In which fictional state in a novel by George Orwell is this language spoken, to which the coinage of "Fedspeak" is an intentional parallel?
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Fedspeak In monetary policy of the United States, the term Fedspeak (also known as Greenspeak) is what Alan Blinder called "a turgid dialect of English" used by Federal Reserve Board chairmen in making wordy, vague, and ambiguous statements. The strategy, which was used most prominently by Alan Greenspan, was used to prevent financial markets from overreacting to the chairman's remarks. The coinage is an intentional parallel to Newspeak of "Nineteen Eighty-Four", a novel by George Orwell.
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Newspeak Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state ruled by the Party, who created the language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc). In George Orwell's world of "Nineteen Eighty-Four", Newspeak is a controlled language, of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, a linguistic design meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that ideologically threatens the régime of Big Brother and the Party, who thus criminalized such concepts as thoughtcrime, contradictions of Ingsoc orthodoxy.
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Engrish Engrish ( ; Japanese: イングリッシュ "Ingurisshu", ] ) is a slang term for the misuse or corruption of the English language by native speakers of Asian languages. The term itself relates to Japanese speakers' tendency to inadvertently substitute the English phonemes "R" and "L" for one another, a process known as Lallation, because, unlike English, the Japanese language has only one liquid consonant (traditionally romanized with "R"). The related term "wasei-eigo" refers to pseudo-anglicisms that have entered into everyday Japanese.
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Austrian German Austrian German (German: "Österreichisches Deutsch" ), Austrian Standard German, Standard Austrian German (German: "Österreichisches Standarddeutsch" ) or Austrian High German (German: "Österreichisches Hochdeutsch" ), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria. It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations.
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Rioplatense Spanish "Rioplatense" Spanish (Spanish: "español rioplatense" , locally "castellano rioplatense") is a dialect of the Spanish language spoken mainly in the areas in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay. It is also referred to as "River Plate Spanish" or "Argentine Spanish". Being the most prominent dialect to employ "voseo" in both speech and writing, many features of Rioplatense are also shared with the varieties spoken in Eastern Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. This dialect is often spoken with an intonation resembling that of the Neapolitan language of Southern Italy, but there are exceptions. The usual word employed to name the Spanish language in this region is "castellano" (English: Castilian ) and seldom "español" (English: "Spanish" ; see Names given to the Spanish language).
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Thompson language The Thompson language, properly known as Nlaka'pamuctsin also known as the Nlaka'pamux ('Nthlakampx') language, is an Interior Salishan language spoken in the Fraser Canyon, Thompson Canyon, Nicola Country of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and also (historically) in the North Cascades region of Whatcom and Chelan counties of the state of Washington in the United States. A dialect distinct to the Nicola Valley is called Scw'exmx, which is the name of the subgroup of the Nlaka'pamux who live there.
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Onomatopoeia An onomatopoeia ( ,; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα for "name" and ποιέω for "I make", adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic") is a word that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the sound that it describes. As an uncountable noun, "onomatopoeia" refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises such as "oink", "miaow" (or "meow"), "roar" and "chirp". Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as "tick tock" in English, "dī dā" in Mandarin, or "katchin katchin" in Japanese, or "tik-tik" (टिक-टिक) in Hindi.
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Norfolk dialect The Norfolk dialect, also known as Broad Norfolk, is a dialect spoken by those living in the county of Norfolk in England. While less widely and purely spoken than in its heyday, the dialect and vocabulary can still be heard across the county. It employs distinctively unique pronunciations, especially of vowels; and consistent grammatical forms that differ markedly from standard English.
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A Maggot A Maggot (1985) is a novel by British author John Fowles. It is Fowles' sixth major novel, following "The Collector, The Magus, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Daniel Martin," and "Mantissa." Its title, as the author explains in the prologue, is taken from the archaic sense of the word that means "whim", "quirk", "obsession", or even a snatch of music (see earworm). Another meaning of the word "maggot" becomes apparent later in the novel, used by a character to describe a white, oblong machine that appears to be a spacecraft. Though the author denied that "A Maggot" is a historical novel, it does take place during a precise historical timeframe, May 1736 to February 1737, in England. It might be variously classified as historical fiction, mystery, or science fiction. Because of the narrative style and various metafictional devices, most critics classify it as a postmodern novel.
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Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell's satirical dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four".
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Plautdietsch language Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German, was originally a Low Prussian dialect of East Low German, with Dutch influence, that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. The term "Plautdietsch" literally translates to 'Low German', "plaut" meaning 'flat' (referring to the plains of northern Germany), and the term "Dietsch" originally meaning "of the Tribe", and referring to all the continental West Germanic peoples and their languages (i.e. Low German, Dutch, High German). In other Low German dialects, the word for Low German is usually realised as "Plattdütsch" or "Plattdütsk" , but the spelling "Plautdietsch" is used to refer specifically to the Vistula variant of the language.
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Fenya Fenya (Russian: феня ; ] ) or fenka (Russian: фенька ; ] ) is a Russian cant language used among criminals. Originally it was a cryptolanguage of "" or "ofenes", old Russian peddlers, and had a number of names or it might come from the Russian word фен or fen which is the west wind. There are no convincing explanations about the origins of the words "ofenya" and "fenya". In modern Russian language it is also referred to as blatnoy language (Russian: блатной язык), where "blatnoy" is a slang expression for "criminal". It is also widely used in "thieves' songs".
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English people The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the "Angelcynn" ("family of the Angles"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom.
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Spasell Spasell is a slang of Insubric language, spoken until the 19th century by inhabitants of Vallassina, when they used to go out from the valley for business and they didn't want to be understood by the people. It is characterized by code-words conventionally defined basing on characteristics of the thing or on onomatopeias; other words have an unknown origin. It has been noted by Carlo Mazza, vicar of Asso, in his book "Memorie storiche della Vallassina" of 1796. He informs us that several slangs have been created in the time, because in the time the words were introduced in the current language, reducing the differences between "official" language and "secret" language. After a list of terms, the vicar proposes, as example, the translation of "Pater Noster" in this language, evidencing that it's totally incomprehensible also by the Insubric speakers. There are various similar or identical slangs in many localities of Insubria, like Valtellina and Milan. Some Spasell words have been adsorbed by the common language, for example "lòfi" (see Spasell "loffi"=bad), used in northern Brianza to indicate a "so and so" person, or "scabbi", used also by Carlo Porta in the poem "Brindes de Meneghin a l'Ostaria" to refer to wine, in alternation with "vin".
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The Wake (novel) The Wake is a 2014 novel by British author Paul Kingsnorth. Written in an "imaginary language", a kind of hybrid between Old English and Modern English, it tells of "Buccmaster of Holland", an Anglo-Saxon freeman forced to come to terms with the effects of the Norman Invasion of 1066, during which his wife and sons were killed. He begins a guerrilla war against the Norman invaders in the Lincolnshire Fens.
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Malayali The Malayali or Malayalee (Malayalam: മലയാളി / കേരളീയര്‍ ) is the term given since Indian Independence to the natives of the South Indian state of Kerala and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. They have the Malayalam language as their mother tongue. The Malayali community in India has a history of immigration to the region from various parts of the world, as well as a unique sub-culture owing to the tropical environment of the state.
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Caribbean English Caribbean English is a broad term for the dialects of the English language spoken in the Caribbean and Liberia, most countries on the Caribbean coast of Central America, and Guyana and Suriname on the coast of South America. Caribbean English is influenced by the English-based Creole varieties spoken in the region, but they are not the same. In the Caribbean, there is a great deal of variation in the way English is spoken. Scholars generally agree that although the dialects themselves vary significantly in each of these countries, they primarily have roots in British English and West African languages.
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East Anglian English East Anglian English is a dialect of English spoken in East Anglia. This easternmost area of England was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called Modern English. East Anglian English has had a very considerable input into the formation of Standard English, and probably contributed to the development of American English; it has also experienced multilingualism on a remarkable scale. However, it has received little attention from the media and is not easily recognised by people from other parts of the UK. The UEA linguist Peter Trudgill has written at length about the Norfolk dialect in his work, and is a member of the "Friends of Norfolk Dialect" group.
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Glossolalia Glossolalia or speaking in tongues is a phenomenon in which people appear to speak in languages unknown to them. One definition used by linguists is the fluid vocalizing of speech-like syllables that lack any readily comprehended meaning, in some cases as part of religious practice in which it is believed to be a divine language unknown to the speaker. Glossolalia is practiced in Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity as well as in other religions. The term derives from glōssais lalein, a Greek phrase used in the New Testament meaning "to speak in or with tongues [i.e., other languages]" ( , ).
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Pitmatic Pitmatic (originally "pitmatical"), also colloquially known as "yakka", is a dialect of English used in the counties of Northumberland and Durham in England. It developed as a separate dialect from Northumbrian and Geordie partly due to the specialised terms used by mineworkers in the local coal pits. For example, in Northumberland and Tyne and Wear the word "Cuddy" is an abbreviation of the name "Cuthbert" but in Durham Pitmatic "cuddy" denotes a horse, specifically a pit pony. In Lowland Scots, "cuddie" usually refers to a donkey or ass but may also denote a short, thick, strong horse.
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Gondi language Gondi ("Gōndi" ) is a South-Central Dravidian language, spoken by about two million Gond people, chiefly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and in various adjoining areas of neighbouring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, only about half of them still speak it. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are marriage songs and narrations.
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Angloromani language Angloromani or Anglo-Romani (literally "English Romani"; also known as "Angloromany", "Rummaness", or "Pogadi Chib") is a language combining aspects of English and Romani, which is a language spoken by the Romani people; an ethnic group who trace their origins to the Indian subcontinent. Angloromani is spoken in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and South Africa.