What is this region highly contested between Poland and Lithuania called in Polish where Lithuanian Education Society Rytas is located?
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Lithuanian Education Society Rytas The Lithuanian Education Society Rytas (Lithuanian: "Lietuvių švietimo draugija „Rytas“" ; "rytas" means "morning" or "dawn") was a Roman Catholic society fostering education in the Lithuanian language mostly in the Vilnius Region, then fiercely contested between Lithuania and the Second Polish Republic, now split between Lithuanian and Belarus. Established in 1913, the society maintained some 100 primary schools (mostly one-room schools), 50 evening classes, and Teacher's Seminary in Vilnius (Wilno, Vilna) in 1927. Due to political tensions between Poland and Lithuania as well as wider Polonization policies, Rytas faced increasing difficulties and restrictions in maintaining its schools. Similar situation existed with Polish schools in Lithuania (see Lithuanization). The situation continued to worsen as both sides increased restrictions in retribution. As schools were closed, Rytas shifted its focus to maintaining community reading rooms. After the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the rooms were often raided by police and closed. Eventually, the society was abolished by Polish authorities in February 1938. Only the Vytautas the Great Gymnasium was allowed to operate. After the Polish ultimatum of March 1938, diplomatic relations were established between Poland and Lithuania and Rytas was allowed to operate again in May 1939. It could not resume its activities due to World War II and was abolished again soon after the occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union in June 1940. The society, with the same mission of promoting Lithuanian-language education, was reestablished in 2004.
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1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania The 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania was an ultimatum delivered to Lithuania by Poland on March 17, 1938. The Lithuanian government had steadfastly refused to have any diplomatic relations with Poland after 1920, protesting the annexation of the Vilnius Region by Poland. As pre-World War II tensions in Europe intensified, Poland perceived the need to secure its northern borders. Five days earlier, Poland, feeling supported by international recognition of the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, decided to deliver an ultimatum to Lithuania. The ultimatum demanded that the Lithuanian government unconditionally agree to establish diplomatic relations with Warsaw within 48 hours, and that the terms be finalized before March 31. The establishment of diplomatic relations would mean a "de facto" renunciation of Lithuanian claims to the region containing its historic capital, Vilnius (known in Polish as Wilno).
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Vistula River Gorge of Lesser Poland The Lesser Poland Gorge of the Vistula (Polish: "Małopolski Przełom Wisły") is a geographical region located in central-eastern Poland, which administratively belongs to three Polish voivodeships – Lublin, Masovian, and Świętokrzyskie. The Gorge is for the most part made by the valley of the Vistula, with two Polish uplands on both sides of the river – Lesser Poland (or Małopolska) Upland to the west, and Lublin Upland to the east. The gorge is about 70 kilometers long, extending from the town of Zawichost in the south, to Puławy in the north. It is considerably narrow, only up to 3 kilometers wide. In some places, the banks of the Vistula valley are very steep, up to 70 meters above the water level.
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Rawa Land Rawa Land (Polish: ziemia rawska), named after Rawa Mazowiecka, was an administrative unit (ziemia) of the Duchy of Mazovia, Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. With its capital in Rawa, it belonged to Rawa Voivodeship. Rawa Land was divided into two counties: Rawa Mazowiecka and Biala Rawska.
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Carpathian Ruthenia Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine, or Zakarpattia (Rusyn and Ukrainian: Карпатська Русь , "Karpats'ka Rus' " , or Rusyn and Ukrainian: Закарпаття , "Zakarpattja " ; Slovak and ; Hungarian: "Kárpátalja" ; Romanian: "Transcarpatia" ; Polish: "Zakarpacie" ; German: "Karpatenukraine" ) is a historic region in the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast, with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov Region and Košice Region) and Poland's Lemkovyna. Before World War I most of this region was part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. In the interwar period, it was part of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republic. During World War II, the region was annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary once again. After the war, it became part of Soviet Ukraine.
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Duchy of Livonia The Duchy of Livonia (Polish: "Księstwo Inflanckie" ; Lithuanian: "Livonijos kunigaikštystė" ; Latin: "Ducatus Ultradunensis" ; Estonian: "Üleväina-Liivimaa hertsogkond" ; Latvian: "Pārdaugavas hercogiste" ; also referred to as Polish Livonia or Inflanty) was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania—and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia and southern Estonia.
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Wisła Wisła (German: "Weichsel" , Czech: "Visla" ) is a town in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, with a population of about 11,810 (2006), near the border with Czech Republic. It is situated in the Silesian Beskids mountain range in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. "Wisła" is the Polish name for the Vistula River, which has its source in the mountains near the town.
