Who was the spiritual advisor to the last French monarch of the House of Valois?
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Jean de la Barrière Jean Baptiste de la Barrière (] ; 1554–1600) was a religious figure. He was the commendatory abbot of Les Feuillants Abbey at the age of 19, and founder of the reformed Cistercian order that arose there, the Feuillants. During his life he became a spiritual adviser to King Henry III of France. During 1587 Henry III built a monastery for the Feuillants to commemorate his friendship with Jean.
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Henry III of France Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born "Alexandre Édouard de France", Polish: "Henryk Walezy" , Lithuanian: "Henrikas Valua" ) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death. He was the last French monarch of the House of Valois.
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Sophia Albertina, Abbess of Quedlinburg Princess Sophia Albertina of Sweden ("Sophia Maria Lovisa Fredrika Albertina"; 8 October 1753 – 17 March 1829) was the last Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg Abbey and as such reigned as vassal monarch of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Marie de Hautefort Marie de Hautefort (1616 - 1691), was a French noble and lady-in-waiting, a trusted confidante and adviser of king Louis XIII of France, but they did not have a sexual relationship and she was thereby a favorite rather than a royal mistress. She was also a personal friend of Queen Anne of Austria.
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Robert I, Count of Artois Robert I (25 September 1216 – 8 February 1250), called the Good, was the first Count of Artois, the fifth (and second surviving) son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile.
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Fulrad Saint Fulrad (French: "Fulrade" ; Latin: "Fulradus" ) was born in 710 into a wealthy family, and died on July 16, 784 as the Abbot of St. Denis. He was the counselor of both Pippin and Charlemagne. Historians see Fulrad as important due to his significance in the rise of the Frankish Kingdom, and the insight he gives into early Carolingian society. He was noted to have been always on the side on Charlemagne, especially during the attack from the Saxons on Regnum Franserum (Latin for Frankia), and the Royal Mandatum (a royal official of the Carolingian administrative hierarchy). Other historians have taken a closer look at Fulrad’s interactions with the papacy. When Fulrad was the counselor of Pepin he was closely in contact with the papacy to gain approval for Pepin’s appoint as King of the Franks. During his time under Charlemagne, he had dealings with the papacy again for different reasons. When he became Abbot of St. Denis (N.E of Paris), Fulrad’s life became important in the lives of distinct historical figures in various ways during his period as St. Denis’s abbot during the mid-eighth century. Saint Fulrad’s Feast Day is on July 16.
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Nicholas of Clairvaux Nicholas of Clairvaux, also Nicholas of Montiéramey (French: "Nicolas de Clairvaux" , "Nicolas de Montiéramey"; b and d 12th century) was a French Benedictine monk who later became a Cistercian monk. He was a secretary of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (until Saint Bernard dismissed him), and the author of letters and sermons.
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Nicolas du Bosc Nicolas du Bosc, or du Bois, was a French politician, advisor to kings Charles V and Charles VI of France. He was one of the marmousets appointed by his detractors who took the governing of France from November 1392.
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Royal Secretary Royal Secretary (Basilikos Grammateus, Secretarius Regius) is a position at the court of a monarch generally responsible for communicating the sovereign's wishes to the other members of government. At times and places it may have a number of other duties. In most cases the royal secretary is a close adviser of the monarch. In some cases the office of Royal Secretary evolved into the Secretary of State.
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert (] ; 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings.
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Henri Louis, Prince of Guéméné Henri Louis de Rohan, Prince of Guéméné (Henri Louis Marie; 30 August 1745 – 24 April 1809), was a French courtier and the penultimate Grand Chamberlain of France.
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Olivier le Daim Olivier le Daim (born Olivier de Neckere; ca. 1428 – May 21, 1484), was a French favourite courtier and close advisor of Louis XI of France.
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Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France and a canonized saint. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louis's childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and put an end to the Albigensian crusade which had started 20 years earlier.
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Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville or Henri de Valois-Longueville (6 April 1595 – 11 May 1663), a legitimated prince of France (of royal descent) and peer of France, was a major figure in the civil war of France, the Fronde, and served as governor of Picardy, then of Normandy.
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Louis, Count of Vermandois Louis de Bourbon, "Légitimé de France", Count of Vermandois (2 October 1667– Flanders, 18 November 1683) was the eldest surviving son of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière.
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Pierre Gilliard Pierre Gilliard (16 May 1879 – 30 May 1962) was a Swiss academic and author, best known as the French language tutor to the five children of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia from 1905 to 1918. In 1921, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, he published a memoir, "Thirteen Years at the Russian Court", about his time with the family. In his memoirs, Gilliard described Tsarina Alexandra's torment over her son's haemophilia and her faith in the ability of starets Grigori Rasputin to heal the boy.
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Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi The Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi (French: "Secrétaire d'État à la Maison du Roi" ) was the secretary of state in France during the "Ancien Régime" and Bourbon Restoration in charge of the Département de la Maison du Roi. The exact composition of the ministry and the secretary's duties changed several times over the Early Modern period, but in general, the Département de la Maison du Roi oversaw four main areas: the "Maison du Roi" ("Household of the King"), the "Bâtiments du Roi" ("Buildings of the King"), the General Affairs of the Clergy, (from 1749 on) Affairs of the RPR ("Religion Prétendue Réformée", i.e. the Huguenots), and the administration of the capital city of Paris and the provinces. The post later reappeared as the Minister for the Maison du Roi.
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Grand Chamberman of France The Grand Chamberman of France (French: "Grand Chambrier de France") was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, a member of the Maison du Roi ("King's Household"), and one of the Great Offices of the Maison du Roi during the Ancien Régime. It is similar in name, but should not be confused with, the office of Grand Chamberlain of France (French: "Grand Chambellan de France"), although both positions could accurately be translated by the word chamberlain.
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Controller-General of Finances The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances (French: "Contrôleur général des finances" ) was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791. The position replaced the former position of Superintendent of Finances ("Surintendant des finances"), which was abolished with the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet.
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Étienne de La Grange Étienne de La Grange (died 26 November 1388) was a French politician of the group of counselors of kings Charles V and Charles VI designated as the Marmousets by their detractors. He was the brother of Cardinal Jean de La Grange. Knighted in 1371, he was elected president of the parliament in 1373, where he was a consultant from 1369.
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Ancien Régime The Ancien Régime (] ; French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (  15th century ) until 1792, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the . The Ancien Régime was ruled by the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal systems of the time elsewhere in Europe. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of years of state-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution ended the system.
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Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne (Godefroy Charles Henri; 26 January 1728, Paris – 3 December 1792) was a member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne, the Sovereign Dukes of Bouillon. He was subsequently the penultimate Duke of Bouillon succeeding his father in 1771.