Hyspaosines was a satrap installed by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and later the first King of Characene or Mesene (Meshun), he's mainly known from coins, but also appears in texts of cuneiform script, which contain systematic records of astronomical observations and political events, as well as predictions is titled?
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Hyspaosines Hyspaosines or Aspasine ( in arabic هيسباوسينز or أسباسين) ,(c. 209 BC - 124 BC) was a satrap installed by Antiochus IV Epiphanes and later the first King (before 127-124 BC) of Characene or Mesene (Meshun). Hyspaosines is mainly known from coins, but also appears in texts of cuneiform script (in the Babylonian astronomical diaries). Pliny the Elder mentions that he was the son of a certain "Sagdodonacos the king of Arabs".
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Babylonian astronomical diaries The Babylonian astronomical diaries are a collection of Babylonian cuneiform texts which contain systematic records of astronomical observations and political events, as well as predictions based on astronomical observations. They also include other information, such as commodity prices for particular dates and weather reports.
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Zeuxis (general) Zeuxis ( or ; Ancient Greek: Zεῦξις Κυνάγου Μακεδών ) was a general and official in the service of the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great at the end of the 3rd century BC. He led the royal forces in Mesopotamia against the rebel Molon, served as the governor of cis-Tauric Asia Minor from 213 BC onwards, and was a general at the Battle of Magnesia. After that defeat he went to Rome to negotiate a peace.
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Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus ( ; Greek: Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος , "Eúdoxos ho Knídios"; c. 390– c. 337 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. All of his works are lost, though some fragments are preserved in Hipparchus' commentary on Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's important work, "Sphaerics", may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
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Orontes III Orontes III (Armenian: Երուանդ Գ, Yervand III) was King of Armenia. In his reign he struggled for control of the Kingdom of Sophene with king Antiochus II Theos until being defeated in 272 BC and was forced to pay a large tribute which included 300 talents of silver and 1,000 horses and mules. Orontes III was subsequently murdered in 260 BC , whether at the instigation of King Antiochus II is not recorded. His son, Sames, continued to rule in Sophene.
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Ariamnes Ariamnes I (Ancient Greek: Ἀριάμνης "Ariámnēs"; fl. 4th century BC; ruled 362–330 BC) was satrap of Cappadocia under Persian suzerainty. Son of Datames and father of Ariarathes I and his brother Orophernes (Holophernes), Diodorus tells us that he governed fifty years.
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Sargon of Akkad Sargon of Akkad (Akkadian 𒈗𒌑𒄀 "Šarru-ukīn" or "Šarru-kēn"; sometimes known as "Sargon the Great") was the first ruler of the <a href="Semitic%20languages">Semitic-speaking</a> <a href="Akkadian%20Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, known for his conquests of the <a href="Sumer">Sumer</a>ian <a href="Sumerian%20city-states">city-state</a>s in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
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Andragoras (Seleucid satrap) Narisanka, better known by his Hellenized name of Andragoras (died 238 BCE) was an Iranian nobleman who served as the Seleucid satrap of the province of Parthia under the Seleucid rulers Antiochus I Soter and Antiochus II Theos.
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Chaldean Oracles The Chaldean Oracles have survived as fragmentary texts from the 2nd century AD, and consist mainly of Hellenistic commentary on a single mystery-poem (which may have been compilations from several oracular sources, considering the random subject changes) that was believed to have originated in Chaldea. They appear to be a syncretic combination of Neoplatonic elements with others that were Persian or Babylonian in origin. Later Neoplatonists, such as Iamblichus and Proclus, rated them highly. The 4th-century Emperor Julian suggests in his "Hymn to the Magna Mater" that he was an initiate of the God of the Seven Rays, and was an adept of its teachings. When Christian Church Fathers or other Late Antiquity writers credit "the Chaldeans", they are probably referring to this tradition.
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Psusennes I Psusennes I (Greek Ψουσέννης) was the third pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty who ruled from Tanis between 1047–1001 BC. "Psusennes" is the Greek version of his original name Pasibkhanu or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut (Egyptian "ḥor-p3-sib3-ḫˁỉ-<n>-niwt") which means "The Star Appearing in the City" while his throne name, Akheperre Setepenamun, translates as "Great are the Manifestations of Ra, chosen of Amun." He was the son of Pinedjem I and Henuttawy, Ramesses XI's daughter by Tentamun. He married his sister Mutnedjmet.
