What do Timex Sinclair 2048 and IBM PCjr have in common?
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Timex Sinclair 2048 The Timex Sinclair 2048 although never produced, was to be an improved version of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer. It was not released by Timex Corporation because of TS1500 failure. According to an early Timex Sinclair 2000 computer flyer, it would be a cut-down TS2068 with 48 KB of RAM and advertised as a 48 KB memory machine (The TS2068 might have been called the 2072 because of the add of 24 KB ROM + 48 KB RAM = 72KB).
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IBM PCjr The IBM PCjr (read "PC junior") was IBM's first attempt to enter the home computer market. The PCjr, IBM model number 4860, retained the IBM PC's 8088 CPU and BIOS interface for compatibility, but various design and implementation decisions led the PCjr to be a commercial failure.
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IBM 5110 The IBM 5110 Computing System was the successor of the IBM 5100 Portable Computer.
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IBM System/3X IBM System/3X was a line of general business midrange computers that were developed and marketed by the IBM Company beginning in 1975. The AS/400, a successor system that was introduced in 1988, was based on a combination of the System/36 and System/38 computers.
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IBM 3592 The IBM 3592 is a series of tape drives and corresponding magnetic tape data storage media formats developed by IBM. The first drive, having the IBM product number 3592, was introduced under the nickname Jaguar. The next drive was the TS1120, also having the nickname Jaguar. s of 2014 , the latest and current drive is the TS1150. The 3592 line of tape drives and media is "not" compatible with the IBM 3590 series of drives, which it superseded. This series can store up to 10 TB of data (uncompressed) on a cartridge and has a native data transfer rate of up to 360 MB/s.
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Cheetah Sound Sampler The Cheetah Marketing Sound Sampler (1986) was an Analogue to Digital converter system that attached to the system bus connection of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer.
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Siemens PC-D The PC-D and PC-X were personal computers sold by Siemens between 1982 (PC-X)/1984 (PC-D) and 1986. The PC-D was the first MS-DOS-based PC sold by Siemens, though it was not fully compatible with the IBM PC architecture. It was succeeded by the PCD-2.
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TK82C TK82C was a Sinclair ZX81 clone made by Microdigital Eletrônica Ltda., a computer company located in Brazil.
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HP 95LX The HP 95LX Palmtop PC (F1000A, F1010A), also known as project "Jaguar", was Hewlett Packard's first MS-DOS-based pocket computer or personal digital assistant, introduced in April 1991 in collaboration with Lotus Development Corporation. It can be seen as successor to a series of larger portable PCs like the HP 110 and HP 110 Plus.
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Bandai RX-78 The Bandai RX-78 is a Japanese 8-bit microcomputer manufactured by Bandai. It first appeared in 1983, and employed a SHARP LH0080A (Z80A clone) CPU. It ran at a clock speed of 4.1 MHz, and shipped with 30 KB of RAM. Its 27-color display had a maximum resolution of 192×184 pixels.
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IBM PC compatible IBM PC compatible computers are those similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, able to run the same software and support the same expansion cards as those. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones. They duplicate almost exactly all the significant features of the PC architecture, facilitated by IBM's choice of commodity hardware components and various manufacturers' ability to reverse engineer the BIOS firmware using a "clean room design" technique. Columbia Data Products built the first clone of the IBM personal computer by a clean room implementation of its BIOS.
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Cordata CS40 The Cordata CS40 was a model of IBM PC Compatible computer made by Cordata.
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IBM 2321 Data Cell The IBM 2321 Data Cell announced in April 1964 was a direct access storage device for the IBM System/360. It could hold up to 400 million bytes of data, with an access time of 95 milliseconds to 600 milliseconds, depending on the addressed strip position and data arrangement in each data cell..
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Commodore Datasette The Commodore 1530 (C2N) Datasette, later also Datassette (a portmanteau of "data" and "cassette") is Commodore's dedicated magnetic tape data storage device. Using compact cassettes as the storage medium, it provided inexpensive storage to Commodore's 8-bit home/personal computers, notably the PET, VIC-20, and C64. A physically similar model, Commodore 1531, was made for the Commodore 16 and Plus/4 series computers.
