What country of origin does Vichy France and Philippe Pétain have in common?
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Vichy France Vichy France (French: "Régime de Vichy" ) is the common name of the French State ("État français") headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. It represented the unoccupied "Free Zone" ("zone libre") in the southern part of metropolitan France and French North Africa.
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Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (] ) or Marshal Pétain ("Maréchal Pétain"), was a French general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, and later served as the Chief of State of Vichy France also known as Nationalist France or the French State "(Chef de l'État Français)", from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state. Today, he is considered the French equivalent to his contemporary Quisling in Norway. Because of his outstanding military leadership in World War I, particularly during the Battle of Verdun, Pétain was viewed as a national hero in France and was not executed. He was sometimes nicknamed "The Lion of Verdun".
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Vichy (disambiguation) Vichy is a town in Auvergne, France.
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Joseph Barthélemy Joseph Barthélemy (8 July 1874, Toulouse – 14 May 1945) was a French jurist, politician and journalist. Initially a critic of Nazi Germany, he would go on to serve as a minister in the collaborationist Vichy regime.
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Pierre Milza Pierre Milza (born 16 April 1932) is a French historian, well known as a specialist of fascism. His is of Italian descent through his father.
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Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation The Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation (English: "Memorial of the Deportation" ) is a memorial to the 200,000 people who were deported from Vichy France to the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. It is located in Paris, France on the site of a former morgue, underground behind Notre Dame on Île de la Cité. It was designed by French modernist architect Georges-Henri Pingusson and was inaugurated by Charles de Gaulle in 1962.
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Jean-Marie Le Pen Jean-Marie Le Pen (] ; born 20 June 1928) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from France. He served as Leader of the National Front from its foundation in 1972 until 2011, and a member of the Le Pen political family.
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Henri-Robert Petit Henri Petit (alias: Henri-Robert or Henry-Robert) (1899–1985) was a French journalist, collaborationist under the Vichy regime, and far-right activist.
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François Piétri François Piétri (8 August 1882 – 17 August 1966) was a minister in several governments in the later years of the French Third Republic and was French ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944 under the Vichy regime.
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Revolutionary Social Movement The Revolutionary Social Movement (in French: "Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire" - MSR) was a Fascist movement founded in France in September 1940. Its founder was Eugène Deloncle, who was previously associated with "La Cagoule" (CSAR).
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Tripartisme Tripartisme (] ) was the mode of government in France from 1944 to 1947, when the country was ruled by a three-party alliance of communists, socialists and Christian democrats, represented by the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and the Popular Republican Movement (MRP), respectively. The official charter of "tripartisme" was signed on 23 January 1946, following the resignation of Charles de Gaulle, who opposed the draft of the constitution. The draft envisioned a parliamentary system, whereas de Gaulle favored a presidential system.
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Gabriel Auphan Counter-admiral Gabriel Paul Auphan (November 4, 1894, Alès – April 16, 1982) (French: "" ) was a French naval officer who became the State Secretary of the Navy (French: "" ) of the Vichy government from April to November 1942.
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Pierre Marie Gallois Pierre Marie Gallois (29 June 1911 – 24 August 2010) was a French air force brigadier general and geopolitician. He was instrumental in the constitution of the French nuclear arsenal. This earned him the nickname of "father of the French atom bomb". However, Bruno Tertrais, a research fellow at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, argued in "Destruction Assurée : The Origins and Development of French Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1981," an essay in Henry Sokolski, ed., Getting Mad: Nuclear mutual assured destruction, its origins and practice, that other contemporaries of Gallois in the community of French defense intellectuals deserve a greater share of the credit.
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Case Anton Operation Anton, or Fall Anton, in German, was the codename for the military occupation of Vichy France carried out by Germany and Italy in November 1942. It marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally-independent state and the disbandment of its army (the severely-limited "Armistice Army"), but it continued its existence as a puppet government in Occupied France. One of the last actions of its armed forces before their dissolution was the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon to prevent it from falling into Axis hands.
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History of the Palace of Versailles The Palace of Versailles is a royal château in Versailles, in the Île-de-France region of France. When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as well as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
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Zone libre The zone libre (] , "free zone") was a partition of the French metropolitan territory during World War II, established at the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940. It lay to the south of the demarcation line and was administered by the French government of Marshal Philippe Pétain based in Vichy, in a relatively unrestricted fashion. To the north lay the "zone occupée" ("occupied zone") in which the powers of Vichy France were severely limited.
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Valentin Feldman Valentin Feldman (23 June 1909 – 27 July 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist of Jewish-Russian origin. In 1942, he was murdered by the Nazis during the Occupation of France.
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Charles de Gaulle (poet) Charles Jules-Joseph de Gaulle (January 31, 1837 – January 1, 1880) was a French writer who was a pioneer of Pan-Celticism and the bardic revival. He is also known as Charlez Vro-C'hall, the Breton language version of his name. He was the uncle of General de Gaulle.
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Pierre Guillaumat Pierre Guillaumat (5 August 1909 – 28 August 1991) was a Minister of National Education and Minister of the Armies under French President Charles De Gaulle and founder of the Elf Aquitaine oil company in 1967. He was born in La Flèche, Sarthe, the son of French general Adolphe Guillaumat.
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Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, ( ; ] ; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), often referred to by the initials PET, was a Canadian statesman who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979 and 1980–1984). He is the 3rd longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history (behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald), having served for 15 years, 164 days.
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Pierre-Étienne Flandin Pierre Étienne Flandin (] ; 12 April 1889 – 13 June 1958) was a French conservative politician of the Third Republic, leader of the Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD), and Prime Minister of France from 8 November 1934 to 31 May 1935.
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Vichy anti-Jewish legislation Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II. These laws were, in fact, decrees of head of state Marshal Philippe Pétain, since Parliament was no longer in office as of none }} . The motivation for the legislation was spontaneous and was not mandated by Germany. These laws were declared null and void on 9 August 1944 after liberation and on the restoration of republican legality.