Muhammad Hafizullah has contributed to guidelines on what type of damage to the cardiac muscle?
509b0644615b32d859340d60556d1431
Muhammad Hafizullah Muhammad Hafizullah (Urdu: محمد حافظ الله‎ ) is a Pakistani professor of cardiology and the current vice chancellor of Khyber Medical University (KMU) in Peshawar. He is the project director of the Peshawar Institute of Cardiology and has contributed to national guidelines on thrombolysis, acute coronary syndrome, and ST elevation myocardial infarction developed by the Pakistan Cardiac Society.
0c6e58d47930a337b55bae675a95f806
Myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often have atypical symptoms than men. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest.
d7c566411d142ab97af5567c3720c1fb
Hypotonia Hypotonia, commonly known as floppy baby syndrome, is a state of low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. Hypotonia is not a specific medical disorder, but a potential manifestation of many different diseases and disorders that affect motor nerve control by the brain or muscle strength. Hypotonia is resistance to passive movement, whereas muscle weakness results in impaired active movement. Central hypotonia originates from the central nervous system, while peripheral hypotonia is related to problems within the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and/or skeletal muscles. Recognizing hypotonia, even in early infancy, is usually relatively straightforward, but diagnosing the underlying cause can be difficult and often unsuccessful. The long-term effects of hypotonia on a child's development and later life depend primarily on the severity of the muscle weakness and the nature of the cause. Some disorders have a specific treatment but the principal treatment for most hypotonia of idiopathic or neurologic cause is physical therapy, occupational therapy for remediation, and/or music therapy.
2f677f300482d5e57da5a04c537b4e12
Premature atrial contraction Premature atrial contractions (PACs), also known as atrial premature complexes (APC) or atrial premature beats (APB), are a common cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by premature heartbeats originating in the atria. While the sinoatrial node typically regulates the heartbeat during normal sinus rhythm, PACs occur when another region of the atria depolarizes before the sinoatrial node and thus triggers a premature heartbeat. The exact cause of PACs is unclear; while several predisposing conditions exist, PACs commonly occur in healthy young and elderly people. Elderly people that get PACs usually don't need any further attention besides follow ups due to unclear evidence. PACs are often completely asymptomatic and may be noted only with Holter monitoring, but occasionally they can be perceived as a skipped beat or a jolt in the chest. In most cases, no treatment other than reassurance is needed for PACs, although medications such as beta blockers can reduce the frequency of symptomatic PACs.
45492d40cfea7458bce13b46972d5fe5
Paul N. Yu Paul N. Yu (1915 – October 8, 1991) was an American cardiologist, physician-scientist and educator of Chinese descent, and a product of Chinese, British and American medical education. Over a career spanning several decades he trained numerous individuals in clinical cardiology who went on to leadership positions in academia throughout this country. Yu performed pioneering research in cardiac physiology, making seminal observations about the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, and the relationship to ventricular function, and key observations about the care of patients with coronary artery disease. He cared for prominent individuals such as the Taiwanese president Chiang Kai-shek and his family. He served in numerous leadership roles during his career, including a term as President of the American Heart Association (1972-3). Subsequently, he was awarded the American Heart Association's prestigious James Bryan Herrick Award for distinguished service to clinical cardiology during the course of his career. Yu served on the editorial boards of the "American Heart Journal", "Circulation" and the "Journal of Electrocardiology" and was a senior editor of "Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease", co-editor of the 16-volume "Progress in Cardiology" and author of the textbook "Pulmonary Blood Volume in Health and Disease".
53be4c7edf974da5a8e396cd9e03c375
Advanced cardiac life support Advanced cardiac life support or advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest, stroke and other life-threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions. Outside North America, Advanced Life Support is used.
9453b0079580bbe5f5a0ec5efe29ff80
Dilated cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems.
93d41d21101df4146cd1f6762c053dce
Punjab Institute of Cardiology Punjab Institute of Cardiology (PIC), located in Lahore, Pakistan, is a 292-bed tertiary care hospital providing nationwide comprehensive cardiac care services for the last 18 years. Its services include cardiac emergency, OPD, diagnostics, interventional and invasive cardiology and cardiac surgery. Fully equipped cardiac ambulatory services are also available round the clock. More than 160,000 patients are examined annually at OPD. More than 17,000 are admitted. PIC is the largest cardiac center in Pakistan with 24,000 echocardiographs, 4000 nuclear medicine procedures, 12,000 angiograms, 3500 angioplasties including 5000 stents and 2500 cardiac surgeries a year.
