What American biochemist, born February 1869 was first responsible for reporting Protein phosphorylation?
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Protein phosphorylation Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.
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Phoebus Levene Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. (25 February 1869 – 6 September 1940) was an American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
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Harvey Cushing Harvey Williams Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939) was an American neurosurgeon. A pioneer of brain surgery, he was the first person to describe Cushing's disease. Together with Ernest Sachs, he is known as the "father of neurosurgery."
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Phosphoamino acid analysis Phosphoamino acid analysis, or PAA, is an experimental technique used in molecular biology to determine which amino acid or acids are phosphorylated in a protein.
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Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist born in Burlingame, Kansas. Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones," especially epinephrine, via second messengers, namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cyclic AMP. Sutherland died on March 9, 1974 in Miami, Florida, at the age of 58.
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Homer Smith Dr Homer William Smith (January 2, 1895 – March 25, 1962) was an American physiologist and an advocate for science, who spent most of his career at New York University School of Medicine. His research work focused on the kidney and he discovered inulin at the same time as A.N. Richards. Dr. Smith authored several books including "From Fish to Philosopher", "Man and His Gods", and "The Kidney: Structure and function in health and disease’'.
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William Andrew Paton William Andrew Paton (July 19, 1889 - April 26, 1991) was an American accountancy scholar, known as founder of the American Accounting Association in 1916, and was founder and first editor of its flagship journal "The Accounting Review".
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Jeffries Wyman (biologist) Jeffries Wyman (June 21, 1901 – November 4, 1995) was an American molecular biologist and biophysicist notable for his research of proteins, amino acids, and on the physical chemistry of hemoglobin.
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Wendell Meredith Stanley Wendell Meredith Stanley (16 August 1904 – 15 June 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate.
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Ralph F. Hirschmann Ralph Franz Hirschmann (May 6, 1922 – June 20, 2009) was a German American biochemist who led a team that was responsible for the first organic synthesis of an enzyme, a ribonuclease.
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Roger J. Williams Roger John Williams (August 14, 1893 – February 20, 1988), was an American biochemist who spent his academic career at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known for isolating and naming folic acid and for his roles in discovering pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, lipoic acid, and avidin. He served as the founding director of the Clayton Foundation Biochemical Institute from 1941 to 1963, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1946, and served as the president of the American Chemical Society in 1957. In his later career he spent time writing for a popular audience on the importance of nutrition. His brother Robert R. Williams was also a distinguished chemist and is known for discovery of thiamine (vitamin B1). Roger Williams is credited for emphasizing the "Biochemical Individuality" of each person with respect to their metabolic makeup and micronutrient needs. It is also the title of one of his well known books that emphasizes the uniqueness of nutritional requirements from person to person based on their genetic makeup, lifestyle, medical history, diet, etc.
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S. P. L. Sørensen Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen (9 January 1868 – 12 February 1939) was a Danish chemist, famous for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. He was born in Havrebjerg, Denmark.
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George Frederick Barker George Frederick Barker (1835–1910) was an American physician and scientist. He graduated at the Yale Scientific School in 1858. He was successively chemical assistant in Harvard Medical School in 1858–1859 and 1860–1861, professor of chemistry and geology in Wheaton (Ill.) College. In 1864 he became the Professor of Natural Science at the Western University of Pennsylvania, now known as the University of Pittsburgh, where he undertook experiments to produce electric light by passing the current through a resisting filament which he claimed was "the first steady electric light generated in Pittsburgh, if not in the country". He subsequently went to Yale as a professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology, and later was a professor of physics at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1879–1900, when he became emeritus professor. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879; president of the American Chemical Society; vice-president of the American Philosophical Society for 10 years; a member of the United States Electrical Commission; and for several years an associate editor of the "American Journal of Science". He lectured in many cities and wrote a "Text-Book of Elementary Chemistry" (1870); a "Physics" (1892); etc.
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Daniel Laing, Jr. Daniel Laing, Jr. (died 1869) was one of the first African-American physicians in the United States.
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Bruce Ames Bruce Nathan Ames (born December 16, 1928) is an American biochemist. He is a professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and a senior scientist at Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI). He is the inventor of the Ames test, a system for easily and cheaply testing the mutagenicity of compounds.
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William S. Tillett William Smith Tillett (July 10, 1892 in Charlotte, North Carolina – April 4, 1974) was an American internist and microbiologist. He is best known for the discovery of C-reactive protein and the streptokinase.
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Arthur White Greeley Arthur White Greeley (1875 – March 15, 1904) was an American physiologist and ichthyologist. Greeley was born in Oswego, New York, the eldest of two sons of Frank Norton Greeley, a Congregational clergyman, and Anna Cheney (Buckhout) Greeley. His brother William would go on to become chief forester of the U.S. Forest Service. He graduated from Stanford University in 1898, and spent one year as a graduate student in zoology, during which he went to Alaska with the fur-seal expedition and to Brazil with the Banner-Agassiz expedition, where he made most of the biological collections. The following year he was an instructor at San Diego Normal School (now San Diego State University), leaving there to enter the University of Chicago as fellow in physiology. Two years later he took his doctorate of philosophy under Jacques Loeb with a thesis on the action of low temperatures on micro-organisms, and was then appointed Assistant Professor of Zoology at the Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. For three summers he was a member of the staff of instruction in physiology at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood's Hole, Massachusetts. He died in St. Louis, after an operation for appendicitis, on March 15, 1904, at the age of twenty-eight.
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Helen Dean King Helen Dean King (1869-1955) was an American biologist. Born at Owego, N. Y., she graduated from Vassar College in 1892 and in 1899 received her doctorate in philosophy from Bryn Mawr College, where she was fellow and student assistant in biology from 1897 to 1904. She taught physiology at Miss Baldwin's School, Bryn Mawr, from 1899 to 1907, was research fellow at the University of Pennsylvania in 1906-08, and served as assistant in anatomy in 1908-09 and as an associate after 1909 at the Wistar Institute. She was also an assistant at Woods Hole, Mass. Her investigations dealt largely with problems of sex determination.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.
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William E. Castle William Ernest Castle (October 25, 1867 – June 3, 1962) was an early American geneticist.
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C. C. Little Clarence Cook "C.C." Little (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an American genetics, cancer, and tobacco researcher and academic administrator.
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M. Laurance Morse Melvin Laurance ("Larry") Morse (February 23, 1921 – November 7, 2003) was an American microbiologist. He is notable for his experiments (with Esther Lederberg and Joshua Lederberg) in specialized transduction.