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IBM Personal Computer The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.
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PL/8 PL/8 (or PL.8), is a dialect of PL/I developed by IBM Research in the 1970s by compiler group, under Martin Hopkins, within a major research program that led to the IBM RISC architecture. It was so-called because it was about 80% of PL/I. Written in PL/I and bootstrapped via the PL/I Optimizing compiler, it was an alternative to PL/S for system programming, compiling initially to an intermediate machine-independent language with symbolic registers and machine-like operations. It applied machine-independent program optimization techniques to this intermediate language to produce exceptionally good object code. The intermediate language was mapped by the back-end to the target machine's register architecture and instruction set. Back-ends were written for IBM 801, S/370, Motorola 68000, and POWER/PowerPC. A version was used on IBM mainframes as a development tool for software that was being designed for the AS/400, as well as to write the "i370" internal code for the "Capitol" chipset used in some ES/9370 models and the millicode for S/390 and z/Architecture processors.
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History of personal computers The history of the personal computer as a mass-market consumer electronic device began with the microcomputer revolution of the 1980s. The 1981 launch of the IBM Personal Computer coined both the term "Personal Computer" and "PC". A personal computer is one intended for interactive individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through operating staff, or a time-sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals. After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers – were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians.
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IBM 8100 The IBM 8100 Information System, announced Oct. 3, 1978, was at one time IBM’s principal distributed processing engine, providing local processing capability under two incompatible operating systems (DPPX and DPCX) and was follow-on to IBM 3790.
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EIAJ-1 EIAJ-1 was a standard for video tape recorders (VTRs) developed by the Electronic Industries Association of Japan with the cooperation and assistance of several Japanese electronics manufacturers in 1969. It was the first standardized format for industrial/non-broadcast VTRs using a Helical scan system employing open reel tape. Previously, each manufacturer of machines in this market used a different proprietary format, with differing tape speeds, scanner drum diameters, bias frequencies, tracking head placement, and so on, although most used 1/2" wide tape. As a result, video tapes recorded on one make and/or model of VTR could only be interchanged with other machines using that specific format, hampering compatibility. For example, a reel of tape recorded on a Panasonic machine would not play on a Sony machine, and vice versa. The EIAJ-1 standard ended this incompatibility, giving those manufacturers a standardized format, interchangeable with almost all VTRs subsequently brought to market around that time. The format offered black-and-white (and later colour) video recording and playback on 1/2" magnetic tape on a 7" diameter open reel, with portable units using smaller 5" diameter reels.
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Timex Sinclair 1000 The Timex Sinclair 1000 (TS1000) was the first computer produced by Timex Sinclair, a joint venture between Timex Corporation and Sinclair Research. It was launched in July 1982, with a US sales price of US$99.95, making it the cheapest home computer to date; it was advertised as "the first computer under $100". The computer was aimed at regular home users. Unlike earlier computers aimed at home users, the TS1000 was not a kit which had to be soldered and assembled. As purchased, the TS1000 was fully assembled and ready to be plugged into the users' home TV (which served as a video monitor). The TS1000 was a slightly-modified version of the Sinclair ZX81 with an NTSC RF modulator, designed for use with North American TVs, instead of the UK PAL RF modulator which was used for units sold in Portugal. The TS1000 doubled the onboard RAM from 1 KB to 2 KB. The TS1000's casing had slightly more internal shielding but remained the same as Sinclair's, including the membrane keyboard. It had black-and-white graphics and no sound. It was followed by an improved version, the Timex Sinclair 1500 which had substantially more RAM (16 KB) and a lower price (US$80). However, the TS1500 did not achieve market success, given that the marketplace was by this time dominated by Commodore, RadioShack, Atari and Apple.
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Power 3000 Power 3000 was a Sinclair ZX81 clone from Creon Enterprises. Identical with Lambda 8300 and PC 8300.
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IBM System/360 The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems that was announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific. The design made a clear distinction between architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to release a suite of compatible designs at different prices. All but the incompatible model 44 and the most expensive systems used microcode to implement the instruction set, which featured 8-bit byte addressing and binary, decimal and (hexadecimal) floating-point calculations.