Which contributor to Padrón Real was the first to demonstrate that Columbus' conjecture about Asia's eastern outskirts was wrong?
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Padrón Real The Padrón Real (] , "Royal Register"), known after 2 August 1527 as the Padrón General (] , "General Register"), was the official and secret Spanish master map used as a template for the maps present on all Spanish ships during the 16th century. It was kept in Seville, Spain by the Casa de Contratación. Ship pilots were required to use a copy of the official government chart, or risk the penalty of a 50 doblas fine. The map probably included a large-scale chart that hung on the wall of the old Alcazar in Seville. Well known official cartographers and pilots who contributed to and used the map included Amerigo Vespucci, Diogo Ribeiro, Sebastian Cabot, Alonzo de Santa Cruz, and Juan Lopez de Velasco.
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Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci (] ; March 9, 1454February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to people of the Old World.
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Heliodorus (philosopher) Heliodorus (Greek: Ἡλιόδωρος ) is cited as the author of a work titled "Commentary" (dated 564 AD), which has been preserved, on the "Introduction" or "Rudiments" of Paulus Alexandrinus, the 4th century Alexandrian astrologer. The name "Heliodorus" appears only on the later of two groups of manuscripts, and so is somewhat doubtful. Leendert Westerink has argued that the commentary consists of notes of lectures, most likely given by the 6th-century philosopher and astrologer, Olympiodorus, in 564 AD. The Greek text of his commentary on Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" has been published in vol. 19.2 of "Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca" (CAG).
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Rodrigo de Jerez Rodrigo de Jerez was one of the Spanish crewmen who sailed to the Americas on the Santa Maria as part of Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He is credited with being the first European smoker.
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Diego Colón de Toledo, 4th Admiral of the Indies Diego Colón de Toledo y Pravia, 4th Admiral of the Indies (died 28 January 1578) was a paternal grandson of Diego Colón and his wife María de Toledo y Rojas. He was a Orthodox Christian making him a great-grandson of Christopher Columbus.
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Maximilianus Transylvanus Maximilianus Transylvanus (Transilvanus, Transylvanianus), also Maximilianus of Transylvania and Maximilian (Maximiliaen) von Sevenborgen (c. 1490 – c. 1538), was a sixteenth-century author based in Flanders who wrote the earliest account published on Magellan and Elcano's first circumnavigation of the world (1519–22). Written after he interviewed the survivors of the "Victoria", and being a relative of sponsor Christopher de Haro, his account "De Moluccis Insulis" is a main source about the expedition along with that of Antonio Pigafetta.
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Bardaisan Bardaisan (Syriac: ܒܪ ܕܝܨܢ‎ , "Bardaiṣān"), also known in Arabic as ابن ديصان (Ibn Daisan), also Latinized as Bardesanes, was a Syriac or Parthian gnostic and founder of the Bardaisanites. A scientist, scholar, astrologer, philosopher and poet, Bardaisan was also renowned for his knowledge of India, on which he wrote a book, now lost.
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Peter Kolosimo Peter Kolosimo, pseudonym of Pier Domenico Colosimo (15 December 1922 – 23 March 1984), was an Italian journalist and writer. He is ranked amongst the founders of pseudoarchaeology (in Italian: "fantarcheologia"), a controversial topic which aims to study the origins of ancient civilizations using theories and methods not accepted by the scientific community. He also popularised ancient astronaut theories of contact between extraterrestrial beings and ancient human civilizations.
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Leonardo's world map Generally known as Leonardo's world map, it is a map drawn in the "octant projection" in approximately 1514, which has been related with the first uses of the name America. The map shows all the information that Amerigo Vespucci brought from his travels, reported in 1503 and 1505. Additionally, the map shows the Arctic as an ocean and Antarctica as a continent of about the correct size, a cartographic accuracy not replicated for about the following three centuries.
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Charles Marie de La Condamine Charles Marie de La Condamine (28 January 1701 – 13 February 1774) was a French explorer, geographer, and mathematician. He spent ten years in present-day Ecuador measuring the length of a degree latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astronomical observations. Furthermore he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers"."
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The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez (Spanish "Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez") is a 1690 book by Carlos de Sigüenza, a Mexican writer retelling the story of Alonso Ramírez, a Puerto Rican sailor from his first sailing as a ship's boy in 1675, to his arrival at Yucatan, Mexico. At one point thought to be fictional, historian Fabio López-Lázaro demonstrated the existence of Ramírez and the accuracy of the account of experiences with pirates, including William Dampier
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Al-Battani Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī (Arabic: محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني) (Latinized as Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius) (c. 858 – 929) was an Arab astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. He introduced a number of trigonometric relations, and his "Kitāb az-Zīj" was frequently quoted by many medieval astronomers, including Copernicus.
