During what conflict was much of the economy of Spain put under worker control?
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Gaston Leval Gaston Leval (born Pierre Robert Piller October 20, 1895 – April 8, 1978) was an anarcho-syndicalist, combatant and historian of the Spanish Revolution.
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Spanish Revolution of 1936 The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy influence by the Communist Party of Spain. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist communes. Even places like hotels, barber shops, and restaurants were collectivized and managed by their workers.
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Biscay Campaign The Biscay Campaign (Spanish: "Campaña de Vizcaya" ) was an offensive of the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 31 March to 1 July 1937. 50,000 men of the Eusko Gudarostea met 65,000 men of the insurgent forces. After heavy combats the Nationalist forces with a crushing material superiority managed to occupy the city of Bilbao and the Biscay province.
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Censorship in Francoist Spain Censorship in Francoist Spain was mandated by Francisco Franco during his reign, between 1936-1975. Under his regime, primary subjects of censorship included public display of liberal political ideology, art forms such as literature and film, as well as symbols of foreign, non-conservative ideologies. This censorship was primarily driven by Franco's vision for ideological unity in Spain. As a result, Franco called for the censorship of materials that promoted liberal ideas from abroad, particular those of European origin. Aside from censorship of foreign ideology, symbols of Spanish identity, such as Catalonia, also became primary targets of censorship. Under his authoritarian regime, censorship was imposed primarily through systemic political repression. Franco's regime repressed expression of liberal social and political ideology among the Spanish public.
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Iron Column The Iron Column (Spanish: "Columna de Hierro") was a Spanish anarchist militia column formed during the Spanish Civil War to fight against the military forces of the Nationalist Faction that had rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic.
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Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War had large numbers of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions. The governments of Germany, Italy—and to a lesser extent Portugal—contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco. The government of the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent France and Mexico, likewise aided the Republicans (Loyalists) of the Second Spanish Republic. The aid came even after all the European powers had signed a Non-Intervention Agreement in 1936. While individual sympathy for the plight of the Spanish Republic was widespread in the liberal democracies, pacifism and the fear of another world war prevented them from selling or giving arms. The Nationalist pleas meanwhile were answered within days by Hitler and Mussolini.
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History of Italy (1559–1814) The history of Italy in the Early Modern period was partially characterized by foreign domination. Following the Italian Renaissance Wars (1494–1559), only the Savoyard state, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Florence and the Papal States remained independent, while the south of Italy, the Duchy of Milan and other minor Italian states were under direct or indirect control of Habsburg Spain. In order to mantain its influence and independence from Savoy and France, the Republic of Genoa became a key ally of the Spanish Empire, providing credit and economic support for the Habsburgs in what has been described as the "age of the Genoese".
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Pablo Yagüe Pablo Yagüe Estebaranz (  1909 – 19 May 1943) was a Spanish trade union leader and communist politician. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he was briefly in charge of Supplies for the Madrid Defense Council, before being shot and badly wounded at an Anarchist roadblock. After the war he lived in hiding in Spain for some time, then was arrested, tried and executed.
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Galician Workers Party Galician Workers Party (in Galician: "Partido Obreiro Galego") was a political party in Galicia, Spain.
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Ministry of Industry (Spain) The responsibilities of the Spanish Ministry of Industry have varied greatly over time, until 2000 grouped industrial competence and energy. Then created the Ministry of Science and Technology that took over most of its powers. With the change of government in 2004 the Ministry was re-created assuming the powers of trade and tourism that previously belonged to the Ministry of Economy and even in some periods were an independent ministry.
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Luis Castello Pantoja Luis Castelló Pantoja (Guadalcanal, Seville, 1881 - Guadalcanal, September 27, 1962), was a Spanish military Infantry General associated with the Spanish Civil War. A republican Minister of War during the early months of the war, he tried to stop the revolutionary chaos that followed the July 1936 coup.
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Central Region Army Group The Central Region Army Group, Spanish: "Grupo de Ejércitos de la Región Central" (GERC), was a military formation of the Spanish Republican Army during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War. It gathered the most powerful section of the republican military and would endure until the 1939 surrender. The "GERC" was under the command of general José Miaja Menant, the Defence of Madrid hero.
