The Dachau Trials and the division of Germany happened due to what?
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Dachau trials The Dachau trials were held for all war criminals caught in the United States zones in occupied Germany and Austria, as well as for those individuals accused of committing war crimes against American citizens and its military personnel. The trials, which were held within the walls of the former Dachau concentration camp, were conducted entirely by American military personnel whose legal authority had been conferred by the Judge Advocate General's Department within the U.S. Third Army.
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Allied-occupied Germany Upon the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the victorious Allied powers asserted their joint authority and sovereignty over 'Germany as a whole', defined as all territories of the former German Reich which lay west of the Oder–Neisse line; having declared the extinction of Nazi Germany at the death of Adolf Hitler (see 1945 Berlin Declaration). The four powers divided 'Germany as a whole' into four occupation zones for administrative purposes, creating what became collectively known as Allied-occupied Germany (German: "Alliierten-besetztes Deutschland" ). This division was ratified at the Potsdam Conference (17 July to 2 August 1945). In autumn 1944 the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union had agreed on the zones by the London Protocol. The powers at Potsdam approved the detachment from 'Germany as a whole' of the German eastern territories east of the Oder-Neisse line; with the exact line of the boundary to be determined at a final German Peace Treaty. This treaty was expected to confirm the "shifting westward" of Poland's borders (back to approximately as they were before 1722), as the United Kingdom and the United States committed themselves to support there the permanent incorporation of former eastern German territories into Poland and the Soviet Union. In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe, United States forces had pushed beyond the agreed boundaries for the future zones of occupation, in some places by as much as 200 mi . The so-called line of contact between Soviet and American forces at the end of hostilities, mostly lying eastward of the July 1945-established inner German border was temporary. After two months in which they had held areas that had been assigned to the Soviet zone, U.S. forces withdrew in the first days of July 1945. Some have concluded that this was a crucial move that persuaded the Soviet Union to allow American, British and French forces into their designated sectors in Berlin, which occurred at roughly the same time (July 1945), although the need for intelligence gathering (see Operation Paperclip) may also have been a factor.
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History of Germany since 1990 The history of Germany since 1990 spans the period following the Reunification of Germany, when West Germany and East Germany were reunited after being divided during the Cold War. Germany after 1990 is referred to by historians as the Berlin Republic ("Berliner Republik"). This time period is also determined by the ongoing process of the "inner reunification" of the formerly divided country.
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Reichsgau Wien The Reichsgau Wien (English: "Gau Vienna") was an administrative division of Nazi Germany based in Vienna, Austria. It existed between 1938 and 1945. Parts of Lower Austria were annexed to establish Greater Vienna, which then became the biggest city of Nazi Germany by area.
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Gau Mecklenburg The Gau Mecklenburg, named Gau Mecklenburg-Lübeck until 1937, was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Before that, from 1926 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
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Otto Förschner Otto Förschner (November 4, 1902 – May 28, 1946) was a German SS commander and a Nazi concentration camp official. He served as commandant of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp and the Kaufering concentration camp in the Dachau camp system. He was indicted for his crimes, found guilty and hanged in May 1946.
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German Confederation The German Confederation (German: "Deutscher Bund" ) was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which the French Emperor Napoleon I ended in 1805. Most historians have judged the Confederation to have been weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to the creation of a German nation-state. It collapsed due to the rivalry between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, warfare in the several European revolutions of 1848, and the 1848-1849 German revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.
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German reunification The German reunification (German: "Deutsche Wiedervereinigung" ) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR/DDR/East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG/West Germany) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz constitution Article 23. The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity (German: "Deutsche Einheit" ), celebrated on 3 October (German Unity Day) (German: "Tag der deutschen Einheit" ). Following German reunification, Berlin was once again designated as the capital of united Germany.
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Stutthof trials Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II. None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. "SS-Sturmbannführer" Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg.
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World War II evacuation and expulsion Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II. A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended. The mass movement of people – most of them refugees – has either been caused by the hostilities, or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity, culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by the international settlements. The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today.
