What symbol did Oswald Mosley's 1930s British Union of Fascists use, and his later groups the Union Movement and National Party of Europe?
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Flash and Circle The Flash and Circle is the second symbol used by the British Union of Fascists (BUF) and its best known symbol. (The BUF had briefly used the fasces of Mussolini's fascists.) It was chosen to represent "action within unity". Oswald Mosley's post-war group the Union Movement and his National Party of Europe initiative also used this symbol.
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Oswald Mosley Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet of Ancoats ( ; 16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980) was a British politician who rose to fame in the 1920s as a Member of Parliament and later in the 1930s became leader of the British Union of Fascists (BUF).
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National Party (UK, 1917) The National Party was a short-lived British political party created in August 1917 as a right-wing split from the Conservative Party.
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Bandiera Rossa Bandiera Rossa (Italian for "Red Flag"), often also called Avanti Popolo after its opening words (also to avoid any confusion with The three flags, another socialist song) is one of the most famous songs of the Italian labour movement. It glorifies the red flag, symbol of the socialist and communist movement. The text was written by Carlo Tuzzi in 1908; the melody is taken from two Lombard folk songs.
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Squadrismo Squadrismo [skwaˈdrizmo] consisted of fascist squads, mostly from rural areas, who were led by the "ras" from 1918–1924. As a movement, it grew from the inspiration many "squadistsi" leaders found in Benito Mussolini, but was not directly controlled by Mussolini, and each squad tended to follow their own local leader. The "squadrismo" has been described as a “very undisciplined set of local bosses” where Mussolini attempted to assert some type of leadership control, although he had “not appointed” them nor had he usually met them. According to historian Stanley G. Payne, the "new mass Fascism had not been created by Mussolini," but the "squadrismo" had sprung up around him in rural areas, first starting in northern Italy.
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School of Fascist Mysticism The School of Fascist Mysticism (Italian: La Scuola di mistica fascista "Sandro Italico Mussolini") was established in Milan, Italy in 1930 by Niccolò Giani. Its primary goal was to train the future leaders of Italy's National Fascist Party. The school curriculum promoted Fascist mysticism based on the philosophy of Fideism, the belief that faith and reason were incompatible; Fascist mythology was to be accepted as a "metareality". In 1932, Mussolini described Fascism as "a religious concept of life", saying that Fascists formed a "spiritual community".
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Themes in Nazi propaganda The propaganda of the National Socialist German Workers' Party regime that governed Germany from 1933 to 1945 promoted Nazi ideology by demonizing the enemies of the Nazi Party, notably Jews and communists, but also capitalists and intellectuals. It promoted the values asserted by the Nazis, including heroic death, "Führerprinzip" (leader principle), "Volksgemeinschaft" (people's community), "Blut und Boden" (blood and soil) and pride in the Germanic "Herrenvolk" (master race). Propaganda was also used to maintain the cult of personality around Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, and to promote campaigns for eugenics and the annexation of German-speaking areas. After the outbreak of World War II, Nazi propaganda vilified Germany's enemies, notably the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States, and in 1943 exhorted the population to total war.
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Common Man's Front The Common Man's Front (Italian: "Fronte dell'Uomo Qualunque" , or UQ) was a short-lived right-wing populist, monarchist and anti-communist political party in Italy. It was formed shortly after the end of the Second World War and participated in the first post-war election for the constituent assembly in 1946. Its leader was the Roman writer Guglielmo Giannini, and its symbol was the banner of Giannini's newspaper "L'Uomo qualunque" ("The Common Man").
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The European (1953 magazine) The European was a privately circulated far-right cultural and political magazine that was published between 1953 and 1959. During this tenure, it was edited by fascist supporter and politician Diana Mosley. The magazine was published by 'Euphorion Books', a publishing company formed by Mosley and her husband, Sir Oswald Mosley, founder of the British Union of Fascists.
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National Fascist Movement The National Fascist Movement (Romanian: "Mișcarea Națională Fascistă" , MNF) was a Romanian political movement formed in 1923 by the merger of the National Romanian Fascia and the National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement.
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Political symbolism Political symbolism is symbolism that is used to represent a political standpoint. The symbolism can occur in various media including banners, acronyms, pictures, flags, mottos, and countless more. For example, Red flags have traditionally been flown by socialists, left-wing radicals, and communist groups to represent the "blood of the workers". Black flags have traditionally been flown by anarchism, and left-wing radicals to represent the absence of all oppressive structures. A combination of the two colors in a black flag represents social anarchism, such as anarchist communism and anarcho syndicalism.
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Union Jack dress The Union Jack dress was an item of clothing worn by singer Geri Halliwell of the Spice Girls at the 1997 BRIT Awards. The mini dress featured a flag of the United Kingdom, the Union Jack, on the front, and a white peace symbol emblazoned on the black-coloured back of the dress. The next day the images of the dress made the front page of various newspapers around the world, and is now remembered as one of the most iconic pop moments of the 1990s and Brit Awards history. The dress has become synonymous with the Spice Girls, Halliwell and the notions of Girl Power and Cool Britannia.
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White Defence League The White Defence League was a British far-right political group. Using the provocative marching techniques popularised by Oswald Mosley, its members included a young John Tyndall.
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Romanian Front The Romanian Front (Romanian: "Frontul Românesc" , FR) was a moderate fascist party created in Romania in 1935. Led by former Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, it originated as a right-wing splinter group from the mainstream National Peasants' Party (PNȚ). It had a generally xenophobic program of positive discrimination, being implicitly (and eventually explicitly) antisemitic. The FR was subsumed to the policies of King Carol II, maneuvering between the mainstream National Liberals, the PNȚ's left-wing, and the more radically fascist Iron Guard. Vaida tried to compete with the former two and appease the latter, assuming fascist trappings such as the black-shirted uniform.
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Pacifism in Spain In the 1930s Spain became a focus for pacifist organizations including the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the War Resisters' International whose president was the British MP and Labour Party leader George Lansbury. Prominent Spanish pacifists such as Amparo Poch y Gascón and José Brocca supported the Republicans. Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against what he viewed as fascism. He put this stand into practice by various means including organising agricultural workers to maintain food supplies and through humanitarian work with war refugees.
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Right Club The Right Club was a small group of anti-semitic fascist sympathiser renegades within the British establishment formed prior to the Second World War by the Scottish Unionist MP Archibald Ramsay, which became focused on opposition to war with Germany up to and including by acts of treason to the point that many of its members were imprisoned for the duration of the war.
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British Fascism British Fascism refers to the form of fascism promoted by political parties and movements in Britain. British fascism was based on British nationalism. Historical example of fascist movements in Britain included the British Fascists (1923-1934), the Imperial Fascist League (1929-1939), and the British Union of Fascists (1932-1940).
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National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union ("Unione Nazionale") was a pro-fascist Italian Catholic political party during the 1920s, the first of several "Clerico-Fascist" political organizations established within the decade. The party was established with the permission of Pope Pius XI, dealing the final blow to the anti-fascist Catholic Italian People's Party.
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Federation of Conservative Students The Federation of Conservative Students (FCS) was the student organisation of the British Conservative Party from the late 1940s to 1986. It was created to act as a bridge between the student movement and the Conservative Party. In its final years it became known colloquially as "Maggie's Militant Tendency", in reference to then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and to Militant, an entryist group active in the Labour Party at the time. The FCS was then broken up by the Chairman of the Conservative Party, Norman Tebbit, after one of its members had accused previous former Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of war crimes in extraditing Cossacks to the Soviet Union. The FCS was replaced by the Conservative Collegiate Forum.
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Red fascism Red fascism is a pejorative term used to describe Stalinism as being similar to fascism. Accusations that the leaders of the Soviet Union during the Stalinist period acted as "Red Fascists" were commonly stated by Trotskyists, left communists, social democrats, democratic socialists and anarchists, as well as among right wing circles.
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Fascist Manifesto The Manifesto of the Italian Fasci of Combat (Italian: "Il manifesto dei fasci italiani di combattimento" ), commonly known as the Fascist Manifesto, was the initial declaration of the political stance of the "Fasci Italiani di Combattimento" ("Italian League of Combat") the movement founded in Milan by Benito Mussolini in 1919 and an early exponent of Fascism. The Manifesto was authored by national syndicalist Alceste De Ambris and Futurist movement leader Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
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Communist League (UK, 1932) The Communist League was the first Trotskyist group in Britain, formed in 1932 by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain in Balham and Tooting in South London, including Harry Wicks, who had been expelled after forming a loose grouping inside the CPGB, known as the Balham Group, later the British Section of the International Left Opposition. They published a monthly newspaper, "Red Flag", and a quarterly journal, "The Communist".