The cause of the Moho braccatus extinction include the introduction of the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind what other two rats?
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Kauaʻi ʻōʻō The Kauaʻ i ʻ ōʻ ō or ʻ ōʻ ōʻ āʻ ā (Moho braccatus) is a member of the extinct genus of the ʻ ōʻ ōs ("Moho") within the extinct family Mohoidae from the islands of Hawai'i. It was previously regarded as member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters ("Meliphagidae"). This bird was endemic to the island of Kauaʻ i. It was common in the subtropical forests of the island until the early twentieth century, when its decline began. Its song was last heard in 1987 and it is now probably extinct. The causes of its extinction include the introduction of the Polynesian rat, domestic pig, and mosquitoes carrying avian disease (avian malaria and avian pox), as well as habitat destruction.
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Polynesian rat The Polynesian rat, or Pacific rat ("Rattus exulans"), known to the Māori as kiore, is the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind the brown rat and black rat. The Polynesian rat originated in Southeast Asia, and like its relatives, has become widespread, migrating to most Polynesian islands, including New Zealand, Easter Island, and Hawaii. It shares high adaptability with other rat species extending to many environments, from grasslands to forests. It is also closely associated with humans, who provide easy access to food. It has become a major pest in most areas of its distribution.
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Musso's fish-eating rat Musso's fish-eating rat ("Neusticomys mussoi") is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae endemic to
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Lesser stick-nest rat The lesser stick-nest rat or white-tipped stick-nest rat ("Leporillus apicalis") is an extinct species of rodent in the Muridae family. It lives in central Australia where it builds a nest of sticks that accumulate over years and becomes very large. The last confirmed sighting of this rat was in 1933 although there is a credible report of a sighting in 1970. In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature listed it as "critically endangered", suggesting that it may yet survive in remote areas of unsurveyed territory, but revised its evaluation to "extinct" again in 2016, based on an assessment in 2012.
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Greater cane rat The greater cane rat ("Thryonomys swinderianus") is one of two species of cane rats, a small family of African hystricognath rodents. The cane rat lives by reed-beds and riverbanks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cane rats can grow to nearly 2 ft in length and weigh a little less than 19 lb . It has rounded ears, a short nose, and coarse bristly hair. Its forefeet are smaller than its hind feet, each with three toes.
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Maritrema heardi Maritrema heardi is a parasitic fluke that infects the marsh rice rat ("Oryzomys palustris") in a salt marsh at Cedar Key, Florida. It was first listed as "Maritrema" sp. II in 1988, then described as the only species of a new genus, "Floridatrema heardi", in 1994, and eventually reassigned in 2003 to "Maritrema" as "Maritrema heardi". Its intermediate host is the fiddler crab "Uca pigilator" and it lives in the intestine of the marsh rice rat, its definitive host. Together with two other species of "Maritrema", it is very common in affected marsh rice rats; it infects 19% of studied rats at Cedar Key. According to Tkach and colleagues, "M. heardi" is probably primarily a parasite of birds that has secondarily infected the marsh rice rat. "Floridatrema" was distinguished from "Maritrema" on the basis of its possession of loops of the uterus that extend forward to the place where the intestine is forked or even to the pharynx. Genetically, "M. heardi" may be closest to the morphologically similar "M. neomi", which infects "Neomys" water shrews in the Carpathians.
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Mole-rat Mole-rat or mole rat refers to several groups of burrowing Old World rodents:
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Posterolateral palatal pits In anatomy, posterolateral palatal pits are gaps at the sides of the back of the bony palate, near the last molars. Posterolateral palatal pits are present, in various degrees of development, in several members of the rodent family Cricetidae. Many members of the family lack them or have only simple pits, but Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings, and relatives) and Oryzomyini (rice rats and relatives) have more highly developed posterolateral palatal pits. Posterolateral palatal pits are also present in some other rodents, including "Glis", "Jaculus", "Hystrix", "Abrocoma", "Ctenomys", "Chinchilla", and "Lagidium".
