Which large terrestrial carnivoran can be found in the Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve?
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Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve (Bulgarian: Биосферен резерват "Мантарица" ) is situated to the north of Golyama Syutka Peak in the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria, and covers an area of 1319,9 hectares. The reserve was established in 1968 to protect the old coniferous forests and the biotopes of the Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogalus). The area was declared as biosphere reserve in 1977. It represents century-old forests of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce "(Picea abies)", European birch "(Fagus sylvatica)" and European silver fir "(Abies alba)". The reserve is situated in the Bulgarian Floristic sub-region of West Rhodope within the Central European mountain biotic province. The varied fauna includes brown bear "(Ursus arctos)" , red deer "(Cervus elaphus)", roe deer "(Capreolus capreolus)", wild boar (Sus scrofa), pine marten "(Martes martes)", European badger "(Meles meles"), hazel grouse "(Bonasa bonasia)", black woodpecker "(Dryocopus martius)" and European crested tit "(Parus cristatus)".
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Brown bear The brown bear ("Ursus arctos") is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid. The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America. It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today, rivaled in body size only by its close cousin, the polar bear ("Ursus maritimus"), which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this. There are several recognized subspecies, many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges, found in the brown bear species.
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Olive oropendola The olive oropendola ("Psarocolius bifasciatus") is the largest member of the icterid family and rivals the Amazonian umbrellabird as the largest passerine bird in South America. It is sometimes placed in the genus "Gymnostinops" instead of "Psarocolius". As suggested by its name, it is found widely – but often in low densities – throughout humid lowland forests of the Amazon Basin, with the notable exception of most of the Guiana Shield. It is sometimes split into two species, the western olive oropendola ("P. yuracares") and the eastern Pará oropendola ("P. bifasciatus"), but the subspecies "P. y. neivae" is widely recognized as a hybrid swarm, and the vast majority of authorities consider them a single species.
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Great hammerhead The great hammerhead ("Sphyrna mokarran") is the largest species of hammerhead shark, belonging to the family Sphyrnidae, attaining a maximum length of 6.1 m . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf. The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its "hammer" (called the "cephalofoil"), which is wide with an almost straight front margin, and by its tall, sickle-shaped first dorsal fin. A solitary, strong-swimming apex predator, the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods, to bony fish, to smaller sharks. Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays, a favored prey. This species has a viviparous mode of reproduction, bearing litters of up to 55 pups every two years.
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Pengana Pengana robertbolesi, also referred to as the flexiraptor, is an extinct bird of prey that lived during the Early Miocene (23–16 million years ago). Living relatives of "P. robertbolesi" may include the harriers. When alive, it may have resembled a cross between the secretary bird and crested caracara.
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Giant anteater The giant anteater ("Myrmecophaga tridactyla"), also known as the ant bear, is a large insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America. It is one of four living species of anteaters and is classified with sloths in the order Pilosa. This species is mostly terrestrial, in contrast to other living anteaters and sloths, which are arboreal or semiarboreal. The giant anteater is the largest of its family, 182 – in length, with weights of 33 – for males and 27 – for females. It is recognizable by its elongated snout, bushy tail, long fore claws, and distinctively colored pelage.
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Viphya Forest Viphya Forest is a forest south of Mzuzu, a city in Malawi. It is situated on the Viphya Plateau, amongst the Viphya Mountains. It has an area of 560 km and is billed as the largest man made forest in Africa, although Johannesburg also makes this claim. Among the birds to be found in Viphya Forest are the scaly francolin, ("Francolinus squamatus"), olive woodpecker ("Dendropicos griseocephalus"), and the red-faced crimson-wing ("Cryptospiza reichenovii").
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Aardwolf The aardwolf ("Proteles cristata") is a small, insectivorous mammal, native to East and Southern Africa. Its name means "earth wolf" in Afrikaans and Dutch. It is also called "maanhaar jackal" (Afrikaans for "mane jackal") or "civet hyena", based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland, a characteristic shared with the civet. The aardwolf is in the same family as the hyena. Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals. It eats insects, mainly termites – one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night, using its long, sticky tongue to capture them. The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa – open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. It is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and emerging at night to seek food. Its diet consists mainly of termites and insect larvae.
