What were the years of operation of the mine that a novel group of acidophilic archaea found at?
eb6ae714f48d7eab5f8a0748368d1910
Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) were first discovered in an extremely acidic mine located in northern California (Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain) by Brett Baker in Jill Banfield's laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. These novel groups of archaea named ARMAN-1, ARMAN-2 ("Candidatus" Micrarchaeum acidiphilum ARMAN-2 ), and ARMAN-3 were missed by previous PCR-based surveys of the mine community because the ARMANs have several mismatches with commonly used PCR primers for 16S rRNA genes. Baker "et al." detected them in a later study using shotgun sequencing of the community. The three groups were originally thought to represent three unique lineages deeply branched within the Euryarchaeota, a subgroup of the Archaea. However, this has been revised, based on more complete archaeal genomic tree, that they belong to a super phylum named DPANN. The ARMAN groups now comprise deeply divergent phyla named Micrarchaeota and Parvarchaeota. Their 16S rRNA genes differ by as much as 17% between the three groups. Prior to their discovery all of the Archaea shown to be associated with Iron Mountain belonged to the order Thermoplasmatales (e.g., "Ferroplasma acidarmanus").
1dc0322e337a82eb57a73ceac83771a0
Iron Mountain Mine Iron Mountain Mine, also known as the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, is a mine near Redding in Northern California, US. Geologically classified as a "massive sulfide ore deposit", the site was mined for iron, silver, gold, copper, zinc and pyrite intermittently from the 1860s until 1963. The mine is the source of extremely acidic mine drainage which also contains large amounts of zinc, copper and cadmium. One of America's most toxic waste sites, it has been listed as a federal Superfund site since 1983.
e44bb5cac59f95970b425c67473cafbb
Haloarchaea Halobacteria (also Halobacteriacea) are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. Halobacteria are now recognized as archaea, rather than bacteria. The name 'halobacteria' was assigned to this group of organisms before the existence of the domain Archaea was realized, and remains valid according to taxonomic rules . In a non-taxonomic context, halophilic archaea are referred to as haloarchaea to distinguish them from halophilic bacteria.
ff9f3501e9f210d29a15087a819d0db5
Jagersfontein Mine Jagersfontein Mine is an abandoned open-pit mine in South Africa located close to the town of Jagersfontein and about 110 km south-west of Bloemfontein. Since it was first established in 1870, two of the ten biggest diamonds ever discovered, the Excelsior and the Reitz (now called the Jubilee), were mined from Jagersfontein. The term "Jagers" has since been coined to denote the distinctive faint bluish tint of the gems from this mine. Among geologists, Jagersfontein is known as a kimberlite pipe, and a prime locality for mantle xenoliths, some of which are believed to have come from depths of 300 - .
3c64bac980293eebc444148d59dda75c
Hilton Mine The Hilton Mine is a zinc, lead and silver mine in northwestern Queensland, Australia, approximately 22 km north of the Mount Isa Mines. The mineralization is in the same grey dolomitic Urquhart Shale as the Mount Isa Mines deposit and a similar diagenesis is posited. It is one of five "supergiant" zinc, lead and silver mineralized deposits that have been found in the Mount Isa Inlier, six if one counts the high silver deposit at Cannington.
fd1e7ceb6d8860c43712edc712d163fc
Thermomicrobia The Thermomicrobia are a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria. Until 2004, they were classified as a distinct phylum. It has recently been proposed, on the basis of an analysis of genetic affiliations, that the Thermomicrobia should more properly be reclassified as a class belonging to the phylum chloroflexi. The bacteria "Sphaerobacter thermophilus" originally described as an Actinobacteria is now considered a Thermomicrobia.
7f8d845eb4c0f095159bd973e68d28cf
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (formerly "Methanococcus jannaschii") is a thermophilic methanogenic archaean in the class Methanococci. It was the first archaeon to have its complete genome sequenced. The sequencing identified many genes unique to the archaea. Many of the synthesis pathways for methanogenic cofactors were worked out biochemically in this organism, as were several other archaeal-specific metabolic pathways.
526373de7326a894795da20e670f082a
Acidithrix ferrooxidans Acidithrix ferrooxidans is an acidophilic and Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Acidithrix which has been isolated from an acidic stream draining from a copper mine in Wales.
d0948d6b9fa33dbc6dcf3ff015d7f66e
Purple sulfur bacteria The purple sulfur bacteria are a group of Proteobacteria capable of photosynthesis, collectively referred to as purple bacteria. They are anaerobic or microaerophilic, and are often found in hot springs or stagnant water. Unlike plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, they do not use water as their reducing agent, so do not produce oxygen. Instead, they use hydrogen sulfide, which is oxidized to produce granules of elemental sulfur. This, in turn, may be oxidized to form sulfuric acid.
de7f76c0621a7728b0c130d1f2f27d29
Moab Khotsong mine The Moab Khotsong mine is a large mine located in the northern part of South Africa in the Freestate. Moab Khotsong represents one of the largest uranium reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 57.2 million tonnes of ore grading 0.058% uranium.
e91f9dfdf56a52189a5ce737655f0a13
Iron Valley mine The Iron Valley mine is a large iron mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Iron Valley represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Australia and in the world, having estimated reserves of 259.1 million tonnes of ore grading 58.3% iron metal.
bfb9de5cf3156f9f2d78c1ebda38f69d
Hadesarchaea Hadesarchaea, formerly called the South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group, are a class of thermophile microorganisms that have been found in deep mines, hot springs and other subterranean environments.
