Both Alexander Sumarokov and Mikhail Lomonosov inaugurated classicism in what?
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Alexander Sumarokov Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Сумаро́ков ; 25 November 1717 [O.S. 14 November] , Moscow – 12 October 1777 [O.S. 1 October] , Moscow) was a Russian poet and playwright who single-handedly created classical theatre in Russia, thus assisting Mikhail Lomonosov to inaugurate the reign of classicism in Russian literature.
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Russian literature Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Rus', the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union. The roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the "Silver Age" are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.
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Karl Bryullov Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (Russian: Карл Па́влович Брюлло́в ; 12 December 1799 – 11 June 1852), original name Charles Bruleau, also transliterated Briullov or Briuloff and referred to by his friends as "The Great Karl", was a Russian painter. He is regarded as a key figure in transition from the Russian neoclassicism to romanticism.
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Alexander A. Maximow Alexander Alexandrowitsch Maximow (Russian: Александр Александрович Максимов ; 3 February [O.S. 22 January] 1874 - December 4, 1928), was a Russian-American scientist in the fields of Histology and Embryology whose team developed the hypothesis about the existence of "polyblasts". Maximow is renowned for his experimental work on the unitarian theory of hematopoiesis: all blood cells develop from a common precursor cell. Maximow served as a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Natural School Natural School (Russian: Натуральная школа - "Natura′lnaya Shko′la") is a term applied to the literary movement which arose under the influence of Nikolai Gogol in the 1840s in Russia, and included such diverse authors as Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Panayev, Dmitry Grigorovich, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Hertzen, Ivan Goncharov, Vladimir Dal, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Evgeny Grebyonka, among others. Modern day Russian historians of literature use the term only in its historical context, otherwise preferring to speak of "the earliest stage of critical realism in Russia."
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God and the State God and the State (called by its author The Historical Sophisms of the Doctrinaire School of Communism) is an unfinished manuscript by the Russian anarchist philosopher Mikhail Bakunin, published posthumously in 1882. The work criticises Christianity and the then-burgeoning technocracy movement from a materialist, anarchist and individualist perspective. Early editions contained rewrites by Carlo Cafiero and Élisée Reclus in order to make the work more poetic in the translated French and due to misreadings, but later translations have attempted to remain more faithful to the original text. It has gone on to become Bakunin's most widely read and praised work.
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Nikolay Lvov Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov (May 4, 1753 – December 21, 1803) was a Russian artist of the Age of Enlightenment. Lvov, an amateur of Rurikid lineage, was a polymath who contributed to geology, history, graphic arts and poetry, but is known primarily as an architect and ethnographer, compiler of the first significant collection of Russian folk songs (the Lvov-Prach collection).
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Pre-Socratic philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates and schools contemporary to Socrates that were not influenced by him. In Classical antiquity, the Presocratic philosophers were called "physiologoi" (Greek: φυσιόλογοι ; in English, physical or natural philosophers). Aristotle called them "physikoi" ("physicists", after "physis", "nature") because they sought natural explanations for phenomena, as opposed to the earlier "theologoi" (theologians), whose philosophical basis was supernatural. Diogenes Laërtius divides the "physiologoi" into two groups: Ionian, led by Anaximander, and the Italiote, led by Pythagoras.
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Yury Lomonosov Yury Vladimirovich Lomonosov (Russian: Юрий Владимирович Ломоносов 24 April 1876 – 19 November 1952) was a Russian railway engineer and a leading figure in the development of Russian Railways in the early 20th century. He was best known for design and construction of the world's first operationally successful mainline diesel locomotive, the E el-2. This was completed in 1924 and went into service in 1925. In the late 1920s, Lomonosov immigrated to Europe and later became a British citizen.
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Auguste Comte Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (] ; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
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Rayonism Rayonism (or Rayism or Rayonnism) is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911.
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Western philosophy Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with Hellenic (i.e. Greek) philosophy of the Pre-Socratics such as Thales (c. 624 – c. 546 BC) and Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC), and eventually covering a large area of the globe. The word "philosophy" itself originated from the Hellenic: "philosophia" (φιλοσοφία), literally, "the love of wisdom" (φιλεῖν "philein", "to love" and σοφία "sophia", "wisdom").
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Pierre Hadot Pierre Hadot (] ; February 21, 1922 – April 24, 2010) was a French philosopher and historian of philosophy specializing in ancient philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism.
