What is the real name of the Prussian Lithuanian poet and philosopher who came up with the idea of the religious movement Baltic Neopaganism?
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Baltic neopaganism Baltic Neopaganism is a category of autochthonous religious movements which have revitalised within the Baltic people (primarily Lithuanians and Latvians). These movements trace their origins back to the 19th century and they were suppressed under the Soviet Union; after its fall they have witnessed a blossoming alongside the national and cultural identity reawakening of the Baltic peoples, both in their homelands and among expatriate Baltic communities. One of the first ideologues of the revival was the Prussian Lithuanian poet and philosopher Vydūnas.
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Vydūnas Wilhelm Storost, artistic name Vilius Storostas-Vydūnas (22 March 1868 – 20 February 1953), mostly known as Vydūnas, was a Prussian-Lithuanian teacher, poet, humanist, philosopher and Lithuanian
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Young Latvians New Latvians (Latvian: "jaunlatvieši" ) is the term most often applied to the intellectuals of the First Latvian National Awakening (Latvian: "Tautas atmoda" ), active from the 1850s to the 1880s. The movement was modeled on the Young Germany (German: "Junges Deutschland" ) movement led by Heinrich Heine. Originally a derogatory epithet applied to these nationalist intellectuals by their mostly Baltic German opponents, the term "Young Latvia" (German: ""ein junges Lettland"" ) was first used by Gustav Wilhelm Sigmund Brasche, the pastor of Nīca, in a review of Juris Alunāns' "Dziesmiņas latviešu valodai pārtulkotas" ("Little Songs Translated for the Latvian Language") in the newspaper "Das Inland" in 1856. Asking who could appreciate such literature in Latvian (Alunāns' book was the first major translation of classic foreign poetry into Latvian), Brasche warned that those daring to dream of "a Young Latvia" would meet the tragic fate of the boatman in Heine's poem "Die Lorelei," a translation of which appeared in Alunāns' anthology. The New Latvians were also sometimes known as "Lettophiles" or ""tautībnieki"" ("ethnicists").
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Fricis Bārda Fricis Bārda (25 January 1880 – 13 March 1919) was a Latvian poet, particularly noted for his interest in philosophical and pantheistic themes.
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Gothicism Gothicism or Gothism (Swedish: "Göticism" ; Latin: "Gothicismus" ) was a cultural movement in Sweden, centered on the belief in the glory of the Swedish Geats, who were identified with the Goths. The founders of the movement were Nicolaus Ragvaldi and the brothers Johannes and Olaus Magnus. The belief continued to hold power in the 17th century, when Sweden was a great power following the Thirty Years' War, but lost most of its sway in the 18th. It was revitalized by Romantic nationalism in the early 19th century, this time with the Vikings as heroic figures.
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Konstantinas Sirvydas Konstantinas Sirvydas (rarely referred as Konstantinas Širvydas; Latin: "Constantinus Szyrwid" ; Polish: "Konstanty Szyrwid" ) 1579 – 8 August 1631) was a Lithuanian religious preacher, lexicographer and one of the pioneers of Lithuanian literature from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the time a confederal part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was a Jesuit priest, a professor at the Academia Vilnensis and the author of, among other works, the first grammar of the Lithuanian language and the first tri-lingual dictionary in Lithuanian, Latin and Polish (1619). Famous for his eloquence, Sirvydas spent 10 years of his life preaching sermons at St. John's church in Vilnius (twice a day - once in Lithuanian, and once in Polish).
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Daniel Klein (grammarian) Daniel Klein (Lithuanian: "Danielius Kleinas" ) (1609–1666) was a Lutheran pastor and scholar from Tilsit, Duchy of Prussia, who is best known for writing the first grammar book of the Lithuanian language.
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Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn ( Traditional Jewish Lithuanian pronunciation : Avrohom Dov Beyr Leybenzon ) (born in Vilnius, Russian Empire c. 1789/1794; died there November 19, 1878) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebraist, poet, and grammarian.
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Guido von List Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (October 5, 1848 – May 17, 1919), was an Austrian occultist, journalist, playwright, and novelist. He expounded a modern Pagan new religious movement known as Wotanism, which he claimed was the revival of the religion of the ancient German race, and which included an inner set of Ariosophical teachings that he termed Armanism.
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Saulė Saulė (Lithuanian: "Saulė" , Latvian: "Saule" ) is a solar goddess, the common Baltic solar deity in the Lithuanian and Latvian mythologies. The noun "Saulė"/"Saule" in the Lithuanian and Latvian languages is also the conventional name for the Sun and originates from the Proto-Baltic name *"Sauliā" > *"Saulē".
