Who constructed buildings in Rome that stood against the forces of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in 31 BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa or Vipsania Polla?
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Vipsania Polla Vipsania Polla was the daughter of Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa (a man of equestrian rank) and sister to another Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa, as well as the Roman general and politician Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Polla lived during the late Roman Republic and during the reign of Rome's first Emperor Augustus.
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ( ; 64/62 BC – 12 BC) was a Roman consul, statesman, general and architect. He was a close friend, son-in-law, and lieutenant to Octavian and was responsible for the construction of some of the most notable buildings in the history of Rome and for important military victories, most notably at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC against the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. As a result of these victories Octavian became the first Roman Emperor, adopting the name of Augustus. Agrippa assisted Augustus in making Rome a city of marble and renovating aqueducts to give all Romans, from every social class, access to the highest quality public services. He was responsible for the creation of many baths, porticoes and gardens, as well as the original Pantheon. Agrippa was also father-in-law to the second Emperor Tiberius, maternal grandfather to Caligula, and maternal great-grandfather to the Emperor Nero.
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Caesareum of Alexandria The Caesareum of Alexandria is an ancient temple in Alexandria, Egypt. It was conceived by Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic kingdom, the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, to honour her dead lover Marc Antony. The edifice was finished by the Roman Emperor Augustus, after he defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. He destroyed all traces of Antony in Alexandria, and apparently dedicated the temple to his own cult.
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Quintus Labienus Quintus Labienus Parthicus (died 39 BC), the son of Titus Labienus, was a Roman republican general, later in the service of Parthia. After the then main political power in Rome, Julius Caesar, was murdered by a conspiracy in 44 BC, Labienus took the side of the pro-republic conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, the latter of whom he served in the capacity of an ambassador to the Parthians. After Brutus and Cassius fled east to Macedonia and were defeated there in the Battle of Philippi by Caesar's imperialist successors (the Second Triumvirate, particularly Mark Antony and Caesar's heir Octavian, the future emperor Augustus), Labienus joined the Parthians.
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Cleopatra (1934 film) Cleopatra is a 1934 epic film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which retells the story of Cleopatra VII of Egypt. It was written by Waldemar Young, Vincent Lawrence and Bartlett Cormack, and produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Claudette Colbert stars as Cleopatra, Warren William as Julius Caesar, and Henry Wilcoxon as Mark Antony.
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Iullus Antonius Iullus Antonius (45 BC – 2 BC), also known as Iulus, Julus or Jullus, was a personage in Ancient Rome. He was the second son of Roman general Mark Antony and Antony's third wife Fulvia. He is best known for being the famous lover of Julia the Elder. He was the full brother of Marcus Antonius Antyllus, half-brother of Clodia Pulchra (the first wife of Augustus) through his mother's first marriage, half-brother of Antonia Major and Antonia Minor through his father's marriage to Octavia Minor, and half-brother of Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II and Ptolemy Philadelphus through his father's marriage to Cleopatra VII. His stepsiblings were Marcellus, Claudia Marcella Major (later his wife), Caesarion and Claudia Marcella Minor. He was also stepson to Octavia Minor (sister of Augustus) and Cleopatra VII.
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Praetor Praetor (] , also spelled Prætor) was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army (in the field or, less often, before the army had been mustered); or, an elected "magistratus" (magistrate), assigned various duties (which varied at different periods in Rome's history). The functions of the magistracy, the "praetura" (praetorship), are described by the adjective: the "praetoria potestas" (praetorian power), the "praetorium imperium" (praetorian authority), and the "praetorium ius" (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the "praetores" (praetors). "Praetorium", as a substantive, denoted the location from which the "praetor" exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his "castra", the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship.
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Temple of Jupiter Custos The Temple of Jupiter Custos (Jupiter the Guardian) was a minor temple in Rome, probably on the Capitoline Hill. It was built by Domitian in memory of his narrow escape from the Capitol during Vitellius' siege. Its site is uncertain - some scholars place it on the rectangular podium in opus cementicium with basalt chips discovered in the 19th century during the construction of via del Tempio di Giove (this podium is now cut in two by the street). However, that rectangular plan does not seem compatible with a temple, which a relief in the Palazzo dei Conservatori places to the right of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
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Battle of Pistoria The Battle of Pistoria was fought in January of 62 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and Catiline, a senatorial conspirator who wished to overthrow the republic, but failed in his objective. Catiline had been denounced by Cicero, and was attempting to flee with his force into Gaul and had been blocked by forces of Quintus Metellus Celer and Gaius Antonius Hybrida (joint Consul with Cicero for the year in question). Knowing that both armies were closing in on him, he decided to make a stand against Antonius Hybrida near Pistoria with his back against the mountains; he hoped that if he defeated Antonius, the other armies would lose morale and more people would flock to his cause. Some sources say that Catiline might have faced Antonius hoping he might still switch sides. Some accounts say Catiline had just over 10,000 men, which was about 2 legions worth, but it is not certain how many soldiers Gaius Antonius had under his command but Sallust states in his writings "The conspiracy of Catiline" that he outnumbered Catiline's forces . On the day, Gaius Antonius Hybrida was said to have been struck by gout and command was passed to his lieutenant (Master of Horse) Marcus Petreius.
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Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder Marcus Junius Brutus, sometimes referred to by modern historians as Marcus Junius Brutus Maior to distinguish him from his more famous son, was a tribune of the Roman Republic in 83 BC and the founder of the colony in Capua. He was an associate of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who led a reaction of the populares faction against the optimates after the death of Sulla.
