In which year did first woman hired by the agency that operates the "Master Clock" become an American Astronomical Society member?
2b82b383c78625fafff210b11b83671f
Isabel Martin Lewis Isabel Martin Lewis (July 11, 1881 – July 31, 1966) was an American astronomer who was the first woman hired by the United States Naval Observatory as assistant astronomer. In 1918, Lewis was elected a member of the American Astronomical Society. She was also a member of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
6065e4c8a150aef89e0690d712545246
United States Naval Observatory The United States Naval Observatory (USNO) is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, with a primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) for the United States Navy and the United States Department of Defense. Located in Northwest Washington, D.C. at the Northwestern end of Embassy Row, it is one of the pre-1900 astronomical observatories located in an urban area; at the time of its construction, it was far from the light pollution thrown off by the (then-smaller) city center. The USNO operates the "Master Clock", which provides precise time to the GPS satellite constellation run by the United States Air Force. The USNO performs radio VLBI-based positions of quasars with numerous global collaborators, in order to produce Earth Orientation parameters.
32b8f570b81d579b2358902a1127b8a5
Meg Urry Claudia Megan "Meg" Urry is an American astrophysicist, who was from 2015–2016 the President of the American Astronomical Society, formerly on the Hubble space telescope faculty and was chair of the Department of Physics at Yale University 2007–2013. She is notable not only for her contributions to astronomy and astrophysics, including work on black holes and multiwavelength surveys, but also for her work addressing sexism and gender equity in astronomy, and science and academia more generally.
c8650d4a08d096736e84a3d8120ad8cb
Gold Star Wives of America The Gold Star Wives of America is a private nonprofit organization formed before the end of World War II to provide support for the spouses and children of those who lost their lives while serving in the Armed Forces of the United States. The first meeting was on April 5, 1945, when four young widows met in Marie Jordan's apartment on West 20th Street in New York City. One week later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died. Shortly thereafter, Eleanor Roosevelt, the widow of the Commander-in-Chief, joined the organization. Mrs. Roosevelt was most helpful in the early days of the organization. She attended meetings, wrote about the organization in her "My Day" column, entertained children of Gold Star Wives at a picnic at her home in Hyde Park, New York, served on the first board of directors, and was one of the original 15 signers when the organization was chartered as a non-profit organization in the State of New York in December 1945. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code under Public Law 96-497.
15708e7189849510a16df98bbc4d7fc1
Margaret Ingels Margaret Ingels (October 25, 1892 – December 13, 1971) was an American engineer. She is known as the first female engineering graduate from the University of Kentucky, receiving her Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1916. She was also the second woman engineering graduate in the United States and the first woman to receive a professional degree of Mechanical Engineer. Her work on air conditioning included "developing the “effective temperature” scale to incorporate humidity and air movement in the equation for human comfort."
9d863fcfd11dabebe5b272049f9ff4b8
Mary Somerville Mary Fairfax Somerville (26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish science writer and polymath. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and was nominated to be jointly the first female member of the Royal Astronomical Society at the same time as Caroline Herschel.
fb550a3568ccfb263926c797faad5376
Clockkeeper A clockkeeper, sometimes seen as clock keeper, refers to a form of employment seen prevalently during Middle Age Europe involving the tracking of time and the maintaining of clocks and other timekeeping devices. However, the practice and its appearance throughout history fluctuated in centuries following the Middle Ages, and the necessity of an attendant to clockkeep remained long after the invention of the mechanical clock.
dd3f3699f16cdb03dde346e3cbf40bbb
Anne Royall Anne Royall (June 11, 1769 – October 1, 1854) was a travel writer, newspaper editor, and, by some accounts, the first professional woman journalist in the United States.
d7663cd5a0050c47bdaea31150b0e7a2
Vibert Douglas Allie Vibert Douglas, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (December 15, 1894 – 2 July 1988), who usually went by her middle name, was a Canadian astronomer and the first Canadian woman to become an astrophysicist.
bb0a07bb48a67d50d890e0d7bb27cb37
Equation clock An equation clock is a mechanical clock which includes a mechanism that simulates the equation of time, so that the user can read or calculate solar time, as would be shown by a sundial. The first accurate clocks, controlled by pendulums, were patented by Christiaan Huyghens in 1657. For the next few decades, people were still accustomed to using sundials, and wanted to be able to use clocks to find solar time. Equation clocks were invented to fill this need.