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Quaternary extinction event The Quaternary period saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity, and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe. The most prominent event in the Late Pleistocene is differentiated from previous Quaternary pulse extinctions by the widespread absence of ecological succession to replace these extinct species, and the regime shift of previously established faunal relationships and habitats as a consequence. The earliest casualties were incurred at 130,000 BCE (the start of the Late Pleistocene), however the great majority of extinctions in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas occurred during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene epoch (13,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE). However, this extinction wave did not stop at the end of the Pleistocene, but continued, especially on isolated islands, in human-caused extinctions, although there is debate as to whether these should be considered separate events or part of the same event. Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change. A notable modern human presence first appeared during the Middle Pleistocene in Africa, and started to establish continuous, permanent populations in Eurasia and Australasia from 80,000 BCE, and the Americas from 22,000 BCE. A variant of the former possibility is the second-order predation hypothesis, which focuses more on the indirect damage caused by overcompetition with nonhuman predators. Recent studies have tended to favor the human-overkill theory.
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Eastern woodrat The eastern woodrat ("Neotoma floridana"), also known as the Florida woodrat or bush rat is a pack rat native to the central and Eastern United States. It constructs large dens that may serve as nests for many generations and stores food in outlying caches for the winter. While widespread and not uncommon, it has declined or disappeared in several areas.
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Sumatran elephant The Sumatran elephant ("Elephas maximus sumatranus") is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to the Indonesia island of Sumatra. In 2011, the Sumatran elephant has been classified as critically endangered by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 80% over the last three generations, estimated to be about 75 years. The subspecies is pre-eminently threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, and poaching; over 69% of potential elephant habitat has been lost within the last 25 years. Much of the remaining forest cover is in blocks smaller than 250 km2 , which are too small to contain viable elephant populations.
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Ascocotyle pindoramensis Ascocotyle pindoramensis is a fluke in the genus "Ascocotyle" that occurs along the eastern coast of the Americas from Brazil to Nicaragua, Mexico, Louisiana, and Florida and doubtfully in Egypt. It occurs in the intestine of its definitive hosts. Hosts recorded in the wild include the least bittern ("Ixobrychus exilis"), roseate spoonbill ("Platalea ajaja"), great blue heron ("Ardea herodias"), striated heron ("Butorides striatus"), stripe-backed bittern ("Ixobrychus involucris"), yellow-crowned night heron ("Nyctanassa violacea"), black-crowned night heron ("Nycticorax nycticorax"), osprey ("Pandion haliaetus"), Neotropic cormorant ("Phalacrocorax brasilianus"), and marsh rice rat ("Oryzomys palustris"). In the marsh rice rat, it infected 9% of rats examined in a 1970–1972 study in the salt marsh at Cedar Key, Florida, but none in a freshwater marsh. "A. pindoramensis" has been experimentally introduced into the domestic duck ("Anas platyrhynchos domestica"), chicken ("Gallus gallus domestica"), dog ("Canis lupus familiaris"), house mouse ("Mus musculus"), and golden hamster ("Mesocricetus auratus"). It occurs in various body parts of its intermediate hosts—the poeciliid fish "Phalloptychus januarius", "Poecilia catemaconis", "Poecilia mexicana", "Poecilia mollienisicola", "Poecilia vivipara", and a species of "Xiphophorus" and the cichlid "Tilapia". It was first described as "Pygidiopsis pindoramensis" in 1928 and subsequently as "Pseudoascocotyle mollienisicola" in 1960. The latter species was moved to "Ascocotyle" in 1963, but only in 2006 it was recognized that the two represent the same species, which is now known as "Ascocotyle pindoramensis". Other flukes from Argentina and Mexico that were identified as "Pygidiopsis pindoramensis" instead represent a different species of "Pygidiopsis".
