Anna Hanika was an Austrian accounts clerk who became a resistance activist during what period of Austrian history from March 12, 1938 until the end of World War II in spring 1945?
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Anna Hanika Anna Hanika (27 June 1903 - 14 March 1988) was an Austrian accounts clerk who became a resistance activist during the Nazi years.
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Austria in the time of National Socialism Austria in the time of National Socialism describes the period of Austrian history from March 12, 1938 when Austria was annexed by the German Third Reich (an event commonly known as "Anschluss") until the end of World War II in spring 1945.
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German Instrument of Surrender The German Instrument of Surrender ended World War II in Europe. The definitive text was signed in Karlshorst, Berlin, on the night of 8 May 1945 by representatives of the three armed services of the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" (OKW) and the Allied Expeditionary Force together with the Supreme High Command of the Red Army, with further French and US representatives signing as witnesses. The signing took place 9 May 1945 at 00:16 local time.
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Heim ins Reich The Heim ins Reich (] ; meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938. The aim of Hitler's initiative was to convince all "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) who were living outside Nazi Germany (e.g. in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into Greater Germany, but also, relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. The "Heim ins Reich" manifesto targeted areas ceded in Versailles to the newly reborn nation of Poland, as well as other areas that were inhabited by significant German populations such as the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Europe after October 6, 1939.
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Allied-occupied Austria The Allied occupation of Austria lasted from 1945 to 1955. Austria had been regarded by Nazi Germany as a constituent part of the German Reich, but in 1943, during World War II, the Allied powers agreed in the Declaration of Moscow that it would be regarded as the first victim of Nazi aggression, and treated as a liberated and independent country after the war.
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Reichsgau Wien The Reichsgau Wien (English: "Gau Vienna") was an administrative division of Nazi Germany based in Vienna, Austria. It existed between 1938 and 1945. Parts of Lower Austria were annexed to establish Greater Vienna, which then became the biggest city of Nazi Germany by area.
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Ukrainian Liberation Army The Ukrainian Liberation Army (Ukrainian: Українське Визвольне Військо, УВВ; "Ukrainske Vyzvolne Viysko", UVV ) was an umbrella organization created in 1943,<ref name="Abbott/Pinak"> </ref> providing collective name for all Ukrainian units serving with the German Army during World War II. A single formation by that name did not exist. A designation was used by Ukrainian nationalists in reference to a number of companies and local "Ostbataillonen" of Hiwi volunteers ("Hilfswilliger") desiring to free their own territories from the Soviet rule. They included enlisted Ukrainian prisoners of war (POWs) captured from the Red Army. The core of the Liberation Army wearing the УВВ sleeve badge (right, since 1945) originated from the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian) reorganized in April 1945 into the Ukrainian National Army (UNA) active until the German surrender in May 1945.
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Oster Conspiracy The Oster Conspiracy of 1938 was a proposed plan to overthrow German "Führer" Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime if Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland. It was led by Generalmajor (major general) Hans Oster, deputy head of the "Abwehr" and other high-ranking conservatives within the Wehrmacht who opposed the regime for its behaviour that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight. They planned to overthrow Hitler and the Nazi regime through a planned storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot to take control of the government, who would either arrest or assassinate Hitler, and restore the exiled Wilhelm II as Emperor.
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Friedel Apelt Friedel Apelt (1 November 1902 - 12 December 2001) was a German political activist, trades union official and politician (KPD/SED). During the Nazi years she participated actively in anti-fascist resistance, and spent much of the time in prison or as a concentration camp internee. After the war she was able to resume her political career in the Soviet occupation zone (relaunched, in October 1949, as the German Democratic Republic).
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Polish resistance movement in World War II The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistances in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. The Polish defence against the Nazi occupation was an important part of the European anti-fascist resistance movement. The Polish resistance is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front, providing military intelligence to the British, and for saving more Jewish lives in the Holocaust than any other Western Allied organization or government. It was a part of the Polish Underground State.
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Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland The Reich Association of Jews in Germany (German: "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland" ) also called the "new one" for clear differentiation, was a Jewish umbrella organization formed in Nazi Germany in February 1939. The Association branched out from the Reich Representation of German Jews ("Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden") established in September 1933. The "new" Association was an administrative body concerned predominantly with the coordination and support of the emigration and forcible deportation of Jewish people, subject to the Reich government's ever-changing legislation enforced by the RSHA ("Reichssicherheitshauptamt"). The legal status of the new organization was changed on 4 July 1939 on the basis of the Nuremberg Laws, and defined by the 10th Regulation to the Citizenship Law issued by the "Reich's ministry of the Interior". The Association assumed the so-called old "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland", which was the name under which the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden ("Reich's deputation of German Jews") had been operating since February 1939.
