How many years of commentary and interpretation are contained in an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE?
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Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the "Book of Changes"), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE. It was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major philosophical schools of China: Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.
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I Ching The I Ching ( in Mandarin), also known as Classic of Changes or Book of Changes, is an ancient Chinese divination text and the oldest of the Chinese classics. Possessing a history of more than two and a half millennia of commentary and interpretation, the "I Ching" is an influential text read throughout the world, providing inspiration to the worlds of religion, psychoanalysis, business, literature, and art. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zhou period (1000750), over the course of the Warring States period and early imperial period (500200) it was transformed into a cosmological text with a series of philosophical commentaries known as the "Ten Wings." After becoming part of the Five Classics in the 2nd century BC, the "I Ching" was the subject of scholarly commentary and the basis for divination practice for centuries across the Far East, and eventually took on an influential role in Western understanding of Eastern thought.
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Ornithomancy Ornithomancy (modern term from Greek "ornis" "bird" and "manteia" "divination"; in Ancient Greek: οἰωνίζομαι "take omens from the flight and cries of birds") is the practice of reading omens from the actions of birds followed in many ancient cultures including the Greeks, and is equivalent to the augury employed by the ancient Romans.
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Didascaliae Didascaliae are a compilation of production notices for several stage works of ancient Rome. This incomplete record was probably compiled some time around the 1st century BC, and contains notes on the "Stichus" and "Pseudolus" of Plautus (in Manuscript A) and all the plays of Terence (in the manuscript and in the commentary by Aelius Donatus), after which they were sometimes called "Didascaliae Terentianae". The notes contain information about the first performance of the works, games that were played there, the plays' directors and producers (such as Lucius Ambivius Turpio), musical composers, the nature of the musical score, the Roman consuls that year, "et cetera". In some cases, details about subsequent revivals are also preserved.
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Commentary (philology) In philology, a commentary is a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication usually attached to an edition of a text in the same or an accompanying volume. It may draw on methodologies of close reading and literary criticism, but its primary purpose is to elucidate the language of the text and the specific culture that produced it, both of which may be foreign to the reader. Such a commentary usually takes the form of footnotes, endnotes, or separate text cross-referenced by line, paragraph or page.
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Hexapla Hexapla (Ancient Greek: Ἑξαπλᾶ , "sixfold") is the term for a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible in six versions, four of them translated into Greek, preserved only in fragments. It was an immense and complex word-for-word comparison of the original Hebrew Scriptures with the Greek Septuagint translation and with other Greek translations. The term especially and generally applies to the edition of the Old Testament compiled by the theologian and scholar Origen, sometime before the year 240 CE, which placed side by side:
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Gemara The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora, Gemarah, or, less commonly, Gemorra; from Hebrew , from the Aramaic verb "gamar", study) is the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. After the Mishnah was published by Judah the Prince (c. 200 CE), the work was studied exhaustively by generation after generation of rabbis in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their discussions were written down in a series of books that became the Gemara, which when combined with the Mishnah constituted the Talmud.
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Fasti (poem) The Fasti (Latin: "Fastorum Libri Sex" , "Six Books of the Calendar"), sometimes translated as The Book of Days or On the Roman Calendar, is a six-book Latin poem written by the Roman poet Ovid and published in 8 AD. Ovid is believed to have left the "Fasti" incomplete when he was exiled to Tomis by the emperor Augustus in 8 AD. Written in elegiac couplets and drawing on conventions of Greek and Latin didactic poetry, the "Fasti" is structured as a series of eye-witness reports and interviews by the first-person "vates" ("poet-prophet" or "bard") with Roman deities, who explain the origins of Roman holidays and associated customs—often with multiple aetiologies. The poem is a significant, and in some cases unique, source of fact in studies of religion in ancient Rome; and the influential anthropologist and ritualist J.G. Frazer translated and annotated the work for the Loeb Classical Library series. Each book covers one month, January through June, of the Roman calendar, and was written several years after Julius Caesar replaced the old system of Roman time-keeping with what would come to be known as the Julian calendar.
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Rhapsodomancy Rhapsodomancy is an ancient form of divination performed by choosing through some method a specific passage or poem from which to ascertain information.
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Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Hebrew: רבי שלמה יצחקי‎ ‎ ; Latin: "Salomon Isaacides" ; French: "Salomon de Troyes" , 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (Hebrew: רש"י‎ , RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud and commentary on the "Tanakh". Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise and lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginner students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentary on the Talmud, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by Daniel Bomberg in the 1520s. His commentary on Tanakh—especially on the Chumash ("Five Books of Moses")—is an indispensable aid to students of all levels. The latter commentary alone serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in rabbinic literature.
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Mao Commentary The Mao Commentary () is one of the four early traditions of commentary on the "Classic of Poetry". The "Mao Commentary" is attributed to either Mao Chang 萇 or Mao Heng 亨 (both pre 221 BCE; dates unclear). The "Yiwenzhi" of the "Book of Han" refers to the Mao Commentary under the title "Maoshi guxun zhuan" 毛詩故訓傳 as one of two works by Mao on the "Classic of Poetry".
