What name did the leading English art critic of the Victorian era give to a series of letters addressed to British workmen during the 1870s?
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Fors Clavigera Fors Clavigera was the name given by John Ruskin to a series of letters addressed to British workmen during the 1870s. They were published in the form of pamphlets. The letters formed part of Ruskin's interest in moral intervention in the social issues of the day on the model of his mentor Thomas Carlyle.
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John Ruskin John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and political economy. His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin also penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even a fairy tale. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.
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Joseph Drew Joseph Drew (21 May 1814 – 3 December 1883) was an English newspaper editor, steamboat proprietor, art collector, writer and lecturer.
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Julian Howard Ashton Julian Howard Ashton (9 August 1877 – 30 April 1964), often referred to as Howard Ashton, was a journalist, writer, artist and critic born in England, who had a considerable career in Australia. He was a son of Julian Rossi Ashton.
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Anna Blunden Anna Blunden (22 December 1829 – 1915) was an English, pre-Raphaelite artist, and a member of John Ruskin's circle. She was one of a number of women artists working and exhibiting during the Victorian age. Her best known work is "The Seamstress" (c.1854), a piece inspired by Thomas Hood’s poem of the same name. Starting her career with oil painting, Blunden eventually moves onto watercolor landscapes that make up a large portion of her body of work. Her work was regularly showcased in the Royal Academy and the Society of British Arts from 1854 to 1867, as well as the Birmingham Society of Artists.
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Philip Gilbert Hamerton Philip Gilbert Hamerton (10 September 1834 – 4 November 1894), was an English artist, art critic and author.
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Oliver Percy Bernard Oliver Percy Bernard OBE MC (8 April 1881 – 15 April 1939) was an English architect, and scenic, graphic and industrial designer. He was instrumental in developing conservative Victorian British taste in a modernist European direction; much of his work is frequently characterised as art deco.
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Ellen Heaton Ellen Heaton (1816–1894) was a philanthropist and art collector in Leeds, best known for her patronage of and friendships with members and associates of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the influential art critic John Ruskin.
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Henry Thomas Mackenzie Bell Henry Thomas Mackenzie Bell (2 March 1856 – 13 December 1930), commonly known by his pen name Mackenzie Bell, was an English writer, poet and literary critic. He was a writer for many Victorian era publications, most especially the "London Academy", and published several volumes of poetry between 1879 and 1893.
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Thomas Craven Thomas Craven (January 6, 1888 – February 27, 1969) was an American author, critic and lecturer, who promoted the work of American Regionalist painters, Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry and Grant Wood, among others. He was known for his caustic comments and being the “leading decrier of the School of Paris.”
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Niels Laurits Høyen Niels Laurits Andreas Høyen, (4 June 1798 – 29 April 1870), Danish is considered to be the first Danish art historian and critic. He promoted a Danish nationalistic art through his writings and lectures, and exerted a far reaching effect on contemporary artists. His work in various cultural institutions helped steer the development of Danish art during the mid-19th century.
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F. R. Leavis Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was a British literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge and later at the University of York.
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Lionel Johnson Lionel Pigot Johnson (15 March 1867 – 4 October 1902) was an English poet, essayist and critic.
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Henry Tonks Henry Tonks, FRCS (9 April 1862 – 8 January 1937) was a British surgeon and later draughtsman and painter of figure subjects, chiefly interiors, and a caricaturist. He became an influential art teacher.
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Henry Weekes Henry Weekes {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'RA', '4': "} (14 January 1807 – 1877) was an English sculptor, best known for his portraiture. He was among the most successful British sculptors of the mid-Victorian period.
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James Dafforne James Dafforne (died 1880) was an English journalist, known for his art criticism in "The Art Journal".
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Eric Newton (art critic) Eric Newton (1893–1965) was an English artist, writer, broadcaster and art critic. He produced several books in addition to his newspaper and radio work and created mosaics for Ludwig Oppenheimer Ltd, mostly on a religious theme. His radio broadcasts made him well known to the British public in the 1930s.
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C. H. Collins Baker Charles Henry Collins Baker {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (24 January 1880 – 3 July 1959) was an English art historian and painter.
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Émile Bernard Émile Henri Bernard (28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his notable work was accomplished at a young age, in the years 1886 through 1897. He is also associated with Cloisonnism and Synthetism, two late 19th-century art movements. Less known is Bernard's literary work, comprising plays, poetry, and art criticism as well as art historical statements that contain first hand information on the crucial period of modern art to which Bernard had contributed.
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Charlotte Mew Charlotte Mary Mew (15 November 1869 – 24 March 1928) was an English poet, whose work spans the eras of Victorian poetry and Modernism.
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Henry Mark Anthony Henry Mark Anthony (4 August 1817 – 1 December 1886) was an English landscape artist, often favourably compared to John Constable by critics. He exhibited at many major art institutions and travelled widely, being credited with introducing the "en plein air" style of painting to Britain.
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William Edward Frank Britten William Edward Frank Britten, or W. E. F. Britten (1848 or 18571916) was a British painter and illustrator. It is known that he worked in London, England starting in 1873 and that he stayed in the city until at least 1890. Britten's work ranged in style from to traditional Victorian to Pre-Raphaelite, and his artistic medium ranged from paintings to book illustrations. His paintings have mostly been praised by critics with his illustrations having been treated as either neutral or favourable by reviewers.