Name the proposed state and kingdom conceived in the 19th century by a French lawyer and adventurer, whose modern day capital is Perquenco in southern Chile?
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Perquenco Perquenco is a town and commune in southern Chile's Araucanía Region. The town was declared capital of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens, but soon after it was occupied by Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez who was in charge of the Chilean occupation of the Araucanía.
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Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia The Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (Spanish: "Reino de la Araucanía y de la Patagonia" ; French: "Royaume d'Araucanie et de Patagonie" , sometimes referred to as "New France") was a proposed state and kingdom conceived in the 19th century by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orélie-Antoine de Tounens. Orélie-Antoine de Tounens claimed the regions of Araucanía and eastern Patagonia. It was an unrecognized state that enjoyed only marginal sovereignty in a brief period of time, through alliances with some Mapuche lonkos, in a reduced area of Araucanía, in current Chile.
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Camilo Henríquez Friar José Camilo Henríquez González (July 29, 1769 in Valdivia, Chile – March 16, 1825 in Santiago de Chile) was a priest, author, politician, and is considered an intellectual antecedent to and founding father of the Republic of Chile for his passionate leadership and influential writings. He was also one of the most important early South American newspaper writers and wrote several essays, most notably the "Proclama de Quirino Lemachez", which promoted Chilean independence and liberty. He also wrote under the pseudonym Quirino Lemachez.
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Principality of the Briançonese The Principality of the Briançonese ("Principato del Brianzonese" or "Principauté du Briançonnais") was a collection of mountain territories located around Mount Viso, with territory between Marseille and Turin. Its had lands in what is now the French department of Hautes-Alpes, the province of Turin and province of Cuneo. It was named after its capital. From the 19th century onwards it was known as the Republic of the Escartons (Italian: "Repubblica degli Escartons"; French: "République des Écartons"), although the concept of a republic is anachronistic in the period covered by the principality. Escartons corresponds to the Occitan name for Briançon and in French 'écarter' means 'to divide', specifically 'to divide taxes into quarters'.
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Édouard René de Laboulaye Édouard René Lefèbvre de Laboulaye (] ) (18 January 1811 – 25 May 1883) was a French jurist, poet, author and anti-slavery activist. In 1865 he originated the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States that resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. He got the idea thinking that this would help strengthen their relationship with the United States.
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Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) The Liberal Party ("Partido Liberal") of Chile was a Chilean political party created by a faction of pipiolos in 1849. After the conservative victory in the Chilean Civil War of 1829 the liberals became the principal opposition party to the Conservative Party. During the Liberal Party's early history one of its main goal was to create a new constitution to replace the Chilean Constitution of 1833. Rigged election helped to prevent the Liberal Party's presidential candidates to be elected until 1861, during that time elements of the liberal party made attempts to overthrow the government, these were the Revolution of 1851 and the Revolution of 1859. These failed insurrections led a large number of liberals into exile, among them Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna. In 1863 a group of liberal split off to form the Radical Party which would hold power from 1938 to 1952. Originally an anticlericalist party that championed classical liberalism, the liberals later became a right-wing party.
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Eugène Mage Eugène Abdon Mage (30 July 1837 – 19 December 1869) was a French naval officer and explorer of Africa. Mage published the first detailed description of the Toucouleur Empire created by El Hadj Umar Tall.
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Patria Vieja Patria Vieja (] , "Old Fatherland") refers to a time period in the History of Chile occurring between the First Junta of the Government (September 18, 1810) and the Disaster of Rancagua (October 1, 1814). In this period measures were taken for the imprisonment of Fernando VII by Napoleon and this started the governmental organization of the Kingdom of Chile.
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Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, duke de Parme, (18 October 17538 March 1824) was a French nobleman, lawyer and statesman during the French Revolution and the First Empire, best remembered as one of the authors of the Napoleonic Code, which still forms the basis of French civil law and inspired civil law in many countries.
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José de Santiago Concha José de Santiago Concha y Salvatierra (Lima, Peru, December 1, 1667 – Lima, Peru, March 11, 1741) was a Spanish politician and Royal Governor of Chile.
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René Caillié Auguste René Caillié (] ; 19 November 1799 – 17 May 1838) was a French explorer and the first European to return alive from the town of Timbuktu.
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Government Junta of Chile (1891) Revolutionary Junta of Iquique (Spanish: "Junta Revolucionaria de Iquique" ) (April 13, 1891 - December 26, 1891), was the political structure established to challenge the power of Chilean President José Manuel Balmaceda following the insurrection of the navy that started the 1891 Chilean Civil War. It ruled the country until Admiral Jorge Montt assumed power as the new President after the defeat of President Balmaceda.
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Francisco Antonio Encina Francisco Antonio Encina Armanet (September 10, 1874, San Javier – August 23, 1965, Santiago) was a Chilean politician, agricultural businessman, political essayist and historian. He authored the "History of Chile from Prehistory to 1891": with 20 volumes, it stands as the largest individual historical work of the 20th century in Chile.
