Ahmad Niyaltigin was the treasurer of a sultan who rose to power by seizing what from his younger twin?
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Ahmad Niyaltigin Ahmad Niyaltigin (Persian: ‎ ‎ ) was a treasurer of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi and later of his son Sultan Mas'ud Ghaznavi. Sultan Masud appointed him governor of Punjab region in 1033. Ahmad Niyaltigin with small detachment of soldiers raided Varanasi, before withdrawing back to Punjab.
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Mas'ud I of Ghazni Mas'ud I of Ghazni (Persian: مسعود غزنوی‎ ‎ ), known as Amīr-i Shahīd (امیر شهید ; "the martyr king")(998 – 17 January 1040), was "sultan" of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1030 to 1040. He rose to power by seizing the Ghaznavid throne from his younger twin Mohammad, who had been nominated as the heir upon the death of their father Mahmud of Ghazni. His twin was shortly blinded and imprisoned. However, when much of Mas'ud's western domains had been wrested from his control, his troops rebelled against him and reinstated Mohammad to the throne.
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Nizam al-Mulk Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک‎ ‎ , "Order of the Realm" ) was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He held near absolute power for 20 years after the assassination of Alp Arslan in 1072. One of his most important legacies was founding madrasas in cities throughout the Seljuk Empire. These were called "nezamiyehs" after him. He wrote "Siyasatnama" (""Book of Government""), a political treatise that uses historical examples to discuss justice, effective rule, and the role of government in Islamic society.
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Murad II Murad II's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christian feudal lords of the Balkans and the Turkish beyliks in Anatolia, a conflict that lasted 25 years. He was brought up in Amasya, and ascended the throne on the death of his father Mehmed I. His mother was Valide Sultan Emine Hatun (daughter of Suleyman Bey, ruler of Dulkadirids), his father's third consort. Their marriage served as an alliance between the Ottomans and this buffer state, and produced a son, Mehmed II, who would go on to successfully conquer the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople, in 1453.
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Abd al-Hafid of Morocco Abdelhafid of Morocco or Mulai Abdelhafid (24 February 1875, in Fes – 4 April 1937, in Enghien-les-Bains) (Arabic: عبد الحفيظ‎ ‎ ) was the Sultan of Morocco from 1908 to 1912 and a member of the Alaouite Dynasty. His younger brother, Abdelaziz of Morocco, preceded him. While Mulai Abdelhafid initially opposed his brother for giving some concessions to foreign powers, he himself became increasingly backed by the French and finally signed the protectorate treaty giving de facto control of the country to France.
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Ebrahim Afshar Ibrahim Mirza or Ebrahim Shah Afshar (Persian: ابراهیم‌شاه‎ ‎ ) (died 1749) was the Shah of Persia during the Afsharid Empire from July to September 1748. He was Adil Shah's brother and Nader Shah's nephew. He toppled his brother in order to seize the power, and he blinded him on July 6, 1748. However, two months later his own troops rebelled against him. He was slain on 24 September, ending his short reign. Ebrahim was succeeded by Nader's grandson, Shahrokh Mirza, who was elected by the nobles to ascend to the throne.
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Gıyâseddîn Halil Bey Gıyâseddîn Halil Bey was the tenth Emir of Ramadan who ruled the Beylik of Adana (Turkish: "Ramazanoğulları, Ramazan, Ramazanoğulları Beyliği" ). The son of Dâvûd Bey, who was killed in Aleppo in 1480, Halil Bey focused his reign on maintaining peace between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire and creating an environment where Islamic scholarship and architecture flourished. He was noted for his generosity and was named "Gıyâseddîn" on honour of his love for his subjects. Halil Bey died in 1511 and was succeeded by his brother Mahmûd Bey.
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Sökmen II Nāṣir al-Dīn Sökmen II (died 1185) was the "Shāh-i Arman", the ruler of the Turcoman principality centred on Ahlat, from 1128 until his death. He married Shāhbānū, daughter of ′Izz al-Dīn Saltuq II, ruler of Erzerum. He and his wife both engaged in major building projects that brought the Shāh-i Armanid state to its zenith.
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Izz al-Din Husayn Izz al-Din Husayn (Persian: عز الدین حسین) was the king of the Ghurid dynasty. He succeeded his father Qutb al-din Hasan in 1100. When Husayn ascended the Ghurid throne, his kingdom was in chaos. However, he managed to restore peace, and strengthen his kingdom. During Husayn's late reign, the Seljuq sultan Ahmad Sanjar invaded his domains, defeated him, and captured him. However, Sanjar later released Husayn in return for sending tribute to him. After Husayn's death in 1146, he was succeeded by his son Sayf al-Din Suri. Husayn also had 6 other sons who later divided the Ghurid kingdom among themselves.
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Suleiman II Suleiman II (15 April 1642 – 22/23 June 1691) (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان ثانى "Süleymān-i sānī") was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691. After being brought to the throne by an armed mutiny, Suleiman and his grand vizier Fazıl Mustafa Pasha were successfully able to turn the tide of the War of the Holy League, reconquering Belgrade in 1690, as well as carrying out significant fiscal and military reforms.
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Anastasius II of Antioch Anastasius II of Antioch, also known as Anastasius the Younger, succeeded Anastasius of Antioch as Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, in 599. He is known for his opposition and suppression of simony in his diocese, with the support of Pope Gregory the Great. In 609 Anastasius is said to have been murdered during an uprising of Syrian Jews against Emperor Phocas, although some Monophysite locals or soldiers have also been suggested.
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Öljei Temür Khan Öljei Temür Khan, Bunyashir Khan (full name: Bunyashiri, died 1412) was the Mongol khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. He was a son of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and younger brother of Gün Temür Khan. He was one of the Borjigin princes, such as Tokhtamysh and Temur Qutlugh, backed by Tamerlane to seize the throne.
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'Izz al-Din ibn Rukn al-Din Mahmud 'Izz al-Din (died September 29, 1382) was the Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1352 until 1380. He was the son of Rukn al-Din Mahmud.
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Mansur Shihab Mansur Shihab was the Emir of Mount Lebanon between 1754 and 1770. He and his brother Ahmad took the reins of power from their ailing brother Mulhim Shihab and ruled jointly until Mansur became the sole emir after winning a power struggle with Ahmad in 1763. Mansur aligned himself with Zahir al-Umar and Ali Bey, the autonomous rulers of Palestine and Egypt, respectively, in their rebellion against the Ottomans. Mansur was subsequently forced by the Druze sheikhs of Mount Lebanon to step down in favor his nephew Yusuf Shihab after Zahir and Ali Bey were defeated in 1770.
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Haseki sultan Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خاصکى سلطان‎ , "Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān;" ] ) was the imperial title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman Sultan. Haseki sultan meant "chief consort" or "single favorite" of the sultan. In later years, the meaning of the title changed to "imperial consort". Hürrem Sultan, principal consort of Suleiman the Magnificent, was the first holder of this title.
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Muhammad II ibn Mahmud Muhammad II ibn Mahmud (1128–1159) was Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159. He was son of Mahmud II and brother of Malik-Shah III. "The Cambridge History of Iran" notes that Sultan Muhammad "tried energetically to restore the slipping authority of his dynasty in Iraq,"
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Abu Sa'id Uthman II Abu Sa'id Uthman II (Arabic: أبو سعيد عبد الله عثمان بن يوسف ابو يعقوب‎ ‎ ; Abū Sa'īd 'Abdullāh 'Uthmān ibn Yūsuf Abū Ya'qūb; ] ) (December 1276 - August 1331) was the 10th Marinid sultan of Morocco, reigning from 1310 to 1331. A younger son of Yūsuf Abū Ya'qūb, Abū Sa'īd 'Uthmān succeeded his nephew Abū al-Rabï' Sulaymān as Sultan of Morocco in November 1310, at the age of 33.
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Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (1541–1594) was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Mihrimah Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Rüstem Pasha (Grand Vizier 1544–53, 1555–61). She was, through her mother, a granddaughter of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his favorite consort and legal wife, Hürrem Sultan.
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Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك‎ ‎ "Salṭanat al-Mamālīk") was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkish" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.
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Al-Mu'tasim Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (Arabic: أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد‎ ‎ ; October 796 – 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (المعتصم بالله , "he who seeks refuge in God"), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 to his death in 842. A younger son of Harun al-Rashid, he rose to prominence through his formation of a private army composed predominantly of Turkish slave-soldiers ("ghilmān"). This proved useful to his half-brother, Caliph al-Ma'mun, who made use of al-Mu'tasim and his Turkish guard to counterbalance other powerful interest groups in the state, as well as employing them in campaigns against rebels and the Byzantine Empire. When al-Ma'mun died unexpectedly on campaign in August 833, al-Mu'tasim was thus well placed to succeed him, overriding the claims of his nephew, al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun.
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Ahmad Shirazi Khwaja Abu Nasr Ahmad (Persian: خواجه ابو نصر احمد‎ ‎ ), better known as Ahmad Shirazi (احمد شیرازی ), also known as Ahmad(-e) Abd al-Samad (احمد الکترونیکی عبد صمد ), was a Persian "vizier" of the Ghaznavid Sultan Mas'ud I and the latter's son Mawdud from 1032 to 1043. He was the son of the Samanid secretary Abu Tahir Shirazi, and had a son named Abd al-Hamid Shirazi, who would also later serve as "vizier".
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Orhan Orhan Gazi (Ottoman Turkish: اورخان غازی، اورخان بن عثمان بن ارطغرل‎ ; Turkish: "Orhan Gazi" ) (c.1281 – March 1362) was the second bey of the nascent Ottoman Sultanate (then known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate) from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman Gazi and Malhun Hatun. His grandfather was Ertuğrul.