William John Macquorn Rankine, was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics, who was a founding contributor to the science of thermodynamics, which German physicist and mathematician is this?
74009ffebf0f7b29e519dc5b1508823d
William John Macquorn Rankine William John Macquorn Rankine, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'FRSE FRS', '4': "} ( ; 5 July 1820 – 24 December 1872) was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics. He was a founding contributor, with Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), to the science of thermodynamics, particularly focusing on the first of the three thermodynamic laws.
d13d26848cc4ad2cb99885015ef15d71
Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat.
13cacbeee4bbea55202ef5f2ddcbce07
Andrew Gray (physicist) Dr Andrew Gray {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'FRS FRSE', '4': "} (2 July 1847 – 10 October 1925) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician.
dc994a8ca793e6ddedc34f5cd001ffc6
Georg Mohr Jørgen Mohr (Latinised "Georg(ius) Mohr"; 1 April 1640 – 26 January 1697) was a Danish mathematician, known for being the first to prove the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem, which states that any geometric construction which can be done with compass and straightedge can also be done with compasses alone.
0c28c5ea02e8a90f6e963a08861c934d
Gustav Herglotz Gustav Herglotz (2 February 1881 – 22 March 1953) was a German Bohemian mathematician. He is best known for his works on the theory of relativity and seismology.
2098158fb80b8bcb232dc6727392cc29
Otto Hesse Ludwig Otto Hesse (22 April 1811 – 4 August 1874) was a German mathematician. Hesse was born in Königsberg, Prussia, and died in Munich, Bavaria. He worked mainly on algebraic invariants, and geometry. The Hessian matrix, the Hesse normal form, the Hesse configuration, the Hessian group, Hessian pairs, Hesse's theorem, Hesse pencil, and the Hesse transfer principle are named after him. Many of Hesse's research findings were presented for the first time in "Crelle's Journal" or Hesse's textbooks.
1de2140104d170ec7bf0d3f7e7dc8bf5
Herbert Arthur Stuart Herbert Arthur Stuart (27 March 1899, Zurich – 8 April 1974, Hanover) was a German experimental physicist who made contributions in molecular physics research. During World War II, he was director of the experimental physics department at the "Technische Hochschule Dresden". From 1955, he was the head of the high polymer physics laboratory at the University of Mainz.
43f40ba691bdf93776958c9c249ea04e
Theory of heat In the history of science, the theory of heat or mechanical theory of heat was a theory, introduced in 1798 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (better known as 'Count Rumford'), and developed more thoroughly in 1824 by the French physicist Sadi Carnot, that heat and mechanical work are equivalent. It is related to the mechanical equivalent of heat. Over the next century, with the introduction of the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by Rudolf Clausius, this theory evolved into the science of thermodynamics. In 1851, in his "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat", William Thomson outlined the view, as based on recent experiments by those such as James Joule, that “heat is not a substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect, we perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical work and heat, as between cause and effect.”
159b97b5ea5e1b9d07ba17d62bc21c71
Georg Lunge Georg Lunge (15 September 1839 – 3 January 1923) was a German chemist born in Breslau. He studied at Heidelberg (under Robert Bunsen) and Breslau, graduating at the latter university in 1859, for the work with Ferdinand Cohn. Turning his attention to technical chemistry, he became chemist at several works both in Germany and England, and in 1876 he was appointed professor of technical chemistry at ETH Zurich. Lunge's original contributions cover a very wide field, dealing both with technical processes and analysis. In addition, he was a voluminous writer, enriching scientific literature with many standard works. His treatises "Coal Tar and Ammonia", "Destillation des Steinkohlentheers" and "Sulphuric Acid and Alkali", established his position as the highest authority on these subjects, while the "Chemische-technische Untersuchungs-Methoden", to which he contributed, testified to his researches in technical analysis. His jubilee was celebrated in Zurich on 15 September 1909. He died in Zurich on 3 January 1923.
208487cc6d1b79ccfb433e3faa11ec19
Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( ; German: "Gauß" , ] ; Latin: "Carolus Fridericus Gauss" ) (30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, magnetic fields, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics.
6a09056cd5b2bc48095013e1224116db
Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). This model provides a three-dimensional plot of the various states of a fictitious substance with water-like properties. This plot has coordinates volume (x), entropy (y), and energy (z). It was based on the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs’ graphical thermodynamics papers of 1873. The model, in Maxwell's words, allowed "the principal features of known substances [to] be represented on a convenient scale."
798a710a4af6ebed1a943aa8bfeb8ac3
Aurel Stodola Aurel Boleslav Stodola (10 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a Slovak engineer, physicist, and inventor. He was a pioneer in the area of technical thermodynamics and its applications and published his book "Die Dampfturbine" (the steam turbine) in 1903. In addition to the thermodynamic issues involved in turbine design the book discussed aspects of fluid flow, vibration, stress analysis of plates, shells and rotating discs and stress concentrations at holes and fillets. Stodola was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now ETH) in Zurich. One of his students was Albert Einstein. In 1892, Stodola founded the Laboratory for Energy Conversion.
12e2c929f851a8b73e71d2bca7ba9c39
Isaac Newton in popular culture Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history. His "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.
03d659c6799c1fbc3511b75bbd2cb6dc
David Hilbert David Hilbert (] ; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
33de65d0d723b91de46df49b5bed4546
Richard Mollier Richard Mollier (] ; 30 November 1863, Triest – 13 March 1935, Dresden) was a German professor of Applied Physics and Mechanics in Göttingen and Dresden, a pioneer of experimental research in thermodynamics, particularly for water, steam, and moist air.
7179e0e885a6194d6ff38d9620134cf4
Herbert Fröhlich Herbert Fröhlich (9 December 1905 – 23 January 1991) FRS was a German-born British physicist.
508aa5a17b5ef1ca380d825833ddfae0
Charles Proteus Steinmetz Charles Proteus Steinmetz (April 9, 1865 – October 26, 1923; birth-name: Karl August Rudolph Steinmetz) was a German-born American mathematician and electrical engineer and professor at Union College. He fostered the development of alternating current that made possible the expansion of the electric power industry in the United States, formulating mathematical theories for engineers. He made ground-breaking discoveries in the understanding of hysteresis that enabled engineers to design better electromagnetic apparatus equipment including especially electric motors for use in industry.
3974a35c2d49f55f87a1cbfd68a57bd6
Wilhelm Cauer Wilhelm Cauer (24 June 1900 – 22 April 1945) was a German mathematician and scientist. He is most noted for his work on the analysis and synthesis of electrical filters and his work marked the beginning of the field of network synthesis. Prior to his work, electronic filter design used techniques which accurately predicted filter behaviour only under unrealistic conditions. This required a certain amount of experience on the part of the designer to choose suitable sections to include in the design. Cauer placed the field on a firm mathematical footing, providing tools that could produce exact solutions to a given specification for the design of an electronic filter.
56978bd13351b2589b8ff6c23f748428
Karl Eduard Zetzsche Karl Eduard Zetzsche (March 11, 1830 Altenberg – April 18, 1894 Dresden) was a German mathematician and physicist.
35d8f87ad88396182c045afb87f7429d
Leo Graetz Leo Graetz (26 September 1856 – 12 November 1941) was a German physicist. He was born in Breslau, Germany, and was the son of historian Heinrich Graetz.
f2d7938ef39f2e37abf968b156c43302
Heinrich G. F. Schröder Heinrich Georg Friedrich Schröder (28 September 1810 – 12 May 1885) was a German natural scientist (physicist, chemist), mathematician and educator.
485406183f97e4de1e21bbe7781dc38d
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (or Tschirnhausen, ] ; 10 April 1651 – 11 October 1708) was a German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher. He introduced the Tschirnhaus transformation and is considered by some to have been the inventor of European porcelain, an invention long accredited to Johann Friedrich Böttger but others claim porcelain had been made by English manufacturers at an even earlier date.