What occurred in 2004 that marked the end of the period known as the history of the European Union
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History of the European Union (1993–2004) The history of the European Union between 1993 and 2004 was the period between its creation (replacing the European Economic Community) and the 2004 enlargement. The European Union was created at the dawn of the post–Cold War era and saw a series of successive treaties laying the ground for the euro, foreign policy and future enlargement. Three new member states joined the previous twelve in this period and the European Economic Area extended the reach of the EU's markets to three more.
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Enlargement of the European Union The process of expanding the European Union (EU) through the accession of new member states began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Economic Community (the EU's predecessor) in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013.
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Russia and the United Nations Russia succeeded the Soviet Union's seat, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in the United Nations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The succession was supported by the USSR's former members and was not objected to by the UN membership; Russia accounted for about half the Soviet Union's economy and most of its land mass; in addition, the history of the Soviet Union began in Russia. If there was to be a successor to the Soviet seat on the Security Council among the former Soviet republics, these factors made Russia seem like a logical choice. Nonetheless, due to the rather inflexible wording of the United Nations Charter and its lack of provision for succession, the succession's technical legality has been questioned by some international lawyers.
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1986 enlargement of the European Communities The 1986 enlargement of the European Communities was the third enlargement of what is now the European Union, then the European Communities (EC). Spain and Portugal acceded to the EC on 1 January 1986. It is considered a part of the Mediterranean enlargement.
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Danish European Constitution referendum The Danish referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a planned referendum to be held on 27 September 2005, that would have put the proposed Constitution to the voters of Denmark for ratification. However, after voters voted down the Constitution in both the French and Dutch referendums before the Danish vote could take place, Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen indicated that the referendum would be cancelled. On April 24, 2008 the Danish parliament ratified the Treaty's successor, the Treaty of Lisbon without a referendum.
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German reunification The German reunification (German: "Deutsche Wiedervereinigung" ) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity (German: "Deutsche Einheit" ), celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day) (German: "Tag der deutschen Einheit" ). Following German reunification, Berlin was once again designated as the capital of united Germany.
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Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism is the mirror instrument of the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) for Kosovo. Kosovo, a disputed province of Serbia under international administration that in 2008 unilaterally declared independence and received partial recognition, still not having a final status, was not able to commence with SAP. To ensure that the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG) follow EU-compatible practices in the political, economic and sectoral reform process, UNMIK and the European Commission agreed that an instrument was needed to monitor and drive the process. Although developments within Kosovo are not only a matter of reform, it was deemed profitable for the PISG and UNMIK to follow the methodology and substance of the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) and thus avoid isolation from the mainstream of European integration.
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Danish opt-outs from the European Union Denmark holds opt-outs from European Union policies in relation to security and defence, citizenship, police and justice, and the adoption of the euro. They were secured under the Edinburgh Agreement in 1992 after a referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty was rejected by Danish voters, as a package of measure to assuage concerns raised during that referendum.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 2004 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2004 was unanimously adopted on 30 August 2011.
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Era of Stagnation The Era of Stagnation (Russian: Период застоя , Stagnation Period, also called the Brezhnevian Stagnation) was a period of negative economic, political, and social effects in the Soviet Union, dubbed by a generic term "stagnation", which began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985). Industrial growth rates declined during the 1970s as heavy industry and the arms industry were prioritised while Soviet consumer goods were neglected. In 1985 the Communist Party under Mikhail Gorbachev began efforts to accelerate development through massive injections into heavy industry "(Uskoreniye)". When these failed, the Communist Party restructured "(perestroika)" the Soviet economy and government by introducing quasi-capitalist "(Khozraschyot)" and democratic "(demokratizatsiya)" reforms, which were intended to re-energize the Soviet Union but inadvertently led to its dissolution in 1991.
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Terrorism in Serbia This article includes information on actions described as terrorist acts in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003), Serbia & Montenegro (2003-2006) and The Republic of Serbia (2006 onwards). In the former Yugoslavia, terrorism was prominent and stemmed from anti-royalist and anti-communist sentiment. With the breakup of Yugoslavia, civil war erupted in the former socialist republics of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the period post 1991, terrorism related to anti-communist sentiment was now shifting to terrorism relating to Kosovo separatism. With the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, Kosovo kept its status as an autonomous province of the Republic of Serbia. Starting in the 1990s. The KLA began committing widespread terrorist attacks in order to destabilise the region, hoping the United States and NATO would intervene in order to aid in creating an independent Kosovo . US, British and German secret services subsequently began arming and training KLA terrorists from 1996 onwards. The KLA cemented itself as the main terrorist organisation operating in the province of Kosovo in order to achieve independence for Kosovo.
