What unit number in the Cleveland Court Apartments belonged to the woman who was referred to as "the first lady of civil rights?"
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Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638 The Cleveland Court Apartments 620–638 is a historic apartment building in the Cleveland Court Apartment Complex in Montgomery, Alabama. It is significant to the history of the modern Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Unit 634 was home to civil rights activist Rosa Parks, her husband Raymond, and her mother, Leona McCauley, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott from 1955 to 1956. The building was placed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on March 30, 1989 and the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 2001.
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Rosa Parks Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".
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Constance Clayton Constance ("Connie") Elaine Clayton, PhD, EdD (maiden; born 1933) is an American educator and civic leader. Notably, from 1982 to 1993, she was the Superintendent of the School District of Philadelphia. Clayton holds distinctions of (i) being the first woman and (ii) the first African American to serve as Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia. In 1992, the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education established the Constance E. Clayton Professorship, a first in the name of an African American woman at an Ivy League institution. Clayton is known for her "forceful persona" and "no-nonsense" approach and for her advocacy for children.
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Aurelia Browder Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971) was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama. In April 1955, almost eight months before the historic arrest of Rosa Parks and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider.
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Julia Pearl Hughes Julia Pearl Hughes (Julia P. H. Coleman, Julia Coleman-Robinson) (March 19, 1873 - September 14, 1950), pharmacist, entrepreneur, social activist, and business executive. She was the first African-American woman pharmacist to successfully own and operate her own drug store; much later, she was the first African-American woman to run for elective office in the state of New York.
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Mary Todd Lincoln House Mary Todd Lincoln House at 578 West Main Street in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, was the girlhood home of Mary Todd, the future first lady and wife of the 16th President, Abraham Lincoln.Today the fourteen-room house is a museum containing period furniture, portraits, and artifacts from the Todd and Lincoln families. Hour-long guided tours introduce visitors to the complex life of Mary Todd Lincoln, from her refined upbringing in a wealthy, slave-holding family to her reclusive years as a mourning widow.
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Yolanda King Yolanda Denise King (November 17, 1955 – May 15, 2007) was an American activist and first-born child of civil rights leaders Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King. She was known also for her artistic and entertainment endeavors and public speaking. Her childhood experience was greatly influenced by her father's highly public and influential activism.
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Enolia McMillan Enolia Pettigen McMillan (October 20, 1904 – October 24, 2006) was an African American educator, civil rights activist, and community leader and the first female national president of the NAACP.
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Plaza Apartments (Cleveland, Ohio) The Plaza Apartments is a historic five-story apartment building located in the Central neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Built in 1901, it was designed by the architectural firm of Steffens, Searles & Hirsh, which built many middle-class apartment buildings in the Cleveland era around the turn of the twentieth century. It features a primarily brick facade; stone appears in the exterior, and the foundation is stone. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 1, 1984, being included primarily for its architectural significance. Other historic buildings surround the Plaza Apartments: it was added to the Register as part of the "Upper Prospect Multiple Resource Area," and the Register-listed Jeremiah Ensworth House is located next door. Located just a quarter of a mile (400 m) from the Cleveland State University campus, the Plaza Apartments remains an active apartment building today, although named the "Plaza Suites."
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Michelle Paige Paterson Michelle R. Paige Paterson (born April 1, 1961 in Fairfield, California) was the First Lady of New York state. The wife of New York Governor David Paterson, she became the First Lady on March 17, 2008, when her husband was sworn in as governor, following the resignation of Eliot Spitzer. Paige Paterson is the first African American First Lady in New York's history.
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Bess Truman Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Truman (born Wallace; February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982) was the wife of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
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Fredrick McGhee Fredrick L. McGhee (October 28, 1861 – September 9, 1912), a black civil rights activist and one of America’s first African American lawyers. McGhee, born as a slave but who later was able to achieve a substantial career as an attorney and become one of the civil rights pioneers, was a contemporary of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois.
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Gloria Allred Gloria Rachel Allred ("née" Bloom; born July 3, 1941) is an American civil rights lawyer who is noted for taking high-profile and often controversial cases; she has been particularly involved with cases involving the protection of women's rights.
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Mary Ann Greene Mary Ann Greene (June 14, 1857 – 1936) was a 19th-century American lawyer, writer, and lecturer from Rhode Island. She was the first American woman to be invited to address the World's Congress of Jurisprudence and Law Reform, where she delivered an address upon “Married Women's Property Acts in the United States, and Needed Reforms Therein.” She was also the first woman to publish in the American Law Review (1890), and the first woman to argue a case before the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1907). Greene's principal literary works were articles on legal subjects, for magazines and papers, such as “The Chautauquan" and “The American Law Review".
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Vanzetta Penn McPherson Vanzetta Penn McPherson (1947) is an African American woman who served as United States magistrate judge in Montgomery, Alabama. She earned her J.D. from Columbia University in 1947. After completing her degree, she open a law practice back in her home town of Montgomery. As a lawyer and a judge, she was noted for her defense of the rights of women and African Americans. McPherson has received awards for her public service and leadership from several organization, including the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Women of Distinction, South Central Alabama Girl Scout Council, and Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.
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Crawford-Tilden Apartments The Crawford-Tilden Apartments are an apartment building on the eastern side of the city of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Built to fit an unusual piece of land, it has been named a historic site.
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Virginia Foster Durr Virginia Foster Durr (August 6, 1903 – February 24, 1999) was an American and a white civil rights activist and lobbyist. She was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1903 to Dr. Sterling Foster, an Alabama Presbyterian minister, and Ann Patterson Foster. At 22 she married lawyer Clifford Durr, with whom she had 5 children, one of whom died in infancy. Durr was a close friend of Rosa Parks and Eleanor Roosevelt, and was sister-in-law (through her sister's marriage) to and a good friend of Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black who sat on many crucial civil rights cases. Her circle of friends extended to Alger Hiss. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 2006.
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Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site The Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Landmark and a National Historic Site located at 110½ E. Leigh Street on "Quality Row" in the Jackson Ward neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. The site was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1975. The National Historic Site was established in 1978 to tell the story of the life and work of Maggie L. Walker (1867-1934), the first woman to serve as president of a bank in the United States. It was built by George W. Boyd, father of physician, Sarah Garland Boyd Jones. The historic site protects the restored and originally furnished home of Walker. Tours of the home are offered by National Park Service rangers.
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Esther Cleveland Esther Cleveland (September 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980) was the second child of Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States, and his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland.
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Queen Mother Moore Queen Mother Moore (July 27, 1898 – May 2, 1997) was an African-American civil rights leader and a black nationalist who was friends with such civil rights leaders as Marcus Garvey, Nelson Mandela, Rosa Parks, and Jesse Jackson. She was a figure in the American Civil Rights Movement and a founder of the Republic of New Afrika.
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Caro Dawes Caro Dana Dawes, née Blymyer (January 6, 1866 – October 3, 1957), was the wife of Vice President Charles Dawes, who served from 1925 to 1929, and was the Second Lady of the United States during that period.
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Black Cabinet The Black Cabinet, or Federal Council of Negro Affairs or Black Brain Trust, was the informal term for a group of African-Americans who served as public policy advisors to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor Roosevelt in his 1933-45 terms in office. There was no official organization. The term was coined in 1936 by Mary McLeod Bethune and was occasionally used in the press. By mid-1935, there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies.