Heterotic string theory was first developed by what American theoretical physicist and string theorist who was awarded the 2004 Nobel Price in Physics along with Frank Wilczek?
1efd9ea193638fc29426462cf38cc977
Heterotic string theory In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string. There are two kinds of heterotic string, the heterotic SO(32) and the heterotic "E" × "E", abbreviated to HO and HE. Heterotic string theory was first developed in 1985 by David Gross, Jeffrey Harvey, Emil Martinec, and Ryan Rohm (the so-called "Princeton String Quartet"), in one of the key papers that fueled the first superstring revolution.
209de8f5d8441ab590c0053c3618c6c2
David Gross David Jonathan Gross ( ; born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom. David Gross is the Chancellor’s Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and was formerly the KITP director and holder of their Frederick W. Gluck Chair in Theoretical Physics . He is also a faculty member in the UC Santa Barbara Physics Department and is currently affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California. He is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
230c38c86b7415e79769f737e403e6d8
John Slonczewski John Slonczewski is an American physicist known for his work on spin dynamics in magnetic systems.
582ab38d86fd4b2dac6016cfc1051bd5
Theodor W. Hänsch Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (born 30 October 1941) is a German physicist. He received one fourth of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique", sharing the prize with John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber.
f4b5fe5adca2fae10f1a0fa2780a76dd
Peter Higgs Peter Ware Higgs (born 29 May 1929) is a British theoretical physicist, emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Nobel Prize laureate for his work on the mass of subatomic particles.
ab752622e6f789959894a6bc1c462bee
Adam Riess Adam Guy Riess (born December 16, 1969) is a U.S. astrophysicist and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute and is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. Riess shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Brian P. Schmidt for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
c019006e7b7977fd8f2fef9c22e41417
George F. R. Ellis George Francis Rayner Ellis, FRS, Hon. FRSSAf, (born 11 August 1939), is the Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He co-authored "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time" with University of Cambridge physicist Stephen Hawking, published in 1973, and is considered one of the world's leading theorists in cosmology. He is an active Quaker and in 2004 he won the Templeton Prize. From 1989 to 1992 he served as President of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. He is a past President of the International Society for Science and Religion. He is an A-rated researcher with the NRF.
0ab3abe279be3e10bb93319fe7ee8bcd
Claud Lovelace Claud Lovelace (16 January 1934 – 7 September 2012) was a theoretical physicist noted for his contributions to string theory, specifically, the idea that strings did not have to be restricted to the four dimensions of spacetime.
1a84f85df1bc77e75298ad38fc2946a3
Kathryn Zurek Kathryn M. Zurek is an American physicist currently at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society.
2c7ad3355d29c199b0ed136e22109835
Đàm Thanh Sơn Đàm Thanh Sơn (born 1969 in Hanoi) is a Vietnamese theoretical physicist working in quantum chromodynamics, applications of string theory and many-body physics.
998c3d8e714c5fbcaf534be1fa79885a
Edward Witten Edward Witten ( ; born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
a87411ecdedaee6ae73fb401335982a6
Bunji Sakita Bunji Sakita (崎田 文二 , Sakita Bunji , 1930 – August 31, 2002) was a Japanese-American theoretical physicist who made important contributions in quantum field theory, superstring theory and discovered supersymmetry in 1971. He was a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the City College of New York.
5cf4333075faed8d6371fa215b0914d3
Type II string theory In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent superstring theories in ten dimensions. Both theories have the maximal amount of supersymmetry — namely 32 supercharges — in ten dimensions. Both theories are based on oriented closed strings. On the worldsheet, they differ only in the choice of GSO projection.
d360633a682b5f423c09e2ceb6d52f30
Andrew Strominger Andrew Eben Strominger ( ; born 1955) is an American theoretical physicist who is the Director of Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature. He has made significant contributions to quantum gravity and string theory. These include his work on Calabi-Yau compactification and topology change in string theory, and on the stringy origin of black hole entropy. He is a senior fellow at the Society of Fellows, and is the Gwill E. York Professor of Physics.
1c917002b103ca5e6df46e60d2962e0d
U-duality In physics, U-duality (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "U-duality (symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union of all the S-duality and T-duality available in that topology. The narrow meaning of the word "U-duality" is one of those dualities that can be classified neither as an S-duality, nor as a T-duality - a transformation that exchanges a large geometry of one theory with the strong coupling of another theory, for example.
59159f041296bab98d0eba248dc60467
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (朝永 振一郎 , Tomonaga Shin'ichirō , March 31, 1906 – July 8, 1979) , usually cited as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga in English, was a Japanese physicist, influential in the development of quantum electrodynamics, work for which he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger.
c58994ee1f80fc2fbe2b7a99b6969e30
Mikhail Voloshin Mikhail "Misha" Voloshin (born 1953) is a Russian and American theoretical physicist. Voloshin started working at ITEP in 1976 and accordingly earned his Ph.D. in 1977. In 1983 he received a Soviet medal and an award in physics. Since 1990 he started at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, University of Minnesota, a division of the University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering where he teaches quantum physics. In 1997 elected a fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2001 he was awarded J.J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics and in 2004 he was awarded the Alexander-von-Humboldt Award.
98e9ea9e9704ae3ab75d97f798a30980
Herbert Kroemer Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928), a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductor devices. In 2000, Kroemer, along with Zhores I. Alferov, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". The other co-recipient of the Nobel Prize was Jack Kilby for his invention and development of integrated circuits and micro-chips.
9d07157b1e5ebb27d0ad2fdc3fb41a57
Dan Freed Daniel Stuart "Dan" Freed (born 17 April 1959) is an American mathematician, who specializes in global analysis and its applications to supersymmetry, string theory, and quantum field theory.
74e99ce6ded989f3de0ea52fd0395149
Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a seminal paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics, leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later), and high-temperature superconductivity, and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena.
a8f5ab7a294c7b033c48c3cb8fd51025
Stephen L. Adler Stephen Louis Adler (born November 30, 1939) is an American physicist specializing in elementary particles and field theory.
5d65db9bc07e904861a8016dfdd01cb8
Barton Zwiebach Barton Zwiebach (born October 4, 1954) is a string theorist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, born in Lima, Perú.