What kind of operation was proposed and set up by the Venezuelan President who served as the President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013?
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Operation Emmanuel Operation Emmanuel (Spanish: "Operación Emmanuel" ) was a humanitarian operation that rescued politician Clara Rojas, her son Emmanuel (born in captivity), and former senator Consuelo González from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in Colombia. The operation was proposed and set up by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, with the permission of the Colombian government of Álvaro Uribe. Chávez's plan was supported by the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and France, as well as the Red Cross, which also participated in the operation. Venezuelan aircraft were flown to an airport in the Colombian town of Villavicencio, were resupplied, and from there flew to the secret rescue point set up by the FARC. On December 26, 2007, through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Colombian government approved the mission, only requesting that the aircraft used for the operations were labelled with Red Cross insignias.
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Hugo Chávez Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (] ; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician and revolutionary who served as the President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013. Chávez was also leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it merged with several other parties to form the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until 2012.
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Cristóbal Mendoza José Cristóbal Hurtado de Mendoza y Montilla (23 June 1772 – 8 February 1829), commonly known as Cristóbal Mendoza or Cristóbal de Mendoza, was a Venezuelan lawyer, politician, writer, and academic. Cristobal is best known for serving as the first official President of Venezuela from 1811 to 1812. After earning a master's degree in philosophy in Caracas and his doctor utriusque juris (Doctor of Canon and Civil Law) in the Dominican Republic, early in his professional career he served in various law firms in Trujillo, Merida, and Caracas. He moved to Barinas in 1796 to practice law, and in 1807 was elected Mayor of Barinas. In 1810, Mendoza joined the insurgent movement started by wealthy Caracan citizens against the Spanish crown, and in 1811 was elected to represent the province of Barinas in the newly founded Constituent Congress of Venezuela. Days later he was appointed the first president of the First Republic of Venezuela, a role he shared as part of a triumvirate. Until his term ended in March 1812, Mendoza began the war for independence against the parts of Venezuela that still supported the Spanish monarchy, authored the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, and also took part in constructing the first Constitution of the Republic of Venezuela.
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Omar Barboza Omar Enrique Barboza Gutiérrez is the president of the Venezuelan political party Un Nuevo Tiempo (A New Era) in opposition to Nicolás Maduro, the current President of Venezuela.
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Hugo Ballivián Hugo Ballivián Rojas (7 June 1901 – 15 July 1993) was "de facto" President of Bolivia between 1951 and 1952. A career military officer, he was Commander of the Bolivian Armed Forces when President Mamerto Urriolagoitía called upon him to take over as extra-Constitutional chief executive in order to prevent the swearing-in of the reform-minded President-elect, Víctor Paz Estenssoro. This was a self-coup that became popularly known as the "Mamertazo." Installing himself in the Palacio Quemado, Ballivián was the oligarchy's last hope to "turn back the hands of the clock," but the situation was apparently beyond repair. Despite declaring a nationwide curfew and exiling and imprisoning a number of opposition leaders, the demonstrations, work stoppages, and uprisings continued.
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1948 Venezuelan coup d'état The 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état took place on 24 November 1948, when Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Luis Felipe Llovera Páez overthrew the elected president Rómulo Gallegos. Gallegos had been elected in the Venezuelan presidential election, 1947 (generally believed to be the country's first honest election) and taken office in February 1948. Chalbaud had been Gallegos' Minister of Defense. Democracy would not be restored until the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état overthrew the dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez.
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Operation Uphold Democracy Operation Uphold Democracy (19 September 1994 – 31 March 1995) was an intervention designed to remove the military regime installed by the 1991 Haitian coup d'état that overthrew the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940.
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Guillermo Tell Villegas Guillermo Tell Villegas (1823 in Valencia, Venezuela – 21 March 1907 in Valencia) was a Venezuelan politician, lawyer, and writer. Among other government positions, he served as interim President of Venezuela in 1868, 1870 and 1892. Starting his career in law, he became governor of Barinas in 1859 and afterwards held various roles in the government of Juan Crisostomo Falcon, including deputy in the Assembly of Victory, Minister of Interior and Justice, and interim Foreign Minister of Venezuela. In 1864 and in 1866 was appointed to the Federal High Court. Villegas participated in the revolution in 1867, and was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies in 1868, where he openly opposed the government of Falcón. The Blue Revolution in 1868 removed Falcon from power, and Villegas became Foreign Minister under President José Ruperto Monagas. In 1868 Villegas spent eight months as interim President of Venezuela, during which time he reinstated the Federal Constitution from 1864. After again serving as interim president and Minister of the Interior in 1969, in 1870 he was interim president a third time while Monagas fought the Liberal Revolution. The revolution was successful, and Villegas retired from active politics after ceding the presidency.
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National Convergence (Venezuela) The National Convergence (Spanish: "Convergencia Nacional" ) is a political party in Venezuela. It was founded in 1993 by former President of Venezuela Rafael Caldera, successfully gaining a second term in the Venezuelan presidential election, 1993. From 1995 to 2004 Eduardo Lapi held the Governorship of Yaracuy for the party. The party boycotted the Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2005.