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Anna Rozental Anna Rozental was a Bundist activist in the Russian Empire and later Soviet Russia. Her Vilna apartment served as a site of refuge for Bundists fleeing the German occupation elsewhere.
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German occupation of Belgium during World War II The German occupation of Belgium (French: "Occupation allemande" , Dutch: "Duitse bezetting" ) during World War II began on 28 May 1940 when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces and lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945. It was the second time that Germany had occupied Belgium in under thirty years.
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Joseph Morton (correspondent) Joseph "Joe" Morton was an American war correspondent for the Associated Press (AP) in the European Theater during World War II. On December 26, 1944, a Nazi counter-partisan unit named "Edelweiss" stormed a log cabin high on Homolka Mountain in today's Slovakia which housed 15 Allied intelligence officers, a Slovak officer, a Slovak-American interpreter, two Slovak civilian resistance fighters, and Morton himself, covering an OSS operation in the country for a story. Although the Allied officers were duly uniformed and Morton had a war correspondent ID in order to be treated as prisoners of war according to the Geneva Convention (1929), the SS headquarters, in compliance with Commando Order, which stated that all Allied commandos should be killed immediately without trial even those in proper uniforms, ordered the summary execution of Allied officers and others caught in the act. On January 24, 1945, Joseph Morton, along with 13 Allied officers, was executed at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. He was the only Allied correspondent to be executed by the Axis during World War II.
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Wiedergutmachung The German word Wiedergutmachung after World War II refers to the reparations that the German government agreed to pay in 1953 to the direct survivors of the Holocaust, and to those who were made to work as forced labour or who otherwise became victims of the Nazis. The sum would amount, through the years, to over 100 billion Deutsche Mark. Historian Tony Judt writes about Wiedergutmachung:
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Ehrenfeld Group The Ehrenfeld Group (sometimes called the Steinbrück Group) was an anti-Nazi resistance group, active in the summer and autumn of 1944.
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Fritz Poleck Peter Fritz Theodor Wilhelm Hans Poleck (8 November 1905 in Lissa – 27 November 1989) was a German Army officer during World War II. He was notable for being a delegate at the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath as a member of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) command group.
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Livia Rothkirchen Livia Rothkirchen (1922-2013), historian, author and archivist, made distinct contribution to documenting the Holocaust, specifically issues flowing from Nazi Germany’s peacetime take-over of the democratic Republic of Czechoslovakia. Nearly two years before the outbreak of World War II, Germany seized the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia with the assent of major European states. Germany then dismembered Czechoslovakia, replacing it with German-controlled Bohemia and Moravia, and a nominally independent Slovak state, which collaborated with Nazi policy. In all three areas, harsh regulations were imposed on Jewish citizens, most of whom were ultimately deported and killed. Rothkirchen examines the impact of decisions of Europe's political leaders on general society, on Jewish communal leaders attempting to save their communities, and on Jewish individuals attempting to save themselves and their families from annihilation.
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Invasion of Yugoslavia The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the Yugoslav coup d'état.
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Reichsgau Sudetenland The Reichsgau Sudetenland was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945. It comprised the northern part of the "Sudetenland" territory, which was annexed from Czechoslovakia according to the 1938 Munich Agreement. The "Reichsgau" was headed by the Sudeten German activist Konrad Henlein in the rank of a "Reichsstatthalter". The administrative capital was Reichenberg (Liberec).
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Maria Wachter Maria Wachter (21 April 1910 - 18 August 2010) was a political activist (KPD) who resisted Nazism both before and after 1933. She spent most of the twelve Nazi years in exile or detained in camps and prisons. She was asked in 2010 if she was proud, on the occasion of her hundredth birthday, to be among the last survivors of those who had resisted the Nazis. Evidently she was not. But she was proud to have been a member of the Communist Party for nearly eighty years.
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Hubert Klausner Hubert Klausner (1 November 1892 – 12 February 1939) was an Austrian officer and Nazi politician. He served as "Gauleiter" of "Reichsgau Kärnten" and "Landeshauptmann" (premier) of Carinthia in from 1938-39.