The Oxus cobra contains what kind of ions for their venom to be active?
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Ribonuclease V1 Ribonuclease V1 (RNase V1) is a ribonuclease enzyme found in the venom of the Caspian cobra ("Naja oxiana"). It cleaves double-stranded RNA in a non-sequence-specific manner, usually requiring a substrate of at least six stacked nucleotides. Like many ribonucleases, the enzyme requires the presence of magnesium ions for activity.
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Caspian cobra The Caspian cobra ("Naja oxiana"), also called the Central Asian cobra, Oxus cobra or Russian cobra, a member of the family Elapidae found in Central Asia.
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Venom (disambiguation) Venom is a class of animal toxins.
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Vanillotoxin Vanillotoxins (VaTxs, subtypes VaTx1, VaTx2, and VaTx3) are neurotoxins found in the venom of the tarantula "Psalmopoeus cambridgei". They act as agonists for the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), activating the pain sensory system. VaTx1 and 2 also act as antagonists for the K2-type voltage-gated potassium channel (K2), inducing paralytic behavior in small animals.
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Phrixotoxin Phrixotoxins are peptide toxins derived from the venom of the Chilean copper tarantula "Phrixotrichus auratus", also named "Paraphysa scrofa". Phrixotoxin-1 and -2 block A-type voltage-gated potassium channels; phrixotoxin-3 blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. Similar toxins are found in other species, for instance the Chilean rose tarantula.
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Cobatoxin Cobatoxin is a toxin present in the venom of the scorpion "Centruroides noxius". It blocks two potassium channel subtypes; voltage-gated and calcium-activated channels.
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Snake antivenom Snake antivenom, also known as snake venom antiserum and antivenom immunoglobulin is a medication made up of antibodies used to treat snake bites by venomous snakes. It is a type of antivenom.
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Venomous snake Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which is used primarily for immobilizing prey and defense mostly via mechanical injection by fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of them is mainly indicated by murine LD , while multiple factors are considered to judge their potential danger to humans.
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Agatoxin Agatoxins are a class of chemically diverse polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of various spiders. Their mechanism of action includes blockade of glutamate-gated ion channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, or voltage-dependent calcium channels. Agatoxin is named after the funnel web spider ("Agelenopsis aperta") which produces a venom containing several agatoxins.
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Soricidin Soricidin is a paralytic oligopeptide found in the venomous saliva of the northern short-tailed shrew ("Blarina brevicauda"); in the wild, shrews use it to paralyze their prey (typically insects). Its name is a reference to "Soricidae", the family to which shrews belong.
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Calciseptine Calciseptine (CaS) is a natural neurotoxin isolated from the black mamba "Dendroaspis p. polylepis" venom. This toxin consists of 60 amino acids with four disulfide bonds. Calciseptine specifically blocks L-type calcium channels, but not other voltage-dependent Ca channels such as N-type and T-type channels.
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Rinkhals The rinkhals (Hemachatus haemachatus), also called the ringhals or ring-necked spitting cobra, is a species of venomous elapid found in parts of southern Africa. It is not a true cobra in that it does not belong to the genus "Naja", but instead belongs to the monotypic genus "Hemachatus". It is closely related to the true cobras.
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Bufotenidine Bufotenidine, also known as 5-hydroxy-"N","N","N"-trimethyltryptammonium (5-HTQ), is a toxin related to bufotenin, serotonin, and other tryptamines which is found in the venom of a variety of toads. It acts as a selective 5-HT receptor agonist, and has been used in scientific research to study the function of the 5-HT receptor, though this use has been limited by the fact that, as a quaternary amine, it is unable to readily cross the blood-brain-barrier.
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Contryphan The contryphans (conus + tryptophan) are a family of peptides that are active constituents of the potent venom produced by cone snail (genus conus). The two amino acid cysteine residues in contryphans are linked by a disulfide bond. In addition, contryphans undergo an unusual degree of post-translational modification including
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Countermine System The Countermine System (CMS), also known as Venom Darts, Venom Penetrators and GBU-61, is an anti-land-mine system consisting of chemical or explosive projectiles released from modified GPS-guided bombs. The darts are used to detonate or deactivate land mines in beach and surf zones. The system was developed by the United States (U.S.) Navy and Boeing at an initial cost of US$153-million. The CMS is expected to be field ready by 2016.
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Envenomation Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected into some animal by the bite (or sting) of a venomous animal. Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, "Blarina brevicauda"), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra), spiders (e.g., black widows), and insects (e.g., wasps, honey bees, ants and caterpillars), employ venom for hunting and for self-defense. Most venoms are administered by biting the skin of the victim, but some venoms are applied externally, especially to sensitive tissues such as those that surround the eyes. In some reptiles, such as the Gila monster, venom in the saliva enters prey through bites of grooved teeth, but many animals have specialized organs such as hollow teeth (fangs) and tubular stingers that penetrate the prey's skin after which muscles attached to the attacker's venom reservoir forcibly squirt venom deep within the victim's body tissue. Death may occur as a result of bites or stings. The rate of envenoming is described as the likelihood of venom successfully entering a system upon bite or sting.
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Potassium hydrogenoxalate Potassium hydrogenoxalate, also known as "potassium bioxalate", is a salt with formula KHCO or K·HOC-CO. It is one of the most common salts of the hydrogenoxalate anion, and can be obtained by reacting potassium hydroxide with oxalic acid in 1:1 mole ratio.
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Southern black racer The southern black racer (Coluber constrictor priapus) is one of the more common subspecies of the non-venomous "Coluber constrictor" snake species of the Southeastern United States. The name "priapus" refers to the proximal spines of the hemipenes being much enlarged into basal hooks, which is characteristic of this subspecies. These snakes are quite active during the day, which increases the chance of sightings. They will eat almost any animal they can overpower, including, rodents, frogs, toads, and lizards. Members of this species generally do not tolerate handling – even after months in captivity – and will typically strike and flail wildly every time they are handled, often defecating a foul smelling musk, a common defense against predators in snakes. Adults of the species are usually thin with a jet black dorsal side with a grey belly and white chin. They are quite fast, giving rise to the name "racer".
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TLTx Theraphosa leblondi toxin (TLTx) is a toxin occurring in three different forms (subtypes) that are purified and sequenced from the venom of the giant tarantula "Theraphosa leblondi". This toxin selectively inhibits Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels by acting as a gating modifier.
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California mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis zonata, or the California mountain kingsnake, is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake, which is endemic to North America. It is a coral snake mimic, having a similar pattern consisting of red, black, and yellow on its body, but the snake is completely harmless. Five subspecies are recognized in the U.S., including the nominotypical subspecies, with two subspecies recognized in Mexico.
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Snake venom Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defends against threats. It is injected by unique fangs after a bite, and some species are also able to spit.
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Oxyrhopus Oxyrhopus is a genus of colubrid snakes that belong to the subfamily Xenodontinae. The genus is found in Central America and the northern part of South America,