Which Sumerian city was very powerful and influential during the Early Dynastic period and once a coastal city?
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Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to "c." 2900—2350 BC. It was preceded by the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods, and saw the invention of writing and the formation of the first cities and states. The ED itself was characterized by the existence of multiple city-states: small states with a relatively simple structure that developed and solidified over time. This development ultimately led to the unification of much of Mesopotamia under the rule of Sargon, the first monarch of the Akkadian Empire. Despite this political fragmentation, the ED city-states shared a relatively homogeneous material culture. Sumerian cities like Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Umma and Nippur, located in Lower Mesopotamia, were very powerful and influential. To the north and west stretched states centered on cities such as Kish, Mari, Nagar and Ebla.
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Ur Ur (Sumerian: "Urim"; Sumerian Cuneiform: URIM or URIM ; Akkadian: "Uru"; Arabic: أور‎ ‎ ) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (Arabic: تل المقير‎ ‎ ) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate. Although Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, the coastline has shifted and the city is now well inland, on the south bank of the Euphrates, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah in modern-day Iraq.
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Ibbi-Sin Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 1963 BC-1940 BC (Short chronology). During his reign, the Sumerian empire was attacked repeatedly by Amorites. As faith in Ibbi-Sin's leadership failed, Elam declared its independence and began to raid as well.
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Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-zâkir-šumi, inscribed "-za-kir-" in a reconstruction of two kinglists, “Marduk pronounced the name,” was a king of Babylon 855-819 BC during the mixed dynastic period referred to in antiquity as the dynasty of "E". He was a contemporary of Assyrian kings, Salmānu-ašarēdu III) (commonly known, Shalmaneser III) (859–824 BC) and Šamši-Adad V (824–811 BC) with whom he was allied.
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Sapinuwa Sapinuwa (sometimes Shapinuwa; Hittite: "Šapinuwa") was a Bronze Age Hittite city at the location of modern Ortaköy in the province Çorum in Turkey. It was one of the major Hittite religious and administrative centres, a military base and an occasional residence of several Hittite kings. The palace at Sapinuwa is discussed in several texts from Hattusa.
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History of Baghdad The city of Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد‎ ‎ "Baġdād ") was founded in the mid 8th century as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad Caliphate. It replaced the Sassanid capital of Seleucia-Ctesiphon some 35 km to the south-east, which was mostly depopulated by the end of the 8th century.
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Kish (Sumer) Kish (Sumerian: Kiš; transliteration: Kiš; cuneiform: ; Akkadian: kiššatu) was an ancient city of Sumer in Mesopotamia, considered to have been located near the modern Tell al-Uhaymir in the Babil Governorate of Iraq, east of Babylon and 80 km south of Baghdad.
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Babum Babum of Kish was the fifth Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish (after c. 2900 BC), according to the Sumerian king list.
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Mamluk architecture Mamluk architecture was a flowering of Islamic art during the reign of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), which is most visible in medieval Cairo. Religious zeal made them generous patrons of architecture and art, it was highly influenced by the Ancient Egyptian architecture and Coptic architecture within Egypt. Trade and agriculture flourished under Mamluk rule, and Cairo, their capital, became one of the wealthiest cities in the Near East and the center of artistic and intellectual activity. This made Cairo, in the words of Ibn Khaldun, "the center of the universe and the garden of the world", with majestic domes, courtyards, and soaring minarets spread across the city.
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Nineveh Nineveh ( ; Akkadian: "Ninua" ) was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located on the outskirts of Mosul in modern-day northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and was the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. It is also a common name for the half of Mosul which lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris in the modern day.
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Salamis, Cyprus Salamis (Ancient Greek: Σαλαμίς ) is an ancient Greek city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km north of modern Famagusta. According to tradition, the founder of Salamis was Teucer, son of Telamon, who could not return home after the Trojan war because he had failed to avenge his brother Ajax.
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Mashda Mashda of Kish was the eleventh Sumerian king in the First Dynasty of Kish (after c. 2900 BC), according to the Sumerian king list. He was a son of the king Atab.
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Lugal-zage-si Lugal-Zage-Si ("lugal-zag-ge-si " = LUGAL.ZAG.GI.SI ; frequently spelled "Lugalzaggesi", sometimes "Lugalzagesi" or "Lugal-Zaggisi") of Umma (reigned c. 2294 - 2270 BC short chronology) was the last Sumerian king before the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad and the rise of the Akkadian Empire, and was considered as the only king of the third dynasty of Uruk. He eventually united Sumer briefly as a single kingdom.
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Adiabene Adiabene (from the Ancient Greek Ἀδιαβηνή , "Adiabene", itself derived from Syriac: ܚܕܝܐܒ‎ , "Ḥaḏy’aḇ " or "Ḥḏay’aḇ ", Middle Persian: Nodshēragān, Armenian: Նոր Շիրական, "Nor Shirakan") was an ancient kingdom in Assyria, with its capital at Arbela (modern-day Arbil, Iraq).
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Hermopolis Hermopolis (also "Hermopolis Magna", Ancient Greek: Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μεγάλη "Hermou polis megale", Egyptian: "Khemenu, Ḫmnw" ) was a major city in antiquity, located near the boundary between Lower and Upper Egypt.
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Assyrian conquest of Aram The Assyrian conquest of Aram (c. 856-732 BC) concerns the series of conquests of largely Aramean, Phoenician, Sutean and Neo-Hittite states in The Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon and northern Jordan) during the Neo Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC). This region was known as Eber Nari and Aramea during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC) and Neo-Assyrian Empire.
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Gungunum Gungunum was a king of the city state of Larsa in southern Mesopotamia, ruling from 1932 to 1906 BC. According to the traditional king list for Larsa, he was the fifth king to rule the city, and in his own inscriptions he identifies himself as son of Samium and brother to his immediate predecessor Zabaya. His name is Amorite, and originates in the word gungun, meaning "protection", "defence" or "shelter".
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Jushur Jushur (cuneiform: 𒄑𒃡 ĜIŠ.UR; <a href="Sumerian%20language">Sumerian</a>: "Ĝušur") was the first king of the first dynasty of <a href="Kish%20%28Sumer%29">Kish</a> according to the <a href="Sumerian%20king%20list">Sumerian king list</a>. It claims he reigned in Sumer for 1,200 years as the first post-diluvian king.
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Assyria Assyria was a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant. It existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC in the form of the Assur city-state, until its lapse between 612 BC and 599 BC, spanning the Early to Middle Bronze Age through to the late Iron Age. From the end of the seventh century BC to the mid-seventh century AD, it survived as a geopolitical entity, for the most part ruled by foreign powers, although a number of Neo-Assyrian states arose at different times during the Parthian and early Sasanian Empires between the mid-second century BC and late third century AD, a period which also saw Assyria become a major centre of Syriac Christianity and the birthplace of the Church of the East.
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Seleucia (Sittacene) Seleucia (Greek: Σελεύκεια , also transliterated as Seleuceia, Seleukeia, Seleukheia; formerly Coche or Mahoza, also Veh Ardashir) was an ancient city near the Euphrates river and across the Tigris from the better-known Seleucia on the Tigris, in Sittacene, Mesopotamia. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World place the city at Sliq Kharawta in central Iraq.
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Aratta Aratta is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list.
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En-sipad-zid-ana En-sipad-zid-ana of Larak was the sixth pre-dynastic king of Sumer (before ca. 2900 BC), according to the Sumerian king list. He was said to have reigned for 28,800 years.