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Grodków Plain Grodkowska Plain (Polish: "Równina Grodkowska" ) is a micro-region covering the south-eastern part of the Wroclaw Plain in Poland, between the river Oława, Oder and Neisse Kłodzka; in the region there are upland moraine, eskers, fertile soil, and agriculture. The cities in the area are: Brzeg, Grodkow, Lewin Brzeski, and Strzelin Elm.
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Silesia Silesia ( ; Polish: "Śląsk" ; Czech: "Slezsko" ; German:    ] ; Silesian German: "Schläsing"; Silesian: "Ślůnsk" [ɕlonsk] ; Lower Sorbian: "Šlazyńska" ; Upper Sorbian: "Šleska" ; Latin: "Silesia" ) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is about 40,000 km2 , and its population about 8,000,000. Silesia is located along the Oder River. It consists of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia.
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Lithuania proper Lithuania proper (Latin: "Lithuania propria" , literally: "Genuine Lithuania"; Lithuanian: "Didžioji Lietuva" ; Yiddish: ליטע‎ , "Lite") refers to a region which existed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and where the Lithuanian language was spoken. The primary meaning is identical to the Duchy of Lithuania, a land around which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania evolved. The territory can be traced by Catholic Christian parishes established in pagan Baltic lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsequent to the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387. They were quite distinguishable, since Ruthenian parts of the Duchy have been already baptised in an orthodox manner. The term in Latin was widely used during the Middle Ages and can be found in numerous historical maps until World War I.
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Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, also known as Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie or Kujawy-Pomerania Province (in Polish, "województwo kujawsko-pomorskie" ] ), is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is now divided. It is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name: Kuyavia (Polish: "Kujawy" ) and Pomerania (Polish: "Pomorze" ). Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń.
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Polish-Lithuanian identity The Polish-Lithuanian identity describes individuals and groups with histories in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or with close connections to its culture. This federation, formally established by the 1569 Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state founded on the binding powers of national identity and shared culture rather than ethnicity or religious affiliation. The term Polish-Lithuanian has been used to describe various groups residing in the Commonwealth, including those that did not share the Polish or Lithuanian ethnicity nor their pre-dominant Christian (Catholic) faith.
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Old Prussians Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: "Prūsai"; German: "Pruzzen" or "Prußen"; Latin: "Pruteni" ; Latvian: "Prūši" ; Lithuanian: "Prūsai" ; Polish: "Prusowie" ; Kashubian: "Prësowié" ) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia. This region became the core of the later state of Prussia. It was located on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. The people spoke a language now known as Old Prussian and followed pagan Prussian mythology.
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Silesian Upland Silesian Upland or Silesian Highland (Polish: "Wyżyna Śląska" ) is a highland located in Silesia and Lesser Poland, Poland.
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Marijampolė Marijampolė ( ; also known by several other names) is an industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania, bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad oblast, and Lake Vištytis. The population of Marijampolė is 48,700 (2003). It is the Lithuanian center of the Suvalkija region.
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Litvin In historical context, Litvin (Belarusian: літвін, ліцвін , "litvin", "litsvin"; Russian: литвин , "litvin", Ukrainian: литвин , "lytvyn"; Polish: "Litwin" ) referred to Slavic people identifying themselves with the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795) Kraków Voivodeship 1300–1795 (Latin: "Palatinatus Cracoviensis" , Polish: "Województwo Krakowskie" ) – a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795 (see History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it was part of the Little Poland province (together with two other ancient voivodeships of Poland – Sandomierz Voivodeship, and Lublin Voivodeship).
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Lithuanian nobility The Lithuanian nobility was historically a legally privileged class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania consisting of Lithuanians, from the historical regions of Lithuania Proper and Samogitia, and, following Lithuania's eastern expansion, many Ruthenian noble families ("boyars"). Families were primarily granted privileges for their military service to the Grand Duchy. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, close to 10% of the population, in some regions, like Samogitia, it was closer to 12%.
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Sochaczew Land Sochaczew Land (Polish: "ziemia sochaczewska" ), named after the town of Sochaczew, was an administrative unit (ziemia) of the Duchy of Mazovia, Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. With its capital in Sochaczew, it belonged to Rawa Voivodeship. Sochaczew Land was divided into two counties: Sochaczew and Mszczonow.
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Little Beskids The Little Beskids (Polish: "Beskid Mały" ) is one of the Beskids mountain ranges in the Western Beskids ranges of the Outer Western Carpathians in southeastern Poland. Within the range is the protected area known as Little Beskids Landscape Park.
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Varėna Varėna ( ) (Polish: "Orany" , Yiddish: אוראַן‎ "Oran") is a city in Dzūkija, Lithuania.
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Warsaw Warsaw (Polish: "Warszawa" ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 km from the Baltic Sea and 300 km from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is officially estimated at 1.750 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.101 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 km2 , while the metropolitan area covers 6100.43 km2 .