Mostafa Chamran Save'ei, was an Iranian physicist, politician, commander and guerrilla who served as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in which armed conflict between Iran and Iraq lasting from 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, to August 1988?
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Mostafa Chamran Mostafa Chamran Save'ei (Persian: مصطفی چمران ساوه‌ای‎ ‎ ) (8 March 1932 – 20 June 1981, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian physicist, politician, commander and guerrilla who served as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War, known as "Irregular Warfare Headquarters". He was killed during the Iran–Iraq War. In Iran, he is known as a martyr and a symbol of an ideological and revolutionary Muslim who left academic careers and prestigious positions as a scientist and professor in the US, University of California, Berkeley and migrated in order to help the Islamic movements in Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt as a chief revolutionary guerilla, as well as in the Islamic revolution of Iran. He helped to found the Amal Movement in southern Lebanon.
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Iran–Iraq War The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq lasting from 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, to August 1988. The war followed a long history of border disputes, and was motivated by fears that the Iranian Revolution in 1979 would inspire insurgency among Iraq's Shi'ite majority, as well as Iraq's desire to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich Khuzestan Province and the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud).
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Ahmad Keshvari Ahmad Keshvari (Persian: احمد کشوری‎ ‎ ; July 1953 – 7 December 1980) was a AH-1J SeaCobra pilot in the Army Aviation ("Havanirooz") of Iran. He had a role in the early months of the Iran-Iraq War to stop Iraqi tanks from further advancing into the western Iranian territories.
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Iran–Iraq relations Iran–Iraq relations (Persian: روابط ایران و عراق ; Arabic: العلاقات العراقية الإيرانية) extend for millennia into the past. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq share a long border (the longest border by far for both nations) and an ancient cultural and religious heritage. In ancient times Iraq formed part of the core of Persia (modern-day Iran) for about a thousand years.
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Ahmad Kazemi Ahmad Kazemi (Persian: احمد کاظمی‎ ‎ ) (22 July 1958 – 9 January 2006) was an Iranian commander in the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution and one of the most notable commanders in Iran–Iraq War.
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 588 United Nations Security Council resolution 588, adopted unanimously on 8 October 1986, after expressing concern at the continuation of the conflict between Iran and Iraq, the Council urged both countries to implement Resolution 582 (1986) without delay.
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Mohammad-Hossein Shaker Mohammad-Hossein Shaker (Persian: محمدحسین شاکر‎ ‎ ) is an Iranian retired military officer who served as the Chief-of-Staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army from July 1979 until September 1979.
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Abbas Babaei Abbas Babaei (Persian: عباس بابایی‎ ‎ ) (5 December 1950 – 6 August 1987) was an Iranian pilot and Major General in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, during the Iran-Iraq War. He was killed in 1987.
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KDPI insurgency (1989–96) The insurgency by the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran surged in 1989, lasting until 1996, as part of the Kurdish separatism struggle. The eruption of the conflict in July 1989 was caused by the assassination of KDPI leader Abdul Rahman Qassemlou by suspected Iranian government agents. The most violent episodes took place in 1990 and 1991, when Kurdish soldiers launched massive attacks on Iranian military bases in Kurdish areas of Iran. This brought heavy retaliation from the Iranian government, aiming to eradicate the KDPI leadership by assassinating Sadegh Sharafkandi and other KDPI leaders in 1992 in order to disable the Kurdish party's ability to function. The conflict faded with the effective targeted assassination policy of Iran and by 1996 KDPI was no longer able to function militarily and announced a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict claimed hundreds of lives, mostly Iranian government troops and Kurdish militants.
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Tajikistani Civil War The Tajikistani Civil War (Tajik: Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон, "Jangi şahrvandi‘i Tojikiston/Çangi şahrvandiji Toçikiston" ); also known as the Tajik Civil War or the War in Tajikistan, began in May 1992 when ethnic groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, which were mainly Islamic-oriented groups following Wahhabi ideology , rose up against the government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulyab regions. Politically, the rebel groups were led by liberal democratic reformers and Islamists, who fought together and later organized under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. By June 1997, an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 people had been killed.
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Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution The Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution (Persian: جمعیت ایثارگران انقلاب اسلامی‎ , "Jam`iyat-e Isargaran-e Enqelab-e Eslami " ‎ ) is a conservative Iranian political party. It is informally referred to as the "Isargaran", a word which connotes altruism in Persian and is associated with other political movements. Many members of the party are veterans of the Iran-Iraq War.<ref name="RFE/RL"> </ref> It is one of the most powerful and least discussed movements in Iran.
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Council of the Islamic Revolution The Council of the Islamic Revolution (Persian: شورای انقلاب اسلامی‎ , "Šūrā-ye enqelāb-e eslāmī " ‎ ) was a group formed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to manage the Iranian Revolution on 10 January 1979, shortly before he returned to Iran. "Over the next few months there issued from the council hundreds of rulings and laws, dealing with everything from bank nationalization to nurses' salaries." Its existence was kept a secret during the early, less secure time of the revolution, and its members and the exact nature of what the council did remained undisclosed to the public until early 1980. Some of the council's members like Motahhari, Taleqani, Bahonar, Beheshti, Qarani died during Iran–Iraq War or were assassinated by the MKO during the consolidation of the Iranian Revolution. Most of those who remained were put aside by the regime.
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Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan Partisans of National Liberation of Afghanistan or Front of Nimruz was founded in 1979 in Nimruz province of Afghanistan by Abdul Karim Brahui and Gul Mohammad Rahimi.
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Habibollah Asgaroladi Habibollah Asgaroladi Mosalman (Persian: حبيب‌الله عسگراولادی مسلمان‎ ‎ ‎; 3 January 1932 – 5 November 2013) was a leading senior Iranian politician who was the leader of Islamic Coalition Party, a highly influential conservative political party in Iran. He was also a two time presidential candidate, first in July 1981 and next in 1985. During the presidential elections in 1981, in which he ran for the presidency, an attempt was made to assassinate him outside his home in Iran Street, but this failed and resulted in his bodyguard being killed but Asgaroladi himself escaped largely unhurt.
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Mozzafar Baghai Mozzafar Baghai (Persian: مظفر بقائی‎ ‎ ; 23 July 191218 November 1987) is known best as an Iranian political figure of the 1940s and 50s. He rose to prominence during the national struggle against British control of Iran's oil industry. For decades, most Iranians had resented the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (51% of which was under the control of the British government) for the perceived injustice of allocating most profits to the company and the British government, while only a very small proportion was given to Iran, despite the fact that the oil fields were on Iranian territory. Baghai made himself known as a fiery critic of the British and he allied himself with those of like mind, including Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh (a man who had risen to prominence as a fierce critic of Reza Shah, the despotic ruler of Iran from 1921–1941, and of the British control of the oil fields and that country's interference in Iran's internal affairs). He was different from many other nationalists in that he held very left-wing (albeit anti-communist) views. He was able to best articulate this when he formed the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation, a left-wing, nationalistic and anti-communist party that included such notables as Khalil Maleki (an ex-member of the Tudeh Party who broke away from that group for its dependence on the Soviet Union). In 1949, the Toilers Party joined with Mossadegh and his liberal supporters in forming the National Front of Iran, which was an umbrella organization for all Iranians who were committed to the principles of freeing Iran from foreign domination, ending arbitrary rule and establishing a government dependent on the will of the people of Iran. In April 1951, one month after the oil industry was nationalized by the Majlis, Mossadegh was chosen by that elected body as the Prime Minister of Iran, subject to approval by the reigning Mohammad Reza Shah (who had succeeded his father as Shah of Iran in Sept. 1941).
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December 2011 Baneh clash The Baneh clash was a military confrontation between Iranian security forces belonging to the Basij, the paramilitary branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) militants which occurred on December 28, 2011
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Mohammad Beheshti Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (Persian: سیّد محمد حسینی بهشتی‎ ‎ ; 24 October 1928 – 28 June 1981) was an Iranian jurist, philosopher, cleric and politician who was known as the second person in the political hierarchy of Iran after the revolution. Dr. Beheshti is considered to have been the primary architect of Iran's post-revolution constitution, as well as the administrative structure of the Islamic Republic. Beheshti was assassinated along with more than 70 members of the Islamic Republic Party on 28 June 1981.
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Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI or SIIC) (Arabic: المجلس الأعلى الإسلامي العراقي‎ ‎ Al-Majlis Al-A'ala Al-Islami Al-'Iraqi), (previously the party was known as the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI)) is an Iraqi Shia Islamist Iraqi political party. It was established in Iran in the 1980s and today its political support comes from Iraq's Shia Muslim community.
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Holy Shrine Defender Holy Shrine Defenders or as known in Persian Modafean-e-Haram (مدافعان حرم) is a phrase that Iran uses for their advisers and military personals, who are fighting in Iraq and Syria.
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Operation Morvarid Operation Morvarid (Persian: عملیات مروارید‎ ‎ , meaning "Pearl") was an operation launched by the Iranian Navy and Air Force against the Iraqi Air Defence sites on 28 November 1980 in response to Iraq positioning radar and monitoring equipment on the Al-Bakr and Khor-al-Amaya oil rigs to counter Iranian air operations. The operation resulted in a victory for Iran, which managed to destroy both oil rigs as well as much of the Iraqi Navy and inflicted significant damage to Iraqi ports and airfields.
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Ramadan Revolution The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état in Iraq, was a military coup by the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi-wing which overthrew the Prime Minister of Iraq, Abd al-Karim Qasim in 1963. Qasim's former deputy Abdul Salam Arif (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary general of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, who controlled the National Guard militia and organized a massacre of hundreds—if not thousands—of suspected communists and other dissidents following the coup.
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Foreign relations of Iran Foreign relations of Iran refers to inter-governmental relationships between the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries. Geography is a very significant factor in informing Iran's foreign policy. Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the newly born Islamic Republic, under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, dramatically reversed the pro-American foreign policy of the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Since then the country's policies have oscillated between the two opposing tendencies of revolutionary ardour, which would eliminate Western and non-Muslim influences while promoting the Islamic revolution abroad, and pragmatism, which would advance economic development and normalization of relations. Iran's bilateral dealings are accordingly sometimes confused and contradictory.