Which 991 CE battle beside River Blackwater is the inspiration for an Old English poem of the same name?
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The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son is the title of a work by J. R. R. Tolkien that was originally published in 1953 in volume 6 of the scholarly journal "Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association", and later republished in 1966 in "The Tolkien Reader". It is a work of historical fiction, inspired by the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon". It is written in the form of an alliterative poem, but is also a play, being mainly a dialogue between two characters in the aftermath of the Battle of Maldon. The work was accompanied by two essays, also by Tolkien, one before and one after the main work.
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Battle of Maldon The Battle of Maldon took place on 10 or 11 August 991 CE near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready. Earl Byrhtnoth and his thegns led the English against a Viking invasion. The battle ended in an Anglo-Saxon defeat. After the battle Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and the aldermen of the south-western provinces advised King Æthelred to buy off the Vikings rather than continue the armed struggle. The result was a payment of 10,000 Roman pounds (3,300 kg) of silver, the first example of Danegeld in England.
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Edmund I Edmund I (Old English: "Ēadmund" , pronounced ; 921 – 26 May 946), called "the Elder", "the Deed-doer", "the Just", or "the Magnificent", was King of the English from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and half-brother of Æthelstan. Æthelstan died on 27 October 939, and Edmund succeeded him as king.
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Heremod Heremod (Proto-Norse: *"Harimōdaz" , Latin form: Heremodius) is a legendary Danish king and a legendary king of the Angles who would have lived in the 2nd century and known through a short account of his exile in the Old English poem "Beowulf" and from appearances in some genealogies as the father of Scyld. He may be the same as one of the personages named Hermóðr in Old Norse sources. Heremod may also be identical to Lother (Latin Lotherus) in Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum" (Book 1) or the same history may have been applied to two originally separate figures.
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Battle of Pencon The Battle of Pencon or Pencoed was a battle won by the Britons, possibly against the Mercians or against themselves, around the year 720.
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Cedynia Cedynia (German: "Zehden" ) is a small town in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is situated close to the Oder river and the border with Germany. The town is known for the 972 Battle of Cedynia, the first historically recorded battle of the Polish kingdom.
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Battle of Burton Bridge (1322) The 1322 Battle of Burton Bridge was fought between Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and his cousin Edward II of England during the Despenser War. Edward's army was proceeding northwards to engage Lancaster, having defeated his Marcher Lord allies in Wales. Lancaster fortified the bridge at Burton upon Trent, an important crossing of the River Trent, in an attempt to prevent the King from proceeding. Edward arrived at nearby Cauldwell on 7 March 1322 and intended to use the ford at Walton-on-Trent to cross the river and outflank Lancaster. Edward was delayed for three days by floodwaters, during which time some of his force was deployed opposite Lancaster's men at the bridge.
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Battle of Clitheroe The Battle of Clitheroe was a battle between a force of Scots and English knights and men at arms which took place on 10 June 1138 during the period of The Anarchy. The battle was fought on the southern edge of the Bowland Fells, at Clitheroe, Lancashire. It took place in the course of an invasion of England by King David I of Scotland. In the summer of 1138, King David split his army into two forces. One of them, commanded by William fitz Duncan, Mormaer of Moray, marched into Lancashire. There he harried Furness and Craven. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan was met by a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place and the result was that the English army was routed. The battle was a prelude to the Battle of the Standard later in the summer, where the result was reversed.
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Stanzaic Morte Arthur The Stanzaic Morte Arthur is an anonymous 14th century Middle English poem in 3,969 lines, about the adulterous affair between Lancelot and Guinevere, and Lancelot's tragic dissension with King Arthur. The poem is usually called the Stanzaic "Morte Arthur" or Stanzaic "Morte" (formerly also the Harleian "Morte Arthur") to distinguish it from another Middle English poem, the Alliterative "Morte Arthure". It exercised enough influence on Thomas Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur" to have, in the words of one recent scholar, "played a decisive though largely unacknowledged role in the way succeeding generations have read the Arthurian legend".
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Weorgoran The Weorgoran (Old English: " " "people of the winding river") were a people of Saxon England, a precursor of the minor kingdom of Hwicce. The Weorgoran were centered on Worcester ("Weorgoran ceaster "). They were probably (though not certainly) West Saxons and occupied the area some time after the defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Dyrham in 577. The settlement was elevated to a bishopric in 680.
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Unbennaeth Prydain Unbennaeth or Unbeinyaeth Prydein (Welsh for  "The Monarchy of Britain") was an Old Welsh composition that served as a kind of national anthem in Wales in the Early Middle Ages. The bards of the royal courts of Aberffraw, Dinefwr, Mathrafal, and Caerleon were required by law to follow the army and recite the song before and after every battle. For this service, he received the next-best beast from the spoils after the king's and was valued at 126 cows.
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Deor "Deor" (or "The Lament of Deor") is an Old English poem found in the late 10th century collection the Exeter Book. The poem consists of the lament of the scop Deor, who lends his name to the poem, which was given no formal title; modern scholars do not actually believe Deor to be the author of this poem.
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Sermo Lupi ad Anglos The Sermo Lupi ad Anglos ('The Sermon of the Wolf to the English') is the title given to a homily composed in England between 1010-1016 by Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York (died 1023), who commonly styled himself "Lupus", or 'wolf' after the first element in his name ["wulf-stan" = 'wolf-stone']. Though the title is Latin, the work itself is written in Old English. The "Sermo Lupi" is Wulfstan's most well-known work. In it, he blames a lack of moral discipline amongst his fellow English as the source of God's anger against the English, which has taken the shape of thirty years of Viking raids against England. Wulfstan exhorts the English to behave in a manner more pleasing to God, and specifically to live according to the laws of the Church and of the king. The "Sermo Lupi" is noted for its rhetorical achievements, and is considered to represent the height of Wulfstan's skill as a homilist and rhetor. The text of the "Sermo Lupi" has been critically edited many times, most recently by Dorothy Bethurum. The work contains one of several mentions of Old English "wælcyrian", a term cognate to the Old Norse "valkyrjur"—valkyries.
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Battle of Stamford (918) The Second Battle of Stamford occurred when King Edward assaulted Stamford in late May 918. It soon fell to the army of Wessex. Later that year, Edward built a second burh on the south side of the River Welland. The ramparts of the northern burh may have been approximately 3100 ft ("c." 750 hides) from Roffe, and the Edwardian burh around 2700 ft ("c." 650 hides).
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Liðsmannaflokkr Liðsmannaflokkr ("household troop's poem") is the title of a skaldic poem in ten stanzas describing the capture of London by Cnut the Great in 1016, preserved in "Óláfs saga helga" and "Flateyjarbók" (fol. 186v), and in a shorter version in "Knýtlinga saga".
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The Brus The Brus, also known as The Bruce, is a long narrative poem, in Early Scots, of just under 14,000 octosyllabic lines composed by John Barbour which gives a historic and chivalric account of the actions of Robert the Bruce and the Black Douglas in the Scottish Wars of Independence during a period from the circumstances leading up the English invasion of 1296 through to Scotland's restored position in the years between the Truce of 1328 and the death of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray in 1332.
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Gormond et Isembart Gormond et Isembart (English: "Gormond and Isembart") is an Old French "chanson de geste" from the second half of the eleventh or first half of the twelfth century. Along with "The Song of Roland" and the "Chanson de Guillaume", it is one of the three "chansons de geste" whose composition incontestably dates from before 1150; it may be slightly younger than "The Song of Roland" and, according to one expert, may date from as early as 1068. The poem tells the story of a rebellious young French lord, Isembart, who allies himself with a Saracen king, Gormond, renounces his Christianity, and battles the French king. The poem is sometimes grouped with the "Geste de Doon de Mayence" or "rebellious vassal cycle" of "chansons de geste".
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River Blackwater (River Test) The River Blackwater is a river in the English counties of Hampshire and Wiltshire. It is a tributary of the River Test.
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Cinuit of Alt Clut Cinuit (Welsh: "Cynwyd" ) may have been an early ruler of the Brittonic kingdom of Alt Clut, later known as Strathclyde, in Britain's "Hen Ogledd" or "Old North". The Harleian genealogies indicate that he was the son of Ceretic Guletic, who may be identified with the warlord "Ceredig" rebuked by Saint Patrick in one of his letters. According to the same pedigrees, he was the father of Dumnagual Hen, an important but obscure ancestor figure in Welsh tradition. The later genealogy "Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd" replaces Cinuit as Dumnagual's father with a certain Idnyuet, said to be the son of Maxen Wledic (the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus). However, the "Bonedd" does include a "Cynwyd Cynwydion" in the ancestry of Clydno Eiddyn, and a Triad attached to the text mentions the "three hundred swords of the (tribe of) Cynwydion" as one of three formidable north British war bands, along with those of Coel Hen and Cynfarch.
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Crossing the Bar "Crossing the Bar" is an 1889 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is considered that Tennyson wrote it in elegy; the poem has a tone of finality and the narrator uses an extended metaphor to compare death with crossing the "sandbar" between river of life, with its outgoing "flood", and the ocean that lies beyond [death], the "boundless deep", to which we return.
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Battle of Newburn The Battle of Newburn, sometimes known as Newburn Ford, was fought on 28 August 1640 during the Second Bishops' War between a Scottish Covenanter army led by General Alexander Leslie and English forces commanded by Edward, Lord Conway. Conway, heavily outnumbered, was defeated, and the Scots went on to occupy the town of Newcastle, obtaining a stranglehold on London's coal supply. Charles I had no choice but to agree on October 26 to the Treaty of Ripon, under which the Scottish army in northern England would be paid daily expenses, pending a final treaty of peace. To raise the necessary funds Charles had to call the Long Parliament, thus setting in motion a process that would lead to the outbreak of the English Civil War two years later.
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Mynyddog Mwynfawr Mynyddog Mwynfawr (variant orthographies include: Old Welsh "Mynydawc Mwynvawr"; Middle Welsh; "Mynyddawg Mwynfawr") was, according to Welsh tradition founded on the early Welsh language poem "Y Gododdin" (attributed to Aneirin), a Brittonic ruler of the kingdom of Gododdin in the Hen Ogledd (southern Scotland).