"L'Affiche rouge" is a song from the album "Les Chansons d'Aragon" (1961) by Léo Ferré, the affair became known by the name of the "Affiche rouge" ("Red Poster") because the Germans plastered Paris in the spring of 1944 with thousands of red posters denouncing those executed as immigrants and which collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War?
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L'affiche rouge "L'Affiche rouge" is a song from the album "Les Chansons d'Aragon" (1961) by Léo Ferré. Its lyrics are based on the poem Strophes pour se souvenir ("Strophes to remember") which Louis Aragon wrote in 1955 for the inauguration of a street in the 20th arrondissement in Paris, named "rue du Groupe Manouchian" in honor of 23 members of the FTP-MOI executed by the Nazis in the Mont-Valérien. The affair became known by the name of the "Affiche rouge" ("Red Poster") because the Germans plastered Paris in the spring of 1944 with thousands of red posters denouncing those executed as immigrants and Resistants.
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French Resistance The French Resistance (French: "La Résistance" ) was the collection of French movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Résistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas), who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The men and women of the Résistance came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés; academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics (including priests) and also citizens from the ranks of liberals, anarchists and communists.
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RotFront RotFront (often prefixed with: "Emigrantski Raggamuffin Kollektiv") is a world music band from Berlin. Its name derives from "Roter Frontkämpferbund", a paramilitary organization under the leadership of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic, which resulted in the foundation of the SA.
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Lola Iturbe Lola (Dolores) Iturbe (Barcelona, 1 August 1902 – Gijón, 5 January 1990) was a prominent Spanish anarcho-syndicalist, trade unionist, activist, and journalist during the Second Spanish Republic, and a member of the French Resistance during the Battle of France. Working as a maid since childhood, she was self-taught. Iturbe was a member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). In 1921 she was joined by the anarchist Juan Manuel Molina. She was one of the founders of the anarcho-feminist movement, "Mujeres Libres" and of the Comité de Milicias Antifascistas during the Spanish Civil War. She chronicled the war for "Tierra y Libertad" from the Aragón front. At the end of the conflict, she was exiled in France with her companion, Juan Manuel Molina Mateo, "Juanel", a former secretary-general of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica. Together, they formed part of the French Resistance.
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Ghetto uprising The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn"> </ref> In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.
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National Royalist Movement The National Royalist Movement (French: "Mouvement national royaliste" or MNR, Dutch: "Nationale Koningsgezinde Beweging" , NKB) was a group within the Belgian Resistance in German-occupied Belgium during World War II. It was active chiefly in Brussels and Flanders and was the most politically right-wing of the major Belgian resistance groups.
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Union populaire française The Union populaire française (UPF, English: "French Popular Union") was a parliamentary group in the French Parliament formed in 1939 by breakaway members of the French Communist Party who opposed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Prominent members included Émile Fouchard, Eugène Jardon and René Nicod.
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The Army of Crime The Army of Crime (French: L'Armée du crime ) is a 2009 French drama-war film directed by Robert Guédiguian and based on a story by Serge Le Péron, one of three credited for the screenplay. It received a wide release in France on 16 September 2009 and opened in the United States in 2010. The film deals with the events of the Affiche Rouge ("red poster") affair. The title was taken from the caption on a propaganda poster, in which the Nazis sought to present prominent French Resistance fighters as foreign criminals; the caption read "Liberators? Liberation by the army of crime".
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Heim ins Reich The Heim ins Reich (] ; meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938. The aim of Hitler's initiative was to convince all "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) who were living outside Nazi Germany (e.g. in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into Greater Germany, but also, relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. The "Heim ins Reich" manifesto targeted areas ceded in Versailles to the newly reborn nation of Poland, as well as other areas that were inhabited by significant German populations such as the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Europe after October 6, 1939.
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Rape of Belgium The Rape of Belgium was the German mistreatment of civilians during the invasion and subsequent occupation of Belgium during World War I. The term initially had a propaganda use but recent historiography confirms its reality. One modern author uses it more narrowly to describe a series of German war crimes in the opening months of the war (August–September 1914).
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Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont (14 May 1914 – 2 August 2006) was a militant communist who took part in the French Resistance during the Second World War, and a French politician. Along with General Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy, he accepted the surrender of Dietrich von Choltitz at the Liberation of Paris.
