Disconnection is a tenet in the belief system started by what author?
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Disconnection Disconnection is the severance of all ties between a Scientologist and a friend, colleague, or family member deemed to be antagonistic towards Scientology. The practice of disconnection is a form of shunning. Among Scientologists, disconnection is viewed as an important method of removing obstacles to one's spiritual growth. In some circumstances, disconnection has ended marriages and separated children from their parents. The Church of Scientology has repeatedly denied that such a policy exists, though as of February 2012 its website acknowledged the practice and described it as a human right. In the United States, the Church has tried to argue in court that disconnection is a constitutionally protected religious practice. However, this argument was rejected because the pressure put on individual Scientologists to disconnect means it is not voluntary.
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Scientology Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practices developed in 1954 by American author L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86). Hubbard initially developed a program of ideas called Dianetics, which was distributed through the Dianetics Foundation. The foundation soon entered bankruptcy, and Hubbard lost the rights to his seminal publication "" in 1952. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology, retaining the terminology, doctrines, the E-meter, and the practice of auditing. Within a year, he regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.
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Dan Kimball Dan Kimball is an author and was a leading voice in the beginning years of the Emerging Church movement in the USA. Kimball's writings focus on encouraging churches and Christians to creatively make any changes needed in order to break the negative stereotypes of church and Christianity that inaccurately may exist. Kimball focuses on doing this through the arts, apologetics and Christians removing themselves from the Christian subculture. Kimball began using phrases such as "Vintage Faith" and "Vintage Christianity" which are used to express the desire to be returning to the historical and missional values of the original Christian Church and teachings of Jesus.
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Julius Bahnsen Julius Friedrich August Bahnsen (March 30, 1830 – December 7, 1881) was a German philosopher. Bahnsen is usually considered the originator of characterology and a real-dialectical method of philosophical reflection which he laid down in his two-volume "Contributions to Characterology" (1867) and developed forth with his following works, amongst others his opus magnum "The Contradiction in the Knowledge and Being of the World" (1880/82).
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Daseinsanalysis Daseinsanalysis (German: "Daseinsanalyse)" is an existentialist approach to psychoanalysis. It was first developed by Ludwig Binswanger in the 1920s under the concept of "phenomenological anthropology". After the publication of "Basic Forms and Perception of Human Dasein" (German: Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins), Binswanger would refer to his approach as Daseinsanalysis. Binswanger's approach was heavily influenced by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger and psychoanalysis founder Sigmund Freud. The theology of daseinsanalysis is centered on the thought that the human Dasein (Human existence) is open to any and all experience. That the phenomenological world is experienced freely in an undistorted way. This way initially being absent from meaning, is the basis for analysis. This theory goes opposite to dualism in the way that it proposes no gap between the human mind and measurable matter. Subjects are taught to think in the terms of being alone with oneself and grasping concepts of personhood, mortality and the dilemma or paradox of living in relationship with other humans while being ultimately alone with oneself. Binswanger believed that all mental issues stemmed from the dilemma of living with other humans and being ultimately alone.
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Fazhengnian Fazhengnian (; literally "sending forth righteous thoughts") is a meditation ritual practiced in Falun Gong (or Falun Dafa). The practice of sending forth righteous thoughts was initiated by Falun Gong’s founder, Mr. Li Hongzhi, on May 19, 2001, a few years after the start of the persecution of Falun Gong by authorities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Sending forth righteous thoughts is one of the three requirements for Falun Dafa practitioners during this period of time called "Fa-rectification," along with studying the Fa, and clarifying the truth.
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Belief Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case, with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty. Another way of defining belief sees it as a mental representation of an attitude positively oriented towards the likelihood of something being true. In the context of Ancient Greek thought, two related concepts were identified with regards to the concept of belief: "pistis" and "doxa". Simplified, we may say that "pistis" refers to "trust" and "confidence", while "doxa" refers to "opinion" and "acceptance". The English word "orthodoxy" derives from "doxa". Jonathan Leicester suggests that belief has the purpose of guiding action rather than indicating truth.
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Knowledge and Its Limits Knowledge and its Limits, a 2000 book by philosopher Timothy Williamson, argues that the concept of knowledge cannot be analyzed into a set of other concepts; instead, it is "sui generis". Thus, though knowledge requires justification, truth, and belief, the word "knowledge" can't be accurately regarded as simply shorthand for "justified true belief". It initiated a whole new approach to epistemology, generally referred to as "knowledge-first epistemology".
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Nontheism Nontheism or non-theism is a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the absence of espoused belief in a God or gods. Nontheism has generally been used to describe apathy or silence towards the subject of God and differs from an antithetical, explicit atheism. Nontheism does not necessarily describe atheism or disbelief in God; it has been used as an umbrella term for summarizing various distinct and even mutually exclusive positions, such as agnosticism, ignosticism, ietsism, skepticism, pantheism, atheism, strong or positive atheism, implicit atheism, and apatheism. It is in use in the fields of Christian apologetics and general liberal theology.
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Reality in Buddhism Reality in Buddhism is called "dharma" (Sanskrit) or "dhamma" (Pali). This word, which is foundational to the conceptual frameworks of the Indian religions, refers in Buddhism to the system of natural laws which constitute the natural order of things. "Dharma" is therefore reality as-it-is ("yatha-bhuta"). The teaching of Gautama Buddha constituting as it does a method by which people can come out of their condition of suffering ("dukkha") involves developing an awareness of reality ("see" mindfulness). Buddhism thus seeks to address any disparity between a person's view of reality and the actual state of things. This is called developing Right or Correct View (Pali: "samma ditthi"). Seeing reality as-it-is is thus an essential prerequisite to mental health and well-being according to Buddha's teaching.
