What naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug did Andrew Luster use to commit multiple sexual assaults?
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Andrew Luster Andrew Stuart Luster (born December 15, 1963) is the great-grandson of cosmetics giant Max Factor, Sr., and heir to the Max Factor cosmetics fortune. In 2003 he was convicted of multiple sexual assaults using the date-rape drug GHB.
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Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas, and it acts on the GHB receptor and it is a weak agonist at the GABA receptor.
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Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LA-SS-Az, LSZ) is an analog of LSD developed by the team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It was developed as a rigid analog of LSD with the diethylamide group constrained into an azetidine ring in order to map the binding site at the 5-HT receptor. There are three possible stereoisomers around the azetidine ring, with the ("S","S")-(+) isomer being the most active, slightly more potent than LSD itself in drug discrimination tests using trained rats.
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Homosexual panic Homosexual panic is a term coined by psychiatrist Edward J. Kempf in 1920 for a condition of "panic due to the pressure of uncontrollable perverse sexual cravings". Kempf classified this condition as an acute pernicious dissociative disorder, meaning that it involved a disruption in typical perception and memory functions of an individual. In the psychiatrist's honour, the condition has come to also be known as "Kempf's disease". It is no longer recognized by the DSM.
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Marie Nyswander Marie Nyswander (March 13, 1919 – April 20, 1986) was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst known for developing and popularizing the use of methadone to treat heroin addiction.
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Andrew Mattison Andrew Michael Mattison (August 5, 1948 – December 29, 2005) was a medical psychologist and researcher. He performed influential research in both clinical and social aspects of sexology, as well as drug use. He spent the majority of his career as a professor, practicing psychotherapist, and research scientist at the University of California, San Diego.
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Ethylone Ethylone, also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-"N"-ethylcathinone (MDEC, βk-MDEA), is recreational designer drug classified as an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It is the β-keto analogue of MDEA ("Eve"). Ethylone has only a short history of human use and is reported to be less potent than its relative methylone. In the United States, it began to be found in cathinone products in late 2011.
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T-HCA "trans"-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid (T-HCA), also known as γ-hydroxycrotonic acid (GHC), is an agent used in scientific research to study the GHB receptor. It is an analogue of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as well as an active metabolite of GHB. Similarly to GHB, T-HCA has been found to be endogenous to the rat central nervous system, and as a metabolite of GHB, is almost certain to be endogenous to humans as well. T-HCA binds to the high-affinity GHB receptor with 4-fold greater affinity than GHB itself, where it acts as an agonist, but does not bind to the low-affinity GHB binding site, the GABA receptor. Because of this, T-HCA does not produce sedation, and instead causes convulsions, which are thought to be caused by GHB receptor activation-evoked increases in extracellular glutamate concentrations, with one notable area where this occurs being the hippocampus.
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Depressant A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain. Depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal when taken. Stimulants or "uppers" increase mental and/or physical function, hence the opposite drug class of depressants is stimulants, not antidepressants.
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P7C3 P7C3 is a drug related to latrepirdine (dimebon) which has neuroprotective and proneurogenic effects and may be potentially useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and similar neurodegenerative disorders. The pharmacological effects of P7C3 "in vitro" resemble those of endogenous proneurogenic peptides such as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), and the proneurogenic activity of P7C3 was around thirty times that of latrepirdine when they were compared in mice. P7C3 was chosen for further animal studies on the basis of favorable pharmacokinetic factors, such as its high oral bioavailability and long duration of action, but several other related compounds showed similar activity such as the more potent fluorinated analogue P7C3A20 which is up to ten times stronger again, and the methoxy analogue P7C3-OMe, for which it was determined that the ("R") enantiomer is the active form.
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Edward Kravitz Edward Arthur Kravitz (born December 19, 1932) is the George Packer Berry Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. He is widely recognized for demonstrating that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as a neurotransmitter. In addition, he and Antony Stretton were the first to use the intracellular dye procion yellow to visualize neuronal architecture. Later, Kravitz’s work with neuroamines demonstrated that serotonin and octopamine act as synaptic modulators. Kravitz continued to explore the function of amines using "Homarus americanus", the American lobster, as a model organism to study aggression. He currently works on aggressive behavior using the genetically manipulable model organism, "Drosophila melanogaster", the fruit fly.
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Diarylpropionitrile Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), also known as 2,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (2,3-BHPPN), is a synthetic, nonsteroidal, and highly selective agonist of ERβ (IC = 15 nM) that is used widely in scientific research to study the function of this receptor. It is 70-fold more selective for ERβ over ERα, and has 100-fold lower affinity for GPER (GPR30) relative to estradiol. DPN produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in animals via activation of the endogenous oxytocin system. First reported in 2001, DPN was the first selective ERβ agonist to be discovered, and was followed by prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041), WAY-200070, and 8β-VE2 in 2004, ERB-196 (WAY-202196) in 2005, and certain phytoestrogens like liquiritigenin and nyasol ("cis"-hinokiresinol) since 2007.