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Karaindash Karaindaš was one of the more prominent rulers of the Kassite dynasty and reigned towards the end of the 15th century, BC. An inscription on a tablet detailing building work calls him “Mighty King, King of Babylonia, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Kassites, King of Karduniaš,” inscribed "ka-ru-du-ni-ia-aš", probably the Kassite language designation for their kingdom and the earliest extant attestation of this name.
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List of Seleucid rulers The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (from Greek: Σελευκίδαι , "Seleukídai ") was a Greek Macedonian royal family, founded by Seleucus I Nicator ("the Victor"), which ruled the Seleucid Empire centered in the Near East and regions of the Asian part of the earlier Achaemenid Persian Empire during the Hellenistic period.
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Catasterismi Catasterismi (Greek Καταστερισμοί "Katasterismoi", "placings among the stars") is an Alexandrian prose retelling of the mythic origins of stars and constellations, as they were interpreted in Hellenistic culture. The work survives in an epitome assembled at the end of the 1st century CE, based on a lost original with some possible relation to the work of Eratosthenes of Cyrene; thus the author is alluded to as Pseudo-Eratosthenes. The pseudepigraphic attribution to Eratosthenes presumably was meant to bolster the work's credibility, but while the "Catasterismi" describes constellations, it is more concerned with the mythological narrative attached to each than with the mathematical tradition of astronomy. Although there is no absolute distinction between astronomy and astrology in antiquity, intellectual circles in Alexandria during the 1st BCE began to distinguish between astrology for making predictions and astronomical observation for scientific conjecture.
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Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt The Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXXI, alternatively 31st Dynasty or Dynasty 31), also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy, was effectively a short-lived province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC. It was founded by Artaxerxes III, the King of Persia, after his reconquest of Egypt and subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt, and was disestablished upon the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great.
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Seleucus of Alexandria Seleucus of Alexandria (Greek: Σέλευκος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς ) was a Roman-era grammarian. He was nicknamed 'Homeric'. He was a sophist in Rome (Second Sophistic era). He commented on pretty well all the poets, wrote a number of exegetical and miscellaneous works, the titles of which are listed in the Suda . There are some other in significant persons of this name. (See Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p. 496, ed. Westermann ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 86, 184, n., 522, vol. ii. p. 27, vol. iv. p. 10'6, vol. v. p. 107, vol. vi. p. 378.)
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Antiochus II Theos Antiochus II Theos (Greek: Ἀντίοχος Β΄ ὁ Θεός ; 286–246 BC) was a Greek king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who reigned from 261 to 246 BC. He succeeded his father Antiochus I Soter in the winter of 262–61 BC. He was the younger son of Antiochus I and princess Stratonice, the daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes.
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Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire ( ; c. 550–330 BC ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great. Ranging at its greatest extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was one of the largest empires in history, spanning 5.5 million square kilometers, and was larger than any previous empire in history. It is equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under the King of Kings), for building infrastructure such as road systems and a postal system, the use of an official language across its territories, and the development of civil services and a large professional army. The empire's successes inspired similar systems in later empires. It is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city-states during the Greco-Persian Wars and for the emancipation of the Jewish exiles in Babylon.
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Sethos Sethos (Greek: Σεθῶν "Sethon") was a pharaoh of Egypt described by Herodotus in his "Histories" (book II, chapter 141):
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Messuy Messuy (Messuwy) was Viceroy of Kush, Governor of the South Lands, Scribe of the Tables of the Two Lands during the reign of Merneptah, perhaps Amenmesse, and Seti II.
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Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus IV Epiphanes ( ; Ancient Greek: Ἀντίοχος Δ΄ ὁ Ἐπιφανής , "Antíochos D' ho Epiphanḗs", "God Manifest"; c. 215 BC – 164 BC) was a Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC. He was a son of King Antiochus III the Great. His original name was Mithradates (alternative form "Mithridates"); he assumed the name Antiochus after he ascended the throne.
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Artaphernes Artaphernes (Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης , from Median "Rtafarnah"), was the brother of the Achaemenid king of Persia, Darius I, satrap of Sardis and a Persian general.
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Semqen Semqen (also Šamuqēnu) was an Hyksos ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in the mid 17th century BC. According to Jürgen von Beckerath he was the third king of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. This opinion was shared by William C. Hayes and Wolfgang Helck but recently rejected by Kim Ryholt. In his 1997 study of the second intermediate period, Ryholt argues that the kings of the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban realm c. 1650–1580 BC. Consequently, Ryholt sees Semqen as an early Hyksos king of the 15th Dynasty, perhaps its first ruler. This analysis has convinced some egyptologists, such as Darrell Baker and Janine Bourriau, but not others including Stephen Quirke.