When was the  Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist died who describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors of Onsager?
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Quantum vortex In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was predicted by Lars Onsager in 1947 in connection with superfluid helium. Onsager also pointed out that quantum vortices describe the circulation of superfluid and conjectured that their excitations are responsible for superfluid phase transitions. These ideas of Onsager were further developed by Richard Feynman in 1955 and in 1957 were applied to describe the magnetic phase diagram of type-II superconductors by Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov. In 1935 Fritz London published a very closely related work on magnetic flux quantization in superconductors. London's fluxoid can also be viewed as a quantum vortex.
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Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Russian: Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов ; 25 June 1928 – 29 March 2017) was a Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003.
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Meissner effect The Meissner effect (or Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state. The German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and lead samples. The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled below their superconducting transition temperature, whereupon the samples cancelled nearly all interior magnetic fields. They detected this effect only indirectly because the magnetic flux is conserved by a superconductor: when the interior field decreases, the exterior field increases. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a uniquely defining property of the superconductor state.
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Alexander Kordyuk Alexander A. Kordyuk (born December 9, 1967) is a Ukrainian experimental physicist, known mainly for invention of the Method of frozen images and several experimental techniques based on magnetic levitation, and for contribution to the field of high temperature superconductivity.
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Pavel Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian: Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в ] , July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
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Dmitri Anosov Dmitri Victorovich Anosov (Russian: Дми́трий Ви́кторович Ано́сов ; November 30, 1936 – August 5, 2014) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, known for his contributions to dynamical systems theory.
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Yuri Raizer Yuri Petrovich Raizer (Russian: Юрий Петрович Райзер, born January 26, 1927 in Kharkiv, USSR) is a prominent Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist. He received his PhD degree in 1953 and his Doctor of Sciences degree in 1959. He is Senior Research Fellow with Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia where he has been serving as a head of the Division of Physics of gas dynamic processes since 1965. Additionally, he has been professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology since 1968.
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Philip Warren Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (born December 13, 1923) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a seminal paper in 1962 discussing symmetry breaking in particle physics, leading to the development of the Standard Model around 10 years later), and high-temperature superconductivity, and to the philosophy of science through his writings on emergent phenomena.
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Gordon Walter Semenoff Gordon Walter Semenoff (born July 11, 1953), {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , is a theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is known for his research on quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and string theory and is particularly famous for his co-invention, together with Antti Niemi, of the parity anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge field theories and for his pioneering work on graphene. He is also well known for development of thermal field theory, the application of index theorems and their generalizations in quantum field theory and string theory, notably with respect to the duality between string theories and gauge field theories.
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Otto Schmidt Otto Yulyevich Schmidt (Russian: Отто Юльевич Шмидт ; September 30 [O.S. September 18] 1891 – September 7, 1956) was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician, Hero of the USSR (27 June 1937), and member of the Communist Party.
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Vladimir Baryshevsky Vladimir Grigoryevich Baryshevsky (Russian: Владимир Григорьевич Барышевский ; Belarusian: Уладзімір Рыгоравіч Барышэўскі ; born 1 July 1940) is a Soviet and Belarusian physicist, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus, Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus.
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Lev Fink Lev Fink (Russian: Лев Матве́eвич Финк, 1910–1988) was a Soviet physicist. He was a Doktor nauk in Telecommunication.
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Alexander Stepanovich Popov Alexander Stepanovich Popov (sometimes spelled Popoff; Russian: Алекса́ндр Степа́нович Попо́в ; March 16 [O.S. March 4] 1859 – January 13 [O.S. December 31, 1905] 1906 ) was a Russian physicist who is acclaimed in his homeland and some eastern European countries as the inventor of radio.
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Michael Stephen Feld Michael S. Feld (November 11, 1940 – April 10, 2010) was an American physicist, remembered for his work on quantum optics as well as medical applications of lasers.
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Victor Weisskopf Victor Frederick "Viki" Weisskopf (September 19, 1908 – April 22, 2002) was an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist. He did postdoctoral work with Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr. During World War II he was Group Leader of the Theoretical Division of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
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Stephen L. Adler Stephen Louis Adler (born November 30, 1939) is an American physicist specializing in elementary particles and field theory.
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Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov (Russian: Алексе́й Ю́рьевич Cмирно́в ; born October 16, 1951) is a neutrino physics researcher and one of the discoverers of the MSW Effect.
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Superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of "perfect conductivity" in classical physics.
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Yuri Golfand Yuri Abramovich Golfand (Russian: Ю́рий Абра́мович Го́льфанд ; January 10, 1922, in Kharkiv – February 17, 1994, in Jerusalem) was a Russian and Israeli physicist known, in particular, for his 1971 paper (joint with his student Evgeny Likhtman) where they proposed supersymmetry between bosonic and ferminoic particles by extending the Poincaré algebra with anticommuting spinor generators. The algebra they constructed is also called a Super-Poincaré algebra. In the very same paper they presented the ﬁrst four-dimensional supersymmetric
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Vladimir Prokofiev Vladimir Konstantinovich Prokofiev (Russian: Владимир Константинович Прокофьев , 1898–1993) USSR scientist, PhD, specialist in Optics and Spectroscopy, USSR State Prize winner.
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Viktor Wagner Viktor Vladimirovich Wagner, also Vagner (Russian: Виктор Владимирович Вагнер ) (4 November 1908 – 15 August 1981) was a Russian mathematician, best known for his work in differential geometry and on semigroups.
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Aleksandr Chudakov Aleksandr Evgenievich Chudakov (16 June 1921 – 25 January 2001, Moscow) was a Soviet Russian physicist in the field of cosmic-ray physics, known for "Chudakov Effect", the effect of decreasing ionization losses for narrow electron-positron pairs and for experimentally confirming existence of the transition radiation.