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Reichstag Fire Decree The Reichstag Fire Decree (German: "Reichstagsbrandverordnung" ) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (German: "Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat" ) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire. The decree nullified many of the key civil liberties of German citizens. With Nazis in powerful positions in the German government, the decree was used as the legal basis for the imprisonment of anyone considered to be opponents of the Nazis, and to suppress publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause. The decree is considered by historians as one of the key steps in the establishment of a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
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Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland The Reich Association of Jews in Germany (German: "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland" ) also called the "new one" for clear differentiation, was a Jewish umbrella organization formed in Nazi Germany in February 1939. The Association branched out from the Reich Representation of German Jews ("Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden") established in September 1933. The "new" Association was an administrative body concerned predominantly with the coordination and support of the emigration and forcible deportation of Jewish people, subject to the Reich government's ever-changing legislation enforced by the RSHA ("Reichssicherheitshauptamt"). The legal status of the new organization was changed on 4 July 1939 on the basis of the Nuremberg Laws, and defined by the 10th Regulation to the Citizenship Law issued by the "Reich's ministry of the Interior". The Association assumed the so-called old "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland", which was the name under which the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden ("Reich's deputation of German Jews") had been operating since February 1939.
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Reichsgau Sudetenland The Reichsgau Sudetenland was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945. It comprised the northern part of the "Sudetenland" territory, which was annexed from Czechoslovakia according to the 1938 Munich Agreement. The "Reichsgau" was headed by the Sudeten German activist Konrad Henlein in the rank of a "Reichsstatthalter". The administrative capital was Reichenberg (Liberec).
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Organised persecution of ethnic Germans The Organised persecution of ethnic Germans refers to systematic activity against groups of ethnic Germans based on their ethnicity.
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South German Offensive The South German Offensive is the general name of one of the final offensives of World War II in Europe. The offensive was led by the Seventh and Third armies of the United States along with the First Army of France. Soviet troops linked up with American forces in Czechoslovakia notably in the Battle of Slivice. The offensive was made by the US 6th Army Group to protect the US 12th Army Group's right flank and to prevent a German last stand in the Alps. However German resistance was much more fierce than in the north, which slowed the 6th Army Group's progress. However, by the end of April, many German divisions surrendered without a fight to the advancing American forces to avoid the inevitable destruction. The VI Corps of the Seventh Army linked up with the US Fifth Army, which fought through Italy, in the Alps as the Third Army advanced into Austria and Czechoslovakia, where it linked up with Soviet forces advancing from the east. Fighting continued a few days after the Surrender of Germany on 8 May, due to German forces fighting west to surrender to the Americans instead of the Soviets.
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War Crimes Act 1991 The War Crimes Act 1991 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It confers jurisdiction on courts in the United Kingdom to try people for war crimes committed in Nazi Germany or German-occupied territory during the Second World War by people who were not British citizens at the time, but have since become British citizens or residents. The legislation was enacted, as there then were no provisions to allow the extradition of British residents, or naturalised citizens to face trial for war crimes in third countries. Other countries, such as the United States have used civil, rather than criminal proceedings, to resolve this issue by revoking citizenship of suspects, facilitating their deportation.
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Bizone The Bizone or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II. With the addition of the French occupation zone on 1 June 1948 the entity became the Trizone (sometimes jokingly called Trizonesia). Later, on 23 May 1949, the Trizone became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as West Germany.
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German-occupied Europe German–occupied Europe or Nazi Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 and administered by the Nazi regime.
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Theodor Eicke Theodor Eicke (17 October 1892 – 26 February 1943) was a high-ranking commander in the SS of Nazi Germany. He commanded the Dachau concentration camp and the SS Division Totenkopf of the Waffen-SS.
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Reichsgau Niederdonau The Reichsgau Niederdonau (English: "Gau Lower Danube") was an administrative division of Nazi Germany consisting of areas in Lower Austria, Burgenland, southeastern parts of Bohemia and southern parts of Moravia. It existed between 1938 and 1945.
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Peaceful Revolution The Peaceful Revolution (German: "Friedliche Revolution" ) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the end of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany dominance of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) and the transition to a parliamentary democracy which enabled the reunification of Germany. This turning point was wholly created through the violence-free initiatives, protests, and successful demonstrations, which decisively occurred between the local elections held in May 1989 and the GDR's first free parliamentary election in March 1990.
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Moscow Trials The Moscow Trials were a series of show trials held in the Soviet Union at the instigation of Joseph Stalin between 1936 and 1938 against so called trotskyists and members of right Opposition of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.