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Early life of Hugo Chávez The early life of Hugo Chávez spans the first twenty-one years (1954–1975) of the former President of Venezuela's life. Leader of the "Bolivarian Revolution", Hugo Chávez is known for his socialist governance, his promotion of Latin American integration, and his radical critique of neoliberal globalization and United States foreign policy.
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Federal Territories of Venezuela Federal Territories is a special political division in the territory of Venezuela. Their existence is provided for in Article 16 of the National Constitution of 1999, with the national government in charge of administration according to law. Currently, there are no Federal Territories in the country because they were elevated to the category of State within the Venezuelan Federation.
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El Caguán DMZ El Caguán DMZ (Spanish: "ZONA DE DISTENSIÓN DEL CAGUÁN" ) was (1999–2002) a demilitarized zone of 42,000 km² in southern Colombia authorized by the government of President Andrés Pastrana to negotiate a peace process with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP). The size of the place was similar to the size of Switzerland.
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Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport The Ministry of Aquatic and Air Transport (Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte Acuático y Aéreo, "Ministry of the Popular Power of Aquatic and Air Transport", MPPTAA or MTAA) is a ministry of the Government of Venezuela. Its head office is on the 12th floor of the "Torre Pequiven" in Chacao Municipality, Caracas.
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National Electoral Council (Venezuela) The National Electoral Council (Spanish: "Consejo Nacional Electoral" ) (CNE) is one of the five branches of government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela that is designed to be independent. It is the institution that has the responsibility of overseeing and guaranteeing the transparency of all elections and referendums in Venezuela at the local, regional, and national levels. The creation of the CNE was ratified by citizens in Venezuela's 1999 constitutional referendum.
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Second presidency of Rómulo Betancourt Rómulo Betancourt won the 1958 Venezuelan general elections for Democratic Action and held the Presidency of Venezuela from February 13, 1959, to March 13, 1964. Betancourt started his second presidency (his first had been under El Trienio Adeco) as a moderate, except on the issue of dictatorships, instituting the idealistic foreign policy (known as "the Betancourt doctrine") that Venezuela would not recognize dictatorial government anywhere, particularly in Latin America, but including the USSR. One significant domestic policy was land reform, with land largely from expropriated private landholdings redistributed to around 200,000 families.
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Mission Identidad Mission Identidad is one of the Bolivarian Missions (a series of anti-poverty and social welfare programs) implemented by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez. This program provides Venezuelan national identity cards to facilitate access to the social services provided by the other Missions.
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Bolivarian National Police The Policía Nacional Bolivariana ("Bolivarian National Police", PNB) is Venezuela's national police force, created in 2009. Law enforcement in Venezuela has historically been highly fragmented and the creation of a national police force was originally not popular among the public and organizations. The creation of a National Police was one of the recommendations of a 2006 National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL). As per the CONAREPOL recommendations, the PNB works with local communal councils and is intended to respect human rights in a way Venezuelan police often have not. At the time the force was set up, the wage rate for officers in the new force was three times higher than that in existing forces.
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Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual (Santa Marta, Colombia, 1830 – Curaçao, 15 August 1868), was a military leader committed to liberal ideas, also in charge of the War and Navy Ministry in 1864, and in 1868 was designated provisional President of Venezuela.
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Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election, 1999 Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Venezuela on 25 July 1999, following a referendum on April on convening one. For the election two large coalitions were created; Polo Patriótico, which consisted of the Fifth Republic Movement, the Movement for Socialism, Fatherland for All, the Communist Party of Venezuela, the People's Electoral Movement and some other minor parties, and Polo Democrático consisting of Democratic Action, Copei, Project Venezuela and Convergencia. The result was a victory for Polo Patriótico, which won 121 of the 128 seats, whilst an additional three seats were taken by representatives of indigenous communities elected by indigenous associations. Despite the apparent high number of votes, voter turnout was only 46.2%, as each voter had 10 votes.
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Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (12 March 1900 – 17 January 1975) was the 19th President of Colombia from June 1953 to May 1957. An Army General, he mounted a successful coup d'état against the incumbent President, Laureano Gómez Castro (1889—1965), imposing martial law and establishing a dictatorship-style government in Colombia.
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Operation Pliers Operation Pliers, also known as Operación Tenaza or Operation Pincers is the name of an alleged U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to incite insurrection following the 2 December 2007 referendum on constitutional changes in Venezuela. The Venezuelan government published details of the alleged plans shortly before election day, and threatened to cut off oil supplies to the U.S. if there was violence after the referendum. The US rejected the document as a fake and called the allegations ridiculous.
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Nicaraguan fourth ballot box The Nicaraguan fourth ballot box or Nicaraguan "cuarta urna" is a referendum or plebiscite proposed by Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega as part of a project to pressure for and effect a change to Nicaraguan constitutional law regarding term limits imposed on the presidency. This follows in the wake of similar efforts by fellow Central American president Manuel Zelaya to propose a fourth ballot box in Honduras.