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Lope de Aguirre Lope de Aguirre (8 November 1510 – 27 October 1561) was a Basque Spanish "conquistador" who was active in South America. Nicknamed "El Loco" ('the Madman'), he styled himself "Wrath of God, Prince of Freedom, King of Tierra Firme". Aguirre is best known for his final expedition down the Amazon river in search of the mythical golden King El Dorado. In 1561 Aguirre sent a letter which defied the Spanish monarch Philip II by declaring an independent state of Peru. Aguirre's expedition ended with his death, and in the years since then he has been treated by historians as a symbol of cruelty and treachery in the early history of colonial Spanish America, and has become an antihero in literature, cinema and other arts.
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Francisco Antonio Pinto Francisco Antonio Pinto y Díaz de la Puente (July 23, 1785 – July 18, 1858) was a Chilean politician who served as President of Chile between 1827 and 1829.
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José Raymundo Del Río José Raymundo del Río (1783–1866) was a Chilean politician during the years of organization of the state of Chile. He was minister of the Supreme Director Ramon Freire and under the presidencies of Agustín Eyzaguirre, Ramon Freire, Francisco Antonio Pinto, Francisco Ramón Vicuña, José Tomás Ovalle and Manuel Bulnes. He was the son Gaspar del Río y Arcaya and Nieves de la Cruz y Goyeneche.
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Battle of Tacna The Battle of Tacna, also known as the "Battle of the Peak of the Alliance" (Spanish: "Batalla del Alto de la Alianza"), effectively destroyed the Peru-Bolivian alliance against Chile, forged by a secret treaty signed in 1873. On May 26, 1880, the Chilean Northern Operations Army led by General Manuel Baquedano González, conclusively defeated the combined armies of Peru and Bolivia commanded by Bolivian President, General Narciso Campero. The battle took place at the Inti Urqu "(Intiorko)" hill plateau, a few miles north of the Peruvian city of Tacna. As a result, Bolivia was knocked out of the war, leaving Peru to fight the rest of the war alone. Also, this victory consolidated the Chilean domain over the Tarapacá Department. The territory was definitively annexed to Chile after the signing of the "Tratado de Ancón" (English: "Treaty of Ancon"), in 1884, which ended the war. Tacna itself remained under Chilean control until 1929.
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Liberating Expedition of Peru The Expedición Libertadora del Perú (Liberating Expedition of Peru) was organized in 1820 by the government of Chile, with elements belonging to the Liberating Army of the Andes and to recently restored Army of Chile, whose target was to free the Viceroyalty of Perú from Spanish rule. The expedition was the continuation of the plan of liberation that General Bernardo O'Higgins and General José de San Martín conceived for the Spanish colonies of South America. While the Chilean government headed by Bernardo O'Higgins played a pivotal role in organizing the expedition, the control of the Chilean Squadron was given to Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald and the control of the ground force relapsed into the Argentine General José de San Martín. The expedition managed to liberate parts of Peru.
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Basque Chileans Many Basques arrived in Chile in the 16th,17th,18th,19th and early 20th century from their homeland in northern Spain (see Basque Provinces) and parts of southwestern France, as conquistadors, soldiers, sailors, merchants, priests and labourers. Due to their traditional hard work and entrepreneurship, many of them rose to the top of the social scale and intermarried into the Chilean elites formed by Basques, giving birth to the new Basque-Chilean aristocracy in Chile. This union is the basis of the Chilean elite of today. But also, they immensely contributed to the ethnic make up of the bulk of the Chilean population.
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José María Campo Serrano José María Campo Serrano (8 September 1832 – 6 January 1915) was a Colombian lawyer, general, and statesman, who became President of Colombia after the resignation of the President and the dismissal of the Vice President. He sanctioned the Constitution of 1886 that created the Republic of Colombia proceeding the United States of Colombia. A Samarian Costeño, he became president of the Sovereign State of Magdalena, and Antioquia, Governor of Panama, and held various Ministries during his career as a politician.
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Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia The Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia, also called the Mutual Benefits Treaty, was signed in Santiago de Chile on August 10, 1866 by the Chilean Foreign Affairs Minister Alvaro Covarrubias and the Bolivian Plenipotentiary in Santiago Juan R. Muñoz Cabrera. It drew, for the first time, the border between both countries at the 24° South parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern border of Chile and defined a zone of bipartite tax collection, the "Mutual Benefits zone", and tax preferences for articles from Bolivia and Chile.
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Radical Party (Chile) The Radical Party (Spanish: "Partido Radical") of Chile was a Chilean political party. It was formed in 1863 in Copiapó by a split in the Liberal Party. Not coincidentally, it was formed shortly after the organization of the Grand Lodge of Chile, and it has maintained a close relationship with Chilean Freemasonry throughout its life. As such, it represented the anticlericalist position in Chilean politics, and was instrumental in producing the "theological reforms" in Chilean law in the early 1880s. These laws removed the cemeteries from the control of the Roman Catholic Church, established a civil registry of births and death in place of the previous recordkeeping of the church, and established a civil law of matrimony, which removed the determination of validity of marriages from the church. Prior to these laws, it was impossible for non-Catholics to contract marriage in Chile, and meant that any children they produced were illegitimate. Non-Catholics had also been barred from burial in Catholic cemeteries, which were virtually the only cemeteries in the country; instead, non-Catholics were buried in the beaches, and even on the Santa Lucia Hill in Santiago, which, in the 19th century, functioned as Santiago's dump.