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Quintus Haterius Quintus Haterius was a Roman politician and orator born into a senatorial family about 63 BC. Haterius was the father of Decimus Haterius Agrippa (cos. AD 22) and the grandfather of Quintus Haterius Antoninus (cos. AD 53), and related to the house of Augustus by marriage. His wife may have been a daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa.
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Marcus Claudius Marcellus (disambiguation) Marcus Claudius Marcellus was the name of several Roman men of the "gens Claudia", most notably the Marcus Claudius Marcellus who was consul in 222 BC and fought Hannibal's forces in the Second Punic War. Other men of this name include:
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Old St. Peter's Basilica Old St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. The name "old St. Peter's Basilica" has been used since the construction of the current basilica to distinguish the two buildings.
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Flavian dynasty The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 AD and 96 AD, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69–79), and his two sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96). The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in mid 69. His claim to the throne was quickly challenged by legions stationed in the Eastern provinces, who declared their commander Vespasian emperor in his place. The Second Battle of Bedriacum tilted the balance decisively in favour of the Flavian forces, who entered Rome on December 20. The following day, the Roman Senate officially declared Vespasian emperor of the Roman Empire, thus commencing the Flavian dynasty. Although the dynasty proved to be short-lived, several significant historic, economic and military events took place during their reign.
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Fulvia Fulvia (c. 83 BC – 40 BC) was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. She gained access to power through her marriage to three of the most promising men of her generation, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Marcus Antonius. All three husbands were politically active "populares", tribunes, and supporters of Julius Caesar. Though she is more famous for her involvement in Antony's career, many scholars believe that she was politically active with all of her husbands.
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Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Latin: " (born c. 89 or 88 BC, died late 13 or early 12 BC) was a Roman patrician who was triumvir with Octavian (the future Augustus) and Mark Antony, and the last Pontifex Maximus of the Roman Republic. Lepidus had previously been a close ally of Julius Caesar.
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Cassandreia Cassandreia (Ancient Greek: Κασσάνδρεια - "Kassandreia") was once one of the most important cities in Ancient Macedonia, founded by and named after Cassander in 316 BC. It was located on the site of the earlier Ancient Greek city of Potidaea, at the isthmus of the Pallene peninsula. The fact that Cassander named it after himself suggests that he may have intended it to be his capital, and if the canal which cuts the peninsula at this point was dug or at least planned in his time, he may have intended to develop his naval forces using it as a base with two harbours on the east and west sides. Cassandreia soon became a great and powerful city, surpassing the other Macedonian towns in wealth. Philip V of Macedon made Cassandreia his main naval base. At the end of the Roman Republic, around 43 BC by order of Brutus a Roman colony was settled by the proconsul Q. Hortensius Hortalus, which 30 BC was resettled by August with the installation of new settlers and took the official name "Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis". The territory of the colony had included within its boundaries the peninsula of Pallini and the district stretched north of the canal to the foot of the mountain Cholomontas. The colony enjoyed "ius Italicum", and is mentioned in Pliny the Elder's encyclopaedia and in inscriptions. It was destroyed by the Huns and Slavs around 540 AD.
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Apollonius the Effeminate Apollonius the Effeminate (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Μαλακος ), a Greek rhetorician of Alabanda in Caria, who flourished about 120 BC. After studying under Menecles, chief of the Asiatic school of oratory, he settled in Rhodes, where he taught rhetoric. Among his pupils were Q. Mucius Scaevola the augur, and Marcus Antonius, the grandfather of Mark Antony (as mentioned in Cicero, "De Oratore" 1.75).
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Villa of Nero The Villa of Nero is an ancient Roman villa built for the Roman emperor Nero in the 1st century AD, and situated south-east of the ancient site of Olympia, Greece. Archaeological excavations reveal the presence of a lead water pipe bearing the inscription "ner. aug.", an abbreviation of the name Nero Augustus.
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Alexander Helios Alexander Helios (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Ἥλιος ; late 40 BC – unknown, but possibly between 29 and 25 BC) was a Ptolemaic prince and was the eldest son of the Macedonian queen Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt by Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Alexander's fraternal twin sister was Cleopatra Selene II. The twins were of Macedonian Greek and Roman heritage, Cleopatra named her son after her collateral ancestor, Alexander the Great. His second name in Ancient Greek means "Sun"; this was the counterpart of his twin sister’s second name "Selene" (Σελήνη), meaning "Moon".
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Adiatorix Adiatorix (Gr. Ἀδιατόριξ ) was the son of the tetrarch Domneclius (or Domnilaus) in Galatia. Cicero reports that he was a high priest in 50 BC, and scholars have reckoned him an adherent of Deiotarus. He belonged to Mark Antony's party, and was put in charge of Heraclea Pontica by him. Shortly before the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Adiatorix had all the Romans colonists in Heracleia put to death. He claimed he had been given permission to do so by Mark Antony, but modern writers consider this doubtful. After this battle he was led as prisoner in the triumph of Augustus, and put to death with his younger son. His elder son, Dyteutus, was subsequently made priest of Bellona in Comana, and therefore ruler of that territory.
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Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (consul 503 BC) Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (died 493 BC), sometimes called Menenius Agrippa, was a consul of the Roman Republic in 503 BC, with Publius Postumius Tubertus. He was victorious over the Sabines and was awarded a triumph which he celebrated on 4 April, 503 BC. According to Livy, he also led Roman troops against the Latin town of Pometia.