The Woman Voter and On Our Backs, are media of which type?
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The Woman Voter The Woman Voter was a monthly suffragist journal published in New York City by the Woman Suffrage Party (WSP). It ran between 1910 and 1917. The first editor was Mary Ritter Beard. Beard created a suffragist publication which was unique in offering coverage of topics that "cut across class, age and organizational boundaries."
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On Our Backs On Our Backs was the first women-run erotica magazine and the first magazine to feature lesbian erotica for a lesbian audience in the United States. ("On Our Backs" is also a book written by Rosita Sweetman, which looks at sexual attitudes in 1980s Ireland.)
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Proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems by which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If "n"% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly "n"% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result: not just a plurality, or a bare majority, of them. Proportional representation requires the use of multiple-member voting districts (also called super-districts); it is not possible using single-member districts alone. In fact, the most proportional representation is achieved when just one super-district is used.
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Push poll A push poll is an interactive marketing technique, most commonly employed during political campaigning, in which an individual or organization attempts to manipulate or alter prospective voters' views/beliefs under the guise of conducting an opinion poll.
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The only poll that counts... The phrase "The only poll that counts..." is used by politicians to dismiss the importance of opinion polls and highlight the importance of polling day. It is particularly used as a response to questions about negative opinion poll results and is generally considered tongue-in-cheek or ironic. It is particularly well known as a feature of Australian politics where its inclusion in party-political briefings and instructions has caused controversy. The generally accepted continuation of the phrase is, ""...is the one on election day"".
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Get out the vote "Get out the vote" (or "getting out the vote"; GOTV) describes efforts aimed at increasing the voter turnout in elections. In countries that do not have or enforce compulsory voting, voter turnout can be low, sometimes even below a third of the eligible voter pool. GOTV is generally not required for elections when there are effective compulsory voting systems in place, other than perhaps to register first time voters.
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Video the Vote Video the Vote is a nonpartisan grassroots organization launched in 2006 to document problems at the U.S. polls on election day. Video the Vote ensures timely, complete, and accurate reporting of voter suppression and election irregularities by organizing citizen journalists to document elections in their communities.
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Money primary In the United States, the money primary, also known as the invisible primary, is the period between (1) the first well-known presidential candidates with strong political support networks showing interest in running for president and (2) demonstration of substantial public support by voters for them in primaries and caucuses. During the money primary candidates raise funds for the upcoming primary elections and attempt to garner support of political leaders and donors, as well as the party establishment. Fund raising numbers and opinion polls are used by the media to predict who the front runners for the nomination are. This is a crucial stage of a campaign for the presidency, as the initial frontrunners who raise the most money appear the strongest and will be able to raise even more money. On the other hand, members of the party establishment who find themselves losing the invisible primary, such as Mitt Romney in the 2016 race, may abandon hope of successfully running.
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Low information voter Low information voters, also known as LIVs or misinformation voters, are people who may vote, but who are generally poorly informed about issues. The phrase is mainly used in the United States, and has become popular since the mid-1990s.
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Our America Our America is an award-winning film based on the book "Our America: Life And Death on the South Side of Chicago".
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Restless Nation Restless Nation was a BBC Scotland television series, first shown in 1991, prior to the UK general election in 1992, and updated in 1996, prior to the 1997 general election. It spawned a book by Alan Clements, Kenny Farquharson and Kirsty Wark, in collaboration with "Scotland on Sunday", published in 1996.
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Feminist pornography Feminist pornography refers to a genre of film developed by and/or for those dedicated to gender equality. It was created for the purposes of encouraging women and their self-beliefs of freedom through sexuality, equality and pleasure. Many third-wave feminists are open to seeking freedom and rights of sexual equality through entering the adult entertainment workforce. Second-wave feminists, contrarily, often have a solidified belief that the oppression and/or sexual objectification of women is inherent to all pornography involving them. The conflict between the two waves causes many struggles between these two different feminist views.