87f1cf1748c564650302b52da708797c
Acidovorax soli Acidovorax soli is a gram-negative, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative non-motile, rod-shaped aerobic bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family which was isolated from landfill soil in Pohang in Korea. Colonies of "Acidovorax soli" are bright yellow colored.
3cf95948fb8d2a387db8d9530fe2df2a
Akhtenskite Akhtenskite is a manganese oxide mineral with the chemical formula of MnO (or: ε-MnO) that was named after the Akhtensk deposit in Russia, where it was first discovered and noted in 1979. It can be found in the Akhtensk brown ironstone deposit, in the southern Ural Mountains, on Mt. Zarod, on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, and in the Primorskiy Krai, all in Russia.
452d8c8de0e0365a7315aae7ff63f038
Mt Lindsay mine The Mt Lindsay mine is a large open pit mine located in the northwest of Tasmania, Australia. Mt Lindsay represents one of the largest tungsten reserves in Australia having estimated reserves of 43 million tonnes of ore grading 0.1% tungsten. 40 million tonnes would support a 10-year mining operation. The mine is owned by Venture Minerals.
d8b7f4a126494466306555e8ae04c934
Black Rock mine The Black Rock mine is a mine located in the north of South Africa. Black Rock represents one of the largest manganese reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 70.4 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 39% manganese metal.
36c289f21e6a001c9527055276a88f54
Batesville mine The Batesville mine is a mine located in the east of the United States in Arkansas. Batesville represents one of the largest manganese reserve in the United States having estimated reserves of 178 million tonnes of manganese ore grading 4% manganese metal.
843c2f7b6e4f0748fdbbe57b8b3f871f
Bathurst Mining Camp The Bathurst Mining Camp is a mining district in northeast New Brunswick, Canada, centred in the Nepisiguit River valley, and near to Bathurst. The camp hosts 45 known volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits typical of the Appalachian Mountains. Some of the ore is smelted at the Belledune facility of Xstrata. Although the primary commodity is zinc, the massive-sulphide ore body produces lead, zinc, copper, silver, gold, bismuth, antimony and cadmium.
1fc97cafce092263d3b869c4113a4f25
Aladağ mine The Aladağ mine is a large chromium ore mine located at Adana Province in southern Turkey, 229 km south of the capital, Ankara. Aladağ represents one of the largest chromium reserves in Turkey having an estimated reserve of 200 million tonnes of chromium ore, which contains 10.84 million tonnes of chromium metal at its grading of 5.42%.
97a13b114d6fe7e81dc93360934158bb
Cannington Mine The Cannington Silver and Lead Mine is an Australian underground mine located in north-west Queensland, in the Shire of McKinlay, about 200 km southeast of Mount Isa. The deposit was discovered by Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) in 1990. Although sitework and underground mining began in 1997, full production was not achieved until early 1999, with 1.5 million tons of ore processed in 1999. Production since has reached 3 million tons of ore per year. s of 2010 it was the largest and lowest cost silver and lead mine in the world. The expected life of the Cannington mine is 25 years. On August 19, 2014, the mine's owner BHP Billiton announced it was splitting the company in two. A newly formed entity called South32 is to house BHP Billiton's non-core businesses including the Cannington Mine. South32 is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (under the code S32), with a secondary listing in Johannesburg.
422163b0045eb790bc5e7e7f2437515d
Asse II mine The Asse II mine (Schacht Asse II) is a former salt mine used as a deep geological repository for radioactive waste in the Asse Mountains of Wolfenbüttel, Lower Saxony, Germany.
446c9b981bddd38d70f8b7c248ff556a
MOIL (company) MOIL Limited (formerly Manganese Ore India Limited) is a miniratna state-owned manganese-ore mining company headquartered in Nagpur, India. With a market share of 50%, it was the largest producer of manganese ore in India in the fiscal year 2008. MOIL Limited has been ranked #486 among the 500 top companies in India and 9th in the Mines and Metals Sector of the Fortune India 500 list for 2011. MOIL operates 10 mines, six located in Nagpur and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra and four in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. Of the 10, seven are underground mines (Kandri, Munsar, Beldongri, Gumgaon, Chikla, Balaghat and Ukwa mines) and three are opencast mines (Dongri Buzurg, Sitapatore, and Tirodi). Its Balaghat mine is the deepest underground manganese mine in Asia.