The Anfal genocide was the Kurdish genocide that killed between 50,000 and 182,000 Kurds committed during the Al-Anfal campaign, a campaign against Kurdistan in northern Iraq, led by which Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service, in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War?
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Anfal genocide The Anfal genocide was the Kurdish genocide that killed between 50,000 and 182,000 Kurds committed during the Al-Anfal campaign (Harakat al-Anfal/Homleh al-Anfal) (Kurdish: پڕۆسەی ئەنفال‎ ) (Arabic: حملة الأنفال‎ ‎ ), a campaign against Kurdistan in northern Iraq, led by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist government for a series of systematic attacks against the Kurdish fighters in northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 and culminating in 1988. Sweden, Norway and the United Kingdom officially recognize the Anfal campaign as genocide.
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Ali Hassan al-Majid Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ("ʿAlī Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī" ; Arabic: علي حسن عبد المجيد التكريتي‎ ‎ ; 1941? – January 2010) was a Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War.
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Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial since the beginning of armed insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War, and turned into active support and troop deployment from 2012 onwards. By 2014, Hezbollah involvement begun to turn steady in support of Syrian Ba'athist Government forces across Syria. Hezbollah deployed several thousand fighters in Syria and by 2015 lost up to 1500 fighters in combat. Hezbollah has also been very active to prevent rebel penetration from Syria to Lebanon, being one of the most active forces in the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon.
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Iraqi Intelligence Service The Iraqi Intelligence Service (Jihaz Al-Mukhabarat Al-Amma), also known as the Mukhabarat, General Directorate of Intelligence, or Party Intelligence, was the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The IIS was primarily concerned with international intelligence collection and analysis but also performed many activities inside Iraq.
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Mohammed Mahdi al-Bayati Mohammed Mahdi Ameen al-Bayati (b. 1962) is an Iraqi politician who was Minister of Human Rights from 9 September 2014 to 16 August 2015. He is of Shi'a Turkomen descent from the northern Iraqi town of Amirli. He is a leading member of the Badr Organization, a Shi'ite militia that opposed the government of Saddam Hussein from exile in Iran.
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Mohammad Pakpour Mohammad Pakpour was involved with the IRGC at the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in Kurdistan and was a veteran of the 8-year long Iran-Iraq war. His responsibilities include five years of Army Operations Command, commander of the 8th Najaf Division, commander of 31st Ashura Division of Command chief Army's Northern Command headquarters. Mohammad Pakpur has a PhD in Political Geography and has had responsibility for measures such as fighting terrorism in the north west of Iran and establishing sustainable security in the south east region of Iran, as well as the holding of specialized exercises.
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Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (Arabic: سبعاوي إبراهيم التكريتي‎ ‎ ), half brother of Saddam Hussein (27 February 1947 – 8 July 2013), was the leader of the Iraqi secret service, the "Mukhabarat", at the time of the 1991 Gulf War. He was the head of the Directorate of General Security from 1991 to 1996, and later served as a presidential advisor to Hussein.
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Turki al-Binali Turki Mubarak Abdullah Ahmad al-Binali (3 September 1984 – 31 May 2017) was a senior religious leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
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Mukhtar Army The Mukhtar Army is a Shi'a Iraqi militia group formed in February 2013 by Wathiq al-Battat, a former senior official in the Hezbollah Brigades. Al-Battat pledged his loyalty to the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Al-Battat was arrested briefly on 2 January 2014 but was released despite still being a fugitive. He was apparently "accidentally assassinated" at point-blank range on 20 December 2014 at a fake police checkpoint in eastern Iraq by an unknown party.
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Operation Dawn 6 Operation Dawn 6 (Operation "Valfajr" 6 in Persian) was a military operation conducted by the forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran against the armed forces of Saddam Hussein's Iraq. It lasted from 22 to 24 February 1984 and, along with Operation Dawn 5, it was part of a larger strategic operation to secure part of the Baghdad–Basra highway, thus cutting two of Iraq's most important cities from each other, and threatening the network supplying the Iraqi military on the front line. Operation Before the Dawn succeeded in capturing some high ground 15 miles from the highway, and Operation Dawn 6 was designed to exploit the Iranians' capture with a breakthrough towards the highway. However, the operation met an Iraqi defence which stood up to every attack, and the Iranians called off the attack after only two days. This led to Operation Kheibar, the re-focus of the Iranian offensive towards Basra directly.
