What was the capital of the union of provinces in the Río de la Plata comprised by most of the former dependencies from the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas?
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United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: "Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata" ), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (Spanish: "Provincias Unidas de Sudamérica" ), a union of provinces in the Río de la Plata region of South America, emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810–1818. It comprised most of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata dependencies and had Buenos Aires as its capital.
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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: "Virreinato del Río de la Plata" ) was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
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Tunja Tunja (] ) is a city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2012 it had an estimated population of 181,407 inhabitants. It is the capital of Boyacá department and the Central Boyacá Province. Tunja is an important educational centre of known universities. In the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, Tunja was called Hunza and was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors on August 20, 1537 upon "zaque" Quemuenchatocha and founded by the Spanish on August 6, 1539, exactly one year after the former southern capital Bacatá. The city hosts the most remaining Muisca architecture: Hunzahúa Well, Goranchacha Temple and Cojines del Zaque.
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Punta Arenas Punta Arenas (or Sandy Point in English) is the capital city of Chile's southernmost region, Magallanes and Antartica Chilena. The city was officially renamed as Magallanes in 1927, but in 1938 it was changed back to "Punta Arenas". It is the largest city south of the 46th parallel south. As of 1977 Punta Arenas has been one of only two free ports in Chile. (Note that Punta Arenas itself is not a "free port", but rather outside of the city; there is a small "zona franca" where certain products can be imported into the country under a reduced-tax regimen.)
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Viedma, Río Negro Viedma (] ) is the capital and fourth largest city of the Río Negro Province, in South-Central Argentina. The city has 47,246 inhabitants (2001), and is located on the southern margin of the Negro River, about 30 kilometres off the Atlantic Coast, and 960 km from the city of Buenos Aires on the National Route 3.
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Real Audiencia of Charcas The Real Audiencia of Charcas (Spanish: "Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas" ) was a Spanish "audiencia" with its seat in what is today Bolivia. It was established in 1559 in Ciudad de la Plata de Nuevo Toledo (later Charcas, today Sucre) and had jurisdiction over Charcas, Paraguay and the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, today Uruguay and northern Argentina. This court oversaw the incredible silver output of the mines at Potosí. It was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1776, when it was transferred to the newly created Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and began to be referred to as Upper Peru.
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Captaincy General of Puerto Rico The Captaincy General of Puerto Rico (Spanish: "Capitanía General de Puerto Rico" ) was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire, created in 1580 to provide better military management of the island of Puerto Rico, previously under the direct rule of a simple governor and the jurisdiction of Audiencia of Santo Domingo. Its creation was part of the, ultimately futile, Habsburg attempt in the late 16th century to prevent incursion into the Caribbean by foreign powers. Spain also established Captaincies General in Cuba, Guatemala and Yucatán.
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Castilla-La Mancha Castilla-La Mancha ( ; Spanish: ] ; sometimes written in English as Castile–La Mancha) is a south-western European region that was part of the Kingdom of Castile. Nowadays it is established as an autonomous community of Spain. Castilla-La Mancha is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's autonomous communities. Albacete is the largest and most populous city. Its capital city is Toledo, and its judicial capital city is Albacete.
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Colón Province Colón (] ) is a province of Panama. The capital is the city of Colón.
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Huesca Huesca (] ; Aragonese: "Uesca" ) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009 it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain.
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History of Lima The history of Lima, the capital of Peru, began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. The city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ichma polity. It became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a "Real Audiencia" in 1543. In the 17th century, the city prospered as the center of an extensive trade network despite damage from earthquakes and the threat of pirates. However, prosperity came to an end in the 18th century due to an economic downturn and the Bourbon Reforms.
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Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego Río Grande is a city in Argentina, on the north coast of the eastern part of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. It has a population of 67,038, and is the industrial capital of the Tierra del Fuego Province.
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Battle of Cuzco The Battle of Cuzco was fought in 1533 between the forces of Spain and of the Incas. After executing the Inca Atahualpa, Francisco Pizarro marched his forces to Cuzco, the capital of the Incan Empire. As the Spanish army approached Cuzco, however, Pizarro sent his brother Juan Pizarro and Hernando de Soto ahead with forty men. The advance guard fought a pitched battle with Incan troops in front of the city, securing victory. The Incan army under the command of Quizquiz withdrew during the night. The Spanish plundered Cuzco, where they found much gold and silver. Quizquiz was eventually killed, after being struck down by his own followers, leaving none to lead the Inca Empire, since his only equal commander Chalkuchimac had been burned in captivity.
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Río Negro (Argentina) Río Negro (] ; "Black River") is the most important river of the Argentine province of Río Negro.
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Pascual Ruiz Huidobro Pascual Ruiz Huidobro (Ourense, Galicia, 1752 – Mendoza, Argentina, March 1813), was a Spanish soldier in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, who fought against the British invasions of the Río de la Plata as Governor of Montevideo.
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List of heads of state of Argentina Argentina has had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. During Pre-Columbian times the territories that today form Argentina were inhabited by nomadic tribes, without any defined government. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, appointing viceroys for local government. The territories that would later become Argentina were first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and then the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The May Revolution started the Argentine War of Independence by replacing the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the first national government. It was the Primera Junta, a junta of several members, which would grow into the Junta Grande with the incorporation of provincial deputies. The size of the Juntas gave room to internal political disputes among their members, so they were replaced by the First and Second Triumvirate, of three members. The Assembly of the Year XIII created a new executive authority, with attributions similar to that of a head of state, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. A second Assembly, the Congress of Tucumán, declared independence in 1816 and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1819. However, this constitution was repealed during armed conflicts between the central government and the "Federal League" Provinces. This started a period known as the "Anarchy of the Year XX", when Argentina lacked any type of head of state.
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Republic of Zamboanga The Republic of Zamboanga, officially known as La Independiente República de Zamboanga, was a short-lived sovereign republic, founded by General Vicente Alvarez with his Zamboangueño Revolutionary Forces after the Spanish government in Zamboanga officially surrendered and turned over Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza to Gen. Vicente Álvarez in May 1899. On 28 May 1899, Gen. Vicente Álvarez proclaimed independence and became the first and last genuinely elected president of the republic.
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Zamora, Ecuador Zamora (] ) is a city in southeastern Ecuador, capital of Zamora-Chinchipe province and cantonal head of Zamora Canton.
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Real Audiencia of Lima The Real Audiencia and Chancery of Lima (Spanish: "Audiencia y Chancellería real de Lima" ) was a superior court in the New World empire of Spain, located in the city of Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It was created on November 20, 1542 as was the viceroyalty itself, by the Emperor Charles V. The Audiencia began functioning in 1543 and initially had jurisdiction over the entire viceroyalty—virtually all of Spanish-controlled South America and Panama. Later other "audiencias" were established in the Viceroyalty. The Audiencia functioned until 1821 when the forces of José de San Martín entered Lima.
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List of Viceroys of Peru The viceroys of Peru ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1826 in the name of the King of Spain. The territories under "de jure" rule by the viceroys included in the 16th and 17th century almost all of South America except eastern Brazil.
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Guayana Province Guayana Province (1585−1864) was a former province of Spanish Colonial Venezuela and independent Venezuela, in northern South America.
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Viceroyalty of Peru The Viceroyalty of Peru (Spanish: "Virreinato del Perú" ) was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The Viceroyalty of Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.