Norman Wilkinson, was a British artist who usually worked in oils, watercolors and drypoint, Wilkinson invented which was a family of ship camouflage used extensively in World War I, and to a lesser extent in World War II and afterwards?
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Norman Wilkinson (artist) Norman Wilkinson {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (24 November 1878 – 31 May 1971) was a British artist who usually worked in oils, watercolors and drypoint. He was primarily a marine painter, but he was also an illustrator, poster artist, and wartime camoufleur. Wilkinson invented "Dazzle Painting" to protect merchant shipping during World War I.
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Dazzle camouflage Dazzle camouflage, also known as razzle dazzle (in the U.S.) or dazzle painting, was a family of ship camouflage used extensively in World War I, and to a lesser extent in World War II and afterwards. Credited to the British marine artist Norman Wilkinson, though with a rejected prior claim by the zoologist John Graham Kerr, it consisted of complex patterns of geometric shapes in contrasting colours, interrupting and intersecting each other.
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Leslie Arthur Wilcox Leslie Arthur Wilcox, RI, RSMA (13 March 1904 – 11 January 1982) was an eminent British artist known mainly as a marine artist working in oils. He was also a watercolourist, illustrator, poster artist, marine model-maker and author. He was for some years Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Marine Artists and a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. His works are in many collections around the world, including the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, and the Royal Collection. He wrote and illustrated two books on maritime history: "Mr Pepys' Navy" (1966 G. Bell & Sons Ltd., London) and "Anson's Voyage" (1969 G. Bell & Sons, Ltd., London)
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Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur) Timothy R. O'Neill (1943– ) is an American camouflage expert, responsible for designing the digital camouflage pattern MARPAT.
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Dreadnought The dreadnought was the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century. The first of its kind, the Royal Navy's "Dreadnought" , made such a strong impression on people's minds when launched in 1906 that similar battleships built subsequently were referred to generically as "dreadnoughts", and earlier battleships became known as "pre-dreadnoughts". "Dreadnought"' s design had two revolutionary features: an "all-big-gun" armament scheme, with more heavy-calibre guns than previous ships, and steam turbine propulsion. As dreadnoughts became a symbol of national power, the arrival of these new warships was a crucial catalyst in the intensifying naval arms race between the United Kingdom and Germany. With the launch of a single ship, "Dreadnought", the scales of naval power were reset overnight. As a result, dreadnought races sprang up around the world, including in South America, during the lead up to World War I. Successive designs increased rapidly in size and made use of improvements in armament, armour, and propulsion throughout the dreadnought era. Within five years, new battleships had outclassed "Dreadnought". These more powerful vessels were known as "super-dreadnoughts". Most of the original dreadnoughts were scrapped after the end of World War I under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, but many of the newer super-dreadnoughts continued to be used throughout World War II. The only surviving dreadnought is USS "Texas" , located near the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site.
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George Washington Lambert George Washington Thomas Lambert {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (13 September 1873 – 29 May 1930) was an Australian artist, known principally for portrait painting and as a war artist during the First World War.
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Utility furniture Utility furniture refers to furniture produced in the United Kingdom during and just after World War II, under a Government scheme which was designed to cope with shortages of raw materials and rationing of consumption. Introduced in 1942, the Utility Furniture Scheme continued into post-war austerity and lasted until 1952.
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CADPAT Canadian Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT; French: "dessin de camouflage canadien", DcamC) is the computer-generated digital camouflage pattern first issued in 2002, and currently used by the Canadian Forces (CF). CADPAT is designed to reduce the likelihood of detection by night vision devices.
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Vivat ribbons Vivat ribbons (German: "Vivatbänder" ) were silk ribbons with printed patriotic messages popular in Germany and Austria during World War I. They celebrated various battles and important events, as well as royalty and the military leaders. They were designed by many famous German artists of the period. Their name was derived from word ""Vivat !"" (""Long live!"") printed on most of ribbons. During World War I many ribbons were released by the German Red Cross to raise funds for war relief and had the following text on the bottom ""Zum Besten Des Roten Kreuzes; Verlag Amsler u. Ruthardt; Berlin W8 "" (""To the benefit of the Red Cross; Verlag Amsler & Ruthardt; Berlin W8"").
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Check-mate system The check-mate system was a system of ship identification used by the Allies of World War II. It was used by the Royal Navy when on patrol looking for German auxiliary cruisers and others ships that had been disguised by Axis forces. Under this system, a patrolling warship or aircraft would individually identify a suspect ship via the Admiralty in London; this step became necessary and was introduced after a German-held British ship in October 1942 was twice passed off by the Allies as still being British when challenged.
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USS Wilkinson USS "Wilkinson" (DL-5) was a Mitscher class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Vice Admiral Theodore Stark "Ping" Wilkinson USN (1888–1946).
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Gotha WD.11 The Gotha WD.11 (for "Wasser Doppeldecker" - "Water Biplane") was a torpedo bomber seaplane developed in Germany during World War I. When the general configuration of the Gotha WD.7 proved promising, Gotha set to work designing a much larger and more powerful aircraft along the same general lines. Like its predecessor, it was a conventional biplane with twin engines mounted tractor-fashion on the lower wing. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits and the landing gear consisted of twin pontoons. 12 examples were built for the Imperial German Navy.
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AD Flying Boat The AD Flying Boat was designed by the British Admiralty's Air Department to serve as a patrol aircraft that could operate in conjunction with Royal Navy warships. Intended for use during World War I, production of the aircraft was terminated as the end of the war came into sight, and the type saw little operational use. A number were re-purchased after the end of the War by Supermarine Aviation and rebuilt as civil Transports, becoming known as the Supermarine Channel.
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War Emergency Programme destroyers The "War Emergency Programme" destroyers were 112 destroyers built for the British Royal Navy during World War II. They were based on the hull and machinery of the earlier J-, K- and N-class destroyers. Due to supply problems and the persistent failure by the Royal Navy to develop a suitable dual-purpose weapon for destroyers, they were fitted with whatever armament was available. Recent advances in radar and weaponry were incorporated as they came available. As a result, they were a relatively heterogeneous class incorporating many wartime advances, but ultimately based on a hull that was too small and with an armament too light to be true first-rate vessels equivalent of their contemporaries. As such they are often described as "utility" destroyers. It was not until the Battle-class destroyer of 1944 that the Royal Navy returned to building larger destroyers. Many vessels were transferred to friendly navies.
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MARPAT MARPAT (short for Marine pattern) is a multi-scale camouflage pattern in use with the United States Marine Corps, designed by Timothy O'Neill in 2001 and introduced between 2002 and 2004 with the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform (MCCUU), which replaced the Camouflage Utility Uniform. Its design and concept are based on the Canadian CADPAT pattern. The pattern is formed of small rectangular pixels of color. In theory, it is a far more effective camouflage than standard uniform patterns because it mimics the dappled textures and rough boundaries found in natural settings. It is also known as the "digital pattern" or "digi-cammies" because of its micropattern (pixels) rather than the old macropattern (big blobs).
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Mine planter (U.S. Army) Mine planter and the earlier "torpedo planter" was a term used for mine warfare ships into the early days of World War I. In later terminology, particularly in the United States, a mine planter was a ship specifically designed to install controlled mines or contact mines in coastal fortifications. This type of ship diverged in both function and design from a ship operating as a naval minelayer. Though the vessel may be seagoing it is not designed to lay large numbers of mines in open sea. A mine planter was designed to place controlled minefields in exact locations so that they might be fired individually or as a group from shore when observers noted a target to be at or near a designated mine's position. The terms and types of specialized ship existed from the 1860s where "torpedoes" were made famous in the American Civil War until the demise of large, fixed coastal fortifications brought on by the changes of World War II.
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George Hooper (artist) George Hooper was a British artist who worked in a unique style informed by Fauvism and the Bloomsbury Group although his style varied greatly throughout his long career. Hooper was born on 10 September 1910 in Gorakphur, India and died on 18 July 1994 in Surrey, England. During World War II He was invited to join Kenneth Clark’s Recording Britain scheme as one of a small group of artists commissioned to create works that would, “...boost morale by celebrating the country’s natural beauty and architectural heritage”. He taught at Brighton College of Art and works of his are in the Victoria and Albert Museum, The British Museum and a number of smaller galleries in Sussex. He spent most of his later life in Redhill in Surrey painting largely independently of any school or group of artists. He married Joyce Katherine Hooper MBE (who later founded Surrey Opera) in 1941.
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Mermaid-class destroyer Two "Mermaid"-class destroyers served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. They were three-funnelled turtle-backed destroyers with the usual Hawthorn funnel tops. Built in 1896–1898, "Mermaid" and "Cheerful" were launched by R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Company from their Hebburn-on-Tyne shipyard.
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HMS Warspite Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named Warspite. The origins of the name are unclear, although it is probably from the Elizabethan spelling of the word 'spite' -- i.e. 'spight' -- in part embodying contempt for the Navy's enemies, but which was also the common name for the green woodpecker, suggesting the 'Warspight' would poke holes in enemy ships' (wooden) hulls. Until 1919 a woodpecker was used as the ships' crest; the official badge was a cannon, although the woodpecker continued to be used on the ships' tompions or gun muzzle plugs.
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Wilhelm Brandt Dr. Ing. Wilhelm Reni Brandt was a German military officer and engineer known for his writings and developments in the fields of camouflage and tank warfare. Among other developments, Brandt was responsible for a type of camouflage clothing and helmet covers issued to the Waffen SS. Brandt also wrote a number of works on armored warfare theory, beginning in 1924. In the early 1930s, Brandt participated in the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay, assisting the Bolivian side and their small armoured forces.
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Oil pastel Oil pastel (also called wax oil crayon) is a painting and drawing medium with characteristics similar to pastels and wax crayons. Unlike "soft" or "Japanese" pastel sticks, which are made with a gum or methyl cellulose binder, oil pastels consist of pigment mixed with a non-drying oil and wax binder. The surface of an oil pastel painting is therefore less powdery, but more difficult to protect with a fixative. Oil pastels provide a harder edge than "soft" or "French" pastels but are more difficult to blend.
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Flag of Great Britain The flag of Great Britain, commonly known as the Union Jack or Union Flag, is a maritime flag of Great Britain that was used from 1606 to 1801. The design was ordered by King James VI and I to be used on ships on the high seas, and it subsequently came into use as a national flag following the Treaty of Union and Acts of Union 1707, gaining the status of "the Ensign armorial of the Kingdom of Great Britain", the newly created state. It was later adopted by land forces, although the blue field used on land-based versions more closely resembled that of the blue of the flag of Scotland.