Who claimed the regions of Araucania and eastern Patagonia while also being accused of being a self-proclaimed king?
d5bf07c7556217da5c24913f4ac4228f
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (Spanish: "Reino de la Araucanía y de la Patagonia" ; French: "Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie" , sometimes referred to as "New France") was a proposed state and kingdom conceived in the 19th century by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orélie-Antoine de Tounens. Orélie-Antoine de Tounens claimed the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia. It was an unrecognized state that enjoyed only marginal sovereignty in a brief period of time, through alliances with some Mapuche lonkos, in a reduced area of Araucanía, in current Chile.
3fae6c0def79788a34c75eb9fad4b5b6
Orélie-Antoine de Tounens Orélie-Antoine de Tounens (May 12, 1825 – September 17, 1878) was a French lawyer, and adventurer, who assumed the title of King of Araucanía and Patagonia. It is disputed whether Tounens was a self-proclaimed king or was elected in a national assembly (called Futa Kollog) by more than 3,000 indigenous Mapuche delegates; and the highest Mapuche authorities of the time, including the most important "Loncos" (Mapuche chiefs) and "Toki" (Mapuche war chiefs).
1989767cb96c196001739a7615a25dee
El Dorado El Dorado (] , ; Spanish for "the golden one"), originally "El Hombre Dorado" (the golden man), or "El Rey Dorado" (the golden king), was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief ("zipa") of the Muisca native people of Colombia, who, as an initiation rite, covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita. The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time, as it went from being a man, to a city, to a kingdom, and then finally an empire.
0acf661af5cbfb2af829f0a9eba1e3c2
Andrés de Santa Cruz Andrés de Santa Cruz y Calahumana (December 5, 1792 in Huarina, Bolivia – September 25, 1865 in Beauvoir, France) served as the seventh President of Peru during 1827, the Interim President of Peru from 1836 to 1838 and President of Bolivia (1829–39). He also served as Supreme Protector of the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–39), a political entity created mainly by his personal endeavors.
003baeee04393752fb7a66f8feeb2d63
Inca Empire The Inca Empire (Quechua: "Tawantinsuyu",  "The Four Regions" ), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century. Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.
deca02efa0201905a30fee4ee999ed66
Kingdom of Majorca The Kingdom of Majorca (Catalan: "Regne de Mallorca" , ] ; Spanish: "Reino de Mallorca" ; Latin: "Regnum Maioricae" ) was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as "James The Conqueror". After the death of his firstborn son Alfonso, a will was written in 1262 and created the kingdom to cede it to his son James. The disposition was maintained during successive versions of his will and so when James I died in 1276, the Crown of Aragon passed to his eldest son Peter, known as Peter III of Aragon or "Peter the Great". The Kingdom of Majorca passed to James, who reigned under the name of James II of Majorca. After 1279, Peter III of Aragon established that the king of Majorca was a vassal to the king of Aragon. The title continued to be employed by the Aragonese and Spanish monarchs until its dissolution by the 1715 Nueva Planta decrees.
d1b4f2deb6d8d1966afa69edf7878804
Farce of Ávila On 5 June 1465, in a location around Ávila, a group of Castilian noblemen deposed of King Henry IV of Castile in effigy, and instead proclaimed his half-brother Prince Alfonso, better known as "Alfonso the Innocent", as king. This ceremony became known by its detractors as the farce of Ávila and has been recorded as such in history.
ae60649a14d5db4f4e0159ad930c5a2f
Ruy Diaz Melgarejo Ruy Diaz Melgarejo (Salteras 1519 – Santa Fe 1602) was a miner, military, conqueror and statesman who established the Spanish Crown in the region of Río de la Plata in South America. His life was marked by wars, conspiracies, persecutions and family conflicts. Melgarejo enjoyed the favor of the Spanish crown. He almost absolutely ruled the independent province of Guayrá for 30 years.
