Which empire stretching from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day Kazakhstan was founded by the Choros
c88f3ccd33256b40bf015a891442b05a
Choros Choros or Tsoros (Mongolian: Цорос ) was the ruling clan of the Dzungars and Dörbet Oirat and once ruled the whole Four Oirat. They founded the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. Their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree.
3a6f903ccde6a585e3f8b3f2f0500c7f
Dzungar Khanate The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe. It covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day Kazakhstan, and from present-day Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Most of this area today is part of the Xinjiang autonomous region in China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The Dzungar Khanate was the last major nomadic empire left from the Mongol Empire.
6951eb62ace417a59df1feb97ebed0bc
Nomadic empire Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, are the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era (Dzungars). They are the most prominent example of non-sedentary polities.
07c36c8f15e92c0e27d2f58ab0fd5b23
Karakorum Karakorum (Classical Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣᠷᠣᠮ "Qara Qorum", Khalkha Mongolian: Хархорум "Kharkhorum") was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260, and of the Northern Yuan in the 14–15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the Övörkhangai Province of Mongolia, near today's town of Kharkhorin, and adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery. They are part of the upper part of the World Heritage Site Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.
2bf50d34e060d8334222ce970c44fd53
Xiongnu The Xiongnu (), were a confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.
14cc9bd86ae1878f1bd7c17040ea680b
Nanda Empire The Nanda dynasty originated from the region of Magadha in ancient India during the 4th century BCE and lasted between 345–321 BCE. At its greatest extent, the empire ruled by the Nanda Dynasty extended from Bengal in the east, to the Punjab region in the west and as far south as the Vindhya Range. The rulers of this dynasty were famed for the great wealth which they accumulated. The Nanda Empire was later conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, who founded the Maurya Empire.
38522c05b033607c968678ba430126f6
Kujula Kadphises Kujula Kadphises (Kushan language: Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες; Kharoṣṭhī: Kujula Kasasa; Ancient Chinese: 丘就卻, "Qiujiuque"; reigned 30–80 CE, or 40-90 CE according to Bopearachchi.) was a Kushan prince who united the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor. According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the great grandfather of the great Kushan king Kanishka I. He is considered as the founder of the Kushan Empire.
724ee25a6c1d8f6106ed5293e5ef6f10
Caucones The Caucones (Greek: Καύκωνες , "Kaukones") were an autochthonous tribe of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) whose migrations brought them to the western Greek mainland in Arkadia, Triphylian Pylos, and north into Elis. Their etymology suggests strong affinities with the Caucasos Mountains originally. Russian KAVKAZ for Caucasus is attached to the two mountain ranges that serve as a ‘spine’ or backbone between the northern and southern regions dividing Europe from Asia. Kaz-Kaz people known from the written Hittite tablets, indeed, lived along the southern shore of the Black Sea, exactly where the Homeric "Iliad" placed the Kaukônes.1 According to Herodotus and other classical writers, they were displaced or absorbed by the immigrant Bithynians, who were a group of clans from Thrace that spoke an Indo-European language. Thracian Bithynians also expelled or subdued the Mysians, and some minor tribes, the Mariandyni alone maintaining themselves in cultural independence, in the northeast of what became Bithynia. Strabo (12.3.3) acknowledges that in earlier times Bithynians were called Mysians who, in turn, Herodotus (7.20, 75) says alongside Teucrians were invaders of northern Greece (Thessaly) before the Trojan War.
80d38326e63ddd6e51c704f1a19b59f6
Sino-Roman relations Sino-Roman relations comprised the mostly indirect contact, flow of trade goods, information, and occasional travellers between the Roman Empire and Han Empire of China, as well as between the later Eastern Roman Empire and various Chinese dynasties. These empires inched progressively closer in the course of the Roman expansion into the ancient Near East and simultaneous Han Chinese military incursions into Central Asia. Mutual awareness remained low, and firm knowledge about each other was limited. Only a few attempts at direct contact are known from records. Intermediate empires such as the Parthians and Kushans, seeking to maintain lucrative control over the silk trade, inhibited direct contact between these two Eurasian powers. In 97 AD, the Chinese general Ban Chao tried to send his envoy Gan Ying to Rome, but Gan was dissuaded by Parthians from venturing beyond the Persian Gulf. Several alleged Roman emissaries to China were recorded by ancient Chinese historians. The first one on record, supposedly from either the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius or his adopted son Marcus Aurelius, arrived in 166 AD. Others are recorded as arriving in 226 and 284 AD, with a long absence until the first recorded Byzantine embassy in 643 AD.
cfaef929bb2a0da56680f7b8b584a4ea
Pax Mongolica The Pax Mongolica (Latin for "Mongol Peace"), less often known as Pax Tatarica ("Tatar Peace") is a historiographical term, modelled after the original phrase "Pax Romana", which describes the stabilising effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests.
f90bb23b2fdef224a57893eb68f71819
Pax Khazarica Pax Khazarica (Latin for "Khazar Peace") is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase "Pax Romana", applied to the period (roughly 700-950 AD) during which the Khazar Khaganate dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains. During this period, Khazar dominion over vital trans-Eurasian trade routes facilitated travel and trade between Europe and Asia by such groups as the Radhanites and the early Rus.
113bf0a12bd4ff887fdaf6fc675bc984
Serpent's Wall Serpent's Wall (Ukrainian: Змієві вали, "Zmiyevi valy" ) is an ancient system of earthen fortifications (valla) that stretch across all of Ukraine, from the town of Zmiiv in the east to Podolia in the west. They seem to be similar in purpose and character to Trajan's Wall situated immediately to the west. The remaining ancient walls have a total length of 1,000 km.
26f17e47cca8048b7e225e1cbeed8d9d
Kharshbun Kharshbun and Sharkhbun are brothers son of Sarban, the first son of the legendary Pashtun ancestor Qais Abdur Rashid. The Sarbani tribes, all supposed descendants of Sarban, form one of the major lineage branches of the Pashtun tribes. Kharshbun's progeny compose the Eastern Pashtuns, found primarily in Pakistan, and he had three sons Kand, Zamand, Kasi, whereas his brother Sharkhbun's progeny compose the Western Pashtuns, generally found in Afghanistan, the most famous of these latter Pashtuns being the Durrani or Abdali tribes. The following is a genealogical breakdown of Kharshbun's sons and the tribes that are said to be their descendants, as found in Olaf Caroe's history, "The Pathans".
1e38d8275c3ae39f04a615468cf3454e
Pala Empire The Pala Empire was an imperial power during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix of "Pala", which meant "protector" in the ancient language of Prakrit. They were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire was founded with the election of Gopala as the emperor of Gauda in 750 CE. The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and Bihar, which included the major cities of Vikrampura, Pataliputra, Gauda, Monghyr, Somapura, Ramvati (Varendra), Tamralipta and Jaggadala.
974a84ab51c40d7437c50374ac22bbdf
Asian Steppe The Asian Steppe is the Asian part of the Eurasian Steppe. Some scholars wrongly use the term "Asian Steppe" to describe the vast region of steppes of Eurasia. The Pontic Steppe of western Russia and of Ukraine and the steppes of the Hungarian plain are all in Eastern Europe. The Asian Steppe itself includes mainly the Mongolian steppes and the Kazakh steppes. There are three main expanses of the Eurasian Steppe. The western steppe, central steppe and the eastern steppe. The Western Steppe begins near the mouth of the Danube and extends northeast almost to Kazan and then southeast to the southern tip of the Ural Mountains. The Central Steppe or Kazakh Steppe extends from the Urals to Dzungaria. To the south it grades off into semi-desert and desert which is interrupted by two great rivers, the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya (Jaxartes) which flow northwest into the Aral Sea and provide irrigation agriculture. The eastern steppe covering the area of present-day Mongolia, was the first home of the Turks, Huns, and the Mongols.
b7757cba063f8d45037ca68e249bccb8
Sixteen Kingdoms The Sixteen Kingdoms, less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from 304 to 439 when the political order of northern China fractured into a series of short-lived sovereign states, most of which were founded by the "Five Barbarians" who had settled in northern China during the preceding centuries and participated in the overthrow of the Western Jin dynasty in the early 4th century. The period ended with the unification of northern China by the Northern Wei in the early 5th century.
d6c249f9efb6b918b8ea2a78624eee9a
Eastern Turkic Khaganate The Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Chinese: 東突厥; pinyin: Dōng tūjué) was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 593–603) after the Göktürk Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in Mongolia by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – Eastern and Western. Finally, the Eastern Turkic power was absorbed by the (Chinese) Tang Empire.
bfa3e0662ad3a4e4416cc7e01ebe46ad
Burtas Burtas (Russian: Буртасы , "Burtasy"; Chuvash: Пăртассем , "Părtassem"; Tatar: Бортаслар , "Bortaslar ", برطاسلر or بۇرتاسلار ) were a tribe of uncertain ethnolinguistic affiliation inhabiting the steppe region north of the Caspian Sea in medieval times (modern Penza Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast and Saratov Oblast of the Russian Federation). They were subject to the Khazars.
d7abcb0271c493ed8e3304fe0099fbfa
Bactria Bactria or Bactriana was the name of a historical region in Central Asia. Bactria proper was north of the Hindu Kush mountain range and south of the Amu Darya river, covering the flat region that straddles modern-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. More broadly Bactria was the area north of the Hindu Kush, west of the Pamirs and south of the Tian Shan with the Amu Darya flowing west through the center.
bf32438f6a65939b71a49d3e504eb27a
Protectorate General to Pacify the West The Protectorate General to Pacify the West, Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the West, or Anxi Protectorate (640–790) was a protectorate established by the Tang Dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin. The head office was first established at the prefecture of Xi, now known as Turpan, but was later shifted to Qiuci (Kucha) and situated there for most of the period. The Four Garrisons of Anxi in Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, and Karashahr were installed between 648 and 658 as garrisons under the western protectorate. In 659 Soghd, Ferghana, Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Herat, Kashmir, the Pamirs, Tokharistan, and Kabul all submitted to the protectorate under Emperor Gaozong of Tang. After the An Lushan Rebellion the office of Protector General was given to Guo Xin who defended the area and the four garrisons even after communication had been cut off from Chang'an by the Tibetan Empire. The last five years of the protectorate are regarded as an uncertain period in its history, but most sources agree that the last vestiges of the protectorate and its garrisons were defeated by Tibetan forces by the year 790, ending nearly 150 years of Tang influence in central Asia.
f26cbe31961ff0858ac8a99c39583be6
Tartary Tartary (Latin: "Tartaria") or Great Tartary (Latin: "Tartaria Magna") was a name used from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate the great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, settled mostly by Turko-Mongol peoples after the Mongol invasion and the subsequent Turkic migrations.
05631b1caf69d9abd00e4a6105826ed5
Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are now collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. Since then, the Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).