The coding machines Eva Salier worked on during the Holocaust were invented by whom?
e716612e9017464894fca29a2a6febd6
Eva Salier Eva Salier, née Hellendag, (1923 – August 12, 2014). A survivor of the Nazi Holocaust. She has written a book about her experience during her enslavement by the Nazis: "The Survival of a Spirit", a summation of the hardships suffered by her s mall group of "girls" as they were forcibly moved from secret site to secret site where they worked on electronic gear, including sending tubes for the enigma coding machine and V-2 guidance systems. As she tells the story, she worked in the first solid state transistors that would replace the tubes in the guidance system of the V-2. But this has never seen the light of day. The book was also translated into German as "Lebensweg einer Koblenzer Jüdin" and as "Ungebrochen durch die Hölle"
ae94e20ea70b58041ef32f0316da5a27
Enigma machine The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models, having a plugboard, were the most complex. Japanese and Italian models were also in use.
495cb965541189d15082df2b255b4d80
Operation Reinhard Operation Reinhard or Operation Reinhardt (German: "Aktion Reinhard "or" Aktion Reinhardt "also" Einsatz Reinhard "or" Einsatz Reinhardt" ) was the codename given to the secretive German Nazi plan to massacre the majority of Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland, during World War II. The operation marked the deadliest phase of the Holocaust and the introduction of extermination camps.
58407a58b321f015f875aa58513edc41
Curt Herzstark Curt Herzstark (July 26, 1902 – October 27, 1988) was an Austrian engineer. During World War II, Curt Herzstark's designed plans for a mechanical pocket calculator (the "Curta").
68cfab869bcd50f28ed968a78820230f
Allen Coombs Allen William Mark (Doc) Coombs (23 October 1911 – 30 January 1995) was a British electronics engineer at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill. He was one of the principal designers of the Mark II or production version of the Colossus computer used at Bletchley Park for codebreaking in World War II, and took over leadership of the project when Tommy Flowers moved on to other projects.
99ada02e3f07e780246e118631a46f9b
Karl Steinbuch Karl W. Steinbuch (June 15, 1917 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – June 4, 2005 in Ettlingen) was a German computer scientist, cyberneticist, and electrical engineer. He was an early and influential researcher of German computer science, and was the developer of the Lernmatrix, an early implementation of artificial neural networks. Steinbuch also wrote about the societal implications of modern media.
3dc71f62484ed066ed2c9e3242a290e5
ENIAC ENIAC ( or ; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. It was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.
fc75e5a73b060a16141b16fb6343c5f6
Zyklon B Zyklon B ( ; ] ; translated Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consisted of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is infamous for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately one million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps.
9a734f1fb5d949107d36d02d0de199a2
Cyclone (computer) The Cyclone, was a vacuum tube computer, built by Iowa State College (later University) at Ames, Iowa. The machine was placed into operation in July 1959. It was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann. The prototype of this machine is ILLIAC, the University of Illinois Digital Computer. The Cyclone used 40-bit words, used two 20-bit instructions per word, and each instruction had an eight-bit op-code and a 12-bit operand or address field. In general IAS-based computers were not code compatible with each other, although originally math routines which ran on the ILLIAC would also run on the Cyclone.
93704553512183b7affa6ed2bf741ae5
Yva Yva (1900–1942/44) was the professional pseudonym of Else Ernestine Neuländer-Simon who was a German Jewish photographer renowned for her dreamlike, multiple exposed images. As one of the first photographers who recognized the commercial potential of photography, she became a leading photographer in Berlin during the Weimar Republic. When the Nazi Party came to power, she was forced into working as a radiographer. She was deported by the Gestapo in 1942 and murdered, probably in the Majdanek concentration camp during World War II.
70f52dece36af29db16a3980f2203bb7
Cloudbuster A cloudbuster (or cloud buster) is a pseudoscientific device designed by Austrian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), which Reich said could produce rain by manipulating what he called "orgone energy" present in the atmosphere.
a0b2022a317c27da112ccd0ceb19a9bf
Erich Bloch Erich Bloch (January 9, 1925 – November 25, 2016) was a German-born American electrical engineer and administrator. He was involved with developing IBM's first transistorized supercomputer, 7030 Stretch, and mainframe computer, System/360. He served as director of the National Science Foundation from 1984 to 1990.
ea2bf02ac825ec0b914ce1b1d07a2df4
Claude Berrou Claude Berrou (] ; born September 23, 1951 in Penmarch) is a French professor in electrical engineering at École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne, now Telecom-Bretagne. He is the sole inventor of a groundbreaking quasi-optimal error-correcting coding scheme called Turbo codes as evidenced by the sole inventorship credit given on the fundamental patent for turbo codes. The original patent filing for turbo codes issued in the US as US Patent 5,446,747.
004475b632709996492afafc8052eef2
Ruth Teitelbaum Ruth Teitelbaum (née Lichterman) (1924–1986) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer.
26154fe75636ff560fef0e2620ba10ce
Conjugate coding Conjugate coding is a cryptographic tool, introduced by Stephen Wiesner in the 1960s. Because its publication has been surprisingly rejected, it was developed to the world of public-key cryptography in the 1980s as Oblivious Transfer, first by Rabin and then by Even.
4893e2c4ce63c3e7bfcde679884c9247
Samuel Genensky Samuel M. Genensky (26 July 1927 in New Bedford, Massachusetts – 26 June 2009 in Santa Monica, California) was an American computer scientist, best known as an inventor for devices to assist sight-impaired persons. He was also well known for his advocacy on behalf of the blind.
009dc60fef758563a22dcf0a550dea61
SMIL (computer) SMIL (Swedish: "Siffermaskinen i Lund" , "The Number Machine in Lund") was a first-generation computer built at Lund University in Lund, Sweden. SMIL was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann.
98ac78b908ec9d630f1c4c95833aad1c
Vladimir Levenshtein Vladimir Iosifovich Levenshtein (Russian: Влади́мир Ио́сифович Левенште́йн ; ] ; born 1935) is a Russian scientist who has done research in information theory, error-correcting codes, and combinatorial design. Among other contributions, he is known for the Levenshtein distance and a Levenshtein algorithm, which he developed in 1965.
a354fb67787135cc373e698764797845
Irene Sänger-Bredt Irene Reinhild Agnes Elisabeth Sänger-Bredt (24 April 1911 – 20 October 1983) was a German engineer, mathematician and physicist. She is co-credited with the design of a proposed intercontinental spaceplane/bomber prior to and during World War II.
82de42e856f423a58b6333a859713cb0
Michael O. Rabin Michael Oser Rabin (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל עוזר רַבִּין‎ ‎ , born September 1, 1931) is an Israeli computer scientist and a recipient of the Turing Award.
e10f44de07632ed8b217291fd66cd9a5
Zigzag code In coding theory, a zigzag code is a type of linear error-correcting code introduced by . They are defined by partitioning the input data into segments of fixed size, and adding sequence of check bits to the data, where each check bit is the exclusive or of the bits in a single segment and of the previous check bit in the sequence.
ff582b6cd1b0e68dd888944db52e20d7
Modified Huffman coding Modified Huffman coding is used in fax machines to encode black on white images (bitmaps). It combines the variable length codes of Huffman coding with the coding of repetitive data in run-length encoding.