In what year was the far-right terrorist that perpetrated the acts that preceded the FREE Initiative born?
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The FREE Initiative The Far-Right Extremism in Europe Initiative (The FREE Initiative) is an online resource for practitioners responding to far-right extremism and violence. It was founded with support from the European Commission Prevention of and Fight Against Crime Programme, and a project led by the Ministry of Justice (Sweden) in partnership with the Ministry of Social Affairs (Denmark), Ministry of Security and Justice (Netherlands), Royal Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Safety, and the Ministry of the Interior (Finland). It was the first project endorsed by governments and funded by the European Commission solely on far-right extremism and radicalisation in the aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks perpetrated by a far-right terrorist Anders Behring Breivik. The online resource launched on 1 September 2014.
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Anders Behring Breivik Anders Behring Breivik (] ; born 13 February 1979), known as Fjotolf Hansen from 2017, is a Norwegian far-right terrorist who committed the 2011 Norway attacks. On 22 July 2011 he killed eight people by detonating a van bomb amid Regjeringskvartalet in Oslo, then shot dead 69 participants of a Workers' Youth League (AUF) summer camp on the island of Utøya. In August 2012 he was convicted of mass murder, causing a fatal explosion, and terrorism.
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Mohamed Ibrahim Mostafa Mohamed Ibrahim Mostafa (Arabic: محمد إبراهيم مصطفى‎ ‎ , other transliterations include: "Mohammad, Muhammad, Ibraheem, Mustafa, Mustapha") (born 2 July 1979) is an Egyptian Internet activist and IT consultant with an interest in political reform, human rights, and social media. Mohamed Ibrahim ran the international arm of the "We are all Khaled Said" campaign. The campaign was in support of Khaled Said's case, a young Egyptian man who was killed by two Egyptian police officers in his home town Alexandria, Egypt. Khaled Said later became a symbol in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Mohamed Ibrahim focused his efforts on rallying international supporters and coordinating with activists worldwide to support Egyptians struggle for freedom, end of police brutality and dictatorship using his English Facebook page "We are all khaled Said" and the English Website of the campaign. Mohamed Ibrahim was part of the 25 January protests preparation (which later became the Egyptian Revolution of 2011) and was a focal point for spreading awareness to the international community and international media during the revolution and afterwards.
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Farag Foda Farag Foda (also Faraj Fawda, Egyptian Arabic: فرج فوده‎ ‎ , ] or ] ; 1946 – 9 June 1992), was a prominent professor, writer, columnist, and human rights activist. He was assassinated on 9th of June 1992 by members of Islamist group al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya after being accused of blasphemy by a committee of clerics ("ulama") at Al-Azhar University. Foda was one of 202 people killed by "politically motivated assaults" in Egypt between March 1992 and September 1993. In December 1992, his collected works were banned.
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Rustam Asildarov Rustam Asildarov (Aselderov) (9 March 1981 - 3 December 2016), also known as Emir Abu Muhammad Kadarsky, was the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) North Caucasus branch, and a former leader of the militant Caucasus Emirate's Vilayat Dagestan wing.
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Abu Hamza al-Masri Mustafa Kamel Mustafa (Arabic: مصطفى كامل مصطفى‎ ‎ ; born 15 April 1958), also known as Abu Hamza al-Masri ( أبو حمزة المصري , "Abū Ḥamzah al-Maṣrī" – literally, the Egyptian father of Hamza), the Hook Hand or simply Abu Hamza, is an Egyptian cleric who was the imam of Finsbury Park Mosque in London, England, where he preached Islamic fundamentalism and militant Islamism.
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Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.
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Free South Moluccan Youths Free South Moluccan Youth is an inactive terrorist organization with the proclaimed goal of restoring South Moluccan independence from Indonesia. The group and its factions were responsible for several attacks in the Netherlands in the late 1970s.
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Ahmed Huber Ahmed Huber (1927 – 15 May 2008) was a Swiss German journalist, and a convert to Islam, who was active in both Islamist and Far Right politics. He gained international notoriety in 2001 when he was accused by the United States government of funding Al Qaeda's terrorist activities through the Al Taqwa Bank, of which he was one of five managers.