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Day-year principle The day-year principle, year-day principle or year-for-a-day principle is a method of interpretation of Bible prophecy in which the word "day" in prophecy is considered to be symbolic of a "year" of actual time. It is used principally by the historicist school of prophetic interpretation. It is held by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, some Pentecostals and the Christadelphians. The day-year principle is also used by the Bahá'í Faith, as well as in astrological prediction techniques, otherwise known as "primary directions".
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Euclid's Elements The Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα "Stoicheia") is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. "Elements" is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.
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Talmud The Talmud ( ; Hebrew: "talmūd " "instruction, learning", from a root "LMD " "teach, study") is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also traditionally referred to as Shas (), a Hebrew abbreviation of "shisha sedarim ", the "six orders", a reference to the six orders of the Mishnah. The term "Talmud" normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud "(Talmud Bavli)", although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud ("Talmud Yerushalmi") or Palestinian Talmud. When referring to post-biblical periods, namely those of the creation of the Talmud, the Talmudic academies and the Babylonian exilarchate, Jewish sources use the term "Babylonia" long after it had become obsolete in geopolitical terms.
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Enochian magic Enochian magic is a system of ceremonial magic based on the evocation and commanding of various spirits. It is based on the 16th-century writings of Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley, who claimed that their information, including the revealed Enochian language, was delivered to them directly by various angels. Dee's journals contained the Enochian script, and the tables of correspondences that accompany it. Dee and Kelley believed their visions gave them access to secrets contained within the "Book of Enoch".
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Indian logic The development of Indian logic dates back to the "anviksiki" of Medhatithi Gautama (c. 7th century BCE) the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini (c. 5th century BCE); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism (c. 2nd century BCE); the analysis of inference by Gotama (c. 2nd century), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna (c. 2nd century CE). Indian logic stands as one of the three original traditions of logic, alongside the Greek and the Chinese logic. The Indian tradition continued to develop through to early modern times, in the form of the Navya-Nyāya school of logic.
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613 commandments The tradition that 613 commandments (Hebrew: תרי"ג מצוות‎ , "taryag mitzvot", "613 mitzvot") is the number of mitzvot in the Torah, began in the 3rd century CE, when Rabbi Simlai mentioned it in a sermon that is recorded in Talmud Makkot 23b.
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Minchat Chinuch Minchat Chinuch (Hebrew: מנחת חינוך‎ ‎ ) is a legal commentary on the "Sefer ha-Chinuch". It was written by Yosef Babad ("Rabbeinu Yosef"; 1800–1874), "Av Beit Din" of Ternopil. The "Sefer Ha-Chinuch" systematically discusses the 613 commandments of the Torah, their Biblical source, and philosophical underpinnings - while the "Minchat Chinuch" serves as a legal commentary through the perspective of the Talmud and Rishonim. "Minchat Chinuch" is widely studied in Yeshivas and in private study groups, and remains popular to this day.
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Jerome Biblical Commentary The Jerome Biblical Commentary is a 1968 book of Biblical scholarship and commentary edited by Raymond Edward Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. It is arguably the most-used volume of Catholic scriptural commentary in the United States with the first edition selling 200,000 copies; it was also translated into Spanish, Italian and Portuguese. The book's title is a reference to Jerome, known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his extensive Biblical commentaries.
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Heshang Gong Heshang Gong (also Ho-Shang Kung ) was a reclusive hermit from the 1st century CE who wrote a commentary on Laozi’s Dao De Jing. Little is known about the life of Heshang Gong; however the impact of his writing is extensive in regards to the understanding and translation of the Dao De Jing, and is considered one of the earliest proponents of Daoist meditative practices which cultivate the “three treasures” of vitality, energy, and spirit, and the "dual cultivation" of spiritual nature (xing) and life-and-destiny (ming).
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Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference Series The Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference Series is a set of volumes produced primarily by Seventh-day Adventist scholars, and designed for both scholarly and popular level use. It includes the seven-volume Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, the two-volume Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, as well as the single volumes Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dictionary, Seventh-day Adventist Bible Students' Source Book and Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology. The series is published by the church-owned Review and Herald Publishing Association.
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Chronology of the ancient Near East The chronology of the ancient Near East provides a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Individual inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers, taking forms like "in the year X of king Y". Thus by piecing together many records a relative chronology is arrived at, relating dates in cities over a wide area. For the first millennium BC, the relative chronology can be tied to actual calendar years by identifying significant astronomical events. An inscription from the tenth year of Assyrian king Ashur-Dan III refers to an eclipse of the sun, and astronomical calculations among the range of possible dates identify the eclipse as having occurred 15 June 763 BCE. The date can be corroborated with other mentions of astronomical events and a secure absolute chronology established, that ties the relative chronologies into our calendar.