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Propaganda (book) Propaganda, an influential book written by Edward L. Bernays in 1928, incorporated the literature from social science and psychological manipulation into an examination of the techniques of public communication. Bernays wrote the book in response to the success of some of his earlier works such as "Crystallizing Public Opinion" (1923) and "A Public Relations Counsel" (1927). "Propaganda" explored the psychology behind manipulating masses and the ability to use symbolic action and propaganda to influence politics, effect social change, and lobby for gender and racial equality. Walter Lippman was Bernays’ unacknowledged American mentor and his work "The Phantom Public" greatly influenced the ideas expressed in "Propaganda" a year later. The work propelled Bernays into media historians’ view of him as the “father of public relations.”
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Voter apathy In politics, voter apathy is perceived apathy (lack of caring) among voters in an election. Voter apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low turnout among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional and the donkey vote where voting is compulsory. "Voter fatigue" describes a possible cause of voter apathy: elections that are held too frequently.
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Politiquera A politiquera in the United States is an individual who is paid for by an election campaign to knock on doors to issue fliers and encourage people to get out and vote in favour of the candidate. Candidates who generally lack the grass root volunteers who normally do this job, resort to politiqueras to achieve the goal. Use of politiqueras in southern regions of Texas during the democratic primary on March 4, 2008 by Hillary Clinton campaign is one such example.
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Party platform A political party platform or platform is a formal set of principal goals which are supported by a political party or individual candidate, in order to appeal to the general public, for the ultimate purpose of garnering the general public's support and votes about complicated topics or issues. "Plank" is the term often given to the components of the political platform – the opinions and viewpoints about individual topics, as held by a party, person, or organization. The word "plank" depicts a component of an overall political platform, as a metaphorical reference to a basic stage made out of boards or planks of wood. The metaphor can return to its literal origin when public speaking or debates are actually held upon a physical platform.
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Opinions (TV series) Opinions was a British talk programme broadcast on Channel 4 television in the 1980s and 1990s. According to "Time" magazine, "Opinions" gave "a public figure 30-minutes of airtime each week to expound on a controversial topic (Germaine Greer on Margaret Thatcher, Edward Teller on nuclear defence)". "A speaker could express his or her own views straight to camera for 30 minutes" "an earnest of Channel 4's faith and mission to bring edgy, alternative fare to the public and to excite reaction".
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American propaganda during World War II During active American involvement in World War II (1941–45), propaganda was used to increase support for the war and commitment to an Allied victory. Using a vast array of media, propagandists instigated hatred for the enemy and support for America's allies, urged greater public effort for war production and victory gardens, persuaded people to save some of their material so that more material could be used for the war effort, and sold war bonds. Patriotism became the central theme of advertising throughout the war, as large scale campaigns were launched to sell war bonds, promote efficiency in factories, reduce ugly rumors, and maintain civilian morale. The war consolidated the advertising industry's role in American society, deflecting earlier criticism.
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Minimal effects hypothesis In political science, the minimal effects hypothesis states that political campaigns only marginally persuade and convert voters. The hypothesis was formulated during early research into voting behavior between the 1940s and the 1960s, and this period formed the initial "minimum effects" era in the United States. The hypothesis seemed solid and was associated with the general assumption that voters had clear positions on issues and knew where candidates stood on these issues. Since then the minimal effects hypothesis has been criticized and empirical research since the 1980s has suggested that voters do have uncertainties about candidates' positions and these uncertainties do influence voters' decisions. These findings have led to renewed interest in research into the effects of campaigns, with recent published research appearing both for and against the minimal effects hypothesis.
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Votojournalism Votojournalism is a portmanteau word combination of voter and photojournalism, used to describe photographs taken in a political campaign by the general public. These photographs are uploaded to an image-sharing website such as Flickr and thereby made accessible to all internet users via direct access or a feed.
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Voter fatigue In politics, voter fatigue is the apathy that the electorate can experience under certain circumstances, one of which could be (in exceptional circumstances) that they are required to vote too often, or that they feel disengaged. Voter fatigue and voter apathy should be distinguished from what arises when voters are not allowed or unable to vote, or when disenfranchisement occurs, or voters are engaged generally but repelled by the options available.
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Tactical voting In voting methods, tactical voting (or strategic voting or sophisticated voting or insincere voting) occurs, in elections with more than two candidates, when a voter supports another candidate more strongly than their "sincere preference" in order to prevent an undesirable outcome.