Vera Manuel, was Secwepemc-Ktunaxa, daughter of cultural leader Marceline Paul and political leader George Manuel, Sr, the Ktunaxa, also known as Kutenai, and Kootenai,  are an indigenous people of North America, who historically occupied extensive territories in which region, present-day United States and British Columbia, Canada?
108709f384cc77ae09ebc853a29d909e
Vera Manuel Vera Manuel (1949–2010) was Secwepemc-Ktunaxa, daughter of cultural leader Marceline Paul and political leader George Manuel, Sr, born in 1949. She grew up on the Neskonlith Reservation in the interior of British Columbia, and lived for many years in Vancouver, Canada, where she died in January 2010. She worked as a playwright, poet, writer, healer and educator, in diverse communities across North America. She wrote and produced numerous plays about cultural oppression and genocide,as an independent artist and through Storytellers Theatre, including The Strength of Indian Women and Every Warrior's Song. Her poetry and short stories were published in journals and anthologies, and—like her plays—performed at a variety of venues across Canada and the US.
3d66322747a85fd54272fb573037bd5d
Ktunaxa The Ktunaxa ( ; ] ), also known as Kutenai ( ), Kootenay (predominant spelling in Canada) and Kootenai (predominant spelling in the United States), are an indigenous people of North America, who historically occupied extensive territories in the Pacific Northwest, present-day United States and British Columbia, Canada.
2d9a30cfea8352c8b114dc9d0c609c85
Haisla people The Haisla (also Xa’islak’ala, X̄a’islakʼala, X̌àʼislakʼala, X̣aʼislak’ala, Xai:sla) are an indigenous people living at Kitamaat in the North Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. Their indigenous language is named after them in most English usage, though its actual name is X̄a’islak̓ala. The name "Haisla" is derived from the Haisla word x̣àʼisla or x̣àʼisəla " '(those) living at the rivermouth, living downriver<nowiki>'</nowiki>". Along with the neighbouring Wuikinuxv and Heiltsuk people, they were incorrectly known in the past as the Northern Kwakiutl.
1be9e9ddfe8496149d6117fcfcfd4ef1
Skokomish people The Skokomish (pronounced ) are one of nine tribes of the Twana, a Native American people of western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives along Hood Canal, a fjord-like inlet on the west side of the Kitsap Peninsula and the Puget Sound basin. Historically the Twana were hunters, fishers, and gatherers who had a nomadic lifestyle during the warmer months, while living in more permanent homes during the winter months.
c14837127c94195c600a0bf203ba9af3
Kingcome, British Columbia Kingcome, known as Okwunalis and Gwa'yi in Kwak'wala (actually the name of the Kingcome River, is an unincorporated settlement in the Kingcome Inlet area of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located a few miles up the Kingcome River from the head of the inlet. Quaee Indian Reserve No. 7 is the Indian reserve containing the village.
d4c4bb901b2164678f1f3af51ba72337
Coast Salish people and salmon The Coast Salish people of the Canadian Pacific coast depend on salmon as a staple food source, as they have done for thousands of years. Salmon has also served as a source of wealth and trade and is deeply embedded in their culture, identity, and existence as First Nations people of Canada. Traditional fishing is deeply tied to Coast Salish culture and salmon were seen "as gift-bearing relatives, and were treated with great respect" since all living things were once people according to traditional Coast Salish beliefs. Salmon are seen by the Coast Salish peoples are beings similar to people but spiritually superior.
26759c42e14a23943420634497c9036e
Gwawaenuk Tribe The Gwawaenuk Tribe, or Gwawaʼenux̱w is a First Nations band government of the Kwakwaka'wakw people located in the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. The Gwawaenuk Tribe has no year-round road access to a service centre and being about 160 km to 240 km from the nearest service centre.
fc2291f278896556906d0c7c50aa5345
Columbia Mountains The Columbia Mountains are a group of mountain ranges along the upper Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia, and also in Montana, Idaho and Washington. The mountain range covers 135,952 km² (52,491 sq mi). The range is bounded by the Rocky Mountain Trench on the east, and the Kootenay River on the south; their western boundary is the edge of the Interior Plateau. Seventy-five percent of the range is located in Canada and the remaining twenty-five percent in the United States; American geographic classifications place the Columbia Mountains as part of the Rocky Mountains complex, but this designation does not apply in Canada (despite a British Columbia government tourism campaign to rebrand their southern portion as the "Kootenay Rockies"). Mount Sir Sandford is the highest mountain in the range, reaching 3519 m .
9ecef066aed736ee9e49e6958836c8dd
Military history of Canada The military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, and interventions by the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. For thousands of years, the area that would become Canada was the site of sporadic intertribal conflicts among Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, Canada was the site of four colonial wars and two additional wars in Nova Scotia and Acadia between New France and New England; the conflicts spanned almost seventy years, as each allied with various First Nation groups.
8ffe9f67ef59dcfa2d0a0f5a20d97bf9
Columbia Country The Columbia Country is a term used in the Canadian province of British Columbia to refer to the upper basin of the Columbia River in that province. It includes a smaller region known as the Columbia Valley, near the river's headwaters at Columbia Lake in the Rocky Mountain Trench, and the Big Bend of that river, now mostly inundated by Kinbasket Lake and Revelstoke Lake. The area has no precisely defined boundaries but conventionally refers to the region upstream from Revelstoke, as the Arrow Lakes are generally referred to as a region in their own right, or as part of the West Kootenay. The lower Columbia, around the cities of Castlegar and Trail is considered part of the West Kootenay, not the Columbia Country.
d66ec1e41e22dc565180a31cb0d2d622
Indigenous music of Canada Indigenous music of Canada encompasses a wide variety of musical genres created by Canada's Indigenous people. Before European settlers came to what is now Canada, the region was occupied by a large number of First Nations, including the West Coast Salish and Haida, the centrally located Iroquois, Blackfoot and Huron, the Dene to the North, and the Innu and Mi'kmaq in the East and the Cree in the North. Each of the Indigenous communities had (and have) their own unique musical traditions. Chanting – singing is widely popular and most use a variety of musical instruments.
ab37c546bf7ae3163574ede06ef4e213
Nanticoke people The Nanticoke people are an indigenous American Algonquian people, whose traditional homelands are in Chesapeake Bay and Delaware. Today they live in the northeast United States, especially Delaware; in Canada; and in Oklahoma.
b3819d308736fe147d003ea3626f6872
Thompson language The Thompson language, properly known as Nlaka'pamuctsin also known as the Nlaka'pamux ('Nthlakampx') language, is an Interior Salishan language spoken in the Fraser Canyon, Thompson Canyon, Nicola Country of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and also (historically) in the North Cascades region of Whatcom and Chelan counties of the state of Washington in the United States. A dialect distinct to the Nicola Valley is called Scw'exmx, which is the name of the subgroup of the Nlaka'pamux who live there.
286cc5c7eedc8abda1978c5147376a91
Nlaka'pamux The Nlaka'pamux or Nlakapamuk ( ; Salish ] ), also previously known as the Thompson, Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians or Thompson River people, and historically as the Klackarpun, Haukamaugh, Knife Indians and Couteau Indians, are an indigenous First Nations people of the Interior Salish language group in southern British Columbia. Their traditional territory includes parts of the North Cascades region of Washington.
b2126aad4c89dbb620b98255e4585b65
Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes The era of steamboats on the Arrow Lakes and adjoining reaches of the Columbia River is long-gone but was an important part of the history of the West Kootenay and Columbia Country regions of British Columbia. The Arrow Lakes are formed by the Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia. Steamboats were employed on both sides of the border in the upper reaches of the Columbia, linking port-towns on either side of the border, and sometimes boats would be built in one country and operated in the other. Tributaries of the Columbia include the Kootenay River which rises in Canada, then flows south into the United States, then bends north again back into Canada, where it widens into Kootenay Lake. As with the Arrow Lakes, steamboats once operated on the Kootenay River and Kootenay Lake.
f97bac33e0f84c295ddf59f1430a6a3a
'Nak'waxda'xw The 'Nak'waxda'xw, also known as the Nakoaktok, are an Indigenous nation, a part of the Kwakwaka'wakw, in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, on northern Vancouver Island.
633a7877a0e7ce21d0a34d9fd92e65a8
Quamichan Quamichan (or Kw’amutsun) is a traditional nation of the Coast Salish people, commonly referred to by the English adaptation of "Qu'wutsun" ("warm place") as the Cowichan Indians, or First Nations, of the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, in the area near the city of Duncan, British Columbia.
bea605772da1f7c07403c85dca036ac6
Cariboo The Cariboo is an intermontane region of British Columbia along a plateau stretching from the Fraser Canyon to the Cariboo Mountains. The name is a reference to the caribou that were once abundant in the region. The Cariboo was the first region of the Interior north of the lower Fraser and its canyon to be settled by non-indigenous people, and played an important part in the early history of the colony and province. The boundaries of the Cariboo proper in its historical sense are debatable, but its original meaning was the region north of the forks of the Quesnel River and the low mountainous basins between the mouth of that river on the Fraser at the city of Quesnel and the northward end of the Cariboo Mountains - an area that is mostly in the Quesnel Highland and focused on several now-famous gold-bearing creeks near the head of the Willow River, the richest of them all, Williams Creek, the location of Barkerville, which was the capital of the Cariboo Gold Rush and also of government officialdom for decades afterwards (it is now a museum town). This area, the Cariboo goldfields, is underpopulated today but was once the most settled and most powerful of the regions of the province's Interior. As settlement spread southwards of this area, flanking the route of the Cariboo Road and spreading out through the rolling plateaus and benchlands of the Cariboo Plateau and lands adjoining it along the Fraser and Thompson, the meaning changed to include a wider area than the goldfields.
36e464b18e6ba3c21890edf0e77524a3
St. Lawrence Iroquoians The St. Lawrence Iroquoians were Aboriginal Canadians who existed from the 14th century to about 1580 concentrated along the shores of the St. Lawrence River in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada, as well as the American state of New York, although their territory extended east. They spoke Laurentian languages, a branch of the Iroquoian family. They were believed to have numbered up to 120,000 people in 25 nations. However, this much higher estimate of the number Lawrence Iroquoians is disputed. The traditional view is that they disappeared because of late 16th century warfare by the Mohawk nation of the "Haudenosaunee", who wanted to control fur trade in the valley. But other possibilities, including climate change, wars with various Algonquin tribes and exposure to European diseases, may have been equally important.
ebc97c9be7ccbbc110fd93b76e8c1140
Skeena Country The Skeena Country is a historic geographic region comprising areas of both the British Columbia Coast and the British Columbia Interior in northwestern British Columbia, Canada.
4f0077a309bb2c8dc4b77e9b2d598e78
Kamloops Indian Band The Kamloops Indian Band, also known as the Tk’emlups te Secwepemc, is one of the largest of the 17 groups into which the Secwepemc (Shuswap) nation was divided when the Colony of British Columbia established an Indian reserve system in the 1860s. The Kamloops Indian Band is a First Nations government within the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council, which represents ten of the seventeen Secwepemc band governments, all in the southern Central Interior region, spanning the Thompson and Shuswap districts.
f14e02ab2112e37b73380a3eca9f51ae
Culture of North America The Culture of North America refers to the arts and other manifestations of human activities and achievements in North American and surrounding regions regarded collectively. The specifics are unknown, but between 40,000 and 16,500 years ago, the melting of the ice sheets formed in the Last Glacial Maximum allowed Paleo-Indian peoples to migrate into the North American continent, eventually diversifying and giving rise to such civilizations as the Aztec Empire or the Mound Builders, among others. However, due to the colonization of the americas by Europe, and along with mass immigration from European nations since the 17th century, North American culture saw an increasing amount of influence from Western culture, almost overwhelming the native peoples through genocide, displacement and cultural dominance. The resultant mix of Western and native customs would form what is now called North American culture.