The Trenton Prong is a section of the Piedmont province of what that was formed roughly 480 million years ago?
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Trenton Prong The Trenton Prong is a physiographic subprovince of the Piedmont Uplands section of the Piedmont province of the Appalachian Mountains. The prong consists of crystalline metamorphic rock.
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Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountains ( , French: "les Appalaches" ), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. It once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to most roads running east or west.
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Pliensbachian The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale or stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic epoch or series and spans the time between 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 182.7 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.
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Newport Formation (NSW) The Newport Formation (NSW) are sedimentary rocks occurring in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This stratum is up to 49 metres thick. Formed in the mid-Triassic, it is part of the Narrabeen Group of sedimentary rocks.
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Lyons Formation Lyons Sandstone is a geological layer formed during the Paleozoic Era, Middle Permian Period about 250 million years ago. This layer is also referred to as the Lyons Formation. It is the result of fine-grained quartz sand dunes compressing into sandstone. This layer is visible along the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
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Upper Karroo Sandstone Formation The Upper Karroo Sandstone Formation is a geological formation dating to roughly between 200 and 175 million years ago and covering part of the Early Jurassic. The Upper Karroo Sandstone Formation is found in Zimbabwe and is a member of the Karoo Supergroup. As its name suggests, it consists partly of sandstone. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur "Massospondylus" have been recovered from the Upper Karroo Sandstone.
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Balang Formation The Balang formation, is a Cambrian Period geological formation, which outcrops in Hunan Province, southern China.
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Siderian The Siderian Period ( ; Greek: σίδηρος ("sídēros") , meaning "iron") is the first geologic period in the Paleoproterozoic Era and lasted from round 5 Ma to round 5 Ma (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically.
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Late Ordovician glaciation The Late Ordovician Glaciation is a period at the end of the Ordovician that started at the border between the Katian and Hirnantian about 440-460 Ma (million years ago). The major glaciation during this period is widely considered to be the leading cause of the Ordovician-Silurian extinction event. Evidence of this glaciation can be seen in places such as Morocco, South Africa, Libya, and Wyoming. More evidence derived from isotopic data is that during the Late Ordovician, Tropical ocean temperatures were about 5 °C cooler than present day, this would have been a major factor that aided in the glaciation process.
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Massif Central (geology) The Massif Central forms together with the Armorican Massif (Brittany and Normandy) one of the two big basement massifs in France. Its geological evolution started in the late Neoproterozoic and continues to this day. It has been shaped mainly by the Caledonian orogeny and the Variscan orogeny. The Alpine orogeny has also left its imprints, probably causing the important Cenozoic volcanism. The Massif Central has a very long geological history, underlined by zircon ages dating back into the Archaean 3billion years ago. Structurally it consists mainly of stacked metamorphic basement nappes.
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Large igneous province In geology, a large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including plutonic rocks (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), arising when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include "large volcanic provinces" (LVP), created through flood basalt, and "large plutonic provinces" (LPP). Rampino and Stothers (1988) cite eleven distinct flood-basalt episodes - occurring in the past 250 million years - which created volcanic provinces and plateaus and coincided with mass extinctions. However, more flood basalts have been recognized, such as the large Ontong Java Plateau, and the medium-sized Chilcotin Group, though the latter may be linked to the Columbia River Basalt Group. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the pre-existing climate state, and the biota resilience to change.
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Naples Group The Naples Group is a geologic group in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
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Laurentia Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent, as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of Greenland and also the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and itself consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of Early Proterozoic orogenic belts. Small microcontinents and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today.
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Temagami Greenstone Belt The Temagami Greenstone Belt (TGB) is a small 2.7 billion year old greenstone belt in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It represents a feature of the Superior craton, an ancient and stable part of the Earth's lithosphere that forms the core of the North American continent and Canadian Shield. The belt is composed of metamorphosed volcanic rocks that range in composition from basalt to rhyolite. These form the east-northeast trend of the belt and are overlain by metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. They were created during several volcanic episodes involving a variety of eruptive styles ranging from passive lava eruptions to viscous explosive eruptions.
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Upper Elliot Formation The upper Elliot Formation is a stratigraphic unit dating to roughly between 200 and 190 million years ago and covering the Hettangian to Sinemurian stages. It is the upper portion of the Elliot Formation. The upper Elliot Formation is found in South Africa and Lesotho and is a component of the Stormberg Group within the Karoo Supergroup. It consists mainly of limestone, sandstone, and mudstone. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur "Massospondylus" have been recovered from the upper Elliot.
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Eastern Pilbara Craton The Eastern Pilbara Craton is the eastern portion of the Pilbara Craton located in Western Australia. This region contains variably metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic greenstone belt rocks, intrusive granitic dome structures, and volcanic sedimentary rocks. These greenstone belts worldwide are thought to be the remnants of ancient volcanic belts, and are subject to much debate in today's scientific community. Areas such as Isua and Barberton which have similar lithologies and ages as Pilbara have been argued to be subduction accretion arcs, while others suggest that they are the result of vertical tectonics. This debate is crucial to investigating when/how plate tectonics began on Earth. The Pilbara Craton along with the Kaapvaal Craton are the only remaining areas of the Earth with pristine 3.6–2.5 Ga crust. The extremely old and rare nature of this crustal region makes it a valuable resource in the understanding of the evolution of the Archean Earth.
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European Cenozoic Rift System The European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) is an 1100 km long system of rifts formed in the foreland of the Alps as the lithosphere responded to the effects of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogenies. The system began to form during the Late Eocene and parts, particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens, remain seismically active today and are responsible for most of the larger earthquakes in Europe, north of the Alps.
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Sonoma orogeny The Sonoma orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America. The exact age and structure of the Sonoma orogeny is controversial. The orogeny is generally thought to have occurred during the Permian / Triassic transition, around 250 million years ago, following the Late Devonian Antler orogeny. The Sonoma orogeny was one of a sequence of accretionary events along the Cordilleran margin, possibly caused by the closure of the basin between the island arc of Sonomia and the North American continent. Evidence of this event has been reported throughout western North America, but most distinctly in northwest Nevada.
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Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( , ) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period round 5 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period round 5 mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation "Kreide" (chalk).
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Atlantica Atlantica (; "Atlantika") is an ancient continent that formed during the Proterozoic about (two billion years ago, Ga) from various 2 Ga cratons located in what is now West Africa and eastern South America.
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Deicke and Millbrig bentonite layers The Deicke and Millbrig bentonite layers, specifically the potassium bentonite layer, "K-bentonite", were formed from a volcanic eruption during the Taconic orogeny during the Late Ordovician on Laurentia, the craton of North America. Researchers are very interested in the eruptions that formed these bentonite layers because they are thought to be some of the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 600 million years of Earth history, and the resulting ash layer for each eruption individually was greater in volume than the Toba eruption. Bentonite is a type of clay that is formed from the weathering of volcanic ash deposits. Some researchers suggested that the ashes were from a volcanic arc that was on a convergent crust boundary. Researchers believe this because the trace element geochemistry of the bentonite shows that its source was a felsic calc-alkalic magmatic source, which is characteristic of volcanism from a continental crust destructive plate margin setting.
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Matachewan dike swarm The Matachewan dike swarm is a large 2,500 to 2,450 million year old Paleoproterozoic dike swarm of Northern Ontario, Canada. It consists of basaltic dikes that were intruded in greenschist, granite-greenstone, and metamorphosed sedimentary terrains of the Superior craton of the Canadian Shield. With an area of 360000 km2 , the Mistassini dike swarm stands as a large igneous province.