Mao Kun map is often seen as a surviving document from the expeditions of the mariner whose ships could stretch past what length?
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Mao Kun map Mao Kun map, usually referred to in modern Chinese sources as Zheng He's Navigation Map (), is a set of navigation charts published in the Ming dynasty military treatise "Wubei Zhi". The book was compiled by Mao Yuanyi in 1621 and published in 1628; the name of the map refers to his grandfather Mao Kun () from whose library the map is likely to have originated. The map is often regarded as a surviving document from the expeditions of Zheng He in addition to accounts written by Zheng's officers, such as "Yingyai Shenglan" by Ma Huan, "Xingcha Shenglan" by Fei Xin, and "Xiyang Fanguo Zhi" by Gong Zhen. It is the earliest Chinese map to give an adequate representation of Southern Asia, Persia, Arabia and East Africa.
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Zheng He Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, was a Hui Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty. He was originally born as Ma He in a Muslim Hui family, later adopted the conferred surname Zheng from Emperor Yongle. Zheng commanded expeditionary voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433. His larger ships stretched 120 meters or more in length. These carried hundreds of sailors on four tiers of decks.
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William Parry (explorer) Rear Admiral Sir William Edward Parry, RN, FRS (19 December 1790 – 8 or 9 July 1855) was an English rear-admiral and Arctic explorer. His 1819 voyage through the Parry Channel was probably the most successful in the long quest for the Northwest Passage. In 1827 he attempted one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole. He reached 82°45′ North latitude, setting the record for human exploration farthest North that stood for nearly five decades before being surpassed at 83°20′26″ by Albert Hastings Markham in 1875–1876.
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Great Clearance The Great Clearance, also translated as the Great Evacuation or Great Frontier Shift, refers to two edicts by the Kangxi Emperor of Qing (1644–1912), and his regent Oboi, in 1661 and 1662. It required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong in order to fight the Taiwan-based anti-Qing loyalist movement of the erstwhile Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Other provinces in southern China, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian, as well as Shandong in the north, were also affected to varying degrees. The ban on human settlement of those coastal areas was lifted in 1669, and some residents were allowed to return.
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Battle of Shancaowan The Battle of Shancaowan (), also known as Battle of Veniaga Island (Portuguese:"Batalha da Ilha da Veniaga") was a naval battle between the Ming dynasty coast guard and a Portuguese fleet led by Martim Afonso de Mello that occurred in 1522. The Ming court threatened to expel Portuguese traders from China after receiving news that the Malacca Sultanate, a Ming tributary, had been invaded by the Portuguese. In addition, Portuguese pirates had been conducting slave raids on the Chinese coast, kidnapping children to sell in Portuguese Malacca, which received widespread condemnation by the common people and the court. Portuguese traders were executed in China and the Portuguese embassy was arrested, with their freedom promised on the condition that the Portuguese released and returned Malacca to its sultan. Martim Afonso de Mello arrived at the Pearl River but was blockaded by a Ming fleet. After two weeks without being able to gain a foothold in China they decided to run the blockade and managed to escape with the loss of two ships and several dozen men. The battle was fought off the northwestern coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong at a location called Sai Tso Wan today.
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Treasure voyages In Chinese history, the treasure voyages were the seven Ming-era maritime voyages of the treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor initiated the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in seven far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond. Admiral Zheng He was commissioned to command the treasure fleet for the expeditions. Six of the voyages occurred during the Yongle reign (r. 1402–24), while the seventh voyage occurred under the Xuande reign (r. 1425–1435). The first three voyages reached up to Calicut on India's southwestern coast, while the fourth voyage went as far as Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. Afterwards, the fleet made voyages farther away to the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa.
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Northern Expedition The Northern Expedition was a military campaign launched by the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang (KMT), also known as the Nationalists, against the Beiyang government and other regional warlords in 1926. The purpose of the campaign was to reunify China, and the expedition was divided into two phases. The first phase was interrupted by the political split in the Kuomintang following the formation of the Nanjing faction in April 1927 against the existing faction in Wuhan. The split was partially motivated by the purge of the Communists within the party, which marked the end of the First United Front, and Chiang Kai-shek briefly stepped down as the commander of the National Revolutionary Army.
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Ming Great Wall The Ming Great Wall (明長城; "Ming changcheng"), built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), forms the most visible parts of the Great Wall of China today. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8850 km from Jiayu Pass in the west to the sea in Shanhai Pass, then looping over to terminate in Manchuria at the Hushan Great Wall. This is made up of 6259 km sections of actual wall, 359 km of trenches and 2232 km of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.
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Chinese expeditions to the Sinhala Kingdom The Mongol Yuan Empire dispatched an expedition in 1284 to Sri Lanka. Kublai Khan ordered the voyage with the objective of seizing the tooth of the Buddha, one of the most holy relics of Buddhism. Aboard this fleet was an official representative of Kublai Khan, Marco Polo. In 1293, another fleet of the Yuan Empire including Marco Polo visited Sri Lanka on its way to Persia.
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Mangarevan expedition The Mangarevan expedition of 1934 was a scientific expedition to investigate the natural history of the farthest southeastern islands of Polynesia, including Mangareva. It was a comprehensive natural history expedition of a kind more common during the previous century. Sponsored by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Honolulu, Hawaii and led by the malacologist Charles Montague Cooke, Jr., its research team included the ethnologists Kenneth P. Emory and Peter H. Buck, the botanists Harold St. John and F. Raymond Fosberg, the malacologists Donald Anderson and Yoshio Kondo, and the undergraduate entomologist E. C. Zimmerman. After visiting 56 islands on a voyage of over 14,000 kilometers over a period of six months, they returned with an enormous quantity of data, including perhaps the richest collection ever made of plants in Polynesia.
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Choe Bu Choe Bu (Korean: 최부 , 1454–1504) was a Korean official during the early Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). He is most well known for the account of his shipwrecked travels in China from February to July 1488, during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). He was eventually banished from the Joseon court in 1498 and executed in 1504 during two political purges. However, in 1506 he was exonerated and given posthumous honors by the Joseon court.
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Kunyu Wanguo Quantu Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (; Italian: "Carta Geografica Completa di tutti i Regni del Mondo" , "Complete Geographical Map of all the Kingdoms of the World"), printed in China at the request of the Wanli Emperor during 1602 by the Italian Catholic missionary Matteo Ricci and Chinese collaborators, Mandarin Zhong Wentao and the technical translator, Li Zhizao, is the earliest known Chinese world map with the style of European maps. It has been referred to as the "Impossible Black Tulip of Cartography", "because of its rarity, importance and exoticism". The map was crucial in expanding Chinese knowledge of the world. It was eventually exported to Korea and Japan and was influential there as well, though less so than Alenio's "Zhifang Waiji".
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Yonglongsha Yonglongsha, sometimes translated as the Yonglong Shoal or Yonglong Sands, was a former island in the north channel of the Yangtze River above Chongming in eastern China. It was also known as Yongfengsha and Hefengsha. Prior to its absorption by Chongming, it measured about 16 km east to west but was very narrow, with an area of about 14 sqkm .
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Wanguo Quantu The Wanguo Quantu or Complete Map of the Myriad Countries is a map developed in the 1620s by the Jesuit Giulio Aleni following the earlier work of Matteo Ricci, who was the first Jesuit to speak Chinese and to publish maps of the world in Chinese from 1574 to 1603. Aleni modified Ricci's maps to accommodate Chinese demands for a sinocentric projection, placing the "Middle Kingdom" at the center of the visual field.
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Kun Can Kun Can (髡殘) (1612 to after 1674) was a Chinese painter from Hunan who spent most of his life in Nanjing. He became a Chan Buddhism monk at an early age and in Nanjing was abbot of a monastery on Niushou Shan. His style of landscape painting was influenced by Wang Meng and he is one of the Four Monk Masters in the early Qing Dynasty. The others being Zhu Da, Hong Ren, and Shitao. As he was also known as Shi Xi he was at times said to be one of the "Two Shi". Few of Kun Can's works survive.
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Pei Songzhi Pei Songzhi (372–451), courtesy name Shiqi, was a historian and politician who lived in the late Eastern Jin dynasty and Liu Song dynasty. His ancestral home was in Wenxi, Hedong (present-day Wenxi County, Yuncheng, Shanxi) but he moved to the Jiangnan region later. He is best known for making annotations to the historical text "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi") written by Chen Shou in the third century, providing additional details omitted from the original work. His commentary, completed in 429, became integral to later editions of the "Sanguozhi", making the joint work three times as long as the original. Two of his descendants, Pei Yin (裴駰) and Pei Ziye (裴子野), were also well known historians.
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Kunming–Hai Phong Railway The Yunnan–Vietnam Railway (; Vietnamese: tuyến đường sắt Hải Phòng - Vân Nam / 綫塘鐵海防－雲南 ; French: "Chemins de Fer de L'Indo-Chine et du Yunnan" , "Indo-China–Yunnan Railroad") is an 855 km railway built by France during 1904–1910, connecting Haiphong, Vietnam with Kunming, Yunnan province, China. The section within China from Kunming to Hekou is known as the Kunming–Hekou Railway (), and is 466 km long. The section within Vietnam is 389 km long, and is known as the Hanoi–Lào Cai Railway (Vietnamese: Đường sắt Hà Nội - Lào Cai / 塘鐵河内－老街 ). The railway was built with gauge due to the mountainous terrain along the route. Currently it is the only main line in China using .
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Leonardo's world map Generally known as Leonardo's world map, it is a map drawn in the "octant projection" in approximately 1514, which has been related with the first uses of the name America. The map shows all the information that Amerigo Vespucci brought from his travels, reported in 1503 and 1505. Additionally, the map shows the Arctic as an ocean and Antarctica as a continent of about the correct size, a cartographic accuracy not replicated for about the following three centuries.
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Lai Choi San Lai Choi San ("Mountain of Wealth") was a 20th-century Chinese pirate. The only evidence of her existence is the book "I Sailed With Pirates" by Aleko Lilius, published in 1931 where she was said to be the most powerful and well-known female pirate leader in Chinese history, rivaled perhaps only by Cheng I Sao of the previous century.
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Martin Spangberg Martin Spangberg or Martyn Petrovich Shpanberg (Мартын Петрович Шпанберг) was a Danish-Russian naval lieutenant in Russian service who took part with his compatriot Vitus Bering in both Kamchatka expeditions as second in command. He is best known for finding a sea route to Japan and exploring the Kuril Islands (one of which, Shikotan, was renamed Shpanberg by the Russians in 1796).
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Howard Rice Howard Rice sailed and paddled a sailing canoe solo around Cape Horn, Chile considered by many sailors to be the Mount Everest of sailing challenges. Articles about his expedition have appeared in "Outside Magazine", "Sports Illustrated", "Yachting Magazine", many international newspapers and is referenced in numerous books on the subject of ocean kayaking and canoe sailing.
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Mikhail Vasilyev (explorer) Mikhail Nikolayevich Vasilyev (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Васильев ; 1770 – June 23, 1847) was a Russian explorer and vice admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. He is reputed for having surveyed the then little-known coast of Alaska as navigator. Vasiliev was sent by the Russian Imperial Hydrographic Service in 1819 to explore the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean and particularly the area around the Bering Strait. Certain geographic features of the Alaskan coast, like the Lindenberg Peninsula and Sealion Island were named by him in the maps that were subsequently published.