Elymus and Macropidia, are which type of mutual multicellular organisms?
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Elymus (plant) Elymus is a genus of perennial plants with approximately 150 species in the grass family, related to rye, wheat, and other widely grown cereal grains.
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Macropidia Macropidia fuliginosa, the sole species of genus Macropidia, is a perennial rhizomatous flowering plant. Commonly known as the black kangaroo paw, it is endemic to Southwest Australia, specifically from Perth to Geraldton in the north of the region.
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Ocelloid An ocelloid is a subcellular structure found in the family "Warnowiaceae" (warnowiids), which are a members of a group of unicellular organisms known as dinoflagellates. The ocelloid is analogous in structure and function to the eyes of multicellular organisms, which focus, process and detect light. The ocelloid is much more complex than the eyespot, a light-sensitive structure also found in unicellular organisms, and is in fact one of the most complex known subcellular structures. It has been described as a striking example of convergent evolution.
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Oophila Oophila amblystomatis, commonly known as chlamydomonad algae or salamander algae, is a species of single-celled green algae. The Latin specific name means "loves salamander eggs". It does not occur anywhere in nature other than in the eggs of the spotted salamander, "Ambystoma maculatum". The alga can invade and grow in the amphibian's egg capsule. Once inside, it metabolizes the carbon dioxide produced by the embryo and provides it with oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. This is an example of symbiosis.
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Microfauna Microfauna (Ancient Greek "mikros" "small" + New Latin "fauna" "animal") refers to microscopic organisms that exhibit animal-like qualities. Microfauna are represented in the animal kingdom (e.g., nematodes, small arthropods) and the protist kingdom (i.e., protozoans). This is in contrast to microflora which, together with microfauna, make up the microzoa.
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Burkholderia phymatum Burkholderia phymatum is a species of proteobacteria that is capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with the legume "Machaerium lunatum" and "Mimosa pudica". Recently, the genome (8.67 Mbp long) was sequenced, it consist of two chromosomes (3.49 and 2.7 Mbp), a megaplasmid (1.9 Mbp) and a plasmid hosting the symbiotic functions 0.56 Mbp).
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Labyrinthula The genera "Labyrinthula" is part of the group Labyrinthulomycetes and contains thirteen species. The major feature of this genera is the formation of an endoplasmic net secreted by specialized organelles called bothrosomes which surrounds the colony, which is also used by "Labyrinthula" for moving. The protist reproduces by zoosporulation as it sets some flagellated spores free from a sporangium. Zoospores prove the belonging of "Labyrinthula" in the Heterokont phylum due to the distinct flagellar morphology, in which the anterior one is covered in mastigonemes.
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Macropelopia Macropelopia is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).
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Multifurca Multifurca is a rare genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the family Russulaceae. It was described in 2008, after molecular phylogenetic study had shown that it forms a monophyletic lineage within the family, sister to "Lactarius". The genus contains six species known from the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, India, China, Thailand, Australia, and New Caledonia, but so far has not been reported from Europe, Africa, or South America. Four of those species were formerly classified as "Russula" section "Ochricompactae", and "Multifurca furcata" was originally described as a "Lactarius" species.
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Midichloria Midichloria is a genus of Gram-negative, non spore-forming bacteria, with bacillus shape around 0.45 µm in diameter and 1.2 µm in length. First described in 2004 with the temporary name IricES1, "Midichloria" species are symbionts of the hard tick "Ixodes ricinus". They live in the cells of the ovary of the females of this tick species. These bacteria have been observed in the mitochondria of the host cells, a trait that has never been described in any other symbiont of animals. "Midichloria" bacteria seem to consume the mitochondria they parasitize, possibly using them as a source of energy and/or molecules to multiply. The interaction of these symbionts with their host is currently unknown, though the 100% prevalence in the females of the host tick seems to suggest a mutualistic association.
