Was the person who executed Eutimio Guerra for treason Marxist, or did he support Stalinism?
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Eutímio Guerra Eutimio Guerra (1920 — February 1957) was a Cuban peasant army guide executed for treason during the Cuban revolution by Che Guevara. He is believed to be the first person executed by Guevara.
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Che Guevara Ernesto "Che" Guevara (] June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture.
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Alessandro Pavolini Alessandro Pavolini (27 September 1903 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and essayist, notable for his involvement in the Fascist government, during World War II, and also, for his cruelty against the opponents of fascism.
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1922 Moscow Trial of Socialist Revolutionaries The Moscow Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries was a political trial in the Soviet Union, beginning on June 8, 1922. The trial was ordered by Lenin, and was in many ways a precursor to the later show trials under Stalin, although without the death sentences that were the almost guaranteed outcome of the later trials.
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Pentito Italian term pentito (] ; "repentant"; plural: "pentiti") is used colloquially to designate people in Italy who were formerly part of criminal or terrorist organizations, and who, following their arrests, decided to "repent" and collaborate with the judiciary to help further investigations. The judicial category of "pentiti" was originally created in legislation passed by the Italian government in the 1970s to combat violence and terrorism during the so-called Years of Lead. The correct technical name used for them is "collaborators of justice" (Italian: "collaboratori di giustizia" ). In the wake of the Maxi Trial in Palermo in 1986–87, and after the testimony of Tommaso Buscetta, the term came into widespread use in Italy for all former members of the Sicilian Mafia who had abandoned their organization and started helping investigators.
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Joan Comorera Joan Comorera i Soler (or Juan Comorera y Soler; 5 September 1894 – 7 May 1958) was a left-wing Spanish politician from Catalonia who spent several years in Argentina before returning to Spain in 1931 at the start of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a Catalan nationalist, and was elected chairman of the Socialist Union of Catalonia in 1933. In 1936 he became Secretary General of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), in alliance with the Spanish Communist Party. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) he built up his party into a major political force during the struggles among the supporters of the Republic between Socialists, Stalinists, Trotskyists and Anarcho-syndicalists. After the Republicans were defeated by the right-wing forces led by Francisco Franco he went into exile, living in Mexico and then in France. In 1949 he was expelled from the Communist party for his Catalan nationalism, and survived an assassination attempt. In 1951 he moved back to Catalonia using a false name. He was arrested in 1954 and died in prison four years later.
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Ion Moța Ion I. Moța [or Motza] (5 July 1902, Orăștie, Austria-Hungary—13 January 1937, Majadahonda, Spain) was the Romanian nationalist deputy leader of the Iron Guard killed in battle during the Spanish Civil War.
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Johannes Raudmets Johannes Raudmets (also known as Ivan Ivanovich Raudmets) (January 1, 1892 – September 9, 1937) was an Estonian Soviet Komdiv (division commander). He fought in the Imperial Russian Army in World War I before going over to the Bolsheviks in the subsequent civil war. He was a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on June 11, 1937 and later executed. Some sources give the date of his execution as August 25, 1937. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was rehabilitated in 1966.
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Ivan Zhukov Ivan Pavlovich Zhukov (1889 – October 30, 1937) was a Soviet politician. He was a member of the Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). He received the Order of Lenin in 1931. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on June 21, 1937, sentenced to death on October 29, 1937 and executed by firing squad the following day. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was rehabilitated in 1956.
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Stanislav Redens Stanislav Frantsevich Redens (Russian: Станислав Францевич Реденс , Polish: "Stanisław Redens" ; May 17, 1892 – January 21, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official, one of those responsible for conducting mass repressions under Joseph Stalin. Redens was himself executed in 1940, after being arrested at the end of the Great Purge in 1938.
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Aleksei Stetskii Aleksei Ivanovich Stetskii (January 15, 1896 – August 1, 1938) was a Russian journalist and member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, the Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Orgburo. He was head of the Leninist Culture and Propaganda Department (Agitprop) from February 10, 1934 to May 13, 1935. During the Great Purge, he was arrested on April 26, 1938 on charges of counter-revolution and later executed by firing squad. After the death of Joseph Stalin, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.