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Internet sex addiction Internet sex addiction, also known as cybersex addiction, has been proposed as a sexual addiction characterized by virtual Internet sexual activity that causes serious negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being. It may also be considered a subset of the theorized Internet addiction disorder. Internet sex addiction manifests various behaviours: reading erotic stories; viewing, downloading or trading online pornography; online activity in adult fantasy chat rooms; cybersex relationships; masturbation while engaged in online activity that contributes to one's sexual arousal; the search for offline sexual partners and information about sexual activity.
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EDMA 3,4-Ethylenedioxy-"N"-methylamphetamine (EDMA) is an entactogen drug of the amphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book "PiHKAL", the dosage is listed as 150–250 mg, and the duration listed as 3–5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces a bare threshold consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other effects. Scientific research has demonstrated that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on dopamine release.
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Neurosteroid Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. The term "neurosteroid" was coined by the French physiologist Étienne-Émile Baulieu and refers to steroids synthesized in the brain. The term, "neuroactive steroid" refers to steroids that can be synthesized in brain or are synthesized by an endocrine gland that then reach the brain through the bloodstream and have effects on brain function. The term neuroactive steroids was first coined in 1992 by Steven Paul and Robert Purdy. In addition to their actions on neuronal membrane receptors, some of these steroids may also exert effects on gene expression via nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Neurosteroids have a wide range of potential clinical applications from sedation to treatment of epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. Ganaxolone, a synthetic analog of the endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone, is under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Empathogen–entactogen Empathogens or entactogens are a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This class of drug is distinguished from the classes of hallucinogen or psychedelic, and amphetamine or stimulant. Major members of this class include MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MDOH, MBDB, 6-APB, methylone, mephedrone, αMT, and αET, among others. Most entactogens are phenethylamines and amphetamines, although several, such as αMT and αET, are tryptamines. When referring to MDMA and its counterparts, the term "MDxx" is often used (with the exception of MDPV). Entactogens are sometimes incorrectly referred to as hallucinogens or stimulants, although many entactogens exhibit psychedelic or stimulant properties as well.
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Para-Chloroamphetamine "para"-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA), is a substituted amphetamine and monoamine releaser similar to MDMA, but with substantially higher neurotoxicity, thought to be due to the unrestrained release of both serotonin and dopamine by a metabolite. It is used as a neurotoxin by neurobiologists to selectively kill serotonergic neurons for research purposes, in the same way that 6-hydroxydopamine is used to kill dopaminergic neurons.
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MMAI 5-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane (MMAI), is a drug developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic and highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans. It has been sold as a designer drug and research chemical online since 2010.
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Beta-D Beta-D, or 3,4,5-trimethoxy-beta-dideuterophenethylamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is one of the few phenethylamines used as a recreational drug that is enriched in deuterium. Beta-D can be prepared as a sulfate salt or as a hydrochloride salt. It is the beta-dideutero analog of mescaline. Beta-D was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book "PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)", the dosage is listed as approximately 200-400 mg for the sulfate salt, and 178-356 mg for the hydrochloride salt. Its effects last for 12 hours. Beta-D has a very rapid onset. It produces an increased appreciation of music and a strong connection with God. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of Beta-D.
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Orgasm Orgasm (from Greek ὀργασμός "orgasmos" "excitement, swelling"; also sexual climax) is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by sexual pleasure. Experienced by males and females, orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system. They are often associated with other involuntary actions, including muscular spasms in multiple areas of the body, a general euphoric sensation and, frequently, body movements and vocalizations. The period after orgasm (known as the refractory period) is often a relaxing experience, attributed to the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine").
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Altropane Altropane, (O-587, IACFT, 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-"N"-((E)-3-iodo-prop-2-enyl)tropane) is a phenyltropane derivative which acts as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor and long-acting stimulant drug. It has mainly been used as the I radiolabelled form for mapping the distribution of dopamine transporters in the brain, and consequently this has led to its development as a potential diagnostic tool for early detection of Parkinson's disease. It is also being investigated for potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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2,alpha-DMT 2,alpha-DMT, or 2,α-dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine and a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the 2,a-dimethyl analog of DMT. 2,α-DMT was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book "TiHKAL" ("Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved"), Shulgin lists the dosage as 300-500 mg, and the duration as 7-10 hours. 2,α-DMT causes mydriasis and paresthesia. It also produces a calm, drunk-like feeling. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2,α-DMT.