What Prussian Lithuanian Lutheran pastor and poet wrote "The Seasons" a masterpiece of early Lithuanian literature thatdepicts everyday life of Lithuanian peasants, their struggle with serfdom, and the annual cycle of life?
c4e5db228c3aca5410756d015cf9e14e
The Seasons (poem) The Seasons (Lithuanian: Metai ) is the first Lithuanian poem written by Kristijonas Donelaitis around 1765–1775. It is in quantitative dactylic hexameters as often used for Latin and Ancient Greek poetry. It was published as ""Das Jahr"" in Königsberg, 1818 by Ludwig Rhesa, who also named the poem and selected the arrangement of the parts. The German translation was included in the first edition of the poem. The book was dedicated to Wilhelm von Humboldt. The poem is considered a masterpiece of early Lithuanian literature.
d6e01c03bbe1a77890991456c86b4f89
Kristijonas Donelaitis Kristijonas Donelaitis (1 January 1714 – 18 February 1780; Latin: "Christian Donalitius" ) was a Prussian Lithuanian Lutheran pastor and poet. He lived and worked in Lithuania Minor, a territory in the Kingdom of Prussia, that had a sizable minority of ethnic Lithuanians. He wrote the first classic Lithuanian language poem, "The Seasons" (Lithuanian: "Metai" ), which became one of the principal works of Lithuanian poetry. The poem, a classic work of Lithuanian literature, depicts everyday life of Lithuanian peasants, their struggle with serfdom, and the annual cycle of life.
a8112641fea861812787151e3dcf0ff1
Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union The Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union (Lithuanian: "Lietuvos valstiečių liaudininkų sajunga" , LVLS) was a centre-left political party in Lithuania between 1922 and 1936. The party's leaders included the third President Kazys Grinius and three-term Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius.
1264dd881ee91f44ec6b52754c2c4301
Psalms The Book of Psalms (Hebrew: תְּהִלִּים‎ ‎ or , "Tehillim", "praises"), commonly referred to simply as Psalms or "the Psalms", is the first book of the "Ketuvim" ("Writings"), the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. The title is derived from the Greek translation, ψαλμοί "psalmoi", meaning "instrumental music" and, by extension, "the words accompanying the music." The book is an anthology of individual psalms, with 150 in the Jewish and Western Christian tradition and more in the Eastern Christian churches. Many of the psalms are linked to the name of David, but his authorship is not accepted by modern Bible scholars.
b9009a873be30106054f6ca5bda12979
Pēteris Stučka Pēteris Stučka, sometimes spelt Pyotr Ivanovich Stuchka (Russian: Пётр Ива́нович Сту́чка , German: "Peter Stutschka" (in contemporary writings); b. July 26 [O.S. July 14] 1865 in Koknese parish, Governorate of Livonia – d. January 25, 1932 in Moscow), was the head of the Bolshevik government in Latvia during the Latvian War of Independence, one of the leaders of the New Current movement in the late 19th century, a prolific writer and translator, an editor of major Latvian and Russian socialist and communist newspapers and periodicals, a prominent jurist and educator, and the first president of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union. Stučka's wife, Dora Pliekšāne (1870–1950), was the sister of the Latvian poet Rainis (Jānis Pliekšāns), with whom Stučka shared a room during their law studies at St. Petersburg University.
5c04b1b1659d1691b48b7f9bba616d3d
Keturi vėjai Keturi vėjai ("The Four Winds") was a Lithuanian literary movement and literary magazine, active from 1924 to 1928.
054b30d55b61b8a4dd8862ffdf28df6b
Dichtung und Wahrheit Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit ("From my Life: Poetry and Truth"; 1811–1833) is an autobiography by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that comprises the time from the poet's childhood to the days in 1775, when he was about to leave for Weimar.
a703d7d0f1fd9de0cbea240d58a3ba3b
Daniel Klein (grammarian) Daniel Klein (Lithuanian: "Danielius Kleinas" ) (1609–1666) was a Lutheran pastor and scholar from Tilsit, Duchy of Prussia, who is best known for writing the first grammar book of the Lithuanian language.
