When nationalism developed as a concept what was it the aim to end?
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Indian nationalism Indian nationalism developed as a concept during the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Raj. Scholars note that a national consciousness has always been present in "India", or more broadly the Indian subcontinent, even if it was not articulated in modern terms. Indian nationalism is an instance of territorial nationalism, inclusive of "all" its people, despite their diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds. It continues to strongly influence the politics of India and reflects an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism.
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Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule (1757–1857) and the British Indian Empire (1857–1947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 90 years (1857–2017).
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Postcolonial feminism Postcolonial feminism is a form of feminism that developed as a response to feminism seemingly focusing solely on the experiences of women in Western cultures. Postcolonial feminism seeks to account for the way that racism and the long-lasting political, economic, and cultural effects of colonialism affect non-white, non-Western women in the postcolonial world. Postcolonial feminism originated as a critique of feminist theorists in developed countries pointing out the universalizing tendencies of mainstream feminist ideas and argues that women living in non-Western countries are misrepresented.
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Montenegrin nationalism Montenegrin nationalism refers to the nationalism of Montenegrins and/or the culture of Montenegro. Contemporary Montenegrin nationalism cites that an independent Montenegrin culture separate from Serbian culture arose after Serbia was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century while Montenegro remained independent for many years, resulting in a different culture developing in Montenegro.
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Serbian nationalism Serbian nationalism or Serbdom asserts that Serbs are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Serbs. It is an ethnic nationalism, originally arising in the context of the general rise of nationalism in the Balkans under Ottoman rule, under the influence of Serbian linguist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Ilija Garašanin.
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Hungarian irredentism Hungarian irredentism or Greater Hungary is a broad umbrella term consisting of irredentist and pan-nationalist political ideas. The idea is associated with Hungarian revisionism. Its goal is to restore the pre-World War I borders of the Kingdom of Hungary, or at least to regain control over Hungarian populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries.
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Pan-Americanism Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage and organize relationships, associations and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means.
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Nations and Nationalism (journal) Nations and Nationalism is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research on nationalism and related issues. It is published quarterly on behalf of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism by Wiley-Blackwell. Anthony D. Smith was the founding editor; as of 2013 the editor is Anthony D. Smith.
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Two-nation theory The two-nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities. The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.
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Greek National Awakening The concept and term “National Awakening” (in Greek "Εθνική αφύπνιση") is used by many historians, intellectuals and lay authors to refer to the revival of the Greek national self-conscious, or modern Greek nationalism, which paved the way to the Greek Revolution of 1821. Whereas most authors do not define the exact time-frame of this period, it is generally agreed that this awakening (or revival) occurred in the 18th century. According to the Greek historian Nikos Svoronos (1911-1989), the period of the Greek National Awakening is 1715-1821. The periodization of exhibits in the National Historical Museum of Athens sets the beginning of the Awakening era at 1670. Other authors put the onset of this period in the mid 18th century. For example, a series of historical presentations by academic historians in the Greek State Television (ERT), defined as “National Awakening” period the years 1750-1821.
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Ultranationalism Ultranationalism is defined as "extreme nationalism that promotes the interest of one state or people above all others", or simply "extreme devotion to one's own nation".
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Ideas of European unity before 1945 The idea of European unity is a historically recent concept.
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Weltpolitik ""Weltpolitik"" (German for "world politics") denoted the imperialist foreign policy adopted by the German Empire during the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II from 1890 onwards. The aim was to transform Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, the acquisition of overseas colonies, and the development of a large navy. Though considered a logical consequence of the German unification by a broad spectrum of Wilhilmine society, it marked a decisive break with the defensive "Realpolitik" of the Bismarck era.
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African nationalism African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies, mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states. The ideology emerged under European colonial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries and was loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe. Originally, African nationalism was based on demands for self-determination and played an important role in forcing the process of decolonisation of Africa ( 1957-66). However, the term refers to a broad range of different ideological and political movements and should not be confused with Pan-Africanism which may seek the federation of several or all nation states in Africa.
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Fascism Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and control of industry and commerce, that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before it spread to other European countries. Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.
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Mythomoteur A mythomoteur (compound of the French words for myth and engine) is the constitutive myth that gives an ethnic group its sense of purpose. The term was first used in this context by Ramon d’Abadal i de Vinyals, and was later taken up by John Armstrong in his book "Nations before Nationalism". It has subsequently become a common theme in Anthony D. Smith’s work on ethnicity and nationalism, particularly his book "The Ethnic Origins of Nations". Three types of mythomoteur have been identified, the communal-political, the communal-religious, and the dynastic.
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Slovenian nationalism Slovenian nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Slovenes are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Slovenes. Slovenian nationalism first arose in response to the influx of ideas of nationalism from the French Revolution that arrived in Slovenia when the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte made Slovenia part of the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 to 1813. Slovenian nationalists such as Anton Korošec endorsed Yugoslav unification during World War I as a means to free Slovenia from Austro-Hungarian rule.
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Anti-nationalism Anti-nationalism denotes the sentiments associated with an opposition to nationalism. Some anti-nationalists are humanitarians or humanists who pursue an idealist view of world community, and self-identify as world citizens. They often oppose chauvinism, jingoism and militarism, and desire peace rather than perpetual conflict, which they claim can be rooted in nationalism. The imposition of nationalism as a belief or identity system, particularly when in conflict with more established and self-sustaining identity choices, often based on freely chosen religious or cultural beliefs and practices can be understood to undermine the legitimacy of territory-based nationalism. Various forms of internationalism propose alternatives. They do not all necessarily oppose the concepts of countries, nation states, national boundaries, cultural preservation, and identity politics; for example, present-day multilateralism does not, whereas proletarian internationalism and various kinds of cosmopolitanism explicitly do so.
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Circassian nationalism Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians to reestablish an independent Circassian state in Circassia, which lost its independence in the Russian–Circassian War. Many of its themes involve the repatriation of diaspora Circassians and the revitalization of the Adyghe language.
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Nation branding Nation branding aims to measure, build and manage the reputation of countries (closely related to place branding). In the book "Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices", the authors define nation branding as “the application of corporate marketing concepts and techniques to countries, in the interests of enhancing their reputation in international relations.” Many nations try to make brands in order to build relationships between different actors that are not restricted to nations. It extends to public and private sectors in a nation and helps with nationalism. States also want to participate in multilateral projects. Some approaches applied, such as an increasing importance on the symbolic value of products, have led countries to emphasise their distinctive characteristics. The branding and image of a nation-state "and the successful transference of this image to its exports - is just as important as what they actually produce and sell."This is also referred to as country-of-origin effect.
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Italian nationalism Italian nationalism builds upon the idea that Italians are the ethnic, cultural, and linguistic successors of the ancient Romans who inhabited the Italian Peninsula for over a millennium. The origins of Italian nationalism have been traced to the Renaissance. Italian nationalism first arose as a potent political force in the 1830s in the Italian peninsula under the leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini. It served as a cause for "Risorgimento" in the 1860s to 1870s. Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria-Hungary, and during the era of Italian Fascism.
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Types of nationalism Many scholars argue that there is more than one type of nationalism. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.