Which Greek Stoic philosopher mentioned two of the four subgroups of the Helvetians that failed in their migration attempt to Gaul?
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Helvetii The Helvetii (Latin: "Helvētiī" ] ) were a Gallic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. According to Julius Caesar, the Helvetians were divided into four subgroups or "pagi." Of these Caesar only names the Verbigeni and the Tigurini, while Posidonius mentions the Tigurini and the Tougeni (Τωυγενοί ). They feature prominently in the "Commentaries on the Gallic War," with their failed migration attempt to southwestern Gaul (58 BC) serving as a catalyst for Caesar's conquest of Gaul.
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Posidonius Posidonius (Greek: Ποσειδώνιος, "Poseidonios", meaning "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος) (c. 135 BCE – c. 51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.
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Galas In Greek mythology, Galas ( ; Greek: Γάλας) was the eponymous founder of the Gauls. He was the son of Polyphemos and Galatea and the brother of Illyrius and Keltos.
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Esus Esus, Hesus, or Aisus was a Gaulish god known from two monumental statues and a line in Lucan's "Bellum civile".
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Santones The Santones or Santoni or Santii (Ancient Greek: Σάντονες, Σάντονοι, Σάντωνες , French: "Santons" ) were a tribe of ancient Gaul located in the modern region of Saintonge and around the city of Saintes, city to which they gave their name. The Romans occupied the territory of the Santones from the 1st century BC.
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Hegias Hegias (Greek: Ἡγίας ) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries. He may have been the great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Plutarch of Athens, the founder of the Neoplatonist Academy in Athens. Hegias studied under Proclus at the school in Athens, when Proclus was an old man c. 480. Proclus showed him great favour, and considered him worthy of hearing his lectures on the Chaldean Oracles.
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Critias (dialogue) Critias ( ; Greek: Κριτίας ), one of Plato's late dialogues, recounts the story of the mighty island kingdom Atlantis and its attempt to conquer Athens, which failed due to the ordered society of the Athenians. "Critias" is the second of a projected trilogy of dialogues, preceded by "Timaeus" and followed by "Hermocrates". The latter was possibly never written and "Critias" was left incomplete. Because of their resemblance (e.g. in terms of persons appearing), modern classicists occasionally combine both "Timaeus" and "Critias" as "Timaeus-Critias".
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Analogy of the divided line The Analogy of the Divided Line (Greek: γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη ) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in the "Republic" (509d–511e). It is written as a dialogue between Glaucon and Socrates, in which the latter further elaborates upon the immediately preceding Analogy of the Sun at the former's request. Socrates asks Glaucon to not only envision this unequally bisected line but to imagine further bisecting each of the two segments. Socrates explains that the four resulting segments represent four separate 'affections' (παθήματα) of the psyche. The lower two sections are said to represent the visible while the higher two are said to represent the intelligible. These affections are described in succession as corresponding to increasing levels of reality and truth from conjecture (εἰκασία) to belief () to thought (διάνοια) and finally to understanding (). Furthermore this Analogy not only elaborates a theory of the psyche but also presents metaphysical and epistemological views.
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Ancient Thessaly Thessaly or Thessalia (Attic Greek: Θεσσαλία , "Thessalía" Aeolic Greek (Thessalian): Πετθαλία , "Petthalia") was one of the traditional regions of Ancient Greece. During the Mycenaean period, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, a name that continued to be used for one of the major tribes of Greece, the Aeolians, and their dialect of Greek, Aeolic.
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Ardiaei The Ardiaei or "Ouardiaei" (Ancient Greek: Ἀρδιαῖοι "or" Οὐαρδαῖοι ; Latin: "Vardiaei" ), were an Illyrian tribe, residing inland, that eventually settled on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Polybius (203 BC–120 BC) writes that they were subdued by the Romans at events that occurred at 229 BC. Appian (95–165) writes that they were destroyed by the Autariatae and that in contrast to the Autariatae had maritime power. In the Epitome of Livy they are said to have been subdued by the consul Fulvius Flaccus.
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Hermogenes (philosopher) Hermogenes (Greek: Ἑρμογένης ; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was an ancient Athenian philosopher best remembered as a close friend of Socrates as depicted by Plato and Xenophon.
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Aristocreon Aristocreon (Greek: Ἀριστοκρέων ; fl. 200 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and the nephew of Chrysippus.
