What was the original French title of the book by philosopher Henry Bergson which is based on a hypothetical explanation for evolution and development of organisms?
203551d3499c814b7328f1cfb465a986
Élan vital Élan vital (] ) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in his 1907 book "Creative Evolution", in which he addresses the question of self-organisation and spontaneous morphogenesis of things in an increasingly complex manner. "Elan vital" was translated in the English edition as "vital impetus", but is usually translated by his detractors as "vital force". It is a hypothetical explanation for evolution and development of organisms, which Bergson linked closely with consciousness – with the intuitive perception of experience and the flow of inner time.
512d18c7d0cb35440d726f21ea8325b9
Creative Evolution (book) Creative Evolution (French: "L'Évolution créatrice" ) is a 1907 book by French philosopher Henri Bergson. Its English translation appeared in 1911. The book proposed a version of orthogenesis in place of Darwin's mechanism of evolution, suggesting that evolution is motivated by an élan vital, a "vital impetus" that can also be understood as humanity's natural creative impulse. The book was very popular in the early decades of the twentieth century.
59d23dbc7f9ff834c8db8459e3f2c06c
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura. While the neutral theory of molecular evolution existed since his article in 1968, Kimura felt the need to write a monograph with up-to-date information and evidences showing the importance of his theory in evolution.
ef4463af0f3828f3cee168b778449ae1
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical "The Nineteenth Century" between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. "Mutual Aid" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
77d5dd4732f76775b5f781bbe7f034bd
Holism and Evolution Holism and Evolution is a 1926 book by South African statesman Jan Smuts, in which he coined the word "holism", although Smuts' meaning is different from the modern concept of holism. Smuts defined holism as the "fundamental factor operative towards the creation of wholes in the universe."
a45014e4929605f5381dbd11852af5b6
Psyche (book) Psyche (German: "Psyche, zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele" ) is an 1846 book by Carl Gustav Carus, a physician and painter noted for his work on animal psychology and physiognomy. In his "The Discovery of the Unconscious" (1970), Henri Ellenberger calls "Psyche" "the life-work of a physician and keen observer of the human mind" and "the first attempt to give a complete and objective theory on unconscious psychological life", adding that "It shows the shape reached by the theory of the unconscious at the end of the Romantic period, before the positivistic trend became dominant." He notes that Carus influenced Eduard von Hartmann and later Carl Jung. According to him, Carus defines psychology as "the science of the soul's development from the unconscious to the conscious" and believes that "human life is divided into three periods: (1) A pre-embryonic period in which the individual merely exists as a tiny cell within the mother's ovary. (2) the embryonic period; through fecundation, in which the individual is suddenly wakened from his long sleep, and the formative unconscious develops. (3) After birth, in which the formative unconscious continues to direct the individual's growth and the function of his organs. Consciousness arises gradually, but it always remains under the influence of the unconscious and the individual periodically returns to it in his sleep."
d50156d74c061e38d396e1a63f89fece
Non-philosophy Non-philosophy (French: "non-philosophie" ) is a concept developed by French philosopher François Laruelle (formerly of the Collège international de philosophie and the ).
484c6fb32b7c0a24f533ba33605ebda1
Neural Darwinism Neural Darwinism, a large scale theory of brain function by Gerald Edelman, was initially published in 1978, in a book called "The Mindful Brain" (MIT Press). It was extended and published in the 1987 book "Neural Darwinism – The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection".
c635581bf12c99e2b6d9221ebb33fd96
Speech of Universal History Speech of Universal History or Discours sur l'histoire universelle in original French (1681) is a work of theology and philosophy from French Roman Catholic bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet. It is regarded by many Catholics as a continuation or actualization of St. Augustine of Hippo’s the "City of God" ("De Civitate Dei"). It proposes, much like the "City of God", a metaphysical appreciation of universal history as an actual war between God and the Devil.
10b8edef5088d299d1234846d3987d46
Jean-Pierre Changeux Jean-Pierre Changeux (] ; born 6 April 1936) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of proteins (with a focus on the allosteric proteins), to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions. Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model, the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements. Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain. As put forth in his book, "Conversations on Mind, Matter and Mathematics", Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment, rather than being instructive, results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations.
3f8e039bb7e548977a144bb963a4449a
Physiocracy Physiocracy (from the Greek for "government of nature") is an economic theory developed by a group of 18th century Enlightenment French economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Their theories originated in France and were most popular during the second half of the 18th century. Physiocracy is perhaps the first well-developed theory of economics.
90f784ded5edad1f085e0c806ff285e7
Malthusian growth model A Malthusian growth model, sometimes called a simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on a constant rate. The model is named after  Thomas Robert Malthus, who wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), one of the earliest and most influential books on population.
f541a7717e5cecdedd48ba1cb0de0741
Viruses of the Mind "Viruses of the Mind" is an essay by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, first published in the book "Dennett and His Critics: Demystifying Mind" (1993). Dawkins originally wrote the essay in 1991 and delivered it as a Voltaire Lecture on 6 November 1992 at the Conway Hall Humanist Centre. The essay discusses how religion can be viewed as a meme, an idea previously expressed by Dawkins in "The Selfish Gene" (1976). Dawkins analyzes the propagation of religious ideas and behaviors as a memetic virus, analogous to how biological and computer viruses spread. The essay was later published in "A Devil's Chaplain" (2003) and its ideas are further explored in the television programme, "The Root of All Evil?" (2006).
c6887d00e1f16502a96c35fef034dafe
Freud and Philosophy Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (French: "De l'interprétation. Essai sur Sigmund Freud" ) is a 1965 book about Sigmund Freud by the philosopher Paul Ricœur. Sometimes grouped with works such as Jürgen Habermas's "Knowledge and Human Interests" (1968), "Freud and Philosophy" has received praise, but critics have argued Ricœur provides a mistaken interpretation of Freud.
d5f3e8ae784125822df70e355d01e619
Auguste Comte Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (] ; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
3e745ed1b33302d27e39357508e8b171
Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal ( ; ] ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic theologian. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of the scientific method.
5230e36cf6be4c1e8e848fcde88efdc1
Metaphysics (Aristotle) Metaphysics (Greek: τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά; Latin: "Metaphysica") is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name. The principal subject is "being qua being," or being insofar as it is being. It examines what can be asserted about any being insofar as it is and not because of any special qualities it has. Also covered are different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects, and a prime-mover God.
354082cb01f5dbc03f3307b5c42e9143
The Order of Things The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (French: "Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines" ) is a 1966 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault. It was translated into English and published by Pantheon Books in 1970. (Foucault had preferred "L'Ordre des Choses" for the original French title, but changed the title because it had been used by two structuralist works published immediately prior to Foucault's).
6c91c9740bd0dd4949c082cb542b6044
Universal evolution Universal evolution is a theory of evolution formulated by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Julian Huxley that describes the gradual development of the Universe from subatomic particles to human society, considered by Teilhard as the last stage.
795fadc444a1f2af79da2c2838fc637f
Darwinian Demon A Darwinian Demon is a hypothetical organism which can maximize all aspects of fitness simultaneously and would exist if the evolution of species was entirely unconstrained. It is named for Charles Darwin. Such organisms would reproduce directly after being born, produce infinitely many offspring, and live indefinitely. Even though no such organisms exist, biologists use Darwinian Demons in thought experiments to understand different life history strategies among different organisms.
ea60bc372342a9dfd9e049b2917af36a
Cosmic Evolution (book) Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature (2001) is a book by Harvard astrophysicist Eric Chaisson. It examines cosmic evolution which includes the history of natural evolution from the Big Bang to the present from the perspective of the emerging multi-scientific discipline of Big History. It offers an explanation of why simple structures billions of years ago gave way to more complex structures, such as stars, planets, life, and human beings in complex civilizations. It is written for a general audience interested in science.
e6163df4479e9650f16aed26057c9949
Eugène Minkowski Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski (] ; 17 April 1885 – 17 November 1972) was a French psychiatrist of Jewish Polish origin, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology and for exploring the notion of "lived time". A student of Eugen Bleuler, he was also associated with the work of Ludwig Binswanger and Henri Ey. He was influenced by the philosophy of Henri Bergson and by the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Max Scheler. He was a prolific author in several languages and regarded as a great humanitarian.