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Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between the two countries with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 in order to reduce the threat from central Europe. It was pursued by Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, but he was assassinated before negotiations were finished. His successor, Pierre Laval, was skeptical of both the desirability and the value of an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the declaration of German rearmament in March 1935 the French government forced the reluctant foreign minister to complete the arrangements with Moscow that Barthou had begun. The pact was concluded in Paris on May 2, 1935 and ratified by the French government in February 1936. Ratifications were exchanged in Moscow on March 27, 1936, and the pact went into effect on the same day. It was registered in "League of Nations Treaty Series" on April 18, 1936.
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Boulevard de Clichy The Boulevard de Clichy (] ) is a famous street of Paris, which lends its name to the Place de Clichy, resulted from the fusion, in 1864, of the roads that paralleled the Wall of the Farmers-General, both inside and out. It extends from the Place de Clichy to the Rue des Martyrs, nearly a kilometre away. During its tenure, the street has been known as the "Boulevard des Martyrs", then the "Boulevard Pigalle", and, finally, the "Boulevard de Clichy". It is equally well known as the Boulevard Clichy.
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La Main Rouge La Main Rouge (English: The Red Hand ) was a terrorist organization operated by the foreign Department of the French External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service (French: "Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage" , SDECE) in the 1950s, which pursued the goal to eliminate the supporters of Algerian independence and the leading members of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) during the Algerian War.
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Alfred Touny Alfred Touny (24 October 1886 – April 1944) was a French soldier, lawyer and businessman who became one of the leaders of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). He was arrested by the Gestapo towards the end of the war and shot.
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Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation The Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation (English: "Memorial of the Deportation" ) is a memorial to the 200,000 people who were deported from Vichy France to the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. It is located in Paris, France on the site of a former morgue, underground behind Notre Dame on Île de la Cité. It was designed by French modernist architect Georges-Henri Pingusson and was inaugurated by Charles de Gaulle in 1962.
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Die Rote Fahne Die Rote Fahne (] , "The Red Flag") was a German newspaper created on 9 November 1918 by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in Berlin, most famously as organ of the communist left-wing revolutionary Spartacus League.
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Committee of Secretaries-General The Committee of Secretaries-General (French: "Comité des Sécretaires-généraux" , Dutch: "Comité van de secretarissen-generaal" ) was a Belgian technocratic administrative panel created during World War II. The Committee comprised the head civil servants of most government ministries (who each held the title Secretary-General) and formed a part of the German occupation administration of Belgium between 1940 and 1944, being an integral role in the Belgian policy of "lesser evil" collaboration. From August 1940, the Germans began introducing new members, and by 1941 its composition was almost completely different. Among those promoted were pro-Germans like Victor Leemans and Gérard Romsée, who had been involved in Belgian Fascist movements before the war. They helped to facilitate the more radical administrative reforms demanded by the Germans, although the Committee refused to involve itself in the deportation of Belgian Jews. As the visible face of the German administration, the Committee became more and more unpopular as the war progressed. Following the Allied liberation of Belgium in 1944, several members of the Committee were prosecuted for collaboration but several members, including Leemans, went on to political careers in post-war Belgium.
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Case Anton Operation Anton, or Fall Anton, in German, was the codename for the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbandment of its army (the severely-limited "Armistice Army"), but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France. One of the last actions of its armed forces before their dissolution was the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon to prevent it from falling into Axis hands.
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Missak Manouchian Missak Manouchian (Western Armenian: Միսաք Մանուշեան ; ] , 1 September 1906 – 21 February 1944) was a French-Armenian poet and communist activist. An Armenian Genocide survivor, he moved to France from an orphanage in Lebanon in 1925. He was active in communist Armenian literary circles. During World War II, he became the military commissioner of FTP-MOI, a group consisting of European immigrants, including many Jews, in the Paris region which carried out assassinations and bombings of Nazi targets. According to one author, the Manouchian group was the most active French Resistance group. Manouchian and many of his comrades were arrested in November 1943 and executed by the Nazis in Fort Mont-Valérien on 21 February 1944. He is considered a hero of the French Resistance.
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Front rouge Front rouge ('Red Front') was a communist bimonthly newspaper published from Villejuif, France, published 1933-1939. Paul Vaillant-Couturier was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper. In 1935 it had a circulation of 4,700, by 1937 the circulation had reached 6,000.
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Österreichische Freiheitsfront The Österreichische Freiheitsfront (English: Austrian Freedom Front ) was an antifascist organization created by Austrian and German communist refugees in Brussels during the Second World War occupation of Belgium by Nazi Germany. It took an active part in the Belgian Resistance.