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2005 European floods The 2005 European floods hit mainly Romania, Switzerland, Austria and Germany, as well as several other countries in Central Europe and Eastern Europe during August 2005. The disaster came at a time when Portugal was suffering from intense forest fires which left 15 dead and days before the powerful Hurricane Katrina hit the United States.
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Breakup of Yugoslavia The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. After a period of political crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unsolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighboring parts of Croatia.
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Berlin Process The Berlin Process is a diplomatic initiative linked to the future enlargement of the European Union. It started with the 2014 Conference of Western Balkan States, Berlin, followed by the 2015 Vienna Summit and the 2016 Paris Summit. The last conference was held in July 2017 in Trieste. The Berlin Process was initiated in order to consolidate and keep the dynamics in EU integration process in the light of increased euroscepticism and 5-year stoppage of expansion announced by Commission President Jean Claude Juncker.
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2004 in the environment This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 2004. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.
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European Union law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union. Since the founding of the Coal and Steel Community after World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples". The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend nation-states for the purpose of cooperation and human development. According to its Court of Justice the EU represents "a new legal order of international law".<ref name="Case 26/62">"Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen" (1963) Case 26/62</ref> The EU's legal foundations are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, unanimously agreed by the governments of 28 member states. New members may join, if they agree to play by the rules of the organisation, and old members may leave according to their "own constitutional requirements". People are entitled to participate through the Parliament, and their national governments in shaping the legislation the EU makes. The Commission has the initiative for legislation, the Council of the European Union represents member state governments, the Parliament is elected by European citizens, while the Court of Justice is meant to uphold the rule of law and human rights. As the Court of Justice has said, the EU is "not merely an economic union" but is intended to "ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples".
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Eurosphere The Eurosphere or the European Empire is a concept associated with the public intellectual Mark Leonard, Oxford University academic Jan Zielonka, the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs Robert Cooper; and the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso.
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Civil Society Dialogue project in Cyprus The Civil Society Dialogue Project in Cyprus follows the negative outcome of the referendum in Cyprus for the re-unification of the island (known as the Annan Plan), which took place on the 24th of April 2004. A number of Cypriot peace pioneers launched the Civil Society Dialogue Project aiming to provide opportunities for disengaged peace builders to assume new initiatives. They have used the Structured Dialogic Design process as described by one of the fathers of the science, Dr. Aleco Christakis in his book. The project engaged more than 300 Cypriots from both sides of the Green line in structured dialogues. The first dialogue explored the obstacles which peace builders faced in their work. The participants developed a shared understanding of factors contributing to the perceived widening of the gap between the two divided communities in Cyprus. They came up with 121 ideas, which were structured using the science of dialogic design to highlight the five most influential: Media as puppets of political parties; The personal and financial interests of politicians and ordinary people on both sides; Leaders on each side do not want to share power; Disempowerment of the NGOs in
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Withdrawal from the European Union Withdrawal from the European Union is the legal and political process whereby a member state of the European Union ceases to be a member of the union. Member states have the right to withdraw from the Union under the Treaty on European Union (TEU), Article 50, which states that: "Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements."
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Treaty of Accession 1994 The Treaty of Accession 1994 was the agreement between the member states of the European Union and four countries (Norway, Austria, Finland and Sweden), concerning these countries' accession into the EU. It entered into force on 1 January 1995. The Treaty arranged accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the EU and amended earlier Treaties of the European Union. As such it is an integral part of the constitutional basis of the European Union. Norway failed to join the EU because its referendum did not pass.
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Greece–Serbia relations Greek–Serbian relations have traditionally been friendly due to cultural, religious and historical factors. Serbs and Greeks are followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and were bound by alliance treaties and co-belligerence in wars since the Middle Ages. Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially in modern history: during the revolutions against the Ottoman Empire, the Balkan Wars, the World Wars and Yugoslav wars. During the NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia, Greece was the only NATO member to condemn the actions and openly expressed its disapproval; polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing. Also, Greece is one of the five European Union's member states that have refused to recognize the Kosovo Unilateral Declaration of Independence, backing the Serbian stance on this issue. As a strong supporter of the EU Candidate of Serbia, Greece has proposed the "Agenda 2014" for boosting the integration of all the Western Balkan states into the Union. Greece is the third top investor from the EU to Serbia and the fifth overall (as of 2013). Although for some history researchers the term "Greek-Serbian friendship" is considered as fabricated and false.
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Union for Europe The Group Union for Europe (UFE) was a conservative political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1995 and 1999. The group was formed during the 4th European Parliament term in July 1995 from a merger of the European Democratic Alliance and Forza Europa parliamentary groups, becoming the third largest group by number of MEPs. The group was succeeded in the 5th European Parliament by the Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN), while