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Glover Allen's dasymys Glover Allen's dasymys (Glover Allen's shaggy rat or Dasymys alleni) is a species of shaggy marsh rat described in 1953, and indigenous to Mount Rungwe in south-western Tanzania. Contemporary studies of the taxonomy diverge, with the International Union for Conservation of Nature recognising "D. alleni" as a subspecies of the more widespread "D. incomtus", whereas Wilson and Reeder observe the reinstatement of the species as unique in "Mammal Species of the World". In their recent analysis, Verheyen "et al." describe the distribution of "D. alleni" as encompassing the Eastern Arc Mountains and the mountainous, volcanic regions around Lake Tanganyika, and potentially the Marungu highlands, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Oriental rat flea The Oriental rat flea ("Xenopsylla cheopis"), also known as the tropical rat flea, is a parasite of rodents, primarily of the genus "Rattus", and is a primary vector for bubonic plague and murine typhus. This occurs when the flea has fed on an infected rodent, and then bites a human.
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Rio Negro brush-tailed rat The Rio Negro brush-tailed rat or dark brush-tailed tree rat ("Isothrix negrensis"), is a spiny rat species from South America. It is found in Brazil.
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Oecomys roberti Oecomys roberti, also known as Robert's oecomys or Robert's arboreal rice rat, is a rodent species from South America in the genus "Oecomys". It has a broad distribution in the Amazon biome, being found in Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.
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Flores giant rat The Flores giant rat ("Papagomys armandvillei") is a rodent of the family Muridae that occurs on the island of Flores in Indonesia. It has been recorded in Rutong Protection Forest. The species is found in primary, secondary and disturbed forest over a wide range of elevations. Head and body length is 41 - and tail length is 33 - , making it at least twice the size of an average brown rat ("Rattus norvegicus") with a 25 cm long body and 15 cm long tail. The only extant species in the genus "Papagomys", the rat was given its Latin name after Dutch Jesuit missionary Kornelis J. F. le Cocq d'Armandville who was stationed in the Dutch East Indies and later in New Guinea.
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Tufted deer The tufted deer ("Elaphodus cephalophus") is a small species of deer characterized by a prominent tuft of black hair on its forehead and fang-like canines for the males. It is a close relative of the muntjac, living somewhat further north over a wide area of central China northeastern Myanmar. Suffering from overhunting and habitat loss, this deer is considered near-threatened. It is the only member of the genus Elaphodus. It is restricted to forested mountain habitat up to 4500 m above sea level, making study difficult.
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Southern giant pouched rat The southern giant pouched rat ("Cricetomys ansorgei") is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae. It is widely distributed in mainly tropical regions of southern Africa, notably Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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Marohita mouse lemur The Marohita mouse lemur (Microcebus marohita) is a species of mouse lemur known only from the Marohita Forest in eastern Madagascar, near the village of Marolambo. Specimens were first collected in December 2003, and its discovery was announced in 2013 along with the Anosy mouse lemur ("Microcebus tanosi"). It is a large mouse lemur, weighing up to 89 g , and lives within the same area as the Goodman's mouse lemur ("M. lehilahytsara"), Simmons' mouse lemur ("M. simmonsi"), and the brown mouse lemur ("M. rufus"), all four of which are nearly identical in appearance. Its fur is rufous on its back and grayish-beige on its underside. Nothing is known about its behavior. Its conservation status was evaluated as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2012, before it was formally described, because its only known habitat had severely degraded between 2003 and 2012.
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Zokor Zokors are Asiatic burrowing rodents resembling mole-rats. They include two genera, "Myospalax" and "Eospalax". Zokors are native to much of China, Kazakhstan, and Siberian Russia.
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Mechow's mole-rat Mechow's mole-rat ("Fukomys mechowii") is a species of rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and possibly Malawi. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. This mole-rat was first described by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters in 1881. The specific epithet honours the Prussian explorer and naturalist Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander von Mechow.