What was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy that Jan Romer joined?
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Jan Romer Jan Romer (1869 in Lwów – 1934 in Warsaw) was a Polish general and military commander. Studied in Mödling and joined the Austro-Hungarian Army. During the First World War fought at the battle of Limanowa (1914) and battle of Gorlice (1914), was wounded twice. Later he joined the newly recreated Polish Army. During Polish-Ukrainian War he fought in the liberation of Lwów. In Polish-Soviet War, commanded the Cavalry Division at the Battle of Koziatyn (April 25-April 27, 1920), one of the most spectacular raids of the Polish cavalry, during the Polish advance towards Kiev. His troops fought against the Soviet cavalry elite "Konarmia" of Semyon Budyonny. He commanded the Polish 13th Infantry Division during the Battle of Komarów (August 31, 1920). Respected by Józef Piłsudski, he was among the first group military personas who confirmed the decoration of Virtuti Militari, highest Polish military decoration, restored after the recreation of the Second Polish Republic, and he himself received the Commander's Cross of that award. Held position of Inspector of the Army after the war. Buried in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.
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Austro-Hungarian Army The Austro-Hungarian Army (German: "Landstreitkräfte Österreich-Ungarns" ; Hungarian: "Császári és Királyi Hadsereg" ) was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint army ("Gemeinsame Armee ", "Common Army", recruited from all parts of the country), the Imperial Austrian Landwehr (recruited from Cisleithania), and the Royal Hungarian Honved (recruited from Transleithania).
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House of Lords (Austria) The House of Lords (German: "Herrenhaus" , Czech: "Panská sněmovna" , Italian: "Camera dei signori" , Slovene: "Gosposka zbornica" , Polish: "Izba Panów" ) was the upper house of the Imperial Council, the bicameral legislature of the Austrian Empire from 1861 and of the Cisleithanian (Austrian) half of Austria-Hungary upon the Compromise of 1867. Created by the February Patent issued by Emperor Franz Joseph I on 26 February 1861, it existed until the end of World War I and the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy, when on 12 November 1918 the transitional National Assembly of German-Austria declared it abolished. It was superseded by the Federal Council of the Austrian Parliament implemented by the 1920 Federal Constitutional Law.
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Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 The Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 was a secret political alliance signed on 28 June 1881 between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Principality of Serbia. It resulted in the effective association of Serbia with Austria-Hungary and the coming Triple Alliance. The Balkans had been divided into spheres of influence, where Austria took the western part (including Serbia) and Russia took the eastern part (including Bulgaria). The treaty came after the railway convention of 6 April 1881 for the construction of the Belgrade–Niš section of the Vienna–Constantinople railway, and the trade treaty of 6 May 1881 which made Austria-Hungary virtually the sole market for agricultural products from Serbia and thereby dominant.
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Party of Independence and '48 The Party of Independence and '48 (Hungarian: "Függetlenségi és 48-as Párt" ; F48P), also known mostly by its shortened form Independence Party (Hungarian: "Függetlenségi Párt" ), was one of the two major political parties in the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary, along with the Liberal Party then National Party of Work. During its existence, the F48P strongly opposed the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The party was revived after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and restoration of the monarchy.
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TIGR TIGR, an abbreviation for Trst (Trieste), Istra (Istria), Gorica (Gorizia) and Reka (Rijeka), full name Revolutionary Organization of the Julian March T.I.G.R. (Slovene: "Revolucionarna organizacija Julijske krajine T.I.G.R." ), was a militant anti-fascist and insurgent organization established as a response to the Fascist Italianization of the Slovene and Croat people on part of the former Austro-Hungarian territories that became part of Italy after the First World War. It is considered one of the first anti-fascist resistance movements in Europe. It was active between 1927 and 1941.
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General of the cavalry (Austria) General of the Cavalry ("General der Kavallerie") was a rank in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Army of the Austrian Empire, and Imperial Army of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Flik 10 Flik 10 (Hungarian: 10. repülőszázad ) was an air force company of the Austro-Hungarian Airforce during the First World War.
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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Italian: "Regno Lombardo-Veneto" , German: "Königreich Lombardo–Venetien" ; Latin: "Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae" ), commonly called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire. It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to Lombardy and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed. It was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory fell to the Kingdom of Italy.
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Ferdinand Udvardy Stabsfeldwebel Ferdinand Udvardy was a Hungarian conscript into the military of the Austro-Hungarian Empire who became a flying ace credited with nine aerial victories. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Udvardy became a Hungarian citizen, and in the aftermath of World War I, defended his new nation against invasion.
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Kingdom of Dalmatia The Kingdom of Dalmatia (Croatian: "Kraljevina Dalmacija" ; German: "Königreich Dalmatien" ; Italian: "Regno di Dalmazia" ) was a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and the "Cisleithanian" half of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). It encompassed the entirety of the region of Dalmatia, with its capital at Zadar.
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Lajtabánság Lajtabánság or "Banate of Leitha" (German: "Leitha-Banat" ) was a short-lived western Hungarian state in the region where the Austrian federal state of Burgenland now exists. It existed between October 4 and November 5, 1921, following the Treaty of Trianon and the departure of the rump Kingdom of Hungary's army and before the region was annexed by Austria.
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National Republican Army The National Republican Army (Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano, or ENR) was the army of the Italian Social Republic (Italian: "Repubblica Sociale Italiana" , or RSI) from 1943 to 1945 that fought on the side of Nazi Germany during World War II.
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Hungarian March The Hungarian March ("Ungarische Mark" or "Ungarnmark") or Neumark ("New March") was a brief frontier march established in the mid-eleventh century by the Emperor Henry III as a defence against the Kingdom of Hungary. It had only two known margraves before it was annexed to the March of Austria.
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House of Deputies (Austria) The House of Deputies (German: "Abgeordnetenhaus" , Czech: "Poslanecká sněmovna" , Polish: "Izba Posłów" , Italian: "Camera dei deputati" ) was, from 1861, the lower house of the bicameral Imperial Council parliament of the Austrian Empire and, from 1867 to 1918, of the Cisleithanian lands within Austria-Hungary. The upper chamber was the House of Lords.
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Czechoslovak National Council Czechoslovak National Council (or Czecho-Slovak National Council) was an organization founded by Czech and Slovak émigrés during World War I to liberate their homeland from Austria-Hungary. During the closing weeks of the war, the Czechoslovak National Council was formally upgraded to a provisional government and its members were designated to hold top offices in the First Czechoslovak Republic.
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Treaty of Vienna (1656) The treaty of Vienna, concluded on 1 December 1656, was an Austro–Polish alliance during the Second Northern War. Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III agreed to enter the war on the anti-Swedish side and support the Polish king John II Casimir with 4,000 troops. The treaty was, however, dissatisfying for John II Casimir, who had hoped for more substantial aid, and further ineffective as Ferdinand III died three days after giving his signature. A similar, but more effective alliance was concluded by Ferdinand III's successor Leopold I in the Treaty of Vienna (1657).
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Ottoman–Habsburg wars The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg (later Austrian) Empire, which was at times supported by the Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Hungary and Habsburg Spain. The wars were dominated by land campaigns in Hungary (including Transylvania and Vojvodina), Croatia and Central Serbia.
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General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (Polish "Konfederacja Generalna Królestwa Polskiego") was a Polish confederation established by emperor Napoleon Bonaparte on the eve of his campaign in Russia.
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1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) The 1st Army Group was a Royal Yugoslav Army formation mobilised prior to the German-led Axis invasion of the Yugoslavia in April 1941 during World War II. It consisted of the 4th Army, 7th Army, and the 1st Cavalry Division, which was the army group reserve. It was responsible for the defence of northwestern Yugoslavia, with the 4th Army defending the eastern sector along the Yugoslav-Hungarian border, and the 7th Army defending the western sector along the borders with Germany and Italy.
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SMS Budapest SMS "Budapest"  ("His Majesty's Ship Budapest") was a "Monarch"-class coastal defense ship built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the 1890s. After their commissioning, "Budapest" and the two other "Monarch"-class ships made several training cruises in the Mediterranean Sea in the early 1900s. "Budapest" and her sisters formed the 1st Capital Ship Division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy until they were replaced by the newly commissioned "Habsburg"-class pre-dreadnought battleships at the turn of the century. In 1906 the three Monarchs were placed in reserve and only recommissioned during the annual summer training exercises. After the start of World War I, "Budapest" was recommissioned and assigned to 5th Division together with her sisters.
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Holy Alliance The Holy Alliance (German: "Heilige Allianz" ; Russian: Священный союз , "Svyashchennyy soyuz"; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The intention of the alliance was to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars, and the alliance nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War (1853–1856). Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance after the unification of Germany but the alliance again faltered by the 1880s over Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest with regard to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.