88138d6abec8e050f28fb97b6ae095ad
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of premature ventricular complexes (PVC) with class I antiarrhythmic agents after a myocardial infarction (MI) would reduce mortality. It was conducted between 1986 and 1989 and included over 1700 patients in 27 centres. The study found that the tested drugs increased mortality instead of lowering it as was expected. The publication of these results in 1991/92, in combination with large follow-up studies for drugs that had not been tested in CAST, led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of MI patients. Class I and III antiarrhythmics are now only used with extreme caution after MI, or they are contraindicated completely. Heart Rhythm Society Distinguished Scientist D. George Wyse was a member of the CAST trial's steering and executive committees.
77d951aab36257319ee508738730f2f0
HERG hERG (the human " Ether-à-go-go"-Related Gene) is a gene ("KCNH2" ) that codes for a protein known as K11.1, the alpha subunit of a potassium ion channel. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart that coordinates the heart's beating (i.e., the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing "I" current in the cardiac action potential). When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited or compromised, either by application of drugs or by rare mutations in some families, it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome; a number of clinically successful drugs in the market have had the tendency to inhibit hERG, and create a concomitant risk of sudden death, as a side-effect, which has made hERG inhibition an important antitarget that must be avoided during drug development. hERG has also been associated with modulating the functions of some cells of the nervous system and with establishing and maintaining cancer-like features in leukemic cells.
ea80887bcec313468c8828e26fd8e053
Prophetic medicine Prophetic medicine (Arabic: الطب النبوي‎ ‎ , "'Al-Tibb al-nabawī ") refers to the actions and words ("hadith") specifically of the Islamic prophet Muhammad with regards to sickness, treatment and hygiene, and the genre of writings undertaken primarily by non-physician scholars to collect and explicate these traditions. It is distinct from Islamic medicine, in that the latter is a broader category encompassing a variety of medical practices rooted in Greek natural philosophy. Prophetic medical traditions exhort humans to not simply stop at following Muhammad's teachings, but encourage them to search for cures as well. The literature of prophetic medicine thus occupies a symbolic role in the elucidation of Islamic identity as constituted by a particular set of relationships to science, medicine, technology and nature. There has historically been a tension in the understanding of the medical narratives: are they of the same nature as Muhammad’s religious pronouncements, or are they time-sensitive, culturally situated, and thus not representative of a set of eternal medical truths? This body of knowledge was fully articulated only in the 14th century, at which point it was concerned with reconciling "Sunnah" (traditions) with the foundations of the Galenic humoral theory that was prevalent at the time in the medical institutions of the Islamicate world. It is nonetheless a tradition with continued modern-day currency, as suggested by the online presence of resources on the genre.
ff3e7216573c26028f5825c8ae542442
International Journal of Cardiology The International Journal of Cardiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes research articles about the study and management of cardiac diseases. The journal is affiliated with the International Society for Adult Congenital Cardiac Disease.
d7dfe120b28671504a88b4aa858ece21
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. HCM is frequently asymptomatic until SCD, and thus its prevention requires screening. Screening by medical history and physical exam are mostly ineffective, indicating heart abnormalities in only 3% of patients who subsequently suffered SCD. However, HCM can be detected with 80%+ accuracy by echocardiogram (ECHO), which may be combined with pre-screening by electrocardiogram (ECG). Routine cardiac screening of athletes has been implemented in Italy since 1982, and has resulted in an 89% drop in the incidence of SCD among screened athletes, from an unusually high starting rate. In the United States, citing cost concerns and low incidence, the American Heart Association has consistently opposed such routine screening. For rare conditions like HCM, the rate of false positive testing is also a significant concern. However, certain chapters of the American College of Cardiology are backing screening models provided by private entities and nonprofit organizations. Screen-positive individuals who are conclusively diagnosed with cardiac disease are usually told to avoid competitive athletics.
ccd779b9cbeadb94b598a9ea0be32d1a
Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure. It is due to either failure of the left ventricle of the heart to remove blood adequately from the pulmonary circulation (cardiogenic pulmonary edema), or an injury to the lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung (noncardiogenic pulmonary edema). Treatment is focused on three aspects: firstly improving respiratory function, secondly, treating the underlying cause, and thirdly avoiding further damage to the lung. Pulmonary edema, especially acute, can lead to fatal respiratory distress or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia. It is a cardinal feature of congestive heart failure. The term is from the Greek οἴδημα (oídēma, "swelling"), from οἰδέω (oidéō, "I swell").