954961bf07f5e10beb22efb154c89a4f
Linda Goodman Mary Alice Kemery popularly known as Linda Goodman (April 9, 1925 – October 21, 1995) was a "New York Times" bestselling American astrologer and poet. She is notable as the author of the first astrology book to make "The New York Times" Best Seller list.
ea548ce5069b743b10a9982a976ddd72
Mary Kay Henry Mary Kay Henry (born 1958) is an American labor union activist who was elected International President of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) on May 8, 2010. She is the first woman to lead the union. While serving with the union in California, she helped pioneer SEIU's use of card check agreements, non-traditional collective bargaining agreements, comprehensive campaigns, and system-wide health care organizing strategies.
3d20b02bc64a3a93efc54fa99a745ef6
York Minster astronomical clock The York Minster astronomical clock was installed in the North Transept of York Minster in 1955. It was first conceived in 1944 and designed by R d'E Atkinson, chief assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. The clock is a memorial to the airmen operating from bases in Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland who were killed in action during World War II.
05e78cebe15d6a98bee3fbd31dfc799d
Anne Walker (astronomer) Anne Walker was a British astronomer and one of the first women employed in paid routine work in astronomy in her country. She was one of a number of women computers employed at Cambridge Observatory between 1876 and 1904. Unlike most of these women, Walker remained at the observatory for a significant period of time.
55ad6c694c3972b44c0f7497e8131b00
Kitty Joyner Kitty O'Brien Joyner (July 11, 1916 – August 16, 1993) was an American electrical engineer with National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and then with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) upon its replacement of NACA in 1958. She was hired in 1939 as the organization's first woman engineer, shortly after she had completed her degree as the first woman to graduate from the University of Virginia's engineering program.
9de358ef66c8f1abcab52e9676d42f30
Star clock A star clock (or nocturnal) is a method of using the stars to determine the time. This is accomplished by measuring the Big Dipper's position in the sky based on a standard clock, and then employing simple addition and subtraction. This method requires no tools; others use an astrolabe and a planisphere.
8a2d15c4823ef8fb2fd955ef12d4defc
Louise Blanchard Bethune Louise Blanchard Bethune (July 21, 1856 – December 18, 1915) was the first American woman known to have worked as a professional architect. She was born in Waterloo, New York. Blanchard worked primarily in Buffalo, New York and partnered with her husband at Bethune, Bethune & Fuchs.
89c383bfdd2181aee3c520ba5576a0a6
Evelyn Beatrice Longman Evelyn Beatrice Longman (November 21, 1874 – March 10, 1954) was the first woman sculptor to be elected a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1919. Her allegorical figure works were commissioned as monuments and memorials, adornment for public buildings, and attractions at art expositions in early 20th-century America.
b0dfc8062723b1b854fb08fe10f7ae20
Annie Oakley Annie Oakley (born Phoebe Ann Mosey; August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926) was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Her "amazing talent" first came to light when she was 15 years old, when she won a shooting match with traveling-show marksman Frank E. Butler, whom she eventually married. The couple joined "Buffalo Bill's Wild West" show a few years later. Oakley became a renowned international star, performing before royalty and heads of state.
eb2cd1ffe34443b02c3cfcb960b8382e
Virginia Penny Virginia Penny (January 18, 1826 – April 4, 1913) was a social reformer and an economist, being the first to study women's labor markets both in the U.S. and in Europe. Her books were an important resource for the members of the newly formed American Social Science Association. She also served as an early leader of the American women's suffrage movement before coming more involved in labor union organization and running her own employment agency for women.
04fd7011afa5e47c0cd0f2a83518470a
Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Christopher Columbus "Chris" Kraft Jr. (born February 28, 1924) is an American aerospace engineer and retired NASA engineer and manager who was instrumental in establishing the agency's Mission Control operation. Following his graduation from Virginia Tech in 1944, Kraft was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor organization to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He worked for over a decade in aeronautical research before being asked in 1958 to join the Space Task Group, a small team entrusted with the responsibility of putting America's first man in space. Assigned to the flight operations division, Kraft became NASA's first flight director. He was on duty during such historic missions as America's first manned spaceflight, first manned orbital flight, and first spacewalk.
859adc4cf372876d5f6e847a63892403
Elsie Eaves Elsie Eaves (May 5, 1898 – March 27, 1983) was the first female associate member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and a founding member of the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering).