How many meta states does the first isotope to be synthesized in Am in 1944 have?
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Americium-241 Americium-241 (Am) is an isotope of americium. Like all isotopes of americium, it is radioactive. Am is the most common isotope of americium. It is the most prevalent isotope of americium in nuclear waste. Americium-241 has a half-life of 432.2 years. It is commonly found in ionization type smoke detectors. It is a potential fuel for long-lifetime radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Its common parent nuclides are β from Pu, EC from Cm and α from Bk. Am is fissile and the critical mass of a bare sphere is 57.6-75.6 kilograms and a sphere diameter of 19–21 centimeters. Americium-241 has a specific activity of 3.43 Ci/g (curies per gram or 117.29 gigabequerels (GBq) per gram). It is commonly found in the form of americium-241 dioxide (AmO). This isotope also has one meta state; Am, with an exitation energy of 2.2 MeV, and a half-life of 1.23 μs. Its presence in plutonium is determined by the original concentration of plutonium-241 and the sample age. Because of the low penetration of alpha radiation, americium-241 only poses a health risk when ingested or inhaled. Older samples of plutonium containing plutonium-241 contain a buildup of Am. A chemical removal of americium-241 from reworked plutonium (e.g. during reworking of plutonium pits) may be required in some cases.
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Isotopes of americium Americium (Am) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Am in 1944. The artificial element decays into alpha particles. Americium has an atomic number of 95 (the number of protons in the nucleus of the americium atom).
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Uranate A uranate is a ternary oxide involving the element uranium in one of the oxidation states +4, +5 or +6. A typical chemical formula is MUO, where M represents a cation. The uranium atom in uranates(VI) has two short collinear U–O bonds and either four or six more next nearest oxygen atoms. The structures are infinite lattice structures with the uranium atoms linked by bridging oxygen atoms. "Ammonium diuranate" is an intermediate in the production of uranium oxide nuclear fuels.
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Isotopes of silicon Silicon (Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 45. Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), Si (4.67%), and Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 150 years (0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to P (which has a 14.28 day half-life ) and then to S. After Si, Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds. The least stable is usually Si with a half-life greater than 60 nanoseconds.
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Nihonium Nihonium is a chemical element with symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is a synthetic element and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 8 seconds. Nihonium was first reported to have been created in 2003 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and in 2004 by a team of Japanese scientists at RIKEN. In December 2015, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) recognized the element and assigned the priority of the discovery to RIKEN. In November 2016, the IUPAC published a declaration defining the name to be "nihonium". The name comes from the common Japanese name for Japan (日本 , nihon ) . On 28 November 2016, the name became official.
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Isotopes of rhodium Naturally occurring rhodium (Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (Rh) to 121.943 u (Rh). Most of these have half-lifes that are less than an hour except Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being Rh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and Rh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.
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Isotopes of bohrium Bohrium (Bh) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Bh in 1981. There are 11 known isotopes ranging from Bh to Bh, and 1 isomer, Bh. The longest-lived isotope is Bh with a half-life of 1 minute, although the unconfirmed Bh may have an even longer half-life of about 690 seconds.
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Isotopes of mercury There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (Hg) with Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining 32 radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. Hg and Hg are the most often studied NMR-active nuclei, having spins of 1/2 and 3/2 respectively.
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Compounds of thorium Many compounds of thorium are known: this is because thorium and uranium are the most stable and accessible actinides and are the only actinides that can be studied safely and legally in bulk in a normal laboratory. As such, they have the best-known chemistry of the actinides, along with that of plutonium, as the self-heating and radiation from them is not enough to cause radiolysis of chemical bonds as it is for the other actinides. While the later actinides from americium onwards are predominantly trivalent and behave more similarly to the corresponding lanthanides, as one would expect from periodic trends, the early actinides up to plutonium (thus including thorium and uranium) have relativistically destabilised and hence delocalised 5f and 6d electrons that participate in chemistry in a similar way to the early transition metals of group 3 through 8: thus, all their valence electrons can participate in chemical reactions, although this is not common for neptunium and plutonium.
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Carbon Carbon (from Latin: "carbo" "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Three isotopes occur naturally,  C and  C being stable, while  C is a radioactive isotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.
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Isotopes of germanium Germanium (Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, Ge, Ge, Ge, Ge, and Ge. Of these, Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 10 years (130 billion times the age of the universe).
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1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole 1,1′-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole is a moderately explosive but comparatively stable chemical compound which contains a long continuous chain of nitrogen atoms, with an unbroken chain of eight nitrogen atoms cyclised into two 1,2,3-triazole rings. It is stable up to 194 °C. The compound exhibits cis–trans isomerism at the central azo group: the "trans" isomer is more stable and is yellow, while the "cis" isomer is less stable and is blue. The two rings are aromatic and form a conjugated system with the azo linkage. This chromophore allows the "trans" compound to be isomerised to the "cis" when treated with an appropriate wavelength of ultraviolet light.
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Isotopes of actinium Actinium (Ac) has no stable isotopes and no characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. There are 31 known isotopes, from Ac to Ac, and 2 isomers. Two isotopes are found in nature, Ac and Ac, as intermediate decay products of, respectively, U and Th. Ac is extremely rare, and almost all natural actinium is Ac.
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Lawrencium Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103. It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, lawrencium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. Twelve isotopes of lawrencium are currently known; the most stable is Lr with a half-life of 11 hours, but the shorter-lived Lr (half-life 2.7 minutes) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale.
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Nuclear material Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable material", consisting of enriched uranium (U-235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a "source material", although these are not subject to safeguards under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
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Monoisotopic mass The monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the unbound, ground-state, rest mass of the principal (most abundant) isotope for each element instead of the isotopic average mass. For typical organic compounds, where the monoisotopic mass is most commonly used, this also results in the lightest isotope being selected. For some heavier atoms such as iron and argon the principle isotope is not the lightest isotope. The term is designed for measurements in mass spectrometry primarily with smaller molecules. It is not typically useful as a concept in physics or general chemistry. Monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), also called daltons (Da).
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Mendelevium Mendelevium is a synthetic element with chemical symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the third-to-last actinide and the ninth transuranic element. It can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. A total of sixteen mendelevium isotopes are known, the most stable being Md with a half-life of 51 days; nevertheless, the shorter-lived Md (half-life 1.17 hours) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale.
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Big Bang nucleosynthesis In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (abbreviated BBN, also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, arch(a)eonucleosynthesis, archonucleosynthesis, protonucleosynthesis and pal(a)eonucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, H, having a single proton as a nucleus) during the early phases of the Universe. Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang, and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe's helium as the isotope helium-4 (He), along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (H or D), the helium isotope helium-3 (He), and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium-7 (Li). In addition to these stable nuclei, two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced: the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium (H or T); and the beryllium isotope beryllium-7 (Be); but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li, as above.
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Strontium Strontium is the chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is exposed to air. Strontium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbors in the periodic table, calcium and barium. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine, strontianite, and putnisite, and is mined mostly from the first two of these. While natural strontium is stable, the synthetic Sr isotope is radioactive and is one of the most dangerous components of nuclear fallout, as strontium is absorbed by the body in a similar manner to calcium. Natural stable strontium, on the other hand, is not hazardous to health.
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Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. The elemental form was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811. It was named two years later by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac from this property, after the Greek "ἰωδης" "violet-coloured".
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Curium hydroxide Curium hydroxide [Cm(OH)] is a radioactive compound first discovered in measurable quantities in 1947. It is composed of a single curium atom, and three hydroxide groups. It was the first curium compound ever isolated.
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Calcium-48 Calcium-48 is a scarce isotope of calcium containing 20 protons and 28 neutrons. It makes up 0.187% of natural calcium by mole fraction. Although it is unusually neutron-rich for such a light nucleus, the only radioactive decay pathway open to it is the extremely rare process of double beta decay. (Single beta decay would be energetically possible but is even more hindered.) Its half-life is about 6.4×10 years, so for all practical purposes it can be treated as stable. One factor contributing to this unusual stability is that 20 and 28 are both magic numbers, making Ca a "doubly magic" nucleus.