Which nationality was the person who discovered the proto-city settlement in Turkey which in July 2012 was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?
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James Mellaart James Mellaart FBA (14 November 1925 – 29 July 2012) was a British archaeologist and author who is noted for his discovery of the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük in Turkey. He was expelled from Turkey when he was suspected of involvement with the antiquities black market. He was also involved in a string of controversies, including the so-called mother goddess controversy in Anatolia, which eventually led to his being banned from excavations in Turkey in the 1960s.
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Çatalhöyük Çatalhöyük (] ; also "Çatal Höyük" and "Çatal Hüyük"; from Turkish "çatal" "fork" + "höyük" "mound") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor or Nicolaescu-Plopșor (] ; April 20, 1900 – May 30, 1968) was a Romanian historian, archeologist, anthropologist and ethnographer, also known as a and folkorist and children's writer, whose diverse activities were primarily focused on his native region of Oltenia. Primarily interested in the Balkans' prehistoric period, he researched various Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic sites in his native country, placing them in a larger European context while producing his own systems of Prehistoric chronology and typology. His main contributions to archeology include the classification of Oltenian microliths, the study of local cave paintings, and the disputed claim that a site in Tetoiu evidenced a regional contribution to anthropogenesis.
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Priene Synagogue The Priene Synagogue is an ancient synagogue discovered by archaeologists in Priene, Turkey.
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Adamantios Sampson Adamantios Sampson (Greek: Αδαμάντιος Σάμψων ) is a Greek archaeologist. He worked as an Inspector of Antiquities for the Greek Administration of Antiquity. He is specialised in research on prehistoric Neolithic and Mesolithic sites in southern Greece. Among the sites he has studied are the "Cave of Cyclope" on the islet of Youra near Alonissos in the Νοrthern Sporades; the islet of Υali near Nisyros; the site Maroulas on Kythnos island; the site Kerame on Ikaria island; Sarakenos Cave on Boeotia; the cave "Skoteini" in Euboea; the "Cave of the Lakes" near Kalavryta in the Peloponnese and many other sites in Euboea and Dodecanese. Among his best-known finds are the so-called Youra Potsherds, prehistoric pottery fragments incised with markings that some people believe resemble letters of the Greek alphabet.
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Kutlu Adalı Kutlu Adalı (1935 in Nicosia – July 6, 1996), was a Turkish Cypriot journalist, poet and socio-political researcher, and peace advocate.
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Pasko Kuzman Pasko Kuzman (Macedonian: Паско Кузман; born 1947) is a Macedonian archaeologist.
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Knossos Knossos ( ; Greek: Κνωσός , "Knōsós", ] ) is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and has been called Europe's oldest city.
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Nabi Zair Nabi Zair is a Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture approximately 1.5 km northwest of Anjar, Lebanon. The site was discovered by Auguste Bergy who found an abundance of flints spread across a wide area around the road between Beirut and Damascus. Bergy found a skull he described as "protohistoric" on the bank of the river near the Nahr Zghail bridge. The skull was studied by Boule in 1939 and gave some evidence of an ancient site in the area. Islamic tombs were also noted in the area.
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Gordium Gordium (Greek: Γόρδιον , "Górdion"; Turkish: "Gordiyon" ) was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yassıhüyük, about 70–80 km southwest of Ankara (capital of Turkey), in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district. The site was excavated by Gustav Körte and Alfred Körte in 1900 and then by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, under the direction of Rodney S. Young, between 1950 and 1973. Excavations have continued at the site under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum with an international team.
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Yunus Emre Yunus Emre (] ) (1238–1320) was a Turkish poet and Sufi mystic who greatly influenced Anatolian culture. His name, "Yunus", is equivalent to the English name "Jonas". He wrote in the Old Anatolian Turkish language, an early stage of modern Turkish. The UNESCO General Conference unanimously passed a resolution declaring 1991, the 750th anniversary of the poet's birth, "The International Yunus Emre Year".
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Vincent Megaw John Vincent Stanley Megaw (born 1934) is a British-born Australian archaeologist with research interests focusing on the archaeology and anthropology of art and musical instruments, Australasian prehistory and protohistory. He is a specialist in early Celtic art and contemporary Australian Indigenous art.
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Ancient Thera Ancient Thera (Greek: Αρχαία Θήρα ) is an antique city on a ridge of the steep, 360 m high Messavouno mountain on the Greek island of Santorini. It was named after the mythical ruler of the island, Theras, and was inhabited from the 9th century BCE until 726 CE. Starting in 1895 the city was systematically investigated by Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen, who excavated there until 1904. Later excavations by N. Zapheiropoulos between 1961 and 1982 under the auspices of the Archaeological Society of Athens unearthed the city's necropolis in Sellada. Findings from these excavations are on exhibit at the archaeological museum in Fira. Excavation work was again taken up between 1990 and 1994 under the leadership of Wolfram Hoepfner of the Free University of Berlin and resulted in a more precise understanding of the history of the southern Aegean.
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Stina, Ukraine Stina, Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement dating to 3600 3200 BC belonging to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. The settlement was very large for the time, covering an area of 100 ha . This proto-city is just one of 2440 Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100–450 hectares.
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Arthur Evans Sir Arthur John Evans FRS FREng ( ; 8 July 1851 – 11 July 1941) was an English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age. He is most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete. Evans continued Heinrich Schliemann's concept of a Mycenaean civilization, but found that he needed to distinguish another civilization, the Minoan, from the structures and artifacts found there and throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Evans was also the first to define Cretan scripts Linear A and Linear B, as well as an earlier pictographic writing.
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Issus, Cilicia Issus (Phoenician: Sissu, Ancient Greek: Ἱσσός or Ἱσσοί) is an ancient settlement on the strategic coastal plain straddling the small Pinarus river (a fast melt-water stream several metres wide) below the navigationally difficult inland mountains towering above to the east in the Turkish Province of Hatay, near the border with Syria. It can be identified with Kinet Höyük in the village of Yeṣilköy near Dörtyol in the Hatay province of Turkey. Excavations on the mound occurred between 1992 and 2012 by Bilkent University. It is most notable for being the place of no less than three decisive ancient or medieval battles each called in their own era the Battle of Issus:
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Elizabeth Fentress Elizabeth Barringer Fentress (born 30 October 1948) is a Roman archaeologist who specialises in Italy and North Africa.
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Wall of Jericho The Wall of Jericho was a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) defensive or flood protection wall suggested to date to approximately 8000 BC. If interpreted as an "urban fortification", the Wall of Jericho is the oldest city wall discovered by archaeologists anywhere in the world. It is built of undressed stones and is located at the archaeological mound known as Tell es-Sultan, in the city of Jericho on the West Bank.
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Proto-city A proto-city is a large village or town of the Neolithic such as Jericho and Çatalhöyük, and also any prehistoric settlement which has both rural and urban features. A proto-city is distinguished from a true city in that it lacks planning and centralized rule. For example, Jericho evidently had a class system, but no roads, while Çatalhöyük apparently lacked social stratification. This is what distinguishes them from the first city-states of the early Mesopotamian cities in the 4th millennium B.C.
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Michael Meier-Brügger Michael Meier-Brügger (born 13 August 1948) is a Swiss linguist and Indo-Europeanist.
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Keith DeVries Keith Robert DeVries (January 2, 1937 – July 16, 2006) was a prominent archaeologist and expert on the Phrygian city of Gordium, in what is now Turkey. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
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Yavuz Tatış Yavuz Tatış (born 1947) is a businessman from İzmir, Turkey, who has accumulated over the years one of the richest private collections in Turkey of historical artifacts dating from the Anatolian, Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine periods.