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May Days The May Days of 1937, sometimes also called May Events, referring to a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937, were a period of civil violence in Catalonia, when factions of the Republican side engaged each other in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, in particular in the city of Barcelona, during the Spanish Civil War.
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Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) The Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) were a series of uprisings by the Muslim population of the Kingdom of Granada, Crown of Castile (formerly, the Emirate of Granada) against their Catholic rulers. They began in 1499 in the city of Granada in response to mass forced conversion of the Muslim population to the Catholic faith, which were perceived as violations of the 1491 Treaty of Granada. The uprising in the city quickly died down, but it was followed by more serious revolts in the nearby mountainous area of the Alpujarra. The Catholic forces, on some occasions led personally by King Ferdinand, succeeded in suppressing the revolts and exacted severe punishment on the Muslim population.
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José María León Jiménez José María León Jiménez (April 17, 1893 – August 2, 1936) was a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politician and supporter of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. He was executed by the Nationalists of Francisco Franco during the White Terror (Spain).
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Villarreal Offensive The Villarreal Offensive (Spanish: "Ofensiva de Villarreal" ) was an offensive of the Spanish Civil War which lasted from 30 November to 24 December 1936. Eusko Gudarostea's 4,300 men fought 600 men of the insurgent forces.
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Slavery in Spain Societies prior to 1492 were considered a society with slaves, meaning that the greater percentage of population for slaves were indentured slaves. These slaves were used for services and employed in various ways such as employment “in domestics, artisans an assistance of all kinds”. For a society to be considered a slave society there would need to be at “30% of the population as slaves, and slave labor had to account for a major proportion of that society’s production’. So in the time frame of the Roman times to the Middle Ages the percentage of the slave population were minimal. According to Philips in the late fifteenth and early seventeenth centuries “slaves probably made up less than 1 percent of the population in Spain”. “Slavery was cross cultural and multi-ethnic” in addition to that, slavery played an important role in the development of the economy for Spain and other countries.
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Price revolution Price revolution, sometimes known as the Spanish Price Revolution, is a term used to describe a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. The price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe. Prices rose on average roughly sixfold over 150 years. This level of inflation amounts to 1–1.5% per year, a relatively low inflation rate for the 20th century standards, but rather high given the monetary policy in place in the 16th century.
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Spain during World War I Spain remained neutral throughout World War I between 28 July 1914 and 11 November 1918, and despite domestic economic difficulties, it was considered "one of the most important neutral countries in Europe by 1915". Spain had enjoyed neutrality during the political difficulties of pre-war Europe, and continued its neutrality after the war until the Spanish Civil War began in 1936. While there was no direct military involvement in the war, German forces were interned in Spanish Guinea in late 1915.
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International Brigades order of battle The International Brigades (IB) were volunteer military units of foreigners who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The number of combattant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time. A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combattant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM. They came from a claimed "53 nations" to fight against the Spanish Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by German and Italian forces.
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Bienio progresista In the history of Spain, the bienio progresista (] , "Progressive Biennium" or "Progressivist Biennium") was the two-year period from July 1854 to July 1856, during which the Progressive Party attempted to reform the political system of the reign of Isabella II, which had been dominated by the Moderate Party since 1843 in the so-called "década moderada". The Progressives were "exaltados" or "veinteañistas", advocates of radical liberalism, in contrast to the conservative liberalism of the "doceañistas" or Moderates.
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Liberal Union (Spain) The Liberal Union (Spanish: "Unión Liberal" ) was a political party in Spain in the third quarter of the 19th century. It was founded by Leopoldo O'Donnell in 1858 with the intent of forging a compromise and taking a centrist position between the two forces that had hitherto dominated Spanish politics during the reign of Isabella II. On one side were the forces of conservative liberalism known as the "doceañistas", arrayed around the Moderate Party. Among their leading figures were the queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies and General Ramón María Narváez. On the other were radical liberal "exaltados" or "veinteañistas" arrayed around the Progressive Party and the National Militia. Among their leading figures was General Baldomero Espartero. Both parties had fought on the same side in the Carlist Wars, but they had also at times fought against one another, and elements of the Moderate Party leaned toward absolute monarchy themselves. O'Donnell's intent was to bring together the non-absolutist Moderates and the less "exalted" (radical) Progressives and to occupy the political center. He first came forward with this program in September 1854 a few months after the end of the 10-year reign of the Moderates, but did not succeed in forming a party at that time.