What was the name of the King of Spain whose death triggered a war which included the Raid on Nassau, a Franco-Spanish expedition against the english in 1703?
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Raid on Nassau The Raid on Nassau, on the Bahamian island of New Providence, was a privately raised Franco-Spanish expedition against the English taking place in October, 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession; it was a Franco-Spanish victory, leading to Nassau's brief occupation, then its destruction. The joint Bourbon invasion was led by Blas Moreno Mondragón and Clause Le Chesnaye, with the attack focusing on Nassau, the capital of the English Bahamas, an important base of privateering for English corsairs combating the privateering of others in the Cuban and Saint Domingue's Caribbean seas. The town of Nassau was quickly taken and sacked, plundered and burnt down. The fort of Nassau was dismantled, and the English governor, with all the English soldiers were carried off prisoners. A year later, Sir Edward Birch, the new English governor, upon landing in Nassau, was so distraught at the ruin he found, that he returned to England after only a few months, without "unfurling his company-issued commission".
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War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714) was a major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II. Charles II had ruled over a vast global empire, and the question of who would succeed him had long troubled the governments of Europe. Attempts to solve the problem by peacefully partitioning the empire among the eligible candidates from the royal houses of France (Bourbon), Austria (Habsburg), and Bavaria (Wittelsbach) ultimately failed, and on his deathbed Charles II fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on his grandnephew Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second-eldest grandson of King Louis XIV of France. With Philip ruling in Spain, Louis XIV would secure great advantages for his dynasty, but some statesmen regarded a dominant House of Bourbon as a threat to European stability, jeopardising the balance of power.
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Alfonso V of Aragon Alfonso the Magnanimous KG (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons ; 1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), Sicily (as Alfonso I) and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416, and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.
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Prince of Spain Prince of Spain (Spanish: "Príncipe de España"), was the title created in 1969 designated by law proclaiming Juan Carlos de Bourbon as the successor of Francisco Franco. Juan Carlos held the title until 22 November 1975, when he became King of Spain following the death of Franco. Not being used again since his heirs return to the traditional prince of Asturias.
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Battle of Cremona The Battle of Cremona was a battle of the War of the Spanish Succession that took place on 1 February 1702 between France and Austria.
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Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne After the death of the last Habsburg monarch of Spain in 1700, the childless Charles II, the Spanish throne was up for grabs between the various dynasties of Europe despite Charles having left a will naming his heir. In this will, Charles left Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of the French king, the possessions of the Spanish Crown.
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Juan Gutiérrez de Garibay Don Juan Gutiérrez de Garibay was a famous Spanish naval commander, Admiral of the Spanish navy, and commander-in-chief of the Spanish treasure fleet, during the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604), the Eighty Years' War, and the French Wars of Religion.
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Battle of Bayona Islands (1590) The Battle of Bayona Islands, also known as the Battle of Bayona Bay, was a naval engagement that took place in early of 1590, off Bayona Islands (present-day Cíes Islands), near Bayona (or Baiona) and Vigo, Spain, between a small Spanish naval force commanded by Captain Don Pedro de Zubiaur, and an Anglo-Dutch flotilla of 14 ships, during the Eighty Years' War, and in the context of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the French Wars of Religion.<ref name="Gracia Rivas, Manuel. "En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI". Itsas Memoria. Untzi Museo Naval. San Sebastián 2006."/> After several hours of hard combat, the Spanish naval force composed by three flyboats, achieved a great success, and the Anglo-Dutch fleet was totally defeated.<ref name="Gracia Rivas, Manuel. "En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI". Itsas Memoria. Untzi Museo Naval. San Sebastián 2006."/> The flagship of the Dutch was boarded and captured, including another six ships more.<ref name="Gracia Rivas, Manuel. "En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI". Itsas Memoria. Untzi Museo Naval. San Sebastián 2006."/> Finally, the rest of the Dutch fleet was forced to surrender. Shortly after, Pedro de Zubiaur arriving at Ferrol, along with the captured ships, with great surprise for the Spanish authorities of the port.<ref name="Gracia Rivas, Manuel. "En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI". Itsas Memoria. Untzi Museo Naval. San Sebastián 2006." />
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Battle of Kollum The Battle of Kollum was a military engagement that took place on 16 July 1581 during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War. The battle was fought between an English and Dutch force under John Norreys and Diederik Sonoy respectively, and a Spanish force under George van Lalaing, the Count of Rennenberg. The Dutch and English were victorious, and as a result of the defeat Rennenberg, already ill, died two days later.
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Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain Philip II of Spain has inspired artistic and cultural works for over four centuries, as the most powerful ruler in the Europe of his day, and subsequently a central figure in the "Black Legend" of Spanish power. The following list covers representations of him in drama, opera, film, novels, and verse. A small selection of the many artistic portrayals of Philip is shown in gallery form.
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Lamoral, Count of Egmont Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere (November 18, 1522 – June 5, 1568) was a general and statesman in the Spanish Netherlands just before the start of the Eighty Years' War, whose execution helped spark the national uprising that eventually led to the independence of the Netherlands.
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Treaty of Paris (1657) The Treaty of Paris signed in March 1657 allied the English Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell with King Louis XIV of France against King Philip IV of Spain, merging the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) with the larger Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659). The treaty confirmed the growing rapprochement between France and the English Republican regime.
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Emmanuel Ignatius of Nassau-Siegen Emmanuel Ignatius of Nassau-Siegen (6 January 1688 - 1 August 1735), was a Fieldmarshal of the Spanish and Austrian Army, and Regent of the Principality of Nassau-Siegen in 1727.
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Joanna of Castile Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), called the Mad (Spanish: "Juana la Loca" ), was queen of Castile from 1504 and of Aragon from 1516. From the union of these two crowns modern Spain evolved. Joanna married Philip the Handsome on 20 October 1496. Philip was crowned King of Castile in 1506, initiating the rule of the Habsburgs in Spain. After Philip's death that same year, Joanna was deemed mentally ill and was confined to a nunnery for the rest of her life. Though she remained the legal queen of Castile throughout this time, her father, Ferdinand II of Aragon, was regent until his death, when she inherited his kingdom as well. From 1516, her son, Charles I, ruled as king, while she nominally remained co-monarch.
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Bernardino Meneses y Bracamonte, Count of Peñalba Bernardino de Meneses Bracamonte, 1st Count de Peñalva (c. 1625 in Talavera de la Reina – 30 January 1656 in Cartagena de Indias) was a Spanish nobleman and military leader during the Anglo-Spanish War (1654). He participated in the Siege of Santo Domingo (1655) and was victorious over the English forces.
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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.), widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder of Sweden as a Great Power (Swedish: "Stormaktstiden" ). He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: "Gustav Adolf den store" , Latin: "Gustavus Adolphus Magnus" ) by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.
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Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586) The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586) or the Capture of Cartagena de Indias was a military and naval action fought on 9–11 February 1586, of the recently declared Anglo-Spanish War that resulted in the assault and capture by English soldiers and sailors of the Spanish city of Cartagena de Indias governed by Pedro de Bustos on the Spanish Main. The English were led by Francis Drake. The raid was part of his "Great Expedition" to the Spanish New World. The English soldiers then occupied the city for over two months and captured much booty along with a ransom before departing on 12 April.
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Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares Don Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel Ribera y Velasco de Tovar, Count of Olivares and Duke of San Lúcar la Mayor, Grandee of Spain (Spanish: "Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, conde-duque de Olivares" , also known as "Conde de Olivares y duque de Sanlúcar la Mayor, Grande de España" ) (January 6, 1587 – July 22, 1645), was a Spanish royal favourite of Philip IV and minister. As prime minister from 1621 to 1643, he over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform. His policy of committing Spain to recapture Holland led to a renewal of the Eighty Years' War while Spain was also embroiled in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In addition his attempts to centralise power and increase wartime taxation led to revolts in Catalonia and in Portugal, which brought about his downfall.
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Siege of Rheinberg (1601) The Siege of Rheinberg also known as the Rhine campaign of 1601 was the siege of the towns of Rheinberg (Old Dutch: Rijnberk) and Meurs from June 12 to 2 August 1601, 1601 during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War. Maurice of Orange with an Anglo-Dutch army besieged the Spanish held cities in part to distract them before their impending siege at Ostend. Rheinberg, an important city, eventually capitulated on July 28 after a Spanish relief force under Herman van den Bergh failed to relieve the city. The towns of Meurs surrendered soon after.
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Dual monarchy of England and France The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs. It excluded King Charles's son, the Dauphin Charles, who by right of primogeniture was the heir to the Kingdom of France. Although the Treaty was ratified by the Estates-General of France, the act was a contravention of the French law of succession which decreed that the French crown could not be alienated. Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognized only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France. He was crowned King of France on 16 December 1431.
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Siege of Calais (1596) The Siege of Calais of 1596, also known as the Spanish conquest of Calais, took place at the strategic port-city of Calais (present-day Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France), between April 8–24, 1596, as part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598), in the context of the French Wars of Religion, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and the Eighty Years' War.<ref name="Walters/Wagner p. 57">Walters/Wagner p.194</ref> The siege ended when the city fell into Spanish hands after a short and intense siege by the Spanish Army of Flanders commanded by Archduke Albert of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands ("Spanish: Alberto de Austria"). The French troops in the citadel of Calais resisted for a few days more, but finally on April 24, the Spanish troops led by Don Luis de Velasco y Velasco, Count of Salazar, assaulted and captured the fortress, achieving a complete victory. The Spanish success was the first action of the campaign of Archduke Albert of 1596.
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Kingdom of Majorca The Kingdom of Majorca (Catalan: "Regne de Mallorca" , ] ; Spanish: "Reino de Mallorca" ; Latin: "Regnum Maioricae" ) was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as "James The Conqueror". After the death of his firstborn son Alfonso, a will was written in 1262 and created the kingdom to cede it to his son James. The disposition was maintained during successive versions of his will and so when James I died in 1276, the Crown of Aragon passed to his eldest son Peter, known as Peter III of Aragon or "Peter the Great". The Kingdom of Majorca passed to James, who reigned under the name of James II of Majorca. After 1279, Peter III of Aragon established that the king of Majorca was a vassal to the king of Aragon. The title continued to be employed by the Aragonese and Spanish monarchs until its dissolution by the 1715 Nueva Planta decrees.