The 3rd Blackshirt Division was a militia division of a group that was originally the paramilitary wing of what party?
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3rd Blackshirt Division (21 April) The 3rd CCNN Division (CCNN standing for "Camicie Nere", Black Shirts; also known as 3rd CCNN Division "XXI Aprile") was one of the seven Black Shirt militia Divisions that were organized and fought in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The name "21 Aprile" was in honor of the legendary date of the founding of Rome, and also the date of the publication of the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals on 21 April 1925.
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Blackshirts The Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN, "Voluntary Militia for National Security"), commonly called the Blackshirts (Italian: "Camicie Nere" , CCNN, singular: "Camicia Nera") or squadristi (singular: "squadrista"), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party and, after 1923, an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy. Its members were distinguished by their black uniforms (modelled on those of the "Arditi", Italy's elite troops of World War I) and their loyalty to Benito Mussolini, the "Duce" (leader) of Fascism, to whom they swore an oath. The founders of the paramilitary groups were nationalist intellectuals, former army officers and young landowners opposing peasants' and country labourers' unions. Their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents. In 1943 the MVSN was integrated into the Italian armed forces.
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Neu Beginnen Neu Beginnen (English: "[to] begin anew") was an anti-fascist opposition group formed in 1929 by left-wing members of the Social Democratic Party. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, the members of the small group discussed what the future of Germany should be after the Nazis. The conclusion was a left-wing coalition government consisting of Social Democrats, Socialists and Communists. The leaders of the group saw disunity among the left as one of the key reasons the NSDAP had been able to seize power. They produced illegal pamphlets to advocate their ideas but failed to unite enough anti-fascists to take a significant hold. As a consequence, its loosely organised followers had all either been killed, left the party or been arrested by 1936.
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Progressive Unionist Party The Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) is a small unionist political party in Northern Ireland. It was formed from the "Independent Unionist Group" operating in the Shankill area of Belfast, becoming the PUP in 1979. Linked to the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Red Hand Commando (RHC), it was for a time the only left-wing party of unionism in Northern Ireland, with its main support base in the loyalist working class communities of Belfast.
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Social and Radical Left The Social and Radical Left (French: "Gauche sociale et radicale" , GSR) was a parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies of France during the French Third Republic founded in 1928 by Henry Franklin-Bouillon. The Social-Radicals or Social-Unionists were members of the right-wing of the Radical-Socialist Party who refused a new Cartel des Gauches and supported the conservative coalition led by Raymond Poincaré. Most later became members of the Independent Radicals (PRI) or even the centre-right Democratic Republican Alliance.
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Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: "Óglaigh na hÉireann" ) was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor to many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence.
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New Party (UK) The New Party was a political party briefly active in the United Kingdom in the early 1930s. It was formed by Sir Oswald Mosley, an MP who had belonged to both the Conservative and Labour parties, quitting Labour after its 1930 conference narrowly rejected his "Mosley Memorandum", a document he had written outlining how he would deal with the problem of unemployment.
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Greenshirts (National Corporate Party) The Greenshirts were members of the fascist National Corporate Party (NCP) in Ireland in the 1930s. The NCP was founded by Eoin O'Duffy after he broke from the Fine Gael party in 1935. The Greenshirts were different from the better known Blueshirts, O'Duffy's followers before he left Fine Gael. Only eighty of the Blueshirts later became Greenshirts. It was an influence to a later fascist party, Ailtirí na hAiséirghe.
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Antifa (United States) Antifa ( ) is a militant political movement of autonomous, self-styled anti-fascist groups. The salient feature of Antifa is its opposition to fascism by direct action. Antifa groups are known for their militant protest tactics, including property damage and physical violence. They tend to be anti-government and anti-capitalist, and they are predominantly far left and militant left, including anarchists, communists and socialists. They focus on fighting far-right and white supremacist ideologies directly, rather than on encouraging pro-left policy.
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Right Club The Right Club was a small group of anti-semitic fascist sympathiser renegades within the British establishment formed prior to the Second World War by the Scottish Unionist MP Archibald Ramsay, which became focused on opposition to war with Germany up to and including by acts of treason to the point that many of its members were imprisoned for the duration of the war.
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Shan State Army - North The Shan State Army-North (Burmese: ရှမ်းပြည်တပ်မတော် - မြောက်ပိုင်း ; abbreviated SSA-N), also known as Shan State Army/Special Region 3 (SSA/SR-3) is a Shan nationalist insurgent group in Myanmar (Burma). It is the armed wing of the Shan State Progress Party (SSPP).
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Southern Unionist In the United States, Southern Unionists were white people living in the Confederate States of America, opposed to secession, and against the Civil War. These people are also referred to as Southern Loyalists, Union Loyalists and Lincoln Loyalists. Pro-Confederates in the South derided them as Tories. During reconstruction these terms were replaced by "scalawag", which covered all Southern whites who supported the Republican Party. Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia (which included West Virginia at that time) were home to the largest populations of loyalists, thousands of whom volunteered for Union military service.
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Truppführer Truppführer (] , "troop leader") was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in 1930 as a rank of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA). Translated as "Troop Leader", the rank of "Truppführer" evolved from early "Freikorps" titles which traced their origins to World War I.
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Flag Group The Flag Group was a British political party, formed from one of the two wings of the National Front in the 1980s. Formed in opposition to the Political Soldier wing of the Official National Front it took its name from "The Flag", a newspaper the followers of this faction formed after leaving and regrouping outside of the main and diminishing rump of the rest of the party.
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White Citizens Parties The White Citizens Parties were autonomous local parties (often county based) in the greater Southern United States, that served as the public face and often directly as what would today be considered Political Action Committees for racist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. These groups flourished after Reconstruction when the Union withdrew its troops from the South. These parties were pivotal in establishing and maintaining Jim Crow legislation at the local level, and offered coordinated support of the Democratic Party until it began opposing segregation. Over time, many of the parties were subsumed into the Democratic Party and, in the late 20th century, the Republican Party. The Civil Rights Movement overcame the system that supported the White Citizens Parties, and they have largely disappeared, although some of them survive under the name Citizens Party (no link with the Citizens Party of Barry Commoner) or Council of Conservative Citizens, and occasionally field serious local candidates with positions to the right of their Republican and Democratic colleagues.
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Conservative Party (South Africa) The Conservative Party of South Africa (Konserwatiewe Party van Suid-Afrika in Afrikaans) was a right wing party that wished to preserve many aspects of apartheid in the system's final decade, and formed the official opposition in the white-only House of Assembly in the last seven years of minority rule. It declined quickly after apartheid ended, before being merged with the Freedom Front in 2004.
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Independent Radicals The Independent Radicals (French: "Radicaux indépendants" ) were a center-right French political current during the French Third Republic, which refused the Radical-Socialist Party's alliance to the Left. It was formed after the fall of the first "Cartel des gauches", in 1926. Starting in 1928, the group of the Independent Radicals refused to support left-wing majorities. The majority of the Chamber of Deputies between the two Cartels (from 1928 to 1932) stood on the Independent Radicals, who thus had a say in most cabinets.
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Opposition Party (Northern U.S.) The Opposition Party was a party identification under which Northern, anti-slavery politicians, formerly members of the Democratic and Whig parties, briefly ran in the 1850s. This was in response to the expansion of slavery into the new territories. It was one of the movements which arose from the political chaos in the decade before the Civil War in the wake of the Compromise of 1850. The movement arose before and was quickly subsumed by the coalescence of the Republican Party in 1856.
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Socialist Republican Party (Ireland) The Socialist Republican Party was an Irish republican political party in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1944 by a coalition of former Nationalist Party members, former Irish Republican Army (IRA) members and Protestant trade unionists around Victor Halley, all based in West Belfast.
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Milizia Coloniale The Milizia Coloniale was an all-volunteer colonial milia composed of members of the Fascist "Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale" ("Volunteer Militia for National Security") or MVSN, commonly called the "Blackshirts". Based in Italian North Africa and Italian East Africa, colonial militia units consisted of seven legions ("legioni") recruited initially among Italian colonists, but later also among local Africans:
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Republikanischer Schutzbund The Republikanischer Schutzbund (] , "Republican Protection League") was an Austrian paramilitary organization established in 1923 by the Social Democratic Party (SDAPÖ) to secure power in the face of rising political radicalization after World War I.
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Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade The Belfast Brigade of the Provisional IRA was the largest of the organisation's command areas, based in the city of Belfast. Founded in 1969, along with the formation of the Provisional IRA, it was historically organised into three battalions; the First Battalion based in the Andersonstown/Lenadoon/Twinbrook area of Southwest Belfast; the Second Battalion based in the Falls Road/Clonard/Ballymurphy district of West Belfast; and the Third Battalion organised in nationalist enclaves in the north (Ardoyne, New Lodge, Ligoniel), south (the Markets, Lower Ormeau) and east (Short Strand) of the city.