The Canadian astrophysicist born in 1943 won the 2015 Nobel prize in physics for his discovery of what phenomenon?
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Massless particle In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. The two known massless particles are both gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). However, gluons are never observed as free particles, since they are confined within hadrons. Neutrinos were originally thought to be massless. However, because neutrinos change flavor as they travel, at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass. The discovery of this phenomenon, known as neutrino oscillation, led to Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita sharing the 2015 Nobel prize in physics.
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Arthur B. McDonald Arthur Bruce McDonald, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian astrophysicist. McDonald is the director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute and holds the Gordon and Patricia Gray Chair in Particle Astrophysics at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. He was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Japanese physicist Takaaki Kajita.
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Auger effect The Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom. When a core electron is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of energy. Although most often this energy is released in the form of an emitted photon, the energy can also be transferred to another electron, which is ejected from the atom; this second ejected electron is called an Auger electron. The effect was first discovered by Lise Meitner in 1922; Pierre Victor Auger independently discovered the effect shortly after and is credited with the discovery in most of the scientific community, in accordance with Stiegler's law of eponymy.
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Fred Adams Fred C. Adams (born 1961) is an American astrophysicist who has made contributions to the study of physical cosmology.
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Max Cynader Max Sigmund Cynader, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 24 February 1947) is a Canadian ophthalmologist and neuroscientist. He currently holds the Canada Research Chair in Brain Development.
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Frank Shu Frank H. Shu (; born June2, 1943), is an American astrophysicist, astronomer and author. He is currently professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Diego and the university president of the National Tsing Hua University.
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Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (] ; October 24, 1932 – May 18, 2007) was a French physicist and the Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 1991.
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Jitendra Jatashankar Rawal Jitendra Jatashankar Rawal (born March 30, 1943) is an Indian astrophysicist and scientific educator, recognized for his work in the popularisation of science.
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Ronald C. Davidson Ronald Crosby Davidson (3 July 1941 – 19 May 2016) was a Canadian physicist, professor, and scientific administrator who worked in the United States. He served as the first director of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center from 1978 to 1988, and as director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory from 1991 to 1996. He had been Professor of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University since 1991.
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Luc Vinet Luc Vinet (born (1953--) 16, 1953 ) is a Canadian physicist and former rector of the Université de Montréal.
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Tom Bolton (astronomer) Charles Thomas Bolton (born 1943) is an American astronomer who was one of the first astronomers to present strong evidence of the existence of a stellar-mass black hole.
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Pavel Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian: Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в ] , July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
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Bruce L. Gordon Bruce L. Gordon is a Canadian philosopher of science (physics), metaphysician and philosopher of religion.
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Donald Howard Menzel Donald Howard Menzel (April 11, 1901 – December 14, 1976) was one of the first theoretical astronomers and astrophysicists in the US. He discovered the physical properties of the solar chromosphere, the chemistry of stars, the atmosphere of Mars, and the nature of gaseous nebulae. The minor planet 1967 Menzel was named in his honor.
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André Brahic André Fernand Brahic (30 November 1942 – 15 May 2016) was a French astrophysicist. He is known for his discovery (1984) of the rings of Neptune.
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2104 Toronto 2104 Toronto (1963 PD) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on August 15, 1963, by Karl Kamper at the David Dunlap Observatory on plates taken at the Tautenburg Observatory by Sidney van den Bergh. It was the first minor planet to be discovered at an observatory in Canada and named after the University of Toronto which was celebrating its sesquicentennial at the time of its discovery and to note the important role that university had in developing Canadian astronomy.
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Helioseismology Helioseismology is the process of inferring the internal structure and kinematics of the Sun from the propagation of seismic waves, particularly acoustic waves (p waves) and surface gravity waves (f waves). It was developed by analogy to geoseismology (originally called simply seismology), and subsequently there emerged asteroseismology, in which seismic waves are analysed to constrain the internal structures of other stars. Because the Sun is fluid, to a first approximation it cannot support shear waves (s-waves), unlike the seismic waves on Earth. An exception is the magneto-acoustic waves which appear to be important only in the atmosphere. The helioseismic waves are generated by the turbulence in the convection zone immediately beneath the Sun's surface. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference, leading to resonance. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The resonant waves are reflected near the photosphere, the visible surface of the sun, where they can be observed. The oscillations are detectable in almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the Doppler shift of atmospheric absorption lines. Details of the propagation of the seismic waves through the Sun, inferred from the resonant frequencies, reveal the Sun's inner structure, allowing astrophysicists to develop an extremely detailed representation of the hydrostatic stratification and the internal angular velocity. That has permitted the evaluation of the quadrupole moment, formula_1, and higher-order moments of the Sun's external gravitational potential. It is a more accurate and more robust procedure than trying to infer it from the oblateness of the visible disc. Together with measurements of the orbits of Mercury and of spacecraft, the result is consistent with General Relativity.
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Gary A. Wegner Gary Alan Wegner (born Seattle, Washington on December 26, 1944) is an American astronomer, the endowed Leede '49 Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Dartmouth College, and recipient of the Alexander Von Humboldt Prize. Wegner was also a member of a famous group of seven astronomers called the Seven Samurai who, in the 1980s, discovered the location of the Great Attractor. He has co-authored and authored over 320 articles in astronomy and astrophysics.
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Carlo Rubbia Carlo Rubbia, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'OMRI, OMCA', '4': "} (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
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Alexander Edgar Douglas Alexander "Alex" Edgar Douglas, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (12 April 1916, in Melfort, Saskatchewan – 26 July 1981, in Ottawa) was a Canadian physicist, known for his work in molecular spectroscopy. He was president of the Canadian Association of Physicists in 1975–1976.
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Donald J. Kessler Donald J. Kessler (born 1940) is an American astrophysicist and former NASA scientist known for his studies regarding space debris.
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John Herbert Chapman John Herbert Chapman (August 28, 1921 – September 28, 1979) from London, Ontario, son of Lt. Col. Lloyd Chapman and Kathleen Chapman, was a Canadian space researcher. Chapman started his career with his work on radio propagation and the ionosphere. He later received a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in physics at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. After his studies at university Chapman got his first position in the government with the Defence Research Board (DRB). He was then promoted to the position of section leader of the ionospheric propagation unit at the Defense Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) in 1951 at Shirley's Bay, a Canadian military and civilian telecommunication research campus.He was also a superintendent.