Esther Norma Arrostito is a founder of a revolutionary movement who's name alludes to a group that fought in what war?
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Esther Norma Arrostito Esther Norma Arrostito (January 17, 1940 – January 15, 1978) was an Argentine political activist and leftist militant, initially close to communist ideology. In 1970, she became one of the founders of the peronist revolutionary movement Montoneros along with Fernando Abal Medina, who developed a romantic relationship with her. She played a key role in the kidnapping and killing of General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu.
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Montoneros Montoneros (Spanish: "Movimiento Peronista Montonero-MPM" ) was an Argentine leftist terrorist and urban guerrilla group, active during the 1960s and 1970s. The name is an allusion to the 19th century cavalry militias, called Montoneras, who fought for the Partido Federal during the Argentine Civil Wars.
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Requetés The Requetés (] , from the French "requêté", “hunting call”) were the Carlist militia during the Spanish Civil War. Wearing red berets, they mostly came from Navarre and were highly religious with many regarding the war as a Crusade. They were often accompanied by priests as field chaplains, who were known for risking their lives to perform the last rites on the battlefield and who also urged the men on. A Spanish encyclopedia of 1965 defines the Requetés:[A] group of traditionalists whose object is to encourage amongst themselves the goals of the political party, valorous sentiments, physical prowess, initiative, spirit of resistance, and the acceptance of responsibility, and who, during the civil wars of Spain, fought in corps ("tercios") in defense of the religious and monarchical traditions.
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Revolutionary wave A revolutionary wave is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations in a similar time period. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves may inspire current ones, or an initial revolution inspires other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims.
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Adiante-Galician Revolutionary Youth Adiante - Galician Revolutionary Youth ("Adiante-Mocidade Revolucionaria Galega", in Galician language) was a youth organization in Galicia (Spain) with a Galician independentist and communist ideology. According to themselves Adiante was "an autonomous youth assembliary organization, that embraced the diversity of the Galician youth problems from the perspective of national and social liberation, with the strategic horizon the construction of an independent, socialist and feminist Galician Republic."
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Antifa (United States) Antifa ( ) is a militant political movement of autonomous, self-styled anti-fascist groups. The salient feature of Antifa is its opposition to fascism by direct action. Antifa groups are known for their militant protest tactics, including property damage and physical violence. They tend to be anti-government and anti-capitalist, and they are predominantly far left and militant left, including anarchists, communists and socialists. They focus on fighting far-right and white supremacist ideologies directly, rather than on encouraging pro-left policy.
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Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: "Óglaigh na hÉireann" ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor to many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.
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Catalan Patriotic Movement Catalan Patriotic Movement (Catalan: "Moviment Patriòtic Català" ) was a Spanish nationalist political organization active in Catalonia. Although the group used the rhetoric and symbols typical of Catalanism, it was actually a unionist right-wing group.
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Revolution of 1934 The Revolution of 1934, also known as the Revolution of October 1934, or the Revolutionary General Strike of 1934 was a revolutionary strike movement that took place between October 5 and October 19, 1934, during the black biennium of the Second Spanish Republic. The movement was supported by many PSOE and UGT members, notably Largo Caballero and Indalecio Prieto. Most of the events occurred in Catalonia and Asturias.
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Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War refers to the armed actions carried out by non-regular troops against Napoleon's Grand Armée in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War. These armed men were constant source of harassment to the French army, as described by a Prussian officer fighting for the French: "Wherever we arrived, they disappeared, whenever we left, they arrived — they were everywhere and nowhere, they had no tangible center which could be attacked."
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Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction (Spanish: "Bando nacional" ) or Rebel faction (Spanish: "Bando sublevado" ) was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders (Spanish: "Caudillo" ) of the 1936 coup, General Francisco Franco, would lead this faction throughout the war and later would become the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.
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Uruguayan Civil War The Uruguayan Civil War, also known in Spanish as the Guerra Grande ("Great War"), was a series of armed conflicts between the leaders of Uruguayan independence. While officially the war lasted from 1839 until 1851, it was a part of armed conflicts that started in 1832 and continued until the final military defeat of "Blancos" in 1904. Out of supporters of presidents Rivera and Oribe grew Colorado Party and the National Party, both of which received backing and support from foreign sources, including neighboring Empire of Brazil, the Argentine Confederation, Buenos Aires Province as well as European powers, primarily the British Empire and the Kingdom of France, but also a legion of Italian volunteers including Giuseppe Garibaldi.
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Émile Arnaud Émile Arnaud (1864 – 1921) was a French lawyer, notary, and writer noted for his anti-war rhetoric and for coining the term "pacifism". Arnaud founded the "Ligue Internationale de la Paix et de la Liberté" (International League for Peace and Freedom) in 1861 and was elected its first president. In 1901, he codified his beliefs into a treatise entitled the "Code de la Paix", outlining and defining the goals, political positions and methodology of the Peace movement in general. He described this new political movement as "pacifism", setting it up as a counterbalance to the belligerence of emerging political ideologies such as Socialism and Anarchism. He advocated for humanism, for charity and tolerance, for non-violent conflict resolution and for reaching mutually beneficial political solutions through establishing consensus.
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Cyprus Conflict Resolution Trainers Group The Cyprus Conflict Resolution Trainers Group (also referred to in the media or literature as CRTG: "Conflict Resolution Trainers Group", or simply "Trainers’ Group" or "The Trainers") was founded in 1994 by about 30 Cypriot peace pioneers (15 Greek Cypriots and 15 Turkish Cypriots). Because this group has introduced conflict resolution and structured dialogue concepts to a few thousand Cypriots, it is credited for the formation of an "embryonic" peace movement.
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National Liberation Army (Peru) The National Liberation Army (abbreviated as ELN, Spanish: Ejército de Liberación Nacional) was a Peruvian guerrilla group. It sought to gather militants regardless of their political affiliation. A short-lived movement that was formed in 1962 and carried out numerous small skirmishes and actions culminating in a seven-month peak of militant actions in 1965, the ELN was largely scattered by the Peruvian Army by December 1965.
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Counter-revolutionary A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. The adjective, "counter-revolutionary", pertains to movements that would restore the state of affairs, or the principles, that prevailed during a prerevolutionary era.
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Revolutionary Social Movement The Revolutionary Social Movement (in French: "Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire" - MSR) was a Fascist movement founded in France in September 1940. Its founder was Eugène Deloncle, who was previously associated with "La Cagoule" (CSAR).
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Chicano art movement The Chicano Art Movement represents attempts by Mexican-American artists to establish a unique artistic identity in the United States. Much of the art and the artists creating Chicano Art were heavily influenced by Chicano Movement (El Movimiento) which began in the 1960s. Chicano art was influenced by post-Mexican Revolution ideologies, pre-Columbian art, European painting techniques and Mexican-American social, political and cultural issues. The movement worked to resist and challenge dominant social norms and stereotypes for cultural autonomy and self-determination. Some issues the movement focused on were awareness of collective history and culture, restoration of land grants, and equal opportunity for social mobility. Throughout the movement and beyond, Chicanos have used art to express their cultural values, as protest or for aesthetic value. The art has evolved over time to not only illustrate current struggles and social issues, but also to continue to inform Chicano youth and unify around their culture and histories. Chicano art is not just Mexican-American artwork: it is a public forum that emphasizes otherwise "invisible" histories and people is a unique form of American art.
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Spanish Revolution of 1936 The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy influence by the Communist Party of Spain. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist communes. Even places like hotels, barber shops, and restaurants were collectivized and managed by their workers.
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Antonio Beruti Antonio Luis Beruti (1772 – September 24, 1841) was an Argentine revolutionary who participated in the May Revolution that started the Argentine War of Independence, and later fought in the Argentine civil wars.
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People's Revolutionary Army (Colombia) The People's Revolutionary Army (Spanish: "Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo" ERP) was a small marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. The group originated in the municipality of Venadillo, Tolima Department in c. 1985 as a splinter group of the National Liberation Army and was commanded by its founder Édgar Castellanos, a.k.a. "Gonzalo" until his death in January 2007. The group became a military objective of the larger guerrilla Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia whom declared the group as an enemy and was persecuted by paramilitary. The Colombian government wanted the group for rebellion, kidnappings and extortion crimes.
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Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad The Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad (French: "Armée révolutionnaire de libération de l'Azawad" , abbreviated ARLA) is a Tuareg militant rebel group in northern Mali. The ARLA surged as a dissident group opposing the Tamanrasset Accords. In December 1991, the ARLA joined the United Movements and Fronts of Azawad (MFUA), which signed the National Pact peace treaty.