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Allobroges The Allobroges (Ancient Greek: Άλλόβριγες, Άλλόβρυγες, Άλλόβρoγες ) were a Gallic tribe of ancient Gaul, located between the Rhône River and Lake Geneva in what later became Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. Their cities were in the areas of modern-day Annecy, Chambéry and Grenoble, the modern "departement" of Isère, and modern Switzerland. Their capital was today's Vienne.
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Orgetorix Orgetorix was a wealthy aristocrat among the Helvetii, a Celtic-speaking people residing in what is now Switzerland during the consulship of Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic.
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Philip V of Macedon Philip V (Greek: Φίλιππος ; 238–179 BC) was King (Basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. Philip was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was inevitably compared to Alexander the Great and was nicknamed "beloved of the Hellenes" (ἐρώμενος τῶν Ἑλλήνων ) because he became, as Polybius put it, "...the beloved of the Hellenes for his charitable inclination".
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Seneca the Younger Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD65), fully Lucius Annaeus Seneca and also known simply as Seneca ( ), was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and—in one work—humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature. As a tragedian, he is best-known for his "Medea" and "Thyestes".
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Early life of Plato Plato (Ancient Greek: Πλάτων , "Plátōn", "wide, broad-shouldered"; c. 428/427 – c. 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, the second of the trio of ancient Greeks including Socrates and Aristotle said to have laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.
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Spali The Spali (Latin: "Spalaei, Palaei" ) was a tribe mentioned by Pliny (23–79) and Jordanes ( 551), located in the region south of Kiev. They are believed by some (Tadeusz Sulimirski) to have been a branch of the Roxolani. Sulimirski attributed Sarmatian archaeology on the mid-Dnieper to the tribe, supported by the Sarmatians' downfall after the Gothic invasion in 200 AD. Another connection is made to the "Royal Sarmatians" (mentioned by Strabo as a Scythian tribe, also called "Ourgoi"), supported by Indo-Parthian royal names "Spalirisos", "Spalyris", "Spalahora", and the Slavic word "ispolin", "spolin" ("giant"), assumed to date back to when the Slavs were ruled by the Spali.
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Caucones The Caucones (Greek: Καύκωνες , "Kaukones") were an autochthonous tribe of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) whose migrations brought them to the western Greek mainland in Arkadia, Triphylian Pylos, and north into Elis. Their etymology suggests strong affinities with the Caucasos Mountains originally. Russian KAVKAZ for Caucasus is attached to the two mountain ranges that serve as a ‘spine’ or backbone between the northern and southern regions dividing Europe from Asia. Kaz-Kaz people known from the written Hittite tablets, indeed, lived along the southern shore of the Black Sea, exactly where the Homeric "Iliad" placed the Kaukônes.1 According to Herodotus and other classical writers, they were displaced or absorbed by the immigrant Bithynians, who were a group of clans from Thrace that spoke an Indo-European language. Thracian Bithynians also expelled or subdued the Mysians, and some minor tribes, the Mariandyni alone maintaining themselves in cultural independence, in the northeast of what became Bithynia. Strabo (12.3.3) acknowledges that in earlier times Bithynians were called Mysians who, in turn, Herodotus (7.20, 75) says alongside Teucrians were invaders of northern Greece (Thessaly) before the Trojan War.
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Panaetius Panaetius ( ; Greek: Παναίτιος ; c. 185 - c. 110/109 BC ) of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city. After the death of Scipio in 129 BC, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch. With Panaetius, Stoicism became much more eclectic. His most famous work was his "On Duties", the principal source used by Cicero in his own work of the same name.
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Eurytus (Pythagorean) Eurytus ( ; Greek: Εὔρυτος ; fl. 400 BC), was an eminent Pythagorean philosopher who Iamblichus in one passage describes as a native of Croton, while in another, he enumerates him among the Tarentine Pythagoreans. He was a disciple of Philolaus, and Diogenes Laërtius mentions him among the teachers of Plato, though this statement is very doubtful. It is uncertain whether Eurytus was the author of any work, unless we suppose that the fragment in Stobaeus, which is there ascribed to one Eurytus, belongs to this Eurytus.
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Sotiates The Sotiates were a pre-Roman tribe of the Aquitani, settled in what today is southwestern France, in the region surrounding Sos, in the French department of Lot-et-Garonne. Their capital was the city of "Sotium", present-day Sos. They are mentioned by Julius Caesar in the third book of "Commentarii de Bello Gallico", his firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, where he narrates the expedition of Publius Licinius Crassus to Aquitaine.