Are both Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī and Avicenna considered scientists?
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Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan (1267– 12 January 1319, long assumed to be 1320)) (Persian: كمال‌الدين فارسی‎ ‎ ) was a prominent Persian Muslim scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on optics, the other on number theory. Farisi was a pupil of the great astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi.
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Avicenna Avicenna or Ibn Sīnā (Persian: ‎ ‎ ;  – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.
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History of animal testing The "history of animal" testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first to perform experiments on animals. Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "Father of Vivisection." Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.
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Ahmad ibn Yusuf Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-Siddiq Al-Baghdadi (835–912), known in the West by his Latinized name Hametus, was an Arab mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim (Arabic: يوسف بن ابراهيم الصدَيق البغدادي‎ ‎ ).
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Tarikh Khamis Tarikh al-khamis fi ahwal anfas nafis or Tarikh Khamis or Tarikh al-Khamis is a history collection about the history of Islam authored by Sunni Islamic Scholar Husayn ibn Muhammad Diyarbakri, (who died in either 1559 CE (966 AH) or 1574 CE (982 AH)), and published in Cairo in 1884 CE (1302 AH) and reprinted in Beirut in 1390 AH
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Bardaisan Bardaisan (Syriac: ܒܪ ܕܝܨܢ‎ , "Bardaiṣān"), also known in Arabic as ابن ديصان (Ibn Daisan), also Latinized as Bardesanes, was a Syriac or Parthian gnostic and founder of the Bardaisanites. A scientist, scholar, astrologer, philosopher and poet, Bardaisan was also renowned for his knowledge of India, on which he wrote a book, now lost.
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Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath (Arabic: أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن أبي الأشعث‎ ‎ ; d. 975 CE) was a Persian physician of medieval Islam. He wrote a large number of commentaries on Galen's works.
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Ibn Kathir Ismail ibn Kathir (Arabic: ابن كثير‎ ‎ , born c. 1300, died 1373) was a highly influential Sunni scholar of the Shafi'i school during the Mamluk rule of Syria, an expert on tafsir (Quranic exegesis) and faqīh (jurisprudence) as well as a historian. Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani said about him, “Ibn Kathir worked on the subject of the Hadith in the texts (متون) and chains of narrators (رجال). He had a good memory, his books became popular during his lifetime, and people benefited from them after his death.”
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Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 'Izz al-Din 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn 'Abd al-Salam ibn Abi 'l-Qasim ibn al-Hasan al-Dimashqi, Sultan al-'Ulama, Abu Muhammad al-Sulami, was a famous mujtahid, theologian, jurist and the leading Shafi'i authority of his generation.
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Al-Udri Al-Udri or Al-Udhri (in full "Abu al-abbas Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Anas ibn Dilhat ibn Abu al-Jiyar Anas ibn Faladan ibn Imran ibn Munayb ibn Zugayba ibn Qutba al-Udri", Arabic: أحمد بن عمر بن انس بن دلهاث بن انس بن فلذان بن عمر بن منيب العذري‎ ‎ , 1003–1085), was a Muwallad geographer and historian of Al-Andalus.
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Kamaloddin Jenab Kamaloddin Jenab (كمال الدین جناب) was an Iranian pioneer physicist. He is often credited for founding academic experimental science in Iranian universities.
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Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar Jalal al-Din Mirza (Persian: جلال الدین میرزا‎ ‎ ; 1827-1872) was an Iranian historian and freethinker, born in Tehran.
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Floating man Floating man, flying man or man suspended in air is a thought experiment by Avicenna (Ibn Sina, d. 1037) to argue for the existence of the soul. The argument is used to argue for the knowledge by presence.
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Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji (Persian: زین الدین عمر ساوجی‎ ‎ ) was a Persian philosopher and logician.
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Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh Abū Yaʻqūb Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mukhallad al-Ḥanzalī (Arabic: أبو يعقوب إسحاق بن إبراهيم بن مخْلد الحنظلي‎ ‎ ), commonly known as Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh (Arabic: إسحاق بن راهويه‎ ‎ ; 161 AH – 238 AH), was the muhaddith, faqih and the imam of Khurasan of his time. He was given the title of "the leader of the believers in the field of hadith" (amir al-muʼminīn fī al-ḥadīth) for his major contributions to the science of hadith. It is said that Ibn Rahwayh memorized more than one hundred thousand hadiths.
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Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri (Persian: حکیم ایرانشهری‎ ‎ ) was a 9th-century Persian philosopher, mathematician, natural scientist, historian of religion, astronomer and author. According to traditional sources, he is the first figure in the wider Muslim world to be associated with philosophy after the advent of Islam.
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Said al-Andalusi Ṣāʿid al‐Andalusī (1029–1070) was an Andalusi Muslim Qadi. He was born at Almería and died at Toledo. Said Al-Andalusi was a historian, philosopher of science and thought, and mathematical scientist with a special interest in astronomy. As an acclaimed Qadi in the functionary court at Toledo, he assembled a well-educated group of young, precision instrument makers, astronomers and scientists, the most renowned of whom was Al-Zarqali. He was the author of the treatise "Rectification of Planetary Motions and Exposition of Observers' Errors" and contributed to the Tables of Toledo.
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Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي, Turkish: "Takiyüddin" or "Taki") (1526–1585) was a Ottoman era polymath active in Istanbul. He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics and natural philosophy.
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Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari Al-Ḥasan ibn ʻAlī al-Barbahārī was a Muslim theologian from Iraq. He was a scholar and jurist who played an important role in the Sunni struggle against the Shia missionaries and successfully opposed the progress of Mu'tazilism in the Abbasid Caliphate during the 10th-11th (4th-5th AH) centuries. His books are peppered with stinging remarks that place the Shias, Qadaris, Mu'tazilis and Ash'aris in an extremely negative light. He was responsible for a number of invasive pogroms and instances of sectarian violence in 10th-century Baghdad. Princeton University scholar of Islamic history Michael Cook has described al-Barbahari as a manifest demagogue.
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Al-Muqaddasi Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn al-Muqaddasī (Arabic: محمد بن أحمد شمس الدين المقدسي‎ ‎ ), also transliterated as el-Mukaddasi or al-Maqdisī , (c. 945/946 - 991) was a medieval Arab geographer, author of "Aḥsan al-taqāsim fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm" ("The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions").
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Ali Qushji Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, "kuşçu" – falconer in Turkish; Latin: "Ali Kushgii") was an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472. As a disciple of Ulugh Beg, he is best known for the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his treatise, "Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy". In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and to the founding of Sahn-ı Seman Medrese, one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.
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Ibn Wahshiyya Ibn Wahshiyyah the Nabataean (Arabic: ابن وحشية النبطي‎ ‎ ), also known as ʾAbū Bakr ʾAḥmad bin ʿAlī (Arabic: أبو بكر أحمد بن علي‎ ‎ ) (fl. 9th/10th centuries) was an Iraqi alchemist, agriculturalist, farm toxicologist, Egyptologist, and historian born at Qusayn near Kufa in Iraq. He was one of the first historians to be able to at least partly decipher what was written in the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, by relating them to the contemporary Coptic language.