Who invented the type of script used in autographs?
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Autograph (Assyriology) An autograph in Assyriology is the hand-copy of a cuneiform clay-tablet. Producing an autograph is often the first step of a tablet's archaeological interpretation and the autograph is frequently the authoritative form that is published as source material. Autographing the text is followed by transliteration, transcription and translation.
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Cuneiform script Cuneiform script ( or or ), one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians. It is distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name "cuneiform" itself simply means "wedge shaped".
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History of the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for pedagogical purposes. The association was established in Paris in 1886 by French and British language teachers led by Paul Passy. The first published alphabet appears in Passy (1888). The association based their alphabet upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet (1880 or 1881–1971), which in turn was based on the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and "Palæotype" of Alexander John Ellis
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History of scrolls A scroll (from the Old French "escroe" or "escroue"), is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing. The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound books; rigid media such as clay tablets were also used but had many disadvantages in comparison. For most purposes scrolls have long been superseded by the codex book format, but they are still produced for some ceremonial or religious purposes, notably for the Jewish Torah scroll for use in synagogues.
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Siddhaṃ script Siddhaṃ , also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā, is the name of a script used for writing Sanskrit from c. 550 – c. 1200. It is descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script and later evolved into the Assamese alphabet, the Bengali alphabet, and the Tibetan alphabet. There is some confusion over the spelling: "Siddhāṃ " and "Siddhaṃ " are both common, though "Siddhaṃ " is preferred as "correct". The script is a refinement of the script used during the Gupta Empire.
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Mahajani Mahajani is a Laṇḍā mercantile script that was historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records in Hindi, Punjabi, and Marwari.
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William Church (inventor) William Church (circa 1778–1863) was an American inventor who patented a typesetting machine in 1822, generally considered the first.
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Gregg shorthand Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States; its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and the practice of executives writing their own letters on their personal computers, the use of shorthand has gradually declined in the business and reporting world. However, Gregg shorthand is still in use today.
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N'Ko alphabet N'Ko (ߒߞߏ‎ ) is both a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949, as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa, and the name of the literary language written in that script. The term "N'Ko" means "I say" in all Manding languages.
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A. N. Palmer Austin Norman Palmer (December 22, 1860 – November 16, 1927) innovated the field of penmanship with the development of the Palmer method of script. He noticed that businessmen and clerks could not write with the Spencerian script. So he developed the Palmer method of script,
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Yakut scripts There have been three major Yakut writing systems in use since the early 20th century. The first systematic alphabet was developed by Semyon Novgorodov, and was based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. Novgorodov's alphabet was developed in 1917, and continued in use until 1929. In addition to the characters shown below, Novogorodov also introduced four letters to represent the diphthongs found in Yakut: /ɯa͡/ – ꭠ, /ie͡/ – ꭡ, /uo͡/ – ꭣ, and /yø͡/ – w. Vowel and consonant length was indicated with the colon (e.g. a:, t:). While this alphabet was in use, various changes were implemented, including the addition of capital letters. After 1929, Novgorodov's alphabet was replaced by a form of Latin script based on the Uniform Turkic Alphabet. This was in turn replaced in 1939 by an alphabet using the Cyrillic script. Prior to the Novgorodov alphabet, various "ad hoc" phonetic Latin and Cyrillic-based systems had been developed.
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History of the Latin script The Latin script is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world. It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as "the alphabet" in English. It is a true alphabet which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2500 years. It has roots in the Semitic alphabet and its offshoot alphabets, the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan. The phonetic values of some letters changed, some letters were lost and gained, and several writing styles ("hands") developed. Two such styles, the minuscule and majuscule hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper case letters. Due to classicism, modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts. There are few regional variants.
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Handwritten IPA Letters of the International Phonetic Alphabet have handwritten forms designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes; they are occasionally seen in print publications when the printer did not have fonts that supported IPA, and the IPA was therefore filled in by hand. However, cursive IPA is no longer taught, and is no longer included in the IPA handbook.
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Yelü Diela Yelü Diela (耶律迭剌), younger brother of Khitan Emperor Yelü Abaoji, invented the "Khitan small script" to accommodate the more agglutinative Khitan language about 925 — based partly on the earlier "Khitan large script" or Chinese-like logographic writing, but also after having been inspired by the vertically written Old Uyghur alphabet that was shown to him by an ambassador.
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Siglas poveiras The siglas poveiras (also known as marcas) is a proto-writing system that has been used by the local community of Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal for many generations. The siglas were primarily used as a signature for family coat-of-arms in order to mark family belongings. The symbols were normally written using a razor on wood, but painting on boats and beach sheds was also a common practice.
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Autograph An autograph (from the Greek: αὐτός , "autós", "self" and γράφω, "gráphō", "write") is a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author, as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist; the meaning overlaps with that of the word holograph.
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Signature (disambiguation) A signature is a hand-written, possibly stylized, version of someone's name, which may be used to confirm the person's identity. The writer of a signature is a signatory or signer.
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Cursive hieroglyphs Cursive hieroglyphs or hieroglyphic book hand are a cursive variety of Egyptian hieroglyphs commonly used for religious documents written on papyrus, such as the Book of the Dead. It was particularly common during the Ramesside Period and many famous documents, such as the Papyrus of Ani, utilize it. It was also employed on wood for religious literature such as the coffin texts.
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Borama alphabet The Borama alphabet (Borama: ) or more generally known as the Gadabuursi script, is a writing script for the Somali language. It was devised around 1933 by Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur of the Gadabuursi clan.
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Chinese characters Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese, they are called hànzì (). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages, including Japanese, where they are known as "kanji" (漢字 ); Korean, where they are known as "hanja" (漢字 ); and Vietnamese, in a system known as "chữ Nôm". Collectively, they are known as CJK characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world by number of users.
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Garshuni Garshuni or Karshuni (Syriac alphabet: ܓܪܫܘܢܝ , Arabic alphabet: كرشوني ) are Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni" was used by George Kiraz to coin the term "garshunography", denoting the writing of one language in the script of another.
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Chancery hand The term "chancery hand" can refer to either of two very different styles of historical handwriting.