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Friedrich Hölderlin Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (] ; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843) was a German poet. Described by Norbert von Hellingrath as "the most German of Germans," Hölderlin was a key figure of German Romanticism. Particularly due to his early association with and philosophical influence on Hegel and Schelling, he was also an important thinker in the development of German Idealism.
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Enlightenment in Poland The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism.
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Jan Bolesław Ożóg Jan Bolesław Ożóg (1 March 1913 in Nienadówka – 1 March 1991 in Kraków) was Polish writer, poet and translator. He was born into the family of a village church organist. His first university studies were in theology, but later he changed his mind and took a degree in Polish philology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In spite of not finishing theological studies, Ożóg in his poetry was concerned with religious themes all his lifetime. Being a peasant, he was one of the main representatives of the "Autentyzm" poetic movement. Together with Stanisław Czernik he wrote its manifesto. He published his poems in the "Okolica Poetów" ("The Neighbourhood of Poets") review. During World War II he organised secret schools and was soldier of the Home Army. After the war he was a teacher and worked in many places. He was one of the founders of the "Barbarus" poetic group. He is buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków. In his poetry Ożóg deals with themes of peasants' culture, Catholic religion, the conflict of faith and sexuality, sin and death. Sometimes he is regarded as a representative of New Paganism as he often refers to Slavic myths. Oźóg's versification is notable for its frequent use of irregular amphibrachic metre.
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German new humanism The German new humanism or Neuhumanismus was a movement that emerged in Germany around 1750. The term was coined by the historian Friedrich Paulsen in 1885. It was a continuation of the original humanism of the renaissance. Central to the movement was a rediscovery of the Antiquity, and the movement was linked to a humanistic idea of knowledge, referred to as Bildung, and to the idea of "humanity", the intellectual, physical, and moral formation of "a better human being." Some its major participants include Johann Matthias Gesner, Johann August Ernesti, Christian Gottlob Heyne, Friedrich August Wolf, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm von Humboldt.
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Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius Vincas Mickevičius (October 19, 1882 – July 17, 1954), better known by his pen name Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, was a Lithuanian writer, poet, novelist, playwright and philologist. He is also known as Vincas Krėvė, the shortened name he used in the United States.
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Pan Tadeusz Pan Tadeusz (full title in English: "Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse"; Polish original: "Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem") is an epic poem by the Polish poet, writer and philosopher Adam Mickiewicz. The book was first published in June 1834 in Paris, and is considered by many to be the last great epic poem in European literature.
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Rudolf Steiner Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (or 25) February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist. Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the nineteenth century as a literary critic and published philosophical works including "The Philosophy of Freedom". At the beginning of the twentieth century he founded an esoteric spiritual movement, anthroposophy, with roots in German idealist philosophy and theosophy; other influences include Goethean science and Rosicrucianism.
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Stanislovas Rapolionis Stanislovas Svetkus Rapolionis (Latin: "Stanislaus Rapagel(l)anus, Stanislaus Lituanus" , Polish: "Stanisław Rafajłowicz" ;  1485 or 1500 – May 13, 1545) was a Lutheran activist from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With patronage of Albert, Duke of Prussia, he obtained the doctorate of theology from the Protestant University of Wittenberg where he studied under Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. After graduation, he became the first professor of theology at the newly established University of Königsberg, also known as Albertina. As professor he began working on several Protestant publications and translations, including a Bible translation into Polish. It is believed that he also started the first translation of the Bible into Lithuanian. Together with Abraomas Kulvietis, Rapolionis was one of the very first authors to write in the Lithuanian language. While Rapolionis and Kulvietis died early leaving their work unfinished, they laid the foundations for future Lithuanian writers and translators.
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Jakob von Uexküll Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (] ; 8 September 1864 – 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology, animal behaviour studies, and the cybernetics of life. However, his most notable contribution is the notion of "Umwelt", used by semiotician Thomas Sebeok and philosopher Martin Heidegger. His works established biosemiotics as a field of research.
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Jan Czeczot Jan Czeczot of Ostoja (Lithuanian: "Jonas Čečiotas" , Belarusian: Ян Чачот , "Jan Čačot", 1796–1847) was a Polish romantic poet and ethnographer. Fascinated by folklore and traditional folk songs of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, confederal part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he recollected hundreds of them in his works. Inspired by them, he also wrote several poems in what could be considered a pre-modern Belarusian language. As such, he is often cited as one of the first Polish ethnographers and one of the predecessors of the Belarusian national revival.
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Debora Vogel Debora Vogel (1902 – 1942) was a Polish philosopher and poet.
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Vytautas Mažiulis Vytautas Mažiulis (born August 20, 1926 in Rokėnai, Lithuania, died April 11, 2009, in Vilnius, Lithuania) was a highly distinguished Lithuanian Balticist, an expert on the Old Prussian language and Indo-European languages.