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Valerio Fioravanti Giuseppe Valerio "Giusva" Fioravanti (born 28 March 1958) is an Italian who, with Francesca Mambro, was a leading figure in a far right terrorist group "Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari" ("Armed Revolutionary Nuclei" or NAR). Fioravanti appeared in films and television from a young age, and in his early teens was the most famous child in Italy. He and Mambro were fugitives wanted for terrorist offences by their early twenties, they spent a further period on the run while wanted for the Bologna bombing. Both were captured after gunfights with police. Although Fioravanti, Mambro and a third NAR mamber were convicted of the bombing, there were those who thought that a higher level of the conspiracy was never uncovered. Fioravanti and Mambro admit carrying out terrorist murders, but have always denied any involvement in the Bologna station bomb.
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Boualem Bensaïd Boualem Bensaïd (Arabic: أبو عالم بن سعيد‎ ‎ ) (born (1967--) 11, 1967 in Algiers) is an Algerian member of GIA, an Islamic terrorist organization. He has been accused of an attempted bombing during the 1995 terror campaign in France.
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Francisco Martin Duran Francisco Martin Duran (born September 8, 1968) is most known for his actions of October 29, 1994, when he fired 29 rounds from an SKS rifle at the White House. He was later convicted of attempting to assassinate United States President Bill Clinton and sentenced to 40 years in prison.
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Benoît de Bonvoisin Benoît, Baron de Bonvoisin (born 14 March 1939) is a Belgian far right activist.
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Faris al-Zahrani Sheikh Faris bin Ahmed Jamaan al-Showeel al-Zahrani (1977 – 2 January 2016; Arabic: فارس أحمد جمعان آل شويل الزهراني‎ ‎ ) was on Saudi Arabia's list of 26 'most-wanted' suspected terrorists.
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Fuad Qalaf Fuad Mohamed Qalaf (Somali: "Fu'aad Maxamed Khalaf" , Arabic: فؤاد محمد خلف‎ ‎ ) (born 28 March 1965), also known as Fuad Shangole, is a Somali-Swedish militant Islamist. He was a senior leader of the now defunct Islamic Courts Union (ICU), and is currently a senior leader of its successor al-Shabaab.
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Abdullah el-Faisal Abdullah el-Faisal (born Trevor William Forrest, also known as Abdullah al-Faisal, Sheikh Faisal, Sheik Faisal, and Imam Al-Jamaikee, born 10 September 1963) is a Muslim cleric who preached in the United Kingdom until he was convicted of stirring up racial hatred and urging his followers to murder Jews, Hindus, Christians, and Americans.
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Istanbul pogrom The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots or September events (Greek: Σεπτεμβριανά "Septemvriana", "Events of September"; Turkish: "6–7 Eylül Olayları" , "Events of September 6–7"), were organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The riots were orchestrated by the Tactical Mobilisation Group, the seat of Operation Gladio's Turkish branch; the Counter-Guerrilla, and National Security Service, the precursor of today's National Intelligence Organisation. The events were triggered by the false news that the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, in northern Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had been born in 1881—had been bombed the day before. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher at the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press, conveying the news in Turkey, was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb.
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Palestinian National Initiative Palestinian National Initiative (Arabic: المبادرة الوطنية الفلسطينية‎ ‎ ) is a Palestinian political party led by Mustafa Barghouti.
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Muhammad Rizieq Shihab Muhammad Rizieq Shihab (; "] ") also known as Habib Rizieq (born in Jakarta, August 24, 1965) is an Indonesian Islamic scholar, demagogue, the founder and leader of the Islamist group Islamic Defenders Front (Arabic: الجبهة الدفاعة الاسلميه‎ ‎ ; Indonesian: "Front Pembela Islam" , abbreviated as FPI).
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Nationalist terrorism Nationalist terrorism is a form of terrorism motivated by nationalism. Nationalist terrorists seek to form self-determination in some form, which may range from gaining greater autonomy to establishing a completely independent, sovereign state (separatism). Nationalist terrorists often oppose what they consider to be occupying, imperial, or otherwise illegitimate powers.
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Jane Alpert Jane Lauren Alpert (born May 20, 1947) is an American former far left radical who conspired in the bombings of eight government and commercial office buildings in New York City in 1969. Arrested when other members of her group were caught planting dynamite in National Guard trucks, she pleaded guilty to conspiracy, but a month before her scheduled sentencing jumped bail and went into hiding.
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Antifa (United States) Antifa ( ) is a militant political movement of autonomous, self-styled anti-fascist groups. The salient feature of Antifa is its opposition to fascism by direct action. Antifa groups are known for their militant protest tactics, including property damage and physical violence. They tend to be anti-government and anti-capitalist, and they are predominantly far left and militant left, including anarchists, communists and socialists. They focus on fighting far-right and white supremacist ideologies directly, rather than on encouraging pro-left policy.