What is the name of the ancient people first described by a Roman historian in his treatise that is adjacent to Prussia?
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Prussia (region) Prussia (Old Prussian: "Prūsa", German: "Preußen" , Lithuanian: "Prūsija" , Polish: "Prusy" ) is a historical region stretching from Gdańsk Bay to the end of Curonian Spit on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and extending inland as far as Masuria. The territory and inhabitants were described by Tacitus in Germania in AD 98, where Suebi, Goths and other Germanic people lived on both sides of the Vistula River, adjacent to Aesti (further east). About 800–900 years later the Aesti were named Old Prussians, who since AD 997 repeatedly successfully defended against take-over attempt by the newly created Duchy of the Polans. The territory of the Old Prussians and neighboring Couronians and Livonians was unified politically in the 1230s as the Teutonic Order State. Prussia was politically divided in the period 1466-1772, with western Prussia under protection of the crown of Poland-Lithuania and eastern Prussia a Polish fief until 1660. The unity of both parts of Prussia remained preserved by retaining its borders, citizenship and authonomy until western and eastern Prussia were also politically re-united under the Kingdom of Prussia. It is famous for many lakes, as well as forests and hills. Since the military conquest by the Soviet Army in 1945 and the expulsion of the inhabitants it divided between northern Poland (most of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship), Russia's Kaliningrad exclave, and southwestern Lithuania (Klaipėda Region). The former German state of Prussia (1701–1947) derived its name from the region.
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Aesti The Aesti (also Aestii or Aests) were an ancient people first described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his treatise "Germania" (circa 98 CE). According to Tacitus, Aestui, the land of the Aesti, was located somewhere east of the "Suiones" (Swedes) and west of the "Sitones" (possibly the Kvens), on the Suebian (Baltic) Sea. This and other evidence suggests that "Aestui" was in or near the present-day Russian enclave of Kaliningrad Oblast (previously East Prussia).
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Old Prussian language Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language, once spoken by the Old Prussians, that is the Baltic peoples of Prussia (not to be confused with the later and much larger German state of the same name), after 1945 northeastern Poland, the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia and southernmost part of Lithuania.
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Thracian treasure The Thracians (Bulgarian: Траки , Ancient Greek: Θρᾷκες , Latin: "Thraci" ) were a group of Indo-European tribes inhabiting a large area in Central and Southeastern Europe, centred in modern Bulgaria. They were bordered by the Scythians to the north, the Celts and the Illyrians to the west, the Greeks to the south, and the Black Sea to the east.
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Silesia Silesia ( ; Polish: "Śląsk" ; Czech: "Slezsko" ; German:    ] ; Silesian German: "Schläsing"; Silesian: "Ślůnsk" [ɕlonsk] ; Lower Sorbian: "Šlazyńska" ; Upper Sorbian: "Šleska" ; Latin: "Silesia" ) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is about 40,000 km2 , and its population about 8,000,000. Silesia is located along the Oder River. It consists of Lower Silesia and Upper Silesia.
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Finningia Finningia is an old Latin name for Finland, along with "Fennia", "Finnia" and most often used "Finlandia". The name first appears in the work of Olaus Magnus from 1539, who placed "Finningia olim regnum" on the Scandinavian map to indicate the unhistorical past kingdom of Finland. The name presumably is a misconception of Pliny the Elder's "Aeningia" that probably did not mean Finland but the area of the present-day Baltic States. Aeningia seems to have first been confused with Finland by Jacob Ziegler in 1532.
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Gotini The Gotini (in Tacitus), who are generally equated to the Cotini in other sources, were a Gaulish tribe living during Roman times in the mountains approximately near the modern borders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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Rhine Province The Rhine Province (German: "Rheinprovinz" ), also known as Rhenish Prussia ("Rheinpreußen") or synonymous with the Rhineland ("Rheinland"), was the westernmost province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, within the German Reich, from 1822 to 1946. It was created from the provinces of the Lower Rhine and Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Its capital was Koblenz and in 1939 it had 8 million inhabitants. The Province of Hohenzollern was militarily associated with the Oberpräsident of the Rhine Province.
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Kingdom of the Lombards The Kingdom of the Lombards (Latin: "Regnum Langobardorum" ) also known as the Lombard Kingdom; later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: "Regnum totius Italiae" ), was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century. The king was traditionally elected by the highest-ranking aristocrats, the dukes, as several attempts to establish a hereditary dynasty failed. The kingdom was subdivided into a varying number of duchies, ruled by semi-autonomous dukes, which were in turn subdivided into gastaldates at the municipal level. The capital of the kingdom and the center of its political life was Pavia in the modern northern Italian region of Lombardy.
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History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state. The name "Ostarrîchi" (Austria) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy (later archduchy) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ("Heiliges Römisches Reich" 962–1806).
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Carvetii The Carvetii were an Iron Age people and were subsequently identified as a "civitas" (canton) of Roman Britain living in what is now Cumbria, in North-West England.
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Old Prussians Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: "Prūsai"; German: "Pruzzen" or "Prußen"; Latin: "Pruteni" ; Latvian: "Prūši" ; Lithuanian: "Prūsai" ; Polish: "Prusowie" ; Kashubian: "Prësowié" ) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia. This region became the core of the later state of Prussia. It was located on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. The people spoke a language now known as Old Prussian and followed pagan Prussian mythology.
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Borussian myth The Borussian myth or Borussian legend is the name given by 20th-century historians of German history to the earlier idea that German unification was inevitable, and that it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish it. The Borussian myth is an example of a teleological argument. "Borussia" is the Latin name for Prussia.
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Kingdom of Germany The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (Latin: "Regnum Teutonicum" , "Teutonic Kingdom"; German: "Deutsches Reich" ) developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire. Like Anglo-Saxon England and medieval France, it began as "a conglomerate, an assemblage of a number of once separate and independent... "gentes" [peoples] and "regna" [kingdoms]." East Francia ("Ostfrankenreich") was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911, after which the kingship was elective. The initial electors were the rulers of the stem duchies, who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, the kingdom formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included Italy (after 951), Bohemia (after 1004) and Burgundy (after 1032).
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List of ancient peoples of Italy This is a list of ancient peoples living in Italy before the Roman conquest. Many of the names are either scholarly inventions or exonyms assigned by the ancient writers of works in ancient Greek and Latin. In regard to the specific names of particular ancient Italian tribes and peoples, the time window in which historians know the historical ascribed names of ancient Italian peoples mostly falls into the range of about 750 BC at the foundation of Rome to about 200 BC in the middle Roman Republic, the time range in which most of the written documentation first exists of such names and prior to the complete assimilation of Italian peoples into Roman culture. Nearly all of these peoples and tribes were Indo-Europeans: Italics, Celts, Ancient Greeks, and tribes likely occupying various intermediate positions between these language groups. However, the exact language families of some Italian peoples (such as the Etruscans) are uncertain or considered "pre-Indo-European", while peoples belonging to the Afro-Asiatic language family are known to have settled in Italy, specifically the Semitic Phoenicians and Carthaginians.
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Germania Germania ( ) was the Roman term for the geographical region in north-central Europe inhabited mainly by Germanic peoples.
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Ardiaei The Ardiaei or "Ouardiaei" (Ancient Greek: Ἀρδιαῖοι "or" Οὐαρδαῖοι ; Latin: "Vardiaei" ), were an Illyrian tribe, residing inland, that eventually settled on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Polybius (203 BC–120 BC) writes that they were subdued by the Romans at events that occurred at 229 BC. Appian (95–165) writes that they were destroyed by the Autariatae and that in contrast to the Autariatae had maritime power. In the Epitome of Livy they are said to have been subdued by the consul Fulvius Flaccus.
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Frisiavones The Frisiavones (also Frisævones or Frisiabones) were a tribe living near the northern border of Roman Gaul possibly related to the nearby Frisii, who in turn are traditionally considered to be ancestors of modern Frisians. There is very little known about them, but they appear to have resided in the area of modern southern Netherlands, possibly in two distinct areas, one in the islands of the river deltas of Holland, and one to the south of it.
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Teutoburg Forest The Teutoburg Forest (German: "Teutoburger Wald" ,    , colloquially: "Teuto ") is a range of low, forested hills in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia which was formerly believed to be the scene of Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, a decisive battle between the Germans and Romans in 9 AD. Until the 19th century the official name of the hill ridge was Osning.
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Praetutii The Praetutii (Greek: Πραιτούττιοι , Ptolemy; Eth. Πραιτεττιανός , Polybius), were an ancient tribe of central Italy. They are thought to have lived around Interamnia (or Interamna), which became modern Teramo, and to have given their name to Abruzzo. The ancient accounts, however, are substantially confused, when it comes to more precise location and details.
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First Silesian War The First Silesian War was a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession. The name is used to describe Prussia's war against Austria between 1740 and 1742, fought mainly in Silesia, Moravia and Bohemia (the lands of the Bohemian Crown). It became the first in a series of three Silesian Wars fought between Frederick the Great's Prussia and Maria Theresa's Austria.
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New East Prussia New East Prussia (German: "Neuostpreußen" ; Polish: "Prusy Nowowschodnie" ; Lithuanian: "Naujieji Rytprūsiai" ) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807. It was created out of territory annexed in the Third Partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and included parts of Masovia, Podlaskie, Trakai voivodeship and Žemaitija. In 1806 it had 914,610 inhabitants with a territory of less than 55,000 km².