What is the title of the 1962 film based on the wartime activities of the man who wrote a letter that, together with the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement, was used by the Zionist delegation at the Paris Peace Conference to argue that the Zionist plans for Palestine had prior approval of Arabs?
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Faisal–Weizmann Agreement The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement was a 3 January 1919 agreement between Emir Faisal, the third son of Hussein of the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz, and Chaim Weizmann, a Zionist leader who had negotiated the 1917 Balfour Declaration with the British Government, signed two weeks before the start of the Paris Peace Conference. Together with a letter written by T. E. Lawrence in Faisal's name to Felix Frankfurter in March 1919, it was one of two documents used by the Zionist delegation at the Peace Conference to argue that the Zionist plans for Palestine had prior approval of Arabs.
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T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence, (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, military officer, diplomat, and writer. He was renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia—a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.
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Luttif Afif Luttif Afif (1937 or 1945 – 6 September 1972), "alias" Issa (Jesus in Arabic), was the commander of the group of Palestinian fedayeen, who led the invasion into the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972 and took as hostage nine members of Israel's Olympic team after killing two members who resisted. He was the chief negotiator on behalf of the Palestinians, who were members of the Black September offshoot of Yassir Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. The various pictures of Afif, wearing a white beach hat and a linen safari suit and his face covered with charcoal or shoe polish are some of the iconic images of the 1972 Munich Olympics.
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Abel Herzberg Abel Jacob Herzberg (17 September 1893 – 19 May 1989) was a Dutch Jewish lawyer and writer, whose parents were Russian Jews who had come to the Netherlands from Lithuania. Herzberg was trained as a lawyer and began a legal practice in Amsterdam, and became known as a legal scholar also. He was a Zionist from an early age, and around the time of the outbreak of World War II he attempted to emigrate with his family to Palestine. During the war he remained active in Jewish organizations until he was interned, with his wife, in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where his legal background and status as a legal scholar (which made him desirable to the Nazis in a possible exchange for Germans abroad) earned him a seat on a prisoners' court. After their captors moved them from Bergen-Belsen, he and his wife were later liberated by the Soviets and made it back to the Netherlands, where they were reunited also with their children. He continued his legal practice in Amsterdam, though he traveled to Palestine and was offered an administrative position in newly-founded Israel.
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Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan (Hebrew: משה דיין‎ ‎ ; 20 May 1915 – 16 October 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was the second child born on the first kibbutz, but he moved with his family in 1921, and he grew up on a moshav (farming cooperative). As commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–58) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became to the world a fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. In the 1930s he was trained by Orde Wingate to set traps for Palestinian-Arabs fighting the British and lost an eye in a raid on Vichy forces in Lebanon. Dayan was close to David Ben-Gurion and joined him in setting up Rafi in 1965 with Shimon Peres. They eventually rejoined Mapai (the fore-runner of the Israel Labor Party) becoming Defence Minister in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1973 Yom Kippur war. Dayan was blamed for the lack of preparedness in 1973 and in 1976, following the election of Menachem Begin as Prime Minister, Dayan left the Labor Party and joined the Likud as Foreign Minister, playing an important part in negotiating the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
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Oslo Accords The Oslo Accords are a set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995. The Oslo Accords marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and at fulfilling the "right of the Palestinian people to self-determination." The Oslo process started after secret negotiations in Oslo, resulting in the recognition by the PLO of the State of Israel and the recognition by Israel of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and as a partner in negotiations.
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Cairo Conference (1921) The 1921 Cairo Conference, described in the official minutes as Middle East Conference held in Cairo and Jerusalem, March 12 to 30, 1921, was a series of meetings by British officials for examining and discussing Middle Eastern problems, and to frame a common policy. Particular concerns of the conference related to resolving the conflicting policies defined in the McMahon letters (1915), the Sykes-Picot agreement (1916) and the Balfour Declaration (1917). Winston Churchill, the newly appointed Colonial Secretary, called all the British Military Leaders and civil administrators in the Middle East to a conference at the Semiramis hotel in Cairo to discuss these issues. It was an experimental conference organized by the Colonial Office, with the purpose to solve problems more efficiently, with improved communications, without protracted correspondence.
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Gideon Spiro Ralph Gideon-Yaakov Spiro ("he: גדעון ספירו"; born September 1935) is an Israeli journalist and left-wing activist. A survivor of the November 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom in Berlin, he is a senior campaigner for human rights, prominently involved in public acts against the distribution of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East. Throughout his career, Spiro has served some notable Israeli newspapers as a columnist and reporter, and is now an independent political blogger.
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Farewell Baghdad (2013 film) Farewell Baghdad (Hebrew: מפריח היונים‎ ‎ , lit. "The Dove Flyer"; Arabic: مطير الحمام‎ ‎ ) is an Israeli film based on the novel with the same name, by Iraqi-born Jewish writer Eli Amir. The film was directed by Nissim Dayan, who also wrote the screenplay. The idea for the film was conceived by actress Ahuva Keren, and the script was translated by her into Judeo-Arabic. The making of the film was completed in 2013, but the film itself was commercially released in April 2014.
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Solomon Mikhoels Solomon (Shloyme) Mikhoels (Yiddish: שלמה מיכאעלס‎ , Russian: Cоломон (Шлойме) Михоэлс , 16 March [O.S. 4 March] 1890 – 13 January 1948) was a Soviet Jewish actor and the artistic director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater. Mikhoels served as the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during World War II. However, as Joseph Stalin pursued an increasingly anti-Semitic line after the War, Mikhoels's position as a leader of the Jewish community led to increasing persecution from the Soviet state. In 1948, Mikhoels was murdered on the orders of Stalin and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident.
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The Last Stage The Last Stage (Polish: Ostatni etap) was a 1947 Polish feature film directed and co-written by Wanda Jakubowska, depicting her experiences in the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. One feature that makes the movie very unusual is the fact that although all of the actors are Poles, the ones depicting German guards speak German. This was an additional effort for the actors, but adds to the authenticity and atmosphere. The film was one of the earliest cinematic efforts to describe the Holocaust, and it is still quoted extensively by succeeding directors, including Steven Spielberg in "Schindler's List".
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Salim Ali Salam Salim Ali Salam (Arabic: سليم علي سلام‎ ‎ ; also known as Abu Ali Salam; 1868–1938) was a prominent figure in Beirut at the turn of the 20th century who held numerous public positions, including deputy from Beirut to the Ottoman parliament, President of the Municipality of Beirut, and President of the Muslim Society of Benevolent Intentions (al-Makassed). He was the leader of the "Beirut Reform Movement," which called for the decentralization and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, and was also a member of the Executive Committee of the First Arab Congress which met in Paris in 1913 and formulated Arab national demands. He opposed Ottoman political repression during World War I, and the French Mandate of the post-war period. He stood out for his enlightened outlook and for his ability to communicate effectively with his contemporaries. He received the Ottoman nobility title of Beik. Today, a main avenue in Beirut is named after him.
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Joseph Trumpeldor Joseph Vladimirovich (Volfovich) Trumpeldor (November 21, 1880 – March 1, 1920, Hebrew: יוסף וולדימירוביץ' (וולפוביץ') טרוּמְפֶּלְדּוֹר‎ ] , Russian: Иосиф Владимирович (Вольфович) Трумпельдор ] ), was an early Zionist activist and war hero. He helped organize the Zion Mule Corps and bring Jewish immigrants to Israel. Trumpeldor died defending the settlement of Tel Hai in 1920 and subsequently became a Zionist national hero. According to a standard account, to him are attributed the last words, reminiscent of Horace: "It does not matter, it is good to die for our country."
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Six-Day War The Six-Day War (Hebrew: מלחמת ששת הימים , "Milhemet Sheshet Ha Yamim"; Arabic: النكسة , "an-Naksah", "The Setback" or حرب ۱۹٦۷ , "Ḥarb 1967", "War of 1967"), also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria.
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Arab–Israeli conflict The Arab–Israeli conflict (Arabic: ‎ , "Al-Sira'a Al'Arabi Al-Israili " ‎ ; Hebrew: ‎ , "Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi " ‎ ) is the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel. The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict are bound in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians, and in the Pan-Islamic context, as Muslim lands. The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early 20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab–Israeli War in May 1948 following the Israeli Declaration of Independence.
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Shmuel Dayan Shmuel Dayan (Hebrew: שמואל דיין‎ ; 8 August 1891 – 11 August 1968) was a Zionist activist during the British Mandate of Palestine and an Israeli politician who served in the first three Knessets.
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Battle of Haifa (1948) The Battle of Haifa, called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz (Hebrew: מבצע ביעור חמץ‎ ‎ , "Passover Cleaning") was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of Haifa and was a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
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John Stanley Grauel John Stanley Grauel (1917 – September 1986) was a Methodist minister and American Christian Zionist leader. He was a crew member of the famed refugee ship the SS "Exodus""-1947" and a secret "Haganah" operative. Grauel is credited with being the key individual who persuaded the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine to recommend for the Partition Resolution of November 1947, creating the State of Israel. In a speech to the Jewish Agency, Golda Meir, referred to his testimony as the first appeal by a “priest, a perfectly worthy gentile, a priori, no Jewish witness was to be believed.”
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Anwar Nusseibeh Anwar Bey Nuseibeh (Arabic: أنور نسيبة‎ ‎ ) Anwar Bey Nuseibeh (1913–1986) was a leading Palestinian moderate who held several major posts in the Jordanian Government before Israel took control of East Jerusalem and the West Bank in the 1967 war. After the Six Day War he became one of the first Palestinians involved in contacts with Israel after it captured the Eastern part of the city and later encouraged his son, Sari Nusseibeh, to make contact with the Israelis.
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Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן‎ "Hayyim Azri'el Vaytsman ", Russian: Хаим Вейцман "Khaim Veytsman"; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) D.Sc, Sc.D, LL.D was a Zionist leader and Israeli statesman who served as President of the Zionist Organization and later as the first President of Israel. He was elected on 16 February 1949, and served until his death in 1952. Weizmann convinced the United States government to recognize the newly formed state of Israel.
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All-Palestine Government The All-Palestine Government (Arabic: حكومة عموم فلسطين‎ ‎ "Ḥukūmat ‘Umūm Filasṭīn ") was established by the Arab League on 22 September 1948 during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to govern the Egyptian-controlled enclave in Gaza. It was soon recognized by all Arab League members except Transjordan. Though jurisdiction of the Government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandatory Palestine, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip. The Prime Minister of the Gaza-seated administration was Ahmed Hilmi Pasha, and the President was Hajj Amin al-Husseini, former chairman of the Arab Higher Committee.
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Avshalom Gissin Avshalom Gissin (Hebrew: אבשלום גיסין‎ ; born 1896 in Petah Tikva – 5 May 1921) was a Jewish officer in the Ottoman Army and a Zionist pioneer, who was killed during the 1921 Palestine riots while defending Petah Tikva.