What state existed from 1861, when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, was the subject to the plotting of  an insurrection in Italian Eritrea by the government of Ethiopia?
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Battle of Halai The Battle of Halai, or the Battle of Halay, which took place in December 1894, was one of the opening battles of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. In the 1890s, the government of Ethiopia began plotting an insurrection in Italian Eritrea to push back against Italian encroachment on their country. On December 15, 1894, Bahta Hagos, the "chief of Okule-Kasai province in northern Tigré," launched a rebellion against the Italian authorities. On December 18, a force of Italian troops, led by Major Pietro Toselli discovered that a small Italian fort at Halai (garrisoned by 220 men) was being besieged by 1,600 of Bahta's rebels. Toselli attacked with 1,500 men, hitting his enemy (who "had almost taken the fort") in the rear. Bahta was killed in the ensuing battle and his army fell apart. In total, eleven Italians were killed and twenty-two wounded in the action.
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Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: "Regno d'Italia" ) was a state which existed from 1861, when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.
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Battle of Maychew The Battle of Maychew (also known as the Battle of Mai Ceu) was the last major battle fought on the northern front during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The battle consisted of a failed counterattack by the Ethiopian forces under Emperor Haile Selassie making frontal assaults against prepared Italian defensive positions under the command of Marshal Pietro Badoglio. The battle was fought near Maychew (Mai Ceu), Ethiopia, in the modern region of Tigray.
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1931 Constitution of Ethiopia The 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia was the first modern constitution for Ethiopia, intended to officially replace the "Fetha Nagast", which had been the supreme law since the Middle Ages. It was promulgated in "an impressive ceremony" held 16 July 1931 in the presence of Emperor Haile Selassie, who had long desired to proclaim one for his country. In the preface to his translation of this constitution into English, William Stern writes, "It is worthy of note that this was the first instance in history where an absolute ruler had sought voluntarily to share sovereign power with the subjects of his realm."
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Rimini Proclamation The Rimini Proclamation was a proclamation on 30 March 1815 by Joachim Murat, who had been made king of Naples by Napoleon I. Murat had just declared war on Austria and used the proclamation to call on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers and to show himself as a backer of Italian independence, in an attempt to find allies in his desperate battle to hang onto his throne. It began:
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Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: "Granducato di Toscana" , Latin: "Magnus Ducatus Etruriae" ) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Tuscany was nominally a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.
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Subalpine Senate The Subalpine Senate was the upper house of the Kingdom of Sardinia and one of the two houses of its bicameral parliament - the other was the Chamber of Deputies. It was set up in 1848 and dissolved in 1861, to be replaced by the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy - it is the direct ancestor of the present Italian Senate. Its name was a reference to the Napoleonic Subalpine Republic.
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Italian Cyrenaica Italian Cyrenaica was an Italian colony, located in present-day eastern Libya, that existed from 1927 to 1934. It was part of the Italian North African territory conquered from the Ottoman Empire in 1911.
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Gebrehiwot Baykedagn Gebrehiwot Baykedagn (1886-1919) was an Ethiopian doctor, economist, and intellectual. He was born in 1886 in Adwa, a northern Ethiopian town. In a trip to the port of Massawa, Gebrehiwot and his friends got permission from the captain of a German ship to visit the ship. On departure, he stowed away (this may not have been deliberate, according to Alemayehu Geda, 2004). On arrival, the captain entrusted the young boy to a rich Austrian family, who adopted him. This good fortune opened to him the opportunity to study the German language and to go to school. His exposure to Western education was thorough, and he pursued medical studies at Berlin University. He returned to his country and became private secretary and interpreter to the Emperor Menelik II, who defeated the Italian colonial army in 1896 at the Battle of Adwa. Later on, while the Haile Selassie was still the successor to the throne, he fulfilled important administrative functions. He served as inspector of the important Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway until his premature death in 1919.
