What languages might you see in Frances Stark's hand-traced letters, words, and sentences?
e181c5c9248c9f4a2778c3e8af320895
Frances Stark Frances Stark (born 1967) is an interdisciplinary artist and writer, whose work centers on the use and meaning of language, and the translation of this process into the creative act. She often works with carbon paper to hand-trace letters, words, and sentences from classic works by Emily Dickinson, Goethe, Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, and others to explore the voices and interior states of writers. She uses these hand-traced words, often in repetition, as visual motifs in drawings and mixed media works that reference a subject, mood, or another discipline such as music, architecture, or philosophy.
48cb74491596212843399543afc3c923
Samuel Beckett Samuel Barclay Beckett ( ; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French.
3b36b2448f4a059841f697ef626bd2b2
Corsican alphabet The modern Corsican alphabet (Corsican u santacroce or u salteriu) uses 22 basic letters taken from the Latin alphabet with some changes, plus some multigraphs. The pronunciations of the English, French, Italian or Latin forms of these letters are not a guide to their pronunciation in "Corsu", which has its own pronunciation, often the same, but frequently not. As can be seen from the table below, two of the phonemic letters are represented as trigraphs, plus some other digraphs. Nearly all the letters are allophonic; that is, a phoneme of the language might have more than one pronunciation and be represented by more than one letter. The exact pronunciation depends mainly on word order and usage and is governed by a complex set of rules, variable to some degree by dialect. These have to be learned by the speaker of the language.
d9d69c034ef7686160e96e13b3fdf61e
Languages of Slovenia Slovenia has been a meeting area of the Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Uralic linguistic and cultural regions, which makes it the most complex meeting point of languages in Europe. The official and national language of Slovenia is Slovene, which is spoken by a large majority of the population. It is also known, in English, as Slovenian. Two minority languages, namely Hungarian and Italian, are recognised as co-official languages and accordingly protected in their residential municipalities. Other significant languages are Croatian and its variants and Serbian, spoken by most immigrants from former Yugoslavia and their descendants. Slovenia is ranked among the top European countries regarding the knowledge of foreign languages. The most often taught foreign languages are English and German, followed by Italian, French, and Spanish.
b49944cbabe5c08336973d437651b0b7
Frances Mayes Frances Mayes is an American university professor, poet, memoirist, essayist, and novelist.
24d404ed0387f90168c53a83075b28ac
Frances Watts Frances Watts is the pen-name of Ali Lavau, a Swiss born Australian author, who moved to Sydney, Australia when she was three years old. She has studied English Literature at Macquarie University, going on to teach Australian Literature and children's literature. After graduating with a PhD, she obtained her first job in publishing.
2dca1e1fe5e973d7cf1684b4b1348e0e
Lingua Ignota A Lingua Ignota (Latin for "unknown language") was described by the 12th century abbess of Rupertsberg, St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB, who apparently used it for mystical purposes. To write it, she used an alphabet of 23 letters denominated "litterae ignotae".
e22d1a6b3ae4936916d05acea9a4f47b
Â Â, â (a-circumflex) is a letter of the French, Friulian, West Frisian, Inari Sami, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Walloon, and Welsh alphabets.
ebd7ef5d0f880a1316cd77e6911cd2d3
Isogloss An isogloss, also called a heterogloss (see Etymology below), is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel letter, the meaning of a word, or the use of some syntactic feature. Major dialects are typically demarcated by "groups" of isoglosses, such as the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages and the La Spezia–Rimini Line that divides the Northern Italian dialects from Central Italian dialects. However, an "individual" isogloss may or may not have any coincidence with a language border. For example, the front-rounding of /y/ cuts across France and Germany, while the /y/ is absent from Italian and Spanish words that are cognates with the /y/-containing French words.
46547d359c8774ca83667877c724235c
Scandoromani language Scandoromani (Swedish: "romani" , Norwegian: "romani" , Scandoromani: "romani rakripa" alt. "tavringens rakripa"), also known as Tavringer Romani and the Tattare language, is a North Germanic based Para-Romani. It is spoken by the Scandinavian Travellers, a Romani minority community, in Norway (ca. 100–150 elderly speakers), and formerly in Sweden and Denmark.
a7df86b88a40f5a23970147c693a4315
Franconian languages Franconian (German: "Fränkisch" ; Dutch: "Frankisch" ) includes a number of West Germanic languages and dialects possibly derived from the languages and dialects originally spoken by the Franks from their ethnogenesis in the 3rd century AD. The languages that evolved in the northern and eastern lands of Francia included Low Franconian, of which present-day Dutch is the primary member, the West Central German Rhine Franconian and Central Franconian dialects (including Luxembourgish), as well as transitional High Franconian German dialects. Linguists have different views about whether these languages and dialects have descended from a single Franconian proto-language, also known as Istvaeonic.
