Which present day country was home to Georg Klindworth and Otto von Bismarck?
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Georg Klindworth Georg Klindworth, born Johann Georg Heinrich Klindworth on 16 April 1798 in Göttingen, Germany, was a nineteenth-century German diplomat and intelligence agent employed by several European leaders and princes. He was a political exile from the 1848 upheavals, who had worked as a theater agent for two years, later as a lawyer and also as a statesman. He was for many times described as one of the most influential secret diplomats of his time, from the Congress of Vienna to the time of Bismarck.
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Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (] ), was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". However, his annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave new fuel to French nationalism and promoted Germanophobia in France. This helped set the stage for the First World War.
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Rüdiger von der Goltz Gustav Adolf Joachim Rüdiger Graf von der Goltz (8 December 1865 – 4 November 1946) was a German army general during the First World War. After the end of the World War in 1918, Goltz commanded the army of the Baltic German-established Government of Latvia, which in 1919 was instrumental in the defeat of the Russian Bolsheviks and their local allies in Latvia, but suffered a defeat against Estonia and was eventually unsuccessful in retaining German control over the Baltic region after the War.
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Richard Kiliani Richard Paul Kiliani (29 June 1861 – 7 November 1927) was a German diplomat and author, who served as the Consul-General of Germany for Australia from 1911 to 1914.
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German Confederation The German Confederation (German: "Deutscher Bund" ) was an association of 39 German states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which the French Emperor Napoleon I ended in 1805. Most historians have judged the Confederation to have been weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to the creation of a German nation-state. It collapsed due to the rivalry between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire, warfare in the several European revolutions of 1848, and the 1848-1849 German revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.
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Duchy of Bavaria The Duchy of Bavaria (German: "Herzogtum Bayern") was, from the sixth through the eighth century, a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom. It was settled by Bavarian tribes and ruled by dukes ("duces") under Frankish overlordship. A new duchy was created from this area during the decline of the Carolingian Empire in the late ninth century. It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm which evolved as the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Kingdom of Saxony The Kingdom of Saxony (German: "Königreich Sachsen" ), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. The kingdom was formed from the Electorate of Saxony. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.
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Old Prussians Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: "Prūsai"; German: "Pruzzen" or "Prußen"; Latin: "Pruteni" ; Latvian: "Prūši" ; Lithuanian: "Prūsai" ; Polish: "Prusowie" ; Kashubian: "Prësowié" ) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia. This region became the core of the later state of Prussia. It was located on the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. The people spoke a language now known as Old Prussian and followed pagan Prussian mythology.
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North German Confederation Treaty The North German Confederation Treaty (in German "Augustbündnis", or Alliance of August) (also called the North German Federation Treaty and the Treaty of 18 August 1866) was the treaty between the Kingdom of Prussia and other northern and central German states that initially created the North German Confederation, which was the forerunner to the German Empire. This treaty, and others that followed in September and October, are often described as the "August treaties", although not all of them were concluded in August 1866.
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Ottokar Czernin Ottokar Theobald Otto Maria "Graf" Czernin von und zu Chudenitz (Czech: "Otakar Theobald Otto Maria hrabě Černín z Chudenic" ; 26 September 1872 – 4 April 1932) was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat and politician during the time of World War I, notably serving as Foreign Minister from 1916 to 1918.
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Denmark Denmark ( ; Danish: "Danmark" , ] ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country and a sovereign state. The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark proper consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark has an area of 42924 km2 , total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2210579 km2 , and a population of 5.75 million (as of 2017 ).
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Guinea Guinea ( ), officially the Republic of Guinea (French: "République de Guinée" ), is a country on the western coast of Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (French: "Guinée française" ), the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry in order to distinguish it from other parts of the wider region of the same name, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of /1e6 round 1 million and an area of 245,860 km2 .
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Last battle of the battleship Bismarck The last battle of the German battleship "Bismarck" took place in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 300 nmi west of Brest, France, on 26–27 May 1941. Although it was a decisive action between capital ships, it has no generally accepted name.
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Jutland Jutland ( ; Danish: "Jylland" ] ; German: "Jütland" ] ), also known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula (Latin: "Cimbricus Chersonesus" ; Danish: "Den Kimbriske Halvø" ; German: "Kimbrische Halbinsel" ), is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany. The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri, respectively. Jutland's terrain is relatively flat, with open lands, heaths, plains and peat bogs in the west and a more elevated and slightly hilly terrain in the east.
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Free State of Oldenburg The Free State of Oldenburg (German: "Freistaat Oldenburg" ) was a state of the Weimar Republic. It was established in 1918 following the abdication of the Grand Duke Frederick Augustus II following the German Revolution.
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German Army (German Empire) The Imperial German Army (German: "Deutsches Heer" ) was the name given to the combined land and air forces of the German Empire (excluding the "Marine-Fliegerabteilung " maritime aviation formations of the "Kaiserliche Marine "). The term "Deutsches Heer " is also used for the modern German Army, the land component of the "Bundeswehr ". The German Army was formed after the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871 and dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I.
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Bismarck tower A Bismarck tower (German: "Bismarckturm" ) is a specific type of monument built according to a more or less standard model across the Germany to honour its first chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (d. 1898). A total of 234 of these towers were inventoried by Kloss and Seele in 2007 but more have been discovered since making the total around 240. These towers were built between 1869 and 1934 and some 173 remain today. Quite a few of these towers, including all 47 based on Wilhelm Kreis's "Götterdämmerung" design, were built as so-called Bismarck Columns ("Bismarcksäulen") or were converted into them. This description goes back to the Student Union's competition held in 1899, which was to encourage the erection of as many beacons as possible (and not observation towers). But other Bismarck towers, e. g. those which were purely beacons with no observation function, were often called Bismarck columns.
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Galician Germans The Galician Germans (German: Galiziendeutsche ) were ethnic German population living in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the Austrian Empire, established in 1772 as a result of the First Partition of Poland, and after World War I in the four voivodeships of interwar Poland: Kraków, Lwów, Tarnopol and Stanisławów. During the World War II part of the Galician Germans was moved out in January 1940 in the course of Heim ins Reich, the majority of the rest of them fled later in the years 1944–1945.
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List of states of the German Empire The German Empire consisted originally of 27, and later (as of 1876) 26 constituent states, the largest of which was Prussia. These states, or "Staaten" (or "Bundesstaaten", i.e. federal states, a name derived from the previous North German Confederation; they became known as "Länder" during the Weimar Republic) each had votes in the Bundesrat, which gave them representation at a federal level.
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Geopolitik Geopolitik is the branch of uniquely German geostrategy. It developed as a distinct strain of thought after Otto von Bismarck's unification of the German states but began its development in earnest only under Emperor Wilhelm II. Central concepts concerning the German race regarding economic space demonstrate continuity from the German Empire to Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. However, imperial geostrategist, German geopoliticians, and Nazi strategists did not have extensive contacts with one another, suggesting that German geopolitik was not copied or passed on to successive generations but perhaps reflected the more permanent aspects of German geography, political geography, and cultural geography.
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Prince Leopold of Bavaria Leopold Maximilian Joseph Maria Arnulf, Prinz von Bayern (9 February 1846 – 28 September 1930) was born in Munich, the son of Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (1821–1912) and his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria (1825–1864). He was a Field Marshal ("Generalfeldmarschall") who commanded German and Austro-Hungarian forces on the Eastern Front in World War I.
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Province of Westphalia The Province of Westphalia (German: "Provinz Westfalen" ) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1946.