the remainder of his life.
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Joseph Perl Joseph Perl (also "Josef Perl"; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and German; in 1819, he published the first Hebrew novel. Born and raised in the Austrian province of Galicia shortly after its annexation in the first partition of Poland, he was a follower of Hasidism in his youth. Later, he turned against Hasidism and became a proponent of Jewish emancipation and Haskalah, although he remained an observant Jew. He is best known for his many writings on Hasidism, ranging from critical treatises to parody.
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Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (] , "My Struggle") is a 1925 autobiographical book by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of "Mein Kampf" was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.
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Joseph Trumpeldor Joseph Vladimirovich (Volfovich) Trumpeldor (November 21, 1880 – March 1, 1920, Hebrew: יוסף וולדימירוביץ' (וולפוביץ') טרוּמְפֶּלְדּוֹר‎ ] , Russian: Иосиф Владимирович (Вольфович) Трумпельдор ] ), was an early Zionist activist and war hero. He helped organize the Zion Mule Corps and bring Jewish immigrants to Israel. Trumpeldor died defending the settlement of Tel Hai in 1920 and subsequently became a Zionist national hero. According to a standard account, to him are attributed the last words, reminiscent of Horace: "It does not matter, it is good to die for our country."
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United Jewish Socialist Workers Party United Jewish Socialist Workers Party (Yiddish: פֿאַראײניקטע ייִדישע סאָציאַליסטישע אַרבעטער־פּאַרטיי‎ , "fareynikte yidishe sotsialistishe arbeter-partey") was a political party in Poland and Ukraine. Members of the party along with the Poalei Zion participated in the government of Ukraine and condemned the October Revolution in Petrograd proposing a peaceful resolution of political changes in Russia.
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Antisemitism in the Soviet Union The 1917 Russian Revolution overthrew a centuries-old regime of official antisemitism in the Russian Empire. The success of the Soviet Union in dealing with this previous legacy of antisemitism, as well as the extent that the Soviet government fought against this prejudice, is a topic of some debate. Although officially forbidden as a form of ethnic and racial chauvinism, antisemitism came to be commonly used as an instrument for personal conflicts in the Soviet Union, starting from conflict between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky (who was Jewish) and continuing through numerous conspiracy theories spread by official Stalinist propaganda. Antisemitism in the Soviet Union reached new heights after 1948 during the campaign against the "rootless cosmopolitan", in which numerous Yiddish-writing poets, writers, painters and sculptors were killed or arrested. This culminated in the so-called Doctors' plot, in which a group of doctors (some of whom were Jewish) had allegedly conspired to murder Stalin.
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Spanish Revolution of 1936 The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy influence by the Communist Party of Spain. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist communes. Even places like hotels, barber shops, and restaurants were collectivized and managed by their workers.
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Abel Herzberg Abel Jacob Herzberg (17 September 1893 – 19 May 1989) was a Dutch Jewish lawyer and writer, whose parents were Russian Jews who had come to the Netherlands from Lithuania. Herzberg was trained as a lawyer and began a legal practice in Amsterdam, and became known as a legal scholar also. He was a Zionist from an early age, and around the time of the outbreak of World War II he attempted to emigrate with his family to Palestine. During the war he remained active in Jewish organizations until he was interned, with his wife, in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where his legal background and status as a legal scholar (which made him desirable to the Nazis in a possible exchange for Germans abroad) earned him a seat on a prisoners' court. After their captors moved them from Bergen-Belsen, he and his wife were later liberated by the Soviets and made it back to the Netherlands, where they were reunited also with their children. He continued his legal practice in Amsterdam, though he traveled to Palestine and was offered an administrative position in newly-founded Israel.
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Israel Rosenberg Israel (also Yisroel or Yisrol) Rosenberg (c. 1850 – 1903 or 1904; Yiddish/Hebrew: ישראל ראָזענבערג) founded the first Yiddish theater troupe in Imperial Russia.
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Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh "The Forty Days of Musa Dagh" is a 1933 novel by the Austrian-Jewish author Franz Werfel. Based on the events at Musa Dagh in 1915 during the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, the book played a role in organizing the Jewish resistance under Nazi rule. It was passed from hand to hand in Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, and it became an example and a symbol for the Jewish underground throughout Europe. The Holocaust scholars Samuel Totten, Paul Bartrop and Steven L. Jacobs underline the importance of the book for many of the ghettos' Jews: "The book was read by many Jews during World War II and was viewed as an allegory of their own situation in the Nazi-established ghettos, and what they might do about it."
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Wanderings: Chaim Potok's History of the Jews Wanderings: Chaim Potok's History of the Jews (ISBN  ) was first published in 1978 by Alfred A. Knopf, New York. According to S. Lillian Kremer in "Dictionary of Literary Biography", The book is "a compendium of scholarship about Jewish civilization and its relation to the myriad cultures with which Judaism has come into contact."