Which Russian ruler and naval commander also took part in polar expeditions to study the Arctic Circle?
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Russian polar expedition of 1900–02 The Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902 was commissioned by the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences to study the Arctic Ocean north of New Siberian Islands and search for the legendary Sannikov Land. It was led by the Russian geologist and Arctic explorer Baron Eduard Toll on the ship "Zarya". Toll and his three assistants vanished in late 1902 while exploring Bennett Island. One of the key members of the expedition was Alexander Kolchak, then a young researcher and lieutenant of the Russian Navy, and later a ruler of Russia.
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Alexander Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak CB (Russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к , 16 November [O.S. 4 November] 1874 – 7 February 1920) was a polar explorer and commander in the Imperial Russian Navy, who fought in the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War. During the Russian Civil War, he established an anti-communist government in Siberia—later the Provisional All-Russian Government—and was recognised as the "Supreme Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of All Russian Land and Sea Forces" by the other leaders of the White movement from 1918 to 1920. His government was based in Omsk, in southwestern Siberia.
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Jacob Bruce Count Jacob or James Daniel Bruce (, "Graf Yakov Vilimovich Bryus"; 11 May 1669 – 30 April 1735) was a Russian statesman, military leader and scientist of Scottish descent (Clan Bruce), one of the associates of Peter the Great. According to his own record, his ancestors had lived in Russia since 1649. He was the brother of Robert Bruce, the first military governor of Saint Petersburg.
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Ulya River Ulya River (Russian: Улья ) is a river in northern Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. The length of the river is 325 km , the area of its drainage basin is 15500 km2 . The Ulya originates in the Dzhugdzhur Mountains, flows northeast parallel to the coast and turns east to reach the Sea of Okhotsk about 100 km southwest of Okhotsk. It freezes up in late October through early November and remains icebound until May. The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was Ivan Moskvitin who sailed down the Ulya and wintered near its mouth in 1639. Vasili Poyarkov reused his huts in 1646. The Ulya was one of the water routes to and from Okhotsk. From its tributaries either the Lama Portage or the Alachak Portage led to the Mati River which flows north to the Maya River, which leads to the Aldan River and then Lena River to Yakutsk.
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Russian colonization of the Americas The Russian colonization of the Americas covers the period from 1732 to 1867, when the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas are collectively known as Russian America. Russian expansion eastward began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the Pacific Ocean. In 1725, Emperor Peter the Great ordered navigator Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization. The Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaska's coast, as stocks had been depleted by overhunting in Siberia. Bering's first voyage was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a second voyage by Bering and Aleksei Chirikov made sight of the North American mainland.
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Alexander Alexanderovich Lieven Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Lieven (Russian: Александр Александрович Ливен ) (7 July 1860 – 23 February 1914) was a vice admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy.
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Gleb Shishmaryov Gleb Semyonovich Shishmaryov (aka Gleb Semenovich Shishmarev) (Russian: Глеб Семёнович Шишмарёв ) (1781 - November 3, 1835, Saint Petersburg) was a rear admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. He is reputed for having surveyed the then little-known coast of Alaska as navigator. In 1815–1818 he accompanied Otto von Kotzebue on his voyage to Alaska and around the world.
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Emperor of All Russia The Emperor or Empress of All Russia (Russian: Императоръ Всероссійскій, Императрица Всероссійская , "Imperator Vserossiyskiy", "Imperatritsa Vserossiyskaya") was the title of the ruler of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917. It was created in connection with the victory in the Great Northern War and appeared as the adaptation of the Tsar's title under the accepted system of titling in Europe. The suffix "of All Russia" was transformed from the previous version "(Tsar) of All Rus'".
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Fyodor Matyushkin Fyodor Fyodorovich Matyushkin ("Матюшкин, Федор Федорович" in Russian) (7.10(21).1799 — 9.16(28).1872) was a Russian navigator, Admiral (1867), and a close friend of Aleksandr Pushkin.