05597d4906df47e486f828f1cd1f770c
Battle of Huarina After sending away royal appointed governor of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Blasco Núñez Vela and later defeating and killing him in the battle of Añaquito, Gonzalo Pizarro assembled an army of 1,200 men to press claims for the rule over Peru, once belonging to him and his brothers. The new viceroy, Pedro de la Gasca, landed in Peru in 1547, and a contingent of his troops, led by Diego Centeno, was severely defeated at Huarina by Francisco de Carvajal (dubbed the "Deamon of the Andes", for his treatment of native Peruvians in his quest for glory and power.)
a706a416ba39fce19b359064ab76d9ae
Boroa Boroa, is a town in Araucanía, Chile on the shores of Cautín River. The region near the town south of the Cautin River between the Boroa and Quepe Rivers was the Moluche aillarehue of Boroa. The site of the town was founded as a Spanish fort "San Ignacio de la Redención" in 1606 by the Maestro de Campo Rodulfo Lisperger during the Arauco War but it did not remain long after he and his garrison were ambushed. Later in 1649 as a result of the Parliament of Quilín (1647), Martín de Mujica y Buitrón was able to reestablish the fort at Boroa but it was abandoned in 1656 after a long siege during the Mapuche Insurrection of 1655. One could find vestiges of the old Spanish fort near the mission at its location at the end of the 19th century.
8feadd354a8a66b88b3602df32a2cebb
History of Chile The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BC. By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory became a colony between 1540 and 1820, when it gained independence from Spain. The country's economic development was successively marked by the export of first agricultural produce, then saltpeter and later copper. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and controlled by an elite.
2cbcb3e2079bade03e6bbe5c04cca870
Sancho III of Pamplona Sancho Garcés III ( 994 – 18 October 1035), also known as Sancho the Great (Spanish: "Sancho el Mayor" , Basque: "Antso Gartzez Nagusia" ), was the King of Pamplona from 1004 until his death in 1035. He also ruled the County of Aragon and by marriage the counties of Castile, Álava and Monzón. He later added the counties of Sobrarbe (1015), Ribagoza (1018) and Cea (1030), and would intervene in the Kingdom of León, taking its eponymous capital city in 1034.
17cc96144ef9fdb615847ac26c7f08dd
Stephen V Báthory Stephen Báthory of Ecsed (Hungarian: "Báthory István" , ] ; Romanian: "Ștefan Báthory" ; 1430–1493) was a Hungarian commander, 'dapiferorum regalium magister' (1458–?), judge royal (1471–1493) and voivode of Transylvania (1479–1493). He rose to power under King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and after the king's death sided with Vladislav Jagiellon of Bohemia and later together with Pál Kinizsi defeated Prince John Corvin in the Battle of Csonthegy (1493). As a result of his cruelty in Transylvania, especially against the Székelys, he was deposed by the King in 1493 and died shortly afterwards.
5bc4c983b75d8f7bcb59a5ec53806350
Vladislaus II of Hungary Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav II, Władysław II or Wladislas II (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516; ; Hungarian: "II. Ulászló" ; Polish: "Władysław II Jagiellończyk" ; Croatian: "Vladislav II. Jagelović" ; Slovak: "Vladislav II. Jagelovský" ), was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516, and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1490 to 1516. As the eldest son of Casimir IV Jagiellon, he was expected to inherit Poland and Lithuania. George of Poděbrady, the Hussite ruler of Bohemia, offered to make Vladislaus his heir in 1468. Poděbrady needed Casimir IV's support against the rebellious Catholic noblemen and their ally, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. The Diet of Bohemia elected Vladislaus king after Poděbrady's death, but he could only rule Bohemia proper, because Matthias (whom the Catholic nobles had elected king) occupied Moravia, Silesia and Lusatia. Vladislaus tried to reconquer the three provinces with his father's assistance, but Matthias repelled them.
e88a4063c9753d556ffe6fd21bc7f008
Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela (14 November 1528 in Andújar, Spain – 27 December 1599 in Valdivia, Chile), was a nobleman of the Kingdom of Spain. He traveled to the Americas, where was appointed as military and navy leader by the Spanish Crown in the Viceroyalty of Peru, being captain in some battles. During his last days he was a Royalist politician nominated and elected "Corregidor" so called "City Mayor" in Valdivia, city-port founded by his countryman named Peter of Valdivia (Pedro de Valdivia) conqueror of Chile. There he did a good job making strategies protecting southern cities, forts and ports, and avoiding attacks by pirates. He also was a businessman like his father named "Alonso Pérez de Valenzuela y de la Cava".
284dbcc5197937f0d455d7c51fe609ff
Confederation of the Equator The Confederation of the Equator (Portuguese: Confederação do Equador ) was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of Brazil after that nation's struggle for independence from Portugal. The secessionist movement was led by wealthy landowners who opposed early reforms by the nation's first leader, Emperor Pedro I. The fight occurred in Pernambuco, Ceará and Paraíba.
9993d2537daaae8362b982aacea5dca9
Lope de Aguirre Lope de Aguirre (8 November 1510 – 27 October 1561) was a Basque Spanish "conquistador" who was active in South America. Nicknamed "El Loco" ('the Madman'), he styled himself "Wrath of God, Prince of Freedom, King of Tierra Firme". Aguirre is best known for his final expedition down the Amazon river in search of the mythical golden King El Dorado. In 1561 Aguirre sent a letter which defied the Spanish monarch Philip II by declaring an independent state of Peru. Aguirre's expedition ended with his death, and in the years since then he has been treated by historians as a symbol of cruelty and treachery in the early history of colonial Spanish America, and has become an antihero in literature, cinema and other arts.
8a9422dd18bc4769df4632e583b8405f
Adiós, Tierra del Fuego Adiós, Tierra del Fuego is a 2001 book by the French writer Jean Raspail. It focuses on Tierra del Fuego, an archipelago off the southern tip of South America, in both a historical and personal perspective. The area had been the subject of several previous works by Raspail, in particular related to the subject of Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, the self-proclaimed king of Araucanía and Patagonia, who also is featured prominently in "Adiós, Tierra del Fuego". The book received the Jean Giono Prize.
08a9c5e9ae6e8eed2d86c7399d14c775
List of Viceroys of Peru The viceroys of Peru ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1826 in the name of the King of Spain. The territories under "de jure" rule by the viceroys included in the 16th and 17th century almost all of South America except eastern Brazil.
6e1d4b2d2bc73ddfbc2a5aeb2244a34a
Patria Vieja Patria Vieja (] , "Old Fatherland") refers to a time period in the History of Chile occurring between the First Junta of the Government (September 18, 1810) and the Disaster of Rancagua (October 1, 1814). In this period measures were taken for the imprisonment of Fernando VII by Napoleon and this started the governmental organization of the Kingdom of Chile.
08c76e04daa7aae7b477272ec3be7156
Mapuche conflict Mapuche conflict is a collective name for the revival and reorganization of Mapuche communities for greater autonomy, recognition of rights and the recovery of land since the Chilean transition to democracy. The Mapuche conflict is a phenomenon mainly from Chile, but also from neighboring areas of Argentina. Demands revolve mainly around three themes: jurisdictional autonomy, return of ancestral lands and cultural identity. Historian Gonzalo Vial claims that a "historical debt" exists towards the Mapuche by the Republic of Chile, whereas the Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco aims at a national liberation of Mapuches.
c769797a3c6b3b686bb2d365691f31a2
Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held for a year and a half before finally being released by the British government in March 2000. Authorized to freely return to Chile, Pinochet was there first indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia, and charged with a number of crimes, before dying on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted in any case. His arrest in London made the front-page of newspapers worldwide as not only did it involve the head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990, but it was the first time that several European judges applied the principle of universal jurisdiction, declaring themselves competent to judge crimes committed by former heads of state, despite local amnesty laws.