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Chacoan mara The Chacoan mara, Dolichotis salinicola, is a relatively large South American rodent of the cavy family. They are a close relative of the better known Patagonian mara.
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Governance of Kaziranga National Park Kaziranga National Park (Assamese: কাজিৰঙা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান "Kazirônga Rastriyô Uddyan," ] ) is an Indian national park and an UNESCO World Heritage Site situated in the Golaghat and Nagaon district of Assam, India. It is a tourist destination and conservation area particularly notable as a refuge for the endangered Indian one-horned rhinoceros ("Rhinoceros unicornis"), hosting the largest population of wild Indian one-horned Rhinoceros in the world. The park contains significant stock of three other large herbivores — the Asian Elephant, the Asiatic Water Buffalo and the eastern subspecies of the Swamp Deer. Kaziranga also has the highest density of tiger in the world and is declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006. Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International for conservation of avifaunal species.
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Black caiman The black caiman ("Melanosuchus niger") is a large crocodilian and, along with the American alligator, is one of the biggest extant members of the family Alligatoridae and order Crocodilia. It is a carnivorous reptile that lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes, seasonally flooded savannas of the Amazon basin, and in other freshwater habitats of South America. It is a quite large species, growing to sizes of at least 5 m and possibly up to 6 m in length, which make it the biggest reptile in the Neotropical ecozone. As their name implies, the black caiman has a dark coloration, as an adult. In some individuals the dark coloration can appear almost black. However, they have grey to brown banding on the lower jaw. Juveniles have a more vibrant coloration compared to adults with prominent white to pale yellow banding on the flanks that remains present well into adulthood, at least more when compared to other species. The morphology is quite different from other caimans but the bony ridge that occurs in other caimans is present. The head is large and heavy; an advantage in catching larger prey.
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Pacarana The pacarana ("Dinomys branickii") is a rare and slow-moving hystricognath rodent indigenous to South America. Native peoples of the region call it the "pacarana" (false paca) because it is superficially similar to the paca, a different rodent which is not in the same family. The pacarana has a chunky body and is large for a rodent, weighing up to 15 kg and measuring up to 79 cm in length, not including the thick, furry tail.
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Coconut crab The coconut crab ("Birgus latro") is a species of terrestrial hermit crab, also known as the robber crab or palm thief. It is the largest land-living arthropod in the world, and is probably at the upper size limit for terrestrial animals with exoskeletons in recent times, with a weight of up to 4.1 kg . It can grow to up to 1 m in length from leg to leg. It is found on islands across the Indian Ocean and parts of the Pacific Ocean as far east as the Gambier Islands mirroring the distribution of the coconut palm; it has been extirpated from most areas with a significant human population, including mainland Australia and Madagascar.
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Iguanodontia Iguanodontia (or iguanodonts) is a clade of herbivorous dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Some members include "Camptosaurus", "Callovosaurus", "Iguanodon", "Tenontosaurus", and the hadrosaurids or "duck-billed dinosaurs". Iguanodontians were one of the first groups of dinosaurs to be found. They are among the best known of the dinosaurs, and were among the most diverse and widespread herbivorous dinosaur groups of the Cretaceous period. Derived iguanodontians (such as "Muttaburrasaurus" and many ankylopollexians) were generally large animals, and some (such as "Shantungosaurus", which measured up to 50 ft (15 m) in length and weighed up to 8 tons) equaled the largest carnivorous dinosaurs in size.
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Marsh mongoose The marsh mongoose or water mongoose ("Atilax paludinosus") is a medium-sized mammal, though large for a mongoose. Its weight can range from 2 to , with an average range of 2.5 to . From the head to the base of the tail, these animals range from 44 to , with the tail adding 25 - . It is a member of the mongoose family and the only member of its genus. "Atilax paludinosus" is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with a preference for permanent freshwater habitats bordered by dense vegetation, such as marshes, reed beds, and estuaries (though sightings have been recorded in hilly areas with little or no aquatic wildlife presence). The marsh mongoose is an important member of the community of animals inhabiting the papyrus swamps, where deoxygenated water limits aquatic life to various air-breathing fish, frogs, insect larvae, snails, and mammals.
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Euglandina rosea Euglandina rosea, common names the rosy wolfsnail or the cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae. This species is a fast and voracious predator, hunting and eating other snails and slugs. The rosy wolfsnail was introduced into Hawaii in 1955 as a biological control for the invasive African land snail, "Achatina fulica". This snail is responsible for the extinction of an estimated eight native snail species in Hawaii. This has caused the snail to be added to the IUCN’s top 100 most invasive species.
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Taiga vole The taiga vole ("Microtus xanthognathus") is a large vole found in northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada. The name "taiga vole" comes from its living in the boreal taiga zone. It is also sometimes called the yellow-cheeked vole or chestnut-cheeked vole because of the rusty-yellow color on its face around its vibrisae (whiskers); The taiga voles derive their name from these features xantho is Greek for yellow and gnathus is Greek for jaw. It is typically much larger than most other North American voles, especially those from the genus "Microtus".
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Macroeuphractus Macroeuphractus is a genus of extinct armadillos from the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene of South America. The genus is noted for its large size, with "Macroeuphractus outesi" being the largest non-pampathere or glyptodont armadillo discovered, as well as its specializations for carnivory, unique among all xenarthrans.
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Charismatic megafauna Charismatic megafauna are large animal species with widespread popular appeal, which are often used by environmental activists to achieve environmentalist goals. Prominent examples include the elephant, lion, Bengal tiger, gray wolf, leopard, Przewalski's horse, California condor, bald eagle, giant panda, harp seal, great white shark, European bison, cheetah, orca, polar bear, and humpback whale.
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Hesperornithes Hesperornithes is an extinct and highly specialized group of aquatic avialans closely related to the ancestors of modern birds. They inhabited both marine and freshwater habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, and include genera such as "Hesperornis", "Parahesperornis", "Baptornis", "Enaliornis", and "Potamornis", all strong-swimming, predatory divers. Many of the species most specialized for swimming were completely flightless. The largest known hesperornithean, "Canadaga arctica", may have reached a maximum adult length of over 1.5 m .
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Rodrigues owl The Rodrigues owl ("Mascarenotus murivorus"), also known as Leguat's owl or (somewhat misleadingly) Rodrigues little owl, was a small owl. It lived on the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, but it is nowadays extinct. It is part of the genus of Mascarene owls, "Mascarenotus". Like many of the Mascarene land-birds, the genus was a distinct relative to South-East Asian taxa, in this case apparently the "Ninox" owls of Australasia. However, they evolved to a form more like an "Otus" little owl, and in accord with a general trend seen in insular owls, their feet were proportionally elongated and they were able to live a more terrestrial lifestyle. It is sometimes assumed that Leguat mentioned this bird in his 1708 description, but this seems to be in error; Julien Tafforet gives a good description in 1726, however. The Rodrigues bird, which Tafforet compared to the "petit-duc", the European scops owl (and not, as often assumed to the little owl, the "chouette chevêche"), was more arboreal than its congeners and fed on small birds and "lizards" (small specimens of the Rodrigues day gecko and the Rodrigues giant day gecko). A monotonous call was given in good weather. Considering the bird's likely relationships as evidenced by the subfossil bones discovered later, and the detailed description of the related Mauritius owl, the Rodriguez bird was as large as a good-sized Southern boobook, with females reaching the size of a long-eared owl, and had ear tufts like an "Otus" owl and nearly naked legs.
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Tuscany lion The Tuscany lion or Tuscany jaguar ("Panthera toscana") was a prehistoric large feline of the Villafranchian of Italy. Although originally named as a separate species, "Panthera toscana" is now often recognized as an early form of "Panthera gombaszoegensis", the European jaguar.