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Red fascism Red fascism is a pejorative term used to describe Stalinism as being similar to fascism. Accusations that the leaders of the Soviet Union during the Stalinist period acted as "Red Fascists" were commonly stated by Trotskyists, left communists, social democrats, democratic socialists and anarchists, as well as among right wing circles.
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José María León Jiménez José María León Jiménez (April 17, 1893 – August 2, 1936) was a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politician and supporter of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. He was executed by the Nationalists of Francisco Franco during the White Terror (Spain).
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Anti-Stalinist left The anti-Stalinist left comprises various kinds of left-wing politics critical of Joseph Stalin, of Stalinism as a political philosophy, and of the actual system of governance Stalin implemented as dictator of the Soviet Union.
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Willi Münzenberg Wilhelm "Willi" Münzenberg (14 August 1889, Erfurt, Germany – June 1940, Saint-Marcellin, France) was a communist political activist. Münzenberg was the first head of the Young Communist International in 1919–20 and established the famine-relief and propaganda organization Workers International Relief in 1921. He was a leading propagandist for the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during the Weimar Era, but later grew disenchanted with Communism due to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s. Condemned by Stalin to be purged and arrested for treason, Münzenberg left the KPD and in Paris became a leader of the German émigré anti-fascism and anti-Stalinist community until forced to flee the Nazi advance into France in 1940. Arrested and imprisoned by the Daladier government in France, he escaped prison camp only to be found dead a few months later in a forest near the commune of Saint-Marcellin, France.
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Filimon Sârbu Filimon Sârbu (August 10, 1916 – July 19, 1941) was a Romanian communist activist and anti-fascist militant executed by the pro-Nazi authorities during World War II. After the war, he was acclaimed as a hero by the communist government.
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Guillermo Ascanio Guillermo Ascanio (1907–1941) was a Communist Party of Spain politician. He was born in Villahermoso, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. He fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. After the victory of the Nationalists, he was executed by the government of Francisco Franco in Madrid.
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Gabriel Péri Gabriel Péri (Peri) (February 9, 1902—December 15, 1941) was a prominent French Communist journalist and politician, and member of the French Resistance. He was executed by Nazi-occupied France during World War II.
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De-Stalinization in Romania The De-Stalinization in Romania was a process of removing policies and Stalin's cult of personality between 1959 and 1965. Implemented by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, it included the marginalization of Stalinist communists, such as Ana Pauker and a large-scale amnesty of thousands of political prisoners. A number of political and cultural figures from the 19th century fight for independence were rehabilitated and writers formerly considered "bourgeois decadent" (like Tudor Arghezi) were allowed to publish again.
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Stalin (Trotsky book) "Stalin" is a two-volume biography of Joseph Stalin, written by Leon Trotsky between 1938 and 1940. The second volume was not completed because of the author's murder. The publication of the book was delayed by the publisher because of the American entry into World War II - the work was published only when the Cold War began. The book has a strong anti-Stalinist message: the Soviet leader is accused of committing a number of crimes, including poisoning of Vladimir Lenin. Translated into many languages; first published in the USSR in 1990 and became a bestseller.
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Aggravation of class struggle under socialism The theory of aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism was one of the cornerstones of Stalinism in the internal politics of the Soviet Union. Although the term "class struggle" was introduced by Marx and Engels, and "aggravation of class struggle" was an expression originally coined by Vladimir Lenin in 1919 to refer to the dictatorship of the proletariat, the theory of "class struggle under socialism" was put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1933 and supplied a theoretical base for the claim that ongoing repression of "capitalist elements" is necessary. Stalin believed that residual bourgeois elements would persist within the country and that, with support from Western powers, they would try to infiltrate the party. A variation of the theory was also adopted by Mao Zedong in China.
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Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor (November 8, 1881 - June 17, 1964) was a Romanian lawyer, journalist and socialist militant. An important figure in the early Romanian labour movement, he embraced communism during World War I and organised Romanian armed detachments in Odessa in support of the October Revolution, hoping to foment a revolution in his native country. A political prisoner in Romania for much of the interwar period and during World War II, he held several minor political offices after the regime change in the late 1940s.