16f77189c9d4713d3d11812b206e64dd
Blunt cardiac injury A blunt cardiac injury is an injury to the heart as the result of blunt trauma, typically to the anterior chest wall. It can result in a variety of specific injuries to the heart, the most common of which is a myocardial contusion, which is a term for a bruise (contusion) to the heart after an injury. Other injuries which can result include septal defects and valvular failures. The right ventricle is thought to be most commonly affected due to its anatomic location as the most anterior surface of the heart. Myocardial contusion is not a specific diagnosis and the extent of the injury can vary greatly. Usually, there are other chest injuries seen with a myocardial contusion such as rib fractures, pneumothorax, and heart valve injury. When a myocardial contusion is suspected, consideration must be given to any other chest injuries, which will likely be determined by clinical signs, tests, and imaging.
8b0e5fdfde6ee23f9b750131c12b35d6
Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive heart disease includes a number of complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart. While there are several definitions of hypertensive heart disease in the medical literature, the term is most widely used in the context of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding categories. The definition includes heart failure and other cardiac complications of hypertension when a causal relationship between the heart disease and hypertension is stated or implied on the death certificate. In 2013 hypertensive heart disease resulted in 1.07 million deaths as compared with 630,000 deaths in 1990.
0dbda11e60d4eb84b8bb8e35ccaef8c6
Familial aortic dissection Familial aortic dissection or FAD refers to the splitting of the wall of the aorta in either the arch, ascending or descending portions. FAD is thought to be passed down as an autosomal dominant disease and once inherited will result in dissection of the aorta, and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta, or rarely aortic or arterial dilation at a young age. Dissection refers to the actual tearing open of the aorta. However, the exact gene(s) involved has not yet been identified. It can occur in the absence of clinical features of Marfan syndrome and of systemic hypertension. Over time this weakness, along with systolic pressure, results in a tear in the aortic intima layer thus allowing blood to enter between the layers of tissue and cause further tearing. Eventually complete rupture of the aorta occurs and the pleural cavity fills with blood. Warning signs include chest pain, ischemia, and hemorrhaging in the chest cavity. This condition, unless found and treated early, usually results in death. Immediate surgery is the best prognosis in most cases. FAD is not to be confused with PAU (penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers) and IMH (intramural hematoma), both of which present in ways similar to that of familial aortic dissection.
48cc918bb154ded2b4ff59c318f94491
Diaphragmatic rupture Diaphragmatic rupture (also called diaphragmatic injury or tear) is a tear of the diaphragm, the muscle across the bottom of the ribcage that plays a crucial role in respiration. Most commonly, acquired diaphragmatic tears result from physical trauma. Diaphragmatic rupture can result from blunt or penetrating trauma and occurs in about 5% of cases of severe blunt trauma to the trunk.
a110f91cc81d948582d336ea44e3aa45
Cardiogenic shock Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening medical condition resulting from an inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of the heart to function effectively.
a880f5fb5eabc9ef3af9ade1ddbf1eae
Purkinje fibers The Purkinje fibers ( ) (Purkinje tissue or subendocardial branches) are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium in a space called the subendocardium. The Purkinje fibers are specialised conducting fibers larger than cardiomyocytes with fewer myofibrils and a large number of mitochondria that are able to conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any other cells in the heart. Purkinje fibers allow the heart's conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles, and are, therefore, essential for maintaining a consistent heart rhythm.
59f4c7eb0e811346d8ea9535f3ec523c
Mahi Muqit Mahi Muqit, FRCOphth (Bengali: মাহি মুকিত ; born April 1975) is a Scottish consultant ophthalmologist and vitreoretinal surgeon. He specialises in cataract surgery, diabetic eye disease, medical retina problems, intravitreal therapy, and vitreoretinal surgery.
02722c27c840d9838d342b29d82283cc
Cardiac asthma Cardiac asthma is a medical diagnosis of wheezing, coughing or shortness of breath due to congestive heart failure. It is known as cardiac asthma because the symptoms mimic ordinary asthma (bronchial asthma). One study found that patients with cardiac asthma represented one third of congestive heart failure in elderly patients.