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Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral) Rear Admiral Sir Thomas MacKenzie (spring 1740 – 21 January [O.S. 10 January] 1786 ), also known as Foma Fomich Mekenzi (Фома Фомич Мекензи - Son of Thomas), was a Scottish-Russian rear admiral who founded the city of Sevastopol in service of the Russian Empire in 1783.
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Trångsund Fortress Trångsund Fortress (Russian: Крепость Тронгзунд , Finnish: "Uuraan linnoitus" ) is a naval fort by the Vyborg Bay in the town of Vysotsk, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It was established by Peter the Great in 1710 to secure the town of Vyborg which was captured from Sweden during the Great Northern War.
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Ivan Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin (Russian: Иван Дмитриевич Папанин , 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1894 – January 30, 1986) was a Soviet polar explorer, scientist, Counter Admiral, and twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded nine Orders of Lenin.
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Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky Prince Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky (Russian: Никола́й Леони́дович Оболе́нский ; 5 July [O.S. 23 June] 1878 - 11 March 1960) was a Russian governor. Born Orthodox by his princely origin of the Obolensky Russian family of the Rurik Dynasty. In exile he was converted to Catholicism and became a member of the Russian apostolate abroad.
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Pieter Bergman Pieter Bergman (Russian: Питер Бергман ) was a Swedish-born officer of the Imperial Russian Navy in 1698 - 1706, cartographer.
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Nikolai Bodisko Nikolai Andreevich Bodisko, (Russian: Николай Андреевич Бодиско ) (1756 – 1815) was a Russian counter admiral.
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Mirny (sloop-of-war) Mirny was a 20-gun sloop-of-war of the Imperial Russian Navy, the second ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition in 1819—1821, during which Faddey Bellingshausen (commander of the lead ship "Vostok") and Mikhail Lazarev (commanding "Mirny") circumnavigated the globe, discovered the continent of Antarctica and twice circumnavigated it, and discovered a number of islands and archipelagos in the Southern Ocean and the Pacific.
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Vladimir Tributs Vladimir Filippovich Tributs (Russian: Влади́мир Фили́ппович Три́буц ) (July 28 [O.S. July 15] 1900 – August 30, 1977) was a Soviet naval commander and admiral from 1943.
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Dmitry Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev (Russian: Дмитрий Яковлевич Лаптев ) (1701 - January 31 [O.S. January 20] 1771 ) was a Russian Arctic explorer and Vice Admiral (1762). The Dmitry Laptev Strait is named in his honor and the Laptev Sea is named in honor of him and his cousin, and fellow Arctic explorer, Khariton Laptev.
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Second Archipelago Expedition The Second Archipelago Expedition was an expedition by the Russian Baltic Fleet under Admiral Dmitry Senyavin into the Mediterranean between 1805 and 1807. It formed part of the War of the Third Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition and the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812). The Russian fleet defeated the Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles and at the Battle of Athos and - in combination with Russian land successes on the Danube and in the Caucasus - the campaign forced the Ottomoan Empire to conclude a truce with Russia in August 1807. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit with Napoleon, the Russian Navy lifted its blockade of the Dardanelles and returned to the Baltic.
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Otto Kalvitsa Otto Kalvitsa (Russian: Отто Артурович Кальвиц , 21 November 1888 – 7 March 1930) was a Finnish-born Soviet aviator and a polar explorer. He is known as one of the pioneers of the Soviet Arctic aviation.
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Barents Sea The Barents Sea (Norwegian: "Barentshavet" ; Russian: Баренцево море , "Barentsevo More") is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters. Known among Russians in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea ("Norwegian Sea"), the sea takes its current name from the Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz.
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Vaygach (1909 icebreaker) Icebreaker Vaygach (Russian: "Вайгач" ) was an icebreaking steamer of moderate size built for the Russian Imperial Navy at St. Petersburg in 1909. She was named after Vaygach Island in the Russian Arctic.