af07ad479c2bf25319ae910e0dd3760d
Culture of Switzerland Switzerland lies at the crossroads of several major European cultures. Three of the continent's major languages, German, French and Italian, are national languages of Switzerland, along with Romansh, spoken by a small minority. Therefore, Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs. The 26 cantons also account for the large cultural diversity.
f2e6bad1bc4d4c1b699852e120cc5fe9
Porglish Porglish or Portuglish (referred to in Portuguese as "portinglês" – ] , ] – or "portunglês" – ] , ] ) refers to various types of language contact between Portuguese and English which have occurred in regions where the two languages coexist. These range from improvised macaronic admixture of and code-switching between the languages by bilingual and partially bilingual users, to more-or-less stable patterns of usage. The name is a portmanteau of the English words "Portuguese" and "English", while its Portuguese translation is a portmanteau of the Portuguese words "português" and "inglês".
3e98f0f36b0a076c62962636245c015e
Portuguese language Portuguese ("português" or, in full, "língua portuguesa" ) is a western Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau in China. As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa, Daman and Diu in India; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka; in the Indonesian island of Flores; in the Malacca region of Malaysia; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken, while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole. A Portuguese-speaking person or nation may be referred to as "Lusophone" in both English and Portuguese.
b97b504eef3c8d2eaf65e46a91f46baf
Catalan language Catalan ( ; autonym: "català" ] ] ) is a Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian). It also has semi-official status in the Italian commune of Alghero. These territories are often called Catalan Countries.
79e66ff6687b5194ee54cca83887943b
France (name) France is both a given name and a French, Czech or Slovene surname. In France, it may derive from an ethnic name for an inhabitant of the country; a variant is "Lafrance". In the Czech Republic, the surname may relate to the word "Franc". In Slovenia, "France" may derive from the personal name "France", a vernacular form of "Francišek", Latin "Franciscus" ("Francis"). It may also be an Americanized spelling of the German surname "Franz".
d7c1803a608a0a7c401cd99c157e7a7c
Grave accent The grave accent ( ` ) ( or ) is a diacritical mark in many written languages, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Emilian-Romagnol, French, West Frisian, Greek (until 1982; see polytonic orthography), Haitian Creole, Italian, Mohawk, Occitan, Portuguese, Ligurian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, Romansh, and Yoruba.
b6a09b25b01f72bf2a519c060703c002
Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Turkish , or the Ottoman language (‎ , "Lisân-ı Osmânî" , also known as تركجه‎ , "Türkçe" or تركی‎ , "Türkî" , "Turkish"), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows, in all aspects, extensively from Arabic and Persian, and it was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. During the peak of Ottoman power, Persian and Arabic vocabulary accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary, while words of Arabic origins heavily outnumbered native Turkish words.
42f2a598777f8dc706f098f826cb4b8b
French literature French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French. Literature written in French language, by citizens of other nations such as Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, etc. is referred to as Francophone literature. As of 2006, French writers have been awarded more Nobel Prizes in Literature than novelists, poets and essayists of any other country. France itself ranks first in the list of Nobel Prizes in literature by country.
4407294f37dab370c70a8a8f1e966659
Universalglot Universalglot is an "a posteriori" international auxiliary language published by the French linguist Jean Pirro in 1868 in "Tentative d'une langue universelle, Enseignement, grammaire, vocabulaire". Preceding Volapük by a decade and Esperanto by nearly 20 years, Universalglot has been called the first "complete auxiliary-language system based on the common elements in national languages". In his book describing his own language project Novial, Otto Jespersen praised the language, writing that it is "one to which I constantly recur with the greatest admiration, because it embodies principles which were not recognized till much later".
50dede05dbb310d3d9fa89723cc7cc9b
Czech Braille Czech Braille is the braille alphabet of the Czech language. Like braille in other Latin-script languages, Czech Braille assigns the 25 basic Latin letters (not including "W") the same as Louis Braille's original assignments for French.
2ad2f844429606977e2ddd0e65d7adc0
History of the Latin script The Latin script is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world. It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as "the alphabet" in English. It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years. It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets, the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan. The phonetic values of some letters changed, some letters were lost and gained, and several writing styles ("hands") developed. Two such styles, the minuscule and majuscule hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters. Due to classicism, modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts. There are few regional variants.