Xokonoschtletl Gómora pushed for hte return of what artifact taken during hte Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs?
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Xokonoschtletl Gómora Xokonoschtletl Gómora (] ; 17 February 1951, Mexico City) is a Mexican dancer who performs to Pre-Hispanic traditional music, a writer, lecturer, and civic activist. He was commissioned by the United Nations for the Frente Mexicano Pro Derechos Humanos (English: Mexican Front for Human Rights) to promote the protection of Mexican cultural heritage. He is best known for leading the Asociación Civil Internacional Yankuik Anahuak (International Civil Association Yankuik Anahuak) and because for over thirty years he has pushed for the return of a quetzal feather headdress (Nahuatl: "quetzalpanecáyotl") known as Montezuma's headdress currently located in the Vienna Museum of Ethnology (German: "Museum für Völkerkunde").
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Montezuma's headdress Moctezuma's headdress is a featherwork crown (Nahuatl: "quetzalāpanecayōtl" ] ) which tradition holds belonged to Moctezuma II, the Aztec emperor at the time of the Spanish Conquest. However, its provenance is uncertain, and even its identity as a headdress has been questioned. It is made of quetzal and other feathers with sewn-on gold detailing. It is now in the Museum of Ethnology, Vienna, and is a source of dispute between Austria and Mexico, as no similar pieces remain in Mexico. Restoration efforts reignited this dispute in 2012.
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Tlacateccatl In the Aztec military, tlacateccatl (] ) was a title roughly equivalent to general. The tlacateccatl was in charge of the "tlacatecco", a military quarter in the center of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. In wartime he was second-in-command to the "tlatoani" ("ruler", "king") and the "tlacochcalcatl" ("high general"). The tlacateccatl was always a member of the military order of the "Cuachicqueh", "the shorn ones".
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Huehue Zaca Huehue Zaca or Çaca (] ), also Zacatzin ("Çacatzin", [saˈkatsiːn] ), was a 15th-century Aztec noble, prince and a warrior who served as "tlacateccatl" ("captain general") under the ruler Moctezuma I, his brother. The name of Zaca is probably derived from Nahuatl "zacatl", meaning "grass"; "-tzin" is an honorific or reverential suffix. "Huehue" is Nahuatl for "the elder", literally "old man".
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Aztec Aztec culture ( ), also known as Mexica culture, was a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521, during the time in which a triple alliance of the Mexica, Texcoca and Tepaneca tribes established the Aztec empire. The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. The Aztec have also referred to themselves as the Meshika or Mehika.
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Mexican Inquisition The Mexican Inquisition was an extension of the Spanish Inquisition to New Spain. The Spanish Conquest of Mexico was not only a political event for the Spanish, but a religious event as well. In the early 16th century, the Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the Inquisition were in full force in most of Europe. The Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon had just re-conquered the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula, the kingdom of Granada, giving them special status within the Roman Catholic realm, including great liberties in the conversion of the native peoples of Mesoamerica. When the Inquisition was brought to the New World, it was employed for many of the same reasons and against the same social groups as suffered in Europe itself, minus the Indians to a large extent. Almost all of the events associated with the official establishment of the Holy Office of the Inquisition occurred in Mexico City, where the Holy Office had its own “palace”, which is now the Museum of Medicine of UNAM on Republica de Brasil street. The official period of the Inquisition lasted from 1571 to 1820, with an unknown number of victims.
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Indian auxiliaries Indian auxiliaries or "indios auxiliares" is the term used in old Spanish chronicles and historical texts for the indigenous peoples who were integrated into the armies of the Spanish conquistadors with the purpose of supporting their advance and combat operations during the Conquest of America. They acted as guides, translators, or porters and in this role were also called "yanakuna", particularly within the old Inca Empire and Chile. The term was also used for formations composed of indigenous warriors or "Indios amigos" (friendly Indians), which they used for reconnaissance, combat, and as reserve in battle. The auxiliary Indians remained in use after the conquest, during some revolts, in border zones and permanent military areas, as in Chile in the Arauco War.
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Isabel Moctezuma Doña Isabel Moctezuma (born Tecuichpoch Ixcaxochitzin; 1509/1510 – 1550/1551) was a daughter of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II. She was the consort of the Aztec emperors Cuitláhuac and Cuauhtémoc and as such the last Aztec empress. After the Spanish conquest, Doña Isabel was recognized as Moctezuma's legitimate heir, and became one of the Mexican Indians granted an "encomienda." Among the others were her half-sister Marina (or Leonor) Moctezuma, and Juan Sánchez, an Indian governor in Oaxaca.
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Lake Texcoco Lake Texcoco (Spanish: "Lago de Texcoco" ) was a natural lake within the Anáhuac or Valley of Mexico. Lake Texcoco is best known as where the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan, which was located on an island within the lake. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, efforts to control flooding by the Spanish led to most of the lake being drained. The entire lake basin is now almost completely occupied by Mexico City, the capital of the present-day nation of Mexico.
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Gonzalo de Sandoval Gonzalo de Sandoval (1497, Medellín, Spain – late in 1528, Palos de la Frontera, Spain) was a Spanish conquistador in New Spain (Mexico) and briefly co-governor of the colony while Hernán Cortés was away from the capital (March 2, 1527 to August 22, 1527).
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Alcázar of Toledo The Alcázar of Toledo (Spanish: "Alcázar de Toledo" , ] ) is a stone fortification located in the highest part of Toledo, Spain. Once used as a Roman palace in the 3rd century, it was restored under Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) and his son Philip II of Spain in the 1540s. In 1521, Hernán Cortés was received by Charles I at the Alcázar, following Cortes' conquest of the Aztecs.
