On what date did the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, in which "Crater Glacier" was formed, occur?
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Crater Glacier The Crater Glacier (also known as Tulutson Glacier) is a geologically young glacier that is located on Mount St. Helens, in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier formed after the 1980 Eruption and due to its location, the body of ice grew rapidly, unknown to the public for nearly 20 years. The glacier once contained ice caves in the smooth ice before the 2004-2008 volcanic activity. The growth of the lava dome and volcanic eruptions from 2004 to 2008 significantly altered the appearance of the glacier. In the same time period, several agencies decided to put an official name on the glacier which, at first, was Tulutson Glacier. A later decision made Crater Glacier the official glacier name. Despite the volcanic activity, the glacier continued to advance and by mid-2008, the glacier completely encircled the lava domes. In addition, new glaciers (rock or ice) have formed around Crater Glacier as well.
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1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Skamania County, in the state of Washington, United States. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the only significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. However, it has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in United States history. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope.
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Symphony No. 50 (Hovhaness) Symphony No. 50, Op. 360, Mount St. Helens is a three-movement orchestral composition by the American composer Alan Hovhaness. The symphony was commissioned by former Hovhaness publisher C.F. Peters and was completed January 24, 1982. It premiered March 2, 1984, and was performed by the San Jose Symphony under conductor George Cleve. The piece commemorates the volcano Mount St. Helens, culminating in the events of its 1980 eruption, which Hovhaness had witnessed from his Seattle home.
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Lake Kapowsin Lake Kapowsin is a lake in Pierce County, Washington, about halfway between Tacoma on Puget Sound, and Mount Rainier in the Cascade Mountains. The lake is 2.5 mi long and 0.15 - wide, lying in a channel formed by meltwater from the Puget lobe of the Vashon glacier during the Pleistocene glaciation. A small unnamed island lies in the northern half of the lake. As indicated by a drowned forest in the lake and other evidence, the Puyallup River was inundated about 550 years ago by a lahar from Mount Rainier called the Electron Mudflow. The mudflow partially filled the channel (leading to its shallow, smooth bottom today) and blocked Ohop Creek's outlet, forming present-day Lake Kapowsin.
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Yellowstone Plateau The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field is a geological feature found in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is a popular site for tourists.
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Douglas Glacier (Washington) Douglas Glacier is located on the southeast slopes of Mount Logan, North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is approximately .75 mi long but over 1.5 mi wide and flows down from just east of the summit of Mount Logan to an elevation of approximately 6400 ft where it terminates in an icefall and on barren ground.
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Mount Kupreanof Mount Kupreanof is a stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula, United States. It is the largest and the northeasternmost in a group of five volcanoes opposite from Stepovak Bay. Mount Kupreanof displays extremely strong fumarole activity and its latest eruption in 1987 produced minor steam and ash emission. This is the only known historical eruption from Mount Kupreanof.
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Toutle, Washington Toutle is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington. Toutle is located 10 mi east of Castle Rock along Washington State Route 504, which is also known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway. The Toutle community, similar to Toutle River, takes its name from the "Hullooetell", a band of the Skillot - a Chinookan tribe. The Toutle community is part of the Toutle Lake School District, a K-12 school district of about 600 students. Toutle is near Mount St. Helens and the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, which lies at the end of the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.
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Suiattle Glacier Suiattle Glacier is located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is within Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and nearly touches Honeycomb and White River glaciers separated from them by an arête off the Kololo Peaks at its uppermost reaches. Suiattle Glacier has retreated significantly since the end of the Little Ice Age, and from approximately the years 1850 to 1924 lost 1400 m of its length. Between 1924 and 1940, the glacier retreated an additional 900 m , then during a cooler and wetter period between 1967 and 1979, the glacier had a small advance of 20 m . Between 1979 and 2005 the glacier again retreated 178 m upslope.
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Herman LeRoy Fairchild Herman Le Roy Fairchild (April 29, 1850 – November 29, 1943) was an American educator and geologist. He was an early proponent of the theory of meteorite impact causing craters such as that of Meteor Crater, Arizona. Fairchild also left his mark on glacial geology. In that field he is best known for having accurately mapped the proglacial lakes of western New York. He did his field work between the 1888 and the early years of the 20th century. He located strand lines (beaches) and erosional surfaces, determined their altitude, and interpolated between them to show the extent of several large bodies of water. A series of lakes was created as the Wisconsinan glaciation ended and ice sheets retreated during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs. Fairchild discovered several outlets where each lake drained to the east or west.
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Cinder Cone (British Columbia) Cinder Cone is a cinder cone with a small crater on the west side of the Helm Glacier in Garibaldi Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada. Cinder Cone is surrounded by cinder flats and its crater is filled with melt water during the summer. Cinder Cone is eroded easily by melt water during the spring, washing the pyroclastics into the Valley of Desolation. Cinder Cone produced a 9 km long lava flow during the early Holocene.
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Gibran (crater) Gibran is a crater on Mercury, which was discovered in January 2008 during the first flyby of the planet by MESSENGER spacecraft. It contains a large (29 × 29 km ), nearly circular pit crater. Multiple examples of pit craters have been observed on Mercury on the floors of impact craters, leading to the name pit-floor craters for the impact structures that host these features. Unlike impact craters, pit craters are rimless, often irregularly shaped, steep-sided, and often display no associated ejecta or lava flows. These pit craters are thought to be evidence of shallow volcanic activity and may have formed when retreating magma caused an unsupported area of the surface to collapse, creating a pit. They are analogs of Earth's volcanic calderas. Pit-floor craters may provide an indication of internal igneous processes where other evidence of volcanic processes is absent or ambiguous. The discovery of multiple pit-floor craters augments evidence that volcanic activity has been a widespread process in the geologic evolution of Mercury's crust.
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Harrison Glacier Harrison Glacier is located in the US state of Montana in Glacier National Park. Situated on a southeast facing ridge immediately south of Mount Jackson, Harrison Glacier is the largest glacier in Glacier National Park and was estimated in 2005 to have an area of 466 acre . Though many experts have stated that all the glaciers in Glacier National Park may disappear by the year 2030, Harrison Glacier lost only 9 percent of its surface area in the 40-year period between 1966 and 2005 and will likely still exist well beyond 2030. Compared to many of the vanishing glaciers in Glacier National Park, Harrison Glacier has a much higher altitude accumulation zone (approximately 9000 ft ) which has allowed it to maintain some equilibrium in its glacier mass balance. Comparing images of the glacier taken in 1913 with those from 2009, indicates that the glacier has experienced thinning and retreat.
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Mount Callaghan Mount Callaghan is a volcanic peak located east of the headwaters of the Squamish River, just northeast of the Powder Mountain Icefield and just south of the Pemberton Icefield in the Sea to Sky Country of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, about 20 km directly west of the Resort Municipality of Whistler. A crack was observed across Callaghan's summit in the spring of 1999. In 2000, a section of the summit collapsed. Callaghan Lake lies below the south face of the mountain.
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Mount Kanaga Mount Kanaga is a stratovolcano at the northern tip of Kanaga Island in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. It is situated within a caldera, which forms the arcuate Kanaton Ridge south and east of Kanaga. A crater lake occupies part of the SE caldera floor. The summit of Kanaga has a crater with fumarolic activity.
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Blue Lake Crater Blue Lake Crater is a maar in the U.S. state of Oregon. It consists of three overlapping craters, which are filled by the waters of Blue Lake.
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Honolulu Volcanic Series The Honolulu volcanic series is a set of monogenetic volcanic events on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. The events, which have been dated to between 800,000 and 30,000 years before the present, created several notable island features, including Diamond Head, the Punchbowl Crater, Hanauma Bay, Mānana Island and the youngest, Koko Crater. Most people don't consider those craters as volcanoes. They are thought to be extinct vents of the Ko'olau Range.
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Hawaiian eruption A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very little amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and rift zones. Another example of Hawaiian eruptions occurred on the island of Surtsey in Iceland from 1964 to 1967, when molten lava flowed from the crater to the sea.
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Pelican Butte Pelican Butte is a steep-sided dormant shield volcano in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. It is located 28 mi due south of Crater Lake and 12 mi northeast of Mount McLoughlin, and rises over 3800 ft directly above the shore of Upper Klamath Lake. Ice Age glaciers carved a large cirque into the northeast flank of the mountain, forming a steep bowl which is popular in winter with backcountry skiers and snowmobilers. Several proposals have been made over the last few decades for ski area development on the northeast flanks, but none of the proposals has obtained the regulatory approval from the United States Forest Service necessary to proceed with construction. If the ski area is ever built, its skiable vertical of over 3800 ft would be the largest in Oregon exceeding the 3590 ft of Timberline Lodge ski area on Mount Hood.
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Lava spine A lava spine is a vertically growing monolith of viscous lava that is slowly forced from a volcanic vent, such as those growing on a lava dome (Bates & Jackson, 1987). It may also be considered a kind of dome called a spiny dome (Fink & Anderson, 2000). In February 1983, the dome activity of Mount St. Helens culminated in a spine that reached a height of about 100 ft before collapsing after two weeks, but another lava spine called the Whaleback never collapsed. A diatreme may also be referred to as a lava spine, such as the example of Mount Pelee in 1902.
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Sawtooth Mountain Sawtooth Mountain is a shield volcano, and part of the polygenetic Indian Heaven Volcanic Field in Washington, United States. It is located midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, and dates from the Pleistocene and Holocene. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point at 5354 ft . The mountain forms a series of welded volcanic rock spires, an eroded remnant of an ancient shield volcano. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point in the Indian Heaven Wilderness Area. While Sawtooth Mountain is not the highest, its craggy appearance makes it one of the most namesake peaks in the Indian Heaven Volcanic Field.
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Lava lake Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as "frozen lava lakes" in this case).