Which Old English poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines, has a new king named Heardred?
307c16aaa606fc1aa2dd15ec32163710
Heardred Heardred (Proto-Norse *"Harðurāðaz" ), died c. 530, is the son of Hygelac, king of the Geats, and his queen Hygd, in "Beowulf". After Hygelac's death, in Frisia, Hygd wants to make Hygelac's nephew Beowulf, king of Geatland, as she fears that the young Heardred won't be able to defend his people. Beowulf, however, declares his trust in the young man and Heardred is proclaimed king.
7a4f1147f4f5d17839856f307c7ee4b3
Beowulf Beowulf ( ] ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature. A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. The author was an anonymous Anglo-Saxon poet, most likely from the Kingdom of Northumbria, referred to by scholars as the ""Beowulf" poet".
321faaed6d076b2c2376f5cec43ebc19
Awdl In early Welsh literature, an awdl was any long poem on a single end-rhyme (the word is the same as "odl", 'rhyme'). Such early "awdlau" are associated with the Cynfeirdd such as Aneirin and Taliesin, and the poetry is found in manuscripts such as the "Book of Taliesin", the "Black Book of Carmarthen", the "Hendregadredd Manuscript" or "The Red Book of Hergest".
38d0da9eee0ab66ee39ac86aaa3f3f2b
Þórðr Kolbeinsson Þórðr Kolbeinsson ("Thordr Kolbeinsson") was an 11th-century Icelandic skald, or poet. He was the court poet of Eiríkr Hákonarson and some 17 stanzas of his poetry on the earl are preserved in the kings' sagas. The following example is from Eiríkr's campaign in England with Canute the Great.
a13b4888325ed956a8d5a9457b6f1a9b
Canu Heledd Canu Heledd (modern Welsh /'kani 'hɛlɛð/, the songs of Heledd) are a collection of early Welsh "englyn"-poems. They are rare among medieval Welsh poems for being set in the mouth of a female character.
60c11fc80e2a0acf9423c6f7cd7ce431
Cinuit of Alt Clut Cinuit (Welsh: "Cynwyd" ) may have been an early ruler of the Brittonic kingdom of Alt Clut, later known as Strathclyde, in Britain's "Hen Ogledd" or "Old North". The Harleian genealogies indicate that he was the son of Ceretic Guletic, who may be identified with the warlord "Ceredig" rebuked by Saint Patrick in one of his letters. According to the same pedigrees, he was the father of Dumnagual Hen, an important but obscure ancestor figure in Welsh tradition. The later genealogy "Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd" replaces Cinuit as Dumnagual's father with a certain Idnyuet, said to be the son of Maxen Wledic (the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus). However, the "Bonedd" does include a "Cynwyd Cynwydion" in the ancestry of Clydno Eiddyn, and a Triad attached to the text mentions the "three hundred swords of the (tribe of) Cynwydion" as one of three formidable north British war bands, along with those of Coel Hen and Cynfarch.
702ec695055e7e61c42e2e0f7a37371c
Crist Crist (Old English for "Christ"), is the title given to a triad of Old English religious poems in the Exeter Book comprising a total of 1664 lines and dealing with Christ's Advent, Ascension and Last Judgment. It was originally thought to be one piece completed by a single author, but the poem is now broken up into three parts:
b4c17f08312e1bf707756ece4568a9b1
Capture of the Five Boroughs Capture of the Five Boroughs (also "Redemption of the Five Boroughs") is an Old English chronicle poem that commemorates the capture by King Edmund I of the so-called Five Boroughs of the Danelaw in 942.
0d11d98ee15b77fcf891367d34ac4750
Hygelac Hygelac (Old English: "Hygelāc" ; Old Norse: "Hugleikr" ; Proto-Germanic: "*Hugilaikaz" ; Latin: "Ch(l)ochilaicus" ; died 521) was a king of the Geats according to the poem "Beowulf". It is Hygelac's presence in the poem which has allowed scholars to tentatively date the setting of the poem as well as to infer that it contains at least some points of historical fact. "Beowulf" gives Hygelac's genealogy: according to the poem, he was the son of Hrethel and had two brothers Herebeald and Hæþcyn, as well as an unnamed sister who was married to Ecgtheow and mother of the hero Beowulf. Hygelac was married to Hygd, and they had a son Heardred and an unnamed daughter who married Eofor. When Hygelac's brother Hæþcyn was fighting with the Swedes, Hygelac arrived at Hrefnesholt one day too late to save his brother Hæþcyn, but he managed to rescue the surviving Geatish warriors, who were besieged by the Swedish king Ongentheow and his three sons. The Swedes found refuge at a hill fort but were assaulted by the Geats. In the battle, the Swedish king was slain by Eofor. After the death of his brother Herebeald, Hygelac ascended the Geatish throne. After he was killed during a raid on Frisia, Hygelac was succeeded by Heardred, according to "Beowulf".
ad6f0f00c5a02ea6b5ed03ccca54fbc5
Mynyddog Mwynfawr Mynyddog Mwynfawr (variant orthographies include: Old Welsh "Mynydawc Mwynvawr"; Middle Welsh; "Mynyddawg Mwynfawr") was, according to Welsh tradition founded on the early Welsh language poem "Y Gododdin" (attributed to Aneirin), a Brittonic ruler of the kingdom of Gododdin in the Hen Ogledd (southern Scotland).
83a225a24d6b3194df20772d4e2342a5
The Romaunt of the Rose The Romaunt of the Rose ("the Romaunt") is a partial translation into Middle English of the French allegorical poem, "le Roman de la Rose" ("le Roman"). Originally believed to be the work of Chaucer, "the Romaunt" inspired controversy among 19th-century scholars when parts of the text were found to differ in style from Chaucer's other works. Also the text was found to contain three distinct fragments of translation. Together, the fragments—A, B, and C--provide a translation of approximately one-third of "Le Roman".
2c822492ac07fe32aaaceead7904445d
Ogier the Dane Ogier the Dane (French: "Ogier le Danois" or archaically "Ogier de Danemarche", Danish: "Holger Danske") is a legendary character who first appears in an Old French "chanson de geste", in the cycle of poems "Geste de Doon de Mayence".
8687d3b3b4a262e37b05ac34a0468181
Lycidas "Lycidas" ( ) is a poem by John Milton, written in 1637 as a pastoral elegy. It first appeared in a 1638 collection of elegies, entitled "Justa Edouardo King Naufrago", dedicated to the memory of Edward King, friend of Milton's at Cambridge who drowned when his ship sank in the Irish Sea off the coast of Wales in August 1637. The poem is 193 lines in length, and is irregularly rhymed. While many of the other poems in the compilation are in Greek and Latin, "Lycidas" is one of the poems written in English. Milton republished the poem in 1645.
18e4d8411762d6515aa58698d8ec60f7
Nótt In Norse mythology, Nótt (Old Norse "night") is night personified, grandmother of Thor. In both the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, Nótt is listed as the daughter of a figure by the name of Nörvi (with variant spellings) and is associated with the horse Hrímfaxi, while the "Prose Edda" features information about Nótt's ancestry, including her three marriages. Nótt's third marriage was to the god Dellingr and this resulted in their son Dagr, the personified day (although some manuscript variations list Jörð as Dellingr's wife and Dagr's mother instead). As a proper noun, the word "nótt" appears throughout Old Norse literature.
461a0ff16078ebdde627fd14e34e5616
Hrafnsmál Hrafnsmál (Old Norse "raven song") is a fragmentary skaldic poem generally accepted as being written by the 9th-century Norwegian skald Þorbjörn Hornklofi. "Hrafnsmál" largely consists of a conversation between an unnamed valkyrie and a raven; the two discuss the life and martial deeds of Harald Fairhair. Due to this, the poem is sometimes referred to as Haraldskvæði. The meter of the poem is dominantly "Málaháttr", while smaller portions are in Ljóðaháttr and Fornyrðislag.
3ebabb5955cb0e521824b01cc085136b
Fróði Fróði (Old Norse: "Frōði" ; Old English: "Frōda" ; Middle High German: "Vruote") is the name of a number of legendary Danish kings in various texts including "Beowulf", Snorri Sturluson's "Prose Edda" and his "Ynglinga saga", Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum", and the "Grottasöngr". A Danish king by this name also appears as a minor character in the Middle High German epic "Die Rabenschlacht". The name is possibly an eponym for the god Freyr.
40360086cbb3fe41a1b3f58f0b2fee98
Líf and Lífþrasir In Norse mythology, Líf (identical with the Old Norse feminine noun meaning "life, the life of the body") and Lífþrasir (Old Norse masculine name from "líf" and "þrasir". "Lexicon Poëticum" defines this name as ""Livæ amator, vitæ amans, vitæ cupidus"", "Líf's lover, lover of life, zest for life"), sometimes anglicized as Lif and Lifthrasir—female and male respectively—are two humans who are foretold to survive the events of Ragnarök by hiding in a wood called Hoddmímis holt, and after the flames have abated, to repopulate the newly risen and fertile world. Líf and Lífþrasir are mentioned in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the thirteenth century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the underlying meaning and origins of the two names.
bc4ac12a8f620e7413b84f1cbef7fde2
Darraðarljóð Darraðarljóð is a skaldic poem in Old Norse found in chapter 157 of "Njáls saga". The song consists of 11 stanzas, and within it twelve :valkyries weave and choose who is to be slain at the Battle of Clontarf (fought outside Dublin in 1014 CE). Of the twelve valkyries weaving, six of their names are given: Hildr, Hjörþrimul, Sanngriðr, Svipul, Guðr, and Göndul. Stanza 9 of the song reads:
ea306ae746305e7110f8ae6db1133462
Enid (given name) Enid ( ; ] ) is a feminine given name, the origin of which is Middle Welsh "eneit", meaning "purity", literally "soul" (from Proto-Celtic "*ana-ti̯o-", compare Gaulish "anatia" "souls (?)" attested on the Larzac tablet, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root "*h₂enh₁-" "to breathe, blow"; "cf." the modern Welsh "anadl", "breath" or "wind"). Enid was a character in Alfred Lord Tennyson's Arthurian epic "Idylls of the King" (1859) and its medieval Welsh source, the "Mabinogi" tale of "Geraint and Enid"; according to "The Facts on File Dictionary of First Names" (1983),
ce5979307c58a80f3a7c85d902343b96
Dagr In Norse mythology, Dagr (Old Norse "day") is day personified. This personification appears in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, Dagr is stated to be the son of the god Dellingr and is associated with the bright-maned horse Skinfaxi, who "draw[s] day to mankind". Depending on manuscript variation, the "Prose Edda" adds that Dagr is either Dellingr's son by Nótt, the personified night, or Jörð, the personified Earth. Otherwise, Dagr appears as a common noun simply meaning "day" throughout Old Norse works. Connections have been proposed between Dagr and other similarly named figures in Germanic mythology.
0104eaeea0f77dfe29eba9d653d1b2d9
Bergbúa þáttr Bergbúa þáttr ('the tale of the mountain-dweller') is a short medieval Icelandic tale (þáttr). It tells of Þórðr and his companion who get lost on their way to church one winter and take refuge in a cave. Once inside, after they have settled down for the evening, they hear noises from the back of the cave. Later they see two huge eyes and hear a voice which recites a poem of twelve stanzas, now known as "Hallmundarkviða." The speaker of these verses refers to himself as a gaint, and repeats the poem three time across the course of the night. The giant instructs the humans to remember the poem or suffer a forfeit. Þórðr memorises the poem but his companion does not and subsequently dies the following year.
d396ed957e562b20fc968ea4989d9199
Claf Abercuawg Claf Abercuawg (IPA /klav ˌaber'ki:aug/, 'the leper of Abercuawg') is the modern title of a 32-stanza medieval Welsh "englyn"-poem. According to Jenny Rowland, 'most critics would classify it among the most sophisticated and moving all the early "englynion" poems'; it is 'the classic example' of meditative, lyric, at least implicitly religious, early Welsh poetry.