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Spanish conquest of Guatemala The Spanish conquest of Guatemala was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, in which Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the territory that became the modern country of Guatemala into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. Before the conquest, this territory contained a number of competing Mesoamerican kingdoms, the majority of which were Maya. Many conquistadors viewed the Maya as "infidels" who needed to be forcefully converted and pacified, disregarding the achievements of their civilization. The first contact between the Maya and European explorers came in the early 16th century when a Spanish ship sailing from Panama to Santo Domingo was wrecked on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1511. Several Spanish expeditions followed in 1517 and 1519, making landfall on various parts of the Yucatán coast. The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a prolonged affair; the Maya kingdoms resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries.
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Xochitecatl Xochitecatl ] is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located in the Mexican State of Tlaxcala, 18 km southwest of Tlaxcala city. The major architecture dates to the Middle Preclassic Period (1000–400 BC) but occupation continued, with one major interruption, until the Late Classic, when the site was abandoned, although there is evidence of ritual activity dating to the Postclassic and Colonial Periods. The ruins cover an area of 12 hectares on top of a volcanic dome.
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Huehueteotl Huehueteotl ; ] is an aged Mesoamerican deity figuring in the pantheons of pre-Columbian cultures, particularly in Aztec mythology and others of the Central Mexico region. The spellings Huehuetéotl and Ueueteotl are also used. Although known mostly in the cultures of that region, images and iconography depicting Huehueteotl have been found at other archaeological sites across Mesoamerica, such as in the Gulf region, western Mexico, Protoclassic-era sites in the Guatemalan highlands such as Kaminaljuyú and Late-Postclassic sites on the northern Yucatán Peninsula (Miller and Taube, 1993:189). The name Huehueteotl stems from Nahuatl "huēhueh" ] ("old") and "teōtl" ] ("god"). It seems to connect the Old God to certain Mayan deities called "Mam" ("Grandfather").
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Tlaltecuhtli Tlaltecuhtli ] is a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican deity, identified from sculpture and iconography dating to the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca. 1200–1519), primarily among the Mexica (Aztec) and other Nahuatl-speaking cultures. Tlaltecuhtli is also known from several post-conquest manuscripts that surveyed Mexica mythology and belief systems, such as the "Histoyre du méchique" compiled in the mid-16th century.
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Spanish conquest of the Maya The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, in which the Spanish "conquistadores" and their allies gradually incorporated the territory of the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Maya occupied a territory that is now incorporated into the modern countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador; the conquest began in the early 16th century and is generally considered to have ended in 1697.
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Matlalatzin Matlalatzin was a Queen of Tenochtitlan as a wife of the king Chimalpopoca, and was a princess by birth. She was a daughter of Quaquapitzahuac, king of Tlatelolco, and sister of the king Tlacateotl and queen Huacaltzintli. She bore seven children.
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Ancient Mexico Ancient Mexico was an exhibition by William Bullock of casts of Aztec artefacts and both copies and originals of Aztec codices, held in 1824 in the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London. Objects exhibited included the "calendar stone" (described as "Montezuma's watch"), the statue of Coatlicue (called "Teoyamiqui"), and the Stone of Tizoc.
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Spanish conquest of Yucatán The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish "conquistadores" against the Late Postclassic Maya states and polities in the Yucatán Peninsula, a vast limestone plain covering south-eastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and all of Belize. The Spanish conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula was hindered by its politically fragmented state. The Spanish engaged in a strategy of concentrating native populations in newly founded colonial towns. Native resistance to the new nucleated settlements took the form of the flight into inaccessible regions such as the forest or joining neighbouring Maya groups that had not yet submitted to the Spanish. Among the Maya, ambush was a favoured tactic. Spanish weaponry included broadswords, rapiers, lances, pikes, halberds, crossbows, matchlocks and light artillery. Maya warriors fought with flint-tipped spears, bows and arrows and stones, and wore padded cotton armour to protect themselves. The Spanish introduced a number of Old World diseases previously unknown in the Americas, initiating devastating plagues that swept through the native populations.
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Madrid Codex (Maya) The Madrid Codex (also known as the Tro-Cortesianus Codex or the Troano Codex) is one of three surviving pre-Columbian Maya books dating to the Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology ("circa" 900–1521 AD). The Madrid Codex is held by the Museo de América in Madrid and is considered to be the most important piece in its collection. However, the original is not on display due to its fragility; an accurate reproduction is displayed in its stead.
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Papantzin Papantzin was a Texcocoan princess, the granddaughter of Nezahualpilli, and the sister-in-law of Moctezuma II, whose policy was to marry his brothers and male relatives to the daughters of (potentially) rival kings, and thus secure his realm. In 1509, Papantzin fell seriously ill and became comatose. Believing her dead, the Texcocoans laid her in a tomb (unlike the Aztecs who burned their dead), but almost immediately, the mourners heard her cry out to be released. She related a vision, in which a luminous being with "crossed sticks" on his forehead led her to the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, where she saw several large "floating houses" (ships) approach from the horizon, having black crosses on their "wings" (sails) similar to that on her guide's forehead. The princess was informed that the men in the ships came from a distant land and would conquer the Aztecs and bring a knowledge of the One True God. When she related this vision to Moctezuma, he read the doom of his empire in it, and refused to ever speak to her again.
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Chichimecacihuatzin II Chichimecacihuatzin II ("Little/Revered Chichimec Woman",    ) was an Aztec princess of Tenochtitlan in Mexico.