7c47814221a9badf31c1c9aff358c6d0
Young Latvians New Latvians (Latvian: "jaunlatvieši" ) is the term most often applied to the intellectuals of the First Latvian National Awakening (Latvian: "Tautas atmoda" ), active from the 1850s to the 1880s. The movement was modeled on the Young Germany (German: "Junges Deutschland" ) movement led by Heinrich Heine. Originally a derogatory epithet applied to these nationalist intellectuals by their mostly Baltic German opponents, the term "Young Latvia" (German: ""ein junges Lettland"" ) was first used by Gustav Wilhelm Sigmund Brasche, the pastor of Nīca, in a review of Juris Alunāns' "Dziesmiņas latviešu valodai pārtulkotas" ("Little Songs Translated for the Latvian Language") in the newspaper "Das Inland" in 1856. Asking who could appreciate such literature in Latvian (Alunāns' book was the first major translation of classic foreign poetry into Latvian), Brasche warned that those daring to dream of "a Young Latvia" would meet the tragic fate of the boatman in Heine's poem "Die Lorelei," a translation of which appeared in Alunāns' anthology. The New Latvians were also sometimes known as "Lettophiles" or ""tautībnieki"" ("ethnicists").
63a06c6c805cefa18fc3e0938348b418
Leons Briedis Leons Briedis (born December 16, 1949 in Madona District, Soviet Union) is a Latvian poet, a novelist, an essayist, a literary critic and publisher, translator of prose and poetry from Latin, Russian, English, Romance languages (Romanian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italia, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romanic), Swahili (of Bantu peoples), Albanian a. o. languages. He is also an author of several musicals produced on the radio and staged at the biggest theatres in Latvia, script writer (author of several scripts, one short-length film is produced), has written much for children (poems, prose, plays), author of song texts (in collaboration with the componist Raimonds Pauls texts for appr. 150 songs), has translated 10 plays staged at Latvian theatres and rendered in verse opera librettos (e.g., the opera by B. Britten "The Small Chimney-Sweep").
e9233ed7cc4da8c1a22a14297ab3acc9
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (in Latin, "Matthias Casimirus Sarbievius"; Lithuanian: "Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus"; Sarbiewo, Poland, 24 February 1595 – 2 April 1640, Warsaw, Poland), was Europe's most prominent Latin poet of the 17th century, and a renowned theoretician of poetics.
034ee19f855b46a6e2c4633daf6946d0
Stanislovas Rapolionis Stanislovas Svetkus Rapolionis (Latin: "Stanislaus Rapagel(l)anus, Stanislaus Lituanus" , Polish: "Stanisław Rafajłowicz" ;  1485 or 1500 – May 13, 1545) was a Lutheran activist from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With patronage of Albert, Duke of Prussia, he obtained the doctorate of theology from the Protestant University of Wittenberg where he studied under Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. After graduation, he became the first professor of theology at the newly established University of Königsberg, also known as Albertina. As professor he began working on several Protestant publications and translations, including a Bible translation into Polish. It is believed that he also started the first translation of the Bible into Lithuanian. Together with Abraomas Kulvietis, Rapolionis was one of the very first authors to write in the Lithuanian language. While Rapolionis and Kulvietis died early leaving their work unfinished, they laid the foundations for future Lithuanian writers and translators.
8fdce7ac656eba2c67b88dfccfb3f110
Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre (LNOBT) (Lithuanian: "Lietuvos nacionalinis operos ir baleto teatras" ) is an opera house and ballet theatre in Vilnius, Lithuania. It was built in 1974. Apart from standard Western and Russian repertory works, the opera also performs national operas. Vytautas Klova's opera "Pilėnai" (1956), has since 2001 been performed outdoors during the summer at Trakai Island Castle. Bronius Kutavičius' opera "Lokys" (2000), after Prosper Mérimée's short story "Lokis the bear", was commissioned by the Vilnius Festival. The ballet has performed several productions by Russian choreographer Boris Eifman, among them "Red Giselle".
26b81c65d9847a73413fc517146fd6c1
Lithuania proper Lithuania proper (Latin: "Lithuania propria" , literally: "Genuine Lithuania"; Lithuanian: "Didžioji Lietuva" ; Yiddish: ליטע‎ , "Lite") refers to a region which existed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and where the Lithuanian language was spoken. The primary meaning is identical to the Duchy of Lithuania, a land around which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania evolved. The territory can be traced by Catholic Christian parishes established in pagan Baltic lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsequent to the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387. They were quite distinguishable, since Ruthenian parts of the Duchy have been already baptised in an orthodox manner. The term in Latin was widely used during the Middle Ages and can be found in numerous historical maps until World War I.
5808ad27396cb6397e6ff62404eef409
Fricis Bārda Fricis Bārda (25 January 1880 – 13 March 1919) was a Latvian poet, particularly noted for his interest in philosophical and pantheistic themes.
d147a39ffc1dc6fd332eb6b97225aeda
Mihály Barla Mihály Barla Slovene "Miháo Barla" (circa 1778 – February 4, 1824) was a Slovenian Lutheran pastor, writer, and poet.
38595e145a85fb2686905a2c581f0198
Chorale cantata cycle Johann Sebastian Bach's chorale cantata cycle is the year-cycle of church cantatas he started composing in Leipzig from the first Sunday after Trinity in 1724. It followed the cantata cycle he had composed from his appointment as Thomaskantor after Trinity in 1723.
97088343c0b78cd562063673b412c917
Konstanty Kalinowski Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski, also known as Kastuś Kalinoŭski (Belarusian: Касту́сь Каліно́ўскі ), Konstanty Kalinowski (Polish) and Konstantinas Kalinauskas (Lithuanian) (21 January or 2 February 1838 – 22 March 1864), was a 19th-century writer, journalist, lawyer and revolutionary. He was one of the leaders of Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian national revival and the leader of the January Uprising in lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
4bc724b9f22a9610fdfbab9211d5afa5
Alma Redemptoris Mater Alma Redemptoris Mater (] ; English: Loving Mother of our Saviour ) is a Marian hymn, written in Latin hexameter, and one of four seasonal liturgical Marian antiphons sung at the end of the office of Compline (the other three being "Ave Regina cælorum", the "Regina cœli" and the "Salve Regina"). Hermannus Contractus (also called Herman the Cripple; 1013–1054) is said to have authored the hymn based on the writings of Saints Fulgentius, Epiphanius, and Irenaeus of Lyon. It is mentioned in "The Prioress's Tale", one of Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales". Formerly it was recited at compline only from the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of the Purification (2 February).
6dbf94bd125c561ef2f72faab62ef6a6
De Levendes Land De Levendes Land ("Land of the Living") is a hymn written in 1824 by the Danish theologian and priest, N. F. S. Grundtvig. It is composed in a metre similar to a famous hymn, "Far Verden, far vel" ("Farewell, world, farewell") by Thomas Kingo but unlike its baroque model, Grundtvig's work carries a more optimistic message, expressing faith in the love and grace of God. The poem was written at a critical time in Grundtvig's life but lends voice to his belief that with God's love one can find happiness in life.
81a6081d5ad2b0dfc853a4af13c0550f
Peasant Union The Peasant Union (Lithuanian: "Valstiečių sąjunga, VS" ) was a political party in Lithuania.
5944d9fc0f713c20b26f80f3fd498ce8
Krišjānis Valdemārs Krišjānis Valdemārs (in Germanized spelling as Christian Waldemar or Woldemar) (December 2, 1825 at "Vecjunkuri" in the Ārlava parish (now Valdgale parish, Courland, Latvia) – December 7, 1891 in Moscow, Russia) was a writer, editor, educator, politician, lexicographer, folklorist and economist, the spiritual leader of The First Latvian National Awakening and the most prominent member of the Young Latvians movement.