The Man in the Moone is a book by the English divine, and Church of England bishop Francis Godwin (1562–1633), describing a "voyage of utopian discovery", Godwin's astronomical theories were greatly influenced by Galileo Galilei's short astronomical treatise (or "pamphlet") published in New Latin on March 13, 1610?
ab42dae0758d1c145ef67212d5f072cd
The Man in the Moone The Man in the Moone is a book by the English divine and Church of England bishop Francis Godwin (1562–1633), describing a "voyage of utopian discovery". Long considered to be one of his early works, it is now generally thought to have been written in the late 1620s. It was first published posthumously in 1638 under the pseudonym of Domingo Gonsales. The work is notable for its role in what was called the "new astronomy", the branch of astronomy influenced especially by Nicolaus Copernicus. Although Copernicus is the only astronomer mentioned by name, the book also draws on the theories of Johannes Kepler and William Gilbert. Godwin's astronomical theories were greatly influenced by Galileo Galilei's "Sidereus Nuncius" (1610), but unlike Galileo, Godwin proposes that the dark spots on the Moon are seas, one of many parallels with Kepler's "Somnium sive opus posthumum de astronomia lunari" of 1634.
83fd78a903bd46aebe2fd1a57f4af50d
Sidereus Nuncius Sidereus Nuncius (usually "Sidereal Messenger", also "Starry Messenger" or "Sidereal Message") is a short astronomical treatise (or "pamphlet") published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610. It was the first published scientific work based on observations made through a telescope, and it contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the imperfect and mountainous Moon, the hundreds of stars that were unable to be seen in either the Milky Way or certain constellations with the naked eye, and the Medicean Stars that appeared to be circling Jupiter.
4d1f1e7d73e28fd9c32218829c42ab71
Sun and moon allegory The Sun and Moon Allegory is used to image a medieval political theory that was espoused by the Roman Catholic Church and instantiated to some extent in medieval political practice. Finding this imagery in the "Book of Genesis", the Allegory images authentic spiritual authority as the Sun and any and all civil, or political or secular, authority as the Moon. By doing so, it illustrates that the Roman Catholic Pope, as "Supreme Pontiff", "Vicar of Christ", et cetera, and therefore the supreme universal spiritual authority on Earth, is like the Sun that is the one source of light for itself and all other celestial bodies orbiting it; while the Holy Roman Emperor, as symbolic and intended supreme civil, political, and secular authority on Earth, and having theoretically received his authority from and at the pleasure of the Pope, is like the Moon - that is, dependent upon the Sun for any illumination, merely reflects solar light, and ultimately has no light without the Sun. This theory dominated European political theory and practice in the 13th century. It is related to the general theory of Papal supremacy and "plenitudo potestatis" as articulated by the Roman Catholic Church.
3e745ed1b33302d27e39357508e8b171
Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal ( ; ] ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of the scientific method.
d2910d942c2b73b458063b582e250b49
Letters on Sunspots " Letters on Sunspots " ("Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari") was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. In it Galileo outlined his recent observation of dark spots on the face of the sun. His claims were significant in undermining the traditional Aristotelian view that the sun was both unflawed and unmoving. The third letter contains his first clear public statement of support for Copernicus.
208487cc6d1b79ccfb433e3faa11ec19
Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( ; German: "Gauß" , ] ; Latin: "Carolus Fridericus Gauss" ) (30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, magnetic fields, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics.
db0fa70bb5689237150ede0788d50721
The Assayer The Assayer (Italian: "Il Saggiatore" ) was a book published in Rome by Galileo Galilei in October 1623 and is generally considered to be one of the pioneering works of the scientific method, first broaching the idea that the book of nature is to be read with mathematical tools rather than those of scholastic philosophy, as generally held at the time.
19782af5a213a06e6486dc3bac329af9
Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius ( ; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot (] ) or Hugo de Groot (] ), was a Dutch jurist. Along with the earlier works of Francisco de Vitoria and Alberico Gentili, Grotius laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. A teenage intellectual prodigy, he was imprisoned for his involvement in the intra-Calvinist disputes of the Dutch Republic, but escaped hidden in a chest of books. He wrote most of his major works in exile in France.
1cb8345d8e6d252eb6e5ceee1bdd591e
Equant Equant (or punctum aequans) is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of the planets. The equant is used to explain the observed speed change in planetary orbit during different stages of the orbit. This planetary concept allowed Ptolemy to keep the theory of uniform circular motion alive by stating that the path of heavenly bodies was uniform around one point and circular around another point.
4ad64a32a0db9a98eecb489659dc5270
Theology of Pope Benedict XVI The theology of Pope Benedict XVI, as promulgated during his pontificate, consists mainly of three encyclical letters on love (2005), hope (2007), and "charity in truth" (2009), as well as apostolic documents and various speeches and interviews. Benedict's theology underwent developments over the years, many of which were characterized by his leadership position in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which is entrusted with preserving the Catholic faith in its entirety. His theology originated in the view that God speaks to us through the Church today and not just through the Bible. The Bible is not a natural science textbook, but rather it is the essential testimonial of God’s revelation. One cannot get from it a scientific explanation of how the world arose; one can only glean religious experience from it. Thus Scripture would not wish to inform us about how the different species of plant life gradually appeared or how the sun and the moon and the stars were established. Its purpose ultimately would be to say one thing: God created the world.
652029100abf258fcb746bd2703b0cd6
Johann Gottfried Galle Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 – 10 July 1910) was a German astronomer from Radis, Germany, at the Berlin Observatory who, on 23 September 1846, with the assistance of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune and know what he was looking at. Urbain Le Verrier had predicted the existence and position of Neptune, and sent the coordinates to Galle, asking him to verify. Galle found Neptune in the same night he received Le Verrier's letter, within 1° of the predicted position. The discovery of Neptune is widely regarded as a dramatic validation of celestial mechanics, and is one of the most remarkable moments of 19th-century science.
d098e972e047070ff12d1572c6266fdf
Hugh Audley Hugh Audley (baptised 13 January 1577 – 15 November 1662), also known as "The Great Audley", was an English moneylender, lawyer and philosopher. Following his death, he was the feature of a popular 17th century pamphlet titled "The way to be rich according to the practice of the Great Audley", which compared his humble beginnings to his ultimate fortune.
2f698b95c0689bfe1e5764ed8a3c91ab
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (] ; (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the "Parlement" of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality. In particular, he is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number theory. He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. He is best known for his Fermat's principle for light propagation and his Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory, which he described in a note at the margin of a copy of Diophantus' "Arithmetica".
8c563109b621264c00c773f559e1f353
Alessandro Marchetti (mathematician) Alessandro Marchetti (17 March 1633 – 6 September 1714) was an Italian mathematician, noted for criticizing some conclusions of Guido Grandi, a student of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli who was influenced by Galileo and Aristotle.
d2f29b8c9b986fd080919168817fff49
Tychonic system The Tychonic system (or Tychonian system) is a model of the Solar system published by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century which combines what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and "physical" benefits of the Ptolemaic system. The model may have been inspired by Valentin Naboth and Paul Wittich, a Silesian mathematician and astronomer. A similar yet mathematically more efficient geoheliocentric model was also proposed a century earlier by Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
425b2fe95dfe08cecc3861184b8ce657
Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli (] ,    ); 15 October 1608 – 25 October 1647) was an Italian physicist and mathematician, best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles.
81320b587d11d81f711cb4fe5424dd9a
Owen Feltham Owen Feltham (1602 – February 23, 1668) was an English writer, author of a book entitled "Resolves, Divine, Moral, and Political" (c. 1620), containing 146 short essays. It had great popularity in its day. Feltham was for a time in the household of the Earl of Thomond as chaplain or sec., and published (1652), "Brief Character of the Low Countries". His most cited essay is "How the Distempers of these Times should affect wise Men" which was selected for inclusion in John Gross' The Oxford Book of Essays, a compilation of over a hundred of the finest essays in the English language.
eab4dfa6f35900ae7ea087092e2e4681
A Celestial Atlas A Celestial Atlas, full title: A Celestial Atlas: Comprising A Systematic Display of the Heavens in a Series of Thirty Maps Illustrated by Scientific Description of their Contents, And accompanied by Catalogues of the Stars and Astronomical Exercises is a star atlas by British author Alexander Jamieson, published in 1822. The atlas includes 30 plates, 26 of which are constellation maps with a sinusoidal projection. Some of the plates are hand-colored. The atlas includes a then-new, now-obsolete constellation "Noctua", "Norma Nilotica", and "Solarium". Two celestial hemispheres of the atlas are centered on the equatorial poles via polar projection and geocentric alignment. The atlas comprises stars visible only to the naked eye, making it less cluttered.
d3ba98c1655ef9baa86f529720b4176e
Samuel Rowbotham Samuel Birley Rowbotham (1816–1884) was an English inventor and writer who wrote "Zetetic Astronomy: Earth Not a Globe" under the pseudonym "Parallax". His work was based on his decade-long studies of Earth and was originally published as a 16-page pamphlet (1849), which he later expanded into a 430-page book (1881).
212410c7231cd679258d4e67b95f9b58
Galileo's escapement Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642). It was the earliest design of a pendulum clock. Since he was blind, Galileo described the device to his son, who drew a sketch of it. The son began construction of a prototype, but both he and Galileo died before it was completed.
6b4e2bbe037dda505ec2ec44ba0cc26a
International Halley Watch Halley's Comet, named after English astronomer Edmund Halley who first demonstrated its periodicity, returns to the vicinity of the Sun and Earth approximately every 76 years. Since comets are believed to be the most primordial objects in the solar system, their study is of great importance to planetary science. At the time of the 1986 return (technically, "apparition") of the comet, astronomical telescopes and related instrumentation were vastly more sensitive than for any previous apparition. Consequently, the International Halley Watch (IHW) was organized to stimulate, standardize, collect, and archive observations of the comet.
b4279d0dbe6ba9be3f82588ae4cf66c9
Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière (1541–1608), was a writer and historian from Gascony in southwest France. He was a Protestant, and took part in the Wars of Religion on the Huguenot side. In 1582, he published "Les Trois Mondes", a work setting out the history of the discovery of the globe.