The Battle of the Alps was the first major engagement by a state which abandoned its monarchy in what year?
66c5443a67138fbff764a97c1021a405
Italian invasion of France The Italian invasion of France, also called the Battle of the Alps (10–25 June 1940), was the first major Italian engagement of World War II and the last major engagement of the Battle of France.
d155e6fcea90d7c783d881be4c3400e1
Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy (Italian: "Regno d'Italia" ) was a state which existed from 1861, when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state.
2993a1f537b2ee18980af81e907a8713
Battle of Genola The Battle of Genola or Battle of Fossano (4 November 1799) was a meeting engagement between a Habsburg Austrian army commanded by Michael von Melas and a Republican French army under Jean Étienne Championnet. Melas directed his troops with more skill and his army drove the French off the field, inflicting heavy losses. The War of the Second Coalition action represented the last major French effort in Italy during 1799. The municipality of Genola is located in the region of Piedmont in northwest Italy a distance of 27 km north of Cuneo and 58 km south of Turin.
6fb5972fca6d4b7028f24e352a623e82
Order of battle for the Battle of Caldiero (1805) The armies of the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire fought the Battle of Caldiero from 29 to 31 October 1805 just east of Verona in Italy. Marshal André Masséna led the French Army of Italy while Archduke Charles commanded the Austrian "Armee von Italien". Historians variously call the battle a French victory, an Austrian victory, or indecisive. Austrian losses were over 5,500, while the French suffered at least 5,000 casualties. Archduke Charles began a withdrawal from Italy on 1 November. The retreat ended in early December with Archduke Charles' army intact at Kormend in western Hungary. Unfortunately for Austria, by this time, Emperor Napoleon had decisively defeated the Austro-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz.
51a74c67a27b450dcdb4624ae3201e07
Military history of Switzerland The military history of Switzerland comprises centuries of armed actions, and the role of the Swiss military in conflicts and peacekeeping worldwide. Despite maintaining neutrality since its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499, Switzerland has been involved in military operations dating back to the hiring of Swiss mercenaries by foreign nations, including the Papal States.
fde29217db3b011e895b8cdcc625ed31
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Italian: "Regno Lombardo-Veneto" , German: "Königreich Lombardo–Venetien" ; Latin: "Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae" ), commonly called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire. It was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna in recognition of the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine's rights to Lombardy and the former Republic of Venice after the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed in 1805, had collapsed. It was finally dissolved in 1866 when its remaining territory fell to the Kingdom of Italy.
0f23b669bd660ba3b597dd2e64b770b2
Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 was driven by the belief that a monarchy would be the best form of government for the German state of Bavaria, despite the abolition of the Bavarian monarchy in 1918. The Bavarian monarchy ended with the declaration of a Bavarian Republic, after the Anif declaration by King Ludwig III on 12 November 1918 as a consequence of Germany's defeat in the First World War.
cfeba60e5edf77187e48f63c137950af
Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire) The Kingdom of Italy (Latin: "Regnum Italiae" or "Regnum Italicum", Italian: "Regno d'Italia") was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy. It comprised northern and central Italy, but excluded the Republic of Venice. Its original capital was Pavia until the 11th century.
dafe3a5220fe021e212d325e730d251d
History of Italy (1559–1814) The history of Italy in the Early Modern period was partially characterized by foreign domination. Following the Italian Renaissance Wars (1494–1559), only the Savoyard state, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Florence and the Papal States remained independent, while the south of Italy, the Duchy of Milan and other minor Italian states were under direct or indirect control of Habsburg Spain. In order to mantain its influence and independence from Savoy and France, the Republic of Genoa became a key ally of the Spanish Empire, providing credit and economic support for the Habsburgs in what has been described as the "age of the Genoese".
15f78d60f0c434e6285121224f5889fa
Kingdom of Germany The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (Latin: "Regnum Teutonicum" , "Teutonic Kingdom"; German: "Deutsches Reich" ) developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire. Like Anglo-Saxon England and medieval France, it began as "a conglomerate, an assemblage of a number of once separate and independent... "gentes" [peoples] and "regna" [kingdoms]." East Francia ("Ostfrankenreich") was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911, after which the kingship was elective. The initial electors were the rulers of the stem duchies, who generally chose one of their own. After 962, when Otto I was crowned emperor, the kingdom formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included Italy (after 951), Bohemia (after 1004) and Burgundy (after 1032).
98201eea69682b99646fdfafe5787ea9
Bassano 1796 Campaign Order of Battle In the Battle of Bassano on 8 September 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte and his French Army of Italy routed an Austrian army led by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser. Afterward, Wurmser gathered the intact parts of his army and marched for Mantua. On 15 September, the French defeated the Austrians and drove them into the fortress. This raised the numbers of the underfed and malaria-ridden garrison to nearly 30,000 men. These actions and the Battle of Rovereto occurred during the second attempted relief of the Siege of Mantua.
8c5157b1e8767acedcb603343b504027
Sicilian revolution of 1848 The Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 occurred in a year replete with revolutions and popular revolts. It commenced on 12 January 1848, and therefore was the very first of the numerous revolutions to occur that year. Three revolutions against Bourbon rule had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800: this final one resulted in an independent state surviving for 16 months. The constitution that survived the 16 months was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an Italian confederation of states. It was in effect a curtain raiser to the end of the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies which was started by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 and culminated with the Siege of Gaeta of 1860–1861.
c959273ef925e9184ff2e00cb69454c2
Dutch States Army The Dutch States Army (Dutch: "Staatse leger" ) was the army of the Dutch Republic. It was usually called this, because it was formally the army of the States-General of the Netherlands, the sovereign power of that federal republic. This mercenary army was brought to such a size and state of readiness that it was able to hold its own against the armies of the major European powers of the extended 17th century, Habsburg Spain and the France of Louis XIV, despite the fact that these powers possessed far larger military resources than the Republic. It played a major role in the Eighty Years' War (opposite the Spanish Army of Flanders) and in the wars of the Grand Alliance with France after 1672.
04598b5cb2a01f3dbcc6c9a7fa7f7d13
Royal war and popular war Royal war and popular (or people's) war ("Guerra regia e guerra di popolo") is a recurring concept in the historiography of the Italian Risorgimento, referring to the two possible forms in which the whole of Italy could be conquered and formed into a single independent state.
157d85d76c42971ad80cab6ae0ab913d
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) The Kingdom of Croatia (Croatian: "Kraljevina Hrvatska"; Latin: "Regnum Croatiae" Hungarian: "Horvát Királyság" German: "Königreich Kroatien" ) was an administrative division that existed between 1527 and 1868 within the Habsburg Monarchy (also known between 1804 and 1867 as the Austrian Empire). The Kingdom was a part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years. Its capital was Zagreb.
a62303a386a7221bd632152f18e84fbb
Electorate of Saxony The Electorate of Saxony (German: "" , also "Kursachsen "), sometimes referred to as Upper Saxony, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356. Upon the extinction of the House of Ascania, it was enfeoffed to the Margraves of Meissen from the Wettin dynasty in 1423, who moved the residence up the Elbe river to Dresden. After the Empire's dissolution in 1806, the Wettin electors raised Saxony to a kingdom.
d55a35b0689ef9029cf3f6b5c0a5b6d2
1913 in Italy The First Balkan War (October 1912 – May 1913) of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the war, the allies captured and partitioned almost all remaining European territories of the Ottoman Empire. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an independent Albanian state. Despite its success, Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, which provoked the start of the Second Balkan War (June–August 1913). <br> After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army from Libya after the Italo-Turkish War the Italians could easily extend their occupation of the country, seizing East Tripolitania, Ghadames, the Djebel and Fezzan with Murzuk during 1913.
4bd5fb12188d63d891ea7b340c5d510f
Grand Duchy of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: "Granducato di Toscana" , Latin: "Magnus Ducatus Etruriae" ) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Tuscany was nominally a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.
0da2b1bc571cbe5cba639be508bc1e59
Kingdom of Saxony The Kingdom of Saxony (German: "Königreich Sachsen" ), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. The kingdom was formed from the Electorate of Saxony. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.
100da8648b18dbfd89937216bc6b6a0f
Holy Alliance The Holy Alliance (German: "Heilige Allianz" ; Russian: Священный союз , "Svyashchennyy soyuz"; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia. It was created after the ultimate defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The intention of the alliance was to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars, and the alliance nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War (1853–1856). Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance after the unification of Germany but the alliance again faltered by the 1880s over Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest with regard to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
6a925364ba28a16a12f04ec3978fdb68
Battle of Eckmühl The Battle of Eckmühl (also known as "Eggmühl") fought on 21 April – 22 April 1809, was the turning point of the 1809 Campaign, also known as the War of the Fifth Coalition. Napoleon I had been unprepared for the start of hostilities on 10 April 1809, by the Austrians under the Archduke Charles of Austria and for the first time since assuming the French Imperial Crown had been forced to cede the strategic initiative to an opponent. Thanks to the dogged defense waged by the III Corps, commanded by Marshal Davout, and the Bavarian VII Corps, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, Napoleon was able to defeat the principal Austrian army and wrest the strategic initiative for the remainder of the war.
7ae8d82273bc7aa5ce0e6e00e2f1e1f8
Siege of Condé (1793) The Siege of Condé (8 April – 12 July 1793) saw a force made up of Habsburg Austrians and French Royalists commanded by Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg lay siege to a Republican French garrison led by Jean Nestor de Chancel. After a blockade lasting about three months the French surrendered the fortress. The operation took place during the War of the First Coalition, part of a larger conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars. Condé-sur-l'Escaut, France is located near the Belgium border about 14 km northeast of Valenciennes.