What is one drug that replaced drugs that were first shown to be an anesthetic at the Ether Dome?
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Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building The Bulfinch Building of the Massachusetts General Hospital is located on the hospital's main campus on Fruit Street in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by architect Charles Bulfinch, and built between 1818 and 1823, with a major expansion in 1844-46. A National Historic Landmark, it is an excellent example of Classical Revival architecture, and a rare surviving example of an early 19th-century public hospital building. The building is home to the Ether Dome, an operating theater which has been separately designated a National Historic Landmark as the site of the first public demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic.
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Diethyl ether Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula 2O . It is a colorless, highly volatile flammable liquid. It is commonly used as a solvent in laboratories and as a starting fluid for some engines. It was formerly used as a general anesthetic, until non-flammable drugs were developed, such as halothane. It has been used as a recreational drug to cause intoxication.
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1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (EBDB; Ethyl-J) is a lesser-known entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic. It is the "N"-ethyl analogue of benzodioxylbutanamine (BDB; "J"), and also the α-ethyl analogue of methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA; "Eve").
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Ethylone Ethylone, also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-"N"-ethylcathinone (MDEC, βk-MDEA), is recreational designer drug classified as an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It is the β-keto analogue of MDEA ("Eve"). Ethylone has only a short history of human use and is reported to be less potent than its relative methylone. In the United States, it began to be found in cathinone products in late 2011.
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4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine 4-Chlorophenylisobutylamine (4-CAB, AEPCA), also known as 4-chloro-α-ethylphenethylamine, is an entactogen and stimulant drug of the phenethylamine class. It is an analogue of "para"-chloroamphetamine (PCA) where the alpha position methyl has been replaced with an ethyl group.
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Acetylpropionylmorphine Acetylpropionylmorphine is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine. It was developed in the early 1900's after first being synthesised in Great Britain in 1875 but shelved along with heroin and various other esters of morphine, but was never used medically, instead being widely sold as one of the first "designer drugs" for around five years following the introduction of the first international restrictions on the sale of heroin in 1925. It is described as being virtually identical to heroin and morphine in its effects, and consequently was itself banned internationally in 1930 by the Health Committee of the League of Nations, in order to prevent its sale as an unscheduled alternative to heroin.
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Medazepam Medazepam is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is known by the following brand names: Azepamid, Nobrium, Tranquirax (mixed with bevonium), Rudotel, Raporan, Ansilan and Mezapam. Medazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of medazepam is 36–200 hours.
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Glutethimide Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced by Ciba in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms. Doriden was the brand-name version of the drug; it was also available under the brand names Elrodorm, Noxyron, Glimid and others. Both the generic and brand-name forms are very rarely prescribed today. Current production levels in the United States (the annual quota for manufacturing imposed by the DEA has been three grams, enough for six Doriden tablets, for a number of years) point to it only being used in small scale research.
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Phenylpiracetam hydrazide Phenylpiracetam hydrazide, also known as fonturacetam hydrazide, is a designer drug that is a derivative of phenylpiracetam in which the amide group is replaced with a hydrazide group. It was first reported by a Russian research group in 1980 as part of a series of chemical compounds investigated as anticonvulsants. In an electroshock test it was found to have an ED of 310 mg/kg.
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Probarbital Probarbital (trade names Ipral, Vasalgin) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties.
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Aminoestradiol Aminoestradiol (AE), also known as 17β-aminoestradiol (17βAE) or as 17β-aminoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and a 17β-aminoestrogen with anticoagulant effects that was never marketed. It is an analogue of estradiol in which the C17β hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group. AE has profoundly reduced estrogenic potency compared to estradiol; its EC for activation of the ERα was found to be 1.82 μM, whereas that of estradiol was 2.14 nM (relative potency 0.12 for AE versus 100 for estradiol, or roughly a 1,000-fold difference). It binds with low relative affinity to both the ERα and ERβ and has estrogenic activity that is greatly mediated through the ERβ and to a lesser extent through the ERα.
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Narcobarbital Narcobarbital (Pronarcon) is a barbiturate derivative developed by Riedel de Hean in the 1930s. It is an N-methylated derivative of propallylonal and has similar sedative effects. It is still used in veterinary medicine for inducing surgical anaesthesia.
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Opiate Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant "Papaver somniferum".
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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET, DOE, Hecate) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book "PiHKAL" ("Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved").
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History of Benzedrine Benzedrine, colloquially referred to as bennies, is the brand name of the first pharmaceutical drug that contained amphetamine. The drug contained the racemic mixture of amphetamine, which is an equal parts mixture of levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. It was first marketed in 1933 as a decongestant in the United States by Smith, Kline & French in the form of Benzedrine inhalers. Benzedrine sulfate was introduced three years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain, among others.
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Beatrice (psychedelic) Beatrice, MDO-D, MDOM, or 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxymethamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is an analog of Methamphetamine and a homolog of DOM. Beatrice was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book "PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)", the minimum dosage is listed as 30 mg, and the duration listed as 6–10 hours. Beatrice produces a vague feeling of openness and receptiveness, and causes a stimulative effect. It also causes diarrhea. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of Beatrice.
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Teflurane Teflurane (INN, USAN, code name Abbott 16900) is a halocarbon drug which was investigated as an inhalational anesthetic but was never marketed. Its clinical development was terminated due to a high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients, similarly to the cases of halopropane and norflurane.
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Mestilbol Mestilbol (brand name Monomestro or Monomestrol), also known as diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether, is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol. It was developed by Wallace & Tiernan Company, patented in 1940, and introduced for medical use in the 1940s, but is now no longer marketed. Mestilbol was available both as oral tablets and in oil for intramuscular injection. The drug is gradually demethylated in the body into diethylstilbestrol and hence is a prodrug of diethylstilbestrol. Mestilbol is a highly active estrogen, although somewhat less so than diethylstilbestrol, but is longer-lasting in comparison.
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Methylpentynol Methylpentynol (Methylparafynol, Dormison, Atemorin, Oblivon) is a tertiary hexanol with hypnotic/sedative and anticonvulsant effects and an exceptionally low therapeutic index. It was discovered by Bayer in 1913 and was used shortly thereafter for the treatment of insomnia, but its use was quickly phased out in response to newer drugs with far more favorable safety profiles.
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Amfetaminil Amfetaminil (also known as amphetaminil, "N"-cyanobenzylamphetamine, and AN-1; brand name Aponeuron) is a stimulant drug derived from amphetamine, which was developed in the 1970s and used for the treatment of obesity, ADHD, and narcolepsy. It has largely been withdrawn from clinical use following problems with abuse. The drug is a prodrug to amphetamine.
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2,alpha-DMT 2,alpha-DMT, or 2,α-dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine and a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the 2,a-dimethyl analog of DMT. 2,α-DMT was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book "TiHKAL" ("Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved"), Shulgin lists the dosage as 300-500 mg, and the duration as 7-10 hours. 2,α-DMT causes mydriasis and paresthesia. It also produces a calm, drunk-like feeling. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2,α-DMT.
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Pramocaine Pramocaine (INN and BAN, also known as pramoxine or pramoxine HCI) is a topical anesthetic discovered at Abbott Laboratories in 1953 and used as an antipruritic. During research and development, pramocaine hydrochloride stood out among a series of alkoxy aryl alkamine ethers as an especially good topical local anesthetic agent. Pharmacologic study revealed it to be potent and of low acute and subacute toxicity, well tolerated by most mucous membranes and of a low sensitizing index in humans. Like other local anesthetics, pramocaine decreases the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ions, blocking both initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. Depolarization and repolarization of excitable neural membranes is thus inhibited, leading to numbness.