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Third Italian War of Independence The Third Italian War of Independence (Italian: "Terza Guerra d'Indipendenza Italiana" ) was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire.
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Second Battle of Tembien The Second Battle of Tembien was a battle fought on the northern front of what was known as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. This battle consisted of attacks by Italian forces under Marshal Pietro Badoglio on Ethiopian forces under "Ras" Kassa Haile Darge and "Ras" Seyoum Mangasha. This battle was primarily fought in the area around the Tembien Province.
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Duke of Genoa Duke of Genoa was a subsidiary title of the King of Sardinia. It was first awarded in 1815 to Prince Charles Felix of Savoy, who became the King of Sardinia in 1821.
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Vittorio di Africa Vittorio di Africa (originally called "Vittorio d'Affrica" or simply "Vittorio") was a small town in southern Italian Somalia, created by Italian colonists in the late 1920s near the southern Shebelle river.
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Sicilian revolution of 1848 The Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 occurred in a year replete with revolutions and popular revolts. It commenced on 12 January 1848, and therefore was the very first of the numerous revolutions to occur that year. Three revolutions against Bourbon rule had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800: this final one resulted in an independent state surviving for 16 months. The constitution that survived the 16 months was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an Italian confederation of states. It was in effect a curtain raiser to the end of the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies which was started by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 and culminated with the Siege of Gaeta of 1860–1861.
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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Italian: "Regno Lombardo-Veneto" , German: "Königreich Lombardo–Venetien" ; Latin: "Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae" ), commonly called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire. It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to Lombardy and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed. It was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory fell to the Kingdom of Italy.
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Sardinia Nation Sardinia Nation (Sardinian: "Sardigna Natzione" , SN) is a minor separatist and democratic-socialist political party in Sardinia, Italy. Its long-time leader is Bustianu Cumpostu.
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Roman Republic (19th century) The Roman Republic was a short-lived state declared on February 9, 1849, when the government of Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's flight to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi. Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government seen in the ancient Roman Republic.
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Victor Emmanuel Railway The Victor Emmanuel Railway (VER) was created on 25 May 1853 by decree of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. It was authorised to run through Savoy from Culoz, at the boundary with France, via Chambéry and then through Piedmont, from Susa to Turin and onward to Buffalora at the boundary with Austrian territory. The Piedmont section was built by the VER itself. The Savoy section was built by Thomas Brassey and various partners but quickly purchased by the VER.
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Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy) The Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy was the main legislative body of the Kingdom of Italy descended from the lower house of the Kingdom of Sardinia, but supplemented with deputies from territories captured during the Second Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand. Along with the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, it formed the Italian Parliament from 1861 until 1939.
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Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.
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Regions of Ethiopia Ethiopia is a federal state subdivided into ethno-linguistically based regional states (plural: "kililoch"; singular: "kilil") and chartered cities (plural: "astedader akababiwach"; singular: "astedader akabibi"). This system of administrative regions replaced the provinces of Ethiopia in 1992 under the Transitional Government of Ethiopia and was formalised in 1995 when the current Constitution of Ethiopia came into force.
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Duce Duce (] , "leader") is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word "dux", and cognate with "duke". National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as "Il Duce" ("The Leader") of the movement. In 1925 it became a reference to the dictatorial position of "Sua Eccellenza Benito Mussolini, Capo del Governo, Duce del Fascismo e Fondatore dell'Impero" (""His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Leader of Fascism and Founder of the Empire""). Mussolini held this title together with that of President of the Council of Ministers: this was the constitutional position which entitled him to rule Italy on behalf of the King of Italy. "Founder of the Empire" was added for the exclusive use by Mussolini in recognition of his founding of an official legal entity of the Italian Empire on behalf of the King in 1936 following Italy's victory in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The position was held by Mussolini until 1943, when he was removed from office by the King and the position of "Duce" was dismantled, while Marshal Pietro Badoglio was appointed Presidente del Consiglio.