What fundamental law of the Republic of Ireland allowed athletes who participated with Great Britain in the 1976 Winter Paralympics to later elect to hold Irish citizenship?
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Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Paralympics Great Britain competed at the inaugural Winter Paralympic Games in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who could later elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, were only eligible to represent Great Britain at this time. However no Northern Irish athletes took part in the Winter Paralympics until 2010 in Vancouver. Events were held for amputees and visually impaired athletes.
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Constitution of Ireland The Constitution of Ireland (Irish: "Bunreacht na hÉireann" , ] ) is the fundamental law of the Republic of Ireland. It asserts the national sovereignty of the Irish people. The constitution falls broadly within the tradition of liberal democracy being based on a system of representative democracy. It guarantees certain fundamental rights, along with a popularly elected non-executive president, a bicameral parliament based on the Westminster system, a separation of powers and judicial review.
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Paralympic Games The Paralympic Games is a major international multi-sport event involving athletes with a range of disabilities, including impaired muscle power (e.g. paraplegia and quadriplegia, muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome, spina bifida), impaired passive range of movement, limb deficiency (e.g. amputation or dysmelia), leg length difference, short stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision impairment and intellectual impairment. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
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European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland) The European Communities Act 1972 (No. 27 of 1972) is an act of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, that incorporates the treaties and law of the European Union into the domestic law of the Republic of Ireland. The Act did not just incorporate the law of the European Communities which existed at the time of its enactment, but incorporates legislative acts of the Community enacted subsequently. The Act also provides that government ministers may adopt statutory instruments (SIs) to implement EU law, and that those SIs are to have effect as if they were acts of parliament.
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Great Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 257 competitors, 213 men and 44 women, took part in 127 events in 18 sports. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. Indeed, it is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games: in 1952, they achieved their only gold medal during the last event of the last day of competition in Helsinki. This was Great Britain's lowest ever medal count.
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Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to join the European Communities and provided that European law would take precedence over the constitution. It was effected by the Third Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1972 which was approved by referendum on 10 May 1972 and signed into law on 8 June of the same year.
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Patrick Leahy (athlete) Patrick Joseph ("Pat") Leahy (20 May 1877 – 29 December 1927) was an Irish athlete who won Olympic medals (for Great Britain and Ireland) in the high jump and long jump at the 1900 Summer Olympics.
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Ireland at the 1992 Summer Paralympics Ireland competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain. 58 competitors from Ireland won 7 medals including 3 silver and 4 bronze and finished 43rd in the medal table.
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Anne Ebbs Anne Ebbs (neé Sinnott born 1940 or 1941) is a retired Paralympic table tennis medallist for Ireland. Ebbs won a silver medal at the 1972 and 1984 Summer Paralympics alongside a bronze at the 1980 Summer Paralympics. Outside of her table tennis career, Ebbs founded the Paralympic Council of Ireland in 1987 and was awarded the Paralympic Order in 2010.
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John Twomey (sailor) John Twomey (born 7 July 1955) is an Irish Paralympic athlete and sailor. He has represented Ireland at 11 consecutive Paralympic games winning medals at three of them.
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British Nationality Act 1772 The British Nationality Act 1772 (13 Geo. 3 c. 21) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain was a British nationality law which made general provision allowing natural-born allegiance (citizenship) to be assumed if the father alone were British.
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Athletics Ireland Athletics Ireland, officially the "Athletics Association of Ireland" or AAI, is the governing body of Athletics in Ireland, where Athletics is defined as including Track and Field Athletics, Road Running, Race Walking, Cross Country Running, Mountain Running and Ultra Distance Running. The organisation's jurisdiction covers the whole island of Ireland and it is affiliated to the International Association of Athletic Federations. Its remit is to promote athletics from recreational running, schools competitions and to support elite athletes in international competitions.
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Republic of Ireland Act 1948 The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (No. 22 of 1948) is an Act of the Oireachtas which declared that Ireland may be officially described as the Republic of Ireland, and vested in the President of Ireland the power to exercise the executive authority of the state in its external relations, on the advice of the Government of Ireland. The Act was signed into law on 21 December 1948 and came into force on 18 April 1949, Easter Monday, the 33rd anniversary of the beginning of the Easter Rising.
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All-Ireland All-Ireland is an attributive term which emphasises the whole of the island of Ireland. It contrasts with terms such as Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland, which apply only to specific jurisdictions on the island. All-Ireland is most frequently used to refer to sporting teams or events which apply to the whole island, but also has related meanings in politics and religion.
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Athletics in Wales Athletics has a long history in Wales, with many events recognised today codified during the Victorian period. The first amateur athletic clubs in Wales were formed in the 1870s, while the first championships began in the early 20th century. Wales began competing as a country in international athletic events in the 1920s and has since produced a notable number of world class sportspeople including many medal winning Commonwealth, World, Olympic, Paralympic and European champions. Wales competes in the Commonwealth Games under its own flag but at the Olympics Games, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a Great Britain team.
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European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 The European Convention of Human Rights Act 2003 is an act of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, which gave further effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law. It is substantially similar to the UK's Human Rights Act 1998.
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Gabriel Shelly Gabriel Shelly (born in Dublin on October 24, 1968) is an Irish Paralympian. He won gold in Boccia at the 2000 Summer Paralympics and bronze in Boccia at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He also participated in the 1996, 2004 Games and 2012 Games but did not win medals in those years.
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Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act 1936 The Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act, 1936 was an Act amending the Constitution of the Irish Free State, abolishing the separate representation of Universities in Dáil Éireann.
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Ireland at the British Empire Games At the 1930 British Empire Games, the first staging of what is now the Commonwealth Games, a single team represented the entire island of Ireland. Northern Ireland has been represented by its own team since the 1934 games. That year there were also competitors from the Irish Free State. The state had no representation at the 1938 games, and by the time of the next games in 1950 it was ineligible due to the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.
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Great Britain at the 1976 Summer Paralympics Great Britain sent a delegation to compete at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto, Canada. Its athletes finished fifth in the overall medal count.
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Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. The United Kingdom was represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), and the team of selected athletes was also known as Team GB. British athletes have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, France, Greece, and Switzerland, though Great Britain is the only country to have won at least one gold medal at all of them. Although the British Olympic Association is the National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Northern Irish athletes can choose whether to compete for Great Britain or for the Republic of Ireland, as they are entitled to citizenship of either nation under the Good Friday Agreement. In 2016 Northern Ireland born representatives in Team GB included returning rowers Alan Campbell, Peter Chambers and Richard Chambers, archer Patrick Huston and four members of the men's field hockey team: David Ames, Mark Gleghorne, Iain Lewers and Ian Sloan. The team also represents, and included representation from, the Crown dependencies, among which were Guernsey's Heather Watson and Carl Hester, and from the ten of the thirteen British Overseas Territories represented by the BOA rather than their own NOC, whose representatives include Turks and Caicos-born sprinter Delano Williams and Anguillan-born long jumper Shara Proctor
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Germany at the Paralympics Germany (GER) participated in the inaugural Paralympic Games in 1960 in Rome, where it sent a delegation of nine athletes. The country, since 1949 officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was until 1990 also called West Germany while the separate East German Democratic Republic (GDR) existed, which was recognized by the IOC only after 1964. East German athletes, however, participated in the Paralympics for the first and last time in 1984. Following the reunification of Germany in 1990, athletes from all of Germany compete simply as Germany (GER) again.