The authors of model-dependent realism claim that what type of theory may not exist?
77a500c12dfd6802b95fcdbcfff3711b
Model-dependent realism Model-dependent realism is a view of scientific inquiry that focuses on the role of scientific models of phenomena. It claims reality should be interpreted based upon these models, and where several models overlap in describing a particular subject, multiple, equally valid, realities exist. It claims that it is meaningless to talk about the "true reality" of a model as we can never be "absolutely" certain of anything. The only meaningful thing is the usefulness of the model. The term "model-dependent realism" was coined by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their 2010 book, "The Grand Design".
a38961cc6870166fe657c483ee4725c4
The Grand Design (book) The Grand Design is a popular-science book written by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow and published by Bantam Books in 2010. The book examines the history of scientific knowledge about the universe and explains 11 dimension M-theory. The authors of the book point out that a Unified Field Theory (a theory, based on an early model of the universe, proposed by Albert Einstein and other physicists) may not exist.
6e87fe602570131af7ef9ead67fdbb9b
Autonomous agency theory Autonomous agency theory (AAT) is a viable system theory (VST) which models autonomous social complex adaptive systems. It can be used to model the relationship between an agency and its environment(s), and these may include other interactive agencies. The nature of that interaction is determined by both the agency's external and internal attributes and constraints. Internal attributes may include immanent dynamic "self" processes that drive agency change.
88aee47ce805096e1a91c467f7e1d064
Non-standard model In model theory, a discipline within mathematical logic, a non-standard model is a model of a theory that is not isomorphic to the intended model (or standard model).
8b04abc4c432ddfaf5360d4ffc1c51f3
Indefinite monism Indefinite Monism is a philosophical conception of reality that asserts that only Awareness is real and that the wholeness of Reality can be conceptually thought of in terms of immanent and transcendent aspects. The immanent aspect is denominated simply as Awareness, while the transcendent aspect is referred to as "Omnific Awareness".
a6b653a6cf5329469b3338af86d07c07
Effective theory In science, an effective theory is a scientific theory which proposes to describe a certain set of observations, but explicitly without the claim or implication that the mechanism employed in the theory has a direct counterpart in the actual causes of the observed phenomena to which the theory is fitted.
e5106520d29c889e20a340cc606141da
Multiverse (set theory) In mathematical set theory, the multiverse view is that there are many models of set theory, but no "absolute", "canonical" or "true" model. The various models are all equally valid or true, though some may be more useful or attractive than others. The opposite view is the "universe" view of set theory in which all sets are contained in some single ultimate model. The collection of countable transitive models of ZFC (in some universe) is called the hyperverse and is very similar to the "multiverse".
7b3575519869697031a7d141707ba70a
Four-dimensionalism In philosophy, four-dimensionalism (also known as the "doctrine of temporal parts)" is an ontological position that an object's persistence through time is like its extension through space. Thus, an object that exists in time has temporal parts in the various subregions of the total region of time it occupies, just like an object that exists in a region of space has at least one part in every subregion of that space.
3fc01ea8e314571392f82384b98c2f8b
Metatheory A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory whose subject matter is some theory. All fields of research share some meta-theory, regardless whether this is explicit or correct. In a more restricted and specific sense, in mathematics and mathematical logic, "metatheory" means a "mathematical theory about another mathematical theory".
0dac138305d6f240bf8732523fed2dad
Transcendental realism Initially developed by Roy Bhaskar in his book "A Realist Theory of Science" (1975), transcendental realism is a philosophy of science that was initially developed as an argument against epistemic realism of Positivism and Hermeneutics. The position is based on Bhaskar's transcendental arguments for certain ontological and epistemological positions based on what reality must be like in order for scientific knowledge to be possible. While Bhaskar's work is the origin of transcendental realism, it is based upon and further developed by a number of other authors[ref: Collier, Sayer, Lawson, Critical Realism: Essential Readings, etc. The overview of transcendental realism that follows is largely based on Andrew Sayer's "Realism and Social Science".
078d22478652b6cc89939bc099e7f1e1
Mathematical model A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, Earth science, meteorology) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, artificial intelligence), as well as in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science). Physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts, and economists use mathematical models most extensively . A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make predictions about behaviour.
25d7a373203a94a5a9267051b16393f6
Minimal models In theoretical physics, a minimal model or Virasoro minimal model is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose spectrum is built from finitely many irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra.
