Who was Shah of Iran for almost four decades until being overthrown in the Iranian Revolution?
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Fawzia Fuad of Egypt Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (Arabic: الأميرة فوزية فؤاد‎ ‎ ; Persian: شاهدخت فوزیه فؤاد‎ ‎ ; 5 November 1921 – 2 July 2013), also known as Muluk Fawzia of Iran, was an Egyptian princess who became Queen of Iran as the first wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Persian: محمدرضا پهلوی‎ , "Mohammad Rezā Pahlavi " ‎ , ] ; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Persian: محمدرضا شاه‎ , "Mohammad Rezā Šāh " ‎ ), was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shāhanshāh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") on 26 October 1967. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Āryāmehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtārān (Head of the Warriors). His dream of the Great Civilization in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military expansion as well as economic and social reforms.
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Hamid Reza Pahlavi Hamid Reza Pahlavi (4 July 1932 – 12 July 1992) was Reza Shah's eleventh and last born child, and a half-brother of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran.
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Iranian Green Movement The Iranian Green Movement (Persian: جنبش سبز ایران‎ ‎ ), also known as the Persian Awakening by the western media, refers to a political movement that arose after the 2009 Iranian presidential election, in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office. Green was initially used as the symbol of Mir Hossein Mousavi's campaign, but after the election it became the symbol of unity and hope for those asking for annulment of what they regarded as a fraudulent election. Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi are recognized as political leaders of the Green Movement. Hossein-Ali Montazeri was also mentioned as spiritual leader of the movement.
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Mozzafar Baghai Mozzafar Baghai (Persian: مظفر بقائی‎ ‎ ; 23 July 191218 November 1987) is known best as an Iranian political figure of the 1940s and 50s. He rose to prominence during the national struggle against British control of Iran's oil industry. For decades, most Iranians had resented the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (51% of which was under the control of the British government) for the perceived injustice of allocating most profits to the company and the British government, while only a very small proportion was given to Iran, despite the fact that the oil fields were on Iranian territory. Baghai made himself known as a fiery critic of the British and he allied himself with those of like mind, including Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh (a man who had risen to prominence as a fierce critic of Reza Shah, the despotic ruler of Iran from 1921–1941, and of the British control of the oil fields and that country's interference in Iran's internal affairs). He was different from many other nationalists in that he held very left-wing (albeit anti-communist) views. He was able to best articulate this when he formed the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation, a left-wing, nationalistic and anti-communist party that included such notables as Khalil Maleki (an ex-member of the Tudeh Party who broke away from that group for its dependence on the Soviet Union). In 1949, the Toilers Party joined with Mossadegh and his liberal supporters in forming the National Front of Iran, which was an umbrella organization for all Iranians who were committed to the principles of freeing Iran from foreign domination, ending arbitrary rule and establishing a government dependent on the will of the people of Iran. In April 1951, one month after the oil industry was nationalized by the Majlis, Mossadegh was chosen by that elected body as the Prime Minister of Iran, subject to approval by the reigning Mohammad Reza Shah (who had succeeded his father as Shah of Iran in Sept. 1941).
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Mehdi Araghi Mahdi Iraqi (1930 – 26 August 1979) (Persian: مهدی عراقی‎ ‎ ) was a founder of Fadayan-e Islam. He and a friend had participated in Hassan-Ali Mansur's terror, and he was kept in prison during the Shah's regime until the Iranian Revolution. After the revolution he was in charge of Qasr Prison, the prison from which he had recently been freed. He was assassinated by the Forghan group on 13 August 1979.
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Sepahsalar Mosque The Sepahsālār Mosque (Persian: مسجد سپهسالار‎ ‎ - "Masjed-e Sepahsālār") is a famous historic mosque in Tehran, Iran. The construction project of the mosque was started in 1879 upon the order of Mirza Hosein Sepahsalar, the Premiers of Iran during Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, and the first phase of construction was finished after five years since it was started. The mosque was renamed the Shahid Motahhari (مسجد شهید مطهری ), after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, but it is commonly known as its initial name of Sepahsalar Mosque.
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Answer to History Answer to History (French: Réponse à l'histoire; Persian, پاسخ به تاریخ), also known as "Response to History", is a memoir written by the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shortly after his overthrow in 1979 by Islamic revolution. The book was originally written in French and was translated into English and Persian as well as other languages, and was published posthumously in 1980.
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Mirza Reza Kermani Mirza Reza Kermani (in Persian: میرزارضا کرمانی), born in Kerman, Iran and died on August 10, 1896 in Tehran, was an adherent of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani  and an Iranian revolutionary who assassinated the Shah of Persia Nasser-al-Din.
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Politics of Iran The politics of Iran take place in a framework of a theocracy in a format of syncretic politics that is guided by a repressive, non-secular Islamic ideology. The December 1979 constitution, and its 1989 amendment, define the political, economic, and social order of the Islamic Republic of Iran, declaring that Shia Islam of the Twelver school of thought is Iran's official religion.
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Iranian presidential election, October 1981 The Iranian presidential election of October 1981, took place on 2 October 1981, after the assassination of Mohammad-Ali Rajai, the previous President of Iran, during the interim premiership of Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. It led to the uncontested victory of Ali Khamenei.
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Shah Mosque (Tehran) The Shah Mosque (Persian: مسجد شاه‎ ‎ ), also known as the Soltāni Mosque (مسجد سلطانی ) meaning "royal", renamed the Imam Mosque (مسجد امام ), after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, is a principal mosque in the northern section of the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, Iran.
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Imperial Standards of Iran The Imperial Standards of Iran were the personal official flags of the Shāhanshāh, Shahbānū, and Crown Prince of Iran, adopted at the beginning of 1971.
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Mohammad-Hosayn Ayrom Mohammad Hosayn Ayrom (Persian: سرلشگر محمدحسین آیرم‎ ‎ ) was a senior military leader of the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran during the reign of king Reza Shah (r. 1925-41). He was the nephew of General Teymūr Khan Ayromlou and a first cousin of Queen Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlou. Only some members of the Ayrums family spelled their surname "Ayromlou" with the added suffix "lou".
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Shah Shah ( ; Persian: شاه‎ , "Šāh " ‎ , pronounced ] , "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs, the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (in that context spelled as "Şah" and "Şeh"), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate, as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (Persia and Greater Persia) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the "Šāhanšāh" (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire.
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Mohammad Beheshti Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (Persian: سیّد محمد حسینی بهشتی‎ ‎ ; 24 October 1928 – 28 June 1981) was an Iranian jurist, philosopher, cleric and politician who was known as the second person in the political hierarchy of Iran after the revolution. Dr. Beheshti is considered to have been the primary architect of Iran's post-revolution constitution, as well as the administrative structure of the Islamic Republic. Beheshti was assassinated along with more than 70 members of the Islamic Republic Party on 28 June 1981.
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Islam in Iran The Islamic conquest of Persia (637–651) led to the end of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except for a short duration after the Mongol raids and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
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Senate of Iran The Senate of Iran (Persian: مجلس سنا‎ ‎ ) was the upper house legislative chamber in Iran from 1949 to 1979. A bicameral legislature had been established in the 1906 Persian Constitutional Revolution but the Senate was not actually formed until after the Iran Constituent Assembly, 1949, as an expression of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's desire for more political power. The Senate was filled mainly with men who were supportive of the Shah's aims, as intended by Pahlavi.
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Shahnaz Pahlavi Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (Persian: شاهدخت شهناز پهلوی‎ ‎ , born 27 October 1940) is the first child of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his first wife, Princess Fawzia of Egypt.
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Mirza Abu'l-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham Farahani (Persian: میرزا ابوالقاسم قائم‌مقام فراهانی‎ ‎ ) or Mirza Abu'l-Qasim Farahani Qá'im Maqam (1779 – June 28, 1835, Negarestan Garden, Tehran) was an Iranian Prime Minister briefly from 1834 to 1835.
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Khosrow Jahanbani Khosrow Jahanbani (27 February 1941 – 16 April 2014) was the son of Iranian general Amanullah Jahanbani and second husband of Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi.
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Lotf Ali Khan Lotf Ali Khan (Persian: لطفعلى خان زند‎ ‎ ) (c. 1769 – 1794) was the last Shah of Persia (reigned 1789–94) of the Zand dynasty.