Which Welsh theoretical physicist and professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge is the discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to
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Proximity effect (superconductivity) Proximity effect or Holm-Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor. Typically the critical temperature formula_1 of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances. The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by R. Holm and W. Meissner. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting (i.e. normal) metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect.
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Brian Josephson Brian David Josephson, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 4 January 1940), is a Welsh theoretical physicist and professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge. Best known for his pioneering work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for his prediction of the Josephson effect, made in 1962 when he was a 22-year-old PhD student at Cambridge University. Josephson is the only Welshman to have won a Nobel Prize in Physics. He shared the prize with physicists Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, who jointly received half the award for their own work on quantum tunnelling.
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Michael Barnsley Michael Fielding Barnsley, born in 1946, is a British mathematician, researcher and an entrepreneur who has worked on fractal compression; he holds several patents on the technology. He received his Ph.D in Theoretical Chemistry from University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1972 and BA in Mathematics from Oxford in 1968. In 1987 he founded Iterated Systems Incorporated, and in 1988 he published a book entitled "Fractals Everywhere" and in 2006 "SuperFractals".
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Cas Cremers Casimier Joseph Franciscus "Cas" Cremers (born 1974) is a computer scientist and professor of Information Security at the University of Oxford.
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Paul Taunton Matthews Paul Taunton Matthews CBE FRS (19 November 1919 – 26 February 1987) was a British theoretical physicist.
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K. Alex Müller Karl Alexander Müller (born April 20, 1927) is a Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 with Georg Bednorz for their work in superconductivity in ceramic materials.
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Superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of "perfect conductivity" in classical physics.
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John T. Lewis John Trevor Lewis (15 April 1932 – 21 January 2004) was a Welsh mathematical physicist who made contributions to areas including quantum measurement, Bose–Einstein condensation and large deviations theory. He was a senior professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from 1972, serving as the Director of the School of Theoretical Physics from 1975 until his retirement in 2001.
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Aharon Kapitulnik Aharon Kapitulnik is an Israeli-American physicist, focusing in strongly correlated electron systems, low dimensional electronic systems, unconventional superconductors, topological superconductors, superconductivity and magnetism, transport in bad metals and precision measurements, currently the Theodore and Sydney Rosenberg Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society. In 2014, he was awarded the Sackler Professorship at Tel Aviv University.
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Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, or BSCCO (pronounced "bisko"), is a family of high-temperature superconductors having the generalized chemical formula BiSrCaCuO, with "n" = 2 being the most commonly studied compound (though "n" = 1 and "n" = 3 have also received significant attention). Discovered as a general class in 1988, BSCCO was the first high-temperature superconductor which did not contain a rare-earth element. It is a cuprate superconductor, an important category of high-temperature superconductors sharing a two-dimensional layered (perovskite) structure (see figure at right) with superconductivity taking place in a copper-oxide plane. BSCCO and YBCO are the most studied cuprate superconductors.
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Gordon Walter Semenoff Gordon Walter Semenoff (born July 11, 1953), {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is known for his research on quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and string theory and is particularly famous for his co-invention, together with Antti Niemi, of the parity anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge field theories and for his pioneering work on graphene. He is also well known for development of thermal field theory, the application of index theorems and their generalizations in quantum field theory and string theory, notably with respect to the duality between string theories and gauge field theories.
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Color superconductivity Color superconductivity is a phenomenon predicted to occur in quark matter if the baryon density is sufficiently high (well above nuclear density) and the temperature is not too high (well below 10 kelvin). Color superconducting phases are to be contrasted with the normal phase of quark matter, which is just a weakly interacting Fermi liquid of quarks.
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Scharnhorst effect The Scharnhorst effect is a hypothetical phenomenon in which light signals travel slightly faster than "c" between two closely spaced conducting plates. It was first predicted in a 1993 paper by Klaus Scharnhorst of the Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, and Gabriel Barton of the University of Sussex in Brighton, England. An American physicist, Timothy Retter, independently predicted the phenomenon in 2015. Scharnhorst and Barton showed using quantum electrodynamics that the effective refractive index, at low frequencies, in the space between the plates was less than 1 (which by itself does not imply superluminal signaling). They were not able to show that the wavefront velocity exceeds "c" (which would imply superluminal signaling) but argued that it is plausible.
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Esther M. Conwell Esther Marley Conwell (May 23, 1922 – November 16, 2014) was a pioneering American chemist and physicist who studied properties of semiconductors and organic conductors, especially electron transport. She is best known for the Conwell-Weisskopf theory which elucidates how electrons travel through semiconductors, an accomplishment that helped revolutionize modern computing.
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Emlyn Rhoderick Emlyn Huw Rhoderick (29 September 1920 – 24 March 2007) was a Welsh physicist and academic, who spent 33 years as professor of solid-state electronics at the Manchester College of Science and Technology (later known as UMIST).
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Superconducting steel Superconducting steel is a concept in materials science, referring to the idea of a steel alloy that would behave as a superconductor. The term has appeared primarily in discussions of designs of imagined devices involving nuclear fusion or processes with still higher densities of power.
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Denis Weaire Denis Lawrence Weaire FRS (born 17 October 1942) is an Irish physicist and an emeritus professor of Trinity College, Dublin.
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John Clayton Taylor John Clayton Taylor {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 4 August 1930) is a British mathematical physicist. He is an Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Physics at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of the University of Cambridge and an Emeritus Fellow of Robinson College.
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Peter Higgs Peter Ware Higgs (born 29 May 1929) is a British theoretical physicist, emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh, and Nobel Prize laureate for his work on the mass of subatomic particles.
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Donald Davies Donald Watts Davies, CBE, FRS (7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000) was a Welsh computer scientist who was employed at the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL). In 1965 he developed the concept of packet switching, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide, and implemented it in the NPL network. This was independent of the work of Paul Baran in the United States who had a similar idea in the early 1960s. The ARPANET project credited Davies primarily for his influence.
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Ernst Helmut Brandt Ernst Helmut Brandt was German theoretical physicist working on the Abrikosov vortex lattice in type-II superconductors, particularly with the ideal lattice, its nonlocal elastic response, lattice defects, pinning, and geometrical effects in the electromagnetic response of superconductors.
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Gerhard Materlik Gerhard Theodor Materlik {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 16 January 1945) is a German physicist and science manager. He has made significant contributions to X-ray physics, notably improvements in the real-world application of synchrotron radiation. He is a Professor of Facilities Science at the University College London since 2013.