Which leader, who unified Germany in the 1860s has a genus of plants in Madagascar named after him?
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Bismarckia Bismarckia is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the palm family endemic to western and northern Madagascar where they grow in open grassland. The genus is named for the first chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck and the epithet for its only species, Bismarckia nobilis, comes from Latin for 'noble'.
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Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (] ), was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". However, his annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave new fuel to French nationalism and promoted Germanophobia in France. This helped set the stage for the First World War.
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Ludwig Windthorst Baron Ludwig Windthorst (17 January 1812 – 14 March 1891), was a German politician and leader of the Catholic Centre Party, the most notable opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the Prussian-led unification of Germany and the Kulturkampf. Anderson argues that he was "Imperial Germany's greatest parliamentarian," one who bears comparison with Irishmen Daniel O'Connell and Charles Stewart Parnell "in his handling of party machinery and his relation to the masses."
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Mzilikazi Mzilikazi ( 1790 – 9 September 1868) was a Southern African king who founded the Matabele Kingdom ("khumalo"), Matabeleland, in what became British South Africa Company-ruled Rhodesia and is now Zimbabwe. His name means "the path of blood". He was born the son of Matshobana near Mkuze, Zululand (now part of South Africa), and died at Ingama, Matabeleland (near Bulawayo, Zimbabwe). Many consider him to be the greatest Southern African military leader after the Zulu king Shaka. David Livingstone, in his autobiography, referred to Mzilikazi as the second most impressive leader he encountered on the African continent.
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Oskar Hergt Oskar Gustav Rudolf Hergt (born 22 October 1869, Naumburg, died 9 May 1967, Göttingen) was a German nationalist politician, who served simultaneously as Minister of Justice and vice-chancellor from 28 January 1927 to 12 June 1928. Hergt attended the prestigious Domgymnasium Naumburg before reading law at Würzburg, Munich and Berlin. He worked as a Gerichtsassessor in Saxony, and also as a judge in Liebenwerda. Hergt held various senior offices at the Prussian Ministry of Finance from 1904 to 1914. Previously a member of the FKP, which was dissolved after the First World War, Hergt was a founding member of the right-wing monarchist DNVP and the first party chairman. First elected to the Reichstag in 1920, he was seen as one of the more moderate members of the party, and his support for the Dawes Plan in 1924 was seen as a betrayal of the party's line and led to his replacement with the more hardline conservative Kuno von Westarp. As vice-chancellor, Hergt was the most senior DNVP politician in Wilhelm Marx's coalition government, but after losing the DNVP's leadership election in October 1928 to Alfred Hugenberg, he became an increasingly minor figure in the radicalised DNVP. After the rise of the Nazi Party, Hergt retired from politics.
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Albert Zafy Albert Zafy (born 1 May 1927) is a Malagasy politician. He was the President of Madagascar from 27 March 1993 to 5 September 1996. In 1988, he founded the National Union for Democracy and Development (UNDD).
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William Tyrer Gerrard William Tyrer Gerrard (c.1831 – 1866) was an English botanical collector in Natal and Madagascar in the 1860s. The genus "Gerrardanthus" is named in his honor.
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Prince William of Baden (1829–1897) Prince Louis "William" Augustus of Baden (German: "Ludwig Wilhelm August Prinz von Baden" ; 18 December 1829 – 27 April 1897) was a Prussian general and politician. He was the father of Prince Maximilian of Baden, the last Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia and last Chancellor of the German Empire. Wilhelm was a Prince of Baden, and a member of the House of Zähringen.
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Geopolitik Geopolitik is the branch of uniquely German geostrategy. It developed as a distinct strain of thought after Otto von Bismarck's unification of the German states but began its development in earnest only under Emperor Wilhelm II. Central concepts concerning the German race regarding economic space demonstrate continuity from the German Empire to Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. However, imperial geostrategist, German geopoliticians, and Nazi strategists did not have extensive contacts with one another, suggesting that German geopolitik was not copied or passed on to successive generations but perhaps reflected the more permanent aspects of German geography, political geography, and cultural geography.
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Cycas thouarsii Cycas thouarsii, the Madagascar cycad, is an evergreen arborescent plant in the genus "Cycas". It is named after a French botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758—1831).
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August W. Eichler August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution.
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Gero Gero I (c. 900 – 20 May 965), called the Great (Latin "magnus"), ruled an initially modest march centred on Merseburg, which he expanded into a vast territory named after him: the "marca Geronis". During the mid-10th century, he was the leader of the Saxon "Drang nach Osten".
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Leopold Dippel Georg Heinrich Leopold Dippel (4 August 1827 – 4 March 1914) was a German botanist. He was the son of a royal Bavarian forester, Carl Friedrich Peter Dippel, and Sussanna Purpus. He attended schools is Kaiserslautern and Zweibrücken. From 1845, he studied at the Academy of Forestry in Aschaffenburg, until he graduated in 1848. During his time there he was a member of the Munich Corps Hubertia fraternity. He continued his studies in Jena under the tutelage of Matthias Jacob Schleiden. Under him, he learned more extensively about botany and pioneered his work in microscopy and his research on the structure of plant's bodies. From July 1869, he worked at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, as a Professor of Botany and Zoology, Botany, and Cellular Histology. His interests turned towards Dendrology at this point. He brought many foreign trees and shrubs, mostly collected by his first cousin Carl Albert Purpus in North America and Mexico, and sent them to Germany. He was the rector of the Technical University of Darmstadt from 1870–71 and the Dean of the Chemical-Technical School from 1882-87. He retired at the end of the summer semester in 1896.
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Otto of Bavaria Otto (German: "Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar" ; 27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916), was King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913. However, he never actively reigned due to severe mental illness; his uncle, Luitpold, and cousin, Ludwig, served as regents. Ludwig deposed him in 1913 a day after the legislature passed a law allowing him to do so, becoming king in his own right.
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Frederick I of Prussia Frederick I (German: "Friedrich I" ) (11 July 1657 – 25 February 1713), of the Hohenzollern dynasty, was (as Frederick III) Elector of Brandenburg (1688–1713) and Duke of Prussia in personal union (Brandenburg-Prussia). The latter function he upgraded to royalty, becoming the first King in Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (German: "Fürstentum Neuenburg" ). He was also the paternal grandfather of Frederick the Great.
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Wilhelm von Manz Wilhelm Ritter von Manz (April 6, 1804 – January 5, 1867) was a Bavarian Lieutenant General and War Minister under Maximilian II of Bavaria from April 13, 1859 to June 12, 1861.
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Georg von Hertling Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a Bavarian politician who served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918. He was the first party politician to hold the office.
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Otto Appel Friedrich Carl Louis Otto Appel (19 May 1867, Coburg – 10 November 1952, Berlin-Zehlendorf) was a German botanist and agriculturalist.
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Alfred III, Prince of Windisch-Grätz Alfred III, Prince of Windisch-Grätz (German: "Alfred August Karl Maria Wolfgang Erwin Fürst zu Windisch-Grätz" ; 31 October 1851, Prague – 23 November 1927, Tachov) was a Bohemian nobleman and Austro-Hungarian statesman. He served as the 11th Minister-President of Cisleithania and was President of the Herrenhaus from 1895 to 1918. Through his daughter, Princess Maria Hedwig of Windisch-Grätz, he was a great-grandfather of Princess Michael of Kent (formerly Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz).
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Hans Winkler Hans Karl Albert Winkler (23 April 1877 – 22 November 1945) was a German botanist. He was Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, and a director of that university's Institute of Botany. Winkler coined the term 'heteroploidy' in 1916. He is remembered for coining the term 'genome' in 1920, by making a portmanteau of the words gene and chromosome. He wrote:
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Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: "Kongokonferenz" ) or West Africa Conference ("Westafrika-Konferenz"), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.
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Kingdom of Saxony The Kingdom of Saxony (German: "Königreich Sachsen" ), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. The kingdom was formed from the Electorate of Saxony. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.