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Operation Badr (1985) Operation Badr was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War against the forces of Ba'athist Iraq. The Iranians launched their offensive on March 11 and succeeded in capturing a part of the Baghdad–Basra highway. The following Iraqi counterattack, however, forced the Iranians out in a continual war of endless stalemate.<br><br>
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KDPI insurgency (1989–96) The insurgency by the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran surged in 1989, lasting until 1996, as part of the Kurdish separatism struggle. The eruption of the conflict in July 1989 was caused by the assassination of KDPI leader Abdul Rahman Qassemlou by suspected Iranian government agents. The most violent episodes took place in 1990 and 1991, when Kurdish soldiers launched massive attacks on Iranian military bases in Kurdish areas of Iran. This brought heavy retaliation from the Iranian government, aiming to eradicate the KDPI leadership by assassinating Sadegh Sharafkandi and other KDPI leaders in 1992 in order to disable the Kurdish party's ability to function. The conflict faded with the effective targeted assassination policy of Iran and by 1996 KDPI was no longer able to function militarily and announced a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict claimed hundreds of lives, mostly Iranian government troops and Kurdish militants.
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Mohammad al-Shaar Mohammad Ibrahim al-Shaar (Arabic: محمد إبراهيم الشعار‎ ‎ ) (born 1950) is a Syrian military leader who was later named Syrian Minister of the Interior.
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Abu Suleiman al-Naser Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Arabic: أبو سليمان الناصر‎ ‎ , "Neaman Salman Mansour al Zaidi") was the military commander or ""War Minister"" of the militant group Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) during the Iraq War.
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Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur Ali Akbar Mohtashamipour or Mohtashami (Persian: سید علی‌اکبر محتشمی‌پور‎ ‎ ) is a Shia cleric who was active in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and later became interior minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He is "seen as a founder of the Hezbollah movement in Lebanon" and one of the "radical ... elements, advocating the export of the revolution," in the Iranian clerical hierarchy.
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History of Iraq (2003–11) The history of Iraq from 2003 to 2011 is characterized by a large United States military deployment on Iraqi territory, beginning with the U.S.-led invasion of the country in March 2003 which overthrew the Ba'ath Party government of Saddam Hussein and ending with the departure of US troops from the country in 2011 (though the Iraq War that commenced in 2003 continued and subsequently intensified during 2013). Troops for the invasion came primarily from the United States, the United Kingdom and Poland, but 29 other nations also provided some troops, and there were varying levels of assistance from Japan and other countries.
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Palmyra offensive (May 2015) The Palmyra offensive of May 2015 was a military operation launched during the Syrian Civil War by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on May 13-26, 2015, in an attempt to capture the government-held Tadmur District of the Homs Governorate, including the administrative centre of Tadmur, known in English as Palmyra. The ruins and ancient monuments of Palmyra, which lie on the south-western fringe of the modern city, have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980. The ruins were part of a desert oasis that was one of the most significant cultural centers of the ancient world, linking the civilizations of Persia, India, China with the Roman Empire through trade. The offensive was one of the largest offensives launched by ISIL, the largest one conducted by ISIL in Syria since the 2014 Eastern Syria offensive, with the result of the offensive increasing ISIL's control of Syria to at least 50%.
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Ramadan Revolution The Ramadan Revolution, also referred to as the 8 February Revolution and the February 1963 coup d'état in Iraq, was a military coup by the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi-wing which overthrew the Prime Minister of Iraq, Abd al-Karim Qasim in 1963. Qasim's former deputy Abdul Salam Arif (who was not a Ba'athist) was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary general of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, who controlled the National Guard militia and organized a massacre of hundreds—if not thousands—of suspected communists and other dissidents following the coup.
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Battle of al-Bab The Battle of al-Bab was a battle for the city of al-Bab in the Aleppo Governorate that included a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups (including groups affiliated with the Free Syrian Army) and the Turkish Armed Forces north of al-Bab, a separate Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) offensive east and west of the city, and another Syrian Army offensive from the south of the city. The northern Turkish-led forces intended to capture al-Bab from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), as part of the Turkish military intervention in Syria. By the end of the battle, the Turkish-led forces had captured al-Bab, Qabasin, and Bizaah, while the Syrian Army captured Tadef and other areas further south, with the SDF making gains further to the east and the west.
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Abid Mutlak al-Jubouri Abid Mutlag al-Jubouri is an Iraqi politician and was a Deputy Prime Minister in the Iraqi Transitional Government. A Sunni Arab former major general in Saddam Hussein's army, he rose to prominence during the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war.
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Battle of Mosul (2016–17) The Battle of Mosul (2016–17) (Arabic: معركة الموصل‎ ‎ , "Ma‘rakat al-Mawṣil"; Central Kurdish: شەڕی مووسڵ‎ , "Şeriy Mûsil") was a major military campaign launched by the Iraqi Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), which had seized the city in June 2014. During the military intervention against ISIL, Iraqi and Peshmerga forces had already made unsuccessful attempts to retake the city in 2015 and again in 2016, despite limited gains.
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Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13) The al-Hasakah Governorate campaign was a multi-sided military conflict between Syrian government forces, Kurdish forces, armed Syrian opposition groups, and Salafist jihadist forces, including al-Qaeda's Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the al-Nusra Front in the al-Hasakah Governorate as part of the Syrian Civil War. The clashes began with the People's Protection Units (YPG)'s entrance into the civil war in July 2012 and spread across the governorate.