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Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work "The World as Will and Representation" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work.
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Divine Truth Divine Truth is a spiritual, metaphysical or new religious movement based in Australia. It was started in 2005 by spiritual teacher Alan John Miller, also known as A.J., who claims to be Jesus of Nazareth through reincarnation. Miller has been an elder in the Jehovah's Witnesses and used to be a computer systems engineer.
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Atheist Delusions Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies is a 2009 book by theologian, philosopher, and cultural commentator David Bentley Hart. The book explores what Hart sees as historical and popular misconceptions of Christianity's detractors.
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Disconfirmed expectancy Disconfirmed expectancy is a psychological term for what is commonly known as a failed prophecy. According to the American social psychologist Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, disconfirmed expectancies create a state of psychological discomfort because the outcome contradicts expectancy. Upon recognizing the falsification of an expected event an individual will experience the competing cognitions, "I believe [X]," and, "I observed [Y]." The individual must either discard the now disconfirmed belief or justify why it has not actually been disconfirmed. As such, disconfirmed expectancy and the factors surrounding the individual's consequent actions have been studied in various settings.
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Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism The Ringing Cedars (Russian: Звенящие Кедры) or Anastasianism is a new spiritual and religious movement that started in central Russia in 1997, on the basis of the series of ten books entitled "The Ringing Cedars of Russia" written by Vladimir Megre. The knowledge contained in the books is attributed to an archetypal wise woman from Siberia named Anastasia. Many Anastasians are Rodnovers, that is to say proponents of the return to a Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery) or other indigenous religion. The books that the movement relies upon offer a holistic worldview teaching about humanity's relationship with nature, God and the universe, the creation of the world, the power of thought in modelling the future, cyclical eschatology, the right relationship between men and women, and education.
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Operation Mindfuck Operation Mindfuck or OM is an important practice in the Discordian religion. The concept was developed by Kerry Thornley and Robert Anton Wilson in 1968 and given its name by Wilson and Robert Shea in "The Illuminatus! Trilogy". It is most often manifested as a decentralized campaign of civil disobedience, activism, art movements, especially performance art and guerrilla art, culture jamming, graffiti and other vandalism, practical jokes, hoaxes, reality hacking, chaos magic, words of power, and anything else that is believed to bring about social change through disrupting paradigms and thus forcing the victim to question the parameters of his or her reality tunnel.
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Consciousness Explained Consciousness Explained is a 1991 book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author offers an account of how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain.
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Heterophenomenology Heterophenomenology ("phenomenology "of another", not oneself") is a term coined by Daniel Dennett to describe an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of consciousness and other mental phenomena. It consists of applying the scientific method with an anthropological bent, combining the subject's self-reports with all other available evidence to determine their mental state. The goal is to discover how the subject sees the world him- or herself, without taking the accuracy of the subject's view for granted.
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Criticism of monotheism Criticism of monotheism has occurred throughout history. Mark S. Smith, an American biblical scholar and ancient historian, currently teaching at the Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote that Monotheism has been a "totalizing discourse", often co-opting all aspects of a social belief system, resulting in the exclusion of "others".
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History of New Thought The history of New Thought started in the 1830s, with roots in the United States and England. As a spiritual movement with roots in metaphysical beliefs, New Thought has helped guide a variety of social changes throughout the 19th, 20th, and into the 21st centuries. Psychologist and philosopher William James labelled New Thought "the religion of healthy-mindedness" in his study on religion and science, "The Varieties of Religious Experience".
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Psyche (book) Psyche (German: "Psyche, zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele" ) is an 1846 book by Carl Gustav Carus, a physician and painter noted for his work on animal psychology and physiognomy. In his "The Discovery of the Unconscious" (1970), Henri Ellenberger calls "Psyche" "the life-work of a physician and keen observer of the human mind" and "the first attempt to give a complete and objective theory on unconscious psychological life", adding that "It shows the shape reached by the theory of the unconscious at the end of the Romantic period, before the positivistic trend became dominant." He notes that Carus influenced Eduard von Hartmann and later Carl Jung. According to him, Carus defines psychology as "the science of the soul's development from the unconscious to the conscious" and believes that "human life is divided into three periods: (1) A pre-embryonic period in which the individual merely exists as a tiny cell within the mother's ovary. (2) the embryonic period; through fecundation, in which the individual is suddenly wakened from his long sleep, and the formative unconscious develops. (3) After birth, in which the formative unconscious continues to direct the individual's growth and the function of his organs. Consciousness arises gradually, but it always remains under the influence of the unconscious and the individual periodically returns to it in his sleep."
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Polydeism Polydeism (from Greek "πολλοί" (" 'poloi' "), meaning 'many', and Latin "deus" meaning god) is a polytheistic form of deism encompassing the belief that the universe was the collective creation of multiple gods, each of whom created a piece of the universe or multiverse and then ceased to intervene in its evolution. This concept addresses an apparent contradiction in deism, that a monotheistic god created the universe, but now expresses no apparent interest in it, by supposing that if the universe is the construct of many gods, none of them would have an interest in the universe as a whole.