In string theory, D-branes are a class of extended objects upon which open strings can end with Dirichlet boundary conditions, after which they are named, D-branes were discovered by Dai, Leigh and which American theoretical physicist, and string theorist?
8ee0c7a8a79b508de02f3a3e88f2b82d
D-brane In string theory, D-branes are a class of extended objects upon which open strings can end with Dirichlet boundary conditions, after which they are named. D-branes were discovered by Dai, Leigh and Polchinski, and independently by Hořava in 1989. In 1995, Polchinski identified D-branes with black p-brane solutions of supergravity, a discovery that triggered the Second Superstring Revolution and led to both holographic and M-theory dualities.
cf0d1864180219927fa9d8f961fadce5
Joseph Polchinski Joseph Polchinski (born May 16, 1954) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist.
2c7ad3355d29c199b0ed136e22109835
Đàm Thanh Sơn Đàm Thanh Sơn (born 1969 in Hanoi) is a Vietnamese theoretical physicist working in quantum chromodynamics, applications of string theory and many-body physics.
8cfab98cc8c63470dd22c0d8fd8a6236
Greg Moore (physicist) Gregory Winthrop Moore (born 1961) is an American theoretical physicist who specializes in mathematical physics and string theory. Moore is a professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of Rutgers University and a member of the University's High Energy Theory group.
26763fea59bf821f93e98052f6c612f4
String group In topology, a branch of mathematics, a string group is an infinite-dimensional group String("n") introduced by as a 3-connected cover of a spin group.
92f33fb50162650cd23859bc529f2886
M-theory M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory. The existence of such a theory was first conjectured by Edward Witten at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California in the spring of 1995. Witten's announcement initiated a flurry of research activity known as the second superstring revolution.
5fdb5686c569aaba4c0ffb1f7278275c
Edward L. Wright Edward L. (Ned) Wright (born August 25, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist, well known for his achievements in the COBE, WISE, and WMAP projects and as a fanatic Big Bang proponent in web tutorials on cosmology and theory of relativity.
d360633a682b5f423c09e2ceb6d52f30
Andrew Strominger Andrew Eben Strominger ( ; born 1955) is an American theoretical physicist who is the Director of Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature. He has made significant contributions to quantum gravity and string theory. These include his work on Calabi-Yau compactification and topology change in string theory, and on the stringy origin of black hole entropy. He is a senior fellow at the Society of Fellows, and is the Gwill E. York Professor of Physics.
bd7a06584ec982fb3feb1766c021dfd0
Robert Leigh Robert Leigh is a Canadian physicist working on string theory.
5ac49631939ac27faa2ea59d50b55284
Curtis Callan Curtis Gove Callan, Jr. (born October 11, 1942) is a theoretical physicist and a professor at Princeton University. He has conducted research in gauge theory, string theory, instantons, black holes, strong interactions, and many other topics. He was awarded the Sakurai Prize in 2000 ("For his classic formulation of the renormalization group, his contributions to instanton physics and to the theory of monopoles and strings") and the Dirac Medal in 2004.
b82d5862d0d96f6b467e36e01282ddba
Elliott H. Lieb Elliott Hershel Lieb (born July 31, 1932) is an American mathematical physicist and professor of mathematics and physics at Princeton University who specializes in statistical mechanics, condensed matter theory, and functional analysis.
021205886c99754ff8a1ce3df51729c7
Gordon Walter Semenoff Gordon Walter Semenoff (born July 11, 1953), {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is known for his research on quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and string theory and is particularly famous for his co-invention, together with Antti Niemi, of the parity anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge field theories and for his pioneering work on graphene. He is also well known for development of thermal field theory, the application of index theorems and their generalizations in quantum field theory and string theory, notably with respect to the duality between string theories and gauge field theories.
061be4635a897b0cead911fb136289a1
David Bohm David Joseph Bohm FRS (December 20, 1917 – October 27, 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind.
997463c228bbb1b7e2a4d924786af358
Jeffrey A. Harvey Jeffrey A. Harvey (born February 15, 1955 in San Antonio, Texas) an American string theorist at the University of Chicago.
a87411ecdedaee6ae73fb401335982a6
Bunji Sakita Bunji Sakita (崎田 文二 , Sakita Bunji , 1930 – August 31, 2002) was a Japanese-American theoretical physicist who made important contributions in quantum field theory, superstring theory and discovered supersymmetry in 1971. He was a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the City College of New York.
51f1c089d1a33bf95d68c1094866f303
String field theory String field theory (SFT) is a formalism in string theory in which the dynamics of relativistic strings is reformulated in the language of quantum field theory. This is accomplished at the level of perturbation theory by finding a collection of vertices for joining and splitting strings, as well as string propagators, that give a Feynman diagram-like expansion for string scattering amplitudes. In most string field theories, this expansion is encoded by a classical action found by second-quantizing the free string and adding interaction terms. As is usually the case in second quantization, a classical field configuration of the second-quantized theory is given by a wave function in the original theory. In the case of string field theory, this implies that a classical configuration, usually called the string field, is given by an element of the free string Fock space.
9abd38e1dec1fb653347dfac39a27830
String topology String topology, a branch of mathematics, is the study of algebraic structures on the homology of free loop spaces. The field was started by Chas and Sullivan in 1999 (see Chas & Sullivan 1999).
1c917002b103ca5e6df46e60d2962e0d
U-duality In physics, U-duality (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "U-duality (symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union of all the S-duality and T-duality available in that topology. The narrow meaning of the word "U-duality" is one of those dualities that can be classified neither as an S-duality, nor as a T-duality - a transformation that exchanges a large geometry of one theory with the strong coupling of another theory, for example.
5cf4333075faed8d6371fa215b0914d3
Type II string theory In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for two of the five consistent superstring theories in ten dimensions. Both theories have the maximal amount of supersymmetry — namely 32 supercharges — in ten dimensions. Both theories are based on oriented closed strings. On the worldsheet, they differ only in the choice of GSO projection.
5abe151ae253d038d0b838064b3d4f0c
David Lindley (physicist) David Lindley (born 1956) is a theoretical physicist and author. He holds a B.A. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University (1975 – 1978) and a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Sussex (1978 – 1981). Then he was a postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge University. From 1983 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Theoretical Astrophysics Group at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. He then served as Technical Editor and Writer with the Central Design Group for the Superconducting Supercollider at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California. He was an Associate Editor at "Nature" (1987 – 1993), a Senior Editor of "Science" (1994 – 1995), and an Associate Editor of "Science News" (1996 – 2000). Since 2000, he is a freelance science writer and consultant.
e6ae3cf30184ad1e3fdb99e79fe2c0d7
David L. Mills David L. Mills (born June 3, 1938) is an American computer engineer and Internet pioneer. Mills earned his PhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the ARPA sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed DEC PDP-8 based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an IBM 360 mainframe.
2f698b95c0689bfe1e5764ed8a3c91ab
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (] ; (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the "Parlement" of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. He is best known for his Fermat's principle for light propagation and his Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of Diophantus' "Arithmetica".