What is the birth name of the Pope serving during Domenico Giani's tenure as Inspector General of the Vatican City police force before 2006?
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Domenico Giani Dr. Domenico Giani (born 16 August 1962 in Arezzo, Italy), ex officier of Guardia di Finanza, is the current Inspector General of the Corpo della Gendarmeria, the police and security force of Vatican City, and the chief bodyguard of Pope Benedict XVI and of Pope Francis since June 3, 2006.
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Pope Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI (Latin: "Benedictus XVI" ; Italian: "Benedetto XVI" ; German: "Benedikt XVI" ; born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; ] ; born 16 April 1927) served as Pope from 2005 until his resignation in 2013. Benedict's election occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. Since his resignation, Benedict holds the title Pope Emeritus.
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Domenico Calcagno Domenico Calcagno (born 3 February 1943) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a bishop since 2002 and a cardinal since 2012.
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St. Peter's Square St. Peter's Square (Italian: "Piazza San Pietro" ] , Latin: "Forum Sancti Petri" ) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, the papal enclave inside Rome, directly west of the neighbourhood or rione of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus and the first Catholic Pope.
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Angelo Scola Angelo Scola (] ) (born 7 November 1941) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, philosopher and theologian. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan by Pope Benedict XVI on 28 June 2011. He had served as Patriarch of Venice from 2002 to 2011. He was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2003.
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Pope Gregory V Pope Gregory V, born Bruno of Carinthia (Latin: "Gregorius V" ; c. 972 – 18 February 999) was Pope from 3 May 996 to his death in 999.
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Pope Alexander VI Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja ( , Spanish: Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja ] ; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. Therefore his Italianized Valencian surname, "Borgia", became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. Two of Alexander's successors, the controversial pontiffs Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since Saint Peter.
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Grand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice The Grand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice ("Gran Maestro del Sacro Ospizio"), or Quartermaster-General of the Sacred Palaces, is an hereditary official of the Pontifical Household. The title and office became hereditary on June 28, 1808, when Pope Pius VII appointed Prince Francesco Ruspoli as Grand Master.
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Papal Gentleman A Papal Gentleman, also called a Gentleman of His Holiness, is a lay attendant of the Pope and his papal household in Vatican City. Papal Gentlemen serve in the Apostolic Palace near St. Peter's Basilica in ceremonial positions, such as escorting dignitaries during state visits and other important occasions. The position is a successor to the earlier position of papal chamberlain, that existed prior to 1968. To be appointed is an honor. The appointee is an unpaid volunteer.
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President of Italy The President of the Italian Republic (Italian: "Presidente della Repubblica Italiana" ) is the head of state of Italy and, in that role, represents national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president's term of office lasts for seven years. The 11th President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, was elected on 10 May 2006, and elected to a second term for the first time in Italian Republic history, on 20 April 2013. On 31 January 2015, the incumbent President, former Constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, was elected at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009.
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Pope John XV Pope John XV (Latin: "Ioannes XV" ; born in Rome, died April 1 996) was Pope from August 985 to his death in 996. He succeeded Boniface VII. He was said to have been Pope after another Pope John who reigned four months after Pope John XIV (983–984) and was named "Papa Ioannes XIV Bis" or "Pope John XIVb". This supposed second John XIV never existed, rather he was confused with a certain cardinal deacon John, son of Robert, who was opposed to Boniface VII and is now excluded from the papal lists.
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Pope Nicholas II Pope Nicholas II (Latin: "Nicholaus II" ; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), born Gérard de Bourgogne, was Pope from 24 January 1059 until his death. At the time of his election, he was Bishop of Florence.
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Pope Gregory IX Pope Gregory IX Latin: "Gregorius IX" (born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241), was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the "Decretales" and instituting the Papal Inquisition, a mechanism that severely punished people accused of heresy, in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III through his papal bull "Ad abolendam" issued in 1184.
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Francis Arinze Francis Arinze (born 1 November 1932) is a Nigerian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, having served as prefect from 2002 to 2008. He is the current Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni (succeeding Joseph Ratzinger, who became Pope Benedict XVI) since 2005. Arinze was one of the principal advisors to Pope John Paul II, and was considered "papabile" before the 2005 papal conclave, which elected Benedict XVI.
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Pope John Paul II in popular culture As one of the best known and well-travelled persons of the 20th century, there are many cultural references to Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), who reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City from 16 October 1978, until his death, almost 27 years later, making his the second-longest pontificate after Pius IX's 31-year reign. In addition to his own extensive writings, many films, television programs, books, and journal articles have been written about John Paul II.
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Pope Pius X Pope Saint Pius X (Italian: "Pio X" ), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, (2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was Pope from August 1903 to his death in 1914. He was canonized in 1954. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and orthodox theology. His most important reform was to order the codification of the first Code of Canon Law, which collected the laws of the Church into one volume for the first time. He was also considered a pastoral pope, in the sense of encouraging personal holiness, piety and a daily lifestyle reflecting deep Christian values. He was born in the town of Riese, which would later append "Pio X" (Pius X's name in Italian) to the town's name.
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Manuel Clemente Dom Manuel José Macário do Nascimento Clemente, (] ; born 16 July 1948), officially referred to as Manuel III, Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon is currently the Patriarch of Lisbon. He was appointed by Pope Francis on 18 May 2013, replacing José Policarpo. He was installed on 6 July 2013 at the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. Mary Major.
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Ginés Jesús Hernández Sergio María Ginés Jesús Hernández y Martínez (born 1 July 1959), known by his religious name as Sergio María and by his papal name as Gregory XVIII, is the former Palmarian Catholic Church pope. Hernández was in office from 2011 until his 2016 resignation.
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Pietro Pisani Pietro Pisani (1871-1960) was a Catholic archbishop and diplomat of the Holy See.
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Gregory VI of Constantinople Gregory VI (Greek: Γρηγόριος ΣΤ΄), baptismal name Georgios Fourtouniadis (Greek: Γεώργιος Φουρτουνιάδης; March 1, 1798 - June 8, 1881) was Ecumenical Patriarch in the periods 1835-1840 and 1867-1871.
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Francesco Montenegro Francesco Montenegro (born 22 May 1946) is a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Agrigento since 2008. On 4 January 2015, Pope Francis announced that he would make him a cardinal on 14 February.
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Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI In the course of his papacy Pope Benedict XVI (r. 2005–2013) issued two documents altering certain details of the procedures for electing a pope: "De electione romani pontificis" on 11 June 2007 and "Normas nonnullas" on 22 February 2013. These instructions amended the extensive set of rules and procedures issued on 22 February 1996 by his predecessor Pope John Paul II in his Apostolic Constitution "Universi Dominici gregis".