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State Darwin Museum The State Darwin Museum (Russian: Государственный Дарвиновский музей ) is a natural history museum in Moscow. The museum was founded in 1907 by Alexander Kohts (1880-1964) and was the world's first museum of evolution explaining the work of Charles Darwin as a causal explanation of nature. The museum taxidermist was then Filipp Fedulov.
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Dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism (sometimes abbreviated diamat) is a philosophy of science and nature, based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and developed in Europe.
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Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur Schopenhauer ( ; ] ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work "The World as Will and Representation" (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Proceeding from the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism, rejecting the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies of German idealism. Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Eastern philosophy (e.g., asceticism, the world-as-appearance), having initially arrived at similar conclusions as the result of his own philosophical work.
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Plato Plato ( ; Greek: Πλάτων "Plátōn", ] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition. Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years. Others believe that the oldest extant manuscript dates to around AD 895, 1100 years after Plato's death. This makes it difficult to know exactly what Plato wrote.
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Summum Summum is a religion and philosophy that began in 1975 as a result of American citizen Claude "Corky" Nowell's claimed encounter with beings he described as "Summa Individuals". According to Nowell, these beings presented him with concepts regarding the nature of creation, concepts that have always existed and are continually re-introduced to humankind by advanced beings who work along the pathways of creation. As a result of his experience, Nowell founded Summum in order to share the "gift" he received with others.
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Boris Piotrovsky Boris Borisovich Piotrovsky (Russian: Бори́с Бори́сович Пиотро́вский ; also written Piotrovskii; February 14 [O.S. February 1] 1908 – October 15, 1990) was a Soviet Russian academician, historian-orientalist and archaeologist who studied the ancient civilizations of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia. He is best known as a key figure in the study of the Urartian civilization of the southern Caucasus. From 1964 until his death, Piotrovsky was also Director of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.
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Zrelishcha ZRELISHCHA ("ЗРЕЛИЩА") was a Russian language Soviet illustrated weekly theatre journal. Published in Moscow from May to August 1922 under the name "Hermitage" (Russian: "Эрмитаж") (15 editions); from August 1922 to June 1924 (89 editions) as "Zrelishcha". The journal published a chronicle of cultural events in Moscow with a focus on theatre, dance, opera, circus and music-hall. The journal regularly featured critical reviews, correspondence and discussion on avant-garde cultural activities in the Soviet Union and abroad. Edited by  theatre critic Lev Kolpakchi, the journal was associated with the work of V. Ardov, B. Bebutov, O. Brik, P. Markov, V. Meyerhold, S. Yutkevich, A. , B. , S, Tretyakov, and others. Many writers of the journal published under pseudonyms. The journal editors expressed affiliation to the Left Front of the Arts (Russian:"Левый фронт искусств") and the journal served as forum for the discussion and critique of Constructivist theatre, Formalism and the methods of dialectical materialism. The journal's position in regards to revolutionary cultural production, as set out in one of the first issues, was the "study the material characteristics and methods for its organization, the creation of a science of art, the transformation of art into a scientifically-organized mode of production."
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Mikhail Artsybashev Mikhail Petrovich Artsybashev (Russian: Михаи́л Петро́вич Арцыба́шев , Polish: "Michał Arcybaszew" ) (November 5, 1878 – March 3, 1927) was a Russian writer and playwright, and a major proponent of the literary style known as naturalism. He was the great grandson of Tadeusz Kościuszko and the father of Boris Artzybasheff, who emigrated to the United States and became famous as an illustrator. Following the Russian Revolution, in 1923 Artsybashev emigrated to Poland where he died in 1927.
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Universal Flowering Universal Flowering ("Mirovoi rastsvet") is the name given by Pavel Filonov to his system of analytical art. The system arose from cubo-futurist experiments and works that he undertook from 1913-1915. It is characterized by very dense, minutely facetted, and relatively flat surfaces created by working from the particular to the general, using the smallest of brushes and the sharpest of pencils. The images have both Cubism's multiple vantage points and Futurism's representation of a figure over time. A number of the paintings, while having a given orientation, are painted as though they could be oriented in a variety of ways. Filonov's philosophy was originally formalized in written form in 1915, which was revised and published as "The Declaration of Universal Flowering" in 1923 when Filonov was a professor at the (then) Petrograd Academy of Arts. Filonov's main theoretical work "The Ideology of Analytical Art" ("Ideologia analiticheskogo iskusstva") was published in 1930.