65795af42968314962176269619eee1a
Ideal observer theory Ideal observer theory is the meta-ethical view which claims that:
9966ec4f163599f0a0643bf6eda5643e
Contrastivism Contrastivism, or the contrast theory of meaning is an epistemological theory proposed by Jonathan Schaffer that suggests that knowledge attributions have a ternary structure of the form 'S knows that p rather than q'. This is in contrast to the traditional view whereby knowledge attributions have a binary structure of the form 'S knows that p'. Contrastivism was suggested as an alternative to contextualism. Both are semantic theories that try to explain skepticism using semantic methods.
bcc86e2f57490b5d7dc2c591155585d1
Noumenon In metaphysics, the noumenon ( , , from Greek: [εν]νοούμενον) is a posited object or event that exists without sense or perception. The term "noumenon" is generally used in contrast with or in relation to "phenomenon", which refers to anything that can be apprehended by or is an object of the senses. Modern philosophy has generally been skeptical of the possibility of knowledge independent of the senses, and Immanuel Kant gave this point of view its canonical expression: that the noumenal world may exist, but it is completely unknowable through human sensation. In Kantian philosophy, the unknowable noumenon is often linked to the unknowable "thing-in-itself" (in Kant's German, "Ding an sich"), although how to characterize the nature of the relationship is a question yet open to some controversy.
61539d75cc90664ccebe9111802a665c
Postinternationalism Postinternationalism is a term coined by academic James N. Rosenau to describe "an apparent trend in which more of the interactions that sustain world politics unfold without the direct involvement of states". Postinterational approaches to international relations theory emphasis the role of non-state actors, the existence of international norms as well as the process of globalisation and the existence of intra-state (rather than interstate) violence. As such postinternational approaches rejects many the tenets of realist approaches to international relations theory though it accepts that international politics is anarchic. Rosneau's paradigm of postinternationalism is sometimes referred to in academic literature as "turbulence theory".
9e09ad79617b3daed94a51d2d805feb0
Marxist international relations theory Marxist and Neo-Marxist international relations theories are paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation, instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It purports to reveal how the economy trumps other concerns, which allows for the elevation of "class" as the focus of the study.
498fbaf7ceccf8cbc2e6d52c13820dff
Viable systems approach The viable systems approach (VSA) is a systems theory in which the observed entities and their environment are interpreted through a systemic viewpoint, starting with the analysis of fundamental elements and finally considering more complex related systems (von Bertalanffy, 1968). The assumption is that each entity/system is related to other systems, placed at higher level of observation, called supra-systems, whose traits can be detected in their own subsystems (principle of system hierarchy).
700fc093246b3c3e53f32a942bcb4ff9
New legal realism New Legal Realism [NLR] is an emerging school of thought in U.S. legal philosophy.
330fdc632f717860595a7c589da82815
Mental model theory of reasoning The mental model theory of reasoning was developed by Philip Johnson-Laird and Ruth M.J. Byrne (Johnson-Laird and Byrne, 1991). It has been applied to the main domains of deductive inference including relational inferences such as spatial and temporal deductions; propositional inferences, such as conditional, disjunctive and negation deductions; quantified inferences such as syllogisms; and meta-deductive inferences.
418e0596f240c73927f2ba434b05c560
Non-representational theory Non-representational theory is a theory developed in human geography, largely through the work of Nigel Thrift (Warwick University), and his colleagues such as J.D. Dewsbury (University of Bristol) and Derek McCormack (University of Oxford); and indeed, later, by their respective graduate students who have pushed non-representational thinking in various empirical registers.
380d1303c35506fecf5d2a47f7067b26
Middle range theory (sociology) Middle-range theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, is an approach to sociological theorizing aimed at integrating theory and empirical research. It is currently the de facto dominant approach to sociological theory construction, especially in the United States. Middle-range theory starts with an empirical phenomenon (as opposed to a broad abstract entity like the social system) and abstracts from it to create general statements that can be verified by data. This approach stands in contrast to the earlier "grand" theorizing of social theory, such as functionalism and many conflict theories. Raymond Boudon has argued that 'middle-range' theory is the same concept that most other sciences simply call 'theory'. The analytical sociology movement has as its aim the unification of such theories into a coherent paradigm at a greater level of abstraction.