The Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law is a law promulgated in 1977, two years after which Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975?
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Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law The Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law is a law promulgated in 1977, two years after dictator Francisco Franco's death, that shields any Franco era crime from being put under trial. The law is still in force, and has been used as a reason for not investigating and prosecuting Francoist human rights violations.
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Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (] ; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975.
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Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held for a year and a half before finally being released by the British government in March 2000. Authorized to freely return to Chile, Pinochet was there first indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia, and charged with a number of crimes, before dying on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted in any case. His arrest in London made the front-page of newspapers worldwide as not only did it involve the head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990, but it was the first time that several European judges applied the principle of universal jurisdiction, declaring themselves competent to judge crimes committed by former heads of state, despite local amnesty laws.
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President of the Regency Council During the Spanish State, "caudillo" Francisco Franco he created the Regency Council on 26 July 1947 and became its president. This allowed Franco to hold this office as regent, until he appointed a successor to restore the kingdom of Spain. Following his visit to Portugal, from the 22nd October 1949 to 27 October 1949 several politicians became regent across this period. Later, following Franco's illness, the future king of Spain Juan Carlos was chosen as Franco's designated successor and became acting head of state from 19 July 1974 till 2 September 1974. Soon after this appointment, Franco died on 20 November 1975 and he became King of Spain a couple of days later on 22 November 1975 and reigned until his abdication on 19 June 2014.
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Oblivion law The Oblivion law (Spanish: "Ley de Olvido" ) was an 1821 Argentine law promulgated by Martín Rodríguez, governor of the Buenos Aires province. It was promoted by his minister Bernardino Rivadavia, and set a general amnesty to all the people guilty of treason. During the Argentine War of Independence, many governments had taken such measures against their political enemies and exiled them; this law allowed them to return to Buenos Aires free of charges. The law said that:
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David Toro José David Toro Ruilova (June 24, 1898 in Sucre – July 25, 1977 in Santiago de Chile) was the 35th president of Bolivia, a colonel in the Bolivian army and member of the High Command during the Chaco War (1932–35). He was one of the leaders of the coup that deposed President Salamanca in November, 1934) and became President of the Republic in May 1936 as a result of a military uprising headed by his friend and comrade, Major Germán Busch.
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Manuel Carrasco Formiguera Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera (1890 in Barcelona – 9 April 1938 in Burgos), was a Spanish lawyer and Christian democrat Catalan nationalist politician. His execution, by order of Francisco Franco, provoked protests from Catholic journalists such as Joseph Ageorges, the President of the International Federation of Catholic Journalists. Ageorges wrote, ""Even more than the death of the Duke of Enghien stained the memory of Napoleon, the death of Carrasco has stained the reputation of Franco"". Such protests, in turn, provoked the anger of the Francoist press. His funeral in Paris on 27 April 1938 was attended by many notable people, including Joan Miró, Ossorio y Gallardo, Josep M. de Sagarra, Joaquim Ventalló and Jacques Maritain and his wife Raissa.
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Francisco Tomás y Valiente Francisco Tomás y Valiente (8 December 1932-14 February 1996) was a Spanish professor of the history of Law who presided Spain's Constitutional Court for two terms (1986-1992). He was assassinated by ETA in 1996.
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Otilio Alba Polo Otilio Alba Polo (1915 – March 18, 1941) was a Spanish Catalan politician. He was born in Barcelona. He supported the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. After the victory of the Nationalists, he was executed by the government of Francisco Franco.
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Alfredo Kindelán Alfredo Kindelán y Duany, 1st Marquess of Kindelán (13 March 1879, in Santiago de Cuba – 14 December 1962, in Madrid) was a Spanish general and politician. A close ally of Francisco Franco before and during the Spanish Civil War, their relationship would later become strained as Kindelán emerged as a leading advocate for a swift restoration of the monarchy. He belonged to the Kindelán family, a noted Spanish family of Irish origin.
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Censorship in Francoist Spain Censorship in Francoist Spain was mandated by Francisco Franco during his reign, between 1936-1975. Under his regime, primary subjects of censorship included public display of liberal political ideology, art forms such as literature and film, as well as symbols of foreign, non-conservative ideologies. This censorship was primarily driven by Franco's vision for ideological unity in Spain. As a result, Franco called for the censorship of materials that promoted liberal ideas from abroad, particular those of European origin. Aside from censorship of foreign ideology, symbols of Spanish identity, such as Catalonia, also became primary targets of censorship. Under his authoritarian regime, censorship was imposed primarily through systemic political repression. Franco's regime repressed expression of liberal social and political ideology among the Spanish public.
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Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction (Spanish: "Bando nacional" ) or Rebel faction (Spanish: "Bando sublevado" ) was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders (Spanish: "Caudillo" ) of the 1936 coup, General Francisco Franco, would lead this faction throughout the war and later would become the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.
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Jorge Rafael Videla Jorge Rafael Videla (] ; 2 August 1925 – 17 May 2013) was a senior commander in the Argentine Army and dictator of Argentina from 1976 to 1981.
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1980 Turkish coup d'état The 12 September 1980 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: "12 Eylül Darbesi" ), headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 "Coup by Memorandum". The 1970s in Turkey were marked by right-wing/left-wing armed conflicts, in the context of the Cold War. To create a pretext for a decisive intervention, the Turkish military allowed these conflicts to escalate; some say they actively adopted a strategy of tension. The violence abruptly stopped afterwards, and the coup was welcomed by some for restoring order. In total, 50 people were executed, 500,000 were arrested and hundreds died in prison.
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David Padilla David Padilla Arancibia (13 August 1927 – 25 September 2016) was a military general and "de facto" president of Bolivia. He ruled his country from November 1978 to August 1979.
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Ramón Franco Ramón Franco Bahamonde (born 2 February 1896 in the naval station of Ferrol in Galicia, Spain –28 October 1938), was a Spanish pioneer of aviation, a political figure and brother of later dictator Francisco Franco. Well before the Spanish Civil War, during the reign of Alfonso XIII, both brothers were acclaimed as national heroes in Spain; however, the two had strongly differing political views. They had a less known brother Nicolás.
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José Maldonado González José Maldonado González (12 November 1900, Tineo, Asturias – 11 February 1985, Oviedo) was the last president of the Spanish Republican government in Exile. Elected in the Spanish general election, 1936 as a deputy for Oviedo province, he was a member of the party Republican Left, which was a member of the Popular Front. In 1938 he fled to France.
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Getúlio Vargas Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (] ; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician, who served as President of Brazil during two periods: the first was from 1930-1945, when he served as interim president from 1930-1934, President from 1934-1937, and dictator from 1937-1945. After being overthrown in a 1945 coup, Vargas returned to power as the democratically elected president in 1951, serving until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the longest of any President, and second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of state. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism – for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "The Father of the Poor". Vargas is one of a number of populists who arose during the 1930s in Latin America, including Lazaro Cardenas and Juan Peron who promoted nationalism and pursued social reform. He was a proponent of workers' rights as well as a staunch anti-communist.
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Jorge Ubico Jorge Ubico Castañeda (10 November 1878 – 14 June 1946), nicknamed Number Five (based on the letters of the name Jorge) or also Central America's Napoleon, was the authoritarian ruler of Guatemala from 14 February 1931 to 4 July 1944. A general in the Guatemalan army, he was elected to the presidency in 1931, in an election where he was the only candidate. He continued his predecessors' policies of giving massive concessions to the United Fruit Company and wealthy landowners, as well as supporting their harsh labor practices. He was removed by a pro-democracy uprising in 1944, which led to the ten-year Guatemalan Revolution.
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José Miaja José Miaja Menant (20 April 1878 in Oviedo, Asturias – 14 January 1958 in Mexico) was an army officer of the Second Spanish Republic.
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Santiago Sinclair Santiago Sinclair Oyaneder (born 29 December 1927) was a Chilean Army general and member of the Pinochet dictatorship from 1987 to 1989 that ruled Chile from 1973–1990.
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Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as "la tricolor ", was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977.