When was the scientist that  revealed by means of microscopy the previously unknown world of microorganisms born?
94766bcd5a2dc1175b642ea0cb9134f2
History of biology The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of "biology" as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Avicenna. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, biological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek revealed by means of microscopy the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).
f4ee7c94bab4edc9b50dc2a5c70d5eba
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( , ] ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman, scientist, and one of the notable representatives of the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and often considered to be the first acknowledged microscopist and microbiologist. Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in the field of microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.
467ac8e8e304aa18f1f54280ac73b86c
Aaron Novick Aaron Novick (June 24, 1919 – December 21, 2000) is considered one of the founders of molecular biology. He started the University of Oregon's Institute of Molecular Biology, believed to be the first of its kind in the world, in 1959.
b5bf1dc3c9081f540afb0daeedc6db00
Dillwyn Williams Sir Edward Dillwyn Williams FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci (born 1 April 1929) is a British medical scientist and a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
63442cf381fd751476be01db3bd9312e
Anthony A. Hyman Anthony Arie Hyman (born 27 May 1962) FRS is a British scientist and professor at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics.
700f875d208635e811b050fc99abab35
Nikolay Gamaleya Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya (Russian: Никола́й Фёдорович Гамале́я ; 17 February 1859 [O.S. 5 February] – 29 March 1949) was a Russian and Soviet physician and scientist who played a pioneering role in microbiology and vaccine research.
e45dcaf287c2e1c6d210dcfd9fa29764
Fanny Hesse Fanny Hesse (Born Angelina Fanny Elishemius, June 22, 1850 – December 1, 1934) is best known for her work in microbiology alongside her husband, Walther Hesse. Together they were instrumental in developing Agar as a medium for culturing microorganisms.
8cf09faf9dd0eb34dda54ae2467c147c
Peter Medawar Sir Peter Brian Medawar {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist born in Brazil, whose work on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance was fundamental to the practice of tissue and organ transplants. For his works in immunology he is regarded as the "father of transplantation". He is remembered for his wit in real life and popular writings. Famous zoologists such as Richard Dawkins, referred to him as "the wittiest of all scientific writers", and Stephen Jay Gould, as "the cleverest man I have ever known".
4f13466ed75b839b3949d4599e24fef4
Alexander A. Maximow Alexander Alexandrowitsch Maximow (Russian: Александр Александрович Максимов ; 3 February [O.S. 22 January] 1874 - December 4, 1928), was a Russian-American scientist in the fields of Histology and Embryology whose team developed the hypothesis about the existence of "polyblasts". Maximow is renowned for his experimental work on the unitarian theory of hematopoiesis: all blood cells develop from a common precursor cell. Maximow served as a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
22f75344bf5f5575c8f03b5b1347c700
Brian Duerden Professor Brian Ion Duerden {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 1948) is a British microbiologist.
a68bed9ad6ade9ca1049bcc450e7d625
Günther Enderlein Günther Enderlein (7 July 1872 – 11 August 1968) was a German zoologist, entomologist and later a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products. Enderlein got some international renown because of his insect research but in Germany he became famous because of his concept of the pleomorphism of microorganisms and his hypotheses about the origins of cancer, based on the work of other scientists. His hypotheses about pleomorphism and cancer have now been disproved by science and have only some historical importance today. Some of his concepts are however still popular in alternative medicine. An invalid blood test is named after him: "dark field microscopy according to Enderlein".
84fcfe73b059b1b7aff0d08b89164861
C. D. Darlington Cyril Dean Darlington FRS (19 December 1903 – 26 March 1981) was an English biologist, geneticist and eugenicist, who discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover, its role in inheritance, and therefore its importance to evolution. He was Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford from 1953 to 1971.
dc392608b382c085819db6bc4e44dea4
Elias Zerhouni Elias Zerhouni (Arabic: إلياس زرهوني‎ ‎ ; born April 12, 1951)is an Algerian-born American physician scientist radiologist and biomedical engineer. As a world-renowned national and international leader, Zerhouni is widely viewed as one of the leading authorities on emerging trends and issues in biomedical sciences and medical care.
a3813e053d1bc3d2f30b0d934c52b147
Hal Dixon (biochemist) Dr Henry Berkeley Franks Dixon D.Sc. (16 May 1928 – 30 July 2008), known as Hal Dixon, was a biochemist and Life Fellow of King's College Cambridge. Born in Dublin, the youngest son of Henry Horatio Dixon, he was interested in science from a young age; his discovery of an optical illusion arising from binocular vision was described by his father in Nature Magazine when he was only nine years old.
ec3e72b2dbe734724f63e7708f1fc7a2
Kary Mullis Kary Banks Mullis (born December 28, 1944) is a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist. In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year. The process was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana, and allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences. The improvements made by Mullis allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology, described by "The New York Times" as "highly original and significant, virtually dividing biology into the two epochs of before P.C.R. and after P.C.R."
d09c7ec4300ab7ffab8d133eec70adbb
Geoffrey Fryer Geoffrey Fryer {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 6 August 1927) is a British biologist.
bd7d098ddd0f697f8682aa545c776ace
Sydney Brenner Sydney Brenner (born 13 January 1927) is a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Bob Horvitz and John Sulston. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. He established the roundworm "Caenorhabditis elegans" as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology, and founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California, U.S..
b46f2b5330cc56da0e918706dfd7fb7b
Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
98c327b8afdf82cba26b946d979e0466
Breed method Breed method is a laboratory technique used for counting microorganisms in milk. It was introduced in 1910 by American biologists Samuel Cate Prescott and Robert Stanley Breed.
ceb3160e3e306cf344cda979284b5041
Edwin Southern Sir Edwin Mellor Southern, FRS (born 7 June 1938) is an English Lasker Award-winning molecular biologist, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. He is most widely known for the invention of the Southern blot, published in 1975 and now a common laboratory procedure.
44958383169e4485b910a8fbdcb73684
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat (July 29, 1910 – April 10, 1999) was a biochemist, famous for his viral research.
fd4fef68c0f99780823ccd1901fd1abf
Hans Winkler Hans Karl Albert Winkler (23 April 1877 – 22 November 1945) was a German botanist. He was Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, and a director of that university's Institute of Botany. Winkler coined the term 'heteroploidy' in 1916. He is remembered for coining the term 'genome' in 1920, by making a portmanteau of the words gene and chromosome. He wrote: