Paul Carell,was an "Obersturmbannführer" (lieutenant colonel) in the "Allgemeine-SS" (General SS) in Nazi Germany, he worked as the chief press spokesman for the Foreign Ministry, under Joachim von Ribbentrop, was Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany, from 1938 until which year?
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Paul Carell Paul Carell (born Paul Karl Schmidt; 2 November 1911, Kelbra – 20 June 1997) was an "Obersturmbannführer" (lieutenant colonel) in the "Allgemeine-SS" (General SS) in Nazi Germany. He worked as the chief press spokesman for Joachim von Ribbentrop's Foreign Ministry, where he formulated propaganda for the foreign press. In this capacity during World War II, he maintained close ties with the Wehrmacht. One of his specialties was the "Jewish question". After the war, he became a successful author, mostly of revisionist books that romanticized and whitewashed the Wehrmacht.
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Joachim von Ribbentrop Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946), more commonly known as Joachim von Ribbentrop, was Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany from 1938 until 1945.
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Heim ins Reich The Heim ins Reich (] ; meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938. The aim of Hitler's initiative was to convince all "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) who were living outside Nazi Germany (e.g. in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into Greater Germany, but also, relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. The "Heim ins Reich" manifesto targeted areas ceded in Versailles to the newly reborn nation of Poland, as well as other areas that were inhabited by significant German populations such as the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Europe after October 6, 1939.
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Joachim von Kortzfleisch Joachim von Kortzfleisch (3 January 1890 – 20 April 1945) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was the commander of the defense group III (Berlin) and had a role in ensuring the failure of the attempted coup after the 20 July Plot attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
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August Meyszner August Edler von Meyszner (3 August 1886 – 24 January 1947) was an Austrian gendarmerie officer, right-wing politician, and senior "Ordnungspolizei" (order police) officer who held the post of Higher SS and Police Leader in the German-occupied territory of Serbia from January 1942 to March 1944, during World War II. He has been described as one of "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler's most brutal subordinates.
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127th SS-Standarte The 127th SS-Standarte was the last Allgemeine-SS regiment established by Nazi Germany before the defeat of the Axis powers during World War II. The unit was established on December 1, 1944, in Oslo and was used as a German liaison office for both Germanic-SS units and Waffen-SS foreign legion commands operating out of Norway. This was the only regiment of the General-SS officially established in an occupied country, although General-SS regiments did exist in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia which was technically a puppet state.
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Ordnungspolizei The Ordnungspolizei (] , "Order Police"), abbreviated Orpo, were the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945. The Orpo organization was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly on power after regional police jurisdiction was removed in favor of the central Nazi government ("Verreichlichung" of the police). The Orpo was under the administration of the Interior Ministry but headed by members of the SS until the end of World War II. Owing to their green uniforms, Orpo were also referred to as "Grüne Polizei" (green police). The force was first established as a centralized organisation uniting the municipal, city, and rural uniformed police that had been organised on a state-by-state basis.
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Nazi Party Chancellery The Party Chancellery ("Parteikanzlei"), was the name of the head office for the German Nazi Party (NSDAP), designated as such on 12 May 1941. The office existed previously as the Staff of the Deputy Führer ("Stab des Stellvertreters des Führers") but was renamed after Rudolf Hess flew to England in an attempt to negotiate a peace agreement without Hitler's authorization. Hess was denounced by Hitler, his former office was dissolved, and the new Party Chancellery was formed in its place under Martin Bormann.
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Department of Film (Nazi Germany) The Department of Film was one of five departments that comprised the Central Party Propaganda Office of the NSDAP, established by Adolf Hitler in 1933 as part of the "Reichspropagandaleitung". The Central Party Propaganda Office was separate from the official government Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, although both groups were run by Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels was named "Reichspropagandaleiter" and given total control of Germany's press and film "for the spreading of the National Socialist world view to the entire German people"
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Arbeitsleiter (NSDAP) Arbeitsleiter, German for work leader, was also a Nazi Party political rank which existed between 1939 and 1945. The rank was created to replace the former rank of "mitarbeiter" and was divided into three levels of "arbeitsleiter", "oberarbeitsleiter", and "hauptarbeitsleiter".
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Heinz Linge Heinz Linge (23 March 1913 – 9 March 1980) was an SS officer who served as a valet for German dictator Adolf Hitler. Linge was present in the "Führerbunker" on 30 April 1945, when Hitler shot himself.
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Führer Führer (] , spelled Fuehrer when the umlaut is not available) is a German word meaning "leader" or "guide". As a political title it is most associated with the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler, who was the only person to hold the position of Führer. The word "Führer" in the sense of "guide" remains common in German, and it is used in numerous compound words. However, because of its strong association with Hitler, the isolated word usually comes with stigma and negative connotations when used with the meaning of "leader", especially in political contexts. The word "Führer" has cognates in the Scandinavian languages, spelled "fører" in Danish and Norwegian and "förare" in Swedish, which have the same meaning and use as the German word, but without necessarily having political connotations.
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Eva Braun Eva Anna Paula Hitler ("née" Braun; 6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime companion of Adolf Hitler and, for fewer than 40 hours, his wife. Braun met Hitler in Munich when she was a 17-year-old assistant and model for his personal photographer; she began seeing him often about two years later. She attempted suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, she was a part of his household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden and lived a sheltered life throughout World War II. Braun was a photographer, and many of the surviving colour photographs and films of Hitler were taken by her. She was a key figure within Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff.
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Ferdinand Schaal Ferdinand Schaal (7 February 1889 – 9 October 1962) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded the 10th Panzer Division in the 1939 Invasion of Poland and directed the successful Siege of Calais in 1940. Later, he became involved in the unsuccessful 20 July plot against Adolf Hitler and the implementation of Operation Walküre that was to follow. For this, he was imprisoned until the end of the war.
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Franz Gürtner Franz Gürtner (26 August 1881 – 29 January 1941) was a German Minister of Justice in Adolf Hitler's cabinet, responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the Third Reich. He provided official sanction and legal grounds for a series of actions under the Hitler administration.
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SS-Bewerber SS-Bewerber or Staffel-Bewerber (] ; "SS-Applicant") was an SS rank used in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. The rank of "SS-Bewerber" was the lowest possible SS rank and was assigned to those personnel who were a candidate in the SS. The rank was most often used in the "Allgemeine-SS" as a prelude to appointment as an "SS-Anwärter".
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Alfred Hugenberg Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg (19 June 1865 – 12 March 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. A leading figure in nationalist politics in Germany for the first few decades of the twentieth century, he became the country's leading media proprietor during the inter-war period. As leader of the German National People's Party he was instrumental in helping Adolf Hitler become Chancellor of Germany and served in his first cabinet in 1933, hoping to control Hitler and use him as his "tool." Those plans backfired, and by the end of 1933 Hugenberg had been pushed to the sidelines. Although Hugenberg continued to serve as a "guest" member of the Reichstag until 1945, he wielded no political influence.
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Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ] ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. A veteran World War I fighter pilot ace, he was a recipient of the "Pour le Mérite". He was the last commander of "Jagdgeschwader" 1, the fighter wing once led by Manfred von Richthofen.
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Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (German: "Konzentrationslager" , KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War. The first Nazi camps were erected in Germany in March 1933 immediately after Hitler became Chancellor and his Nazi Party was given control of the police by Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick and Prussian Acting Interior Minister Hermann Göring. Used to hold and torture political opponents and union organizers, the camps initially held around 45,000 prisoners.
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Government of Nazi Germany The Government of Nazi Germany was a dictatorship run according to the "Führerprinzip". As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the government structure and institutions of the previous state. Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until Germany's surrender in 1945, there were no actual restraints on the exercise of state power. In addition to the already extant government of the Weimar Republic, the Nazi leadership created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them govern and remain in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, which in 1940 became known as the Waffen-SS.
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Nuremberg executions The Nuremberg executions took place on October 16, 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Nuremberg Trials. Ten prominent members of the political and military leadership of Nazi Germany were executed by hanging: Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Fritz Sauckel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and Julius Streicher. Hermann Göring was also scheduled to be hanged on that day, but committed suicide using a potassium cyanide capsule the night before. Martin Bormann was also sentenced to death in absentia, but he was killed or committed suicide while attempting to escape Berlin in 1945.
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Karl von Oberkamp Karl von Oberkamp (30 October 1893 – 4 May 1947) was a German Waffen-SS commander and war criminal during World War II. During his SS career, he commanded the SS Division Prinz Eugen, the SS Division Nibelungen and the V SS Mountain Corps.