What year was the author of "On the Basis of Morality" born?
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On the Basis of Morality On the Basis of Morality (German: "Ueber die Grundlage der Moral" , 1840) is one of Arthur Schopenhauer's major works in ethics, in which he argues that morality stems from compassion. Schopenhauer begins with a criticism of Kant's "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals", which Schopenhauer considered to be the clearest explanation of Kantian ethics.
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Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work "The World as Will and Representation" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work.
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The Origins of Virtue The Origins of Virtue is a 1996 popular science book by Matt Ridley, which has been recognised as a classic in its field. In the book, Ridley explores the issues surrounding the development of human morality. The book, written from a sociobiological viewpoint, explores how genetics can be used to explain certain traits of human behaviour, in particular morality and altruism.
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Maureen Howard Maureen Howard (born June 28, 1930) is an American writer, editor, and lecturer known for her award-winning autobiography "Facts of Life".
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Stuart Hampshire Sir Stuart Newton Hampshire ( ; 1 October 1914 – 13 June 2004) was an Oxford University philosopher, literary critic and university administrator. He was one of the antirationalist Oxford thinkers who gave a new direction to moral and political thought in the post-World War II era.
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Leigh Hunt James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 178428 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt, was an English critic, essayist, poet, and writer.
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Moral Minds Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong is a 2006 book by former Harvard psychologist Marc Hauser in which he develops an empirically grounded theory to explain morality as a universal grammar. He draws evidence from evolutionary biology, moral and political philosophy, primatology, linguistics, and anthropology.
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Edward C. Banfield Edward Christie Banfield (November 19, 1916 – September 30, 1999) was an American political scientist, best known as the author of "The Moral Basis of a Backward Society" (1958), and "The Unheavenly City" (1970). One of the leading scholars of his generation, Banfield was an adviser to three Republican presidents: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Banfield began his academic career at the University of Chicago, where he was a friend and colleague of Leo Strauss and Milton Friedman.
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Ethics (Bonhoeffer) Ethics (German: Ethik ) is an unfinished book by Dietrich Bonhoeffer that was edited and published after his death by Eberhard Bethge in 1949. Bonhoeffer worked on the book in the early 1940s and intended it to be his "magnum opus". At the time of writing, he was a double agent; he was working for Abwehr , Nazi Germany's military intelligence organization, but was simultaneously involved in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. The central theme of "Ethics" is Christlikeness. The arguments in the book are informed by Lutheran Christology and are influenced by Bonhoeffer's participation in the German resistance to Nazism. "Ethics" is commonly compared to Bonhoeffer's earlier book "The Cost of Discipleship", with scholars debating the extent to which Bonhoeffer's views on Christian ethics changed between his writing of the two books. In "The Cambridge Companion to Dietrich Bonhoeffer", John W. de Gruchy argues that "Ethics" evinces more nuance than Bonhoeffer's earlier writings. In 2012, David P. Gushee, director of Mercer University's Center for Theology and Public Life, named "Ethics" one of the five best books about patriotism, the others being Bruce Lincoln's "Religion, Empire and Torture"; Reinhold Niebuhr's "Moral Man and Immoral Society"; Shane Claiborne's and Chris Haw's "Jesus for President"; and "A Testament of Hope", a collection of Martin Luther King Jr.'s speeches and writings.
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Henry Stephens Salt Henry Stephens Salt ( ; 20 September 1851 – 19 April 1939) was an English writer and campaigner for social reform in the fields of prisons, schools, economic institutions, and the treatment of animals. He was a noted ethical vegetarian, anti-vivisectionist, socialist, and pacifist, and was well known as a literary critic, biographer, classical scholar and naturalist. It was Salt who first introduced Mohandas Gandhi to the influential works of Henry David Thoreau, and influenced Gandhi's study of vegetarianism.
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Science of morality The science of morality may refer to various forms of ethical naturalism grounding morality in rational, empirical consideration of the natural world.
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Richard Taylor (philosopher) Richard Taylor (November 5, 1919 – October 30, 2003), born in Charlotte, Michigan, was an American philosopher renowned for his dry wit and his contributions to metaphysics. He was also an internationally known beekeeper.
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Judith Jarvis Thomson Judith Jarvis Thomson ( ; born October 4, 1929) is an American moral philosopher and metaphysician. She is known for her defense of moral objectivity, her account of moral rights, her views about the incompleteness of the term 'good,' and her use of thought experiments to make philosophical points. She is most famous for her 1971 essay "A Defense of Abortion", which bases abortion rights on the pregnant woman's right to control her own body and its life-support functions, rather than denying the personhood of the baby.
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R. Jay Wallace R. Jay Wallace (b. 1957) is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. His areas of specialization include moral philosophy and philosophy of action. He is most noted for his work on practical reason, moral psychology, and meta-ethics.
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Elizabeth S. Anderson Elizabeth S. Anderson (born 5 December 1959), is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan and is a notable American philosopher specializing in moral and political philosophy.
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Freud: The Mind of the Moralist Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (1959; second edition 1961) is a book about Sigmund Freud by the sociologist Philip Rieff, who described his motive in writing it as being to "show the mind of Freud, not the man or the movement he founded, as it derives lessons on the right conduct of life from the misery of living it." Rieff placed Freud and psychoanalysis in a larger historical context. One of Rieff's most influential writings, "Freud: The Mind of the Moralist" has been called "brilliant" and a "great book". It established Rieff's reputation and helped place Freud at the center of moral and philosophical inquiry. The writer Susan Sontag, Rieff's wife during the period the book was written, contributed to it to such an extent that she has been considered an unofficial co-author.
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Veneer theory Veneer theory is a term coined by Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal to label a view of human morality that he criticizes in his book "Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved". He uses the term to denote a concept that he rejects, namely that human morality is "a cultural overlay, a thin veneer hiding an otherwise selfish and brutish nature". The idea of the veneer theory goes back to Thomas Henry Huxley and has more recently been advocated by biologists like George C. Williams.
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Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book "Leviathan", which established the social contract theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics, and general philosophy.
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Eugène Minkowski Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski (] ; 17 April 1885 – 17 November 1972) was a French psychiatrist of Jewish Polish origin, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology and for exploring the notion of "lived time". A student of Eugen Bleuler, he was also associated with the work of Ludwig Binswanger and Henri Ey. He was influenced by the philosophy of Henri Bergson and by the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Max Scheler. He was a prolific author in several languages and regarded as a great humanitarian.
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Julius Bahnsen Julius Friedrich August Bahnsen (March 30, 1830 – December 7, 1881) was a German philosopher. Bahnsen is usually considered the originator of characterology and a real-dialectical method of philosophical reflection which he laid down in his two-volume "Contributions to Characterology" (1867) and developed forth with his following works, amongst others his opus magnum "The Contradiction in the Knowledge and Being of the World" (1880/82).
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Humanistic education Humanistic education (also called person-centered education) is an approach to education based on the work of humanistic psychologists, most notably Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Carl Rogers has been called the "Father of Humanistic Psychology" and devoted much of his efforts toward applying the results of his psychological research to person-centered teaching where empathy, caring about students, and genuineness on the part of the learning facilitator were found to be the key traits of the most effective teachers . He edited a series of books dealing with humanistic education in his "Studies of the Person Series," which included his book, "Freedom to Learn" and "Learning to Feel - Feeling to Learn - Humanistic Education for the Whole Man," by Harold C. Lyon, Jr. In the 1970s the term "humanistic education" became less popular after conservative groups equated it with "Secular Humanism" and attacked the writings of Harold Lyon as being anti-Christian. That began a successful effort by Aspy, Lyon, Rogers, and others to re-label it "person-centered teaching", replacing the term "humanistic education." In a more general sense the term includes the work of other humanistic pedagogues, such as Rudolf Steiner, and Maria Montessori. All of these approaches seek to engage the "whole person" : the intellect, feeling life , social capacities, and artistic and practical skills are all important focuses for growth and development. Important objectives include developing children's self-esteem, their ability to set and achieve appropriate goals, and their development toward full autonomy.
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Christian von Ehrenfels Christian von Ehrenfels (also "Maria Christian Julius Leopold Freiherr von Ehrenfels"; 20 June 1859 – 8 September 1932) was an Austrian philosopher, and is known as one of the founders and precursors of Gestalt psychology.