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Alan Frost Alan J. Frost , (born 29 March 1943) is an Australian academic based at La Trobe University. A major theme of his research has involved the European exploration of the Pacific Ocean over the second half of the eighteenth century. He is best known for books in which he challenges common historical stereotypes and misconceptions concerning the colonisation of Australia. These include "Botany Bay Mirages: Illusions of Australia's Convict Beginnings", "Botany Bay: The Real Story", and "The First Fleet: The Real Story". Frost's arguments radically challenge those expressed by prominent historians Manning Clark and Robert Hughes.
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Pedro Álvares Cabral Pedro Álvares Cabral (] ] ; c. 1467 or 1468 – c. 1520) was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life are unclear, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly opened route around Africa. The object of the undertaking was to return with valuable spices and to establish trade relations in India—bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. Although the previous expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, on its sea route, recorded signs of land west of the southern Atlantic Ocean (in 1497), Cabral is regarded as the first captain who ever touched four continents, leading the first expedition that united Europe, Africa, America, and Asia.
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El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno El primer nueva crónica y buen gobierno (English: "The First New Chronicle and Good Government"), is a Peruvian chronicle finished around 1615. Its author, the indigenous Peruvian Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, sent it as a handwritten manuscript to King Philip III of Spain. His purpose was to give a historical account of the Andes from the earliest human beings to the Incas and the Spanish conquest; it was also meant as a call of attention towards the deep problems caused by Spanish government in the region. The manuscript was never published and its location for the next several centuries was unknown. The scholar Richard Pietschmann rediscovered it at the Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen in 1908; Paul Rivet published a facsimile edition in Paris in 1936. Some researchers believe that the manuscript traveled from Spain to Denmark via the library of the Count-Duke of Olivares, in Spain, part of which was sold to Cornelius Pedersen Lerche, ambassador of Denmark in Spain. Nevertheless, this is only speculation.
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Bernardino de Escalante Bernardino de Escalante (ca. 1537– after 1605) was a Spanish soldier, priest, geographer and a prolific writer. He is best known as the author of the second book on China that was published in Europe, and the first author of such a book to obtain wide circulation outside of Portugal.
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Alonso Álvarez de Pineda Alonso Álvarez de Pineda (] ; Aldeacentenera, 1494-1520) was a Spanish explorer and cartographer who was first documented in Texas history . In 1517 he led several expeditions to map the western coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico, from the Yucatán Peninsula to the Pánuco River, just north of Veracruz . Ponce de León had previously mapped parts of Florida, which he believed to be an island . Antón de Alaminos' exploration eliminated the western areas as being the site of the passage, leaving the land between the Pánuco River and Florida to be mapped.
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Jean Cousin (navigator) Jean Cousin, also Jehan Cousin, was a 15th-century French Normand navigator who was said to have discovered the New World in 1488, four years before Christopher Columbus, when he landed in Brazil around the mouth of the Amazon. One of his captains was named Alonzo Pinzón, who left Cousin in a dispute after their return to Dieppe, and who is claimed to have left for Spain from where he advised Columbus on his westward sail. Pinzon is known to have displayed a remarkable confidence in guiding Columbus in his discovery of the New World. No indisputable written records remain however to support Cousin's claim to discovery.
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Padrão A padrão (] , "standard"; plural: "padrões" ) was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery. Notable explorers known to have erected "padrões" were Diogo Cão, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, and Jorge Álvares.
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Jordanus Jordanus (), distinguished as JordanofSeverac (Latin: "Jordanus de Severac" ; French: "Jourdain de Séverac" ; Italian: "Giordano di Séverac" ) or JordanofCatalonia (Latin: "Jordanus Catalanus" ; Catalan: "Jordà de Catalunya" ), was a Catalan Dominican missionary and explorer in Asia known for his "Mirabilia" describing the marvels of the East. He was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon, the first Catholic diocese in India.
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Franciscus Patricius Franciscus Patricius (Italian: "Francesco Patrizi", Croatian: "Franjo Petriš" or "Frane Petrić"; 25 April 1529 – 6 February 1597) was a philosopher and scientist from the Republic of Venice. He was known as a defender of Platonism and an opponent of Aristotelianism. In Croatia he is mostly referred to as Franjo Petriš or Frane Petrić (sometimes "Petris", "Petrišević" and "Petričević"). His family name in Cres was known as Petris.
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Fernão de Loronha Fernão de Loronha (c. 1470 or before – Lisbon, c. 1540), whose name is often corrupted to Fernando de Noronha or Fernando della Rogna, was a prominent 16th-century Portuguese merchant of Lisbon, of Jewish descent. He was the first charter-holder (1502–1512), the first donatary captain in Brazil and sponsor of numerous early Portuguese overseas expeditions. The islands of Fernando de Noronha off the coast of Brazil, discovered by one of his expeditions and granted to Loronha and his heirs as a fief in 1504, are named after him.