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Termitomyces Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae. There are about 30 species in the genus. They are the food source for a subfamily of termites, the Macrotermitinae, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus similar to that between "Atta" ants and "Attamyces" mushrooms. Despite this relationship, spore transfer is still accomplished mainly by shedding from mushrooms, which protrude from the termite mounds.
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Macrocarpaea The genus Macrocarpaea, with 105 species and two hybrids of 0.5 m herbs, shrubs, epiphytes and small trees to 10 m tall, is the largest genus of the tribe Helieae of the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Species of "Macrocarpaea" have diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, visited during the day by hummingbirds, insects and butterflies, and at night by bats, moths and many different kinds of insects. The common name for the genus is 'Moon-gentian'. No species are known in cultivation.
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Stygobromus Stygobromus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans that live in subterranean habitats. As well as a large number of species in North America, a smaller number of species are also known from Eurasia. Most of the North American species live in areas which were not covered by the Laurentide ice sheet, although a few species seem to have survived under the ice. A number of species are on the IUCN Red List as endangered species (EN) or vulnerable species (VU); all the listed species are endemic to the United States. One species, "S. lucifugus", is extinct. "Stygobromus" includes the following species:
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Parasitism In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally "parasite" (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
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Planktothrix Planktothrix is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria (often called blue-green algae). "P. agardhii" is regarded as a type species of the genus. Like all the Oscillatoriales, "Planktothrix" species have no heterocyst and no akinetes, but are unique because they are planktonic, solitary trichome and have gas vacuoles. Before the work of Suda et al., some species of the taxon were grouped within the genus "Oscillatoria". A tremendous body of work on "Planktothrix" ecology and physiology has been done by Anthony E. Walsby, and the 55.6 kb microcystin synthetase gene have been sequenced.
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Dinoflagellate The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος "dinos" "whirling" and Latin "flagellum" "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in freshwater habitats, as well. Their populations are distributed depending on temperature, salinity, or depth. Many dinoflagellates are known to be photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy). In terms of number of species, dinoflagellates form one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes, although this group is substantially smaller than the diatoms. Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs. Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa, and a few forms are parasitic (see for example "Oodinium", "Pfiesteria"). Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages, called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts, as part of their lifecycles.
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Gyroflexus Gyroflexus is a monotypic genus with a yellowish-ivory colored omphalinoid agaric in the Hymenochaetales that grows on living "Sphagnum" Phylogenetically related agarics are in the genera "Rickenella", "Blasiphalia", "Loreleia", "Cantharellopsis" and "Contumyces", as well as the stipitate-stereoid genera "Muscinupta" and "Cotylidia" and clavaroid genus, "Alloclavaria". "Gyroflexus brevibasidiatus", the type, amongst the vaguely omphalinoid genera is distinguished by its small, mammiform pileus, growth on "Sphagnum", and lack of cystidia.
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Macromia viridescens Macromia viridescens is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae,
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Stichosome Stichosome (from Greek "stichos (στίχος)" = row; "soma (σῶµα)" = body) is a multicellular organ that is very prominent in some stages of nematodes and consists of a longitudinal series of glandular unicellular cells (stichocytes) arranged in a row along the oesophagus that form the posterior esophageal glands. It opens into the esophageal lumen and apparently functions as a secretory gland and storage organ.
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Macromphalina Macromphalina is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Vanikoridae.
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Leymus multicaulis Leymus multicaulis, also known as manystem wild rye or manystem lyme grass, is a species of the "Leymus" genus. The species name of manystem wild rye, "multicaulis", suggests the “many stems” of the species. "Leymus multicaulis" is considered a type of grass. Manystem wild rye has only one cotyledon in each of its seeds. The xylem and phloem within the roots are arranged in a ring pattern. The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. These traits make "Leymus multicaulis" a monocot. "Leymus multicaulis" is a flowering plant, or angiosperm.
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Macrophya Macrophya is a genus of sawfly (order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae).